[Background Material and Data on Programs within the Jurisdiction of the Committee on Ways and Means (Green Book)]
[Index]
[From the U.S. Government Printing Office, www.gpo.gov]


[1998 Green Book] INDEX

                      AAPCC; see Adjusted average per capita cost 
                                         Ability to work, 336-337 
                                        Abstinence education, 526 
            Accelerated death benefits, tax benefits for, 859-861 
                                 ACR; see Adjusted community rate 
                 ADC; see Aid to Families with Dependent Children 
           Adjusted average per capita cost (AAPCC), 169; 180-183 
     Adjusted community rate (ACR), 180; 195-6; (Table 2-36), 200 
                                 Adjusted gross income (AGI), 677 
          Administrative law judge (ALJ), 46-47; (Table 1-25), 49 
                    Adolescent pregnancy and use of AFDC, 537-541 
Adoption and Foster Care Analysis and Reporting System (AFCARS), 
                                                 782-803; 809-812 
                          Adoption and Safe Families Act, 815-819 
                                       Additional provisions, 819 
                                        Adoption eligibility, 818 
                                 Adoption incentive payments, 817 
                       Child safety to preserve families, 815-816 
                                       Demonstration waivers, 819 
                                     Family Preservation Program: 
                                             Reauthorization, 818 
                                                    Renaming, 818 
                              Medical assistance eligibility, 818 
                       Performance, State accountability for, 818 
                                     Permanancy hearings, 816-817 
                 Reasonable efforts to preserve families, 815-816 
                      Reasonable efforts to promote adoption, 816 
                                            State innovation, 819 
                          Termination of parental rights, 816-817 
             Adoption assistance agreements (definition), 750-751 
                             ADOPTION ASSISTANCE PROGRAM, 749-760 
                                 Adoption incentive payments, 817 
                                          Adoption subsidies, 751 
                                         AFCARS, 782-803; 809-812 
                             AFDC-eligible children, 749; 750-751 
                                    Aggravated circumstances, 815 
                                         Agreements, 750; 750-751 
                      CBO baseline projections, (Table 11-4), 733 
            Characteristics of children in adoptive care, 799-803 
                                            Child safety, 815-816 
                                         Concurrent planning, 816 
                                                    Data, 782-785 
                                       Demonstration waivers, 819 
                          Eligibility for medical assistance, 818 
                        Expenditures, 754; (Table 11-11), 758-760 
                    Funding, (Table 11-1), 730; (Table 11-2), 731 
                                          Incentive payments, 817 
                                     Information systems, 809-812 
                                   Lack of adequate data, 809-811 
                       Legislation in the 105th Congress, 815-819 
                                     Legislative history, 812-819 
                                           Medicaid coverage, 751 
                                          Medical assistance, 815 
     Nonrecurring adoption costs, 750; 754; (Table 11-10), 755-757 

                         Parental rights, termination of, 816-817 
                  Participation rates, (Table 11-3), 732; 742-743 
                             Payment rates, (Table 11-9), 752-753 
                           ADOPTION ASSISTANCE PROGRAM--Continued 
                                                Payments, 750-753 
                       Performance, State accountability for, 818 
                                      Permanency hearing, 816-817 
                                      Reasonable efforts, 815-816 
                                      Adoption, promotion of, 816 
     Special needs child (definition), 725-726; 750; 751; 754; 
                                          (Table 11-34), 803; 818 
                                   SSI-eligible children, 750-751 
                                                   Subsidies, 751 
                                      TANF, interaction with, 503 
                                              Tax provisions, 887 
                    Termination of parental rights (TPR), 816-817 
        Territories, (Table 12-2), 825-826; (Table 12-4), 828-829 
                          See also Adoption and Safe Families Act 
                                           See also Child Welfare 
                                          Adoption subsidies, 751 
                                            Adult caretakers, 400 
AFCARS; see Adoption and Foster Care Analysis and Reporting System 

        AFDC; see Aid to Families with Dependent Children Program 
  AFDC Child Care Program, 681-682; (Tables 9-13 & 9-14), 686-690 
                     AFDC Single Parent Program, (Table 7-5), 409 
AFDC-UP (Unemployed Parent), 397-398; (Table 7-5), 409; 420; 
                                            (Table 7-12), 421-422 
                                        Benefit payments, 420-422 
                JOBS, interaction with, 471-472; 484-485; 487-488 
                                  Medicaid, interaction with, 403 
                                                Aged; see Elderly 
                                        Agency caused errors, 465 
                                    Aggravated circumstances, 815 
                                   AGI; see Adjusted gross income 
                              AIDS, SSI interaction with, 272-273 
  AID TO FAMILIES WITH DEPENDENT CHILDREN (AFDC) PROGRAM, 397-543 
                           Administrative costs by State, 421-423 
                    Adolescent pregnancy and use of AFDC, 537-541 
      Adoption Assistance Program, interaction with, 749; 750-751 
                                            Adult caretakers, 400 
     AFDC Child Care Program, 681-682; (Tables 9-13 & 9-14), 690-
                                                              694 
                                        Agency caused errors, 465 
                                                  Benefit levels: 
                      Maximum benefits, 415; (Table 7-8), 416-418 
        State combined AFDC and food stamps, (Table 7-8), 416-418 
                                         Trends, (Table 7-6), 413 
                                                   Benefits data: 
                         Expenditures, 425; (Table 7-15), 432-434 
                                                National, 410-414 
                   State, 415-425; (Table 7-15), 432-434; 520-525 
                                                   Caseload data: 
                                                National, 410-414 
                                          State, 415-425; 519-520 
     Characteristics of AFDC recipients, 435-437; (Table 7-19), 
                                                          440-442 
                                                National, 435-451 
                                                   State, 451-458 
                                            Childbearing, 537-541 
     Child care, title IV-A, 681-683; (Tables 9-17 to 9-20), 700-
                                                              708 
                                              See also Child Care 
                                                        Coverage: 
                    Children by State, 415; (Table 7-10), 420-421 
                          History of eligible categories, 401-405 
      CSE, interaction with, 405; 406-407; 545; 576; 599; 600-601 
                                                  Bankruptcy, 588 
        Collection of child support, (Table 8-13), 632-633; (Table 
                            8-15), 636-637; (Table 8-18), 642-643 
        Paternity establishment, 556-560; (Tables 8-21 & 8-22), 
                                                          648-651 
                             Cycled between work and welfare, 438 
                                                            Data: 
                                       National, 410-414; 440-451 
AID TO FAMILIES WITH DEPENDENT CHILDREN (AFDC) PROGRAM--Continued 
                                                  Data--Continued 
                                                   State, 410-414 
                          Summary data, 1936-96, (Table 7-2), 402 
                                          Demonstration projects: 
                                           Section 1115, 455; 465 
     Disregarded income amounts, recipients of, (Table 7-22), 445 
                                        Duration of AFDC, 531-532 
                                           EIC, treatment of, 406 
                       Emergency Assistance (EA) Program, 489-494 
                             Employment status, (Table 7-20), 443 
                   Endings and beginnings of AFDC spells, 531-536 
       Enrollment trends, 401; (Table 7-2), 402; (Table 7-6), 413 
                                                   State, 421-423 
                                       Error measurement, 466-472 
                                             Error rates, 466-472 
                                       Exits and returns, 532-535 
                                                    Expenditures: 
                                                National, 410-414 
                                                   State, 415-425 
     Food Stamp Program, interaction with, 406; (Table 7-8), 416-
                                                         418; 940 
         Foster Care Program, interaction with, 403-404; 742; 749 
                        Exclusion from AFDC assistance units, 749 
                                                       Fraud, 465 
           Funding, 405; 425; 435; (Tables 7-16 to 7-18), 436-439 
                                                 History, 401-405 
                                        Income, treatment of, 403 
          Intergenerational transmission of AFDC receipt, 535-536 
     JOBS; see Job Opportunities and Basic Skills Training Program 

                                      JTPA, interaction with, 407 
                                         Legislative history, 541 
                                    LIHEAP, interaction with, 407 
                          Maximum benefits, 414-420; 423; 429-431 
                          Means-tested programs, 409-410; 920-922 
          Medicaid matching rates, 1984-98, (Table 7-16), 436-437 
     Medicaid Program, interaction with, 401; 405-406; 407; (Table 
      7-3), 408; (Chart 7-1), 409; (Table 7-16), 436-437; 951-952 
                                             Medically needy, 406 
     Need standard, 407; (Table 7-8), 416-418; (Table 7-9), 419-
                                                     420; 423-428 
                                       Negative case actions, 472 
                                       Nonmarital births, 537-541 
             Out-of-wedlock childbearing and use of AFDC, 537-541 
                                                Overview, 398-399 
                                               Packaged AFDC, 438 
                                                Pass through, 405 
                                         Public housing, 407; 409 
                                                     Purpose, 401 
                                  Quality control system, 465-472 
                                     Recipient-caused errors, 465 
                                     Resources, treatment of, 500 
             School Lunch and Breakfast Programs eligibility, 407 
                              Section 8 housing subsidy, 407; 409 
         Section 1115 [of the Social Security Act], 402; 455; 462 
                      Social Security benefits, treatment of, 407 
                                             Social services, 403 
                                          Spells on AFDC, 531-535 
                           Spending trends, 401; (Table 7-2), 402 
                                       SSI, interaction with, 407 
                                              State data, 415-425 
                          Summary data, 1936-96, (Table 7-2), 402 
                                         Teenage mothers, 537-541 
                               Territories, (Table 12-4), 828-829 
                                 Time on AFDC, length of, 531-536 
     Title IV-A child care, 681-682; (Tables 9-13 & 9-14), 690-
                               694; (Tables 9-17 & 9-18), 700-703 
                           Unemployed-Parent Program; see AFDC-UP 
AID TO FAMILIES WITH DEPENDENT CHILDREN (AFDC) PROGRAM--Continued 
                                         Unmarried women, 537-541 
                                           Waivers, 405; 458; 465 
                                    Welfare-to-work programs, 404 
                                       WIC, interaction with, 407 
                                           Work requirements, 404 
                                                Work rewards, 404 
                                 See also AFDC Child Care Program 
                              See also AFDC Single Parent Program 
                                                 See also AFDC-UP 
                       See also Emergency Assistance (EA) Program 
     See also Job Opportunities and Basic Skills Training Program 
          See also Temporary Assistance for Needy Families (TANF) 
                       AIME; see Average indexed monthly earnings 
                                 Alaska Native Organizations, 494 
                  See also Indian tribes and tribal organizations 
Alcohol, Drug Abuse, and Mental Health Services Block Grant, 
          Transfer of funds with Social Services Block Grant, 717 
                                          Aliens; see Noncitizens 
                                              See also Appendix J 
                                ALJ; see Administrative law judge 
                                          Ambulance services, 162 
                 Ambulatory surgical centers (ASCs), 154; 158-159 
              American Bar Association Child Support Project, 550 
                    American Lithotripsy Society v. Sullivan, 158 
                                          American Samoa, 823-834 
                                           Anesthesiologists, 145 
                            ASCs; see Ambulatory surgical centers 
                                       Assignment; see Appendix E 
                                        Assignment rules, 591-594 
                  ATP card; see Authorization-to-participate card 
At-Risk Child Care Program, 660; 683; (Tables 9-15 & 9-16), 695-
                                                              699 
                     Authorization-to-participate card (ATP), 935 
                                    Automated registries, 555-556 
                                       Automated systems, 588-590 
                                Automatic benefit increase, 36-38 
                                   Availability for work, 336-337 
           Average indexed monthly earnings (AIME), 19; 23-24; 25 
                        Average monthly benefits, (Table 1-8), 17 
                  Average weekly insured unemployment (AWIU), 356 
                    AWIU; see Average weekly insured unemployment 

                                                 Baby boomers, 66 
                                       Baby trough generation, 66 
                                          Barium enema tests, 160 
                                          Base year, 334-336; 373 
                                                  Bend points, 30 
                                 Benefit period (definition), 102 
                                                Benefit year, 373 
                             Best interests of the child, 551-553 
  Black lung benefits, tax exclusion of special benefits, 880-881 
                    Blind, additional standard deduction for, 881 
                               Territories, (Table 12-2), 825-826 
              See also Supplemental Security Income (SSI) Program 
                                                    Block grants: 
       See Child Care and Development Block Grant (CCDBG) Program 
               See Temporary Assistance for Needy Families (TANF) 
                                      Bone mass measurements, 161 
                                             Boren amendment, 959 
                                            Break-even point, 305 
       Breakfast Program; see School Lunch and Breakfast Programs 
                        Buy-in agreements, 222; (Table 2-45), 245 

                     CACFP; see Child and Adult Care Food Program 
                                         Cafeteria plans, 856-858 
              CAPTA; see Child Abuse Prevention and Treatment Act 
                                Categorically needy, 950; 951-953 
        CCDBG; see Child Care and Development Block Grant Program 
                            CDR; see Continuing disability review 
                           Certificates of medical necessity, 152 
                            Certified nurse midwife services, 147 
             Certified registered nurse anesthetists (CRNAs), 147 
                                  Change in circumstance, 565-566 
                                         Chargeable employer, 338 
                                    Charitable organizations, 500 
                            Child abuse and neglect, 729; 772-774 
                                                  Fatalities, 774 
                                                Reporting of, 773 
                                         Substance abuse, 771-772 
                            Substantiated cases (definition), 774 
                                                      Trends, 772 
                                       Types of maltreatment, 774 
            Child Abuse Prevention and Treatment Act (CAPTA), 772 
                               Territories, (Table 12-2), 825-826 
      Child and Adult Care Food Program (CACFP), 678-680; 687-688 
                                            Childbearing, 537-541 
                                              CHILD CARE, 659-712 
     AFDC Child Care Program, 681-682; (Tables 9-13 & 9-14), 690-
                               694; (Tables 9-17 & 9-18), 700-703 
                                        Afterschool care, 667-668 
                    Arrangements used by working mothers, 664-670 
     At-Risk Child Care Program, 660; 683; (Tables 9-15 & 9-16), 
                                                          695-699 
                                          CACFP, 678-680; 687-688 
         CCDBG, interaction with, 660; 677; 678-680; 681; 683-686 
                                     Child care certificates, 685 
                                                   Costs, 670-672 
                                         Costs, disregard of, 682 
                                                    Data, 690-710 
                 Dependent care tax credit, 678-681; 870; 872-874 
                             Early childhood development, 676-678 
                                Early childhood programs, 663-665 
                                      Eligible providers, 685-686 
                                                    Federal role: 
                                 Background and overview, 676-678 
                                          Major programs, 678-689 
                                            Guaranteed funds, 684 
                                         Head Start, 678-679; 689 
                      Indian tribes and tribal organizations, 684 
                                            Introduction, 659-660 
     JOBS, interaction with, 474-475; 476; 681-683; (Tables 9-17 & 
                                                   9-18), 700-703 
                                                Known supply, 678 
                    Labor force participation of mothers, 660-664 
                                                  Lanham Act, 676 
                         Latchkey children, 663; (Table 9-6), 668 
               Maintenance-of-effort (MOE) requirements, 677; 684 
                                             Mandatory funds, 684 
                               Marital status of mothers, 660-664 
                                  Matching requirements, 677; 684 
                 Nursery schools; see Early childhood development 
                                See also Early childhood programs 
                    Profile of child care settings (PCS), 672-674 
                               Providers, supply of, 672-674; 678 
                                       Qualifying individual, 678 
                                              Regulation, 674-675 
                                         Sectarian providers, 686 
                    SSBG, interaction with, 678-680; 684; 686-687 
                                               Standards, 674-675 
                                 TANF, interaction with, 500; 684 
                                                Tier I homes, 688 
                                               Tier II homes, 688 
              Title IV-A, 681-683; (Tables 9-17 to 9-20), 700-708 
                Title XX, interaction with, 678-680; 684; 686-687 
     Transitional child care (TCC), 682-683; (Tables 9-13 & 9-14), 
                                   690-694; (Table 9-21), 708-709 
                                            CHILD CARE--Continued 
                                 See also AFDC Child Care Program 
                              See also At-Risk Child Care Program 
          See also Child Care and Development Block Grant Program 
     See also Job Opportunities and Basic Skills (JOBS) Training 
                                                          Program 
                             See also Social Services Block Grant 
                   See also Transitional Child Care (TCC) Program 
Child Care and Development Block Grant (CCDBG) Program, 660; 677; 
                                            678-680; 681; 683-686 
                                              Administration, 686 
                                         Data, collection of, 686 
                                                 Eligibility, 685 
                                               Financing, 683-685 
                                           Funds, use of, 685-686 
                      Indian tribes and tribal organizations, 684 
                         State allocations, (Table 9-22), 710-711 
                                                        TANF, 497 
                                    Target population groups, 685 
                               Territories, (Table 12-2), 825-826 
                                             Child nutrition, 503 
                       See also Child and Adult Care Food Program 
                                      See also Food Stamp Program 
                     See also School Lunch and Breakfast Programs 
     See also Special Supplemental Nutrition Program for Women, 
                                      Infants, and Children (WIC) 
Child Support Enforcement and Paternity Establishment Program; see 
                          Child Support Enforcement (CSE) Program 
                 CHILD SUPPORT ENFORCEMENT (CSE) PROGRAM, 545-657 
                                   Administration of program, 546 
                                  Administrative process, 560-562 
     AFDC Program, interaction with, 405; 406-407; 545; 576; 599; 
                                                          600-601 
                                                  Bankruptcy, 588 
         Collection of child support, (Table 8-13), 632-633; 
                     (Table 8-15), 636-637; (Table 8-18), 642-643 
              American Bar Association Child Support Project, 550 
                                        Assignment rules, 591-594 
                          Audits and financial penalties, 590-591 
                                    Automated registries, 555-556 
                                       Automated systems, 588-590 
                                                 Award rates, 565 
                                                  Bankruptcy, 588 
                             Best interests of the child, 551-553 
                                                 Blood tests, 558 
                      Bonds, securities and other guarantees, 577 
                                  Change in circumstance, 565-566 
                                          Child support lien, 577 
                             Collection of child support, 571-581 
                                           Assignment of, 591-594 
                                      Collection methods, 571-572 
                                Distribution of, 587-588; 591-594 
        State collection, 587-588; (Tables 8-11 to 8-16), 627-639; 
                     (Table 8-18), 642-643; (Table 8-20), 646-647 
                       Summary information, (Table 8-3), 572; 586 
      Commission on Interstate Child Support Enforcement, 584-585 
                                          Cost avoidance, 601-602 
                                 Credit Bureau Reporting, 578-579 
                  Criminal penalty for nonpayment of support, 585 
                                      Demographic trends, 547-548 
                                      Demonstration projects, 555 
                                      Distribution rules, 591-594 
                                               DNA tests, 558-559 
                                Effectiveness of program, 602-611 
                                              Evaluation, 550-551 
                                       Expedited process, 556-558 
                     Expenditures by State, (Table 8-11), 627-629 
                                    Extradition (definition), 581 
                                   Fair Credit Reporting Act, 578 
               CHILD SUPPORT ENFORCEMENT (CSE) PROGRAM--Continued 
               Family Support Act of 1988, 557; 558; 562; 566-567 
                                          Federal courts, 582-583 
          Federal criminal penalty for nonpayment of support, 585 
                            Federal garnishment of wages, 571-581 
                                           Federal employees, 579 
                                      Military personnel, 579-580 
                                       Federal matching rate, 575 
                   Federal Parent Locator Service (FPLS), 554-556 
                                            Federal role, 548-551 
                                     Financial penalties, 590-591 
                                                     Foster care: 
                                                    Agencies, 553 
                                           Orders, review of, 566 
                             Full faith and credit, 558; 577; 584 
                               Funding of State programs, 594-602 
                  Garnishment of wages, 573-574; (Table 8-3), 572 
                                          Genetic tests, 557; 559 
                                  Good cause regulations, 551-552 
                           Immediate income withholding rule, 556 
                                                       Impact on: 
                         National child support payments, 603-610 
                                                     Poverty, 603 
                                               Taxpayers, 602-603 
                                      Incentive payments, 595-596 
                                         Income (definition), 574 
                        Income shares, 562-563; (Table 8-24), 654 
                                        Income tax refund offset: 
         Federal, 574-575; (Table 8-3), 572; (Table 8-19), 644-645 

                                 State, 575-576; (Table 8-3), 572 
                                          Income withholding, 583 
                                  Interstate enforcement, 581-586 
                             IRS full collection process, 577-578 
                                         Judge surrogate, 560-561 
                                                    Judgment, 568 
                                        Judicial process, 560-562 
                                     Legislative history, 611-626 
                                 Locating absent parents, 554-556 
                                           Long-arm statutes, 582 
                                 Medical child support order, 571 
                  Medical support, 568-571; (Table 8-8), 600; 606 
        Health insurance coverage, 568-571; (Table 8-8), 602; 
                                            (Table 8-17), 640-641 
                Medicaid, interaction with, 553; 566-567; 568-571 
                                          State requirements, 553 
                                 Melson-Delaware formula, 562-563 
                                      Military personnel, 579-580 
         National Child Support Enforcement Reference Center, 550 
                                 New Hires, Directory of, 555-556 
                                                 Notice, 561; 573 
                                                  Obligation, 560 
                                                     Obligor, 573 
     Office of Child Support Enforcement (OCSE), 548; 550-551; 555 

                                                         Offsets: 
                          Federal, 574-575; (Table 8-19), 644-645 
                                                   State, 575-576 
                                   Unemployment compensation, 576 
                                                          Orders: 
                     Establishing, 560-566; (Table 8-17), 640-641 
         Reviewing and modifying orders, 566-568; (Table 8-17), 
                                                          640-641 
                     Out-of-wedlock births, (Table 8-22), 650-651 
                                 See also Paternity establishment 
                                                Overview, 545-547 
                                                 Passthrough, 599 
                                   Paternity acknowledgments, 558 
     Paternity establishment, 556-560; (Tables 8-21 & 8-22), 648-
                                                              651 
                                    Percentage of income, 562-563 
                                  Primary support amount, 562-563 
               CHILD SUPPORT ENFORCEMENT (CSE) PROGRAM--Continued 
                              Probability of exclusion tests, 559 
                              Probability of paternity tests, 559 
                                       Processing of CSE, 554-586 
                                           Project 1099, 555; 577 
                                          Property liens, 576-577 
                                 Rebuttable presumption, 562; 566 
                                     Registry, automated, 555-556 
                               Retroactive modifications, 567-568 
                                                  Securities, 577 
                                          Service of process, 561 
                                  Single-parent families, 547-548 
                                        Small business loans, 580 
                        State Employment Security Agency, 552-553 
                                State parent locator service, 554 
                                              State role, 551-554 
                        CSE Program savings, (Table 8-23), 652-53 
           State Tax Intercept Program, 575-576; (Table 8-3), 572 
                                      Statistical tables, 627-654 
                                                  Support orders: 
                                                  Amount, 562-565 
         Established, enforced, and modified, (Table 8-17), 640-
                                                              641 
     TANF, interaction with, 406-409; 493; 546-547; 551; 558; 560; 
                                       566; 591-595; 600; 602-603 
        Territories, (Table 12-2), 825-826; (Table 12-4), 828-829 
                           Trends, Program, 548; (Table 8-1), 549 
       Unemployment compensation intercept, (Table 8-3), 572; 576 
        Uniform Enforcement of Foreign Judgments Act (UEFJA), 586 
           Uniform Interstate Family Support Act (UIFSA), 585-586 
     Uniform Reciprocal Enforcement of Support Act (URESA), 581-
                                                              582 
                  Voluntary acknowledgment of paternity, 557; 558 
                      Wage withholding, 573-574; (Table 8-3), 572 
                                          Withholding notice, 573 
             Child support orders, 558-561; (Table 8-17), 636-637 
                                        Child tax credit, 887-888 
                                           CHILD WELFARE, 727-821 
                                              Background, 728-729 
                                        Federal programs, 729-733 
                                     Legislative history, 812-819 
                          See also Adoption and Safe Families Act 
                             See also Adoption Assistance Program 
                          See also Child Welfare Services Program 
                            See also Family preservation programs 
                                     See also Foster Care Program 
                              See also Independent Living Program 
                             See also Social Services Block Grant 
   Child Welfare Services Program (Title IV-B), (Table 11-1), 730 
                                       Demonstration waivers, 819 
                                       Funding, (Table 11-2), 727 
                           Participation rates, (Table 11-3), 728 
                               Territories, (Table 12-2), 825-826 
                          See also Adoption and Safe Families Act 
                                     See also Foster Care Program 
                            Clinical laboratory services, 147-149 
                                      Clinical psychologists, 147 
                                     Clinical social workers, 147 
                                   Close actuarial balance, 72-73 
                              CMPs; see Competitive medical plans 
        COBRA; see Consolidated Omnibus Budget Reconciliation Act 
                              COLA; see Cost-of-living adjustment 
      Commission on Interstate Child Support Enforcement, 584-585 
                                         Comparable severity, 267 
                                     Competitive bidding, 152-153 
                 Competitive grants for welfare-to-work, 526; 529 
               Competitive medical plans (CMPs) (definition), 169 
               Competitive Pricing Advisory Committee (CPAC), 211 
                                            Computation years, 19 
                                         Concurrent planning, 816 
                                Conformity review system, 771-772 
                              Consolidated billing provision, 130 
Consolidated Omnibus Budget Reconciliation Act (COBRA), Health 
                                 care continuation rules, 858-859 
Continuing disability review (CDR), 47; (Table 1-25), 49; (Chart 
                                       1-1), 48; (Table 1-26), 50 
                                              Periodic review, 44 
                       Continuous home care day (definition), 141 
                             Contract providers (definition), 204 
Contract With America Advancement Act of 1996, Social Security 
                                               earnings limit, 32 
  Coordinated care plan, 176-177; (Table 2-37), 202-203; 204; 205 
                                          Cost avoidance, 601-602 
                          Cost-of-living adjustment (COLA), 36-38 
                 CPAC; see Competitive Pricing Advisory Committee 
                                 Credit Bureau Reporting, 578-579 
                CRNA; see Certified registered nurse anesthetists 
                       CSE; see Child Support Enforcement Program 
                                            Currently insured, 12 

                           DA&As, see Drug addicts and alcoholics 
                                         Day care; see Child care 
                DDSs; see State Disability Determination Services 
                                       Deferred arrangements, 841 
                       Defined benefit plan (definition), 903-905 
                  Defined contribution plan (definition), 903-905 
 Delayed retirement credit (DRC), 18-19; (Table 1-11), 20; 29; 31 
                                          Demonstration projects: 
                                         Competitive bidding, 153 
                                                         CSE, 555 
                                            Managed care, 209-211 
                                         Medicare Select, 218-219 
                                           Section 1115, 455; 465 
                                                        SNFs, 130 
                                                  Dependent care: 
                    Employer-provided, tax exclusion for, 877-878 
                                Tax credit, 678-681; 870; 872-874 
                             DI; see Disability Insurance Program 
                             Diagnosis-related groups (DRGs), 127 
                                   Disability (definition), 13-14 
                        Disability for children (definition), 266 
                               Disability Insurance (DI) Program: 
          Administrative law judge (ALJ), 46-47; (Table 1-25), 49 
                                         Adjudication process, 43 
                                                   Appeals, 46-47 
                        Attorneys' fees and representation, 44-45 
                                 Awards and recipients, 47; 50-52 
                                    Budgetary treatment of, 79-82 
     Characteristics of recipients, 52-53, (Tables 1-31 & 1-32), 
                                                            55-56 
                                                    Claims, 46-47 
                          Pending claims, 51-52; (Table 1-29), 53 
     Continuing disability review (CDR), 47; (Table 1-25), 49; 
                                (Chart 1-1), 48; (Table 1-26), 50 
                                              Periodic review, 44 
                                 Determination of benefits, 42-45 
                           Application of law and regulations, 43 
                        Attorneys' fees and representation, 44-45 
                                  Determination of disability, 42 
                       Federal review of State determinations, 44 
                                             Medical evidence, 44 
                                 Medical improvement standard, 44 
                                              Periodic review, 44 
                                   Disability (definition), 13-14 
                                           Disabled widow(er), 29 
                      Drug addicts and alcoholics (DA&A), 302-304 
                               Extended period of eligibility, 14 
                                       Insured for disability, 12 
                                       Maximum family benefit, 30 
                     Disability Insurance (DI) Program--Continued 
                                             Medical evidence, 44 
                                 Medical improvement standard, 44 
                                             Medical listings, 43 
                                Medicare, interaction with, 14-15 
                         Office of Hearings and Appeals (OHA), 46 
                         Offsets for other public benefits, 33-36 
                                        SSI, interaction with, 45 
       State Disability Determination Services (DDSs), 42; 46; 51 
                    Substantial gainful activity (SGA), 13-14; 43 
                                      Trial work period (TWP), 14 
                                                     Trust Funds, 
                                            Background, 61; 65-66 
         Summary, 61; (Table 1-38), 62-63; (Chart 1-2), 64; (Table 
                                                        1-39), 64 
                                              Vocational grid, 43 
                                 Vocational rehabilitation, 45-46 
                             Waiting period, 14; (Table 1-29), 53 
                              Workers' compensation offset, 33-35 
                                 Work incentive provisions, 14-15 
                                        Working disabled, 305-306 
                 See also Old-Age and Survivors Insurance Program 
                                         See also Social Security 
                                                        Disabled: 
                                          Tax credit for, 882-883 
                       See also Disability Insurance (DI) Program 
                                                See also Medicare 
              See also Supplemental Security Income (SSI) Program 
                                     Disabled adult children, 276 
                       Disproportionate share hospital (DSH), 182 
                               DME; see Durable medical equipment 
                                               DNA tests, 558-559 
                                           Domestic violence, 497 
                               DRC; see Delayed retirement credit 
                                 DRG; see Diagnosis-related group 
                                                Dropout years, 19 
                     Drug addicts and alcoholics (DA&As), 302-304 
                                    Drug-related convictions, 496 
                                              Drugs, 111; 161-162 
                         DSH; see Disproportionate share hospital 
                   Dual benefit payments (windfall), 363-364; 370 
                                             Dual entitlement, 28 
                                             Duggan v. Bowen, 133 
                         Durable medical equipment (DME), 149-153 

                             EA; see Emergency Assistance Program 
                             Early childhood development, 676-678 
                                Early childhood programs, 663-665 
                                      Earned income credit (EIC): 
                                                        AFDC, 406 
                                      TANF, interaction with, 503 
                                          Tax provisions, 866-870 
                                                  Earned right, 5 
                                    Earnings data; see Appendix F 
                                EB; see Extended Benefits Program 
                             EBT; see Electronic benefit transfer 
                                    Economic data; see Appendix I 
                                                       Education: 
                                          Education IRAs, 876-877 
                           Qualified State tuition plans, 876-877 
                             Student loan interest deduction, 877 
                                             See also HOPE credit 
                                See also Lifetime learning credit 
                                          Education IRAs, 876-877 
                                    EIC; see Earned income credit 
                                                         Elderly: 
                                             Data; see Appendix A 
                                 Health care data; see Appendix B 
                                               Elderly--Continued 
          Needy elderly; see Supplemental Security Income Program 
                                 Tax provisions, 881-883; 888-889 
                               Territories, (Table 12-2), 825-826 
                                                See also Medicare 
                                         See also Social Security 
                       Electronic benefit transfer (EBT), 928-934 
                                  Emergency advance payments, 280 
                       Emergency Assistance (EA) Program, 489-494 
                               Territories, (Table 12-4), 828-829 
Emergency Unemployment Compensation (EUC) Program, 339; 343; 
                                                 (Table 4-6), 344 
        Employee Retirement Income Security Act (ERISA), 837; 848 
        Employee stock ownership plan (ESOP), tax provisions, 841 
                                  Employment data; see Appendix F 
       Employment security administration account (ESAA), 346-347 
                                     Employment Service (ES), 356 
                                Empowerment Zone Program, 722-723 
                  End-Stage Renal Disease (ESRD) Program, 162-168 
                                                Coverage, 162-167 
                             Payment rates (Medicare+Choice), 185 
                                           Reimbursement, 167-168 
                                             Secondary payer, 214 
                             Enhanced administrative funding, 839 
                                  Enterprise communities, 722-723 
               ERISA; see Employee Retirement Income Security Act 
                                       Error measurement, 466-472 
                                     Error rate, 466-472; 936-939 
                                       ES; see Employment Service 
             ESAA; see Employment security administration account 
                          ESOP; see Employee stock ownership plan 
                        ESRD; see End-Stage Renal Disease Program 
                              Essential persons (definition), 280 
             EUC; see Emergency Unemployment Compensation Program 
             EUCA; see Extended unemployment compensation account 
       Extended Benefits (EB) Program, 336; 337; 341-342; 343-344 
                               Extended period of eligibility, 14 
Extended unemployment compensation account (EUCA), 338; 343; 346; 
                                                     347; 355-357 
                                    Extradition (definition), 581 

                                   Fair Credit Reporting Act, 578 
                                Families, data on; see Appendix G 
                                Family cap, (Table 7-44), 515-518 
                   Family preservation programs, 738-741; 780-781 
                                               Indian tribes, 738 
                                     Legislative history, 812-819 
                                             Reauthorization, 818 
                                         Renaming of program, 818 
                               Territories, (Table 12-2), 825-826 
          Family Support Act of 1988, 557; 558; 562; 566-567; 655 
                            See also Family Preservation Programs 
                  FECA; see Federal employee compensation account 
                      Federal Consumer Credit Protection Act, 570 
                Federal employee compensation account (FECA), 346 
                                     Federal garnishment, 571-581 
                              Federal Housing Assistance, 989-998 
                                        Budget authority, 993-998 
                                             Commitments, 992-998 
                                                 Outlays, 993-998 
                                          Tax provisions, 883-887 
                             Types of housing assistance, 989-992 
                            Traditional homeowner assistance, 991 
                           Traditional rental assistance, 990-991 
             Federal Insurance Contributions Act (FICA), 5; 57-60 
                               See also Social Security financing 
                       Federal Parent Locator Service (FPLS), 554 
                                 Federal spending; see Appendix K 
                      Federal unemployment account (FUA), 346-347 
                                        State borrowing from, 350 
                Federal Unemployment Tax Act (FUTA), 331; 355-356 
                    FICA; see Federal Insurance Contributions Act 
                                                  50-50 rule, 170 
                                       Firewall provisions, 81-82 
                                      Fiscal data; see Appendix I 
                                       Five-percent tolerance, 72 
                                      Food Stamp Program, 923-949 
                                          Administration, 923-927 
                                    Federal responsibilities, 924 
                            State and local responsibilities, 924 
           AFDC, interaction with, 406; (Table 7-8), 416-418; 940 
                                  Application processing, 935-936 
                                       Assets, allowable, 930-931 
                     Authorization-to-participate card (ATP), 935 
                                                Benefits, 934-936 
                      Categorical eligibility rules, 928; 933-934 
                     Electronic benefit transfers (EBTs), 928-934 
                                             Eligibility, 928-934 
                                                 Funding, 926-927 
                                  Household (definition), 928-929 
                                          Income eligibility, 929 
                             Interaction with other programs, 940 
                                  Issuing of food stamps, 935-936 
                                  JOBS, interaction with, 502-503 
                                Legislative history, 942; 946-947 
                                              Monthly allotments: 
                                                     Maximum, 934 
                                                 Minimum, 934-935 
                                  Processing of benefits, 935-936 
                                         Program options, 925-926 
                                       Prorated benefits, 934-935 
                                    Quality control (QC), 936-940 
                 Recipiency rates, 940-942; (Table 15-9), 943-945 
     SSI, interaction with, 276; 282; 288-291; (Tables 3-9 & 3-
                                           10), 292-293; 940; 941 
               TANF, interaction with, 502; 925-926; 928-929; 940 
     Territories, (Table 12-2), 825-826; (Table 12-4), 828-829; 
                                                          924-925 
                                     Trigger for eligibility, 934 
                                           Using food stamps, 936 
                               Work-related requirements, 931-933 
                        FOSTER CARE PROGRAM (TITLE IV-E), 742-749 
                                 Adoption incentive payments, 817 
                                          Adoptions, 799; 802-803 
                                         AFCARS, 782-803; 809-812 
                             AFDC, interaction with, 403-404; 742 
                        Exclusion from AFDC assistance units, 749 
                                    Aggravated circumstances, 815 
                                               Caseloads, 776-779 
                      CBO baseline projections, (Table 11-4), 733 
                                         Concurrent planning, 816 
                                Conformity review system, 771-772 
                                                   Costs, 803-809 
                                  CSE, interaction with, 553; 566 
            Data, 782-786; (Table 11-19), 787; (Table 11-22), 789 
                                       Demonstration waivers, 819 
                                            Expenditures, 742-743 
                             Financial review procedures, 771-772 
                                             427 reviews, 767-772 
                                       Funding, (Table 11-2), 731 
                           Funding environment, (Table 11-1), 730 
                                     Information systems, 809-812 
                                   Lack of adequate data, 809-810 
                                            Kinship care, 779-780 
                                     Legislative history, 812-819 
                                  Medicaid, interaction with, 742 
                         Parental rights, termination of, 816-817 
                      FOSTER CARE PROGRAM (TITLE IV-E)--Continued 
                           Participation rates, (Table 11-3), 732 
                        Payment rates, 743; (Table 11-8), 746-748 
                                      Permanency hearing, 816-817 
     Placements, number and duration, 793; (Tables 11-28 to 11-
                                                     32), 796-801 
                 Protections for children in foster care, 763-772 
                          Reasonable efforts requirement, 765-767 
                                             Section 427, 767-772 
                                         Substance abuse, 774-776 
                            TANF, interaction with, 503; 742; 749 
                    Termination of parental rights (TPR), 816-817 
                          See also Adoption and Safe Families Act 
                            See also Family Preservation Programs 
                              See also Independent Living Program 
                                         See also Substitute care 
                            401(k) plans, tax provisions for, 841 
                                        427 reviews, 464; 767-772 
                         FPLS; see Federal Parent Locator Service 
                            FUA; see Federal unemployment account 
                             Full faith and credit, 558; 577; 584 
          Full Faith and Credit for Child Support Orders Act, 580 
                     Full retirement age, 16-19; (Table 1-11), 20 
                                                Fully insured, 12 
                           FUTA; see Federal Unemployment Tax Act 

                                    Gag clauses (definition), 208 
                                             Garnishment, 571-581 
                                          Genetic tests, 557; 559 
                              GME; see Graduate medical education 
                                  Good cause regulations, 551-552 
                       Graduate medical education (GME), 182; 185 
                          Group health plans, tax provisions, 859 
                                                    Guam, 823-834 
                                         Guaranteed issuance, 217 
                                  Guaranteed open enrollment, 217 

                           Hard social services (definition), 723 
             HCD approach; see Human capital development approach 
                   HCFA; see Health Care Financing Administration 
                            HCPP; see Health care prepayment plan 
                                            Head Start, 1009-1011 
                                         Child care, 678-679; 689 
                         Health care expenditures; see Appendix C 
                 Health Care Financing Administration (HCFA), 103 
                       Health care of the elderly; see Appendix B 
                          Health care prepayment plan (HCPP), 169 
                  Health Care Quality Improvement Initiative, 213 
                                                Health insurance: 
                          Continuation rules under COBRA, 858-859 
     CSE, interaction with, 568-571; (Table 8-8), 602; (Table 8-
                                                     17), 640-641 
        Premiums, tax exclusion of employer contributions, 790-
                                           792; (Table 13-9), 855 
               Self-employed individuals, tax deductions for, 863 
Health Insurance Portability and Accountability Act (HIPAA), 850; 
                                                              855 
          Health maintenance organization (HMO) (definition), 168 
                                                Hemodialysis, 167 
                          HI; see Hospital Insurance (HI) Program 
   HIPAA; see Health Insurance Portability and Accountability Act 
                               HIV, SSI interaction with, 272-273 
                         HMO; see Health maintenance organization 
                               Home health care, 110-111; 138-139 
                                                    Coverage, 133 
                                      Growth in payments, 137-139 
                                   Per beneficiary limit, 135-136 
                                     Prospective payment, 135-136 
                                           Reimbursement, 134-135 
                                      Home health care--Continued 
         Transfer of some home health payments to part B, 136-137 
            HOME Investment Partnerships Block Grant Program, 991 
Home Ownership and Opportunity for People Everywhere (HOPE) 
                                                     Program, 991 
                                  Home oxygen equipment, 150; 153 
                                             HOPE credit, 874-875 
HOPE Program; see Home Ownership and Opportunity for People 
                                               Everywhere Program 
                                       Hospice care, 111; 139-145 
                                                  Cap amount, 142 
                                   Coverage and benefits, 139-141 
                     General inpatient care day (definition), 141 
                     Inpatient respite care day (definition), 141 
                                            Program data, 142-145 
                                           Reimbursement, 141-142 
                          Routine home care day (definition), 141 
                                 Hospital Insurance (HI) Program: 
                   Benefits and beneficiary cost sharing, 110-113 
                                   Coverage and payments, 126-145 
                                 Financial status, 67-69; 117-123 
                                               Payroll taxes, 114 
                                     Railroad retirement, 367-370 
                         Social Security, interaction with, 57-58 
                                              Trust Fund, 114-116 
                                        Financial status, 117-123 
                Hospital market basket index (MBI), 127; 142; 157 
                                                       Hospitals: 
                           Medicare reimbursement; see Appendix D 
                                                See also Medicare 
                      Household (definition), Food stamp, 928-929 
                                                         Housing: 
                                          Tax provisions, 883-887 
                              See also Federal Housing Assistance 
               See also Low-Income Home Energy Assistance Program 
                Human capital development (HCD) approach, 488-489 

                     ICH; see Interagency Council on Homelessness 
                          IDA; see Individual development account 
                    IFA; see Individualized functional assessment 
                                   Illegal aliens; see Appendix J 
                               Immigration policy; see Appendix J 
Immigration Responsibility Act of 1998, Social Security benefits 
                                              for noncitizens, 40 
                              Incident to physician services, 146 
                                                          Income: 
                                             Data; see Appendix I 
                                             Definition, 574; 836 
                           Income-tested benefits; see Appendix K 
                 Independent Living Program (Title IV-E), 761-763 
                       CBO baseline projection, (Table 11-4), 733 
                    Funding, (Table 11-1), 726; (Table 11-2), 727 
                                     Legislative history, 809-812 
                                 Participation, (Table 11-3), 728 
                                                Indexing year, 19 
                          Indian tribes and tribal organizations: 
                                                       CCDBG, 684 
                                                  Child care, 684 
                                Family preservation programs, 738 
                                               TANF, 494; 513-514 
                    Individual development account (IDA), 499-500 
     Individualized functional assessment (IFA), 266-267; 301-302 
           Individual responsibility plan (IRP) (definition), 500 
Individual retirement arrangements (IRAs), tax provisions for, 
                                                          848-851 
                                     Inherent reasonableness, 152 
                                   Institutionalized persons, 274 
                                       Insured for disability, 12 
                         Insured unemployment rate (IUR), 341-342 
                   Interagency Council on Homelessness (ICH), 304 
                      Intermittent peritoneal dialysis (IPD), 167 
                       Intermittent skilled nursing care, 133-134 
                 Interstate enforcement of child support, 581-586 
                        IPD; see Intermittent peritoneal dialysis 
                      IRA; see Individual retirement arrangements 
                          IRP; see Individual responsibility plan 
                             IRS full collection process, 577-578 
                               IUR; see Insured unemployment rate 

                                        Job-attached workers, 342 
                                                  Job Corps, 1008 
                                                  Job losers, 333 
Job Opportunities and Basic Skills (JOBS) Training Program, 472-
                                                              489 
                                 Activities requirements, 473-474 
                                              Administration, 472 
             AFDC-UP, interaction with, 471-472; 484-485; 487-488 
                                       Case management under, 472 
     Child care, interaction with title IV-A, 474-475; 476; 681-
                               683; (Tables 9-17 & 9-18), 700-703 
                                 Child care guaranteed under, 684 
                               Community work experience, 473-474 
                                     Earned income disregard, 474 
               Educational requirements of, (Table 7-35), 482-483 
                                         Employability plans, 472 
                                                  Exemptions, 474 
                    Food Stamp Program, interaction with, 502-503 
                                              Funding of, 475-488 
                         Human capital development (HCD), 488-489 
                                               Indian tribes, 488 
                                Job search, requirements for, 473 
                   Labor force attachment (LFA) approach, 488-489 
                                             Nondisplacement, 473 
                                    Participant (definition), 475 
                                  Participation requirements, 475 
                                                     Purpose, 472 
                 State-level data, (Tables 7-33 to 7-37), 477-488 
                               Supportive services under, 475-476 
                                Targeting of funds under, 475-488 
                               Territories, (Table 12-4), 828-829 
                           Transitional child care (TCC), 474-476 
                            Transportation, reimbursement of, 476 
                 Welfare-to-work efforts, assessments of, 488-489 
                     Work-related expenses, reimbursement of, 476 
                                        Work supplementation, 474 
    JOBS; see Job Opportunities and Basic Skills Training Program 
                   Job Training Partnership Act (JTPA), 1003-1009 
                                   AFDC-UP, interaction with, 407 
                                                  Job Corps, 1008 
                                                    TANF, 527-528 
                               Territories, (Table 12-2), 825-826 
                           JTPA; see Job Training Partnership Act 
                                         Judge surrogate, 560-561 
                                       Judgment (definition), 568 
                                        Judicial process, 560-562 
                                               Expedited, 556-558 

                                            Kinship care, 779-780 

                   Labor force attachment (LFA) approach, 488-489 
                                                  Lanham Act, 676 
                         Latchkey children, 663; (Table 9-6), 668 
                         LFA; see Labor force attachment approach 
                                Lifetime learning credit, 874-875 
            LIHEAP; see Low-Income Home Energy Assistance Program 
                                      Listing of impairments, 266 
                                           Long-arm statutes, 582 
                                   Long-term care; see Appendix B 
              Long-term care insurance, tax benefits for, 859-863 
    Low-Income Home Energy Assistance Program (LIHEAP), 1011-1017 
                                      AFDC, interaction with, 407 
          Transfer of funds with Social Services Block Grant, 717 

                           Maintenance-of-effort (MOE) provision: 
                                             Child care, 677; 684 
                                                         SSI, 282 
                                     TANF, 398; 495; 510-513; 529 
                                   Mammography screening, 159-160 
                                                    Managed care: 
                                                Medicaid, 960-962 
                               Medicare; see Private plan options 
                  Maternal and Child Health Services Block Grant: 
                               Territories, (Table 12-2), 825-826 
          Transfer of funds with Social Services Block Grant, 717 
                            MBI; see Hospital market basket index 
                                         MCBS; see Medicare, MCBS 
                          Means-tested programs, 409-410; 920-922 
          Medicaid matching rates, 1984-98, (Table 7-16), 436-437 
                                        Medicaid Program, 950-988 
                                              Administration, 960 
               Adoption Assistance Program, interaction with, 751 
     AFDC, interaction with, 401; 405-406; 407; (Table 7-3), 408; 
        (Chart 7-1), 409; (Table 7-16), 436-437; 951-952; 984-988 
                                             Boren amendment, 959 
                                Categorically needy, 950; 951-953 
                     CSE, interaction with, 553; 566-567; 568-571 
                                             Eligibility, 950-956 
                                     AFDC-related groups, 951-952 
                                                      Aliens, 955 
                      Families, pregnant women, and children, 953 
                Institutionalized persons and related groups, 954 
                                                   Poor, 952; 956 
         Qualified Medicare beneficiaries and related groups, 954 
                                      SSI-related groups, 953-954 
                                                   Financing, 958 
                               Foster care, interaction with, 742 
                                    Freedom of choice waiver, 960 
                                     Legislative history, 962-968 
                                            Managed care, 960-962 
                                    Medically needy, 950; 955-956 
                    Medicare, interaction with, 137; 221-225; 954 
                                                 Noncitizens, 955 
                                            Program data, 968-988 
                                    Reimbursement policy, 958-960 
                                           Ribicoff children, 951 
                                                Services, 956-958 
                                                  Spend down, 953 
     SSI, interaction with, 270; 273; 275-276; 278-279; 281-301; 
                                                 305-306; 953-954 
                                               TANF, 502; 951-952 
        Territories, (Table 12-2), 825-826; (Table 12-4), 828-829 
                                                    Medical care: 
                 Tax exclusion of employer contributions, 852-855 
                                              See also Appendix B 
                                              See also Appendix C 
                                              See also Appendix D 
                                              See also Appendix E 
                                            See also Health . . . 
                                        See also Medicaid Program 
                                                See also Medicare 
                                 Medical child support order, 571 
                                             Medical evidence, 44 
                      Medical expenses, deductibility of, 863-866 
                                 Medical improvement standard, 44 
                                             Medical listings, 43 
                               Medically needy, 406; 950; 955-956 
Medical savings accounts (MSAs), 177; 197; (Table 2-37), 202-203; 
                                                              854 
                                     See also Medicare+Choice MSA 
                                                 Medical support: 
     CSE, interaction with, 553; 568-571; 606; (Table 8-8), 602; 
                                            (Table 8-17), 640-641 
                                        See also Medicaid Program 
                                                MEDICARE, 101-260 
           Adjusted average per capita cost (AAPCC), 169; 180-183 
     Adjusted community rate (ACR), 180; 195-6; (Table 2-36), 200 
                                   Administration of program, 103 
                                          Aged, (Table 2-48), 249 
                            Definition of covered population, 109 
                             Growth in numbers, (table 2-43), 243 
                                          Ambulance services, 162 
                 Ambulatory surgical centers (ASCs), 154; 158-159 
                    American Lithotripsy Society v. Sullivan, 158 
                                           Anesthesiologists, 145 
                               Area specific or (local) rate, 183 
                                       Assignment; see Appendix E 
                                        Balance billing, 146; 201 
                                          Barium enema tests, 160 
                                    Beneficiaries, number of, 110 
     Benefit payments, 103-109; (Table 2-46), 247; (Table 2-47), 
                                                              248 
                                 Benefit period (definition), 102 
          Benefits, 102-103; (Tables 2-2 & 2-3), 105-107; 110-113 
                                      Bone mass measurements, 161 
                         Budget Reconciliation Acts, 1981-93, 240 
                        Buy-in agreements, 222; (Table 2-45), 245 
                                      Capped rental category, 149 
                           Certificates of medical necessity, 152 
                            Certified nurse midwife services, 147 
             Certified registered nurse anesthetists (CRNAs), 147 
                            Clinical laboratory services, 147-149 
                                      Clinical psychologists, 147 
                                     Clinical social workers, 147 
                                        Colorectal screening, 160 
                                     Competitive bidding, 152-153 
                                          Composite rate, 167-168 
                              Consolidated billing provision, 130 
                                            Cost sharing, 110-113 
             Coverage, 102; (Tables 2-1 to 2-3), 104-109; 109-110 
                                        Data, historical, 241-259 
                                          Demonstration projects: 
                                         Competitive bidding, 153 
                                            Managed care, 209-211 
                                         Medicare Select, 218-219 
                                                        SNFs, 130 
                            Department of Defense facilities, 182 
                                      DI, interaction with, 14-15 
                                    Diabetes screening tests, 160 
                             Diagnosis-related groups (DRGs), 127 
                                  Disabled, (Table 2-49), 252-253 
                            Definition of covered population, 110 
                             Growth in numbers, (Table 2-44), 244 
                               Medicare+Choice payment rates, 185 
                               Territories, (Table 12-2), 825-826 
                       Disproportionate share hospital (DSH), 182 
                                              Drugs, 111; 161-162 
                                             Duggan v. Bowen, 133 
                         Durable medical equipment (DME), 149-153 
                                             Eligibility, 109-110 
                  End-Stage Renal Disease (ESRD) Program, 162-168 
                                                Coverage, 162-167 
                             Payment rates (Medicare+Choice), 185 
                                           Reimbursement, 167-168 
                                             Secondary payer, 214 
                                          Financing, 103; 114-126 
                      See also Hospital Insurance (HI) Trust Fund 
                                              MEDICARE--Continued 
                                             Financing--Continued 
         See also Supplementary Medical Insurance (SMI) Trust Fund 

                       Graduate medical education (GME), 182; 185 
                                         Guaranteed issuance, 217 
                                  Guaranteed open enrollment, 217 
                  Health Care Quality Improvement Initiative, 213 
                                                Hemodialysis, 167 
                               Home health care, 110-111; 138-139 
                                                    Coverage, 133 
                                      Growth in payments, 137-139 
                                   Per beneficiary limit, 135-136 
                                     Prospective payment, 135-136 
                                           Reimbursement, 134-135 
         Transfer of some home health payments to part B, 136-137 
                                  Home oxygen equipment, 150; 153 
                                       Hospice care, 111; 139-145 
                                                  Cap amount, 142 
                                   Coverage and benefits, 139-141 
                     General inpatient care day (definition), 141 
                     Inpatient respite care day (definition), 141 
                                            Program data, 142-145 
                                           Reimbursement, 141-142 
                          Routine home care day (definition), 141 
                                 Hospital Insurance (HI) Program: 
                   Benefits and beneficiary cost sharing, 110-113 
                                   Coverage and payments, 126-145 
                                 Financial status, 67-69; 117-123 
                                               Payroll taxes, 114 
                         Social Security, interaction with, 57-58 
                                              Trust Fund, 114-116 
                                        Financial status, 117-123 
                Hospital market basket index (MBI), 127; 142; 157 
                                               Hospital services: 
         Inpatient hospital care, 110; 126-127; (Table 2-13), 128 
                    Outpatient department (OPD) services, 153-158 
                                              See also Appendix D 
                              Incident to physician services, 146 
                                     Inherent reasonableness, 152 
                      Intermittent peritoneal dialysis (IPD), 167 
                       Intermittent skilled nursing care, 133-134 
                           Legislative history (1980-97), 225-259 
       Long-term care insurance, interaction with; see Appendix B 
                                   Mammography screening, 159-160 
                     Managed care; see Private plan options below 
              MCBS (Medicare Current Beneficiary Survey), 219-220 
                    Medicaid, interaction with, 137; 221-225; 954 
                                                 Medicare+Choice: 
                                        Capitation rates, 182-184 
                             Contract providers (definition), 204 
                                   Contracts, termination of, 209 
                               Emergency services, access to, 204 
                                        Enrollment rules, 177-178 
                       Financial incentive plan (definition), 208 
                                      Financial requirements, 207 
                                                       Fraud, 208 
                                    Gag clauses (definition), 208 
                                  Grievances and appeals, 205-206 
                                     Guaranteed issuance, 217-218 
                            Information to beneficiaries, 179-180 
                                             Marketing rules, 178 
                                           Nondiscrimination, 180 
                                 Organizational requirements, 207 
                               Payment area (definition), 185-186 
                                       Payments to plans, 182-188 
                                            Plan options, 176-177 
                       Provider protections and requirements, 208 
                 Provider-sponsored organizations (PSOs), 206-207 
                                              MEDICARE--Continued 
                                       Medicare+Choice--Continued 
                              Prudent layperson (definition), 204 
                                                   Sanctions, 209 
                                               Standards, 206-209 
                                                 Waivers, 207-208 
                              See also Private plan options below 
                                             Medicare+Choice MSA: 
                                           Demonstration, 209-210 
                                            Payments, 182-83; 186 
                              See also Private plan options below 
                               Medicare economic index (MEI), 145 
                                         Medicare Select, 218-219 
     Medicare Utilization and Quality Control Peer Review 
                                            Organization, 211-213 
                 Medicare volume performance standard (MVPS), 145 
                                                 Medigap, 216-218 
                                         Creditable coverage, 218 
           Guaranteed open enrollment or guaranteed issuance, 218 
                                         Medicare Select, 218-219 
                        Preexisting condition limitation, 217-218 
                             Nonparticipating physicians, 146-147 
                                     Nurse practitioners, 146-147 
                                     Occupational therapists, 147 
                                               Orthotics, 149-153 
                                                 Outlays, 103-109 
                                     Overview of program, 102-109 
                            Oxygen and oxygen equipment, 150; 153 
                        Palliative medical care (definition), 139 
                                                  Pap smears, 160 
                      Part A; see Hospital Insurance (HI) Program 
        Part B; see Supplementary Medical Insurance (SMI) Program 
                             Participating Physician Program, 146 
                        Peer review organizations (PROs), 211-213 
                                                Pelvic exams, 160 
                                     Peritoneal dialysis, 166-167 
                                         Physical therapists, 147 
                                    Physician assistants, 146-147 
                                              Physicians, 145-146 
                                              See also Appendix E 
         Postinstitutional home health services (definition), 137 
                                Preventive services, 111; 159-161 
                                            Private plan options: 
                                        Average payment rate, 191 
                                 Beneficiary protections, 201-206 
                                           Budget neutrality, 185 
                                     Capitation payments, 180-181 
                                         Capitation rate, 182-183 
               Competitive medical plans (CMPs) (definition), 169 
               Competitive Pricing Advisory Committee (CPAC), 211 
                             Competitive pricing methodology, 211 
         Coordinated care plan, 176-177; (Table 2-37), 202-203; 
                                                         204; 205 
                                               Cost contract, 169 
                       Cost sharing, 196-7; (Table 2-37), 202-203 
                                          Demonstrations, 209-210 
                                         Competitive pricing, 210 
                                  Medicare+Choice enrollment, 211 
                                                    MSAs, 209-210 
                                     Employer-based policies, 219 
                               Enrollment, 170; (Table 2-42), 242 
                                                  50-50 rule, 170 
                          Health care prepayment plan (HCPP), 169 
                                            HMO (definition), 168 
                             Medicare+Choice; see Medicare+Choice 
                   Medicare+Choice MSAs; see Medicare+Choice MSAs 
                      Medicare Choices Demonstration Project, 173 
                              Medicare Risk Contract Program, 168 
                                     Minimum percentage rule, 185 
                                              MEDICARE--Continued 
                                  Private plan options--Continued 
                                           Minimum rate, 183; 184 
                        MSA plan, 177; 197; (Table 2-37), 202-203 
                     National growth percentage (definition), 185 
                                               National rate, 183 
                               Payment area (definition), 185-186 
                                                   Payment rates: 
                                              AAPCC, 169; 180-183 
                                              Floor rate, 183-184 
                                   Geographic variations, 185-189 
                           Impact of reforms beyond 1998, 193-195 
                         Medicare+Choice capitation rate, 182-186 
                                       Payments to plans, 180-188 
                              Point-of-service (POS) options, 169 
                            Preexisting condition limitation, 217 
                     Preferred provider organizations (PPOs), 169 
                                                Premiums, 198-200 
         Private fee-for-service plan, 177; 197; (Table 2-37), 
                                                     202-203; 204 
                Provider-sponsored organizations (PSOs), 169; 206 
                                             Risk adjustment, 186 
                                  Risk contract, 168-169; 170-172 
          Section 1876 [of the Social Security Act], 168-169; 201 
                                    Special election periods, 177 
                                                  Trends, 170-176 
                                            Availability, 170-172 
                                              Enrollment, 172-176 
                                                    User fee, 179 
                               U.S. per capita costs (USPCC), 181 
                                         See also Medicare+Choice 
                                     See also Medicare+Choice MSA 
                            Prospective payment system (PPS), 103 
                                                    ESRD, 162-168 
                                        Home health care, 135-136 
                                            Hospice care, 141-142 
                             Inpatient hospital services, 126-127 
                        Outpatient department (OPD) services, 154 
                                                    SNFs, 129-133 
                             Prostate cancer screening tests, 160 
                         Prosthetic devices (definition), 149-153 
          Qualified disabled and working individuals (QDWIs), 223 
                            Qualified hospitals (definition), 148 
                 Qualified Medicare beneficiaries (QMBs), 221-225 
                                                Benefits, 221-222 
                                   Buy-in, 222; (Table 2-40), 224 
                                                    Data, 223-224 
                                                 Eligibility, 221 
                                         Payment of benefits, 222 
                                                       QDWIs, 223 
                                                   SLMBs, 222-223 
                                          Quality review, 211-213 
                       Railroad retirement, interaction with, 114 
                            Regional referral centers (RRCs), 127 
                       Reimbursement to hospitals; see Appendix D 
                      Reimbursement to physicians; see Appendix E 
                          Resource utilization groups (RUGs), 130 
                                     Retiree health coverage, 219 
                                    Risk-Contracting Program, 168 
     Savings estimates for Budget Reconciliation Acts, 1981-93, 
                                                              240 
                                               Scope of work, 213 
                                         Secondary payer, 213-221 
                     Skilled nursing facility (SNF), 110; 127-133 
                                                Coverage, 127-129 
                                      Growth in payments, 130-133 
                                           Reimbursement, 129-130 
               Social Security, interaction with, 57-58; 114; 116 
                        Sole community hospitals (SCHs), 127; 154 
     Specified Low-Income Medicare Beneficiary (SLMB) Program, 
                                                          222-223 
                                              MEDICARE--Continued 
                               Spell of illness (definition), 137 
                                                Spending, 103-109 
           Supplementary coverage, 216-221; (Table 2-45), 245-246 
                                     Employer-based policies, 219 
                             Impact on Medicare spending, 219-221 
                                         Medicare Select, 218-219 
                                                 Medigap, 216-218 
                                             Open enrollment, 218 
                   Supplementary Medical Insurance (SMI) Program: 
                   Benefits and beneficiary cost sharing, 111-113 
                                   Coverage and payments, 145-162 
                                              Trust Fund, 116-117 
                                            Financial status, 123 
                                     Sustainable growth rate, 145 
                                   Tax exclusion of benefits, 863 
                                            Territories, 824; 827 
                                              Trust Fund, 116-117 
                         Financial status, 123; (Table 2-10), 124 
                                            Unassigned basis, 146 
                                      Utilization review, 211-213 
                                           Vaccines, 111; 161-162 
                                                Venipuncture, 134 
                          Veterans Administration facilities, 182 
                     Workers' compensation, interaction with, 214 
                                         See also Medicare+Choice 
                                    See also Medicare+Choice MSAs 
                              See also Private plan options above 
                                                 Medicare+Choice: 
                                        Capitation rates, 182-184 
                             Contract providers (definition), 204 
                                   Contracts, termination of, 209 
                               Emergency services, access to, 204 
                                        Enrollment rules, 177-178 
                       Financial incentive plan (definition), 208 
                                      Financial requirements, 207 
                                                       Fraud, 208 
                                    Gag clauses (definition), 208 
                                  Grievances and appeals, 205-206 
                                     Guaranteed issuance, 217-218 
                            Information to beneficiaries, 179-180 
                                             Marketing rules, 178 
                                           Nondiscrimination, 180 
                                 Organizational requirements, 207 
                               Payment area (definition), 185-186 
                                       Payments to plans, 182-188 
                                            Plan options, 176-177 
                       Provider protections and requirements, 208 
                 Provider-sponsored organizations (PSOs), 206-207 
                              Prudent layperson (definition), 204 
                                                   Sanctions, 209 
                                               Standards, 206-209 
                                                 Waivers, 207-208 
                                    See also Private plan options 
                                             Medicare+Choice MSA: 
                                           Demonstration, 209-210 
                                            Payments, 182-83; 186 
                               Medicare economic index (MEI), 145 
               Medicare Payment Advisory Commission (MedPAC), 171 
                  Medicare Secondary Payer (MSP) Program, 213-221 
                                         Medicare Select, 218-219 
Medicare Utilization and Quality Control Peer Review Organization 
                                                 Program, 211-213 
                 Medicare volume performance standard (MVPS), 145 
                                                 Medigap, 216-218 
                                         Creditable coverage, 218 
           Guaranteed open enrollment or guaranteed issuance, 218 
                                         Medicare Select, 218-219 
                                               Medigap--Continued 
                        Preexisting condition limitation, 217-218 
                 MedPAC; see Medicare Payment Advisory Commission 
                                 MEI; see Medicare economic index 
                                 Melson-Delaware formula, 562-563 
                                           Mental impairment, 302 
                                 Military personnel, CSE, 579-580 
                         MOE; see Maintenance-of-effort provision 
                                         Monetarily eligible, 337 
                                  Moneysworth (definition), 86-89 
                                MSA; see Medical savings accounts 
                        MSP; see Medicare Secondary Payer Program 
               Multiemployer plan (definition), 905; 908-909; 917 
                                                   Financing, 912 
                   MVPS; see Medicare volume performance standard 

                               NAFTA Worker Security Act, 390-392 
         National Child Support Enforcement Reference Center, 550 
                 National Commission on Childhood Disability, 301 
                     National growth percentage (definition), 185 
                 National Home Ownership Trust Demonstration, 991 
                              Need-based benefits; see Appendix K 
Need standard (definition), 407; (Table 7-8), 416-418; (Table 7-
                                             9), 419-420; 423-428 
                                       Negative case actions, 472 
                                                     Noncitizens: 
                                                    Medicaid, 955 
                                     Social Security benefits, 40 
                                                    SSI, 267; 304 
                                 TANF, 496; (Table 7-44), 515-518 
                                      UC, denial of benefits, 337 
                                              See also Appendix J 
                             Nonparticipating physicians, 146-147 
    Nonrecurring adoption costs, 750; 754; (Table 11-10), 755-757 
                                       Northern Marianas, 823-834 
                                                    SSI, 267; 281 
                                                 Notice, 561; 573 
                    NSLP; see School Lunch and Breakfast Programs 
                                     Nurse practitioners, 146-147 
                 Nursery schools; see Early childhood development 
                                See also Early childhood programs 
                      Nursing homes; see Skilled nursing facility 
                                                                  
                                       OASDI; see Social Security 
                         See also Hospital Insurance (HI) Program 
                OASI; see Old-Age and Survivors Insurance Program 
                                     Obligation (definition), 560 
                                        Obligor (definition), 573 
                                     Occupational therapists, 147 
                    OCSE; see Office of Child Support Enforcement 
    Office of Child Support Enforcement (OCSE), 548; 550-551; 555 
                         Office of Hearings and Appeals (OHA), 46 
                                                         Offsets: 
                              CSE, 574-576; (Table 8-10), 644-645 
                                           Social Security, 33-36 
                                                          UC, 338 
                          OHA; see Office of Hearings and Appeals 
                  Old-Age and Survivors Insurance (OASI) Program: 
                                       Actuarial reduction, 28-29 
                                    Budgetary treatment of, 79-82 
                             Characteristics of recipients, 52-56 
     Delayed retirement credit (DRC), 18-19; (Table 1-11), 20; 29; 
                                                               31 
                                             Early retirement, 28 
                                            Earnings limit, 30-33 
                     Full retirement age, 16-19; (Table 1-11), 20 
                                       Lump-sum death benefit, 16 
                                    Maximum family benefit, 29-30 
                          Payback times, illustrations, 89; 96-98 
        Old-Age and Survivors Insurance (OASI) Program--Continued 
             Retirement age, trends, 19; (Tables 1-12 & 1-13), 21 
                                                     Trust Funds, 
                                            Background, 61; 65-66 
         Summary, 61; (Table 1-38), 62-63; (Chart 1-2), 64; (Table 
                                                        1-39), 64 
                       See also Disability Insurance (DI) Program 
                                         See also Social Security 
Old-Age Assistance and Aid to the Blind; see Supplemental Security 
                                             Income (SSI) Program 
                                Old-law taxable earnings base, 26 
                     One-third reduction of benefit standard, 278 
OPD; see Prospective payment system (PPS), Outpatient department 
                                                         services 
                                  Outlying areas; see Territories 
                                           Out-of-wedlock births: 
                                            AFDC, use of, 537-541 
     Paternity establishment, 556-560; (Tables 8-21 & 8-22), 648-
                                                              651 

                        Palliative medical care (definition), 139 
                         Parental rights, termination of, 816-817 
                                          Parent locator service: 
                               See Federal Parent Locator Service 
                                 See State parent locator service 
                                    Participant (definition), 475 
                             Participating Physician Program, 146 
                        PASS; see Plan for achieving self-support 
                                        Pass-along provision, 282 
                                           Pass through, 405; 599 
  Paternity establishment, 556-560; (Tables 8-21 & 8-22), 648-651 
                                           Pay-as-you go rule, 81 
                                   Payment area (definition), 185 
                   PBGC; see Pension Benefit Guaranty Corporation 
                          PCS; see Profile of child care settings 
                        Peer review organizations (PROs), 211-213 
                                       Pennington v. Doherty, 335 
             PENSION BENEFIT GUARANTY CORPORATION (PBGC), 903-917 
                                           Administration of, 903 
                                  Budgetary treatment of, 912-913 
                                    Defined benefit plan, 903-905 
                               Defined contribution plan, 903-905 
                                  Financial condition of, 909-912 
                                                  Future, 913-915 
                                               Financing, 910-912 
                                     Legislative history, 916-917 
               Multiemployer plan (definition), 905; 908-909; 917 
                                                   Financing, 912 
                                        Plan termination, 905-909 
                              Plan termination insurance, 903-905 
                  Section 401 [of the Internal Revenue Code], 905 
                  Single-employer plan (definition), 905; 916-917 
                                            Asset allocation, 908 
                                            Benefit payments, 907 
                                          Employer liability, 907 
                                               Financing, 910-911 
                                     Guaranteed benefits, 907-908 
                                    Section 4022(c) benefits, 908 
                                            Terminations, 905-906 
                                                 Trusteeship, 907 
                                                        Pensions: 
                                                Coverage, 845-847 
     Tax exclusion of pension contributions and earnings, 837-847 
                                                   UC offset, 338 
                    See also Pension Benefit Guaranty Corporation 
                                    Percentage of income, 562-563 
                                      Permanency hearing, 816-817 
                Personal needs allowance (PNA), 271; 278-279; 283 
Personal Responsibility and Work Opportunity Reconciliation Act of 
                                                            1996: 
               See Child Care and Development Block Grant Program 
Personal Responsibility and Work Opportunity Reconciliation Act of 
                                                  1996--Continued 
                      See Temporary Assistance for Needy Families 
                                              See also Appendix L 
                                         Physical therapists, 147 
                                    Physician assistants, 146-147 
Physician Payment Review Commission (PPRC); see Medicare Payment 
                                              Advisory Commission 
            Physicians, Medicare reimbursement to; see Appendix E 
                                PIA; see Primary insurance amount 
                              PICs; see Private industry councils 
Plan for achieving self-support (PASS) (definition), 268; 305-306 
                                PNA; see Personal needs allowance 
                              Point-of-service (POS) options, 169 
Poor, effect of tax provisions on the income and taxes of, 888; 
                                                          898-901 
                                POS; see Point-of-service options 
         Postinstitutional home health services (definition), 137 
                                                         Poverty: 
                                               CSE impact on, 603 
                                             Data; see Appendix H 
                                    Threshold comparison, 291-293 
                                  PPA; see Pension Protection Act 
                   PPRC; see Medicare Payment Advisory Commission 
                              PPS; see Prospective payment system 
Preventive Health and Health Services Block Grant, transfer of 
                      funds with Social Services Block Grant, 717 
                        Primary insurance amount (PIA), 16; 25-26 
                                  Primary support amount, 562-563 
                                                       Prisoners: 
                      Social Security, suspension of benefits, 36 
                                                         SSI, 274 
Private fee-for-service plan, 177; 197; (Table 2-37), 202-203; 204 

                            Private industry councils (PICs), 528 
                                            Private plan options: 
                                        Average payment rate, 191 
                                 Beneficiary protections, 201-206 
                                           Budget neutrality, 185 
                                     Capitation payments, 180-181 
                                         Capitation rate, 182-183 
               Competitive medical plans (CMPs) (definition), 169 
               Competitive Pricing Advisory Committee (CPAC), 211 
                             Competitive pricing methodology, 211 
     Coordinated care plan, 176-177; (Table 2-37), 202-203; 204; 
                                                              205 
                                               Cost contract, 169 
                       Cost sharing, 196-7; (Table 2-37), 202-203 
                                          Demonstrations, 209-210 
                                         Competitive pricing, 210 
                                  Medicare+Choice enrollment, 211 
                                                    MSAs, 209-210 
                                     Employer-based policies, 219 
                               Enrollment, 170; (Table 2-42), 242 
                                                  50-50 rule, 170 
                          Health care prepayment plan (HCPP), 169 
                                            HMO (definition), 168 
                      Medicare Choices Demonstration Project, 173 
                              Medicare Risk Contract Program, 168 
                                     Minimum percentage rule, 185 
                                           Minimum rate, 183; 184 
                        MSA plan, 177; 197; (Table 2-37), 202-203 
                     National growth percentage (definition), 185 
                                               National rate, 183 
                                   Payment area (definition), 185 
                                                   Payment rates: 
                                              AAPCC, 169; 180-183 
                                              Floor rate, 183-184 
                                   Geographic variations, 185-189 
                           Impact of reforms beyond 1998, 193-195 
                         Medicare+Choice capitation rate, 182-284 
                                  Private plan options--Continued 
                                       Payments to plans, 180-188 
                              Point-of-service (POS) options, 169 
                            Preexisting condition limitation, 217 
                            Preferred provider organizations, 169 
                                                Premiums, 198-200 
     Private fee-for-service plan, 177; 197; (Table 2-37), 202-
                                                         203; 204 
                Provider-sponsored organizations (PSOs), 169; 206 
                                             Risk adjustment, 186 
                                  Risk contract, 168-169; 170-172 
          Section 1876 [of the Social Security Act], 168-169; 201 
                                    Special election periods, 177 
                                                  Trends, 170-176 
                                            Availability, 170-172 
                                              Enrollment, 172-176 
                                                    User fee, 179 
                               U.S. per capita costs (USPCC), 181 
                                         See also Medicare+Choice 
                              Probability of exclusion tests, 559 
                              Probability of paternity tests, 559 
                    Profile of child care settings (PCS), 672-674 
Program of Aid to the Permanently and Totally Disabled; see 
                       Supplemental Security Income (SSI) Program 
                                      Program of last resort, 275 
                               Project Head Start; see Head Start 
                                           Project 1099, 555; 577 
                          Promoting Safe and Stable Families, 815 
                 ProPAC; see Medicare Payment Advisory Commission 
                                          Property liens, 576-577 
                              PROs; see Peer review organizations 
Prospective Payment Assessment Commission (ProPAC); see Medicare 
                                      Payment Advisory Commission 
                            Prospective payment system (PPS), 103 
                                                    ESRD, 162-168 
                                        Home health care, 135-136 
                                            Hospice care, 141-142 
                             Inpatient hospital services, 126-127 
                        Outpatient department (OPD) services, 154 
                                                    SNFs, 129-133 
                         Prosthetic devices (definition), 149-153 
                 Protections for children in foster care, 763-772 
            Provider-sponsored organizations (PSOs), 169; 206-207 
                              Prudent layperson (definition), 204 
                       PSOs; see Provider-sponsored organizations 
                Public assistance, tax exclusion of benefits, 870 
                                         Public housing, 407; 409 
                                             Puerto Rico, 823-834 

                                   QC; see Quality control system 
            QDWIs; see Qualified disabled and working individuals 
                       QMBs; see Qualified Medicare beneficiaries 
                                             Qualified alien, 267 
                                 Qualified cash arrangements, 841 
          Qualified disabled and working individuals (QDWIs), 223 
                            Qualified hospitals (definition), 148 
                 Qualified Medicare beneficiaries (QMBs), 221-225 
                                                Benefits, 221-222 
                                   Buy-in, 222; (Table 2-40), 224 
                                                    Data, 223-224 
                                                 Eligibility, 221 
                                        Medicaid eligibility, 954 
                                         Payment of benefits, 222 
                                                       QDWIs, 223 
                                                   SLMBs, 222-223 
                           Qualified State tuition plans, 876-877 
                                     Quality control (QC) system: 
                                                    AFDC, 465-472 
                                             Food stamps, 936-940 
                                         Quarters of coverage, 12 
                                            Quern v. Mandley, 487 

                                     RAILROAD RETIREMENT, 361-382 
                                   Administration of program, 361 
                                               Annuity structure: 
                                        Disability annuities, 364 
                                            Spouse annuities, 365 
                                      Supplemental annuities, 365 
                                       Benefits, (Table 5-2), 366 
                                     Lump-sum death benefits, 365 
                                           Survivor benefits, 365 
                                  Cash benefits, (Table 5-1), 363 
                                        Disability annuities, 364 
                   Dual benefit payments (windfall), 363-364; 370 
                                   Financial interchange, 368-370 
     Financial status of the railroad retirement account, 371-372 
                                               Financing, 367-370 
                              General revenue appropriations, 370 
                         Hospital Insurance (HI) Program, 367-370 
                                           Investment income, 370 
                                             Jurisdiction of, 362 
                                     Legislative history, 379-381 
                                     Lump-sum death benefits, 365 
                                  Medicare, interaction with, 114 
                                                Overview, 361-362 
                                           Payroll taxes, 367-368 
                                            Program data, 366-367 
                             Railroad Retirement Board (RRB), 361 
              Social Security, interaction with, 363-364; 367-370 
                                            Spouse annuities, 365 
                                 Supplemental annuities, 365; 370 
                                           Survivor benefits, 365 
                           Taxation of benefits, 370-371; 851-852 
                               Tax exclusion of benefits, 851-852 
                     Tier I benefits, 363; 364; 365; 367-368; 370 
                    Tier II benefits, 363; 364; 365; 367-368; 370 
                                                   Wage base, 367 
                   Windfall benefits (dual benefit payments), 364 
            See also Railroad Unemployment Insurance (RUI) System 
     Railroad retirement account (RRA), Financial status, 371-372 
                             Railroad Retirement Board (RRB), 361 
                Railroad Unemployment Insurance (RUI) System, 379 
                                                   Base year, 373 
                                                Benefits, 373-377 
                                                Benefit year, 373 
                                Eligibility requirements, 373-377 
                                               Financing, 377-379 
                         Program statistics, (Table 5-7), 374-375 
                                       Statement of sickness, 373 
                                                       Taxes, 377 
                                     See also Railroad Retirement 
                                      Reasonable efforts, 765-767 
                 Reasonable efforts to preserve families, 815-816 
                      Reasonable efforts to promote adoption, 816 
                                 Rebuttable presumption, 562; 566 
                                     Recipient-caused errors, 465 
                                          Reed Act transfers, 347 
                                         Refugees; see Appendix J 
                            Regional referral centers (RRCs), 127 
                                     Religious organizations, 500 
                                         Replacement rates, 26-27 
                       Representative payee (definition), 302-303 
                                               Reserve ratio, 347 
                          Resource utilization groups (RUGs), 130 
                              Ribicoff children (definition), 951 
                                  Risk contract, 168-169; 170-172 
                             RRA; see Railroad retirement account 
                               RRB; see Railroad Retirement Board 
                              RRCs; see Regional referral centers 
                            RUGs; see Resource utilization groups 
                  RUI; see Railroad Unemployment Insurance System 

SACWIS; see Statewide Automated Child Welfare Information Systems 
Savings Incentive Match Plan for Employees (SIMPLE) retirement 
                                                       plans, 843 
                     SBP; see School Lunch and Breakfast Programs 
                    School Lunch and Breakfast Programs, 998-1000 
                                      AFDC, interaction with, 407 
            S-CHIP; see State Children's Health Insurance Program 
                               SCHs; see Sole community hospitals 
                                               Scope of work, 213 
          SDAs; see Welfare-to-work (WTW), Service delivery areas 
                      SECA; see Self-Employment Contributions Act 
Secondary Payer Program; see Medicare Secondary Payer (MSP) 
                                                          Program 
                                         Sectarian providers, 686 
                              Section 8 housing subsidy, 407; 409 
Section 16 [of the Child Support Enforcement Amendments of 1984], 
                                                              564 
           Section 17 [of the National School Lunch Act], 683-684 
                  Section 219 [of the Internal Revenue Code], 844 
                  Section 401 [of the Internal Revenue Code], 905 
          Section 422(b)(9) [of the Social Security Act], 764-767 
                                 Section 427 protections, 767-772 
                    Section 429 [of the Social Security Act], 725 
                    Section 460 [of the Social Security Act], 578 
                Section 475 [of the Social Security Act], 765-767 
         Section 1115 [of the Social Security Act], 402; 455; 462 
                   Section 1123 [of the Social Security Act], 468 
                  Section 1130A [of the Social Security Act], 763 
            Section 1615(d) [of the Social Security Act], 276-277 
                   Section 1618 [of the Social Security Act], 282 
     Section 1619 [of the Social Security Act], 274; 276; 305-306 
      Section 1631(a)(4)(B) [of the Social Security Act], 272-273 
      Section 1634 [of the Supplemental Security Income Law], 275 
          Section 1876 [of the Social Security Act], 168-169; 201 
                                     Section 9403 [of COBRA], 213 
             Self-Employment Contributions Act (SECA), 5-6; 57-60 
                               See also Social Security Financing 
                                          Service of process, 561 
                            SGA; see Substantial gainful activity 
SIMPLE; see Savings Incentive Match Plan for Employees retirement 
                                                            plans 
                  Single-employer plan (definition), 905; 916-917 
                                            Asset allocation, 908 
                                            Benefit payments, 907 
                                          Employer liability, 907 
                                               Financing, 910-911 
                                     Guaranteed benefits, 907-908 
                                    Section 4022(c) benefits, 908 
                                            Terminations, 905-906 
                                                 Trusteeship, 907 
                     Skilled nursing facility (SNF), 110; 127-133 
                                                Coverage, 127-129 
                                      Growth in payments, 130-133 
                                           Reimbursement, 129-130 
      SLMB; see Specified Low-Income Medicare Beneficiary Program 
           SMI; see Supplementary Medical Insurance (SMI) Program 
                                SNF; see Skilled nursing facility 
                                          Social insurance, 5; 87 
                                            SOCIAL SECURITY, 1-99 
                                       Actuarial reduction, 28-29 
                                      Administrative expenses, 81 
                                       Budgetary treatment of, 82 
          Administrative law judge (ALJ), 46-47; (Table 1-25), 49 
                                      AFDC, interaction with, 407 
                                Automatic benefit increase, 36-38 
           Average indexed monthly earnings (AIME), 19; 23-24; 25 
                                       SOCIAL SECURITY--Continued 
                        Average monthly benefits, (Table 1-8), 17 
                                                 Baby boomers, 66 
                                       Baby trough generation, 66 
                                                  Bend points, 30 
                                                   Beneficiaries: 
                                      Numbers of, (Table 1-8), 17 
                                               With income, 39-40 
                                              Benefit formula, 25 
                                                        Benefits: 
                                                      Amounts, 26 
                                            Computation of, 16-26 
                                        Deficit, (Table 1-47), 80 
                                               Eligibility, 12-16 
                                    Reduction and increase, 27-36 
         Relationship to taxes, 86-89; (Tables 1-49 to 1-51), 90-
                                                               95 
                                         Replacement rates, 26-27 
                                    Budgetary treatment of, 79-82 
                                              Points of order, 80 
                                   Budget rules pertaining to, 81 
                             Characteristics of recipients, 52-56 
                                              Child's benefit, 15 
                                   Close actuarial balance, 72-73 
                                            Computation years, 19 
                Contract with America Advancement Act of 1996, 32 
                          Cost-of-living adjustment (COLA), 36-38 
                                                   Coverage, 6-11 
                                            Currently insured, 12 
     Delayed retirement credit (DRC), 18-19; (Table 1-11), 20; 29; 
                                                               31 
                   Dependents, 15-16; (Tables 1-8 to 1-10), 17-18 
                                   Disability (definition), 13-14 
                       See also Disability Insurance (DI) Program 
                                                Dropout years, 19 
                                             Dual entitlement, 28 
                                    Early retirement benefits, 28 
                                            Earnings limit, 30-33 
                                               Eligibility, 12-16 
                                       Employee contribution, 5-6 
                                       Employer contribution, 5-6 
                                             Father's benefit, 15 
             Federal Insurance Contributions Act (FICA), 5; 57-60 
     Financial condition, Procedural rules (House and Senate) to 
                                                   protect, 81-82 
                                                 Financing, 57-79 
                                        1997 Trustees' Report, 61 
                                       Long-range forecast, 66-71 
                                   OASI and DI Trust Funds, 61-71 
                                   Social Security surplus, 77-79 
                                                    Status, 71-73 
                                         Financing mechanism, 5-6 
                                       Firewall provisions, 81-82 
                                       Five-percent tolerance, 72 
                     Full retirement age, 16-19; (Table 1-11), 20 
                                                Fully insured, 12 
                                         General information, 3-6 
                                 Brief history, 6; (Table 1-1), 7 
            Government employees, State/local, (Table 1-5), 10-11 
                                    Government pension offset, 35 
                                                  Income rate, 73 
                                                Indexing year, 19 
                                            Insured status, 12-13 
                                       Legislative history, 82-86 
                    Longevity, trends in, 19; (Table 1-14), 22-23 
                                       Lump sum death benefit, 16 
                                    Maximum family benefit, 29-30 
                                     Maximum taxable earnings, 87 
                      Medicare, interaction with, 57-58; 114; 116 
                                  Moneysworth (definition), 86-89 
                                       SOCIAL SECURITY--Continued 
                         Monthly benefit amounts, (Table 1-8), 17 
                                             Mother's benefit, 15 
                                    Noncitizens, benefits for, 40 
                                                   Offsets, 33-36 
                                Old-law taxable earnings base, 26 
                                             Parent's benefit, 16 
                                           Pay-as-you go rule, 81 
                                         Payback times, 89; 96-98 
                                   Percent of taxable payroll, 71 
                                         Present value method, 72 
                       Primary insurance amount (PIA), 16; 25; 26 
                         Prisoners, suspension of benefits to, 36 
         Procedural rules (House and Senate) pertaining to, 81-82 
                                     Public pension offset, 35-36 
                                         Quarters of coverage, 12 
          Railroad Retirement, interaction with, 363-364; 367-370 
                                Relative value of benefits, 86-89 
                            Replacement rates (definition), 26-27 
                                                  Retired worker: 
                                          Actuarial reduction, 28 
                                Earnings of, 33; (Table 1-19), 34 
          Retirement age, trends in, 19; (Tables 1-12 & 1-13), 21 
                                             Self-employed, 57-60 
             Self-Employment Contributions Act (SECA), 5-6; 57-60 
                                          Social insurance, 5; 87 
                                   Special minimum benefit, 25-26 
                                           Spending authority, 65 
                                             Spouse's benefit, 15 
                                          Actuarial reduction, 28 
     SSI, interaction with, 269; 275; 276; 280-281; (Tables 3-9 & 
                                                   3-10), 292-293 
             State/local government employees, (Table 1-5), 10-11 
                               Surpluses, 77-79; (Table 1-47), 80 
                                  Survivor benefits, 15-16; 28-29 
                          Suspension of benefits to prisoners, 36 
         Taxation of benefits, 39-40; (Tables 1-23 & 1-24), 41-42 
                                                     Taxes, 77-79 
                               Tax exclusion of benefits, 851-852 
                                             Territories, 824-827 
                                                     Trust Funds: 
                                            Background, 61; 65-66 
                                                 Nature of, 73-79 
         Summary, 61; (Table 1-38), 62-63; (Chart 1-2), 64; (Table 
                                                        1-39), 64 
                                          Widow(er)'s benefit, 15 
                                       Actuarial reduction, 28-29 
                            Windfall elimination provision, 35-36 
                       See also Disability Insurance (DI) Program 
          See also Old-Age and Survivors Insurance (OASI) Program 
          SOCIAL SERVICES BLOCK GRANT, 713-725; (Table 11-1), 730 
                   Allocation formula, 713; (Table 10-2), 715-717 
                                Child care, 678-680; 684; 686-687 
                                Empowerment Zone Program, 722-723 
                                  Enterprise communities, 722-723 
                         Expenditures on social services, 718-721 
                                          Funding levels, 713-714 
                                        Hard social services, 723 
                                     Legislative history, 723-725 
                                          Program goals, 713; 718 
                                              Qualified plan, 722 
                                              Recipients, 718-721 
                                      Reporting requirements, 718 
                                       Services provided, 718-721 
                               Territories, (Table 12-2), 825-826 
          Transfer of funds to and from other grant programs, 721 
                                                Use of funds, 718 
                        Sole community hospitals (SCHs), 127; 154 
Special needs child (definition), 725-726; 750-751; 754; (Table 
                                                 11-34), 803; 818 
Special Supplemental Nutrition Program for Women, Infants, and 
                                        Children (WIC), 1000-1002 
                                            AFDC eligibility, 407 
                                      TANF, interaction with, 503 
        Territories, (Table 12-2), 825-826; (Table 12-4), 828-829 
Specified Low-Income Medicare Beneficiary (SLMB) Program, 222-223 
                               Spell of illness (definition), 137 
                                             Spend down, 275; 953 
                    SSI; see Supplemental Security Income Program 
SSP; see Supplemental Security Income (SSI) Program, State 
                                           supplementary payments 
          State Children's Health Insurance Program (S-CHIP), 502 
                               Territories, (Table 12-2), 825-826 
       State Disability Determination Services (DDSs), 42; 46; 51 
                        State Employment Security Agency, 552-553 
                                       Statement of sickness, 373 
                                State parent locator service, 554 
           State Tax Intercept Program, 575-576; (Table 8-3), 572 
Statewide Automated Child Welfare Information Systems (SACWIS), 
                                                          811-812 
                             Student loan interest deduction, 877 
                                                 Substance abuse: 
                      Child abuse and neglect, impact on, 774-776 
                       Foster care placements, impact on, 771-772 
                                          SSI, impact on, 302-304 
               Substantial gainful activity (SGA), 13-14; 43; 266 
                                         Substitute care, 782-795 
                                         Characteristics, 786-789 
                                     Living arrangements, 793-795 
                                        Permanency goals, 790-792 
                                       Reasons for placement, 790 
                                     See also Foster Care Program 
                                               Suitable work, 336 
                           Sullivan v. Zebley, 266; 267; 299; 302 
              SUPPLEMENTAL SECURITY INCOME (SSI) PROGRAM, 261-326 
                               Administration of program, 262-263 
                             Adoption assistance program, 750-751 
                                      AFDC, interaction with, 407 
              AIDS (acquired immune deficiency syndrome), 272-273 
                              Alcoholics, eligibility of, 302-304 
                                                 Asset limit, 271 
                                              Background, 262-263 
                                                Benefits, 277-293 
                                   Federal, 277; (Table 3-3), 278 
                       Former recipients of State assistance, 280 
                        Individuals living independently, 283-291 
                Persons living in a Medicaid institution, 278-279 
         Persons living in the household of another, 277-278; 
                                                 (Table 3-4), 279 
                                            Break-even point, 305 
                                                Burial funds, 270 
                                Cash out food stamp benefits, 282 
                                Categorical requirements, 266-267 
                               Children, SSI Program for, 266-267 
                                     Citizenship requirement, 267 
                                         Comparable severity, 267 
                                                   Costs, 312-317 
                                       Countable income, 268; 271 
                                     Countable resources, 269-271 
                               Deeming for aliens; see Appendix J 
                Deeming of income and resources, 268-269; 271-272 
                        Disability for children (definition), 266 
                                     Disabled adult children, 276 
                     Drug addicts and alcoholics (DA&As), 302-304 
                                    Earned income disregards, 305 
                                             Eligibility, 266-274 
            SUPPLEMENTAL SECURITY INCOME (SSI) PROGRAM--Continued 
                                  Emergency advance payments, 280 
                                           Essential persons, 280 
             Federal benefit standard, 269; 277; (Table 3-3), 278 
     Food Stamp Program, interaction with, 276; 282; 288-291; 
                            (Tables 3-9 & 3-10), 292-293; 940-941 
                        Fugitives, prohibition of payment to, 267 
                                                     HIV, 272-273 
                                                    Homeless, 304 
                                      Immediate payments, 280-281 
                                       Income exclusions, 268-269 
                                                Income floor, 275 
                                      Income requirement, 267-269 
     Individualized functional assessment (IFA), 266-267; 301-302 
                               Institutionalized individuals, 274 
                                   Legal immigrants (aliens), 267 
                                              See also Appendix J 
                            Legislative history, 1993-97, 318-325 
                                     Life insurance policies, 270 
                                      Listing of impairments, 266 
     Living in the household of another, 277-278; (Table 3-4), 279 

                       Maintenance-of-effort provision (MOE), 282 
     Medicaid, interaction with, 270; 273; 275-276; 278-279; 281; 
                                            301; 305-306; 953-954 
                            Medical institutionalization, 273-274 
                                            Medical listings, 267 
                                           Mental impairment, 302 
                 National Commission on Childhood Disability, 301 
                                            Noncitizens, 267; 304 
                                              See also Appendix J 
                     One-third reduction of benefit standard, 278 
                                Optional supplementation, 281-282 
                                           Overpayments, 271; 280 
                                     Participation rates, 306-309 
                                        Pass-along provision, 282 
                 Personal needs allowance (PNA), 27; 278-279; 283 
            Plan for achieving self-support (PASS), 268; 305; 306 
                              Population characteristics, 294-302 
                            Poverty threshold comparison, 291-293 
                                 Presumptive eligibility, 272-273 
                                                   Prisoners, 274 
                                      Program of last resort, 275 
     Prohibition of payments to residents of public institutions 
                                                        rule, 274 
                          Public institution requirement, 273-274 
                                             Qualified alien, 267 
                                        Recipiency rates, 306-312 
                       Recipients, changes in numbers of, 309-312 
                       Representative payee (definition), 302-303 
                                       Residency requirement, 267 
                                    Resource requirement, 269-270 
               Section 1619 [of the Social Security Act], 305-306 
     Social Security, interaction with, 269; 275; 276; 280-281; 
                                     (Tables 3-9 & 3-10), 292-293 
                                                  Spend down, 275 
     State supplementary payments (SSP), 281-288; (Table 3-23), 
                                                          315-316 
                                         Administrative fees, 283 
                                        Levels over time, 283-288 
                                                   Mandatory, 281 
                                                Optional, 281-282 
                             Variation in payment amount, 282-283 
                                         Substance abuse, 302-304 
                                Substantial gainful activity, 266 
                           Sullivan v. Zebley, 266; 267; 299; 302 
                                   Tax exclusion of benefits, 870 
                                  Territories, 262; 824; 827; 830 
                               Threshold amount (definition), 306 
                                        Tolerance level, 270; 939 
                                       Transfer of resources, 270 
            SUPPLEMENTAL SECURITY INCOME (SSI) PROGRAM--Continued 
                                         Trends, 263-266; 294-302 
         Adult disabled, characteristics of, 294; (Tables 3-13 to 
                                                   3-15), 297-299 
        Aged, characteristics of recipients receiving benefits on 
                the basis of, 295; (Tables 3-14 to 3-17), 298-301 
         Blind recipients, characteristics of, 294; (Table 3-15), 
                                                              299 
                          Caseload developments, overview of, 302 
             Children receiving benefits, characteristics of, 298 
        Recipients, number of, 294; (Tables 3-11 & 3-12), 295-296 
                                           209(b) option, 275-276 
                               Vocational rehabilitation, 276-277 
                                      Work disincentives, 305-306 
                                        Working disabled, 305-306 
                              Zebley decision, 266; 267; 299; 302 
                   Supplementary Medical Insurance (SMI) Program: 
                   Benefits and beneficiary cost sharing, 111-113 
                                   Coverage and payments, 145-162 
                                              Trust Fund, 116-117 
                                            Financial status, 123 
                                                  Support orders: 
                                    Amount determination, 562-565 
       Established, enforced, and modified, (Table 8-17), 640-641 
                                     Sustainable growth rate, 145 
                                          Suter v. Artist M., 763 

                     TAA; see Trade Adjustment Assistance Program 
                TANF; see Temporary Assistance for Needy Families 
                                 Taxpayer Relief Act of 1997, 844 
                                          TAX PROVISIONS, 835-902 
            Accelerated death benefits, tax benefits for, 859-861 
                                                        Adoption: 
                        Employer-provided, tax exclusion for, 887 
                                                  Tax credit, 887 
     Black lung benefits, tax exclusion of special benefits, 880-
                                                              881 
                    Blind, additional standard deduction for, 881 
                                         Cafeteria plans, 856-858 
                                        Child tax credit, 887-888 
                                       Deferred arrangements, 841 
                                                  Dependent care: 
                    Employer-provided, tax exclusion for, 877-878 
                                Tax credit, 678-681; 870; 872-874 
                                Disabled, tax credit for, 882-883 
                              Earned income credit (EIC), 866-870 
                                                       Education: 
                                          Education IRAs, 876-877 
                        Qualified State tuition programs, 876-877 
                             Student loan interest deduction, 877 
                                             See also HOPE credit 
                                See also Lifetime learning credit 
                                                         Elderly: 
                           Additional standard deduction for, 881 
         Effect of tax provisions on the income and taxes of, 888-
                                                              898 
                                          Tax credit for, 882-883 
        Employee Retirement Income Security Act (ERISA), 837; 848 
                        Employee stock ownership plan (ESOP), 841 
                                                401(k) plans, 841 
                              Group health plan requirements, 859 
                                                Health insurance: 
                          Continuation rules under COBRA, 858-859 
        Premiums and medical care, tax exclusion for employer 
                             provided, 790-792; (Table 13-9), 855 
                    Self-employed individuals, deduction for, 863 
                                             HOPE credit, 874-875 
                                               See also Education 
                                                         Housing: 
                               Low-income housing credit, 885-887 
                                  Owner-occupied housing, 883-885 
                                        TAX PROVISIONS--Continued 
                                         Income (definition), 836 
               Individual retirement arrangements (IRAs), 848-851 
                                Lifetime learning credit, 874-875 
                                               See also Education 
              Long-term care insurance, tax benefits for, 859-863 
     Medical care, tax exclusion of employer contributions, 852-
                                           854; (Table 13-9), 855 
                      Medical expenses, deductibility of, 863-866 
                             Medical savings accounts (MSAs), 854 
                         Medicare benefits, tax exclusion of, 863 
                                                        Pensions: 
                                                Coverage, 845-847 
                 Exclusion of contributions and earnings, 837-847 
                                      Trends in coverage, 846-847 
     Poor, effect of tax provisions on the income and taxes of, 
                                                     888; 898-901 
                Public assistance, tax exclusion of benefits, 870 
                                 Qualified cash arrangements, 841 
      Railroad Retirement benefits, taxation of, 370-371; 851-852 
     Savings Incentive Match Plan for Employees (SIMPLE) 
                                            retirement plans, 843 
                   Social Security benefits, taxation of, 851-852 
                              SSI, tax exclusion of benefits, 870 
                                  State tuition programs, 876-877 
                              Welfare-to-work tax credit, 879-880 
        Workers' compensation, tax exclusion of benefits, 880-881 
                             Work Opportunity Tax Credit, 878-879 
                         TCC; see Transitional Child Care Program 
                     Ted Weiss Child Support Enforcement Act, 574 
                         Teenage mothers and use of AFDC, 537-541 
 TEMPORARY ASSISTANCE FOR NEEDY FAMILIES (TANF), 397-398; 494-525 
                                        Abstinence education, 526 
                                  AFDC, differences from, 398-399 
                       Adoption assistance, interaction with, 503 
                                 Alaska Native Organizations, 494 
                               Aliens, 496; (Table 7-44), 515-518 
                                          Benefit levels, 517-522 
                                               Caseloads, 516-517 
                                     CCDBG, interaction with, 497 
                                    Charitable organizations, 500 
                                             Child care, 500; 684 
                                             Child nutrition, 503 
                                           Client agreements, 500 
                                            Client contracts, 500 
                                      Community service, 496; 497 
                 Competitive grants for welfare-to-work, 526; 529 
     CSE, interaction with, 406-407; 493; 546-547; 551; 558; 560; 
                                       566; 591-595; 600; 602-603 
                                           Domestic violence, 497 
                                    Drug-related convictions, 496 
                                     Duration on welfare, 531-536 
                                       EIC, interaction with, 503 
                                                     Eligibility: 
                                                    Families, 495 
                                          Ineligible persons, 496 
                                              Conditions for, 496 
                            Exits and returns to welfare, 532-535 
                                Family cap, (Table 7-44), 515-518 
        Food stamps, interaction with, 502; 925-926; 928-929; 940 
                     Foster care, interaction with, 503; 742; 749 
                                                 Funding, 503-513 
                                        Contingency fund, 509-510 
                                      High performance bonus, 509 
                                                   Loan fund, 513 
                           Out-of-wedlock birth rate bonuses, 509 
                           State family assistance grant, 503-505 
        TEMPORARY ASSISTANCE FOR NEEDY FAMILIES (TANF)--Continued 
                                               Funding--Continued 
                             Successful performance, 526; 529-530 
                           Supplemental grants to States, 505-509 
                           Transfer and reservation of funds, 513 
                                  Welfare-to-work grants, 526-530 
                                        Guarantee child care, 500 
                             Historic State expenditures, 511-513 
              Housing (public or assisted), interaction with, 503 
                                        Income, treatment of, 499 
                                      Indian tribes, 494; 513-514 
                    Individual development account (IDA), 499-500 
           Individual responsibility plan (IRP) (definition), 500 
                                          Ineligible persons, 496 
                       Interstate migrants, (Table 7-44), 515-518 
                                  JTPA, interaction with, 527-528 
         Maintenance-of-effort rule (MOE), 398; 495; 510-513; 529 
     Maximum benefits, (Table 7-8), 416-418; (Table 7-9); 419-420 
                         Medicaid, interaction with, 502; 951-952 
                       Minimum work participation rates, 398; 495 
                                             Nondisplacement, 498 
                       Outlying areas, 494; (Table 12-2), 825-826 
                                                Overview, 398-399 
                                                       Penalties: 
                    Against individuals for refusing to work, 499 
                                                  Against States: 
                                 Failing participation rates, 499 
                                                 General, 501-502 
                             Privatization of administration, 500 
                     Pro rata reduction for refusing to work, 499 
                                                     Purpose, 495 
                                     Religious organizations, 500 
                                           Repeat spells, 531-532 
                                        Reservation of funds, 513 
                                     Resources, treatment of, 500 
                                 SSBG, interaction with, 496; 513 
          State Children's Health Insurance Program (S-CHIP), 502 
                                        State TANF plans, 514-518 
                                                    Data, 519-525 
                          Major provisions, (Table 7-44), 515-518 
                          Territories, 494; (Table 12-2), 825-826 
                 Time limits, 495; (Table 7-44), 515-518; 531-532 
                                                   Exemption, 530 
                                       State Benefit cutoffs, 496 
                                         State work triggers, 496 
                             Title XX, interaction with, 496; 513 
                                           Transfer of funds, 513 
                                                   Unwed mothers: 
                                                  Births, 537-541 
                                    Eligibility for benefits, 496 
                                        Welfare dynamics, 531-536 
                                              Welfare spells, 532 
                                                 Welfare-to-work: 
                                   Grants, 495; 510; 513; 526-531 
                       Long-term TANF recipient (definition), 529 
                            Private industry councils (PICs), 528 
                           Service delivery areas (SDAs), 527-528 
                                          Targeting of funds, 529 
                                              Tax credit, 879-880 
              Welfare use, intergenerational patterns of, 535-536 
                                       WIC, interaction with, 503 
                       Work activities (definition), 495; 497-498 
                             Work Opportunity Tax Credit, 878-879 
                                        Work participation rates: 
                          Minimum requirements, 398; 495; 498-499 
                                                   Penalties, 499 
           Work requirements, 495; 497-498; (Table 7-44), 515-518 
        TEMPORARY ASSISTANCE FOR NEEDY FAMILIES (TANF)--Continued 
     See also Aid to Families with Dependent Children (AFDC) 
                                                          Program 
     See also Child Care and Development Block Grant (CCDBG) 
                                                          Program 
                       See also Emergency Assistance (EA) Program 
     See also Job Opportunities and Basic Skills (JOBS) Training 
                                                          Program 
                                         See also Welfare-to-work 
                                 Terminally ill; see Hospice care 
                    Termination of parental rights (TPR), 816-817 
                                             TERRITORIES, 823-834 
                                          See also American Samoa 
                                                    See also Guam 
                                       See also Northern Marianas 
                                             See also Puerto Rico 
                                          See also Virgin Islands 
                               Threshold amount (definition), 306 
       Tier I benefits [of Railroad Retirement Act], 363-368; 370 
      Tier II benefits [of Railroad Retirement Act], 363-368; 370 
                                                Tier I homes, 688 
                                               Tier II homes, 688 
                 Time limits, 495; (Table 7-44), 515-518; 531-532 
                                                   Exemption, 530 
                                       State Benefit cutoffs, 496 
                                         State work triggers, 496 
Title IV-A [of the Social Security Act]; see Aid to Families with 
                                               Dependent Children 
Title IV-A Child Care, participants receiving child care, 681-683; 
                                   (Tables 9-17 to 9-20), 700-708 
                         Title IV-B [of the Social Security Act]: 
                               See Child Welfare Services Program 
                                 See Family preservation programs 
                         Title IV-E [of the Social Security Act]: 
                                  See Adoption Assistance Program 
                                          See Foster Care Program 
                                   See Independent Living Program 
Title XVI [of the Social Security Act]; see Supplemental Security 
                                                   Income Program 
Title XX [of the Social Security Act]; see Social Services Block 
                                                            Grant 
                                        Tolerance level, 270; 939 
                               Total unemployment rate (TUR), 342 
                          TPR; see Termination of parental rights 
                           TRA; see Trade readjustment allowances 
               TRADE ADJUSTMENT ASSISTANCE (TAA) PROGRAM, 383-395 
           See also Trade Adjustment Assistance Program for Firms 
         See also Trade Adjustment Assistance Program for Workers 
           Trade Adjustment Assistance Program for Firms, 392-394 
                                                Benefits, 392-393 
                                                     Funding, 394 
                                     Legislative history, 394-395 
         Trade Adjustment Assistance Program for Workers, 383-392 
                                   Administration of program, 383 
                                     Cash benefit levels, 386-388 
                              Certification requirements, 383-384 
                                                Duration, 386-388 
                                                     Funding, 392 
                                   Job search allowances, 388-390 
                                     Legislative history, 394-395 
                               NAFTA Worker Security Act, 390-392 
                                 Qualifying requirements, 384-386 
                                   Relocation allowances, 388-390 
                        Training and employment services, 388-390 
                     Trade readjustment allowances (TRA), 383-392 
Transitional Child Care (TCC) Program, 474-476; 682-683; (Tables 
                     9-13 & 9-14), 690-694; (Table 9-21), 708-709 
                                      Trial work period (TWP), 14 
                                                        Triggers, 
                                  Benefit extension, 339; 341-343 
                                      Food stamp eligibility, 934 
                                                     Trust Funds: 
                                                     See Medicare 
                                              See Social Security 
                            See Unemployment Compensation Program 
                                 TUR; see Total unemployment rate 
                                           209(b) option, 275-276 
                                       TWP; see Trial work period 

                   UC; see Unemployment Compensation (UC) Program 
          UEFJA; see Uniform Enforcement of Foreign Judgments Act 
                 UIFSA; see Uniform Interstate Family Support Act 
                          UIS; see Unemployment Insurance Service 
                                Unemployment data; see Appendix F 
       Unemployment compensation intercept, (Table 8-3), 572; 576 
                  UNEMPLOYMENT COMPENSATION (UC) PROGRAM, 327-359 
                                         Ability to work, 336-337 
                                   Administration of program, 327 
                 Administrative financing and allocation, 354-357 
                                   Availability for work, 336-337 
                  Average weekly insured unemployment (AWIU), 356 
                                                  Base funds, 357 
                                           Base period wages, 338 
                                  Base year (definition), 334-336 
                                                Benefits, 328-346 
                                                  Amount, 339-341 
                                                Coverage, 328-331 
                                                Duration, 339-341 
                                             Eligibility, 333-339 
                                              Exhaustion, 342-343 
                                                   Extension, 343 
                                            Supplemental, 343-344 
                                                Taxation, 338-339 
                                         Chargeable employer, 338 
                                           Contingency funds, 357 
                                                Coverage, 328-331 
                     CSE, interaction with, 576; (Table 8-3), 573 
                                      Denial of benefits, 336-337 
                                           Disqualifications, 337 
                                             Eligibility, 333-339 
                                 Monetary qualifications, 334-336 
     Emergency Unemployment Compensation (EUC) Program, 339; 343; 
                                                 (Table 4-6), 344 
      Employment security administration account (ESAA), 346; 347 
                                     Employment Service (ES), 356 
                                  Exhaustion of benefits, 342-343 
                                          Ex-service members, 338 
                    Extended benefits, 336; 337; 341-342; 343-344 
     Extended unemployment compensation account (EUCA), 338; 343; 
                                                346; 347; 355-357 
                Federal employee compensation account (FECA), 346 
                     Federal unemployment account (FUA), 346; 347 
                                             State borrowing, 350 
               Federal Unemployment Tax Act (FUTA), 331; 355; 356 
                                          High-cost multiple, 347 
                                           Highest cost rate, 347 
                                    Insured unemployment, 331-333 
                         Insured unemployment rate (IUR), 341-342 
                                        Job-attached workers, 342 
                                                  Job losers, 333 
                                         Legislative history, 358 
                                         Monetarily eligible, 337 
                          Noncitizens, denial of UC benefits, 337 
                          Overview, 327-328; (Table 4-1), 329-330 
                                       Pennington v. Doherty, 335 
                                              Pension offset, 338 
                         Program statistics, (Table 4-1), 329-330 
                                          Reed Act transfers, 347 
                                               Reserve ratio, 347 
                UNEMPLOYMENT COMPENSATION (UC) PROGRAM--Continued 
                                State unemployment taxes, 352-355 
                                               Suitable work, 336 
                Taxable wage base for unemployment taxes, 351-353 
                                    Taxation of benefits, 338-339 
        Territories, (Table 12-2), 825-826; (Table 12-4), 828-829 
                               Total unemployment rate (TUR), 342 
                     Triggers for benefit extension, 339; 341-343 
                                              Trust Fund, 346-355 
                                     Financial condition, 347-350 
                                           Wagner-Peyser Act, 357 
                         Weekly benefit amounts, 334-336; 344-346 
                        Unemployment Insurance Service (UIS), 356 
                                 Unemployment Trust Fund, 346-351 
              See also Employment security administration account 
              See also Extended unemployment compensation account 
                   See also Federal employee compensation account 
                            See also Federal unemployment account 
        Uniform Enforcement of Foreign Judgments Act (UEFJA), 586 
           Uniform Interstate Family Support Act (UIFSA), 585-586 
   Uniform Reciprocal Enforcement of Support Act (URESA), 581-582 
         URESA; see Uniform Reciprocal Enforcement of Support Act 
                                                    User fee, 179 
                                 USPCC; see U.S. per capita costs 
                               U.S. per capita costs (USPCC), 181 

               VCIS; see Voluntary Cooperative Information System 
                                                Venipuncture, 134 
                                                        Veterans: 
                                 Benefits and services, 1017-1020 
                                                  Facilities, 182 
                                          Virgin Islands, 823-834 
                                              Vocational grid, 43 
                                  Vocational rehabilitation (VR): 
                                      DI, interaction with, 45-46 
                                   SSI, interaction with, 276-277 
         Voluntary Cooperative Information System (VCIS), 778-779 
                                VR; see Vocational rehabilitation 

                                                   Wage base, 367 
                                           Wagner-Peyser Act, 357 
                                                         Waivers: 
                              Adoption and Safe Families Act, 819 
                                 Adoption Assistance Program, 819 
                                              AFDC, 405; 458; 465 
                              Child welfare services program, 819 
                                                 Foster care, 819 
                                         Medicare+Choice, 207-208 
                                 Welfare, length of time, 531-536 
                                        Welfare dynamics, 531-536 
                      Welfare reform, research on; see Appendix L 
                                           Welfare-to-work (WTW): 
                                                        AFDC, 404 
                                          Assessments of, 488-489 
                                   Grants, 495; 510; 513; 526-531 
                       Long-term TANF recipient (definition), 529 
                            Private industry councils (PICs), 528 
                           Service delivery areas (SDAs), 527-528 
                                          Targeting of funds, 529 
                                              Tax credit, 879-880 
                                   Welfare waivers, 402; 455; 462 
WIC; see Special Supplemental Nutrition Program for Women, 
                                            Infants, and Children 
WIN; see Job Opportunities and Basic Skills (JOBS) Training 
                                                          Program 
                   Windfall benefits (dual benefit payments), 364 
                           Windfall elimination provision , 35-36 
                       Work activities (definition), 495; 497-498 
                                      Work disincentives, 305-306 
                                 Workers' compensation, 1020-1027 
                                      DI, interaction with, 33-35 
                                Medicare secondary payer, 214-216 
                                              Social Security, 35 
                               Tax exclusion of benefits, 880-881 
                                        Working disabled, 305-306 
                             Work Opportunity Tax Credit, 878-879 
                                        Work participation rates: 
                          Minimum requirements, 398; 495; 498-499 
                                                   Penalties, 499 
      Work requirements, 404; 495; 497-498; (Table 7-44), 515-518 
                                                Work rewards, 404 
                                         WTW; see Welfare-to-work 

                              Zebley decision, 266; 267; 299; 302 


                                   -