[Background Material and Data on Programs within the Jurisdiction of the Committee on Ways and Means (Green Book)]
[Front Matter]
[From the U.S. Government Printing Office, www.gpo.gov]




105th Congress                                                WMCP:
2d Session                 COMMITTEE PRINT                    105-7 
_______________________________________________________________________

                                     


                      COMMITTEE ON WAYS AND MEANS
                     U.S. HOUSE OF REPRESENTATIVES

                               ----------                              
 
                            1998 GREEN BOOK

BACKGROUND MATERIAL AND DATA ON PROGRAMS WITHIN THE JURISDICTION OF THE 
                      COMMITTEE ON WAYS AND MEANS

                                     
[GRAPHIC] [TIFF OMITTED] TONGRESS.#13

                                     

                              MAY 19, 1998

 Prepared for the use of Members of the Committee on Ways and Means by 
members of its staff. This document has not been officially approved by 
the Committee and may not reflect the views of its Members


                    U.S. GOVERNMENT PRINTING OFFICE
37-945 CC                   WASHINGTON : 1998




                      COMMITTEE ON WAYS AND MEANS

                     U.S. HOUSE OF REPRESENTATIVES

                              ----------                              


                       ONE HUNDRED FIFTH CONGRESS

                      BILL ARCHER, Texas, Chairman

                              ----------                              


                     A.L. Singleton, Chief of Staff

    This document was prepared by the majority staff of the 
Committee on Ways and Means and is issued under the authority 
of Chairman Bill Archer. This document has not been reviewed or 
officially approved by the Members of the Committee.





                         LETTER OF TRANSMITTAL

                              ----------                              


                     U.S. House of Representatives,
                               Committee on Ways and Means,
                                        Washington, DC, May 1, 1998

Hon. Bill Archer,
Chairman, Committee on Ways and Means,
House of Representatives, Washington, DC.
    Dear Chairman Archer: Since 1981, the Committee on Ways and 
Means has published the Green Book which presents background 
material and statistical data on the major entitlement programs 
and other activities within the Committee's jurisdiction. 
Information on major social programs outside the Committee's 
jurisdiction is also included.
     Since its inception 17 years ago, the Green Book has 
become a valuable resource for Members of the Committee, other 
Members of Congress, analysts in the various legislative 
agencies, officials in the executive departments, scholars who 
study these programs, and citizens interested in government 
social programs.
     On behalf of all those who worked on this, the 16th 
edition, I am pleased to transmit to you and other Members of 
the Committee on Ways and Means the 1998 Green Book.
     The Committee staff who worked on the 1998 Green Book wish 
to call to your attention, and to the attention of Green Book 
users, the superb help we have received from many individuals 
and organizations. These include:


The Congressional Research Service of the Library of Congress:
David Koitz, Coordinator
Jennifer O'Sullivan, Coordinator (Health Programs)

Vee Burke                 William Krouse          Pam Smith             
Larry Eig                Frances Larkins          Dennis Snook          
Barbara English          Carolyn Merck            Carmen Solomon-       
Gene Falk                 Christina Miller          Fears               
Melvina Ford             Jennifer Neisner         Karen Spar            
Molly Forman              Richard Price            James Storey         
Celinda Franco           Patrick Purcell          Joyce Vialet          
Beth Fuchs                Joe Richardson           Ruth Wasem           
Thomas E. Gabe           Alexandra Salinas         Heidi Yacker         
Paul Graney               Gary Sidor                                    
Geoffrey Kollmann        Madeleine Smith                                
                                                                        

The Congressional Budget Office:
Murray Ross, Coordinator

Tom Bradley              Julia Matson             Jennifer Winkler      
Sandra Christensen        Bruce Vavrichek                               
Carla Pedone             Roberton Williams                              
                                                                        


The Census Bureau of the Department of Commerce:
Chuck Nelson, Coordinator

Eleanor Baugher          Martin O'Connell         Lydia Scoon-Rogers    
Rosalind Bruno            R. Colby Perkins         Denise Smith         
Lynn Casper              Bernadette Proctor       Shirley Smith         
Gordon Lester            Arlene Saluter                                 
                                                                        


The Department of Health and Human Services:
Jeffrey Merkowitz, Coordinator

Lisa Bernhardt            Ken Kochanek             James Rich           
Sally Curtin              George Lintzeris         Stephanie Ventura    
John Drabek               Joyce Martin             Alan Yaffe           
John Gaudiosi             Kathryn Moss             Andrew Yoo           
Renee Jackson             Ellen O'Brien                                 
Cliff Johnson             Kate Prager                                   
                                                                        


The Department of Labor:
John Colbert, Coordinator

Virginia Chupp            Cheryl Kerr              Curtis Kooser        
Gerri Fiala              Russell T. Kile           Michael Miller       
                                                                        


The Social Security Administration:
Webster Phillips, Coordinator

and many other individuals


Medicare Payment Advisory Commission:

David Colby              Stuart Gutterman          Jack Hoadley         
                                                                        


The Physician Payment Review Commission:
David Colby, Coordinator


The Prospective Payment Assessment Commission:
Stuart Gutterman, Coordinator


Pension Benefit Guaranty Corporation:
Joseph Grant, Coordinator

Michael Rae


The Joint Committee on Taxation:
Joseph W. Nega, Coordinator

Railroad Retirement Board Staff


     Many members of the Committee's majority staff made major 
contributions to the preparation and publication of this 
document. Ron Haskins, Staff Director of the Subcommittee on 
Human Resources, assisted by Matt Weidinger and Cassie Statuto 
Bevan of the Subcommittee staff, edited the 1998 Green Book. 
Scot Smith and Shavonne McNeill provided editorial assistance. 
Margaret Pratt coordinated our contacts with the agencies that 
participated in the preparation of sections and tables, typed 
and retyped much of the text and all the tables, assisted in 
preparation of the final manuscript, and generally handled the 
numerous details that accompany a major undertaking of this 
type. Suzanne Kayne spent endless hours preparing the final 
manuscript for printing. Alix Salinas of the Congressional 
Research Service did an exemplary job preparing the index under 
serious time pressures. Other staff members who assisted with 
individual chapters or appendixes included: Thelma J. Askey, 
Jim Clark, Peter Davila, David Giroux, Ian Graham, Kim Hildred, 
Charles N. (Chip) Kahn III, Kacki Keith, Jamie Kendall, Ann-
Marie Lynch, William (Mac) McKenney, Chris Smith, Donna Steele 
Flynn, Nancy Runge, Amy Upston, and Stephen Whitaker.
            Sincerely,
                                   A.L. ``Pete'' Singleton,
                                                    Chief of Staff.




                               PREFACE

                              ----------                              

     After 15 previous editions, the Green Book has become a 
standard reference source on American social policy. It is 
widely used by Members of Congress and their staffs, analysts 
in Congressional and administrative agencies, members of the 
media, scholars, and citizens interested in the Nation's social 
policy.
     This edition of the Green Book follows the basic pattern 
of previous editions. Thus, the volume is divided into two 
parts, Program Descriptions and Appendixes. In the Program 
Description part, separate sections are devoted to the major 
programs under jurisdiction of the Committee on Ways and Means: 
Social Security, Medicare, Supplemental Security Income, 
Unemployment Compensation, Railroad Retirement and Unemployment 
Compensation, Trade Adjustment Assistance, Temporary Assistance 
for Needy Families, Child Support Enforcement, Child Care, the 
Social Services Block Grant, Child Protection, welfare in 
outlying areas, tax provisions that confer social benefits, and 
the Pension Benefit Guaranty Corporation. A final chapter 
summarizes major social programs that are not under 
jurisdiction of the Committee (including food stamps, Medicaid, 
housing, school lunch and breakfast, the Special Supplemental 
Nutrition Program for Women, Infants, and Children, Job 
Training Partnership Act, Head Start, low-income home energy 
assistance, veterans benefits, and workers' compensation).
     The appendixes include information directly related to the 
programs under Committee jurisdiction, including health care of 
the elderly, health care expenditures, Medicare reimbursement, 
employment and unemployment, earnings, family demographics, 
poverty, benefits available to noncitizens, and Federal 
spending.
     This year's Green Book contains a number of changes from 
the 1996 edition. The chapters on Railroad Retirement and 
Railroad Unemployment Compensation have been combined into a 
single chapter and the appendix providing an overview of the 
1996 welfare reform legislation has been replaced by an 
overview of the many research projects designed to examine the 
impacts of welfare reform. Enactment of welfare reform 
legislation (Public Law 104-193) has led to changes in several 
sections, especially those covering Supplemental Security 
Income, Temporary Assistance for Needy Families (TANF), Child 
Support Enforcement, and child care as well as the appendix on 
benefits for noncitizens. Similarly, provisions in the Adoption 
and Safe Families Act (Public Law 105-89) have been 
incorporated into the section on child protection. Finally, as 
a result of the Balanced Budget Act of 1997 (Public Law 105-
33), the sections on Medicare and TANF and the Medicaid portion 
of the section on Other Programs have been rewritten.

 
[1998 Green Book] C O N T E N T S

                               __________
                                                                   Page

Letter of Transmittal............................................   iii

Preface..........................................................    vi

                P R O G R A M    D E S C R I P T I O N S

Section 1. Social Security: The Old-Age, Survivors, and 
  Disability Insurance Programs..................................     1
Section 2. Medicare..............................................   101
Section 3. Supplemental Security Income..........................   261
Section 4. Unemployment Compensation.............................   327
Section 5. Earned Entitlements for Railroad Employees............   361
Section 6. Trade Adjustment Assistance...........................   383
Section 7. Aid to Families with Dependent Children and Temporary 
  Assistance for Needy Families..................................   397
Section 8. Child Support Enforcement Program.....................   545
Section 9. Child Care............................................   659
Section 10. Title XX Social Services Block Grant.................   713
Section 11. Child Protection, Foster Care, and Adoption 
  Assistance.....................................................   727
Section 12. Social Welfare Programs in the Territories...........   823
Section 13. Tax Provisions Related to Retirement, Health, 
  Poverty, Employment, Disability and Other Social Issues........   835
Section 14. The Pension Benefit Guaranty Corporation.............   903
Section 15. Other Programs.......................................   919

                          A P P E N D I X E S

Appendix A. Data on the Elderly..................................  1029
Appendix B. Health Status and Expenditures of the Elderly, and 
  Background Data on Long-Term Care..............................  1043
Appendix C. National and International Health Care Expenditures 
  and Health Insurance Coverage..................................  1069
Appendix D. Medicare Reimbursement to Hospitals..................  1117
Appendix E. Medicare Reimbursement to Physicians.................  1195
Appendix F. Data on Employment, Earnings, and Unemployment.......  1233
Appendix G. Data on Families.....................................  1245
Appendix H. Data on Poverty......................................  1297
Appendix I. Budget Tables........................................  1349
Appendix J. Noncitizens..........................................  1379
Appendix K. Spending for Income-Tested Benefits, Fiscal Years 
  1968-96........................................................  1413
Appendix L. Monitoring the Effects of Welfare Reform.............  1425

Acronyms.........................................................  1449

Index............................................................  1455