[Grounds Maintenance, Dust and Erosion Control]
[From the U.S. Government Publishing Office, www.gpo.gov]

W I.S 5:s-4>3o
NON-CIRCULATING
GROUNDS MAINTENANCE
DUST and EROSION
CONTROL
REPAIRS AND UTILITIES
Document Reserve
WAR DEPARTMENT • SEPTEMBER 194 5
NioU LIBRARY
WAR DEPARTMENT TECHNICAL MANUAL
TO 1=0®
W A R DEPARTMENT TECHNICAL MANUAL
T M 5-630
GROUNDS MAINTENANCE,
DUST and EROSION
CONTROL
REPAIRS AND UTILITIES
WAR DEPARTMENT . SEPTEMBER 19 4 5
United States Government Printing Office ffl ashington : 1945
WAR DEPARTMENT Washington 25, D. C., 24 September 1945
TM 5-630, Grounds Maintenance, Dust and Erosion Control is published for the information and guidance of all concerned.
[AG 300.7 (30 Aug 45)]
By order of the Secretary of War:
Official :
EDWARD F. WITSELL
Major General
Acting The Adjutant General
G. C. MARSHALL Chief of Staff
Distribution:
AAF (12); AGF (2); ASF (2); T of Opn (Eng) (10); AAF Comd (10); S Div ASF (1); Tech Sv (2) except OCE (100); SvC (10); SvC (Eng) Cont (12), Overseas (2); Air Tech SvC (2); FC (Eng) (5); Class III Instls (10); BU (2); ASF Dep (Eng Sec) (5); Dep 5 (5); Dist O 5 (2); Div Eng (10); ASF Tng C (Eng Sec) (5); AAF Flying Tng Comd (10); AAF Tech Tng Comd (10); D (Eng) (2); AF (10) except AF 1 AF thru AF 4 AF (20); G (10).
Refer to FM 21-6 for explanation of distribution formula.
CONTENTS
Section I. INTRODUCTION.	''Paragraph Page
Purpose and scope___________________________________________________________________ 1	1
Responsibility and organization of personnel__________________ . __ ---------------- 2	1
Assistance from outside agencies________________________________________________________ 3	1
II. GROWING AND MAINTAINING VEGETATION. General_____________________________________________________________________________________ 4	2
Suitable grasses and legumes------------------------------------------------------------ 5	2
Drainage______________________________________________________________________________   6	14
Establishing vegetation_______________________________________________________________   7	15
Re vegetation__________________________________________________________________________  8	17
Improvement and maintenance_____________________________________________________________ 9	17
Mowing_______________________________________________________________________________   10	18
Weed and poisonous-plant control_______;____________________________________________	11	18
Airfields______________________________'____________________________________________ 12	20
Athletic fields, drill and parade grounds, and ranges__________________________________ 13	21
Lawns__________________________________________________________________________________ 14	36
Traffic control_____________________________________________________________________    15	36
Removal of debris______________________________________________________________________ 16	37
III.	EROSION CONTROL. General__________________________________________„_______________________________________ 17	38
Drainage____________________________________________________________________________ 18	38
Gully control_______________________________________________________________________ 19	38
Roadside erosion control____________________________________________________________!	20	39
IV.	DUST CONTROL. General____________________________________________________________________________________ 21	45
Mulching_____________________________________________________________________•______ 22	46
Oiling_________________________________________________________________________________ 23	51
Seeding and sodding____________________________________________________________________ 24	52
Gravel and cinders______________________________________________________________________25	52
Temporary control measures___________________________r______________________________ 26	53
V.	STREAMS AND OPEN DRAINAGE CHANNELS. Removal of obstructions____________2_____________________________________________________ 27	55
Check dams____________________________________________________________________________  28	55
Ditch banks___j________________________________________________________________________ 29	55
Stream and river banks!________________________________________________________________ 30	55
Levees_____________________________________________________________________________     31	56
VI. TREES, SHRUBS, AND VINES. Selection__________________________________________________________________________________ 32	57
Planting locations_____________________________________________________________________ 33	57
Time of planting_______________________________________________________________________ 34	58
Planting methods_______________________________________________________________________ 35	58
Staking and guying____________________________________________________________________  36	61
Wrapping_______________________________________________________________________________ 37	63
Waxing______________________________________________________________________________ 38	63
Watering after planting______________________________________________________________   39	63
Pruning trees__________________________________________________________________________ 40	64
Bark tracings__________________________________________________________________________ 41	65
Pruning shrubs_________________________________________________________________________ 42	65
Cultivation____________________________________________________________________________ 43	66
Mulching_______________________________________________________________________________ 44	66
Fertilizing___________________?_____________________________________________________ 45	67
Preserving existing stands_____________________________________________________________ 46	67
Plant insect and disease control______________________________________________________  47	69
(HI)
IV
Section VII. POST CEMETERIES.	Paragraph	Page
Responsibility_____________________________________________________________________________ 48	70
Selection and planning	of	sites------------------------------------------------------------ 49	70
Private cemeteries on military reservations------------------------------------------------ 50	70
Appendix. REFERENCES--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- 70
Index------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------ 73
Section I
INTRODUCTION
1.	Purpose and Scope
This Technical Manual discusses the factors contributing to efficient maintenance of grounds occupied by posts, camps, and stations. It gives information and outlines procedures for post engineers and personnel engaged in grounds-maintenance work. It aims to provide the post’s using services a satisfactory environment with a minimum expenditure of money, personnel, and material. The scope of the manual includes growth of vegetation; maintenance of lawns, recreational areas, and airfields; dust and erosion control; soil conservation and improvement; stabilization of grades, banks, and ditches; and post cemeteries.
2.	Responsibility and Organization of Personnel
The post engineer is responsible for maintenance of grounds, including revegetation, renovation, fertilization and mowing of grass, dust and erosion control, and use and care of all maintenance equipment incidental to this work. Prompt acceptance of this responsibility and early recognition of its problems are essential to success.
a.	Maximum results with minimum cost require an efficient organization headed by a dependable supervisor who has, preferably, an agricultural background and knows gro.unds-mainte-nance equipment. He should also be familiar with soils, locally adapted grasses and plants, methods of seeding, proper use of fertilizers, manures and mulches, and other related operations. This supervisor should be a man in the post engineer’s
organization, having the authority and ability to use initiative and ingenuity in his work.
b.	Grounds-maintenance work fluctuates with the seasons, but timely attention to each problem is imperative. The grounds-maintenance supervisor and his work crew should give first priority to seasonal work. During the seasons when grounds maintenance cannot be done, the foreman and his crew can work at snow removal, drainage, improvement of roads and walks, repair of equipment, and other related jobs.
c.	Because the post engineer must maintain the grounds to comply with approved standards required by the using agency, he must not only give intermittent attention to major projects, but also solve many minor problems daily. For example, the timely removal of a small amount of debris from a catch basin, a drainage flume, or a ditch during heavy rains may save the structure. He can frequently avoid high-cost reseeding by such simple actions as rotation of the areas used, timely application of nitrogen fertilizers, proper mowing, discontinuing mowing during dry periods, and proper policing of grounds.
3.	Assistance from Outside Agencies
Agencies and organizations such as the Department of Agriculture, the Department of the Interior, state agricultural experiment stations, county agricultural agents, and others may be requested to assist with plans, recommendations, and specifications for grounds projects. These agencies can give valuable assistance on local problems and are usually most cooperative whenever called upon for help.
(D
Section II
GROWING AND MAINTAINING VEGETATION
4.	General
a.	The grounds on posts, camps, and stations must be properly maintained to prevent dust and erosion and to improve working conditions. Special treatment is often necessary to facilitate the function of limited areas surrounding such installations as hospitals, hangars, shops, warehouses, and cantonments. Intensity and kind of traffic, intermittent or continuous use, and relation of area treated to surroundings must be considered. Adapted vegetation, if it can be grown, is the most effective and economical ground cover for immediate stabilization and permanent conservation. Whatever method is used requires timely maintenance or renewal to save labor, material, and money.
b.	The maintenance of vegetated areas may include traffic control; rotation of use; mowing to stimulate density and vigor; fertilization to correct soil deficiencies; renovation by seeding or sodding; filling of rills, washes, or ruts caused by erosion or traffic; prevention of fire; watering or irrigation to promote deep root growth; control of weeds and poisonous plants; planting of temporary cover crops; use of mulching materials; and rough tillage.
5.	Suitable Grasses and Legumes
The grass or other vegetation suitable for a military installation depends largely on geographical location, facilities for irrigation, and the requirements of the using service. Vegetation should be selected that is dependable, easily maintained, resistant to disease and insects, provides year-long protection, improves the area for its intended use, and suits the type of maintenance employed. The advice and assistance of trained men with local experience frequently save time and money. In planting new stands or renovating old ones, a mixture of adapted grasses of similar growth habits usually gives better results.
a. Grasses. Grasses suitable for various areas are described below.
(1)	Kentucky bluegrass. (a) Characteristics. Kentucky bluegrass (Poa pratensis) thrives in northeastern United States (fig. 1) in fertile soil
that is neutral or only slightly acid. Although it may become partially dormant in hot dry weather, its dense sod provides complete dust and erosion control and greatly increases the soil’s load-bearing capacity. Canada bluegrass (poa comprcssa) is sometimes preferred in the northern lake region or for poor soils.
(6)	Planting. Start stands either from seed or sod. It is especially valuable for sodding such critical areas as ditch or road banks, flumes, or channels. Bluegrass and white clover make a good mixture.
(c)	Maintenance. Water bluegrass infrequently, wetting the soil to a depth of 6 or 7 inches. Light watering merely stimulates growth of weeds, crab grass, and summer annuals.
(2)	Fescue grass, (a) Characteristics. Creeping red fescue (Festuca rubra), chewings fescue (Fes-tuca rubra jallax), and sheep fescue (Festuca ovina) are perennials adapted to nearly the same area (fig. 2) as Kentucky bluegrass and are especially valuable for sandy or gravelly soil. Creeping red fescue and sheep fescue have a fine, dense top growth, forming a good cover; chewings fescue does not spread but forms bunches. They are tolerant of shade, respond to fertilization, form a dense sod under favorable conditions, and are useful in grass and legume mixtures.
(6) Planting. Much of the seed is imported from Europe and New Zealand. Procure seed of good germination because the seed’s viability deteriorates rapidly. Do not hold seed over from year to year. Plant early in the fall at the rate of about 30 to 5:0 pounds of seed per acre.
(c) Maintenance. If the grass is mowed, cut to height of 4 inches. Close mowing in dry weather weakens the grass and destroys the sod.
(3) Bufalo grass, (a) Characteristics. Buffalo grass (Buchloe dactyloides) is a hardy, sod-forming, dry-land grass adapted to the Great Plains area extending from southern Texas to the Canadian border (fig. 3). It thrives on almost any heavy soil but does not grow well in light sandy soil; it requires maximum sunlight and does not tolerate shade. Buffalo grass survives drought and spreads at the rate of about 2 feet per year.
(2)
3
KENTUCKY BLUEGRASS (Poa Pratensis)	'/
1$ u,	AREA of recommended use
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Figure 1. Kentucky bluegrass {map showing area of recommended use).
FESCUE GRASS (Festuca Sp)	//
H IV	area OF ADAPTATION
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l vX>A1a) Planting. Buffalo grass can be started either from seed or sod, seeding being more economical and practical for large areas. Stabilize blowing or drifting soil before planting and until seedlings become established because the grass does not survive silt deposits or drifting dust. Use only seed that has been treated to improve germination. In mixtures with blue grama grass, which has similar characteristics, sow 8 to 10 pounds of buffalo grass and 15 to 20 pounds of blue grama per acre. Seed in spring.
well with buffalo grass. For stands of pure grama, sow about 30 pounds of seed per acre.
(c) Maintenance. This grass does not survive heavy traffic or close mowing as well as buffalo grass.. It responds to fertilization and irrigation.
(5)	Hairy grama, (a) Characteristics. Hairy grama (Bouteloua h/irsuta) is adapted to the same general areas as blue grama and especially to western Texas, New Mexico, and Arizona (fig. 5). Found in mixtures as far north as the Canadian border, it has a desirable, spreading, sod-forming
BUFFALO GRASS (Buchloe dactyloided)	/Z
Y u V — AREA OF RECOMMENDED USE	/ma
I d j (	------------ { -______________\ A
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Figure 3. Buffalo grass (area of recommended use).
(c)	Maintenance. Control weed and tall grass competition by frequent mowing. After a stand is established, a minimum of mowing is required.
(4)	Blue grama grass, (a) Characteristics. Blue grama grass (Bouteloua gracilis) is hardy, survives in areas of light rainfall, and is naturally adapted to the Great Plains area from central Texas to Canada (fig. 4). It is normally a bunch grass, spreading only from seed, although thick stands of good sod can be produced by proper mowing. Blue grama requires sunlight but tolerates partial, intermittent shade; its growth is made in warm weather, remaining brown and dormant in winter.
(6)	Planting. Plant in spring on firm soil with as shallow covering as possible. Seed covered more than % inch rarely emerges. Blue grama mixes
growth. Black grama {Bouteloua ericrpoda), another variety, has the same major area of adaptation.
(6)	Planting. Because seed for both of these grasses is difficult to obtain, locate a source of supply well in advance of planting time. Seed it in the spring, sowing, mowing, and maintaining the same as for blue grama.
(6)	Bermuda grass, (a) Characteristics. Bermuda grass (JJynodon dactylon) is a warm-weather grass, is not winter hardy, and is adapted to the southeastern United States (fig. 6). It forms a dense sod and spreads from roots or creeping stems that take root at the joints or nodes; it requires open sunlight and does not survive dense shade. Because this grass withstands heavy
5
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< u, / r- AREA OF RECOMMENDED USE
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Figure 4- Blue grama grass (area of recommended use).
B (Bouteloua hirsuta)	//
AMENDED USE
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Figure 6. Bermuda grass {area of recommended use).
(7)	Crested wheat grass, (a) Characteristics. Crested wheat grass (Agropyron cristatum) is a northern, cool-climate grass adapted to the lightrainfall belt (fig. 7). It grows on nearly all soils, including alkaline; it has an extensive, fibrous, deep root system to compete with weeds and other grasses for moisture and food. Of the two common strains of crested wheat, standard and Fairway, the standard strain is hardier, requires less moisture, is a little coarser, and is more widely
(c) Maintenance. Although naturally a bunch grass, heavily seeded, crested wheat grass produces a fairly dense sod if it is kept mowed about 5 inches above the ground. Where a short grass is not required, mow once each season or cut with a combine after the seed matures to reduce fire hazards and maintain proper condition.
(8)	Western wheat grass, (a) Characteristics. Western wheat grass (Agropyron Smithiz) is a native, sod-forming grass with both fibrous roots
7
CRESTED WHEATGRASS (Agropyron cristatum)	/'/'
I	OF recommended use	jLa
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Figure 8.	Brome grass (area of recommended use).
«P GRASS (Agrostis alba)	//
EA OF ADAPTATION
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_________________________X_________________|o__________________________;___________________
Figure 9.	Redtop grass (area of adaptation).
9
annual lespedeza in acid soils and white clover in nonacid soils. For mixture with grasses, select those with similar growth habits such as Kentucky bluegrass, fescue, bent grass, and Bermuda. Nearly all redtop seed is produced in southern Illinois. Use 5 to 8 pounds of seed per acre in mixtures and 10 to 12 pounds if seed alone. Seed in early fall for best results.
(11) Timothy, (a) Characteristics. Timothy (Phleum pratense') is common in the northern half of the United States and grows slightly farther south at higher altitudes. It is a winter-hardy, coarse, short-lived perennial but does not produce as good sod as bluegrass, brome, or redtop.
(6) Planting. Timothy is desirable in mixtures because of its rapid germination and early growth. Seed in early spring or preferably in the fall, using 10 pounds timothy, 3 pounds redtop, and 5 to 10 pounds bluegrass per acre. Fescue grass or legumes may also be used in mixture. Seed is plentiful and easily sown.
(c) Maintenance. Timothy responds to heavy fertilization and ample moisture.
(12) Orchard grass, (a) Characteristics. Orchard grass (Dactylis glomerata') is coarse, shade-tolerant, and widely adapted in the United States, especially east of the Mississippi and north of Alabama and Georgia. Because of its bunch growth, it is not desirable where a smooth uniform sod is wanted, but it prevents dust and erosion in shady areas with minimum maintenance.
(6) Planting. This grass mixes well with alsike clover, lespedeza, fescue, or redtop. Seed it in the fall at wheat-planting time or in the spring. When seeded alone, use 20 to 25 pounds of seed per acre. To improve the cover, add 5 pounds of lespedeza in the south or 4 to 5 pounds of alsike clover in the north. A mixture of 5 pounds fescue, or 3 pounds redtop, with 18 pounds of orchard grass per acre is also desirable.
(c) Maintenance. It survives mowing and forms a dense, erosion-resistant cover if not cut closer than 4 inches.
(13) Sand dropseed, (a) Characteristics. Sand dropseed (Sporobolus cryptandrus) has some value for revegetating barren land in arid and semiarid country (fig. 10). It supplies some vegetative cover on igloos, banks, bunkers, sand blowouts, and other areas that receive only minimum maintenance.
(6) Planting. Sow broadcast in early spring or in the fall, using 2 to 5 pounds of seed per acre. Fall seedings usually do not emerge until the following spring.
(c) Maintenance. Use a light mulch of hay, grass, straw, or manure to conserve moisture and increase the growth. Commercial fertilizer is not recommended. Although it is adapted to sandy soil, it does not survive continuous mowing.
(14)	Alkali dropseed, (a) Characteristics. Alkali dropseed (Sporobolus airoides') has characteristics similar to sand dropseed. It produces fairly heavy foliage, has a deep root system, and is drought resistant.
(&) Planting. This grass is easily grown from seed and is used in mixtures with crested wheat, western wheat, and the gramas to increase stand density in areas shown in figure 10.
(15)	Carpet grass, (a) Characteristics. Carpet grass (Axon opus compressus) is a perenncil, sodforming grass adapted to the humid, warm areas of southeastern United States (fig. 11). It thrives in alluvial or mucky soil and survives on sandy loams and other fertile soils that are well supplied with water.
(6)	Planting. Seed in early spring with 10 to 15 pounds of seed per acre. Annual lespedeza (Japan clover) and bur clover in seed mixtures usually improve new stands and reseed themselves each year until the carpet grass crowds them out. Seed is grown in Mississippi and Louisiana.
(c)	Maintenance. Mow periodically except during dry weather or cool temperatures.
(16)	Bent grass, (a) Characteristics. Bent grass is a perennial, dense, sod-forming grass adapted to cool, humid areas in New England and the extreme northwest. Several varieties, Rhode Island bent, creeping bent, and seaside bent, are tolerant of acid soil; require cool, humid conditions; and form shallow, dense spreading roots.
(6) Planting. Seed in early spring, using 40 to 50 pounds of seed per acre. In mixture with red fescue, Kentucky bluegrass, or similar adapted grasses, use 20 to 40 pounds per acre for the entire mixture. Adding 4 to 5 pounds per acre of northern-grown, wild, white clover is recommended except where pure grass stands are preferred.
(c) Maintenance. Bent grass withstands maximum mowing; it requires uniform moisture and food supply. This grass is best suited to lawns, landing strips, and other highly developed areas justifying maximum maintenance and care.
b. Grasses for Special Conditions. (1) Reed canary grass. Reed canary grass (Phalaris arundi-nacea) is a coarse perennial in the northern half of the United States, adapted to low, wet, swampy soils or land frequently flooded. It is not well suited to salt marshes or alkaline soil. Seed in
10
Z-?'?""'-...	——drqpseED (Sporobolus airoides)	//
> fT -	AREAS OF ADAPTATION
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Figure 10. Alkali dropseed (area of adaptation).
CARPET GRASS (Axonopus compressus)	/X
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xziASI	Pounds per bushel2	Rate of seeding (Pounds per acre) 3	Approximate number of seeds per pound	Federal specifications for grass seed <		
				Percent pure seed	Percent germination and hard seed	Percent weed seed
Alkali dropseed		2-5	5, 414, 860 13, 600 8, 164, 800 1, 787, 200 897, 560 897, 560 136, 000 49, 940 2, 494, 720 1, 787, 200 192, 800 .266, 720 544, 000 897, 560 131, 660 2, 176, 000			
Barley	48	70-120		99	90	0. 5
Bent grasses	6 20-40	20-25		95	90	. 5
Bermuda grass 5 6	40	10-15		97	85	1. 0
Black grama grass		20-30				
Blue grama grass		20-30		50	75	2. 0
Brome grass-	14	20-25		92	85	1. 0
Buffalo grass (in bur) 5		8-10		85	50	2 0
Canada blue grass _	o 14-21	50-75		80	80	1. 0
Carpet grass 5	40	10-15		92	90	. 5
Crested wheat grass	22	20-30		80	80	2 0
Fescue, meadow	6 24-40	25-40		97	90	2 0
Fescues, other varieties	« 14-30	60-90		97	80	5
Hairy grama grass		20-30				
Johnson grass _	28	25-30		98	85	. 5
Kentucky blue grass	614-21	50-75		85	80	1. 0
Kikuyu grass 5						
Millet, foxtail	48	20-35	213, 120 12, 640 521, 600	98	90	. 5
Oats	32	50-70		98	90	. 1
Orchard grass	14	30-60		85	85	1. 5
Quack grass 5						
Redtop, recleaned	830-40	25-50	4, 989, 600 544, 000 18, 080 226, 720 5, 414, 860 54, 000 1, 133, 920 138, 580 11, 330	92	90	1 0
Reed canary grass		4-6		96	80	5
Rye __	56	75-120		97	85	. 1
Rye grasses	24	20-40		98	90	. 5
Sand dropseed		2-5				
Sudan grass	40	20-25		98	80	. 5
Timothy		45	8-12		99	90	. 5
Western wheat grass	6 14-22	20-30		80	80	2. 0 1
Wheat	60	90-150		99	90	
						
> All seed purchased must comply with the requirements of Federal and State seed laws.
’ Commonly accepted weights per bushel.
3 Rates of seeding when planted alone.
„	, (percent pure seed) times (percent germination+percent hard seed)
‘ Percent live pure seed=—---------------------------------------------------------—
5 Also propagated by planting of sprigs or stolons.
6 High-quality seed weighs more per bushel.
and usually disappears after the second year if not permitted to reseed itself. It is a soil-building legume, sometimes used on newly graded, raw subsoil or sandy areas to control wind erosion and dust when other vegetation fails. It grows in about the same area as alfalfa but survives on slightly poorer and dryer soils. Seed early in spring or late winter with 10 to 15 pounds per acre. Do not use it in a grass mixture on areas to be mowed because of its spreading habit of growth.
(4)	Lespedeza. Lespedeza is a legume adapted to areas with a mild climate and rainfall over 22 inches (fig. 12). Several annual varieties sold commercially as common lespedeza, Japan clover, Korean lespedeza, Kobe lespedeza, Tennessee 76 lespedeza, and so on are suitable in grass mixtures or for seeding barren areas. It tolerates acidity and grows on soil too poor to support grass. It grows north to the Iowa-Missouri line and central Illinois, Indiana, and Ohio and west to the 97°
meridian. It reseeds itself each year and tolerates mowing. Another variety, Lespedeza sericea, is a perennial useful for erosion control and on nontraffic areas that receive minimum maintenance. Seed early in spring with 20 to 25 pounds per acre. In a grass mixture, use 10 to 15 pounds per acre.
(5)	Kudzu. Kudzu (Pueraria thunbergiana) is a perennial, viny legume adapted to the southeast where the climate is warm and humid (fig. 13). Its rapid, viny growth is especially valuable for controlling erosion and preventing the spread of gullies. It provides effective protection to road banks, cuts, diversion terraces and ditches, steep slopes, and nontraffic areas requiring minimum maintenance. Establish it by planting 1- or 2-year-old crowns. For detailed information on planting, fertilizing, cultivating, and the like, consult the service command agronomist.
STATE COLLEGE FOR VUhrhw library
LESPEDEZA (Lespedeza Sp)	/Z
4 u ’—_	AREA OF RECOMMENDED USE	/Zy Z
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a^ZZa Z >Z^ wN
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Figure 12. Lespedeza (area of recommended use).
KUDZU (Pueraria thunbergiana)	/Z
Z u	area OF ADAPTATION	Z^a Z
Z *AS1 / (	________________o	JR \ /L
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, CORNER FLAG CORNER FLAgJ
Figure 21. Soccer field.
104'±_______________________________________________
Z___________________________________________________________________________________________
ri n* b o	84'-0"	.
42'=0"	42'=0"	”1 1O'±
3'-0"MlN	’T	J 3'-0" MIN'
?	RESTRAINING CIRCLE
S FREE THROW LINE 1" WIDE x (OTHER LINES 2" WIDE) J	/	u___-__17''°"_____
BACKBOARD	c V'3-i
I ju / F>\	f	<$stL_iv
£ ------I------^2—- BROKEN UNE_\________________/_ 
co
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BACKSTOP LINE —।
120'-0'
Figure 23. Lay-out for a battery of tennis courts.
28
NOTE: ALL LINES ARE 1 ’/2" WIDE.
DIMENSIONS FOR GROUND LINES ARE FROM OUTSIDE TO OUTSIDE EXCEPT FOR CENTER LINE WHICH IS TO THE CENTER OF COURT AS SHOWN BELOW.
BACK LINE MAY BE UP TO 4" IN WIDTH.
■ 7^11	.-i..jFZ
CENTER MARKER, * I
-1-	4-	I -L-
:___________i: I
-------'.v—x=4 o
_LlL	' _bJ-	® ’	-M- a-
W Z	TZ	2 tt TT
cs
8" SQUARE r ANCHOR POST
1 / ,
! POST	[■“"T ,	POST
O —G—- 7  -=— ......... ——7— f ! —.......—H H——===== =	*H= U
*36'-0"
A'- 't-	A	g -V A
CM
3'-Q"	4'-6" 13'-6"„„13*-6"„ , 4'-6"	3'-0" t
_ r-i%"	rAL'/2"
' --------n------XX
zt- Z	I -fr :V
r—
CENTER MARKER
-W1----------
DETAIL SHOWING DIMENSIONS OF LINES
Figure 24- Plan for tennis court.
29
667703°—45---5
' S'? ~ZZZZZI ’CHALK LINES 2" WIDE . .	□ [S7	' ■
J4"| v	...	M uj lA"j s; '
-IT . ‘	■ • .	’ ■	9
^-Q . 3iQq3-XU .. ___ 34'-0"	•	3®L	1'2
.•..<' ]L-•	[	:	:	:	Wh-crTZo!. .r
7|L jl	chalk lines 2" wide—
Figure 25. Horseshoe pitching court.
|.__________________________—_________________8(Y±________________________________
“ r_________________________________60'-0"________________________
+1 2 ______________3O'-O" ____________________________3O'-Q"________________
9S	_T
bo	‘.
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m	5'-0" MIN
'----- 2" PLAY,NG	SERV.CE AREA
X	°
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g Z	■ 4"
g ?	=o
mo	►- z
 LU 0	5	*-
>	?	2
S—	2
U)
i _____________________________________I -	— 2" PLAYING LINE-----s
---1O'-O,,± U	NET POST s 5'-0" MIN	\	9
i	-^p.
b b
Figure 26. Volleyball court.
vji.<	........	„ :	.. ...
30
• • •. * . **.*’». . .
• ’ •• . X
. . xhz	15" SQUARE	X x-h.-' . -S'
■.	■ XX	X?/ ■	•
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\ fa-	fa /
X % \fe -'':‘;-fe-7i /■'■■' ' 'fafa fa fa
fas. \'"5C'	\? \	-./’XJ I	•	'•	/ YZ	/
^X	X. fa-'/■ S^XX ;X . 'fa /	fa
X\ \^0	X X/	’'•■[.:■-• z ■ fa-/ /	fifa/ fa
X	X / /J i ■ s Z / .	‘ fa
Xv %	> Z -. •■',■ \fa <^/ fa
X X /	I 9	\	&7 fa
X v fa	। o \ fa fa
Xk z	I	।	■	\ fa
Xj/X-----60'-0"------P	j---60'-0"--^fayfa
BACKSTOP
Figure 27. Lay-out for regulation baseball diamond.
31
'	!«	____________ z-MALL IRON HALF BALL
o	rf -l'/a" PULLEY
t .........-rr
° J2§O
ALL GROUND LINES V/2" WIDE - MEASUREMENT TO OUTSIDE OF LINES	5	2 X Xt X2 1-
BACK BOUNDARY LINE' 9 BACK BOUNDARY LINE''	CLEAT-X i S £:±”S±::|p Z
-----------1------7----**-	f “	X?::4+ + :z+r <	+ LONG SERVICE LINE-'--$	/t:±::±£±::ff_ SW::±H±HSi
/n~ ~ t ~ ~ tt H—H- ~~	cn t±tnt~Tt~ r t t Trit 7
I	"i Att Jm±-:5 £11251 iu
;	si/ #E±:i::S±::B;f liw=XX±HH£_ 2
RIGHT-HALF LEFT-HALF 9	RIGHT-HALF LEFT-HALF 9	7 7_______,	B ■—■1	f X—X XXH:IHW
COURT COURT J2	COURT COURT J2	10 -	T	1	2
I ° Z
m uu o
I	,	. Z—STANDARD STEEL	£
------------------7-------	----------------------_ in	GALV POST 2%" O D	<
SHORT SERVICE LINE-'' „	SHORT SERVICE LINE-'	5 cm
9	*
'•o	b	9
<^SJ._._N!T_529LF?9'yL®R2_UND PO$T'o NET 5,.0„FROM GROUND POJJ b	“	r-SEE DETAIL A
L. at CENTER XT’s XL’ at CENTER rjX	-!L!!.... /	I 1
jmt	r-o-y 2X	jmt i	—
9	Z	|	’ X i ’ <, ^iXPIPE SOCKET 3.548" I D; 4.00 O D
SHORT SERVICE LINE—5°,	SHORT SERVICE LINE—u	*	ft 2 W ^CONCRETE 1:3:5 MIX
-------------- ---------------y------4----- Ob §<•.•••.• .:i<7
□ ”	ELEVATION
•-	- - XX/ DETAIL OF BADMINTON
»	oc < • ' •0	' !/
LEFT-HALF RIGHT-HALF 9	LEFT-HALF RIGHT-HALF s	0 <, X^~ '	:-NET & NET POST
COURT COURT m	COURT COURT *	2	9 y T
-	«	S ' A>? «K & *
sb Z o-i’-
J; k .. . TAPERED RING
LONG SERVICE LINE^____9	_r 1 Wp<°^	NOTE: ALL EXPOSED METAL
b 04	PIPES CLEATS BOLTS
BACK BOUNDARY LINEn, Xt	BACK BOUNDARY LINE-^ 1	1	^BROKEN STONE	PULLEYS ETC TO BE '
8'-6" .I. °'-6" .k^MINl 8-.6- ,|. 8-.6- I	TOBkEet SQUA8E	CALVAN.ZEO
I |Z--------- M!-°" J ^cSuRTS1 T -	1 Zj WHEN P0ST IS AMOVED 3^,,	„
DOUBLES COURT	SINGLES COURT	—1~^\	f ?T 1 f,,,, 1	OPEN TO
/	X	1 . 4- i	-- DRAIN
/	\	FT5™ I Fl—---mt- z
/ rX X
HELD FIRMLY WHEN IN	/	MX . N	|7.-a’^I '-xZ
PLACE AND CAN BE RE-	6
MOVED WITHOUT BINDING.	DETAIL A	acviiviN mm
PLAN	|
Figure 28. Plan for badminton court.
CLEARANCE LINE
32
26'-0"
20'-0'
MALL IRON
HALF-BALL CAP
OD STEEL POST
14" STEEL ROD
2-0
r-o
EYE BOLTS
TURNBUCKLE
NOTE:
l'-0'
7’/2"
PLAN FOR BOXING
RING
TURNBUCKLE
LINE
ALL EXPOSED METAL PARTS OF CORNERPOST CONSTRUCTION TO BE GALVANIZED
l-io'A
SQUARE
ROUND— FLOOR PLATE
I EDGE OF FELT । PADDING
STANDARD -GALV STEEL POST 3" O D
METAL CORNER ROPE 1 COVER
ROUND FLOOR PLATE ? /
TURNBUCKLE
PERMANENT
CANVAS VIA-
COVER f—
2'-0'
2'-3‘
3/s" WIRE CABLE COVERED WITH RUBBER HOSE
DETAIL G
12"x!4" TURNBUCKLE
WOOD FLOOR (CANVAS AND PAD COVERING)
EDGE OF FELT PADDING
TOP CANVAS COVERING FIRST CANVAS COVERING
ELEV N
ELEV M
ELEVATION OF CORNER POST
FLOORPLATE
EDGE OF 4
REMOVABLE CANVAS
METAL ANCHOR CLIPS
PLAN G
TYPICAL FOOTING
APRON TO BE ROUNDED ON BACK TO PREVENT CUTTING OF CANVAS WHEN UNDER PRESSURE
BRACKETS 2'-3" FROM EACH
CORNER; 5'-4'/2" OC
BRASS EYELETS ALONG EDGE OF CANVAS FOR ROPE LACING
CORD LACES AROUND PIPE^
DIA GALV IRON PIPE
/-2"x4" LET INTO ENDS OF 2"xl0" JOIST
(REMOVABLE CANVAS TOP %" FELT PADDING-------
d PERMANENT CANVAS TOP-----
; 1" VAPOR SEAL INSULATING FIBER V-----------BOARD --------------
FELT PAPER
2-2" x 10" GIRDER WELL SPIKED
1"x8" VERTICAL BOARDS LAID WITH 14" OPEN JOINTS WHICH ARE COVERED WITH %"x I3/?' MOLDED STRIPS NAILED ONLY TO ONE
*. SIDE OF JOINT
l"x6" LAID DIAGONALLY WITH OPEN JOINTS
SECTION H-H
® Lay-out diagram of boxing and wrestling ring. Figure 29
J
33
WIRE CABLE COVERED WITH RUBBER HOSE y	DIAGONAL BRACES ----6" x 6" POST___
FELT PAPER ,	/	_ |||	' DIAGONAL | BRACES p H
fiberboard-. / jjk III Illi	|||	*7
PERMANENT CANVAS-. \	|^-2-2"x 10" ||| GIRDER L?"x 10" JOISTS} || 16" OC\	J
^REMOVABLE CANVAS '7**’’	II III	____^Z— \	I
j JfTF’	,	T	III	DIAGONAL III! BRACES ~ Pp__L	2
‘■‘'F/FFFPF'i Zx6" i||>-6"x6" poif]|	11^1 dp«
r\ui rr ii m . M_________________________________________________________iL
k. /	\	PUW/j	NA.UNER F	t .
'J	V-	\	||	11^--~l"x 3" III BRIDGING—
2~2" x 10" II	III	ijl _____~I F*
Tt^[	GIRDER ||	III	, I p DIAGONAp BRACES
|LFi ririn 'pnoPEN joint;Hr6"x6" POSTI'II	—Fii;	^^7x6LPOST^J
4 -J PF ii !i! =T _ hi > WJL '■" U IF.. v h~ F iii
I JF-1 x8	J~	I	' DIAGONAL HI BRACES
Mx i%" cleat	r~-~ •	‘ b^ jlA- □ e-i
—L 6" x 6" POST ON 10" SQ	p- ■' X-------"Fp =---------P ¥=
LT7 FOOTING - DEPTH TO BE	||k________|'l6"x6" POST | l____Z \ A
lIj DETERMINED LOCALLY	,jr^DiAGONAl||i BRACES pF	III Xj.
ISOMETRIC OF CORNER	Xx 6" POST	A B** 6"x6" POsF D D
WOOD FRAMING PLAN 1---------------
FLUSH JOINT
—THIS PIECE TO BE SECURELY NAILED TO BEARING	%" DI A STEEL--z
2"x 10"	JOIST AND TO CONTINUE ACROSS SPAN	ANCHOR BOLT
rZjf"\ i L -Jlwwi d HXFznnPl F t ii p g s si! ,Z%.	-®\ ii P “
5~W PiiT / /r-xio" v\ ■ ,i 7 / VAki /irai; < 1 l'fee°" < »! /v/P*	\ \ A P s? Fi^MHAp
I I I! /pK® .6.XAP /P BOLTS EACH CZT a	5’|| / /	POST \ \ Yj / & washers; [	\ \ I *'
S_______________5o ;! pZ—>F all bolts ON OUTSIDE OF Xi 7 2 x 6" D’AGONAL BRACE-Ar\ |
X gj®|L	PLATFORM TO BE COUNTERSUNK1///	; \ © q' ||
* Tfr-1 P	: X Fr METAL ANCHOR CLIPS------4 / GROUND LINE v	I U1 L
^ rrn Ho------------------------- H -	o----------------— m
,ELEV A-A I J ELEV B-B	I ELEV C-C ELEV D-D I
T2-—1	Pn-	PnP —-CONCRETE FOOTING—--------
l"x3" DIAGONAL BRACING AT CENTER OF EACH SPAN I
I ltr^'/2" DIA STPPL ANCHOR BOLT Va" x F/4" 5LEATS
l|	H	~A~W n/PT	r%" X 2%" ROUND-EDGE CLEAT
jllil	----3"x4"	~£T~	1	I	.
n zp/ block Xi /
sFI / VALL BOLTS [ON OUTSIDE /	1/P3/d ,3/„ z-icaI
|	/ /SURFACE OF : "PLATFORM TO /	tX'7 * *
/ / BE COUNTER -SUNK	Hr 1 ■■ '
■I TtX6" ^" POST	J	®	L6" X 6" CORNER POST
h I ' J I© --—2" x 6,;~BRACE AND I Q | /	_lL_
litj ' „/^i__ NAILING STRIP --I	J_____ i
fW/	—11—	l°pen-- _
U -4-2"x6"-8" BLOCK BET DIAG & U	CprTiriM I I
|	। HORIZ BRACE	j	SECTION J-J
LPT elev e-e	pp ELEV F-F
@ Construction details of boxing and wrestling ring.
Figure 29.—Continued
34
.	• -	• ••• r~	— ~TP™ —-qp'---p
: ’	-STAKE VWT :ZZ>	MARGIN-IF AVAILABLE- k'';-'. M.; ’/	£
: -7/--------------~’•	•••• ;-Z‘-.160YD\/• -7z;;
ARCH	’■.••.•.•■' ‘F • ■.■••■• •;••'•	•	24;	/•./.’. . ;. \
£• • • . . ' • • • • . ■•••••..
5	ARCH	।	ARCH
o -	ARCH	-	• ■ _	-I- 30 YD MARK . * ' “ ;	•
S;	WHITEWASHED	-	Z MARKS PAINTED ON f40 YD MARK • •
u	PLAYING LINE^	/ INSIDE OF GUARD BOARDS	*.	’• 7. •
O	<	• t	-60 YD MARK ’ -	- • -	.
/ CLAY COURT	•/	• ’	’
CO	I
<	V-8"	......	.	,
£	—J I I—	- ’	.	’ * ■ • . • •
“■	DOUBLE ARCH	Sob	•	•	' :	■
?.--------•• I lit-1---------------ib	. • . •
g CENTER LINE-	X;.-. .	_	.	TURF	.
2.	. • •
<	c*	.
7	”	.is yd .	. , ;Q
.	i.—-------------9'~3"	5'~?—	77 >• ' • - . •	i i c center of field -	; g
arch — arch ■	••7'77'7	.	”
.-7 t po T - •	Z77-' •	i:	'	.-7-7.
arch	••.’	.'.,.'7	’ • . ’ .
1----- X	.’■•C".	*	CENTERLINE
•: I b toZO\ 7	I ’
• X \ STAKE -x 50 y / JP*	’ NOTE: FIELD TO BE LEVEL, SMOOTH, AND '-'.Y.'..
’. -X ------—«---> —----AN f? ’ * •	COVERED WITH GOOD HEAVY TURF. ’ Vf .
•	2'-4"i j T2'-3", \<7Jj_L 77-.	•	.	*	. :
N-a"! . r ■ 'C w-w ’ '	'Z"	.'7 ''7	•'	’
30*-0"	.7	. 7. r- ".	4- 60 YD MARK •	-
\ MARKS PAINTED ON INSIDE	'	:
ROQUE COURT	•' / of guard boards	’
7	’	.	-40 YD MARK. ;	''
• *. ’’• ’	- 30 YD MARK -	- YY
. xn;7 7. '• * .	Z..7\7;•. -‘••'•.••y-.--:’1.-.• 7.-’ •' • -7 777. .777 7’777
•.• ’» • .	••.Tz-r- F7;7-;';...\':.-.--■	• Iz-goal line
. "XZTZZ •' 7	*	’’.’7. LIME WASH BACK LINE^ \_XGOAL POSTS f ' 7| 7 • • "
■ • y/Z	. MARGIN-IF AVAILABLE—7
•' .'-/G'-"- •:■ ’ ' '	'7n7 • ! polo F|ELD 1 '• ■
• Ye?:'-;. • ’ • ‘	‘	, ■/, 'Yf.	L--—J
’ 77' •• bi „i2"xi2"flag
: M<7.’. ■	•	Ty •	••/•X'• ’	8-7|—- I%"x4" FLAG POLE ,	2" AT' PAINTED
.;./;7 •’	7 •	• . • 7-. •■.■'•A. •	T~_^(ih~T	7	- GREEN
•	•	♦	/	•	' • •;77 -	I DETAIL OF GOAL POST F	FIELD SIDE
-7. -	• z	? ••-;47h	may be made of cane	-painted
:	•	PUTTING HOLE / - ..,L	-BASKETWARE OR OTHER s, o WHITE
• V<- . . ■ . •	’	*	(4" x 4" DEEP)	\ ’ o uj LIGHT MATERIAL AND -	;------------r’
. • V NOTE:	LOCATION OF PUTTING HOLE MAY	BE V Y.	•	|.»	x COVERED WITH FELT	? \bl
■ \.	CHANGED FROM TIME TO TIME. p.'	■	S	$	AND PAINTED CANVAS
METAL NUMERALS TO BE PRESSED INTO/ b	I S
GROUND	••	'2___£o	g
■ W'. .'	■'	/ 7 |8	-J 7;
. • fkSZv;	‘	25 LB WEIGHT----j	l«]
■	oninsiprW^-Is*	177
VI ■	WJfr FACE-TO-FACE
CLOCK GOLF	POLO GOAL POST POLO GUARD BOARD
@ Lay-outs for miscellaneous sports.
Figure SO.
35
___________________________38O'-O"______
J * * ?°"360'-0" 	IQ'-O"
■’..*•*'**'*’* * « • * . a * • • .**••*• • *
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. -	. •• .	s	• • • zZ
o n <-(; ggp*1™* t A GOAICKEAS^— .
§ £	*. 1 • 60'-0"	_a_120'-0"_____* -_____20'-0"____T 60'-0" xj ;.'
• - . * • • • * • * •
5	‘	’ .	• . .	’. • .• .	.' . . BOUNDARY LINE—AZ-- - I
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CENTER LINE. DIMENSIONS ARE TO INSIDE OF LINES	X	b
EXCEPT AT CENTER LINE. LACROSSE CAN BE PLAYED ON A FOOTBALL FIELD
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® Lay-outs for miscellaneous sports.
Figure 30.— Continued
36
14.	Lawns
a.	General. Lawns on military reservations usually require heavy-duty vegetation that is hardy, adapted to the locality, withstands traffic, and can be easily repaired or renovated. Use of grass meets the policy of Spartan simplicity when its primary function is to protect against dust and erosion and facilitate maintenance. Locally adapted grasses that are easily established and maintained are always recommended (see par. 5). Productive, loamy soils that retain moisture produce the best lawns; soils disturbed by construction and grading usually require more treatment and fertilization than the original top soil. Dried sewage sludge, compost, granulated peat, or other organic material mixed with the top 3 or 4 inches improve poor soils. Lawns should be sloped away from buildings to protect the structure and insure natural lawn drainage. The ideal seedbed is firm without air pockets, is free from weeds, contains enough surface moisture to insure germination, and has just enough loose surface material to cover the seed. Most lawn-grass seed is small and should not be covered more than % inch deep.
b.	Soil Tests. The state experiment station can furnish valuable information on soils and make soil tests to determine acidity, alkalinity, and plant-food deficiency.
c.	Fertilizer. See paragraph 7.
d.	Lawn Mixtures. See paragraph 7. Usually a mixture of two or more adapted grasses of similar growth habits gives better results the first year than single species. Use domestic rye grass in mixtures to produce a quick cover because it is vigorous, grows rapidly, and quickly produces a pleasing appearance. However, rye grass does not last long and usually retards the permanent grasses if more than 5 or 10 pounds per acre are used.
e.	Rate of Seeding. Use 2 or 3 pounds of seed per 1,000 square feet in most areas. When hand seeding small areas, use a little more seed to get uniform distribution.
/. Time of Seeding. For proper time to sow seed/follow recommendations given in paragraphs 5 and 7.
g.	Vegetative Planting. For best results with such grasses a§ Bermuda, centipede, St. Augustine, and some bent grasses, establish a stand by sprig sodding or by planting stolons on a well-prepared seedbed.
h.	Sodding. See paragraph 7.
i.	Rolling. Roll lawns with a hand-operated roller in early spring when soil is not too wet. Rolling firms the soil around the roots so they can grow to best advantage.
j.	Mowing. Only pure bent-grass lawns, heavily fertilized and watered, thrive with close mowing. Mow at height of not less than 1^ inches. See paragraph 10.
k.	Watering. Water thoroughly each week during dry weather to maintain an attractive lawn. Light sprinkling plus close mowing ruins the lawn and stimulates., crab grass and other weeds. Infrequent but thorough watering increases root growth and penetration; light sprinkling encourages shallow root development.
I.	Weed Control. If lawns are properly fertilized, mowed, and watered, weeds are not usually troublesome. Dandelions, chickweed, crab grass, and plantain are the most common lawn weeds, and they can be controlled by proper treatment. (See par. 11.)
m.	Insects and Diseases. Obtain recommendations for control of insect pests and diseases from local authorities. A properly managed lawn does not usually suffer from disease. For additional information on insects attacking grassed areas, see TM 5-632 (when published).
n. Renovation. Abuse and mismanagement may necessitate renovation. To renovate a lawn, follow the procedure outlined for construction (par. 7). Many sick lawns can be repaired by top dressing % to % inch deep with fertile topsoil or compost, reseeding, and complete fertilization. Supplemental treatment with 150 to 250 pounds of nitrate fertilizer per acre annually keeps lawns thrifty. Apply nitrate fertilizers when grass is dry to avoid injury from burning.
15.	Traffic Control
The control of trespass traffic on non traffic areas essential to proper maintenance, is of vital interest to the post engineer. Promiscuous and heavy traffic on grassed areas during their development or when the soil is wet must and can be prohibited on a well-disciplined post. Good quality grass, organic mulches, or other emergency dust-control measures cannot be maintained without restricting traffic to designated areas. Dust and erosion control as well as satisfactory maintenance vary directly with traffic control (see sec. IX, WD Cir. 211, 1944).
37
16.	Removal of Debris
The last step in construction and the first step in maintenance is removal of all debris while the ground is still bare. All construction material, survey stakes, rock, cement, wire, broken machinery, fences, posts, lumber, and refuse piles that may interfere with training or maintenance equipment should be promptly removed. Policing
must be continued, especially on airfields, to prevent rags, wire, metal, rocks, and debris from damaging mowing equipment. Thorough policing and good housekeeping are effective preventive maintenance procedures and save time and repairs. Operators of maintenance equipment should be instructed to police the area while at work, putting debris in a box attached to the unit
*
667703°—45---6
Section III
EROSION CONTROL
1 7. General
Erosion by wind and water can be effectively controlled by proper vegetation, supplemented by mechanical structures where necessary. The success of any method depends upon properly adapting the control measure to the site. Before any treatment is begun, soil type, land slopes, and degree of erosion must be analyzed and a definite control plan formulated. Runway and road shoulders and areas adjacent to structures receiving concentrated water run-off require special attention.
18.	Drainage
A complete water-disposal system is one of the first objectives in an erosion-control plan. This system must dispose of surplus water without disturbing the grade or slope of the land, protect natural or constructed drainage channels from scouring or silting, and prevent the undermining of buildings, roads, runways, parking areas, flumes, notch-spillway dams, culverts, and other structures.
a.	Draining Low Areas. (1) Gravity ditches. (a) Use unprotected channels if they can be designed practically to operate at nonerosive velocity.
(6	) Protect ditches with vegetation, either by seeding or sodding, where they can be designed to operate at a velocity not exceeding 8 feet per second. Grasses for this purpose can be suggested by the service command agronomist, county agricultural agent, U. S. Department of Agriculture technician, or state experiment station official. To establish grass from seed, heavy applications of fertilizers, mulching, tying down mulch, and watering are often necessary.
(e) Protect ditches with concrete, rock-masonry, or metal-pipe structures when one or more of the following conditions are met:
1.	Where periods of continuous flow exceed submergence tolerance of the grass.
2.	Where sod flumes cannot take care of large overfalls, especially where the lower part of the flume is submerged long enough to kill the sod.
3.	Where waste oil or other matter injurious to grass is carried in the channel.
4-	Where irrigation is not practical and vegetation cannot survive without it.
Note. Drainage channels should be designed to carry the maximum run-off shown by a 10-year experience table. Where great damage may result from failure, the design should be based on 50- or 100-year experience. For run-off calculations, see U. S. Department of Agriculture Miscellaneous Publication No. 204, Rainfall Intensity—Frequency Data, by D. L. Yarnell. (See also TM 5-624 (when published).)
(2) Pumping. When the topography of area prevents use of any system of gravity ditches to drain low areas, drainage by pumping may be necessary.
b. Draining Sloped Areas. Some precautions should be taken in sloped areas to prevent rapid run-offs from causing rills and gullies:
(1) Sod-forming grasses should be established.
(2) Properly designed and constructed system of vegetated terraces should be set up.
19.	Gully Control
Methods of gully control depend on the use of the area and the gully’s effect on adjacent areas used for buildings, recreational, or training facilities (figs. 31 and 32).
a.	Where only stabilization of the gully is required, follow applicable procedures given below:
(1)	Plant trees, shrubs, or grass where native vegetation is sparse or does not reestablish readily (figs. 33 and 34).
(2)	Mulch with straw, brush, or other material when necessary to protect seedings.
(3)	Use temporary dams of brush, bags of earth, logs, woven wire, and other materials when needed to enable vegetation to get a start.
(4)	Slope vertical banks to facilitate growth of vegetation.
(5)	Divert water away from gully heads by ditches or dykes if caving is a factor.
b.	If the land is to be used, filling or sloping gullies may be necessary. Before such work is begun, plans to remove the cause of the gully or divert the water must be made to prevent recurrence. To slope the gully banks, essential for
(38)
39
slope steeper than 2% or 3 to 1, follow the procedures given below:
(1)	Use a bulldozer for most effective results in grading, or terracer can be used if necessary (figs. 35 and 36).
(2)	Establish vegetation as desired, using a thin mulch of straw or other material.
(3)	If the water has not been diverted completely, maintain the channel by sodding if necessary to prevent soil washing.
(4)	Check the need for temporary or permanent diversion of water by dykes, ditches, or channels. Make required installations before leveling.
20.	Roadside Erosion Control
The value of roadside erosion control in reducing maintenance cost has been demonstrated by many state highway departments, cooperating with the Bureau of Public Roads and the Soil Conservation Service. The procedures shown below also apply
to target butts and other embankments. .Proper cross sectioning of ditches and roadsides is considered the most important erosion-control factor.
a.	Mechanical Methods. Mechanical methods of erosion control can be greatly minimized by proper highway design. Qualified personnel who appreciate the need for erosion control are needed in highway work. State or local highway authorities can assist with highway erosion problems. U. S. Department of Agriculture engineers can also advise and assist with planes for erosion control.
(1)	Little special equipment is needed for erosion-control work other than regular highway equipment, except that listed in paragraph 7 for sodding and seeding.
(2)	Various structures to facilitate erosion control along highways include berm ditches, paved ditches for unavoidably steep slopes, and drop inlets.
Figure 31. Open gully caused by concentration of water from adjoining land.
40
bigure 32. Same gaily as shown in figure 31 after ditch banks were flattened and Bermuda grass established. Water can now be
carried without danger of erosion.
(3)	hi planning grading operations to prevent erosion, the original cost as well as subsequent maintenance costs must be considered.
(4)	Although some soils erode more easily than others, embankment slopes and highway cuts must not exceed 2 or 3 to 1 if they are to be vegetated by ordinary seeding methods. Where slopes cannot be reduced to this extent, sodding is necessary. Information on soil stability is essential before degree of any slope is determined. Consult local soil authorities.
b.	Vegetation. (1) Adapted vegetation is essential for roadside erosion control. Methods of soil preparation, seeding, sodding, and fertilization described in paragraphs 7 and 9 can be followed
to obtain a firm sod. Broadcast sodding (par. 7) with rootstalk grasses like Bermuda and Kikuyu are especially effective and economical.
(2)	In addition to the usual light-mulch method for covering new seedings, mulching with 1 ton per acre of native hay harvested after seed is formed is also effective. If the hay is packed down with a cultipacker, the seed in the hay soon establishes a grass cover. Where bare soil needs protection for several months when seeding is not feasible, a heavy 2-inch mulch of straw, hay, or other material is desirable. This method can be used for sand dunes and other areas where vegetation is difficult to establish.
41
Figure 33. Land of this type cannot produce sod without first being renovated.
42
Figwe 3^. Same scene as figure 33 shown 3 years later. Phosphate and manure were applied. Kudzu plants were set out
43
Figure 35. Deep gully receiving treatment. Sides are sloped with a bulldozer.
44
Figure 36. Same scene as figure 35 after 3 years. Stabilized outlet controlled by vegetation.
Section IV
DUST CONTROL
21.	General
Dust control is especially necessary in areas where high-cost, delicate equipment is operated or where personnel are concentrated for training. Airfields, hangars, shops, hospitals, drill fields, athletic areas, parking lots, and storage yards are all subject to inconvenience and damage by dust (fig. 37). Although methods of control vary with the soil, climate, and land use, adapted perennial grass should be considered first because it is the most economical method. In some areas, annuals
can be substituted for permanent grass although they are not as satisfactory (par. 5). Where vegetation cannot be maintained, other dustcontrol measures can be used. The material selected should be readily available and not impair the area for its intended use. Such materials include the following:
a.	Organic mulches of hay, straw, sorghum stover, and the like.
b.	Light-grade dust-palliative oils and MC-1 (fig. 38).
Figure 37. Dust from bare, smooth ground reduces visibility and is harmful to both man and machines.
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46
Figure 38. Runway shoulders oiled to prevent dust.
c.	For temporary control, a 2-inch blanket of gravel and cinders (see TM 5—624 (when published)) or rough tillage.
d.	Calcium chloride has been used but has not usually been effective because of dryness of the air and the caustic and corrosive effects of the chemical.
22.	Mulching
Organic mulch of low-grade grass, hay, straw, coarse manure, sorghum stover, or similar material is generally used at the rate of 1 to 2% tons per acre dry weight. This prevents dust from blowing and also controls water erosion by increasing ab
sorption or infiltration. It provides partial shade which reduces the rate of evaporation and protects young, seedling grass plants. The organic material improves soil productiveness by adding humus and increasing bacterial development. Although organic mulches are usually temporary measures, they substitute for growing vegetation in low-rainfall areas if replaced about every 2 years. It is not a satisfactory substitute on athletic areas, drill fields, and parade grounds, and only partially successful on runway, taxiway, or apron shoulders receiving prolonged propeller blasts.
47
a.	Apply mulch either by hand or by spreading machines (fig. 39) any time of year the soil is in good workable condition. Distribute it uniformly at the proper rate. For dust control, use as much as 3 tons per acre if necessary. After seeding, use a much lighter application, usually 1 or 1% tons per acre, permitting the soil to be visible and spreading all bunches or piles uniformly.
b.	Anchor the mulch on open areas subjected to high wind. Loosen the soil about 5 inches deep (fig. 40), apply mulch, and press it into the soil with a large disk set straight and weighted down.
In lieu of a disk, use the Campbell packer, the sheepsfoot roller, or the Dunham rotary hoc run in reverse (fig. 41). Additional packing or watering is unnecessary. If the mulch material is dry and brittle, wet it before applying. After the mulch is applied, the area should look like a stubble field (fig. 42). To seed mulched areas, drill seed without disturbing the mulch more than necessary.
c.	The cost of mulching depends on availability and cost of material, rate of application, and labor, but it should not exceed $50 or $60 per acre.
Figure 39. Mulch material spread with home-made machine.
48
Figure 40. One method of preparing soit for mulch.
49
Figure ^1. Anchoring mulch by pressing it into the loose soil.
50
Figure 1)2. This is how a well-mulched area should appear.
51
23.	Oiling
Dust-palliative oils of various kinds to control dust on limited areas are fairly successful when applied two to four times per year. Oils work best on athletic areas, drill fields, parade grounds, and work areas subjected to foot traffic, but they do not support heavy traffic. Several light, nonstaining, dust-palliative oils are being developed, but those now available are very short lived. The heavier MC-1 (medium-grade road oil) is more durable but is dark in color and stains clothing and floors. Oils are less objectionable than
calcium chloride and can be applied quickly and easily.
a. In applying dust-palliative oils, follow the manufacturer’s instructions. Apply oils to moist soil scarified lightly from 1 to 2 inches deep and rolled or dragged level. Pulverize the surface, watering as shown in figure 43 with 1 to 1% gallons per square yard if the soil is dry. Apply oil at rate depending on grade of oil and type of soil. The light oils are usually applied at the rate of 0.3 gallon per square yard and MC-1 about 0.4 gallon per square yard. The total cost of each application should not exceed $300 per acre.
Figure JfS. Watering immediately before application of oil.
52
Figure 44- Applying oil with distributor.
24.	Seeding and Sodding
The control of dust by vegetation is generally preferable to any other method. Transplanted roots and rootstocks of Bermuda grass and several other species are sometimes substituted for both seeding and sodding or used with seeding. Seeding is always the most economical but requires more time; sodding gives immediate results but the high cost limits its use to such areas as small drainage ways, steep banks, outlet channels, areas around catch basins, critical lawn areas, and other locations requiring immediate protection.
a.	For dust control, quick-growing cover crops such as Sudan grass, rye or other small grain, rye glass, and millet should be used. If such crops are mowed before maturity, they provide a stubble loi dust control the following season. Temporary crops can be continued or used in establishing perennial grasses when the grass seed is drilled in without disturbing the stubble cover.
b.	General procedures for sodding are given in
paragraph 7. Strip sodding, placing strips at intervals across slopes, is not satisfactory because erosion usually occurs between the strips if bare aieas are not seeded and mulched. Spot sodding, planting pieces at intervals so new growth eventually covers the entire area is fairly successful. Spreading grasses like Bermuda and buffalo are best for this purpose.
25.	Gravel and Cinders
Crushed rock, gravel, and cinders may be applied on unused areas adjacent to mess halls, theaters, technical areas of airfields, and similar locations. The material should be spread 2 inches thick over the area treated. Gravel or crushed stone 1 to 2 inches in size are effective; river gravel may also be used if available. The initial cost of this type of dust control is usually high, depending on hauling distances, but maintenance cost is low. It is used at permanent installations where other methods cannot be employed (fig. 45).
53
Figure 45. Gravel blanket, another treatment for dust control.
26.	Temporary Control Measures
When accidents, intensive use, or extreme weather conditions cause failure of existing dust control, temporary measures must be employed.
a.	Rough tillage is usually the first step, consisting of scarifying or chiseling the soil to create a cloddy or rough surface (fig. 46). Rough tillage is effective on all heavy soil that breaks up in stable clods but ineffective on loose sandy soils. Satisfactory control can usually be obtained by scarifying alternate strips leaving 50 to 80 percent
of the soil undisturbed. This work should start on the upwind side of the field and be done at right angles to the wind direction. Two or three operations may be required during the windy season.
b.	Coarse mulch around parking aprons, or other areas subjected to prolonged propeller blasts, held in place by some heavy mat such as reinforcing steel, woven wire fence or light rod-and-bar mat, is another temporary measure. Vegetation should be established to replace temporary measures as soon as possible.
54
Figure 46- Temporary dust control by rough tillage.
Section V.
STREAMS AND OPEN DRAINAGE CHANNELS
27.	Removal of Obstructions
In streams where flow is normally sluggish but rapid at times of high water, the channel must be cleared periodically of brush, logs, silt, and debris which pile up around small obstructions, causing bank washing, flooding, damage to structures, or destructive ice jams. Channels near bridges and other structures must be carefully maintained to prevent undermining of footings or washing behind abutments and other protective units.
28.	Check Dams
Where a naturally steep gradient causes a rapid flow in small streams, a series of check dams can be built to prevent stream-bed erosion. These dams form sections or steps of safe gradient between each structure or dam. A natural bed of rock, gravel, or boulders normally does not need such protection.
a.	Materials. Temporary check dams are built of fencing and brush, loose rock enveloped by woven wire, or untreated timber or logs. Permanent structures are built of treated timber, stone masonry, or concrete.
b.	Design. Important features in check-dam design include the following:
(1)	Notches large enough to discharge flood waters without allowing the banks to be washed out at the edges of the structures.
(2)	Deep and thorough anchorage in the bed and banks of the stream.
(3)	A fall of not more than 3 feet at each dam to minimize leakage under the dam and scouring by the overfall.
(4)	Adequate aprons to conduct discharged water away from the dam without scouring.
(5)	Strength and stability to resist static pressure and impact from moving water and ice.
29.	Ditch Banks
a. Sodding. Protect overflow channels by dense sod, except where the channel is submerged for long periods or where the water velocity on spillways is too fast.
b- Paving. Protect channels by paving with stone or concrete masonry as wide and high as necessary to prevent overflow by flood waters. However, the cost of this method is seldom justified.
30.	Stream and River Banks
a.	Causes of Damage. Damage to stream and river banks may be caused by the following:
(1)	Abrupt changes in direction of flow.
(2)	Erosive velocity of water.
(3)	Wave action.
(4)	Drifting ice.
b.	Control Methods. Effective control methods are based on careful investigation and designed for specific conditions. Banks exposed to wave action must be protected well below normal water level.
(1)	Channel realignment. Damage caused principally by abrupt changes in direction of flow should be permanently corrected by easing the channel alignment and backfilling the old channel if the cost is not prohibitive.
(2)	Vegetation, (a) For restricted channels with steep banks where erosive velocities develop only during high water, decreasing the slope and revegetating may solve the problem (pars. 18 and 19). Stable earth slopes supporting vegetation should not be steeper than 2%:1 to 4:1, depending on the soil type.
(6) On banks subject to erosion, an abundant natural growth often insures stability. Willow cuttings are commonly planted for this purpose.
(3)	Mechanical stabilization. If the erosion is severe and does not respond to natural treatment, the following mechanical means of stabilization are used:
(a)	Brush mats, securely anchored or staked down.
(6)	Loosely deposited boulders.
(c)	A series of triangular breaks of piling and timber cribbing with rock and brush backfill, to deflect the water from stream banks and to reduce edge velocities.
(d)	Timber, brush, rock jetties, and baffles.
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56
(e)	Cribbing walls, securely anchored and protected from wash.
(/) Retaining walls with substantial footings and weep holes or other means of draining the embankment.
(g) Slope paving of riprap or bags filled with a lean mixture of 1 part portland cement to 10 parts sand or pit-run gravel.
(A) Slope paving with the mortar-rubble masonry or concrete if the high cost of such work is justified.
31.	Levees
Levee slopes require the same protection and maintenance as other stream banks, except for the special care necessary to prevent erosion, destruction of ground cover, and damage from burrowing animals. If the top of the levee is a road, keep ruts and depressions well filled. When
overflow becomes imminent, control water by sand bags on top of the levee.
a.	Grass Cover. The slopes of levees can best be stabilized and protected by tough, spreading type grass cover. Such grasses as brome, western wheat, Bermuda, Kikuyu, and Kentucky bluegrass are all excellent. Flood waters deposit many weed seeds and weaken the grass temporarily. Mow weeds to prevent their shading and crowding out the grass. Once or twice during the summer is usually enough after the grass is established.
b.	Floodgates. Inspect automatic floodgates periodically and remove any obstructions. Close manual floodgates before water rises to flood stage, and open them to permit normal surface water drainage when the flood subsides. Inspect and repair or replace cut-off walls at floodgates to prevent leakage or undermining during high water.
Section VI
TREES, SHRUBS, AND VINES
32.	Selection
a.	General. Select trees and shrubs from a nearby locality because plants brought from a distance may not survive if they have grown under different climatic conditions. At seacoast locations, select plants growing in the immediate vicinity because the usual flowering garden shrubs cannot survive severe winds and salt spray. Require that the roots of bare-root trees and shrubs be puddled before delivery in a soil-and-water solution dense enough to stick to all parts of the root system. Specify that all plants be protected from drying out in transit.
b.	Types. (1) Trees. Select trees adapted to the site. Use nursery-grown hardwood trees for street plantings. Do not plant low-branched, bushy trees, or softwood trees along streets because low branches interfere with traffic and the softwood roots damage pavements and sewer lines. Softwood trees are usually short-lived and require excessive maintenance. Trees collected in woods are not usually suitable for street planting because of the difficulty in taking enough root for transplanting; they seldom have tops as well developed as nursery-grown trees.
(a)	Select a species that gives at least 25 years of service. Consider the ultimate growth of the trees and the amount of shade given at maturity.
(6)	Choose trees with straight trunks. Require that the leader development of single-leader trees be normal for the variety and that open-head trees have U-crotches. Reject trees with V-crotches because they split before reaching maturity.
(c)	Reject trees with bark abrasions and diseased or insect-infested trees.
(2) Shrubs. Select a moderate variety of nursery-grown shrubs. Planting a few shrubs of great variety presents a confused appearance. Select evergreen species having a compact growth habit and good color of foliage.
(3) Vines. Select vines to suit the results desired. Some vines grow slowly and produce a fine pattern while others grow rapidly and form a screen. Quick-growing deciduous type vines such as 2- to 3-year field-grown plants are satisfactory.
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Good slower-growing vines are the evergreen or semievergreen types such as 2- to 3-inch pot-grown plants delivered in paper pots.
c. Sizes. (1) Trees. The caliper size of trees is the diameter of the trunk taken 1 foot from the ground.
(a)	For ease in handling and economy, select most shade trees with caliper size of 2b to 3 inches.
(6)	For street plantings, use 2%- to 3-inch caliper with branches 6 to 7 feet from the ground. This size is usually 14 to 16 feet high depending on variety and can be transplanted bare root, especially in the spring. Move any trees over 4 inches in caliper size with a ball of earth and platform to insure successful transplanting.
(c)	To keep plantings near large buildings in scale, select trees of 4- to 5-inch caliper. Although trees much larger than this can be transplanted by trained personnel, costs of tree moving rise sharply as caliper size increases.
(
Compost------	---------------------- gf- i3a(6); 14a 17, 22, 36
Manure...	------------------------------_---------------- 7a, 6(3)(6), 22; 446(2)	15,16,
46, 67
Nitrate of soda--------------------- ----------------------------------------76(3) (c); 9/	16,17
Nitrogen_____	_______________ 76(3); 9/	16,17
Peat_____	_______________ 14a	36
Phosphate..	______________________ 7a, 6(3)(6); 9g 15,16,17
Phosphoric acid______________________________________________________________ ___ 76(3)	16
Potash---	------------------------- 7a> 6(3); g, 15, 16, 18
Sewage sludge--- ----------------------------------- ------------------------ 9/; 14a	17,36
Sulfate of ammonia___________________________________________________________ 76(3) (c)	16
Superphosphate..	75(3)(6); 9g 16,17
Uses.. 2c; 46; 5a(2) (a), (4)(c), (6)(c), (9)(c), (11) (c), (13) (c), c(5); 7a, 6(3)(a); 8 14a, 6, c, a; 45a, d, e; 46c(2) 1,2,4,6, 7,
9,12,15,16,
17,36,67,69
Fertilizer drill------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- 76(3) (a)	16
Fescue grass--------------------------------------..--------------------------- 5o(2), (H)(6), (12)(6), (16)(6)	2,9
Fire prevention--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------46; 106	2, 18
Floodgates---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------   315	56
Flood-water outlets_____________________________________________________________________________________   7C	jg
Grain drill_______________________________________________________________________________________________ 7^	jg
Grass drill_________________________________________________________________________________________       7^	jg
75
Grasses:
Kinds:
Alkali dropseed______
Barley_______________
Bent_________________ _
Bermuda______________
Black grama__________
Blue grama___________
Brome________________
Buffalo._____________
Canada blue__________
Carpet_______________
Crested wheat________
Fairway crested wheat
Fescue_______________
Hairy grama__________
Johnson______________
Kentucky blue________
Kikuyu_______________
Millet_______________
Oats_________________
Orchard._____________
Quack________________
Redtop_______________
Reed canary__________
Rye------------------
Sand dropseed________
Sudan________________
Timothy. ____________
Western wheat________
Uses;____________________
Grass-legume mixtures._______________________________________________________________________
(6) (6), (9) (6), (10) (6), (H)(6), (12) (6), (14) (6), (15) (6), (16) (6), 6(2), 7(2),
Gravel
Gullies
Guying, trees or shrubs___________________
Hairy grama grass_________________________
Hay:
Use in dust control___________________■_
Use in erosion control________________
Use for mulching______________________
Hop clover________________________________
Insect control____________________________
Irrigation________________________________
Johnson grass_____________________________
Kentucky blue grass________________:______
Kikuyu grass______________________________
Kudzu______________________________
Ladino clover_____________________________
Lawns_____________________________________
Leased property___________________________
Legumes:
Kinds_________________________________
Mixtures. (See Grass-legume mixtures.)
Lespedeza_________________________________
Levees (see also Banks)___________________
Lime:
Application___________________________
Use in acid soil______________________
Lime spreader.____________________________
Paragraph
Page
56; 12; 13a; 18a(l)(6); 21; 22;
7a,
_ 5a(10)(6), (12) (6), c(4)
56(6), c(5); 6c;
__ 5a(14) 8	9 17
5a(16)	9
5a (6)	4
5a (5) (a)	4
5a (4)	4
5a (9)	7
	2
	2
5a(15)	9
5a(7)	6
5a (7) (a)	6
5a (2)	2
5a (5)	4
56(5)	11
	2
	11
24a	52
8	17
. 5a(12)	9
__ 56(3)	11
5a(10)	7
-- 56(1)	9
56(2)	11
5a(13)	9
56(4)	11
5a(ll)	9
5a (8)	6
246; 31a	9, 20, 22, 38, 45, 46, 52, 56
5a(l)(6),	2, 6, 7, 9,
(3); 7d,f	11, 16
25	52
12d; 19	11, 12 15, 21, 38
36	61
5a (5)	4
22	46
. 206(2)	40
7e	16
7/	16
14m; 47	36, 69
9d	17
56(5)	11
5a(l)	2
.	56(6)	11
5c (5)	12
7/	16
14	36
50	70
	11
); 76(1)	7, 9, 12, 15
31	56
2), (3) (a)	15, 16
6; 13a(2)	18, 22
76(3)(a)	16
76
Paragraph
Lots, cemetery___________________________________________________________________________________49c(l)
Mallet______________________________1____________________________-_______________________________ 41a
Manure_________________________________________________________________________ 7a, 6(3) (b); 22; 446(2)
Millet_______________________________________________________________________________________________ 24a
Mixtures. (See Grass-legume mixtures.)
Mowing-_---------------_----------------------------------------------------------- 2; 4b; 5a(2)(c), (4)(c),
(5) (6), (6)(c), (7)(c), (8)(c), (9)(c), (12) (c), (13) (a), (15) (c), (16) (c), 6(2), 6(4), 6(5), c(4); 96, j- 12c; 13a(4)
Mulching_________________________________________________46; 5a(8)(6); 7e; 8; 96; 15; 206(2); 21a; 22; 266; 44
Nitrate of soda-----------------------------------------------------------------------------76(3) (c); 9/
Nitrogen-------------------------------------------------------------------------------- 5c; 76(3); 9/
Oats_____________________________________________________________________________________________ 8
Oil:
Use in dust control_____________________________________•___________________________________216; 23
Used as weed killer-------------------------------------------------------------116(1), (2), d(l)(c)
Orchard grass____________________________________________________________________________________ 5a (12)
Organization of personnel_______________________________1__________________;________________;____ 2a
Paddle tennis courts_____________________________________________________________________________ 136
Paraffin-base preparation for spraying___________________________________________________________ 38
Parking areas-------------------------------------------------------------------------------12e; 21; 46c
Paths, post cemeteries___________________________________________________________________________49c(3)
Paving------------------------------------------------------------------------------- 29; 306(3) (g), (h)
Peat--------------------------------------------------------------------_________________________ 14a
Phosphate------------------------------------------------------------------------------- 7a, 6(3) (6); 9g
Phosphoric acid__________________________________________________________________________________ 76(3)
Poison ivy----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- lid
Policing------------------------------------------------------------------------------------2c; 16; 50
Post cemeteries__________________________________________________________________________________ 48-50
Post engineer, responsibility______________________________________________________________________   2
Potash--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------7a, 6(3); 9i
Pruning knife____________________________________________________________________________________ 41a
Pruning shrubs and trees________________________________________________________________•________40; 42
Quack grass-------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- 56(3)
Recreational areas__________________________________________________________________________2____ 13d
Redtop------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- 5a (10)
Reed canary grass-----------------------------------------’______________________________________ 56(1)
Renovation methods_______________________________________________________________________________ 46; 14n
Retaining walls----------------------------------------------------------------------------- 306(3) (f)
Revegetation methods________________________________________________________________________ 8; 13a(7)
Rills:
Filling----------------------,-------------------------------------------------------------- 46
Repair to prevent gullies------------------------------------------------------------------- 6c
River banks. (See banks.)
Roads:
Cemetery. ----------------------------------------------r----------------------------------- 49c(2)
Through tree stands___________________________________________________________________________ 46a
Roller-------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- 13a(3);14i
Roots_________________________________________________________________________________________       9a
Roque courts___________________________________________________________________1_________________ 136
Ruts------------------------------------------------------------------------------------■________ 46
Rye grass----------------------------------------------------—.---------------------------------- 56(2)
Salt as weed killer------------------------------------------------------------------------------ 116(2)
Sand-clay surfaces------------------------------------------------------------------------------- 136, c
Sand dropseed____________________________________1----------------------------------------------- 5a (13)
Sand dunes______________________________________________________________________________________ 206(2)
Sanitation_________________________________________________________________________________________  6a
Seeder______________________________________________________________________________________________ 7d
Page 70 65 15, 16, 46, 67
52
1, 2, 4, 6, 7, 9, 11, 12, 17, 18, 20, 22
2, 7, 16, 17, 36, 40, 45, 46, 53, 66
16, 17 11, 16, 17
17
45, 51 18, 20'
9 1
22 63
21, 45, 69 70
55, 56 36
15, 16, 17 16
20 1, 37, 70
70 1
15, 16, 18 65
64, 65
11
23 7
9
2, 36 56
17, 22
2 15
70
67
22, 36
17
22
2
11
20
22
9
40
14
16
77
-»	Paragraph
Seeding-------------------------------------------------------- ---------------- 7a,b, d, e, f, g; 14d, e, 24a; 44a(2)
Sewage sludge__________________________________________________________________________________ 9y; 14o
Shrubs:
Cultivation_____________________________________________________________________________     435
Fertilizing_________________________________________________________________________________  45
Guying----------------------------------------------------------------------------------- 366(1)
Mulching______________________________________________________________________________ __	445
Plantin g—
Location______________________________________________________________________________   335
Methods------------■-----------------------------------_______________________________35. 35cj
Time______________________________________________________________________________________ 34
Pruning______________________________________________________________________________________   42
Selection------------------------------------------------------------------------------   326(2)
Sizes------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- 32c (2)
Staking----------------------------------------------------------------------------------- 36a (2)
Watering__________________________________________________________________________________ 39
Waxing-------------------------------------------------------------------------------------   33
Wrapping__________________________________________________________________________________    37
Sites, selection for	post cemeteries_____________________________________________________________ 495
Sloped areas:
Cemetery sites___________________________________________________________________________ 496(1)
Draining---------------------------------------------------------------------------------- ] 86
Erosion---------------------------------------------------------------------------- 5c(5);	20a (4)
Paving----------------------------------------------------------------------------- 306(3)	(g), (6)
Revegetation--------------------------------------------------------------------------------- 7c;	306(2)
Sodding____________________________________________________________1_______________________ 7c
Sod cutter_____________________________________________________________________________________ 7c
Sodium arsenite------------------------------------------------------------------------116(2), d(l) (6)
Sodium chlorate------------------------------------------------------------------- 116 (1), (2), d (1) (a)
Sod nursery____________________________________________________________________________________ 7c (3)
Soil:
Acid----------------------------------------------------------•___________________________ 7O
Cemeteries_______________________________________________________________________________ 496(2)
Flooded______________________________________________________________________________________ 55
Improvement_______________________________________________________________________________ 5c, 76
Packing------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- 46c
Preparation_______________________________________L_______________________________________ 7a
Revegetation_________________________________________________________________________________  8
Sorghum stover, use in	dust control_________________________________________________________ 22
Soy beans___________________________________________________________________________________    76(1)
Spraying------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------ 38
Staking trees, shrubs_______________________________________■__________________________________ 36
State experiment stations__________________________________________________________________________ 3
Straw, use in erosion control__________________________________________________________ 7e; 206(2) • 22
Sudan grass____________________________________________________________________________________ 56(4)
Sulfate of ammonia_____________________________________________________________________________ 75(3) (c)
Super phosphate------------------------------------------------------------------------ 76 (3) (6); 9g
Swampy soils, suitable	grasses_________________________________________________________   55
Sweet clover___________________________________________________________________________________ 5c(3)
Tamping tools___________________________________________________________________________________   7c
Tennis courts___s______________________________________________________________________________	13c
Terraces---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------186(2)
Tillage------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- 45
Timber, use in control	of stream and river banks___________________________________________ 305(3)(d)
Timothy---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- 5a (11)
Tombstones_____________________________________________________________________________________ 50a
Tools. (See Equipment.)
Top-dressing, use for grassed areas____________________________________________________________13a(6)
Top growth------------------1------------------------------------------------------------------ 9a
Topography, post cemeteries_______________________________________________■____________________ 496(1)
Traffic control and correction of damage___________________________________________________45; 15- 46c
Page
15, 16, 17,
36, 52, 66
17, 36
66
67
63
67
57
58
58
65
57
57
61
63
63
63
70
70
38
12, 40
56
16, 55
16
16
20
18, 20
16
15
70
9
11, 15
69
15
17
46
15
63
61
1
16, 40, 46
11
16
16, 17
9
11
16
22
38
2
55
9
70
22
17
70
2, 36, 69
78
1 rees:	*■	Paragraph
Bark abrasions_______________________________________________________________________________ 41
Cultivation!_________________________________________________________________________________ 43O
Dry well------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- 466
Fertilizing______________________________________________________________________________________  45
Guying------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------36&
Mulching_______________________________________________________________________________________ 44a
Planting—
Location__________________________________________________________________________________ 33a
Method______________________________________________________________________________________ 35
Time___________________________________.________________________________________________ 34
Pruning----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------  4q
Selection._ ------------------------------------------------------------------------- 326(1), c(l)
Staking. __ ----------------------------------------------------------------------------------  36a
Watering. _	  39
Waxing. __	  38
Wrapping. _.	  37
Underground drains. (See Drains.)
Vegetation:
Conservation_________________________________________________________________________________ 4O
Ditches-.-	------------------------------------------------------------------ 18a(1) (6)
Mulching_____________________________________________________________________________________ 206(2)
Plant food_______________________________________________________:________ g
Use in dust control. _ _____________________,____________________,_______________ ___________ 266
Use in erosion control______________________ _ ______________________________ _______________ 206
Use in post cemeteries___________________________________________________________ 49^
Vetch-..	----------------------------'---------------------------------------- 76(1)
Vines:
Fertilizing____________________._____________________________________________________ _______ 45
Planting—
Location__________________________________________________________________________________ 33c
Methods___________________________________________________________________________________ 355
Time_____	  34
Selection. _	  325(3)
Walks in post cemeteries________________________________________________________________________ 49c(3)
Walls, control of stream and river banks- _________ _________________ ___________________ 306(3) (e), (/)
Washes:
Filling------------- --------------------------------------------------------------------- 45
Repair to prevent gullies. __________________________________________________________ qc \2d
Water disposal. (See Drainage.)
Watering:
Grassed areas________________________________________________________________________________ 13a (5)
Lawns_______________________________________________________________________________________    ]4£
Promotion of deep root growth___________________________________________________________________ 45
Trees, shrubs, and vines________________________________________________________________________ 39
Waxing, trees and shrubs____________________________________________________________________________ 3g
Weed control------	--------------------------------------------------------- 46; 106; 11; 11a; 147
Weed killers:
Ammonium sulfamate- ___________________________________'_____________________________ 116(1), d(l)(/)
Ammonium thiocyanate. ____________________________________________________________________Il<7(l)(c7)
Borax-	-----------------------------------------T16(2), d(l)(e)
Dichlorophenoxyacetic acid___________________________________________________________ llcZ(l)(^)
OiL~	---------------- 116(1), (2), d(l)(c)
Salt------	----------------------------------------- 116(2)
Sodium arsenite---------------------------------------------------------------------- 116(2), <7(1)(6)
Sodium chlorate---------------------------------------------_-------------------- 116(1), (2), <7(l)(a)
Western wheat grass__________________________________________________________________________     5a(8)
Wet soils, suitable grasses_________________________________________________________________________ 55
White clover----------------------------------------------------------------------------- 5a(10)(6), c(l)
Wrapping, trees, shrubs_____________________________________________________________________________ 37
Page
65
66
67
67
63
66
57
58
58
64
57
61
63
63
63
2
38
40
17
53
40
70
15
67
58
59
58
57
70
56
2
15, 21
22 36
2 63 63
2, 18, 36
18, 20
20
20
20
18, 20
20
20
18, 20
6
9
7, 11
63
o
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UNT LIBRARIES DENTON TX 76203 llllllllllllllllllllll 1001895410