[The Radio Operator]
[From the U.S. Government Publishing Office, www.gpo.gov]

W1.35; 11-45-^	11-454
Document Reserve WAR DEPARTMENT TECHNICAL MANUAL THE RADIO OPERATOR April 21, 1942
NON-CIRCULATING
* TM 11-454
TECHNICAL MANUAL] No. 11-454
WAR DEPARTMENT, Washington, April 21, 1942.
THE RADIO OPERATOR
Paragraphs
Section I.	General__________________________________________________   1-3
II.	Selection	of personnel_____________________________________ 4-7
III.	Basic instruction_________________________________________ 8-21
IV.	Training	in radio	operating procedure __________________  22-27
- V. Radiotelegraph procedure lesson I, the call-up and answer 28 40
VI.	Radiotelegraph procedure lesson II, readability, the station log_________________________________ _________________________ 41-49
VII.	Radiotelegraph procedure lesson III, tactical radio nets __	50-58
VIII.	Radiotelegraph procedure lesson IV, the abbreviated form message -------------------------------------- _ __	59-68
IX.	Radiotelegraph procedure lesson V, the abbreviated form message, continued__________________________________ 69-78
X.	Radiotelegraph procedure lesson VI, the normal form message- -------------------- ---------------------------------- 79-88
XI.	Radiotelephone procedure lesson I, general__________ __ 89 100
XII.	Radiotelephone procedure lesson II, messages____________ 101 110
XIII.	Radio procedure in artillery nets_______________________ 111-118
Page
Appendix I. Radiotelegraph operator aptitude test, U. S. Army________ 91
II.	Practice groups and messages_______________________________ 97
III.	Procedure signs and signals _______________________________ 111
IV.	The International Morse Code________________________________ 123
Index___________________________________________________________________ 125
*This edition of TM 11-454 includes Cl, June 25, 1941, and C2, January 19. 1942.
(1)
TM 11-454
1-5
SIGNAL CORPS
Section I
GENERAL
Paragraph
Purpose________________________________________________________ 1
Scope__________________________________________________________ 2
Basic radio procedure__________________________________________ 3
1.	Purpose.—The purpose of this manual is to provide a text for the training of radio operators and to establish an authoritative basis for coordination between all units of the Army in the use of radio procedure in the conduct of radio communication. Since operators of manual field telegraph equipment, signal lamp equipment, and wigwag flags also employ the International Morse Code and applicable portions of radio procedure, this text is suitable for the instruction of those operators also.
2.	Scope.—This manual covers the selection of personnel which will probably absorb instruction most quickly, the basic instruction of all operators, and radio procedure in tactical and other nets. While the bulk of the content is devoted to the radiotelegraph operator, such instruction as is considered essential for the radiotelephone operator is also included. Typewriting instruction is covered only to the extent of showing how it fits into basic operator instruction. Such material as is included can be given effectively with other instruction without appreciable loss of time. The ability to use a typewriter increases the value of an operator, and this fact should be emphasized when code instruction is initiated.
3.	Basic radio procedure.—a. The radio procedure prescribed herein is for use in radio communication within the Army.
b.	Intercommunication between the Army and the Navy is conducted as prescribed in FM 24-10.
Section II SELECTION OF PERSONNEL
Paragraph
General______________________________________________________________ 4
Radiotelegraph operator aptitude test, U. S. Army____________________ 5
Testing______________________________________________________________ 6
Selecting students___________________________________________________ 7
4. General.—Because of the relatively great length of time required to train radio operators, the prior determination of the aptitude of students is essential. Consequently, within the limitations of available equipment, all personnel to be trained as operators will be selected as indicated in paragraphs 5, 6, and 7.
5. Radiotelegraph operator aptitude test, IT. S. Army.—a. This test, heretofore known as the Signal Corps Code Aptitude Test,
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has been used for many years by schools and units of all arms and may be considered a standard test. It is designed to determine the aptitude of an individual for learning the International Morse Code phonically by requiring him to indicate whether or not certain tone signals sound exactly alike.
b. A complete test, consisting of an answer sheet, the test, and a solution sheet, is included in appendix I. The test may be given manually with the use of organizational equipment, but is given preferably by phonographic transcription. Phonographic transcriptions for use with code transmitter and recorder TG-8-A, or disk phonograph records which may be played directly on any standard phonograph, are available.
c. The nature of the test makes it difficult for anyone to memorize correct answers. However, available copies of the test and of the solution, as well as all phonographic transcriptions, will be safeguarded to the extent necessary to assure that no person to be tested has had an opportunity to study the test before taking it.
6. Testing.—a. The aptitude test is given in about 20 minutes and can be taken simultaneously by as many men as the receiving equipment will permit. Having decided upon the number of men to be trained, give the test to double that number. One copy of the answer sheet is required for each man to be tested. Allow sufficient time prior to the start of the test for men to comply with the directions indicated on page 1 of the answer sheet.
b. When giving the test manually, speak those portions of the test shown in quotation marks and transmit by means of a telegraph key and tone source, the characters shown in parentheses. Transmit all characters at a speed corresponding to 20 words per minute of normal transmission, but allow a time interval of approximately 2 seconds between paired characters. Where test characters are overscored, transmit them as a continuous character without pause between them. Thus, transmit (AJ) as . _ _______not as . _ _________
c. When the test is given by means of phonographic transcription, set the code transmitter and recorder or the phonograph at a speed corresponding to 20 words per minute of normal transmission. Monitor the transcription of the test to insure that satisfactory transmission is being accomplished. When the transcription consists of two or more disks, change disks promptly at the proper time.
7. Selecting students.—The test is objectively scored; that is, the person scoring the test needs no knowledge of its subject matter in order to score it properly. The final score is determined by deducting one point for each unmarked or incorrectly marked test pair.
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Thus, with every pair correctly marked, a maximum score of 78 is obtained. With 16 pairs unmarked or incorrectly marked, the score is 62. The test of each man is scored in about 2 minutes. After scoring the tests, tabulate scores and select students as follows:
a.	Place each test paper in one of the following groups:
(1)	Those which show that the man tested has had previous experience, however slight, in radiotelegraph or telegraph operation.
(2)	Those which show that the man tested has had no previous experience in radiotelegraph or telegraph operation.
b.	From each group list the name of each man, followed by his score, in order from the highest to the lowest score.
c.	Select the proper number of men to be trained in the order listed below, taking all men from the first category before taking any from the next, and so on.
(1)	Those	in	group	a(l)	above	with	scores	of	60	or	higher.
(2)	Those	in	group	a(2)	above	with	scores	of	60	or	higher.
(3)	Those	in	group	a(l)	above	with	scores	of	50	or	higher.
(4)	Those	in	group	a(2)	above	with	scores	of	50	or	higher.
d.	If a sufficient number of men are not obtained from the first group, follow the same procedure with another group of prospective students.
e.	If, after testing all available men, a sufficient number in the first four categories cannot be obtained, select those with scores of 40 or higher, and then those with scores lower than 40. The former may be expected to become operators only after long training, but in general, instruction of the latter is not productive.
/. Do not inform any student of his score while he is undergoing instruction.
Section III
BASIC INSTRUCTION
Paragraph
International Morse Code__________________________________________________ 8
Mental processes__________________________________________________________ 9
Instruction periods________________________________________________________ 10
Sequence of instruction____________________________________________________ 11
Suggestions for instructors________________________________________________ 12
Suggestions for students___________________________________________________ 13
Receiving lesson	No.	1______________________________________________      14
Receiving lesson	No.	2___________________________________________________ 15
Receiving lesson	No.	3___________________________________________________ 16
Receiving lesson	No.	4___________________________________________________ 17
Receiving lesson	No.	5___________________________________________________ 18
Transmitting_______________________________________________________________ 19
Transmitting exercise No.	1_______________________________________________ 20
Transmitting exercise No.	2_______________________________________________ 21
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THE RADIO OPERATOR
8. International Morse Code.—In the International Morse Code, all letters, numerals, and punctuation marks are represented by short and long signals. A short signal is called a dot and is printed as . and a long signal is called a dash and is printed as _. These signals may be transmitted visually as flashes of a lamp for short and long periods or as positions of a flag to the right and left of the flagman. They may also be transmitted phonically, as by a buzzer making short and long sounds or by a telegraph sounder making two successive different sounds with short and long intervals of time between successive sounds. Finally, they may be recorded as transmitted on a tape and read therefrom, by eye, as short and long inked lines. Figure I is a full-size sample of receiving tape. This manual is concerned primarily with the instruction of students in recording dot and dash
w	V	Q
Figure 1.—Tape-recorded code characters.
characters as received by ear, and in transmitting similar signals by means of manually operated telegraph keys.
9. Mental processes.—The whole process of receiving consists of recognizing combinations of short and long sounds and recording the characters they represent.
a.	Recognizing sounds.—(1) The short and long sounds in each character could be memorized and the characters identified by counting the sounds of each length and noting their arrangement. This process is limited to a very slow receiving speed of about 50 characters per minute.
(2)	A better method is to recognize the sound of a complete character without regard to its components.
(3)	In order to keep the student from following the faulty mental process in (1) above, experience has shown that it is better to begin by teaching the sound of the character when it is made at a speed used in normal operation, which is about 100 complete characters per minute, corresponding to about 20 words or groups of five characters each per minute. Such a speed discourages the counting of separate dots and dashes. Consequently, in all instruction, individual characters are transmitted at a speed corresponding to 20 groups of five characters each per minute. The speed of transmission is increased bv shortening the silent periods (spaces) between successive characters. The longer spaces afford the beginner more time to identify each character. With practice, this thinking process becomes faster and
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faster until the student recognizes the characters without conscious mental effort, just as he recognizes words in conversation.
b.	Recording the characters. Characters are recorded hy the typewriter or by lettering as prescribed in FM 24-5. Instruction in lettering is given concurrently with that in a above, and performance in both is graded. When a student has attained a receiving speed of about ten groups of five characters each per minute, instruction in recording by typewriter may be initiated.
(1)	Lettering.—In order to insure legibility and thus prevent errors, the prescribed lettering is used. To assist in the grading of lettering, a board may be prepared and kept exhibited to students showing various degrees of excellence in lettering the same message. Examples may be arranged in order from the best to the poorest which is to be accepted as satisfactory. All performance is graded accordingly, and deficiencies are pointed out to the student.
(2)	Typewriter.—The touch system of typewriting is taught by arranging characters in each lesson so as to cause the recording of characters by certain fingers. Thus, the sound of a character is mentally connected with the action of a specific finger, and an operator while training, simultaneously becomes a touch typist of sounds heard. With a little additional practice he can readily become proficient also as a touch typist in transcribing written or dictated material.
10. Instruction periods.—a. Duration.—The duration of an instruction period should not exceed 1 hour, anil such a period should be followed by one or more similar periods of instruction which does not require close mental effort. (See par. 11.)
b. Frequency.—Two or more code instruction periods may be scheduled daily, but a total of more than three hours per day is not desirable. However, if periods cover such varied matters as receiving, transmitting, procedure, etc., and if the allotted training time is short, productive instruction may be given for as much as 6 hours daily.
c. Relaxation.—One or two 5-minute periods of relaxation during an instruction period are desirable for maintaining mental alertness.
11. Sequence of instruction.—Code instruction is given in the sequence indicated below concurrently with instruction in the operation of authorized unit equipment. Each operator in a unit should be capable of operating any set with which the unit is equipped. Consequently, instruction in the various sets, including nomenclature, composition, methods of installing, methods of transporting, characteristics, and technical design, together with such fundamental electrical studies as are necessary, should begin when the code course starts. The periods of code and operating instruction are alternated at the discretion of the instructor;
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TM 11-454
THE RADIO OPERATOR	11
a.	Initial reception of five groups per minute.—Initially, separate periods are devoted to each of the five lessons given in paragraphs 14 to 18, inclusive, and in that order. These lessons contain the letters of the alphabet and the numerals. Transmission is at the rate of five groups (25 characters) per minute, and in each lesson the characters of that lesson are transmitted in random order. As soon as the student is able to receive 50 consecutive characters (10 groups) of lesson No. 1 without error, lettering them satisfactorily, he is advanced to lesson No. 2. He is similarly advanced to lessons Nos. 3, 4, and 5. As soon as he has completed lesson No. 5 in this manner, all the letters and numerals are transmitted at the same rate in random order. He qualifies at five groups per minute when he is able to receive 50 consecutive characters (10 groups) without error, recording them satisfactorily.
b.	Reception of seven groups per minute and initial transmission.— After the student has qualified as prescribed in a above—
(1)	The rate of transmission is increased to seven groups per minute. He qualifies at this rate when he is able to receive 70 consecutive characters (14 groups) without error, lettering them satisfactorily.
(2)	Instruction in transmission is begun. From this point approximately one-third to one-half of the student’s instruction time is devoted to transmitting, with the object of bringing his transmitting speed to at least eight groups per minute by the time he has qualified in reception at the rate of 12 groups per minute. Thereafter, approximately one-third of his time is devoted to transmitting. If the equipment is available, the student is required to transmit to an instrument which records his transmission and reproduces it later. He then is required to receive his own transmission as it is reproduced before he is considered to have qualified at that transmitting speed. He is required to transmit for 2 minutes, and the number of consecutive groups transmitted correctly during that period (as indicated by the student’s received copy), divided by 2, is his transmitting speed in groups per minute. If the reproducing equipment is not available, the student is required to transmit to an experienced instructor, who grades the transmission for accuracy, proper spacing, correct manner of transmitting, and speed.
c.	Reception of ten groups per minute.—After the student has qualified as prescribed in 6(1) above, the rate of transmission is increased to ten groups per minute. He qualifies at this rate when he is able to receive 100 consecutive characters (20 groups) without error, lettering them satisfactorily.
d.	Recording by typewriter.—After the student has qualified as prescribed in c above, and if he is to be instructed in recording by
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SIGNAL CORPS
typewriter, he is returned to lesson No. 1 and repeats the instructions indicated in a, b, and c above, except that all recording is accomplished on the typewriter. At the outset of this instruction he should be furnished an instruction book on the care and use of the machine and a copy of the keyboard chart as shown in figure 2.
e.	Subsequent reception.—When the student has qualified as prescribed in c above—
(1) All transmissions to him are in the form of messages or procedure signals, and he is required to record them on the prescribed message form. If the student is being trained to record reception by typewriter, he receives the bulk of his instruction in that manner, but is given one period daily in which he is required to record by lettering. For code speeds under 20 words per minute, the student is advanced only when he is able to record properly by both printing and typing. For code speeds above 20 words per minute, reception recording is exclusively by typewriter.
(2) The rate of transmission is increased successively to 12, 15, 20, 25, 30, and 35 groups per minute. When the student is able to receive three consecutive messages averaging 12 groups each without error at any rate, recording them satisfactorily, he is permitted to advance to the next higher rate.
12.	Suggestions for instructors.-—If a copy of this manual is not available for each student, furnish each man with a copy of the suggestions indicated below at the beginning of his instruction and a copy of each of the lessons given in paragraphs 14 to 18, inclusive, at the beginning of his instruction in each of those lessons. When instruction in transmission is begun, furnish the student with a copy of paragraph 19, and a copy of each of the exercises given in paragraphs 20 and 21 at the beginning of his instruction in those exercises.
13.	Suggestions for students.—a. Try to recognize the sound of the entire character and to ignore the number of dots and dashes that make it up.
b.	Letter the characters exactly as shown in each lesson. Practice lettering until it requires no conscious effort when receiving.
c.	Work hard, but if after a while you feel so tired that you are not learning or you become disgusted, lean back, relax, and think of something else for a few minutes in order to restore your mental alertness.
d.	Never look back over your copy while you are receiving.
e.	If you do not recognize a character immediately, skip it, write down a small dash in place of it, and go on to the next. You will eventually realize what sound combinations you do not recognize and can then give special attention to them.
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THE RADIO OPERATOR
TM 11-454
13
Z-fF7~ HAND	/ RIGHT HAND
/RtBBObh	/	(back\
V KEY J	/	I SPACE ]
@ @ (2) (3) @ (50) ® (§)(9)(O) 0 © <& (E) ® (T)0 © (I) © (P) © ® (S) (D) © @0 © ® © (D ® ® (Z) (X) © © ©0 @ © 0 ©® (	SPACE BAR	)
TL- 19/3
Figure 2.—Keyboard chart for typewriter, MC-88. (The small number above each key indicates the finger of the left or right hand to be used on that key. The typewriter, MC-88, is different from standard business typewriters in two respects: all the characters of the alphabet print as capitals, and there is a separate key for the number “1”. If a standard machine is used for code transcription, the student must merely learn to use the small letter “1” to indicate the number “1”; otherwise the finger positions are the same.)
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13-15	SIGNAL CORPS
f- After having qualified at ten groups per minute, develop the habit of lettering one or two characters behind the sender. This will allow your lettering to become smooth and easy. It wih also prevent you from forming the habit of trying to guess a word and of recording it before it has been completely transmitted.
14.	Receiving lesson No. 1.—a. Objective.—To teach the sounds of the characters F, G, H, M, J, R, and U and the correct methods of recording them.
b.	Information — The characters consist of dots (short sounds—dit) and dashes (long sounds—dah). The dashes are three times as long as the dots. The sounds making up a single character are separated by a very short but uniform space of no sound. The characters included in this lesson, together with the dots and dashes and the sound of each, are shown as follows:
Character	. Dots and dashes	Sound
F		Dit dit dah dit
G				Dah dah dit
H	. . . .	Dit dit dit dit
M	—	Dah dah
J	•	!■	Maa	———	Dit dah dah dah
R	. 	 .	Dit dah dit
U	. . _	Dit dit dah
c.	Directions.— (1) Listen to the sounds and record the characters which you recognize.
(2)	If recording by typewriter, use only the first finger of the proper hand for each character as shown on the keyboard chart.
,F G rt AA, J* R Lf
TL- 1972-f4
Figure 3.
(3)	If recording by lettering, letter each character as shown in figure 3, making the strokes in the directions shown and in the order in which they are numbered.
(4)	When you have recorded 100 consecutive characters that you think are correct, request the instructor to check your paper. If 50 consecutive characters are all correct and the recording has been done satisfactorily, you will be advanced to lesson No. 2.
15.	Receiving lesson No. 2.—a. Objective.—To teach the sounds of the characters B, D, K, N, T, V, and Y and the correct methods of recording them.
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THE RADIO OPERATOR
b. Information.
Character	Dots and dashes	Sound
B		 _ - _	Dah dit dit dit
D	— • .	Dah dit dit
K	—— • ■	Dah dit dah
N		 .	Dah dit
T	—	Dah
V	. . . _	Dit dit dit dah
Y	— 			Dah dit dah dah
c. Directions.—(1) Listen to the sounds and record the characters which you recognize.
(2)	If recording by typewriter, use only the first and second fingers of the proper hand for each character as shown on the keyboard chart.
B D K N' T V' Y
Z	TL-1972-2A
Figure 4.
(3)	If recording by lettering, letter each character as shown in figure 4, making the strokes in the directions shown and in the order in which they are numbered.
(4)	When you have recorded 100 consecutive characters that you think are correct, request the instructor to check your paper. If 50 consecutive characters are all correct and the recording has been done satisfactorily, you will be advanced to lesson No. 3.
16.	Receiving lesson No. 3.—a. Objective.—To teach the sounds of the characters C, E, I, L, O, S, and W and the correct methods of recording them.
b. Information.
Character	Dots and dashes	Sound
c		Dah dit dah dit
E	•	Dit
I	• •	Dit dit
L	. — • ,	Dit dah dit dit
0		Dah dah dah
S	• • •	Dit dit dit
w				Dit dah dah
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SIGNAL CORPS
TM 11-454
16-17
c. Directions.—(1) Listen to tin' sounds and record the characters you recognize.
(2)	If recording by typewriter, use only the second and third fingers of the proper hand for each character as shown on the keyboard chart.
(3)	If recording by lettering, letter each character as shown in figure 5, making the strokes in the directions shown and in the order in which they are numbered.
(4)	When you have recorded 100 consecutive characters that you think are correct, request the instructor to check your paper. If 50 consecutive characters are all correct and the recording has been done satisfactorily, you will be advanced to lesson No. 4.
T L-1p7Z-3A
G, E 1, L O' ,S W'
Figure 5.
17. Receiving lesson No. 4.—a. Objective—To teach the sounds of the characters A, P, Q, X, Z, 4, and 5 and the correct methods of recording them.
b. Information.
Character	Dots and dashes	Sound
A		Dit dah
P	• 	 —~ ■	Dit dah dah dit
Q	— — . —	Dah dah dit dah
X	—.. . . 		Dah dit dit dah
Z			 .	Dali dah dit dit
4	.... —	Dit dit dit dit dah
5			Dit dit dit dit dit
T L- 1Q72-4A
A, P Q X. Z 4 5
Figure 6.
c. Directions.—(1) Listen to the sounds and record the characters you recognize.
(2) If recording by typewriter use only the first, third, and fourth fingers of the proper hand for each character as shown on the keyboard chart.
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THE RADIO OPERATOR
(3)	If recording by lettering, letter each character as shown in figure 6, making the strokes in the directions shown and in the order in which they are numbered.
(4)	When you have recorded 100 consecutive characters that you think are correct, request the instructor to check your paper. If 50 consecutive characters are all correct and the recording has been done satisfactorily, you will be advanced to lesson No. 5.
18.	Receiving lesson No. 5.—a. Objective.—To teach the sound of the characters 1, 2, 3, 6, 7, 8, 9, and 0 and the correct methods of recording them.
b.	Information.
Character	Dots and dashes	Sound
1		Dit dah dah dah dah
2	• . —- 	- 		Dit dit dah dah dah
3	...		Dit dit dit dah dah
6		 ....	Dah dit dit dit dit
7		...	Dah dah dit dit dit
8			 •	Dah dah dah dit dit
9				Dah dah dah dah dit
0	—,		Dah dah dah dah dah
c.	Directions.—-(1) Listen to the sounds and record the characters you recognize.
(2)	All fingers are used in typing these characters. Use the proper finger of the proper hand for each character shown on the keyboard chart.
A 2, ,3 6 7 8'Q 0'
T L- 19/Z-^B
Figure 7.
(3)	If recording by lettering, letter each character as shown in figure 7, making the strokes in the direction shown and in the order in which they arc numbered.
(4)	When you have recorded 100 consecutive characters that you think are correct, request the instructor to check your paper. If 50 consecutive characters are all correct and the recording has been done satisfactorily, you will be advanced to receiving practice on all characters transmitted in random order at five groups per minute.
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SIGNAL CORPS
19. Transmitting.—a. General.—The ability of a radio operator to transmit well-formed code characters is just as important as is his ability to recognize and record them accurately. In furtherance of this end it is essential that a student’s practice transmissions be accomplished in the correct manner; habits formed when beginning to learn to send will remain with operators throughout their careers. Continuous accurate transmission of characters requires a properly adjusted key, a proper position of the operator at the key, and key operation in accordance with the principles enunciated below. When a student has demonstrated his familiarity with these principles, he begins his first transmitting exercise.
b.	Key adjustment.—Figure 8 shows an ordinary closed circuit key. To adjust the key—•
(1)	Sec that the hammer is directly over the anvil. If not, loosen the lock nuts on the trunnion screws and turn these screws until the
7&/Z5/0/7 3crent.
LocA/	,7r(//7/7/o/7 3cre.
Butto/7	3prw)
/feyZerg/--7	1	I
A/7K/7	'ZocA /Ve/f
TL-2IQO
Figure 8.—Side view of a closed circuit key.
hammer is in the proper position and the key lever works freely without undue play. Tighten the lock nuts.
(2)	Loosen the lock nut on the adjusting screw and turn this screw until the distance between the hammer and the anvil is about 0.008 inch (about the thickness of three sheets of bond paper) with the front of the key lever raised. Tighten the lock nut.
(3)	Loosen the lock nut on the tension screw and turn this screw until the key can be closed easily by the hand and will be broken sharply by the spring. Tighten the lock nut.
(4)	If difficulty is experienced in forming dots or dashes after the tension screw has been adjusted as in (3) above, change this adjustment until you are able to send both easily. Too much tension is usually identified with short dashes, irregular and long spacing between characters, and dot skipping. Too little tension is usually identified with long dots and short and irregular spacing between characters.
c.	Position at key.—The proper position of an operator at a key is illustrated in figure 9.
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TM 11-454
19
(1)	To assume a correct position at the key—
(a)	Place the elbow on the table in prolongation of the key lever and at such distance from the key button that, with fingers slightly curved and the wrist about 1% inches above the table, the ends of the first and second fingers rest easily on the distant half of the key button.
(6)	Rest the ends of the first and second fingers lightly but firmly on top of the key button, the first joint of each finger being more nearly vertical than horizontal.
(c)	Place the thumb lightly on the edge of the key button.
Side view
TL-1974
Figure 9.—Proper position of an operator at a key. (Note particularly that the wrist is clear of the table.)
(d)	Allow the third and fourth fingers to curve naturally under the palm without tension or rigidity.
(2)	After the sending arm, wrist, and fingers have been placed as indicated above, check their positions. See that—
(a)	The elbow, not the forearm, rests on the table.
(6)	There is space between the table and the forearm and wrist.
(c)	The fingers are curved and flexible, not straight or stiff.
(d)	The finger ends (pads) of the first and second fingers rest on top of the key button near the back edge.
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SIGNAL CORPS
(e)	The thumb is on the edge of the key button, resting lightly against it, but not grasping it.
d. Key operation.— (1) Method.—Having assumed the proper position at the key, press down the key button by a straight downward motion of the forearm. In doing this, let the wrist break or bend downward a little, acting as a hinge between the forearm and the hand. Keep the fingers loose so that they can bend a little; in any event, do not let them be stiff. When the key contacts have been closed, release the pressure on the key button and allow the spring to return the key to the up position, keeping the fingers in light contact with the key button.
(2) Precautions.-—(a) Make sure that the key button goes down because your forearm is moved down.
(6)	Do not actuate the key with the finger muscles. The fingers are merely the medium through which the stroke of the forearm is transmitted to the key.
(c)	Do not actuate the key with the wrist muscles. The wrist is merely a hinge through which the stroke of the forearm is transmitted to the key.
(d)	Avoid all stiffness and rigidity in the fingers and wrist. Any such stiffness not only makes for ragged transmission but is very conducive to fatigue.
20.	Transmitting exercise No. 1.-—Check the key, making adjustments if necessary. Take the correct position for sending, checking the position of your forearm, wrist, fingers, and thumb. Start making dots at the rate of about 100 per minute. Continue to transmit dots until your forearm, wrist, or fingers become tired. Rest for a short time, then transmit again. Do not make anything but dots. Try making dots faster as you feel your muscles limbering up. Do not permit your practice to become erratic. Send smoothly. Try constantly to make the dots equal. If you are trying to transmit faster than you should, your sending will be rough (unequal and not rhythmic) and may “stutter.” Continue your transmission of dots until you can send 30 dots in one group smoothly in about ten seconds. Wlien you feel that you have acquired this ability, ask the instructor to check your transmission. If it is satisfactory, you will be advanced to transmitting exercise 2.
21.	Transmitting exercise No. 2.—Transmit a few groups of 30 dots each, checking the position of your forearm, wrist, fingers, and thumb. Transmit the character V (dit dit dit dab), making the dits at the same rate at which you made them upon completion of exercise 1 and holding the key down for the dah 3 times as long as the time
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THE RADIO OPERATOR
required to transmit a dit. Allow the same space between the third (lit and the dab as exists between the dits. Begin making the character V at the rate of about 35 per minute. Keep your fingers and wrist flexible. If you feel them tightening up, remove your hand from the key and flex the fingers and wrist until the muscles are completely relaxed. Continue transmitting V’s until you can send 20 consecutive characters smoothly. When you feel that yon have acquired this ability, ask the instructor to check your transmissions. If it is satisfactory, you will be advanced to practice transmission of the material included in appendix II.
Section IV
TRAINING IN RADIO OPERATING PROCEDURE
Paragraph
General________________________________________________________________   22
Phases of training_______________________________________________________ 23
Flexibility of training program__________________________________________ 24
Instructional material___________________________________________________ 25
Conducting the class____________________________________________________  26
Measurement of progress__________________________________________________ 27
22.	General.—The purpose of the radio operating procedure employed by the Army is to promote accuracy and speed in the exchange of radio messages. Radio operators trained at widely scattered stations may ultimately find themselves obliged to communicate with one another and under conditions of stress. With this in mind, it is evident that the necessity for a single precise and com,pletely uniform system of handling radio traffic cannot be too strongly emphasized.
23.	Phases of training.—a. The training of a radio operator in procedure may be divided into four phases:
(1)	The basic training phase using code room equipment and devoted to a study of the fundamentals of procedure.
(2)	A survey phase using code room equipment and devoted exclusively to the handling of traffic, simulating actual field operation as closely as possible without the use of field radio transmitters and receivers.
(3)	An introductory field phase using field equipment at reduced distances.
(4)	An actual field phase using regular field equipment at normal distances.
b.	Phases (3) and (4) above may appear to be properly a part of technical radio operation instruction. However, there is a definite and important aspect of radio operating procedure, entirely aside from
449750°—42---2
17
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23-25	SIGNAL CORPS
any technical problems of the radio equipment, which can only be mastered under genuine field conditions. The radio operating procedure lessons covered herein deal only with the phases (1) and (2) enumerated above.
c.	Study and practice in radio operating procedure may begin after the student has attained a code speed of five words a minute The time required to attain proficiency in field radio operating procedure depends largely upon the individual student, but a satisfactory knowledge of procedure is usually obtained in 25 to 75 hours of operation and study.
d.	The comments given in paragraph 10 on duration, frequency, and relaxation for operating study apply equally well to procedure studies.
24. Flexibility of training program.—It is not essential that the instructor adhere rigidly to the training program described herein. In fact, the instructor is encouraged to inject his own personality into his teaching and to alter the stylo of the course freely to suit his own purpose and the needs of his class. However, the system suggested below has been found highly successful in the training of radio operators, and the program, in the main, should serve as a useful guide.
25. Instructional material.—a. Text material.—If this manual is not available for each member of the class, the instructor should provide mimeographed copies of the first lesson to the entire class at the beginning of the course and copies of additional lessons to students as their progress warrants it. Further, a list of procedure signals and procedure signs as found in the appendixes should be made available to each student. In all units using the abbreviated form of message exclusively, sections V to IX, inclusive, XI, and XII provide adequate training material for the essential principles.
b.	Station logs—During the initial training phase, logs should be employed which provide for the recording of all signals heard and transmitted. A suitable training log is shown in FM 24-5. During the second phase of training, when operators are able to carry on with a minimum of supervision, the practical type of log is the regular field log. This type of log is shown in figure 10.
c.	Prepared messages.—Beginning with radiotelegraph procedure lesson IV, it is necessary for the instructor to prepare “canned” messages for transmission. The messages listed in appendix II may serve for this purpose, or these specimen messages may be used as guides to assist the instructor in preparing additional messages.
d.	Message book.—The standard field message form is used for both transmitted and received messages.
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THE RADIO OPERATOR	25
Signal Corps, United States Army
LOG
Enter opening and closing time, frequencies and frequency changes, traffic delays and any incidenta or conditions affecting circuit efficiency
Station LC 13 TH JNF___________________	Date 4 MARCH
TIME	OPERATOR	REMARKS
422A	A-X	CENTERVILLE 4100 KC REPORT IN TO LA (NCS) OUR SIGS ZSB4 AT LA
Q2Q		LB IN NET OUR SIGS ZSB3 AT LB
445		LA DOES NOT ANSWER CALL-UP
1005	X-A	X TO KEY A TO GENERATOR
1007		LA REPORTS BY WIRE CKT HE IS TEMPORARILY SILENCED BY ORDER CG
1212P	W-A	W RELIEVES X
1235	W-T	T RELIEVES A
211		BLUE GLOW IN AMPLIFIER TUBE DRAWING EXCESSIVE CURRENT
214		REPLACE AMP TUBE PLATE CURRENT OK
450	A-X	RELIEVE W-T
632		CLOSE STATION FOR MOVE
840		BLUFTON 4L00KC REPORT IN TO LA OUR 5IG5 ZSB5 AT LA Z5B4 AT LB
410		NET SHIFTS TO 4120 KC ON ORDER OF LA
1026		MICROPHONE ACCIDENTALLY DROPPED LA REPORTS PHONE QUALITY POOP NO SPARE MIKE ON HAND
lliq		CLOSE STATION FOR MOVE
TL-2I86A
Figure 10.—Sample station log with typical entries.
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SIGNAL CORPS
26.	Conducting the class.—a. The order of administering an instructional period is as follows:
(1)	The instructor distributes the necessary text material and delivers any introductory remarks which he feels advisable for supplementing the text.
(2)	The students study the text.
(3)	The students ask questions of the instructor on any point which they do not understand.
(4)	The instructor gives a written quiz on the subject matter of the lesson.
(5)	The students practice transmitting individually, during which time the instructor grades the quizzes.
(6)	Those students who pass the quiz are grouped into nets of three stations each to carry out the operations prescribed in the operation exercise for the corresponding lesson. Any student who fails initially to pass the quiz must review the lesson at his desk. He is then given a second opportunity to take the same quiz whenever he feels adequately prepared. This process is continued, if necessary, until each student successfully completes the quiz and proceeds to the operation exercise.
(7)	Students completing an operation exercise submit their log sheets and copies of all messages handled, both transmitted and received, to the instructor for check, and then study the next lesson.
(8)	A written quiz on the information contained in the next lesson is given to any student who feels adequately prepared and whose log sheet on the previous lesson is found to be satisfactory.
(9)	At the close of an instructional period, nets which have not completed their operation exercises simply stop at any convenient point and resume operation at that point at the opening of the following instructional period without any apparent break being shown on the log sheets. Operators always retain their log sheets until all operations described in that lesson are completed.
b.	The method of teaching indicated in a above has the advantage of automatically dividing the class into groups, so that the instructor may concentrate his attention on the slower students, who need the most assistance; and of providing an incentive to the better students to work as fast as they desire, and so reducing the training time to a minimum. One or more assistant instructors are desirable if the class is large, although it is possible for one instructor with some experience to handle successfully a class of as many as 50 men.
c.	In this series of lessons all references to recording received material imply lettering with pencil. The instructor checking
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THE RADIO OPERATOR	26-27
received messages should emphasize good lettering as much as accurate copying, since the radio operator’s copy must normally be legible to other personnel for deciphering. Typewritten copy is permissible. However, typewriters are rarely available to field radio stations, and training should be handled accordingly.
d.	An effective arrangement of the three key operators in any one net is one fast operator and two slower operators rather than three fast operators in any one net and three slow operators in another. A man who shows good aptitude for transmitting and receiving ordinarily also exhibits ready understanding of procedure. Such a man generally sets an example of good operating procedure, and, if desired, he may incidentally be employed as an assistant instructor to guide the operators at the other two stations of the net. It is not intended that the net control station (NCS) assignment should be confined to the best operator; this assignment should be rotated to provided equal opportunity for all students to practice NCS responsibility.
27.	Measurement of progress.—a. General.—The objective of net training is to pro vid e operators with a thorough understanding of operating procedure. Emphasis is placed on thorough training rather than on putting all men through the course in the same length of time. If any individual student is unreasonably slow, it is best to arrange for his release from training and to recommend his transfer to other duty. All grading of individual items in the course should be either “pass” or “fail.” A student must repeat each item as many times as necessary to insure mastery before proceeding to the succeeding material.
b.	Grading quizzes.-—(Quizzes are retained by the instructor. The instructor summons each student to his desk individually, or the instructor may visit each student at the latter’s desk, and grades each particular quiz in the writer’s presence. In this way the student sees his paper checked and has an opportunity for personal discussion of any item with the instructor. Quizzes are graded either “pass” or “fail” according to the judgment of the instructor on how well the student has grasped the essential points involved.
c.	Grading logs.—Log sheets may be partially checked by the instructor, using a colored pencil, as he observes the various nets in actual operation. This system of checking logs, over the students’ shoidders, promotes further close contact between student and instructor and facilitates both teaching and grading. Occasionally, if errors of important basic points of operation are indicated by the logs of any one net, it may be well for the instructor to stop that
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SIGNAL CORPS
particular net, point out the errors, and have all stations in the net repeat the complete operation. Logs are graded “pass” or “fail” depending upon whether or not the indicated performance of the operations is satisfactory.
d.	Progress chart.—The instructor will find it advantageous to employ a wall or blackboard chart such as shown in figure 11 for keeping a record of the progress of each member of the class.
Lesson number
Name-----------------------------------
123456789	10	11
Allen____ X	X	X	X	X	X
Brown---- X	X	X	\
Doe______ X	X
Johnson-- X	X	X	X	/
Key
\ completed quiz
/ completed operation
X completed lesson
Figure 11.—Progress chart.
Section V
RADIOTELEGRAPH PROCEDURE LESSON I, THE CALLUP AND ANSWER
Paragraph
Call signs__________________________________________________________ 28
The call-up_________________________________________________________ 29
Collective call-up_________________________________________________  30
Multiple call-up_____________;______________________________________ 31
The answer__________________________________________________________ 32
Procedure signs____________________________________________________  33
Procedure signals___________________________________________________ 34
Terminating transmissions___________________________________________ 35
Correction of error_________________________________________________ 36
Repetitions l______________________________________________________  37
Questions for self-review___________________________________________ 38
Sample quiz_______________________________________________________   39
Operation exercise__________________________________________________ 40
28. Call signs.—All radio stations are identified by call signs, for example, WLW is the call sign of a broadcasting station in Cincinnati; WAR is the call sign of the War Department station in Washington, D. C. Call signs for the various Army stations in the field are nor
22
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THE RADIO OPERATOR
mally assigned in Signal Operation Instructions (S. O. I.). An example of a list of call signs is given in FM 24-5. The S. O. I. in effect may prescribe that call signs change at a time when stations are in operation. This change is made automatically by each station at the specified time with no attendant formalities and with no interruption of radio communication.
29. The call-up.—a. Definition.—A station whose call sign is LB contacts a station whose call sign is LA by means of the “call-up”:
LA V LB AAR
In the above, V is an abbreviation for “from”, and AR means “end of transmission and standing by to receive your reply”.
b. Repetition of call signs in a call-up.—Each station’s call sign may be transmitted more than once in a call-up but not more than three times. Example:
LA LA LA V LB LB LB AR
In establishing contact between two stations, the transmitting operator may call three times and sign three times, as in the above example, in order to give the receiving operator the utmost opportunity to tune in the signal. Repeated calls are also permissible at any time under doubtful or definitely adverse communication conditions, such as during heavy static. Flowever, the student must constantly bear in mind the possibility that in actual field operations enemy positionfinding stations will welcome a radio operator’s prolonged transmissions. One goal of training should be station contact and message exchange with the fewest and shortest possible transmissions. Recommended procedure in this connection is illustrated in c below.
c. Repetition of call-up.—In an initial call-up call signs are transmitted only once. If a called station fails to answer an initial call-up promptly, the call-up may be repeated immediately, with the call signs therein sent three times. If the second call-up is not answered, the calling station should wait at least two minutes before transmitting a third call-up. Any additional call-ups necessary before receiving an answer should be at intervals of at least five minutes, except when
the calling station has an urgent or station, in which case no restriction
Original call-up_______ LA V J
Second call-up_________ LA LA
2 minute (or greater) interval Third call-up__________ LA LA
5 minute (or greater) interval Fourth call-up_________ LA LA
priority message for the called is placed upon such repetitions.
u B A R
LA	V	LB	LB	LB	AR
LA	V	LB	LB	LB	AJR
LA	V	LB	LB	LB	A?R
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SIGNAL CORPS
30.	Collective call-up.—In the event that a station wishes to gain the attention of two or more stations simultaneously, a prearranged “collective” call sign may be used. Thus, the call sign ABC may be designated to include three stations, LA, LB, and LC. One of the stations, LC, should call LA and LB simultaneously by transmitting the collective call-up:
ABC V L C A?R
31.	Multiple call-up.—In the absence of a prearranged collective call sign which includes all the stations with which communication is desired, these stations may be called simultaneously by simply t ransmitting the call signs of each desired station in sequence. This is known as a “multiple” call-up. Example:
LA LB XA V LC AR
The prescribed order of call signs is alphabetical if their first symbol is a letter as in the above illustration. The call signs are arranged in ascending numerical order if their first symbol is a number as shown below.
2C 3A 4B V LC A R
32.	The answer.—a Definition.—Station LA, upon hearing a call-up from LB, would answer by transmitting:
LB V LA K
K means “go ahead (transmit)”.
b.	Order of answering.—(1) The order of stations answering a multiple call-up is the same as the order in which their calls appeared in the original call-up.
Call-up__________________________ LA	LB	XA	V LC AR
First station to answer__________ L C	V	LAK
Second station to answer _	______ L C	V	LB	K
Third station to answer__________ LC	V	XA	K
(2)	In answering a collective call-up, the called stations answer in alphabetical or numerical order of call signs. If call signs beginning with both numerals and letters are used in the same net, the stations having call signs beginning with letters will answer first, alphabetically; they will be followed by the stations having call signs beginning with numerals, answering in numerical order. Again taking the collective call sign ABC to include LA, LB, and LC:
Call-up_______________________________________ ABC	V	LC	AR
First station to answer_______________________ L C	V	L A	K
Second station to answer______________________ LC	V	LB	K
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THE RADIO OPERATOR
(3)	If a called station fails to answer a multiple or collective call-up in its turn, the next station in order, after waiting 15 seconds, answers; and the delinquent station does not answer until all other stations have answered.
Call-up______________________________
First station to answer______________
15-second interval
Second station to answer_____________
Third station to answer______________
LA	LB	XA	V L C AR
L C	V	LAK
L C	V	X A	K
L C	V	L B	K
c.	Answering a station whose call sign is unknown.—Occasionally a receiving station recognizes its own call in a call-up but fails to distinguish the call sign of the calling station. Such a call-up would be answered by the use of the “unknown station” procedure sign AA. Thus EG, having heard someone call him but not being certain who called, transmits:
aHa V FG K
The calling station then repeats its call-up:
F G V X Y aTr
33. Procedure signs.—The abbreviations V, AR, and K, which appeared in the above call-ups and answers, are three of a group of commonly used radio abbreviations referred to as “procedure signs.” The complete list of procedure signs is given in appendix III. A partial list is given below:
Procedure sign
A H___________________________________
L' lp ¥ A 1 JEj Xu Xu Xi JCj Iu Fj
I M I_________________________________
K_____________________________________
V_____________________________________
VT____________________________________
Meaning End of transmission. Error. Erase.
Repeat. Question mark. Go ahead. (Transmit.) From. Calling.
Finish.
34. Procedure signals.—a. Definition.—Another type of abbreviation used in Army radio communication is the “procedure signal.” A procedure signal is a three letter group, often called a “Z” signal because its first letter-is Z, representing some frequently used complete expression which facilitates conversations between operators. I he second letter of a procedure signal characterizes the signal as of a particular classification, and the third letter distinguishes any one procedure signal from others of the same classification. With some procedure signals, as will be seen in the partial list below, blanks are indicated in the meanings given. All blanks except those in
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TM 11-454
34
SIGNAL CORPS
parentheses are required to be filled in by the transmitting station. Those in parentheses are filled in if desired. In all cases filled-in data follow the procedure signal and appear in the same order as the blanks filled in. Except as otherwise noted, words rather than numerals are used to complete the meanings of procedure signals. Thus, to express “I am in radio communication with LA”, a station transmits: ZCB LA ONE and not ZCB LA 1.
b. Examples.—A partial list of procedure signals is given below. A complete list of procedure signals will be found in appendix III.
Classification	Procedure signal	Meaning
C: Calling; communication. M: Messages	 Z: Miscellaneous		Z C A ZCB ZMA ZMW Z Z B z z c	Are you (or is	) in communication with	 (by	)	(1. Radio; 2. Wire; 3. Visual)? I am (or	is) in communication with 	 (by	) (1. Radio; 2. Wire; 3. Visual). I have (or	has) (	) messages (numeral indicating number of messages may be followed by 0, P, or D to indicate precedence other than routine) for you (or	). Of what precedence and to whom are your messages? Negative, no, not. Affirmative, yes.
c. Use.— (1) As an illustration of the use of procedure signals, consider ZMW, meaning: “Of what precedence and to whom are your messages?” (Messages are given precedence according to their relative importance and urgency as designated by the originator.) Station LB might ask station LA:
LA V LB ZMW A~R
to which, in the event that station LA has no messages whatsoever on hand to transmit, LA would reply:
LB V LA ZMA ZERO AB
ZERO is used in the above rather than NONE to avoid the possibility of the receiving operator’s mistaking NONE for ONE.
(2) Procedure signals are the only authorized means other than regular messages for conversations between operators. If procedure signals are found to bo inadequate, the chief operator or chief of a
26
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THE RADIO OPERATOR	34-35
station may authorize the transmission of messages relating to the conduct of communications.
35. Terminating transmissions.—Some sort of terminating sign is necessary to indicate when the transmitting station cedes the air to the receiving station. The following examples illustrate the uses of various procedure signs which are employed for the purpose.
a.	AR: 11 End oj transmission.”—This has the meaning, “I am through with this transmission, you may respond if a response is in order or necessary.” Example:
LA V LB ZMW aTr
LB expects a reply to his query and so terminates his transmission with AR. For an additional example:
LA V LB AR
Station LB has called up station LA with the intention of sending LA something and now anticipates a “go ahead” sign from LA before proceeding. Without the AR on the end, LA is not sure whether LB has just paused briefly in his transmitting or is definitely standing by waiting for LA to reply. The use of the AR removes this uncertainty.
b.	K: “Go ahead, transmit.”—One station LA, having been informed that another station, LB, has something to transmit to LA advises LB to proceed by means of the terminating sign K, which means “Go ahead, transmit.” LB might have advised LA of his desire to transmit something to LA by stating:
LA V LB ZMA ONE ART
LA prepares his message form in anticipation of receiving a message from LB and transmits:
LB V LA K
that is, LA says to LB, in effect: “Go ahead, transmit. I am ready to copy.”
When a receipt is required, a transmission will end with K. This applies mainly to regular messages, but it may also apply to any special instructions in the form of procedure signs or signals for which the transmitting station wants receipts as a matter of record or information. For example, station CB desires station RU’s last message verified and repeated, and also desires a receipt for this request itself:
RU V CB J K
RU receipts simply:
CB V RU R
As soon as the message is verified, RU calls CB back and repeats the
27
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SIGNAL CORPS
message as requested. Examples of the use of K with messages will be found in sections VIII, IX, and X. When a receipt is not required, a transmission will end with AR or some other appropriate terminating sign, j.
c.	VA: “Finish”.—VA is employed—
(1)	To terminate a transmission to which an acknowledgment or reply is prohibited or not expected, or:
(2)	To indicate to the receiving station that henceforth until some future time, the transmitting station will no longer be in communication with the receiving station, as, for instance, should the transmitting station be closing down to displace to a new position, or closing down until the next regular operating schedule, or leaving the net (by shifting frequency) to operate with a station in another net.
d.	Other procedure signs which may be employed for terminating-transmissions are B, which means “More to follow”; C, “Affirmative. Correct”; IMI, “Question mark”; N, “Not received. Negative”; R, “Receipt”; J, “Verify and repeat”; Y, “Acknowledge.” Various examples of the uses of these procedure signs occur in the text of this manual.
36.	Correction of error.—When an error is made in transmission, the transmitting operator immediately makes the “error” sign (EEEEEEEE), then repeats the last word, group, or procedure sign or signal which was correctly made and continues with the transmission . Example :
LA IT EEEEEEEE LA V LB XT
37.	Repetitions.—a. Repetition of transmission.—A request for a repetition of a complete transmission is made by sending IMI. Thus:
LA V LB IMf A R
In response to the above request station LA would repeat its entire previous transmission.
In this case IMI is a little message meaning “Please repeat the last transmission”, and it therefore requires a separate terminating sign. IMI is a terminating sign by itself when it is used as a question mark after some other procedure sign or signal, to give it an interrogatory meaning, as in paragraph 46c and/.
b. Repetition oj difficult portion.—IMI may also be used to indicate that the transmitting operator is about to repeat a difficult portion to insure the correct reception by the receiving operator. Example:
LA V LB iTf BODY OF VISCAY
A ZULANGA IMI VISCAY A ZULANGA FOUND 1052P K
28
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THE RADIO OPERATOR
38.	Questions for self-review.—The student should answer each of the following questions as a test of his understanding of the lesson.
a.	How does one station contact another?
b.	How many times may each station’s call sign be transmitted in a call-up?
e.	What action would you take if a station failed to answer your initial call-up?
d. What is a collective call-up?
e. What is a multiple call-up?
/. In what order is a multiple call-up answered?
g.	If a called station failed to answer a collective call-up in its proper turn how long should the next called station in order wait before answering?
h.	dhe meaning of the procedure signal ZMA is given as: “I have (or	has)------------messages (numeral indicating the number of
messages may be followed by O, P, or D to indicate precedence other than routine) for you (or------).” Of the blanks provided in the
stated meaning of ZMA, the first and third are inclosed in parentheses whereas the second is not. What is the significance of this usage of parentheses?
i.	How would you request a repetition of a complete transmission which you had missed?
j.	In a message made up of code groups, which you are about to transmit, one group is SEIS, conceivably difficult to receive on account of the succession of dots involved. How might you make your transmission to assist the receiving operator on this difficult group?
k.	Correct the following transmissions:
(1)	LA	LA	LA	V	LB	LD	I M I LB LB LB	AR?
(2)	LA	LA	LA	V	LB	L D	EEEEE LB LB LB	AR
(3)	LA	LB	FG	V	LC	AR
(4)	NOW IS THE T I M I EEEEEEEE TIME FOR ALL GOOD ME N
(5)	Z C A LB 3 LA
(6)	Z C B ZZB LA LC
39. Sample quiz.—The following is a suggestion for a quiz covering the principles enunciated in lesson I. Sample quizzes are not illustrated in this manual for any of the succeeding lessons, the writings of these quizzes being left to the instructor. The instructor is cautioned to examine quiz questions carefully to avoid ambiguities. Having an assistant take the quiz before it is submitted to the students will often serve to bring out any unsuspected defects in the quiz.
29
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39-40	SIGNAL CORPS .
Quiz on operation lesson I
Directions to the student: Fill in all spaces. Print plainly.
Assume that you are the operator at station LA.
1.	You wish to ask LB of what precedence and to whom arc his messages. Show your transmission to LB.
2.	You intend to transmit the following.
LB V LA A-^
However, you accidentally make LR instead of LA in the actual transmission. Show your complete transmission to LB including the error and its correction.
3.	Assume that CD did not receive your transmission of question 2. Show how he would request a repetition.
4.	Using a multiple call-up, indicate how you would request LB, LE, LD, and LC to inform you if they are in communication with BZ by wire.
5.	Show the replies of the individual stations in the proper order to your request of question 4. Assume that LE and LB are not in wire communication with BZ but that LD is; LC has just developed transmitter trouble and is unable to reply by radio. Indicate the occurrence and the duration of any extended pauses.
40. Operation exercise.—a. Directions to the student .—The net consists of three stations, LA, LB, and LC. The collective call sign which includes all three stations of the net is ABC. For simplicity any repeated group may be recorded once with a superscript to indicate the number of times the group was actually transmitted. Thus
LA LA LA V LB LB LB A~R
may be recorded as
LA3 v LB3 Yr
Execute the following communications in the order listed, recording every transmission (including .your own) directly on the log sheet.
b. Exercises.—(1) Station LA will call up station LB and ask if LB has any messages for LA.
(2)	Station LB will answer station LA, and state that he has no messages for LA.
30
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THE RADIO OPERATOR
(3)	Station LA will call up station LC and ask if LC has any messages for LA.
(4)	Station LC will answer station LA and state that he has no messages for LA.
(5)	Station LA will call up stations LB and LC using a multiple call-up and ask if they are in wire communication with station BA.
(6)	Stations LB and LC will answer in the proper order, LB answering in the affirmative, LC in the negative.
Request the instructor to check the log at this point before continuing
(7)	LB will call up LC and ask if LC has any messages for LB.
(8)	LC will answer LB and state that he has no messages for LB.
(9)	LB will call up LA and ask if LA has any messages for LB.
(10)	LA will answer LB and state that he has no messages for LB.
(11)	LB will call up LC and LA using the collective call sign assigned to the net and ask them if they are in radio communication with FG.
(12)	LC and LA will answer in the proper order, LC answering in the affirmative, LA in the negative.
Request the instructor to check the log at this point before continuing
(13)	LC	will	call up LA	and	ask if LA has any messages for LC.
(14)	LA	will	answer LC	and	state that he has no messages for LC.
(15)	LC	will	call up LB	and	ask if LB has any messages for LC.
(16)	LB	will	answer LC	and	state that he has no messages for LC.
(17)	LC will call up LA and LB using the net call and ask if LA and LB are in communication with FG.
(18)	LA and LB will answer in the proper order, LA stating that he is not in communication with FG, and LB stating that he is in communication with FG by wire.
Section VI
RADIOTELEGRAPH PROCEDURE LESSON II, READABILITY, THE STATION LOG
Readability_____________________
Signal and interference strengths
Test signals __
The station log
Time notations__________________
Procedure signs
Procedure signals
Questions for self-review_______
Operation exercise______________
Paragraph 41
___ 42 ___ 43 ___ 44 ___ 45 ___ 46 ___ 47 ___ 48 ___ 49
31
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41	SIGNAL CORPS
41. Readability.—a. Readability scale.—It is of interest to a transmitting operator to know the “readability” of his signal at the receiving station. By “readability” is meant an estimate of the ease with which the receiving operator can make intelligent copy. This estimate depends partly upon the relative strength of the desired versus the undesired (interference, static, inherent receiver noise, etc.) signal and partly upon the capabilities of the receiving operator. A numerical scale of readability has been adopted as follows:
(1)	Unreadable.
(2)	Poor but readable; make plain language messages through twice, code unreadable.
(3)	Fair; readable; plain language once slowly, make code messages through twice.
(4)	Good; readable; plain language or code once.
(5)	Perfectly readable.
b.	Request for readability.—An operator may request a readability report by the use of the procedure signal ZSG. Thus:
LA V LB ZSG AR
LB might reply:
LB V LA ZSB4 A~R (Readability 4)
Since ZSG means “What is my readability?”, it is not necessary for LA to fill in the first blank in the meaning of ZSB, “I can receive ------ Readability-------”, as this would merely be a repetition of LB’s own call. This is an exception to the rule that all blanks in Z signals not in parentheses be filled. However, note the full use of ZSB in case LB asks LA about a third station, LC.
LA V LB ZSA LC AR
LA would then answer
LB V LA ZSB LC 4 A~R
c.	Exchange of readabilities. Operators may exchange readability reports without mutual request on first establishing communication with each other. Suppose station LA has heard station LB transmitting to station LC. LA, noting that LB’s signal is perfectly readable, transmits a report of this readability on his initial call-up of station LB.
LB V LA ZSB5 AR
The AR with which LA concludes his transmission indicates that he expects a readability report from LB. LB then replies:
LA V LB ZSB4 AR
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THE RADIO OPERATOR
d.	Change of readability. In. the event of any change of readability later in the day, a readability report so indicating is promptly transmitted. Thus, suppose that while LB is informing LA that he has a message for LA, an interfering station causes LB’s readability at LA to drop from 4 to 3. LA might send:
LB V LA ZSB3 K
LB would comply by transmitting all coded groups twice and all plain language once slowly, continuing in this manner until advised by LA of any further change in readability.
e.	Change of readability due to frequency shift.—In the event of a readability drop caused by some drift or accidental shift in a. transmitter’s frequency, the procedure for correcting the frequency to obtain better readability is illustrated in the following:
LA V LB ZFO AR (Your frequency is too high.)
or
LA V LB ZFO 15 AR (Your frequency is 15 kilocycles too high.) Station LA adjusts his transmitter to restore his frequency to the proper value and then asks:
LB V LA ZFM AR (How does my frequency check?)
To which LB might reply:
LA V LB ZFN ZSB4 AR (Your frequency is correct. Readability good.)
42.	Signal and interference strengths. —Strength of signals and of interference may be expressed by the use of procedure signs S and W, respectively, together with an appropriate numeral according to the following scale:
Very weak; hardly audible_________________________________ 1
Moderately wcak._„______________________________________   2
Medium strong_____________________________________________ 3
Moderately strong_________________________________________ 4
Strong _________________________________________________   5
LB might report to LA:
LA V LB ZSB4 W3 FG A/R
meaning “readability good; medium strong interference from station FG.”
43.	Test signals. —If one station has difficulty tuning in another’s signals, the first station may request, by the use of the procedure
449750°—42---3
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43-44
SIGNAL CORPS
signal ZFD, that the second station send a series of V’s (the standard test signal):
LA V LB ZFD Tr
LB V LA V V V_____________V V AR
LA V LB ZSB5 AR
Or if LB wished to tune in LA on a different frequency, say 4210 kilocycles, LB might request:
LA V LB ZFD 4210 AR
(Numerals, not words, are used to indicate frequencies and frequency deviations in procedure signals.)
44.	The station log.—a. Log material.—The station log is the radio operator’s diary. A reasonable rule to follow in selecting material to be entered in the log is to enter sufficient information to enable a replacement operator to carry on at any point merely by reference to the log. In case of doubt as to whether or not an item is important enough to record, it is generally well to record it. What appears to be inconsequential at one time may develop to be of genuine importance later. However, the keeping of the log must not delay the handling of traffic. The log always includes, among other things, such data as—
(1)	Names of operators on duty.
(2)	Times of opening and closing of station.
(3)	Causes of delays in traffic.
(4)	Frequency adjustments and changes.
(5)	Unusual occurences, such as procedure violations.
b.	Recording.—Log items are a matter of semipermanent record. Items are entered in the log immediately following the occurence of the incidents being reported, or as soon thereafter as the traffic situation permits. Entries are not erased. Any necessary changes arc made by drawing a line through the original statement and indicating the changed version alongside or nearby.
c.	Student log.—During the initial instruction phase and until advised to the contrary by the instructor, the student will enter the five minimum essentials listed in a above and will continue to record in the log every transmission in the net with the single exception that a transmitted message may be indicated in the log by a notation “Sent msg” or “Repeated msg”, instead of including the entire transmitted message in the log. The original copy of the message on the message blank delivered to the operator from the (simulated) message center will be considered adequate record of a transmitted message. However, any received message, regardless of whether it
34
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THE RADIO OPERATOR	44-46
corresponds to an original transmission or to a repeat, is copied completely in the log.
d.	Log for trained operator.—The amount of detail to be entered in the log may vary with the state of training of the student. As training progresses to a point where the student is able to handle traffic without close supervision, the entries in the log may be reduced to simply the five minimum essentials listed in a above. A typical log for an experienced operator is shown in figure 10.
e.	Personal sign.—In the column marked “operator” in the log shown in figure 10, each letter designates an operator and is known as that operator’s “personal sign”. Each operator at a station has a distinguishing personal sign of one or two letters (not necessarily his initials) with which to identify himself in the station records. This personal sign is never transmitted.
45.	Time notations.—a. In Army radio operations, time notations in logs and elsewhere are in the usual 12-hour system, the new day starting at midnight. Except for midnight and noon, which are spelled out MIDNIGHT and NOON respectively, time groups are always designated by numerals. 600A is used to indicate 6:00 A. M., 512P for 5:12 P. M. ZCC 733P means, “Call me again at 7:33 P. M.”
b. In joint Army and Navy communications, time is expressed in the 24-hour clock system and is transmitted as a group of four figures. The first two digits represent the hours from midnight and the last two the minutes past the hour. Thus, 6:00 A. M. in the ordinary 12-hour system becomes 0600; 7:43 P. M. is 1943.
46.	Procedure signs.—a. R: “Receipt.”—R is used to mean “receipt” of a preceding transmission, particularly one ending in K. For example, LA, having just received a message from LB, transmits:
LB V LA R
As a simple acknowledgment of receipt, R may be used alone, as above. However, the terminating sign K may be necessary, as in b below. R may also be followed by VA, when, for instance, a receiving station acknowledges receipt of instructions from the net control station to close down station. Example:
LA V LB ZWA K
LB V LA R V A
b.	B: “More to follow.”—B is used to terminate a transmission when the transmitting operator wishes to indicate that there is more to follow.
LA V LB -------------(message) B
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TM 11-454
46	SIGNAL CORPS
When B is used along this way, the receiving operator knows that he must prepare another message form, and the transmitting operator pauses for a second or two to allow the necessary time.
If station LB desires a receipt for the first message before proceeding with the next one, he should send:
LA V LB _____________(message) B K (more to follow; receipt for this
one first)
If he received the message properly, and is ready for the next one, LA should transmit:
LB V LA R K (message received; go ahead with next one)
c.	Suppose that LA has transmitted a message to LB, and during the sending LB’s transmitter breaks down. On next contacting LB, LA might ask:
LB V LA R IMI
meaning “Did you receive my last message?” to which, if LB had received the message, LB would reply:
LA V LB R
d.	N: “Not received.”—If in c above, LB had not received the message, LB would reply:
LA V LB N K (Not received; go ahead)
e.	AS: “Wait.”—AS is used to mean, “Wait, and stand by for further communication.” Example:
LA V LB AR
LA may require a few seconds perhaps to locate a fresh message form or possibly to replace a lead in a pencil. LA sends:
LB V LA A~S
LB does not answer but stands by tuned in to LA awaiting further instructions by LA. The procedure sign AS is transmitted once every 30 seconds until LA is ready for LB to transmit. LA then sends:
K
and LB proceeds.
/. IMI: “Repeat. Question mark.”—To request repetition of doubtful or missed parts of a message, study the examples in paragraph 68.
36
TM 11-454
46
THE RADIO OPERATOR
IMI may be used to request verification of doubtful reception, without necessarily asking for repetition. For example, station LA questions his reception from LB of the word HANSE after LAROW:
LB V LA LAROW HANSE IMI
If this is correct, the reply is:
LA V LB C
tMI is especially useful as a means of enabling a procedure signal to be read as a question in case the desired question is not listed; IMI is simply placed after the signal whose meaning is to be changed to the interrogative sense. Care must be taken that the signal so constructed will not be interpreted wrongly at the receiving station. Likewise, the procedure signal ZZB may be put in front of another procedure signal to give it a negative meaning. The following examples show some of the possibilities:
“I have been calling you on 2980 kc.”—ZCE 2980
“Have you been calling me on 2980 kc.?”—ZCE 2980 IMI
“I have not been calling you on 2980 kc.”—ZZB ZCE 2980
“Make preliminary call-up before transmitting traffic.”—ZCL
“Shall I make preliminary call-up before transmitting traffic?”— ZCL IMI
“Do not make preliminary call-up before transmitting traffic.”— ZZB ZCL
g. XE: Separator sign.—Just as punctuation marks are used to set off portions of a sentence for clarity, so the separator sign, XE, may be used to “punctuate” and clarify a transmission. The transmission illustrated in paragraph 42 might better have been:
LB V LA ZSB4 XE' W3 F G AR
h. List of procedure signs.—Those procedure signs which are introduced in this lesson are tabulated below for convenience in reference and study.
Procedure sign:	Meaning
A S--------------------------------- Wait.
B----------------------------------- More to follow.
IMI---------------------------------Repeat. Question mark.
N-----------------------------------Not received. Negative. Exempted.
R----------------------------------- Receipt. Routine.
S----------------------------------- Signal strength.
W ----------------------------------Interference.
XE---------------------------------- Slant (/) or separator.
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SIGNAL CORPS
47. Procedure signals.—The following procedure signals with their meanings should be memorized:
Classification	Procedure signal	Meaning
C: Calling; communication.	ZCC	Call me again at —	— (on	kc.).
F: Frequency; frequency adjustments.	ZFD Z FM Z F N Z F O Z F P	Send V’s on this frequency (or	 kc.). How does my frequency check? Your frequency is correct. Your frequency is too high (or is	kc. too high). Your frequency is too low (or is	 kc. too low).
0: Operating	 S: Signals;readability—	Z O A Z S B ZSF ZSG	Send at speed of	 words per minute. I can receive	. Readability —	. What is my signal strength? What is my readability?
48. Questions for self-review.—a. A received signal is quite loud. However, on account of the presence of temporary unavoidable, disturbances near the radio station, intelligent copy is impossible unless the transmitting operator sends plain language once slowly and code twice. What is the correct readability signal to describe these conditions?
b.	What is the proper readability report to designate that the received signal, although discernible, is not good anough to permit copying plain language even if each group is sent twice?
c.	In adjusting your transmitter for optimum output, which would you request of the receiving operator, ZSG or ZSF? Why?
d.	In the ordinary exchange of traffic, which is of the most importance, readability or signal strength? Why?
e.	How would you inform another station that its frequency is ten kilocycles too low?
/. Name the five items required to be entered in every station log.
g. Criticize the following transmissions:
(1)	ZCC NINE A
(2)	ZCC 900 AM
(3)	ZCC 1200 P
(4)	LA V LB V V A
49.	Operation exercise.—a. First exercise.—Directions to the student: The net consists of three stations, LA, LB, and LC. The net call sign is ABC. Execute the following communications.
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THE RADIO OPERATOR
(1)	Station LA will ask the other stations of the net (collectively) for a report on the signal strength and readability of station LA.
(2)	Stations LB and LC will answer in proper turn. LB will inform LC that his signals are moderately strong but that his readability is poor. LC will inform LA that his signals are moderately weak but perfectly readable.
(3)	LB will request a report on his frequency by LA,
(4)	LA will inform LB that his frequency in ten kilocycles too low.
(5)	LB will simulate adjustment of transmitter to correct the frequency and ask LA to check the frequency again.
(6)	LA will inform LB that his frequency is now correct, readability good.
(7)	LA will direct LC to send a series of V’s.
(8)	LC will comply.
(9)	LA will inform LC that his frequency is five kilocycles too high.
(10)	LC will simulate transmitter adjustment and request frequency check from LA.
(11)	LA will inform LC that his frequency is now correct, readability excellent.
(12)	LC will inform LA that he has two messages for LA.
(13)	LA will request LC to repeat his last transmission.
(14)	LC will comply.
(15)	LA will direct LC to send the messages.
(16)	LC will ask LA if he (LC) should send at a speed of ten words per minute.
(17)	LA will tell LC: “Yes.”
(18)	LA will ask LB is he is in radio communication with FG.
(19)	LB will tell LA to wait.
(20)	LB will call FG. (No reply from FG.)
(21)	LB will call FG again. (No reply from FG.)
(22)	LB will inform LA that LB is not in radio communication with FG.
(23)	Using the net call-up LA will direct LB and LC to call LA again at 8:30 P.M. on 3900 kilocycles.
(24)	LB and LC will acknowledge LA’s order.
b.	Subsequent exercises.—The instructor will check the logs at this point. After the instructor has done so, the operator originally at station LA will take over station LB, the operator at station LB proceeding to LC and the one at LC going to LA. With this new arrangement of operators, repeat the communications listed in a(l) through (24) above.
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TM 11-454
50
SIGNAL CORPS
Section VII
RADIOTELEGRAPH PROCEDURE LESSON III, TACTICAL RADIO NETS
Paragraph
Organization of tactical radio	nets_________________________________________ 50
Establishing a net__________________________________________________________ 51
Leaving the net; internet traffic___________________________________________ 52
Directed net________________________________________________________________ 53
Silence restriction_______________________________________________________   54
Closing the net_____________________________________________________________ 55
Procedure signals___________________________________________________________ 56
Questions for self-review___________________________________________________ 57
Operation exercise__________________________________________________________ 58
50.	Organization of tactical radio nets.-—Field radio stations are grouped into separate nets of a few stations each. All operations
normally are confined to communications within the individual nets. For purposes of administration, one station, generally the one which is located at the highest headquarters, is appointed net control station (NCS) with authority to direct the net in the control of radio communication. All other stations of the net are referred to as secondary stations. A scheme of tactical radio nets showing net control stations and the normal traffic channels is shown in figure 12. The two stations with the same call sign, LA, are two distinct stations located at the same headquarters. One operates in the net SX on the frequency
40
TM 11-454
50-51
THE RADIO OPERATOR
assigned to the net SX, and the other operates in the net VW on that net’s frequency. The two stations are far enough apart, both in frequency separation and in physical distance, so as not to interfere with each other; and yet they are located close enough together to be cooperative in that each can serve as a relay station for internet traffic.
51.	Establishing a net.—a. UN, LA, DM, and VK are stations in net SX (figure 12). The net is about to go into operation in a tactical situation. The operators are informed of their call signs and their frequency and of the time when complete communication within the net is expected. They know that UN is to be the NCS. This information, together with other pertinent instructions, appears in signal operation instructions issued to the units concerned.
b. LA, on completing the installation of his station, listens on the assigned net frequency. Hearing nothing, LA calls:
SX V LA ZGQ O
LA repeats the call-up once shortly afterward, and again at intervals as prescribed in paragraph 29c:
SX V LA ZGQ AR
SX SX SX V LA LA LA ZGQ Xr
At this point UN has just completed his installation, and, listening on the assigned net frequency, hears LA’s call-up. UN answers:
LA V UN Z S B 4 ZGQ U X R
U means “I am the NCS.” And the complete transmission implies “Give me a readability report.” LA answers:
UN V LA ZSB5 Xr?
During the above intercommunication DM, completing his installation and listening on the assigned net frequency, overhears UN and LA working together. He waits for them to complete their transmissions and then calls:
UN V DM ZSB4 ZGQ ?Xr?
UN replies, presuming DM’s frequency to be too high:
DM V UN Z F O ?Xr?
DM makes the necessary adjustments and transmits:
UN V DM ZFM ?Xr
UN replies:
DM V UN ZFN ZSB4 ZWG LA U K
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TM 11-454
51	SIGNAL CORPS
ZWG means: “The following stations (in addition to UN and DM) are in the net: LA.” UN concludes with K because he wants a receipt for the transmitted information. DM complies:
UN V DM R
DM now calls LA to exchange readabilities.
LA V DM Z S B 5 AR
DM V LA Z S B4 AR
VK, completing his installation several minutes later, listens on the assigned frequency but hears no signals being transmitted at the time. He calls:
SX V VK ZGQ A/R
UN answers, assuming VK’s frequency to be low:
VK V UN Z F P A~R
VK adjusts his transmitter and continues:
UN V VK Z FM AJR
UN replies:
VK V UN ZFN ZSB5 ZWG LA DM IT ZSG AUR
VK answers:
UN V VK Z S B4 AR
VK, now knowing that LA and DM also are in the not, calls these stations to exchange readabilities:
L A	V	VK	A R	
VK	V	L A	Z S B4	A R
L A	V	VK	Z S B3	A R
DM	V	VK	A R	
VK	V	DM	Z S B 5	A R
DM	V	VK	Z S B5	AR
It is to be noted that UN has caused LA, DM, and VK to adjust their transmitters until all three stations came in at the same tuner dial setting on UN’s receiver. Now in order to insure that his (UN’s) signals come in at the same place as the other stations’ signals on any of the other receivers, UN calls up one station, say LA, and requests:
LA V UN Z FM ar
LA checks his receiver dial setting against the position where he receives DM and VK, and, presuming that UN’s indicated frequency is high, advises UN accordingly:
UN V LA Z F O AR
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TM 11-454
THE RADIO OPERATOR	51-52
UN adjusts his transmitter to conform and sends:
LA V UN ZFM AR
LA replies:
UN V LA ZFN ZSB4 AR
The four stations are now in communication with each other and are ready to exchange traffic.
c. In establishing the net, in case the regular NCS is late in reporting in, the first station entering the net acts as NCS and so informs the other stations by means of the procedure signal ZGD. The use U is confined to the regularly appointed NCS.
52. Leaving the net; internet traffic.—a. Whenever the NCS withdraws from the net, he appoints a substitute to act in his absence: LA V UN ZGB THIRTY MIN ZGR K (Take over NCS duties for 30 minutes. I am leaving the net.)
or
LA V UN ZGB THIRTY MIN ZGR LB 3890 K (lake over NCS duties for 30 minutes. I am leaving to communicate with LB on 3890 kilocyles.)
LA acknowledges:
UN V LA R V A
A secondary station which wishes to leave the net to transmit a message to a station in another net must first report to the NCS of its own net, indicating the station with which it intends to communicate. Thus:
UN V VK ZGR PX AR
Further, any station calling a station in another net must report in to the NCS of the net being entered, and then finally report out again at the conclusion of the transaction of the internet traffic:
MD V VK ZGQ ZMA ONE PX A~R
VK	V	MD	K
PX	V	VK	AR
VK	V	PX	ZSB4	K
PX	V	VK	Z S B 4 X E —	(message) 			 K
VK	V	PX	R V A		
MD	V	VK	Z GR AR		
VK reenters his own net just as he did upon initially entering the net. He exchanges readabilities with all other stations in the net and adjusts his frequency in accordance with UN’s directions.
b. In the case of VK having traffic for OA (see fig. 12), this could be handled in a fashion similar to that in a above, or, if desired, VK could here make use of the relay services of LA.
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TM 11-454
52-54
SIGNAL CORPS
c. The only exception permitted to the procedure described in a and b above for the exchange of internet traffic is in the handling of urgent messages. These are dispatched in any expedient manner, through direct call-up if practicable, to insure the fastest transmission possible.
53.	Directed net.—If operation of the net is not progressing smoothly, as, for instance, if two stations are monopolizing the net frequency by continued transmissions, preventing the flow of other traffic in the net, the NCS may exercise close control by ordering a directed net:
SX V TIN ZGT ONE Z MW K
The K indicates that UN wants a receipt of the directed-net order, as well as a report of the traffic on hand. The secondary stations answer:
UN V DM R ZMA ZERO Tr
UN V LA R ZMA TWO DM X E ONE VK AR (Two routine messages for DM; one routine for VK)
UN V VK R ZMA THREE LA A?R
UN directs:
LA V UN K (Send all traffic which you reported)
As long as the net is directed, each station reports to the NCS as it acquires new traffic to transmit and then awaits direction from the NCS before proceeding, except that immediately upon receipt of an urgent message from his message center, the operator will break in on any transmission, except the transmission of another urgent message, and clear the urgent traffic directly to the station of destination without preliminary permission of the NCS. To restore the net to free operation the NCS transmits:
SX V UN ZGT TWO K
This is receipted for in the regular order by the secondary stations.
54.	Silence restriction.—As a control measure, or for other reasons, the NCS may silence an individual station of the net (or the whole net) by addressing the silence procedure sign, sent five times to that station (or to the whole net):
DM V UN HM HM HM HM HM A~R
HM transmitted five times and followed by^a procedure sign designating a class of traffic means: “Cease all transmission except for class of traffic indicated.”
DM V UN HM HM HM HM Il5f O A/R
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THE RADIO OPERATOR
UO transmitted five times means: “Silence restriction removed.” Neither HM nor UO is ever receipted for.
55.	Closing the net.—The NCS orders the closing of the net by use of the procedure signal ZWA:
SX V UN ZWA K
The use of K indicates that UN wants the net stations to receipt for the instructions to close the net.
The secondary stations receipt in order:
UN	V	DM	R	VA
UN	V	LA	R	VA
UN	V	VK	R	VA
56.	Procedure signals.—The following procedure signals with their meanings should be memorized.
Classification	Procedure signal	Meaning
G: Net control	 T: Time and transmissions. W: Stations		Z GB Z G C Z GD ZGQ Z GR Z G T Z T J ZWA Z WG	Take over radio guard or net control for (until	). Are you (or is	) radio guard or net control station for 		 (on —	kc.). (In the second blank indicate either net call sign or station call sign.) I am (or	is) radio guard or net con- trol station for	 (on	 kc.). Station reports into net. Station leaves net temporarily (or for —	 hours) (to communicate with 	■) (will be on	kc.). Net is	(1. Directed; 2. Free). Transmit only urgent or priority messages. Close or secure (or direct	to close or secure) your (his) station or watch (on kc.). Following stations are keeping watch on kc. (or are in net).
57.	Questions for self-review.—Refer to figure 12 in conjunction with these questions.
a. PX is the first station to be set up in the netH O, M Dis the second, and FY is the last. Indicate all transmissions in order of occurence in establishing the net. Presume all signals ZSB4 and frequencies correct.
h. Repeat the above for the case of FY’s frequency being high, the others being correct.
45
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SIGNAL CORPS
c.	What station acts as NCS until the NCS reports into the net?
d.	HY wishes to leave his net to communicate with VK. Show all transmissions in order of occurrence involved in HY’s exchange of traffic with VK and ultimate return to the original net.
e.	What information does each station furnish the NCS in compliance with an order from the NCS for a directed net?
58.	Operation exercise.—a. First exercise.—The net consists of three stations, FY, PX, and MD, with net call sign HO. MD is the NCS. Proper acknowledgment will be made for all transmissions whenever appropriate in the operations below. Readabilities will be exchanged and frequencies adjusted as necessary each time a new station enters the net.
(1)	The NCS will open a free net.
(2)	Secondary stations will report into the net in order of call signs.
(3)	PX will report out of the net to transmit a message to OA.
(4)	The NCS will report out of the net temporarily.
(5)	PX will report back into the net.
(6)	The NCS will return to the net.
(7)	The NCS will order a directed net.
(8)	The NCS will impose the silence restriction upon PX.
(9)	The NCS will close the net.
b. Subsequent exercises.—The instructor will check the logs at this point. After the logs have been checked, repeat operations o not transmit. Do not answer.
I X------------------------------- Execute to follow.
J--------------------------------- Verify and repeat.
Y - ------------------------------ Acknowledge.
I X 5-second dash_________________ Execute.
b. Procedure signals.
eaniTlQ
M: Messages------------ Z MX Check the message or portion thereof
indicated with your message center (communication office) and transmit correct version.
77.	Questions for self-review, a. How does a transmitting operator indicate to the receiving operator that the writer of a message desires a personal acknowledgment from the addressee?
b.	If at 7:25 A. M. the addressee acknowledges an abbreviated form message BC2 711 A, show the message of acknowledgment which is actually transmitted.
c.	What procedure signal is used to request a check with the message center of origin?
d.	Show the transmission sent to the station of origin from BC2 to obtain the wiiter s verification on an abbreviated form message BC1 515A.
e.	Show the transmission from the station of origin to BC2 to indicate that the writer of an abbreviated form message BC1 329A verifies the group after HIHO as DANY.
/. EF has sent the following message to BC:
BC V EF BT ADVANCE TO CONEWAGO 102A K
A few minutes later EF’s-message center discovers that the word TO in the above message should have been ON and directs EF to’ correct the message. Show EF’s transmission to BC.
g.	How is an F message terminated? Why?
h.	What is the principal advantage of the intercept method over the F method for transmission to a silent station? Give one advantage of the F method over the intercept method.
i.	How is the following transmission interpreted;
LA V LB Tx BT FIRE MIDNIGHT K
j.	Do stations report into the net anew in the event of a change of call signs during net operation?
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SIGNAL CORPS
78. Operation exercise.—Radio stations in this exercise are those of the 4th Infantry and of the 1st, 2d, and 3d Battalions, 4th Infantry. The 2d Battalion station is a silent station. Student operators assigned to these units will refer to the signal operation instructions shown in FM 24-5 for their call signs. Consider the date as December 1, 1938. (If FM 24-5 is not available, the instructor will supply each student with some form of signal operation instructions.) The instructor will prescribe the traffic to be handled and will order checks, verifications, acknowledgments, and corrections as desired. Messages of execution will be included.
Section X
RADIOTELEGRAPH PROCEDURE LESSON VI, THE NORMAL FORM MESSAGE
Paragraph
Variation from abbreviated form___________________________________________ 79
Form of the message_______________________________________________________ 80
Group count_______________________________________________________________ 81
Station-to-station serial number__________________________________________ 82
Operator’s number sheet____________________________________________________83
Traffic check_____________________________________________________________ 84
Transmissions relating to traffic handling________________________________ 85
Procedure signs and procedure signals_____________________________________ 86
Questions for self-review____________________________________________ — 87
Operation exercise________________________________________________________ 88
79. Variation from abbreviated form.—a. General.—The normal form message differs from the abbreviated form message principally in that the former includes the additional features of a text group count (total number of groups in the text), a station-to-station serial number, and a date in the heading. A further distinction is in the classifications of the messages. Abbreviated form messages are classified simply as either urgent (O) or routine, whereas normal form messages are divided into four groups: urgent (O), priority (P), routine, and deferred (D), in descending order of precedence. Handling of the two forms of messages, differs in certain details. These differences are illustrated in this lesson.
b. Precedence of handling.—(1) Urgent messages (O) are transmitted immediately upon receipt except when communication involving another urgent message is being carried on. Thus, the transmission of a deferred, routine, or priority message is interrupted for the transmission of an urgent message.
GO
TM 11-454
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THE RADIO OPERATOR
(2)	Priority messages (P) are sent in the order received hut before such routine or deferred messages as may be waiting to be sent. The transmission of a message usually is not interrupted to send a priority message.
(3)	Routine messages are sent in the order received but before such deferred messages as may be waiting to be sent. The transmission of a deferred message is not interrupted to send a routine message.
(4)	The deferred classification (D) is used for those messages whose delivery to an addressee may be delayed until the beginning of office hours on the morning following the day on which they are filed. Although deferred messages are sent ordinarily after routine messages, they must be delivered by the beginning of office hours, which means that under some circumstances they must be sent ahead of routine messages. However, no deferred message is sent ahead of a priority message.
61
80. Form of the message.—A specimen normal form message with the various components noted is illustrated below: '	Station-to-station	Retransmission	Special operating
Call	serial number	instructions	instructions
Heading( E 02 V B C3	NR2	T A K 1 V B C 3	GY
Classification	Group count	Date	Break
P	GR10	FIFTH B T
Writer’s	Code	Time Terminating
serial number identification	of origin sLn
NR?6 D f71 T 1 ALPX DGRY QWRC HJVJ KLGY HYTR DJYR 818A K
Text
If the same text were included in a routine message sent direct to AK1 from BC3 with no special operating instructions, the message would appear:
Station-to-station
Call	serial number Group count Date	Break
A KI V B C 3	NR2	GR10 FIFTH B T
Heading
Writer’s	Code	Time
serial number identification	of origin Terminating
N1R6 D f7? T 1 ALPX DGRY QWRC HJVJ KLGY HYTR DJYR 818A sign
Text	K
TM 11-454
80	SIGNAL CORPS
62
TM 11-454
81-82
THE RADIO OPERATOR
81. Group count.—Any connected group of transmitted characters in the text is counted as one group, each operator being careful to preserve the manner of separating groups as they are originally written. Thus if an originator of a message chooses to write TWENTY ONE (two words), this expression should reach the addressee as TWENTY ONE (two words) and not as TWENTYONE (one word) Obviously, considerable care must be exercised in both transmission and reception to maintain the separations between groups as they properly occur. Examples:
Group:	Counted as—
DG8F------------------------------ One word
DG 8F----------------------------- Two words
630A------------------------------ One word
NR14------------------------------ One word
NEWYORK___________________________ One word
NEW YORK-------------------------- Two words
Thirty-first is (THIRTY FIRST_________________Two words
sent either	ITHIRTYFIRST____________________ One word
82. Station-to-station serial number.—The station-to-station serial number is the normal form message identification. EO2 V BC3 NR2 in the heading of the message of paragraph 80 means “message number 2 from BC3 to EO2.” BC3 assigns a number 1 to the first message of the radio day which this station transmits to EO2, a number 2 to the second message it transmits to EO2, etc. Further, BC3 assigns a number 1 to the first message of the radio day which it transmits to AK1, a number 2 to the second message it transmits to AK1, etc. With the number and the station to which the message is sent, BC3 uniquely identifies each message it transmits. In a similar manner in its records of received messages, BC3 identifies each message it receives as the third for the radio day from EO2 or the fifth from BC1, etc. If it is desired to send the same message to two or more stations simultaneously, a separate station-to-station serial number is included in the heading for each individual station in the following manner:
O R 2 CB2 V AB3 XE O R 2 N R 8 XE CB2 N R 3 G R 5 FOURTEENTH BT VUBO ABYZ BCXY CDWX 807 P K
The station-to-station serial number changes as a message passes through the various links of a relay system. Each station transmitting the message assigns it a number appropriate to that station’s own records. In referring to a message of some preceding date, the date is included along with the serial number, as NR7 TWENTYFIRST.
63
TM 11-454
83
SIGNAL CORPS
83. Operator’s number sheet.—Records of messages handled are kept on the operator’s number sheet. A sample number sheet is shown in figure 14. Entries are made according to the instructions printed at the top of the number sheet. A line drawn through
W.	C.
Form 138—Revised 1939
Signal Corps, United states Army
OPERATOR’S NUMBER SHEET
Check off both sent frnd received numbers immediately and enter time and personal sign. Numbers must be exchanged nightly at closing hour. Receiving and sending operators will be held responsible for correct records of numbers.
Station . JM.S,... 6.0.3	IV..... Circuit or Net FGlGz.6TH.C.QRPSdate 10. OC.T............
NP				QE							
SENT		RECEIVED		SENT		RECEIVED		BENT		RECEIVED	
x	645A-Q	x	417 A-G	x	207A-Q	1		1		1	
I2		X	1012 A -G	2		2	J10A-Q	2		2	
k	823A - G	X	1022A-G 1034 A-G	3 4		3 4		3 4		3 4	
	1103A-G 1232 P- G		331 - G	u	JH4A-Q	5	348A-G	5		5	
X		11	1030 P-X	x	837A-G	X	NOON-G	6		6	
7				x*	855A-G		1246P-G	7		7	
8		x	1136 P-X	z	430A-G	X	212P-G	8		8	
9		I9	1150 P-X	X	300P-G	X	708 P-X	9		9	
	.445P-6	[0_		X	733P-X	X	715 P-X	0		0	
x	818P-X	1		x	1044 P-X	X	1042P-X	1		1	
2		2		2		2		2		2	
3		3		3		3		3		3	
4		4		4		4		4		4	
5				5		5		5		5	
6	_1006P-X	6		6		6		6		6	
X	U41P-X	7		7		7		7		7	
8		8		8		8		8		8	
9		9		9		9		9		9	
0		0		0		0		0		0	
2				2		2		2		2	
3		3		3		3		3		3	
4		4		4		4		4		4	
5		5						5		5	
C		6		6		6		6		6	
7		7		7		7		7		7	
8		8		8		8		8		8	
9		9		9		9		9		9	
0		0		0		0		0		0	
2		2		2		2		2		2	
3		3		3		3		3		3	
4		4		4		4		4		4	
5		5		5		5		5		5	
6		6		6		6		6		6	
7		7		7				7		7	
8		8		8		8		8		8	
9		9		9		9		9		9	
0		0		0		0		0		0	
2		2		2		2		2		2	
3		3		3		3		3		3	
4		4		4		4		4		4	
5		5		5		5		5		5	
6		6		6		0		C		6	
7		7		7		7		7		7	
8		8		8		8		8		8	
9		9		9		9		9		9	
0		0		0		0		0		0	
Figure 14.—Sample of operator’s number sheet.
0
TL-2168
64
TM 11-454
83-84
THE RADIO OPERATOR
several numbers indicates a group of messages sent in a string. The operator’s servicing time for the string is that shown opposite the last number of the series. If it develops that through some oversight one number has been omitted in the numbering of messages to or from a particular station, for example, if five consecutively transmitted messageshad carried the numbers 1,2, 3, 5, 6, respectively, the operator detecting the error enters the notation BLANK, plus his personal sign in the space on the number sheet corresponding to this missing number and notifies the other station concerned to do the same. If two messages are through error assigned the same serial number, the number bearing the latest filing time is assigned the next half number above. For example, if two messages have been given the number 8, the message with the more recent filing time is given the number 8%. The other station concerned is notified to do the same.
84. Traffic check.—At the end of the radio day or just prior to the closing of the net, each station checks traffic with each other station in the net. The use of the procedure sign ZN1 facilitates the traffic check. ZNI means: “Prior to closing station records, last message transmitted to you (or to--—-) was message number-----;
last message received from you (or from him) was message number ——-—.” The NCS first checks traffic with the secondary station Using the net call sign, FGG, the NCS (NP) transmits:
FGG V NP ZNI XE MS TWO XE FIVE xF QE ZERO X E ZERO X"E R J SIX xTT ZERO AR
This indicates that the last message NP has sent to MS is NR2, the last received from MS, NR5; NP has handled no traffic with QE; and his last message sent to RJ was NR6, with none received from RJ. Presuming their records are in agreement, the secondary stations reply:
N P V MS C
N P V QE C
N P V R J C
If, however, QE’s number sheet shows one message received by QE from NP and none transmitted by QE to NP, QE would so state:
NP V QE ZNI ZERO x“E ONE a)R
If, on rechecking, NP observes that this is correct, he transmits to QE:
QE V NP C
Otherwise the two stations make an effort to rectify the error by using any of a series of procedure signals, ZNA to ZNI, provided for this purpose. After the NCS has completed his traffic check with all
449750° -42-
65
TM 11-454
84-85	SIGNAL CORPS
secondary stations, the next station in alphabetical or numerical order of call signs will check traffic with the remaining stations, etc., until every station in the net has checked traffic with every other station in the net.
85. Transmissions relating to traffic handling.—a. Deviations from abbreviated form message procedure.—Repetitions, verifications, acknowledgments, and other transmissions relating to the signal system are handled in the same manner for normal form messages as for abbreviated form messages with the one principal difference that normal form messages are referred to by serial number (and date if necessary) whereas abbreviated form messages are referred to by station of origin and time of origin. As an example of normal form identification practice consider the verification request:
EF5 V CD3 J NR3 K
This transmission means: “Secure verification of EF5’s message number 3 to CD3.” The acknowledgment message m answer to the above verification request is a further example:
CD3 V EF5 NR3 GR2 SEVENTH B"T NR10 620P K
In the case of a normal form message which has passed through relay channels and has suffered the accompanying serial number changes, it may be advisable in the interest of clarity to discard the usual normal form identification by number and to refer to the message by station of origin and time of origin (as is done with abbreviated form messages). Thus a message which has reached the addressee through intermediate relays might be followed by an acknowledgment in which the original message is referred to in this abbreviated form manner. Example:
FG V LA NR9_________T FR V LA P GR3 THIRTYFIRST
BT FR 341A 400A K
b. Challenging the check.—-When the group count in the heading of a received message is in disagreement with the number of groups in the text as counted by the receiving operator, the receiving operator challenges the check before receipting for the message. Assume that RX has transmitted the following to LC:
LC V RX NR3 D GR 13 TWENTYSEVENTH B~T NR15
WXKZ RNTZ LOPY QRKS TNTUXART NQRK WFTS RXZY DOGY 620P K
LC copies the message, counts the number of text groups, and finds that the group count shoidd be GR12 instead of GR13. LC transmits:
RX V LC GR12 IMI (Isn’t GR12 correct?)
66
TM 11-454
85
THE RADIO OPERATOR
RX on recounting finds that LC is correct and replies:
L C V RX C
LC receipts for the message:
RX V LC R
Assume now that RX had properly transmitted GR 12 with the above message but that LC, missing the entire group NQRK in copying, believes the group count to be GR11. LC transmits:
RX V LC G R 11 I M I
RX, recounting and finding GR12 to be correct, transmits the first letter of each text group as follows:
LC V RX GR12 XE N W_____________R L Q T X N W
R D 6 AR
LC readily observes that the second group which begins with N is missing from his copy. Possibly RX failed to transmit this group; possibly LC missed this group in copying. LC requests:
RX V LC IMI WA XART A R
RX complies:
LC V RX XART NQRK A?R
and LC receipts for the message:
RX V L C R
c. Long messages.—Long messages may be broken down into sections of fifty text groups each, the receiving station receipting for each section before the section following is transmitted. Each section except the last is terminated with B (“more to follow”) and a number indicating the last group transmitted. For example, CD transmits a long message to EF, in which the fiftieth group is WPLA and the one-hundredth group is UBLA:
EF V CD NR4 GR137 TWENTYNINTH ipT (49 groups of text) WPLA B 50 K
EF either requests repetitions as necessary or receipts for the first fifty groups correctly copied:
CDV EF R50K
CD renews transmission with the fifty-first group and continues to the one-hundredth:
E F V CD X E (next 49 groups of the text) UBLA
B 100 K
67
TM 11-454
85-86
SIGNAL CORPS
EF either requests repetitions again, if necessary, or receipts for the second fifty groups correctly copied, after which CD transmits the remainder of the message, that is, groups 101 through 137.
cl. Messages sent in strings.—Normal form messages sent in strings are acknowledged in the following manner:
TW V WG R NR3 TO 10 ACR
86.	Procedure signs and procedure signals.—a. Procedure signs.
Procedure"', sign	Meaning
D____________________________________________ Deferred.
P______________________________________________ Priority.
b. Procedure signals.
Classification	1 Procedure signal	Meaning
N: Numbers. . .	ZNA	What was station serial number of last message received from this station (or from	)?
	Z N B	Station serial number of last message received from you (or from	—•) was	.
	ZNC	What was station serial number of last message you transmitted to me (or to —-——) ?
	Z ND	Station serial number of last message transmitted to you (or to	) was ——-—.
	Z N E	Number	from 	is blank.
	Z N F	Repeat all before group 1 of message number to number	- transmitted (or transmitted by	) to straighten out con- fusion in serial numbers.
	Z N G	Two messages, reference numbers 	— and (or group counts and time of origin and 	), both received as serial number	. Designate correct serial num- ber.
	ZNH	Change serial number of message with reference numbers	(or group count and time of origin -	) to serial num- ber	.
	Z N I	1 Prior to closing station records, last message transmitted to you (or to	■) was message number	; last message from you (or
		him) was message number	.
Repeat for as many stations as necessary to complete check.
68
TM 11-454
87-88
THE RADIO OPERATOR
87.	Questions for self-review.—a. List the relative advantages of normal form and abbreviated form messages.
b.	How would an operator acknowledge receipt of messages NR1, NR2, and NR3 sent in a string?
c.	Does a relayed message retain its original station-to-station serial number?
d.	Prior to closing stations, the last message which LA has sent to LB is NR2, and the last message which LB has sent to LA is NR8. Show how LA could convey this information to LB, and also how LB could convey this information to LA.
e.	A receiving operator counts 23 groups in a message which he has just received. The transmitted heading of the message carries a group count GR22. How does the receiving operator indicate this discrepancy to the transmitting operator? If the transmitting operator on rechecking finds no error in his own group count, what action does he take?
f.	How would a message of 212 groups be subdivided for transmission? Show how each subdivision is terminated in transmission.
88.	Operation exercise.—a. Suggestions to instructor.—(1) Arrange table nets of three stations designating the stations in each net as 6th Corps, 601st Division, and 603d Division. Furnish each operator with—
(a)	Signal operation instructions in which call signs for these stations may be found.
(6)	An operator’s number sheet.
(c)	A station log blank.
(d)	Message forms.
(e)	Ten “canned” messages in the normal form as they would be furnished the operator by the unit message center. In a few of these messages insert an incorrect group count.
(2) During the actual exercise, deliberate omission of a group in some message and deliberate misnumbering of a message may be directed. This procedure will require practice on the part of the student in correcting such errors.
b. Directions to the student.— (1) Establish the net using call signs found in the signal operation instructions furnished.
(2)	Transmit the traffic with which you have been supplied.
(3)	Keep a station log and an operator’s number sheet.
(4)	Check traffic in preparation for closing the. net.
(5)	Close the net.
69
TM 11-454
89-99
SIGNAL CORPS
Section XI
RADIOTELEPHONE PROCEDURE LESSON I, GENERAL
Paragraph
General__________________________________________________________________ 89
Phonetic alphabet________________________________________________________ 90
Pronunciation of numerals__________________________._____________________ 91
Procedure signs and procedure signals_____________________________________ 92
Establishing a net________________________________________________________ 93
Separate call-ups and answers_____________________________________________ 94
Receipts and answers______________________________________________________ 95
Repetitions_______________________________________________________________ 96
Closing a net_____________________________________________________________ 97
Difficult communication_____________________________________________ . 98
Questions for self-examination____________________________________________ 99
Operation exercise, radiotelephone procedure lesson I_______________ _ 100
89.	General.—Radiotelephone communication is conducted in a manner similar to that in which radiotelegraph communication is conducted. Thus the radiotelegraph procedure previously presented is used as a background on which instruction in radiotelephone procedure is based. When it is desired to conduct instruction in radiotelephone procedure only, the material covering radiotelegraph procedure for abbreviated form message may be modified easily to adapt it to that purpose. The use of the radiotelephone for signal communication contemplates the transmission of many short messages in the abbreviated form. Rapidity and accuracy of transmission, as well as simplicity of language and procedure, are essential.
90.	Phonetic alphabet.—When transmitting individual letters and the component letters of unpronounceable groups by radiotelephone, each letter is spoken as indicated in the phonetic alphabet shown below. This alphabet is habitually used in the transmission of cryptographed texts of messages and of call signs. Thus, group XISV is transmitted as “XRAY INTER SAIL VICTOR,” and the call sign GM as “GEORGE MIKE”. However, when transmission conditions are favorable and the operators are able to recognize each other’s voices without confusion, the use of the phonetic characters for the call signs may be dropped. Under some circumstances, as in artillery airground communication, when speed of transmission is important, the entire call-up may be eliminated, once communication has been established. Words, the pronunciation of which is apt to be misunderstood, should bp spelled out. Thus BARTS is transmitted
70
TM 11-454
90-92
THE RADIO OPERATOR
“BARTS, BAKER AFIRM ROGER TARE SAIL” and not “B AS IN BAKER, A FOR AFIRM”, etc.
Letter	Spoken as	Letter	Spoken as	Letter	Spoken as
A_'		AFIRM.	J__	JIG.	S	SAIL
B		BAKER.	K		KING.	T	TARE
C		CAST.	L		LOVE.	u	UNIT
D		DOG.	M		MIKE.	V		VICTOR.
E		EASY.	N_.	NEGAT.	W	WILLIAM
F		FOX.	O		OPTION.	x	XRAY
G		GEORGE.	P		PREP.	Y	YOKE
H		HYPO.	Q		QUEEN.	Z__	ZED.
I i		INTER.	R		ROGER.		
1 In joint Army and Navy operations, “I” is “interrogatory.”
91.	Pronunciation of numerals.—a. The following pronunciation of numerals is prescribed for use in all transmissions:
Numeral	Spoken as	Numeral	Spoken as
0		ZE-RO.	5		FI-YIV.
1		WUN.	6			SIKS.
2		TOO.	7		SEV-VEN.
3		THUH-REE.	8		ATE.
4		FO-WER.	9		NI-YEN.
b. Numbers are transmitted by transmitting the separate digits of the number, except in the case of an even hundred, thousand, or million, when the word hundred, thousand, or million is used:
Number:	Spoken as—
44______________________ FO-WER FO-WER.
30______________________ THUH-REE ZE-RO.
196_____________________ WUN NI-YEN SIKS.
300_____________________ THUH-REE HUNDRED.
1572____________________ WUN FI-YIV SEV-VEN	TOO.
8000____________________ ATE THOUSAND.
12000_________+_________ WUN TOO THOUSAND.
92.	Procedure signs and procedure signals.—When procedure signs or procedure signals are used in radiotelephone communication,
71
TM 11-454
92-93
SIGNAL CORPS
either procedure words or the exact words in the meanings of procedure signs and procedure signals are spoken. Examples:
Procedure sign or signal:	Transmitted by radiotelephone as—•
A R __________ ANSWER (applies only when establishing communica-
tion) .
Ts" __________ WATT.
C ____________ THAT IS CORRECT.
EEEEEEEE ERASE ERASE ERASE.
GR ___________ GROUP COUNT.
TX ___________ EXECUTE TO FOLLOW.
IX ___________ STAND BY-EXECUTE (in artillery operations, FIRE).
J ____________ VERIFY AND REPEAT.
K ____________ GO AHEAD.
R ____________ ROGER or WILCO (see note	below).
T ____________ TRANSMIT or TRANSMIT	TO.
V ____________ (in complete call) FROM; (in	partial call) THIS IS.
Y_____________ ACKNOWLEDGE.
I M I ________ REPEAT or IS THIS CORRECT?
VA ___________ THAT IS ALL (finish of conununication).
ZMW __________ OF WHAT PRECEDENCE AND TO WHOM ARE
YOUR MESSAGES?
Note.—The word ROGER, which is the phonetic equivalent of the letter R, is used as a general signal of receipt. WILCO, which is a coined word meaning “will carry out orders” or “will comply,” is used when the operator receipts for a message which contains an order or a request which he can carry out directly. When an operator handles messages which he gives to his message center, he can properly use only ROGER in receipting for them, regardless of their contents. However, the pilot of an airplane, the commander of a tank or other vehicle, or any commander who uses radiotelephone equipment, is the direct recipient of messages containing orders or requests, and he therefore acknowledges them directly by using WILCO. Of course, if the messages contain information only, and not orders or requests requiring execution, he uses ROGER.
93.	Establishing a net.—a. UN, LA, and DM are stations in a net having the net call SX. The net is about to go into operation in a tactical situation. The operators are aware of their call signs, of the net frequency, of the time when complete communication within the net is expected, and that UN is the net control station. Under normal circumstances, the net would come into operation as follows:
SAIL XRAY FROM UNIT NEGAT ANSWER
The other stations report in:
UNIT NEGAT FROM DOG MIKE GO AHEAD UNIT NEGAT FROM LOVE AFIRM GO AHEAD
If all readabilities are satisfactory, it is not necessary to exchange reports, as it is important in all radiotelephone operation to keep net “chatter” down to a minimum. Message traffic can commence
72
TM 11—454
93
THE RADIO OPERATOR
immediately after the net is established in this quick, efficient manner. b. Suppose that station UN does not make the net call at the prescribed time, possibly because his installation is not yet complete. Station LA is ready, and, hearing nothing on the net frequency, transmits:
SAIL XRAY FROM LOVE AFTRM STATION REPORTS INTO NET ANSWER
LA may repeat the call-up as prescribed in radiotelegraph procedure. Station UN, completing his installation and listening on the assigned net frequency, hears LA’s transmission and answers:
LOVE AFIRM FROM UNIT NEGAT READABILITY GOOD STATION REPORTS INTO NET NET CONTROL STATION ANSWER
Since UN gave LA a readability report, his terminating word ANSWER implies, “Give me a readability report.” LA answers:
LOVE AFIRM READABILITY GOOD GO AHEAD
Station UN receipts for this report simply by saying UNIT NEGAT ROGER
UN then continues to listen on the net frequency for station DAT.
c. During the above intercommunication DM, completing his installation and listening on the assigned net frequency, overhears UN and LA working together. He waits for them to complete then-transmissions and then transmits:
UNIT NEGAT FROM DOG MIKE READABILITY GOOD STATION REPORTS INTO NET ANSWER
UN replies:
UNIT NEGAT
PERFECTLY READABLE
FOLLOWING STATION IS IN THE NET LOVE AFIRM NET CONTROL STATION GO AHEAD
DM complies:
DOG MIKE ROGER
DM now calls LA to exchange readabilities:
LOVE AFIRM FROM DOG MIKE READABILITY GOOD ANSWER
73
TM 11-454
93-95	SIGNAL CORPS
LA replies:
LOVE AFIRM
PERFECTLY READABLE
GO AHEAD
DM finishes:
DOG MIKE ROGER
The three stations are now in communication with each other and are ready to exchange traffic.
94.	Separate call-ups and answers.—a. The use of a separate call-up and answer prior to the transmission of a message, or of operating instructions, is unusual. Only under adverse circumstances of communication are separate call-ups authorized. Thus station JM, having a routine message for station WG, transmits without prior call-up:
WILLIAM GEORGE FROM JIG MIKE
MISSION ACCOMPLISHED
GO AHEAD
b. Under very adverse circumstances of communication, station JM may transmit:
WILLIAM GEORGE FROM JIG MIKE
ANSWER
and, after receiving GO AHEAD from station JM, WG transmits:
WILLIAM GEORGE FROM JIG MIKE MISSION ACCOMPLISHED GO AHEAD
Obviously this latter procedure introduces considerable delay and is avoided whenever possible.
95.	Receipts and answers.—a. Receipts and answers do not contain the call sign of the station which made the transmission being answered. Thus, station WG, in receipting for the message transmitted by JM in paragraph 94a, transmits:
WILLIAM GEORGE ROGER
b. Station JM transmits to WG:
WILLIAM GEORGE FROM JIG MIKE REPORT POSITION
GO AHEAD
If the operator at station WG is both able and authorized (as may be the observer in an airplane) to furnish the required report promptly, he transmits:
WILLIAM GEORGE
FIVE MILES SOUTH OF HARS HYPO
AFIRM ROGER SAIL ON STATE HIGHWAY THREE FOUR GO AHEAD
74
TM 11-454
96-98
THE RADIO OPERATOR
JIG MIKE ROGER
and JM receipts:
If the operator at station WG is either unable or unauthorized (as may be the operator at a unit headquarters) to furnish the required report promptly, he acknowledges receipt of the message:
WILLIAM GEORGE ROGER
and transmits a message to station JM as soon as the required information is determined or the answering message is received from proper auihority.
96.	Repetitions.—A request for a repetition is made by transmitting the word REPEAT after a call. Use of the words GO AHEAD is not required. In replying to a request for a repetition, the entire transmission must be repeated. Thus, if WG failed to receive accurately the transmission from JM shown in paragraph 94a, he transmits:
JIG MIKE FROM WILLIAM GEORGE REPEAT
JM replies:
WILLIAM GEORGE FROM JIG MIKE MISSION ACCOMPLISHED
GO AHEAD
WG, assuming the message was then correctly received, then transmits: WILLIAM GEORGE ROGER
97.	Closing a net. The net established as in paragraph 93 is closed by the NCS who transmits:
SAIL XRAY FROM UNIT NEGAT CLOSE YOUR STATIONS GO AHEAD
Secondary stations acknowledge in alphabetical order of call signs. Thus DM transmits:
DOG MIKE WILCO
LA then transmits:
LOVE AFIRM WILCO
Note that in this case the operator uses WILCO because he complies directly with the order contained in the message from UN.
98.	Difficult communication.—When communication is diffi-cult, receiving stations may request the transmitting station to make transmissions through twice. The transmitting station in com-plying with such a request transmits the message or other trans
TM 11-454
98-100,	SIGNAL CORPS
mission in its entirety and then repeats the entire transmission. Station FG2 makes such a request of station GA by transmitting:
CAST AFIRM FROM FOX GEORGE TWO MAKE TRANSMISSIONS THROUGH TWICE GO AHEAD
Station CA complies as follows:
FOX GEORGE TWO FROM CAST AFIRM REPORT POSITIONS
FOX GEORGE TWO FROM CAST AFIRM REPORT POSITIONS GO AHEAD
When the readability of radiotelephone signals is reported as “poor but readable” (ZSB2) the transmitting station automatically makes all transmissions through twice.
99.	Questions for self-examination.—a. Is there any great difference between radiotelegraph and radiotelephone procedure?
b.	The first letter in each word of the phonetic alphabet bears what relationship to the letter which that word represents?
c.	How would you transmit the proper name “BREAM”, which appeared in the text of a, message being transmitted by radiotelephone?
(I. How would you transmit the code group “PQTR”, in the text of a radiotelephone message?
e. In transmitting procedure signs and signals, is the sign or signal itself transmitted? If not, how is the required information transmitted?
100.	Operation exercise, radiotelephone procedure lesson I.— a. Suggestions Jor instructor.—Telephone circuits of three telephones each may be used to represent the radiotelephone net. The telephone at each station is preferably located at such distance from other stations on the same wire circuit as to preclude direct sound transmission from one station to another. Each of the three telephones should be marked as one of the three stations of the net indicated below.
b. Directions to the student — Your radiotelephone station is represented by the telephone to which you have been assigned. In carrying out the exercises listed in c below, speak slowly and distinctly, being careful to enunciate clearly all words and characters that might be misunderstood. Do not shout into the telephone. All readabilities will be indicated as at least 4. Keep a station log. Write therein your own transmissions as well as those of all other stations in the net. Entries on log sheets will be made exactly as spoken except that phonetic alphabet transmissions of call signs may be entered as the
76
THE RADIO OPERATOR
TM 11-454
100
letters involved. Actual operation will be slow. You may find it helpful, particularly during initial stages of the exercise, to write down what you are going to transmit prior to transmitting it.
Organization 1st DIVISION	 ADVANCED LANDING FIELD 1st DIVISION. OBSERVATION PLANE IN FLIGHT		Call sign CB7 (NCS)	 FBI	 KB3 NET CALL— CBB	Frequency 			 2700 kc.
c. Exercise.—Complete the following requirements in the order given:
(1)	NCS will open the net.	»
(2)	FBI will assume that he heard the transmission of the NCS and will report into the net.
(3)	NCS will answer, giving necessary information.
(4)	KB3 will assume that he did not hear the transmission of the NCS and FBI and will report into the net.
(5)	NCS will answer KB3.
(6)	KB3 will make required transmission.
(7)	FBI will report out of the net temporarily.
(8)	NCS will acknowledge.
(9)	NCS will ask KB3 if he has anything to transmit.
(10)	KB3 will answer, telling NCS he has nothing to transmit.
(11)	FBI will report back into the net.
(12)	NCS will answer FBI, transmitting required information.
(13)	FBI will make required transmission.
(14)	NCS will order stations closed.
(15)	Secondary stations will acknowledge in proper order.
Section XII
RADIOTELEPHONE PROCEDURE LESSON 11, MESSAGES
Paragraph
Classification of messages__________________
Omission of BT__________________________
Terminating messages________________________
Examples of message transmissions_____________________________
Relay of messages___________________________
Multiple call_______________________________________
Collective call________________________________
Broadcast messages____
Questions for self-review___________________________
Operation exercise__________________________
102
103
104
105
106
107
108
109
110
77
TM 11-454
101-104
SIGNAL CORPS
101.	Classification of messages.—Messages transmitted by radiotelephone are of the abbreviated form and carry the urgent classification or no classification at all. If a message is classified as urgent, the word URGENT is transmitted in the heading of the message, and the message handled as is the urgent radiotelegraph message of the abbreviated form. (See par. 60.)
102.	Omission of b t.—Neither the “break” sign BTnor any procedure word corresponding to BT is used in radiotelephone communication. The intonation of the voice is adequate for separating portions of the transmission involved in sending a message.
103.	Terminating messages.—Methods of terminating radiotelephone messages are similar to methods of terminating radiotelegraph messages, with the following exceptions:
a.	Procedure words are used instead of procedure signs. (See par. 92.)
6.	The use of a specific end-of-message sign is less frequent in radiotelephone than in radiotelegraph communication. Intonations of the voice, usually quite apparent in radiotelephone transmission, clearly indicate end of message or transmission. Furthermore, some messages are commands or requests which require no answer. However, when operating conditions are poor and voice intonations are likely to be lost, the use of some formal terminating signal, such as GO AHEAD, THAT IS ALL, etc., is advisable to prevent misunderstandings.
c.	The procedure word EXECUTE which replaces the 5-second dash of radiotelegraph communication is used after a call to specify that instructions, orders, or commands contained in the last message will now be carried out. When used at the end of a message it specifies that orders, commands, or instructions contained in the message it terminates will be carried out immediately.
104.	Examples of message transmissions.—a. Urgent message from JM to WG, receipt for which is required:
WILLIAM GEORGE FROM JIG MIKE
URGENT
ENEMY TANK COLUMN MOVING SOUTH FROM PREVIOUSLY REPORTED BIVOUAC GO AHEAD
WG answers:
WILLIAM GEORGE ROGER
b.	Routine message transmitted by the “F” method from PL to WG:
78
TM 11-454
THE RADIO OPERATOR	104-105
WILLIAM GEORGE FROM PREP LOVE
DO NOT ANSWER
ENEMY PLANES RETURNING TO HOSTILE TERRITORY
WILLIAM GEORGE FROM PREP LOVE
DO NOT ANSWER
ENEMY PLANES RETURNING TO HOSTILE TERRITORY THAT IS ALL
No answer is permitted from WG.
c.	Transmission of a routine message to which no answer is desired and m which the context of the message and the intonation of the voice when transmitting it indicate the end of the transmission:
PREP LOVE FROM WILLIAM GEORGE
AM ON MY WAY IN
d.	Transmission of an urgent message to wiiich no answer is desired and the context of which is a command which is to be executed immediately:
PREP LOVE FROM WILLIAM GEORGE
URGENT
RETURN TO ADVANCED LANDING FIELD EXECUTE
105.	Relay of messages.—An originator may transmit messages to a receiving station for retransmission to a third station. The procedure words, RELAY TO, replace the procedure sign of radio telegraph procedure for conveying the required retransmission instructions to the relaying station. A receipt from the relaying station may or may not be required. Station WG transmits an urgent message to station JM for relay to station PL, and requests a receipt from station JM in the manner shown below:
JIG MIKE FROM WILLIAM GEORGE
RELAY TO PREP LOVE
URGENT
PROCEED ON MISSION ASSIGNED
GO AHEAD
Station JM answers:
JIG MIKE ROGER
When the above message is transmitted to station PL the call sign of the station of origin followed by the word DIRECTS, REPORTS, or REQUESTS, as the case may be, is placed just preceding the text of the original message, thus:
PREP LOVE FROM JIG MIKE
URGENT
WILLIAM GEORGE DIRECTS PROCEED ON MISSION ASSIGNED GO AHEAD
79
TM 11-454
106-108
SIGNAL CORPS
Station PL answers:
PREP LOVE ROGER
106.	Multiple call.-—a. The radiotelephone transmission of multiple address messages is accomplished in a manner similar to the transmission of multiple address messages by radiotelegraph, except that the procedure v*ord PLUS is transmitted between the call signs of the called stations.
b.	Examples.
JIG MIKE PLUS WILLIAM GEORGE PLUS PREP ROGER FROM TARE WILLIAM RETURN TO AIRDROME ONE IMMEDIATELY AFTER COMPLETION OF ATTACK THAT IS ALL
Note that no answer is required to the above message.
BAKER CAST THREE PLUS FOX GEORGE NINE FROM PREP LOVE FIVE
ENEMY ARTILLERY POSITION ZED ONE
GO AHEAD
Stations BC3 and FG9 answer in the order in which they were called: BAKER CAST THREE ROGER FOX GEORGE NINE ROGER
c.	If a station fails to answer promptly in its turn, the next station in proper order answers. Stations passed over because of then-delay in answering await the completion of answers by other stat ions before answering.
107.	Collective call.—The transmission of a message to several stations simultaneously by means of the collective call is accomplished in a manner comparable to that employed in radiotelegraph messages. Thus a station DM, having a message addressed to ail other stations in the same net, the net call of which is SX, transmits:
SAIL XRAY FROM DOG MIKE REPORT POSITIONS GO AHEAD
Stations in the net answer in alphabetical or numerical order of call signs as the case may be.
108.	Broadcast messages.—Special radio transmitters are frequently employed for the transmission of time signals and press reports. Broadcast messages from such stations are preceded by the general call transmitted three times as follows:
GENERAL	CALL	ALL	STATIONS	COPY
GENERAL	CALL	ALL	STATIONS	COPY
GENERAL	CALL	ALL	STATIONS	COPY
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TM 11-454
THE RADIO OPERATOR	108-110
Each transmission is terminated with:
THAT IS ALL
No answer is permitted.
109.	Questions for self-re view.—a. How are radiotelephone messages classified as to precedence in handling?
b. When a receipt of a message is required by a transmitting station, how is that fact indicated to the receiving station?
e. LA, LB, and LC are stations in radio net LFX. Indicate two methods, either of which is suitable for the simultaneous transmission of a message to each of these stations.
d. How do you convey to a receiving station that the message you are about to transmit is to be relayed to a third station?
e. How does a relaying station indicate the station of origin of the message to the station to which he relays the message?
/. Is information received on a general broadcast acknowledged?
110. Operation exercise, a. Suggestions jor instructor.—The telephone net described in section XI is employed in carrying out the exercises of this lesson. If the number of students exceeds the number of telephones available, a log and a key operator may be assigned to each station. Messages should be prepared and stations in the same net furnished with different messages. If two operators are assigned to a station, that station’s traffic should be divided into two sections. In each section of a station’s traffic should be included messages which—
(1)	Require an answer.
(2)	Require no answer.
(3)	Prohibit an answer.
(4)	Require a repeat back.
(5)	Require a relay to a third station.
(6)	Are addressed by a multiple call.
(7)	Are addressed by a collective call.
(8)	Require the use of the phonetic alphabet in transmitting words likely to be misunderstood.
b. Directions to the student.—'Your radiotelephone station is represented by the telephone to which you have been assigned. In carrying out the radiotelephone transmissions listed in c below, speak slowly and distinctly, being careful to enunciate clearly. Do not shout into the telephone. Use the phonetic alphabet to spell out words that might be misunderstood. Talking between key and log operators will be held to a minimum. Such conversation as is absolutely necessary will be carried on in a very low voice, as loud talking between key and log operators may be transmitted to the distant stations and
449750°—42-	6
81
TM 11-454
110-112
SIGNAL CORPS
cause considerable confusion. Log operators will keep a complete log. Write down all transmissions from your own and all other stations. Make log entries exactly as spoken by the transmitting operators except that phonetic alphabet transmissions of call signs may be written as the letters represented.
Organization	Call sign	Net call	Frequency
Reconnaissance company, 1st Armored Divi-	RC1	REC	2700
’sion. Advanced command post, 1st Armored Divi-	AD2		
sion. Advanced landing field, 1st Armored Division.	A F		
c. Exercise.— (1) Open a free net. No readability wdl be indicated as less than R4.
•i (2) Handle first section of your traffic.
(3) Log and key operators change positions and duties.
(4) Handle second section of the traffic.
I -	(5) Close the net.
Section XIII
RADIO PROCEDURE IN ARTILLERY NETS
>	Paragraph
General______________________________________________________________ 111
Codes________________________________________________________________ 112
Air-ground net_____________________________________________________   113
Use of the conventional call-up______________________________________ 114
Combating interference_______________________________________________ 115
Illustrative examples________________________________________________ 116
Questions for self-review____________________________________________ 117
Operation exercise________________________________________________    118
111.	General.—a. This section covers the radio procedure for the control of field artillery fire, using air observation. The procedure for forward ground observers is essentially the same.
b. The control of artillery fire by radio requires a special procedure designed for brevity, simplicity, and economy of time. Economy of time is particularly essential in the use of airplaqe observation. Careful prearrangement as to the observer’s mission and the method of communication may eliminate much of the routine procedure prescribed in this manual.
112.	Codes.—a. The Fire-Control Code is used by air and ground observers when fire-control messages are transmitted by radiotelegraph; this facilitates communication for observation and conduct
82
TM 11—454
THE RADIO OPERATOR	112-115
of file- The File-Control Code is not used in voice transmissions by either wire or radio; however, for uniformity in training radio operators, the clear text equivalent of the code group is used in transmitting fire commands and sensing by radiotelephone.
b. The Air-Ground Liaison Code is used by the Field Artillery primarily for transmitting tactical information. It may be used for the designation of targets for artillery fire control when appropriate code groups do not exist, in the Fire-Control Code. In no case should groups f rom both codes be mixed in the same message.
113.	Air-ground net.—a. The air-ground net of the division artillery includes the division artillery headquarters station (NCS) and the battalion stations. The net is organized on a given frequency (W) as a directed net when a single airplane is present or expected, or on a schedule prescribed by the division artillery headquarters. At all other times the net is silent.
b.	Each battalion is assigned a frequency (W, X, Y, Z, or_____)
to be used when an airplane is to work only with that battalion. If all units are to use one airplane successively, all stations will work on the frequency (W) or to a designated medium battalion if there is more than one.
c.	If moie than one airplane is available, each is assigned to a battalion or group of battalions, and a frequency is designated for each airplane These arrangements are made by the division artillery headquarters prior to the take-off of the airplane. Each airplane then reports directly on the prearranged frequency to the battalion or group station that will control its mission. It will be most unusual to require an airplane to change frequency while in flight; if a change m frequency is necessary, ground stations change to the frequency of the airplane.
d.	Figuie 15 illustrates the organization of a typical division artillery air-ground net.
114.	Use of the conventional call-up.—When the air observer has had little work with a particular artillery unit, considerable use of the conventional call-up (e. g., 4CZ V API AR) may be necessary initially. However, the break sign BT may be substituted for the entire call-up after communication has been established by radiotelegraph and no interference or difficulty of communication is anticipated. In radiotelephone work the BT is not used (par. 102). The observer merely begins his message without formality.
115.	Combating interference.—Hostile radio stations can interfere deliberately with radio communication used in the control of artillery fire, by blocking a single frequency or a band of frequencies,
83
TM 11-454
115-116
SIGNAL CORPS
and by deception, that is, causing friendly stations to accept false or erroneous information, sensings, fire commands, and the like from the enemy. The effects of interference can be minimized by—
a.	Training radio operators to work through interference,
b.	The strictest observance of radio discipline and radio security.
c.	Frequent changes of call signs and frequencies.
d.	Limited use of the conventional call-up.
e.	Short, quick transmissions.
f.	Limiting the number of stations in a net.
g.	Careful prearrangement as to methods to be used, and as to the mission of the observer.
h.	The use of prearranged signals or groups of letters preceding each transmission to identify the station making the transmission.
T	T
x,yorz	x.yorz
! • \Ligtit	• \Ug/it	• \ug/?t ' • \Medium
-J	VW ■ J	' "J	1
■ \ 1
------IV------—-——-------- W-------ex’
• \l Div Arty
TL- 2189
Figure 15.—Artillery air-ground nets.
116. Illustrative examples.—The examples which follow are given as guides for the training of air observers and radio operators. The Fire-Control Code is used for radiotelegraph transmission; radiotelephone equivalents are also given The conventional call-up, and prearranged transmission for identification, have been omitted.
a. Example 1.- (1) Mission.—An air observer has the mission of registering, in rapid succession, one battery from each battalion of the division artillery, using centers of impact. The observer is to pinpoint the location of each center of impact on an air photo. When these are completed, the air photo is to be dropped at the command post of the division artillery.
84
TM 11-454
116
THE RADIO OPERATOR
(2) Prearrangement.— The method is explained to the observer. He is given an air photo of the target area, on which are marked the probable areas of impact. He is informed that, when ready, he is to call for each battery in turn by saying: FIRST BATTERY, FIRE:
SECOND BATTERF, FIRE, etc. Each battalion listening in will direct its registering battery to fire at the proper time. The airplane and all battalions are to work on the same frequency. The observer is to check in with the net-control station (division artillery) and then proceed with his mission with no establishment of communication with battalions. The location of the command post, where the photo is to be dropped, is indicated to the observer.
(3) Communication.—The observer, having arrived over the position area and having established communication, transmits:
Radiol elegraph	Radiotelephone
b“t__________________________________________
---------------------------------------- First.
B A.--------------------------------------- Battery.
I X 5-second dash____________________________ Fire.
K-------------------------------------------- Go ahead.
The battalion concerned replies:
B-------------------------------------------- ROGER.
and, when the battery fires the first round, transmits:
B~T__________________________________________
2-second dash-------------------------------- Battery fired.
K------------------------------------------ Go ahead.
When ready, the observer calls for the next battery:
B~T________________________________________
S P---------------------------------------- Second.
B A---------------------------------------- Battery.
I X 5-second dash__________________________Fire.
K------------------------------------------ q.o ahead.
and the battalion concerned replies:
R------------------------------------------ ROGER.
The registration of the other batteries continues as indicated for the first and second batteries. By prearrangement, the reply of the battalion may be omitted, or simple improvised panel signals may be used, since only two are needed.
6.	Example 2.—(1) Mission.—An air observer has the mission of surveillance of fires for a groupment of three battalions of medium artillery. The groupment 1 is part of the division artillery. The
1 A groupment is a provisional tactical unit of artillery temporarily formed with two or more artillery battalions.
85
TM 11-454
116
SIGNAL CORPS
observer is to report the errors of the initial volleys as quickly as possible in order that any remaining zone fire may be corrected.
(2)	Prearrangement.—The observer does not check in with the division; he reports directly to the groupment; the three battalions are to listen in on the same frequency. The locations of the position areas and the panel stations are indicated on a photo. The observer understands that panels are to be used in the event of radio silence of ground sets. He is given a gridded photo. On this photo are marked several areas of possible hostile activity. He is to call for fire upon any targets appearing in these areas, or, using the grid for accurate designation, he may call for fire on targets of his own selection in other areas. The fires of one or more battalions may be placed on any target, each battery firing when ready. If more than one battalion is to fire, the observer is to sense on the initial volleys as a whole.
(3)	Communication.—When the observer sees activity in one of the previously marked areas, he transmits:
B T_________________________________
CN---------------------------------- Concentration.
52	______________________________Five two.
CP__________________________________ Command post.
SV________________________________Surveillance.
K___________________________________ Go ahead.
The ground station (groupment) replies:
R___________________________________ ROGER.
And then sends:
B T_________________________________
B N_________________________________ 12th Battalion will fire.
12,_________________________________
K,_--------------------------------- Go ahead.
The 12th Battalion receipts to groupment as follows:
BK7-------------------------------------- BK7 (call sign of group-
ment) .
V________________________________________ From.
AUS______________________________________ AU3 (call sign of battalion
to fire).
R,_______________________________________ ROGER.
VA_______________________________________That is all.
This is not only to insure receipt of the groupment’s message but also to allow the airplane to tune accurately to the battalion’s frequency. Then, as soon as each battery fires, the battalion transmits:
B T______________________________
BA-------------------------------------------- Battery.
A_____________________________________________A (Afirm),
2-second dash..____________________________Fired.
86
TM 11-454
116
THE RADIO OPERATOR
HA------------------------_------------------ Battery.
B-------------------------------------------- 3 (Baker).
2-second dash________________________________ Fired
BA------------------------------------------- Battery.
C-------------------------------------------- g (Cast).
2-second dash________________________________ Fired.
K-------------------------------------------- Co aheafi
The observer notes the errors of the three volleys and replies: B T_____________________________________________
BA------------------------------------------ Battery.
A------------------------------------------- A (Affirm).
30------------------------------------------ Three zero.
LL------------------------------------------ Left.
50_ ---------------------------------------- Five zero.
S S------------------------------------------ Short.
BA------------------------------------------- Battery.
B-------------------------------------------- g (Baker).
C R------------------------------------------ Range correct.
BA------------------------------------------- Battery.
C-------------------------------------------- C (Cast).
®0------------------------------------------- Five zero.
00------------------------------------------- Over.
K-------------------------------------------- Co ahead.
The ground station (battalion) acknowledges:
R--------------------------------- ROGER.
All batteries now correct their zone fire. The observer watches the fire as a whole, and transmits:
B T ____________________________________
----------------------------------- Mission accomplished.
K --------------------------------------- Co ahead.
I he ground station (groupment) now assumes control and transmits:
B~T __________________________________
R ------------------------------------ ROGER.
F I ---------------------------------- Follow instructions.
K ------------------------------------ Co ahead.
The observer receipts for the message as follows:
B T___________________________________
R------------------------------------- WILCO.
c.	Example 3.—(1) Mission.—An observer assigned to a battalion of light artillery has the mission of locating targets and adjusting fire upon them.
(2)	Prearrangement.— The observer does not check in with any intermediate stations. He reports directly to the battalion. Photos and maps are not available; the general locations of the target and position areas are known from a previous reconnaissance flight.
87
TM 11-454
116
SIGNAL CORPS
The position area is to be verified by panels. For establishment of scale and orientation and identification of base point, a smoke ladder is to be used.
(3)	Communication.—The observer, having reported, cannot identify the base point; he transmits:
B T___________________________________
MK____________________________________ Mark.
BP____________________________________ Base point.
LA____________________________________ Ladder.
SM____________________________________Smoke.
I	X 5-second dash____________________ Fire.
K_____________________________________ Go ahead.
The ground station replies:
r_____________________________________ ROGER.
and, when the battery fires, transmits:
B T___________________________________
2-second dash_________________________ Battery fired.
K_____________________________________ Go ahead.
The observer, after seeing the ladder, acknowledges:
B_____________________________________ ROGER.
and then, after observation of the target area, he discovers infantry forming for a counterattack and sends:
B T--------1-------------------------
BP________________________________________ Base point.
800_______________________________________ Eight hundred.
LL	 Left.
200_______________________________________ Two hundred.
S S_______________.•______________________ Short.
J P_______________________________________ Counterattack.
BN________________________________________ Request battalion.
AD________________________________________ Will adjust.
K_________________________________________ Go ahead.
The ground station replies:
B___________________________________ ROGER.
and as soon as the information is available transmits:
B T______________________________________
CN_______________________________________ Concentration.
35_______________________________________ Three five.
BN_________________________________________ Battalion will fire.	[ingk
A________________________________________ A (Afirm) battery	(Adjust-
K________________________________________ Go ahead.
The observer replies:
R____________________________-__ROGER.
88
TM 11-454
116
THE RADIO OPERATOR
When the battery fires, the ground station transmits:
B T_____________________________________
2-second dash--------------------------- Battery fired.
K--------------------------------------- Go ahead.
The observer senses and transmits:
B~T_____________________________________
100------------------------------------- One hundred.
RR-------------------------------------- Right.
200------------------------------------- Two hundred.
O O------------------------------------- Over.
K--------------------------------------- Go ahead.
The ground station replies:
R--------------------------------------- ROGER.
The adjustment continues until the observer considers the adjustment sufficiently accurate to request fire for effect. He then transmits:
B T__________________________________________
20------------------------------------------- Two zero.
RR------------------------------------------- Right.
OR------------------------------------------- Range correct.
®------------------------------------------ Fire for effect.
K-------------------------------------------- Go ahead.
The ground station replies:
B~T__________________________________________
E------------------------------------------ Will fire for effect.
2-second	dash ----------------------------- Battery fired.
K-------------------------------------------- Go ahead.
and then as each of the other batteries fires:
B T__________________________________________
B A------------------------------------------ Battery.
B (C)	----------------------------------- B (Baker)	(C)	(Cast).
FE--------	------------------------------- Firing for	effect.
—	------------------------------- Go ahead.
The observer may correct the fire of the individual batteries, if this is possible, or correct the massed fire of the battalion as a whole. He may call for fire for effect again, if he believes it necessary, by sending:
bT________________________________________
------------------------------------- Request additional fire.
®-------------------------------------- Fire for effect.
K----------------------------------------- Go ahead.
If the initial fire for effect was sufficient, the observer transmits:
B T_________________________________________
-------------------------------------- Mission accomplished.
K-------------------------------------------Go ahead.
89
TM 11-454
116-118	SIGNAL CORPS
If there is no further need for the airplane, the ground station replies:
b"t_________________________________
NF----------------------------------No further need of you.
K-----------------------------------Go ahead.
or if there are other prearranged missions, the following is transmitted:
bT__________________________________
CT---------------------------------- Change target.
K----------------------------------- Go ahead.
The observer then looks for the other targets and reports when one is located.
It may be seen that the actual radio operating in artillery fire control communication is very simple, and requires mainly a knowledge of the abbreviated codes that are used for the transmission of information.
117.	Questions for self-review.—a. Why does artillery fire control by radio require a special procedure?
b.	What codes are used in this communication?
c.	Is the conventional call-up used in establishing air-ground communication ?
d.	Under what conditions may the call-up be dropped?
118.	Operation exercise.—Suggestions for instructor: If training editions of the Fire-Control Code and the Air-Ground Liaison Code are available, students should be given the opportunity to familiarize themselves with the contents.
90
TM 11-454
THE RADIO OPERATOR
Appendix I
RADIOTELEGRAPH OPERATOR APTITUDE TEST
U. S. ARMY
SCORE-
ANSWER SHEET
Directions: Fill in the following concerning yourself.
(Last name)	(First name) ’	’’’(Middle initi’al’)’ (Ar’my ^e’rfal number)
vxraae------------------- Organization_______________ Age
Date of present enlistment ]
or Date of induction into service]	Date today----
Total years service in Army-- Navy-------- Marine Corps________
What training and experience have you had in radio operation?_
How many words per minute can you receive in—
Radio telegraphy (International Morse code)?__________________________
Wire telegraphy (American Morse code)?
Stop here. Put down your pencil and wait for instructions.
PRACTICE ONE
First practice pair.			YES NO		Third practice pair. YES NO		
Second practice pair.			YES .	NO	Fourth practice pair. YES NO		
1.	YES	NO	15.	YES	NO	29. YES	NO
2.	YES	NO	16.	YES	NO	30. YES	NO
3.	YES	NO	17.	YES	NO	31. YES	NO
4.	YES	NO	18.	YES	NO	32. YES	NO
5.	YES	NO	19.	YES	NO	33. YES	NO
6.	YES	NO	20.	YES	NO	34. YES	NO
7.	YES	NO	21.	YES	NO	35. YES	NO
8.	YES	NO	22.	YES	NO	36. YES	NO
9.	YES	NO	23.	YES	NO	37. YES	NO
10.	YES	NO	24.	YES	NO	38. YES	NO
11.	YES	NO	25.	YES	NO	39. YES	NO
12.	YES	NO	26.	YES	NO	40. YES	NO
13.	YES	NO	27.	YES	NO	41. YES	NO
14.	YES	NO	28.	YES	NO	42. YES	NO
91
TM 11-454
SIGNAL CORPS
43.	YES	NO	55.	YES	NO	67.	YES	NO
44.	YES	NO	56.	YES	NO	68.	YES	NO
45.	YES	NO	57.	YES	NO	69.	YES	NO
46.	YES	NO	58.	YES	NO	70.	YES	NO
47.	YES	NO	59.	YES	NO	71.	YES	NO
48.	YES	NO	60.	YES	NO	72.	YES	NO
49.	YES	NO	61.	YES	NO	73.	YES	NO
50.	YES	NO	62.	YES	NO	74.	YES	NO
51.	YES	NO	63.	YES	NO	75.	YES	NO
52.	YES	NO	64.	YES	NO	76.	YES	NO
53.	YES	NO	65.	YES	NO	77.	YES	NO
54.	YES	NO	66.	YES	NO	78.	YES	NO
INSTRUCTOR’S GUIDE
“Give me your attention.”
“This is the Signal Corps Code Aptitude Test. In this test you will hear long and short sounds. This is a short sound (E). This is a series of short sounds (E E E E E). This is a long sound (T). This is a series of long sounds (T T T T T). Here is a group (F). Here is another group (X). When this test starts you will hear two groups of long and short sounds. The groups will be sent in the following order: First group, then a pause; and then the second group. You will indicate on the test paper whether or not the second group sounds exactly like the first. If the second group DOES sound exactly like the first, underline YES. If the second group DOES NOT sound like the first, underline NO. For example: (A A). Those two groups sounded exactly alike; therefore, YES would be underlined if they were sent in the test. Take this example: (G M). Now, those two groups were not exactly alike; therefore, NO would be underlined if they were in the test.”
“Take your pencils.”
“In the spaces marked PRACTICE ONE, on the first page of the test paper, indicate whether the groups you hear are exactly alike or different.”
“Attention!” “First practice pair”, (A A). “Those two groups were alike; therefore, you should have underlined the word YES.”
“Second practice pair”, (F W). “The second group of sounds was different from the first. You should have underlined NO.”
“Third practice pair,” (Q Q). “Those two groups were alike; therefore, you should have underlined the word YES.”
“Fourth practice pair”, (V 3). “The second group of sounds was different from the first. You should have underlined the word NO.”
“The number of each pair of groups will be called before sending the group. For example: First pair, second pair, and so forth. If you miss a pair go to the next pair when its number is called.”
92
TM 11-454
THE RADIO OPERATOR
“Turn the page of your test paper.” “First pair” (B 6).
“Second pair” (A IT). “Third pair” (D D). “Fourth pair” (87). “Fifth pair” (5 5). “Sixth pair” (1 J ). “Seventh pair” (Z 7). “Eighth pair” (3 3). “Ninth pair” (4 V). “Tenth pair” (L AS). “Eleventh pair” (0 MM). “Twelfth pair” (2 IM). “Thirteenth pair” ( A F IT F ). “Fourteenth pair” (BT X). “Fifteenth pair” (Y Y).
“Sixteenth pair” (KA KB). “Seventeenth pair” (KN KN). “Eighteenth pair” (MW NW). “Nineteenth pair” (K IT KIT). ‘‘Twentieth pair” (BM B MT). “Twenty-first pair” (WD WD). “Twenty-second pair” (KAK K A K). “Twenty-third pair” (WW WA ). “Twenty-fourth pair” (K L K L). “Twenty-fifth pair” (KIT T KIT). “Twenty-sixth pair” (V S V H). “Twenty-seventh pair” ( B T 6 T). “Twenty-eighth pair” (KM MW). “Twenty-ninth pair” (MIT T MIT). “Thirtieth pair” (WJ WT], “Thirty-first pair” (NM NO), “Thirty-second pair” (KH K~S ). “Thirty-third pair” (M I MI). “Thirty-fourth pair” (KK KX). “Thirty-fifth pair” (O S M7). “Thirty-sixth pair” (S N F).
“Thirty-seventh pair” (XK XL). “Thirty-eighth pair” (XU XU).
“Thirty-ninth pair” (IT AD UP). “Fortieth pair” (ST B T). “Forty-first pair” (B7 B7). “Forty-second pair” (WG WG). “Forty-third pair” (7 S 7H). “Forty-fourth pair” (CV KV). “Forty-fifth pair” (F L FL). “Forty-sixth pair” (MP MW). “Forty-seventh pair” (X Z XD). “Forty-eighth pair” (B2 D2). “Forty-ninth pair” (K C KL). “Fiftieth pair” (PM PM). “Fifty-first pair” (B L T B L T). “Fifty-second pair” (YQQ YQZ). “Fifty-third pair” (RUN RAN). “Fifty-fourth pair” (BOS BOS). “Fifty-fifth pair” (KU KA). “Fifty-sixth pair” (KOI KO I). “Fifty-seventh pair” (M I MI). “Fifty-eighth pair” (KXM KBM). “Fifty-ninth pair” (Te IB).
“Sixtieth pair” (WA A WA R). “Sixty-first pair” (6X 6X). “Sixty-second pair” ("1T jT). “Sixty-third pair” (60 60). “Sixty-fourth pair” (2A S 3A S ). “Sixty-fifth pair” (KM2 KMVM). “Sixty-sixth pair” (MKR MKL). “Sixty-seventh pair” (C E Y CAY). “Sixty-eighth pair” (POL PML). “Sixty-ninth pair” (WAX WAX). “Seventieth pair” (UN E E A D). “Seventy-first pair” (MS H MH A). “Seventy-second pair” (K T D KZ). “Seventy-third pair” (BCD B C D). “Seventy-fourth pair” (AUU XU). “Seventy-fifth pair” (B T 3 S B T3 S ). “Seventy-sixth pair” (V UU I
VUIT I).
“Seventy-seventh pair” (Q Q A R QKKR).
“Seventy-eighth pair” (B T O K
B T O A).
93
TM 11-454
THE RADIO OPERATOR
SOLUTION
1. YES	NO	27. YES	NO	53. YES NO
2. YES	NO	28. YES	NO	54. YES NO
3. YES	NO	29. YES	NO	55. YES NO
4. YES	NO	30. YES	NO	56. YES NO
5. YES	NO	31. YES	NO	57. YES NO
6. YES	NO	32. YES	NO	58. YES NO
7. YES	NO	33. YES	NO	59. YES NO
8. YES	NO	34. YES	NO	60. YES NO
9. YES	NO	35. YES	NO	61. YES NO
10. YES	NO	36. YES	NO	62. YES NO
11. YES	NO	37. YES	NO	63. YES NO
12. YES	NO	38. YES	NO	64. YES NO
13. YES	NO	39. YES	NO	65. YES NO
14. YES	NO	40. YES	NO	66. YES NO
15. YES	NO	41. YES	NO	67. YES NO
16. YES	NO	42. YES	NO	68. YES NO
17. YES	NO	43. YES	NO	69. YES NO
18. YES	NO	44. YES	NO	70. YES NO
19. YES	NO	45. YES	NO	71. YES NO
20. YES	NO	46. YES	NO	72. YES NO
21. YES	NO	47. YES	NO	73. YES NO
22. YES	NO	48. YES	NO	74. YES NO
23. YES	NO	49. YES	NO	75. YES NO
24. YES	NO	50. YES	NO	76. YES NO
25. YES	NO	51. YES	NO	77. YES NO
26. YES	NO	52. YES	NO	78. YES NO
95
Appendix II
TM 11-454
THE RADIO OPERATOR
o
Appendix II
PRACTICE GROUPS AND MESSAGES *
Part I
Code groups
Exercise 1.—5 words per minute
O V L H	MYBL	U R X O	HIZO	VICT
FINX	XCSH	XTYV	IQNT	UBML
Exercise 2.-—5 words per minute
ABLE	EJLN	CYZB	ZWCN	JNDZ
UTZL	KLAB	DEFZ	VNUW	KFRE
Exercise 3.—5 words per minute
JICOY	TXSTY	38701	RD IHA	JXTDZ
OXPDW	XPZSY	R S PHD	89760	CTTSPI
Exercise —5 words per minute
RNBRJ	65289	ZONIG	F YE QU	A R QNV
SNLPT	KAKOZ	88217	BVGAN	WKOQT
Exercise 5.—5 words per minute
SRQMT	UJVWN	46521	YXGCX	AFKOZ
CDEHK	NIHGP	12327	ZWQMN	BHLYC
*Notes
1.	Exercises 1 to 56, inclusive, furnish material for 2 minutes of sending at speeds of 5, 7, 10, 15. and 20 code groups per minute.
2.	Exercises 57 to 60, inclusive, furnish clear text material, to be sent at any desired speed. Number of words per line and total muni 'ords m exercise are indicated.
3.	Exercises 61 to 85. inclusive, furnish traffic handled in field radio nets. This traffic may be transmitted at any desired speed.
449750’ 42	-7
1)7
O
TM 11-454
SIGNAL CORPS
98
Exercise 6.-5 words per minute
OGLCT	80942	XHNLF	KHGXS	BZVRE
LDFGH	SIQYO	ARJFX	83905	UDLOM
Exercise 7.—5 words per minute
OLMX	MVNH	UWQR	NVUT	KUXF
CDEH	LYHE	DIPA	ZQWI	AYSK
Exercise 8.-—5 words per minute
QIQA	WMNW	ZIHZ	CARD	BTGW
WNLI	PWBU	OXAD	XFRJ	IQCA
Exercise 9.—5 words per minute
ZMJZI	URYNC	93827	PQAZM	DEGVM
NCBVG	HITGHY	1 3 2 6 7	MDNIE	FWXET
Exercise 10.—5 words per minute
12890	MCNDH	EUIRY	WQZXS	IRSVZ
MCURI	72439	OQNZI	PIQAW	CNJWO
Exercise 11 .—5 words per minute
OWQAJ	OISKM	10760	DGFHG	KSBOU
WEXCZ	DYRIU	QAUZN	47169	JHFNQ
Exercise 12.—5 words per minute
58721	LDGUA	DKHPK	UKEOL	CRTNV
KEOXJ	CKNCT	AEBCL	34648	QLMIA
Exercise 13.—7 words per minute
UTHA	VNCB	RFDS	EDCD	CZVD	DSFD	UYHG
RWQI	LMNJ	TNBL	UJHK	SHGN	CANC	4371
TM 11-454
THE RADIO OPERATOR
Pj oo o *
J> 1O
A Q 3 > <5 a N
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A o	0 o	0 cc	A A	r- pj	X A
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	> e A Jm	■ Pm ' A 1 A । >		H & 0 M A < A 3		w IC	< A ) IZ> > < < N		*» K o a A N O W		A o A •-< Pm £j M > <1 F		A g < o 3 o U A H> A		A A N Cfi X S A 02 A A		® A 7t< 0 w a A - >
3 s S	A A F Fi h> >i A A		0) 3 a 8	> A pq h A 0 A A	"S G 8	Q A > A	Pm <1 O 3	0> 5 S 8	A N A O A A A A > F	o 3 c 8	F > O A A g h> 0? A	0J 5 s 8	A A A A £ A A S A A	t> a G 8	3 A A A A A A A M F	o 5 S 8	F A A H A m A A A A
5 a CO -a o £	F X o >	0 A F A	s a co 75 O £ 7	X A > F A M A	Q a co X O £	Pm A A A	0 A P>	Q a co 75 O F 7	F A A o O < A N A A	o a co 75 O	A H O PM C? 02 N 
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	(2 X A h	A A b A		A A A A 0 A O M		A A O	A A A 0		u A A h> O O X M F O		£ M<  A ® £ *o H> O		£ A A A A A N A O A		F A CO  0 A IH O * a			A F Pm pq A A A W		A A I 1 A '	A F A		H H A A A c? A 02 A		O H o A A A A A F 02		h, o N 3 A P> A A h pq		A A Pm O £ A A F < F		A A O A N O X A A
99
TM 11-454
SIGNAL CORPS
														<1 PS
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	H £		O Pm		*-< PS		co W		tn >m		X N		CQ H>	M Cf
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	Ph <5		3 X		> P		® E		O O		H P		pq P	P P
	% M		pq P		W H		P P		w		ps pq		(3 PS	<3 P 'i
	P P		Pm co		0 pq		■< m		© M		p p		pq P	
	X <		w >		fx W		M M		"f <				P P	O M
	PS (x			OP	N £				P		M g		M pq	2 N pq
	W M	zr	W P		£ <	•~	tn hm		*o PS	s	P P		P Jx	Z o p
S—		--		>—				*-		T"		71		£ O Em
p	N O		p p		W P	!—	W W		Em >m	—	02 <3		>M P •	M Jx
"5	Em X		w w	V	Em 3	"2	o h»	S—	PS H		O P	3	p <	g O P
5	CO J?	p	k< w	>	X co	o	P w	O	pq tn		w		O P	
	P N		N 0	I-	Pm		h pq		£ X		Em X		P >M	
1 1	 Pm		P P		<3 Em		X >		O O	p
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•2				.co		.CO						• -»		•g m o
5	0 P	<^>	p p		ps pq		(X 0	k>	W !x		co <3		O PS	
s Ki	H M		>m 3	,4	CO X	aS	P tn	K	O	K	W	K	p	
	02 >		O *>		M
	O P		o t*		W M		Em 0		>M H		® o		P	>M 02
	% <5		O o		a) ■<		> «S		Em h.		rH C?		tn P	N p
														P o
			M		Em N		PS		pq (x		£ P		Em M	tn 3
	S £		h Pm		PS P		>M		W		P pq		02 •<	PS P
	M O		W S		m pq		P b		0 FM		P P		PS P	P Em
	P P		PM H		N 0		M P		pq pq		X P		N C3	O p
	w ps		N P		P m		0 o		P		O M		£ P	
														pq <
														>M 02
	pq O		pq W		H		Em tn		X <1		H O		P PS	S w
	X PS		p N		3 P		P P		•< tn		N <3		>M o	o pq
	<3 Em		W Pm		O M		PS w		X P		PS >		>4	
	W *		M P		P		pq >-5				pq P		P EM	
	< O		cc EM		0 EM		M £		>		M M		<1 Em	P> *-m
														P P
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100
TM 11-454
THE RADIO OPERATOR
NBLB	AEJL	WCYZ	ZWNJ	TUTZ	DKLA	CDEF	AVNU	NCZA	KAJL
ABVS	MEKC	MANL	HSNU	T IT S C	NWZA	WNFS	JBIN	VRPE	NZHR
Exercise 31 — 10 words per minute
J I COY	TXSTY	38701	RD I HA	OXPDW	XPZSY	PSPHD	89464	CWVPF	HI QLE
LWQOX	HNGEW	OVOCN	RNQIZ	XEYPQ	PVDER	90675	PVRTM	MNATU	QBIYO
Exercise 32.—10 words per minute
RNBR J	62589	Z ON I G	FYE QU	SNLPT	KAKOQ	88217	BVGAN	DNVOB	QEXGI
HNEXE	DROTC	TMLQC	B N P C IT	HIMAN	FDWCS	UNMPO	YTIOB	TDXEN	CWCRN
Exercise 33.—10 words per minute
SRQMT	UJVWN	WNJKD	YXGGX	CEDHI	NIHCP	12327	ZWQMN	OYNKR	BULTY
ITBPXF	VDMBO	1 0 9 7 4	DHINK	QZJME	PCSHN	TGWIN	BXALY	A A C IT C	RRHIL
Exercise 34-—10 words per minute
OGLCT	8 0 9 4 2	XHNLF	HKGXS	LDGHF	SIQUO	ARJFX	AITBWP	KCLFN	XTYER
DIDNW	36541	NEURY	NHGD A	LENVX	Z Q I RU	I E OLD	83903	T IT IT L B	DC I NE
Exercise 35.—10 words per minute
OLMS	MVNH	UWQR	CDEH	KDNQ	DtPA	QZWI	MCCX	MCCX	OSJJ
ZLUN	LDKM	BCNX	Z Y Z IT	GHJD	OSLP	N C MY	DFJU	D J F IT	NAJS
Exercise 36.—10 words per minute
IQAO	MNWX	IJZA	QWZE	NLID	WBUA	PXOI	FJRA	ZAPQ	JRGD
YQUA	USJN	NZXC	SJAN	EYRU	LAMZ	EURY	MKOP	AGTX	DAQY
Exercise 37.- 10 words per minute
ZMJZI	URYCH	93287	PQAZM	NCBVG	HUGHY	DI EUR	MDNI E	OSSME	ERRRT
2 7 3 9 4	MCITEH	KALZX	COPLC	UEYRY	OSIKJ	OIDSJ	OIDKS	MEUYR	C IT T Z	O
101
TM 11-454
SIGNAL CORPS
	A p F ffl F > O 0 S «		Pm P 8 M Pm A o o PQ Ph		N |x F F Hi £ W o A M		0 F X W F O W Ph P H >		N P	pq W o pq > W W W		A F Pm O Pm A A F W M	w 02 <3 o		>h 3 to P W 0 W Ph M 0 M Hl 3 M M
	M o A F W W M H O A		W W Pm n hh <3 A P g  p W P n O < S		F K O P F P5 Ppp H M >		P Ph P F	|M P W O pq pq P <1		WWW F 0 g OOP hi N to O M £			hi A F A O F pq |x hh P Ph W M O 3
	£ M <3 N HI W PH M 3 0		W F > P W M W A		£ H > © O  O		3 N w Ph O > £ > w m		hi W Ph Ph O 02 Ph Ph < W > N			W P P W 3 > 02 CO £ w	O 0 > F		OOP 3 W to > M g A p to W to £
a 5 a co O © r-H co	H X n n w * <3 o o g p ® 'a » h> p « M t- M X W N P Fi O O 2 P to p X w 3 M N CO £ M	Q S G a ss a. co TJ o £ o 1 ci go •S	W S S ~ <3 P P o 3 Ph P P M A W F (X X P JM N X O £ X P w pq £ > 0 O f < W N Ph Jx P X	Exercise 4-0.—10 words per minute	M 3 O 0 W g W M <1 w H g O Pm W M M»W O M F W co Ph O g W pq M o A W O > W W M f P 02	Exercise 41-—15 words per minute	W to >h P Ph POP - W F P >M F to p? P F p to g W > O t* N hi p O P < X W 3 o w w P P F WFP >H H	Exercise 4-®-—15 words pei- minute	W F >H 3 W  > W o « Ph P W F £ pq W 3 Wop > > A W pq W f W 0		Exercise 43.—15 words per minute	UNGBT VXNBH 17455 TONOM KCLPX NOTED TITLCC JWNAW	> W 3 W fx 02 <3 W Pm F N pq W © >n h*i ©	Exercise 44-—15 words per minute	F Ph 0 co Ph W W Ph W N pq Ph >h M P <3 Pm <3 <3 £ >H <1 Pm P f <3 o P F W W P Pm £ O W M pq F P i* A CO N W W < <3 O hi Q F W 3 X W PH
	(X X W W P S H O W A		© > © £ ’-I F		W F Ph P W M M W P Pm		POP W P O rt w w w M w		W o P F	£ P H F < p 3 H,		A N h O N W X M  W > WOW		Pm w 0 O	p > F p 0 Ph W w		o p w o O <3 X N F pq	w M F O 0		£ pq « Ph PH b-A p co N b- O Pm
	©■ W © 0 00 <		w >H p w	M 0 F P P 0		HOC A pq P W P p O Hl pq pq <			f 3 pq N A H W W N pq M W hi > pq
102
TM 11-454
THE RADIO OPERATOR
	W < A M o		A » A ar 0 h H A X 02 X o £ A		A X X « co En	N A « A o	X		a ar h A A Eh A W hi AAA A A a?		A Hl A N Eh A En M 8 £ O A A Eh hh 02		A H A A M O A A X M A O <1 X A N
	A EH A H 02 0 A A W A (3 A		S W A A Eh X 0 co A A £ A <3 > O		«2 Eh £ AAA M w A H £ X A <3 O		o A A < X co > O g A A co W O A		0 A X < En to O M O W g A O A A A		A O Eh <1 Ao A 0 o H > « A H A A
	O H A W a 0 N □ £ X Z <		M A w A CO X S <3 EH H W Hl A co A		W M M £ M <3 02 0 M A En A h A A		A O A AMA AAA £ A A A tn X		X A A «2 < H 02 hi X £ A X M X A A		<1 A A M A h q 0 A M A O A H A A
Exercise 45.—15 words per minute	4gA M HH <3 X A X w a M A A M Eh (3 M A M N w <3 £ N x M Eh tn X M <3 A W A <3 M M £ A X A MAO M <3 A	Exercise 46.—15 words per minute	W H Eh N « M A m A A N £ A < O H A o <3 <3 X O tn A M A En 0 A X r- W A A A ® A X « A A s< A A N M ◄ A X N pq N W o m A A	Exercise 47 •—15 words per minute	to A X A O Eh  H A M X <3 0 M A X h M Eh A CO 0 H> M X <3 O M CO Aha H m A^	Exercise 48.—15 words per minute	X H A 0 cn <3 AAA H N X A £ O AAA <1 X A ar w O A H H < A AXA A **< << £ H< 0 AAA AAA « S N MOO o o ar EH W < X A X	 o X N A tn A 02 A X o A hi A A M X En W	ID "S a a aJ ft 02 T5 O 1 ft <> •2 1	£ w A O 0 A X O □ M W X An A N hi X n A a? o X A M <3 En En A M Eh <{ <3 M N N O A A £ A M H x tc M A Eh <3 X A A W X M O X co M S A
	X 0 A M H Eh M A M X X O		AH0 X M A O N m A O X Eh		X A A A co X A Ao En H> A > H o		co pq cst Ph r-a 0 co s. g i> H A		A A X M M tn < a X X A A M A X <		A A £ O A A A A 0 A O O A £ N N
	Oho S* « « W W H N A 0		AAh H CO CM A X co A g © N A ao		H A 02 M H H A W A MMX 0 A M		<3 A AWN A W X N X W OXA		A O M X tn A <3 A A < £ X O A X		H Q O M A O <3 xo A A £ 2 <3 A
	OXA N A g o M X A X a		AMO AMA W A A A 0 A tc A X		En A H A tn hi A O M w M A Hl < o		N <3 A HAO Aha A O Eh h OH		A Eh A M X O A g <3 A X t> N £ X H		<3 W A O tn A M eh A O A A H H  A fx 0		M O > A 3 O W M H >		o A H A A	A A A A >		X A A A	A A A A A	3 0 A A 3 A A A g	
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q		A	0	0	q	A	S		©	q	Ci		N	A		2 £		X	A		A	kl	N	
q			A	co		X	3 3		A	q	A	A	A		q	A	X	N	O		A	M	N	X
&	©	O	<1	3		A	<1	0	A		0	H	A	A		N	A	A	0		A		H	©
X	»o	S		N	X	A	h-4	N	A	X	A	>		A	X		O	A			A	A	o	X
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•2	s	i -	W	>	co	co	A		A			a	co	A		w	X	>	0			N	A	A
		©	£	3		►"5	A		A			A	s			A	A	A	A		Q	or g		3
KJ	A a A A A A 3 a H H O H a A X A A w	MCNVT TMLCQ BCNUP HIMAN MCNZA QXQCZ KNNZU PQLIK KDMSM MCIUJ KDJLO 92837				w A A A A a A X N & <1 co O A w 0	00 © Ci © A W A fX A fX A A A A A A a g	A co A A A © Ci X © CO A H A A 3 <1 A co A	90347 HAVGO WVRUR CVBTJ		A a A © Ci © A 2 A A 3 A A o	76321 EWSKM CTOG	EFMEY OCYAA HIMAD OHWIM SFMCG		w <1 o A © b- X A fx O A A A A £ A		A A « A Hl ’t M A HA® AX© N <' 3 A ® N A co < 3 St A £ « « x A H A 3 A A < A H A > MR H ci 0 H ® S 0 « > A !' H 3 A A			X © Cl N O S A A A A H A <1 A A A A A	Ji	A A A A W A fi <1 A 0 N A « Cl ©	fx A A R O R ARA a A A E A A 'tf ©. A X rH A « « S X Cl p © rH 1-5 W £ ®- N 'X p cy ci A A St H. X X Xj <1 R> ONA MAO < > << AAA		
104
TM 11—454
THE RADIO OPERATOR
Exercise 56.—20 words per minute
c a? co co B B S'cocJ'S'c^&afi CO
H M X <1	~	~	C B
0 O	n	M	।	।	,	,	।	।	।	i	।	i	।	।	।	।	।	।	।
M H	5	fl	i	i	i	i	i	।	i	i	i	i	i	i	i	i	<	i	i
•	»	i	i	i	i	i	i	i	i	i	i	i	i	i	i	i
Q	 I I I ! I I	I	<1111111	I
«* :	::::::::
BRO	o	।	।	।	।	।	।	।	।	।	।	।	।	।	।	।	।
P4 B	fcs	w	।	।	।	।	।	।	।	।	।	।	।	।	।	।	।	।
CQ	o	cj	।	।	।	।	।	i	I	i	I	।	।	।	।	।	।	।	।
n uj	।	।	।	।	।	।	।	।	............ ।
3 J? Pl	fl	I	I	I	I	i	i	I	I	I	I	i	i	i	i	।	i	I
1	I	I	I	I	I	I	I	<1111111	I
LJ	w	I	I	I	I	I	I	I	I	I	I	I	I	I	I	I	I	I
S <1	2	।	।	।	।	।	।	।	<	।	।	।	।	।	।	।	।	।
O H	P	।	।	।	i.	।	।	।	।	।	।	।	।	।	।	।	।	।
।	।	।	।	।	।	।	।	।	।	।	।	।	।	।	।	।
U » CC	H	i	i	i	i	।	।	i	i	<	i	i	i	<	i	i	i	i
i	i	i	i	i	i	i	i	i	i	i	i	i	i	i	i	i
EL Ah <1	O	i	i	i	i	।	।	i	i	i	i	i	i	i	i	i	i	i
.	1 1 C ! 1 1 1	1	। । । । । । । ।
«	: z '' : : :	:	i : : : j : g :
I : r ~	:	i k ; :	s	;	S	;
» x	2	: j <1 o g	;	:	:	: 2 £ J	m	a	§	:	:
rt <1	z	1 EZ &2 Q	1	1	1	' fa M	K	>	1
>-• c?	*-=>	1 b a > a	1	1	। o a B!	H	।	■
a!2§^g !	;
ftj l«X K, n C >-«	1	1	1	r	'	1
hH0H	B	g i !	\	■
B o b p$	a £ S £  B n	।	1	On	3^ ** O’	B	I
M .	i—i	X ?> w CC Fh ■< tvt	।	।	°o S X F-i n	m E, co
M Q te B ®	M £ Pi 1	1	T’’ > P H _ pi. ।
o w S z®H
MJI’K tP A (Sggpogo |	• KSgflsSw®
O M o °	§ h 20 5	;	;	> / < -: o ' p
> N H C?	a , K w H I I ^O-SEiC-
n a? <	S a b '	; b r-, a °
a a b	|	।	h	□ a o	H	।
mWizi,q	i ewS§Hgo“
N ffl 	I
H H A	i	'	B C r > 5 r ]
< *o o	S a m m H '	50 § a % B ap a ■ ■
« g	;	;	BHoogoBO^	;
AM’NM	i	i	SgguSigg	:
r4 f?	a b y ।	। a:k ■< „ pi u ।
2	ggBS	;	;	ao°SgBa>H	;
K o C? B	• a g B	.	.	HHaygr, Spp
>M>0	c H g B g	;	f	5 >< B- S' § B > - &	”§
Sao>t	h- a <	। p	a gq a y £ p
txccpp ppi	?	Bfe-pp-^SFiB	?
b a a S $ ■< r'!	7S	-^^S^BgBo	_
"0 H  K P K B	«	“
.Ml"-	i-foX^g	g	£
00^0*0	cp £ m B y a	r.CO<^ Sa
io !z co	B ;> B h-i O	B	p, X U> £
>£o^Opip4	Moaawoga
« B E	a a c o a a a hhochb^c
105
TM 11-454
SIGNAL CORPS
Exercise 59
THESE ARE THE TIMES THAT TRY MENS SOULS THE SUMMER SOLDIER AND THE SUNSHINE PATRIOT WILL IN THIS CRISIS SHRINK	in
FROM THE SERVICE OF THEIR COUNTRY BUT HE THAT STANDS IT NOW	12
DESERVES THE LOVE AND THANKS OF MAN AND WOMAN TYRANNY LIKE	HO
HELL IS NOT EASILY CONQUERED YET WE HAVE THIS CONSOLATION____“Z"	in
WITH US THAT THE HARDER THE CONFLICT THE MORE GLORIOUS THE	nn
TRIUMPH WHAT WE OBTAIN TOO CHEAPLY WE ESTEEM TOO LIGHTLY IT	n
IS DEARNESS ONLY THAT GIVES EVERYTHING ITS VALUE
Total words__
(83)
Exercise 60
IT IS REFRESHING TO KNOW THAT THERE ARE GREAT FORCES FOR GOOD AT WORK IN THE BUSINESS WORLD THAT IMPROVEMENTS ARE_______on
BUT THE NATURAL EXPRESSION OF UPLIFTED THOUGHT THAT EXAMPLE	’
PURER MOTIVES HIGHER IDEALS AND THE RIVALRY OF EXCELLENCE ARE LEAVING THE WORLD THAT OPPRESSION IS DECREASING IN ORDER	no
THAT SPONTANEOUS EFFORT MAY BE UTILIZED THAT COURTESY AND	1 r J
KINDNESS ARE GAINING RECOGNITION AS FACTORS OF SUCCESS AND____I2II2222I22222ZZ222222	ai
THAT MEN ARE LEARNING TO LOVE THEIR DAILY WORK BECAUSE THROUGH	- - -
IT THEY FEEL THE DIVINE IMPULSE	'
_ ------------------------------------------------
Total words_ _ _	/r...
(84)
106
TM 11-454
THE RADIO OPERATOR
	0 H	t>	0 A	b 
			(X	
	3 b	A	WO	>4	b A
	W 0	A	fl a	A M <
	M 0	fl	N fl	fl
	M <<		MM	02	A fl «
	S 0	A M	CQ A	O	m >  o m	w
	fl A fl CQ	N < s^	b fl	fl fl fl	M	S o	<< fl fl M	02
	< <«	fl co	< fl	Al	< O 3	£
	b >i	b (X	b m	h	> m fl
			02	fl
	X <1	fl fl	fl fl	O	fl A M
	fl X	b b	fl H	o	tn m fl	g
	fl M	fl  b	<1	tn A
	< >	M <	0 fl	H	<1 W <	£
	fl O	fl >	mA	£	tn > pq	K
			o	
Q			fl	fl
6	fl b	A A	Art	fl	fl h> fl	p-
d	fl <	fl b	fl <	w	M fl tn	p
-H -M	O fl M £	- CO 	M H	co CO	< M <	CO	p
H C ’s*	fl	,g d fl	<	tn § P.	.8 M o A §	§
tf	g		so	S	£	02	£	£ fl
 £	| AO m <	> O M S fl fl tn	<4	h b tn fl 8 fl M fl A Q
o d	fl M O b	M fl o g	M	Q <5 fl	lb Q	tn tn fl A fl <	"
	fl A	3 tn	A n	|m fl	fl tn	g
				
	0 fl	fl N	fl A	O Q	fl A
	A O	N M	fl h	O > fl	Q
	B tn	O fl	H fl	° g	Hl W fl	g
		O tn	0^1	gg	g W m	J
	lb < O	fl >	fl A a	>	N b o
	Im >< n	O tn	tn fl	fl	|H <3 g m
	fl >	fl fl	M fl	i" fl	Im tn tn	a
	g <	( fl tn	S
	b fl	|H |m o	o Ob	b £	Is-, A H pq a	fl	|m <
	£	fl	fl	5	<	x>
	(X	® N	® o ®	® H		a w
	hflo	fl A 0	fl A m co fl fl	>< A W >*	>< 02
	g o o M	Son	g O > ® g § fl	g o fl A	g &
		> A	> An > o	> |H	>0
	>	fl	*° tn o	fl H
	« « q H	co A	« m m m	co CO	CO	fl Q	CO X
	0 fl m cq	0 fl  W X HOW Q X * X P d m o Pi X 0 X < X CQ M Si H < CQ M Ph X Eh X a o s X Pt H g P O X co x co d 0 Pi O O X P	|< |X < © Ci © X X W X * P O	Exercise 81	2 2 w Ph 3 0 x a 72 a § |p X |ffl O Ph pq O X # r-r. Ph x « g X X Q "3 rH H Ph Q 0 72 72 0- d U Ph < 72 © d x pi > « M d CO & Ph ci O £ 2	00 C0 .co 1	lx |m X Ph X X X a £ X Tt< Cl Ph 0 O 01 Cl Ph X a X S X co 0 o	O Q M 0 P X P K X X X M HI Q co X 0 H X P K W M P P X < o O N M X P H rt o Eh W P « M 0 X < % S ® P CQ d  W  CQ 0) X H a Q a oo<*S 0 Pi O O XX	Exercise 84	OG3 V MY 9 NR2 4 O Y GR 2 1 TWENTYFIVE BT	0 «d *-a 0 >>>>>>	> >	>>>>>>	>	>>>>>
n h( < d H	*rf M 0 o M >
You are causing delay by slowness in answering.
You are causing confusion by answering out of order.
Answer in alphabetical order of call signs.
Answer me (or---------) on---------- kc.
Am reeling in antenna--------- (1. Before landing; 2. To rejoin forma-
tion) .
Am forced to land (at or near----------) because of -- - ■ ■■—• (1. Fire; 2.
Collision; 3. Engine failure; 4. Out of gas).
*	* * * * *
Check your message authentication.
Message authentication has been checked and is ———•.
(1. Correct; 2. Incorrect, corrected authentication is-----).
(B)	CALL SIGNS
112
TM 11-454
THE RADIO OPERATOR
(C)	CALLING—COMM UNICATIONS
Z C A Are you (or is ------) in communication with ----- (by ---)
(1. Radio; 2. Wire; 3. Visual)?
Z C B I am (or———-is) in communication with---(by———•) (1. Radio-
2.	Wire; 3. Visual).
ZCC Call me again at------- (on------kc.).
Z CD Following is what I (or-----) sent (at---).
Z C E 1 have (or-----has) been calling you (on---kc.).
Z C F I (or----) will call you again as soon as I (he) can (or at-) (on
—----kc.).
Z C G Inform —— that I have (or------has) been calling him (on -——*—
kc.).
Z CH Cease listening for messages from--.
Z C I Listen in for messages from -——-— (on---kc.).
Z C J You were (or------was) sending at the same time as------.
Z C K Transmit message(s) without preliminary call-up.
Z C L Make (or direct------to make) preliminary call-up before transmitting
traffic.
Z C M Collective (or net) call sign--for the present includes--
Z C N __________________________________
z c o _______________________________
ZCP ___________________________________I_IIIII
*******
Z C V General call; all stations copy.
z c w __________________________________
ZCX _________________________________”I_
Z C Y _______________________________
ZCZ ____________________________________’”””””
(D)	DIRECTION FINDER
ZDA Transmit “MO’s” and call signs (on ———- kc.).
Z DB Report bearings by direction finder in plain English.
ZDC What is my bearing (code understood if not followed by ZDB)?
Z DD Your bearing in code was----at-------.
Z D E Your bearing in plain English was-at-------.
Z D F Your bearing from------ was-------(and distance from ------- was
------) at-----.
Z D G Bearing furnished you is --— (1. Bilateral; 2. Unilateral).
Z DH I am unable to furnish you (or ----) bearing now. Call again in
------minutes.
Z D I I am (or ------ is) now ready to furnish you (or -) with radio
direction-finder bearings.
ZD J I am (or is) unable to furnish reliable bearings due to (1. Night effect; 2. Poor miniminn; 3. Uncalibrated sector; 4. Weak signals; 5. Poor note; 6. Interference; 7. Uncalibrated frequency; 8. Poor cross).
Z DK What is my bearing and distance from you (or--)?
ZDL Y hat is reciprocal of bearing just furnished me by you (or ——-—)?
449750°—42---8
113
TM 11-454
SIGNAL CORPS
N N N N N N N	NNNNNNNN	NNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNN	N N N N N	N N N N N N
hd hj hrj hrj htj hrj bj	MMMMMMMW	MWMMMMMMMMtdMMMMMBM	OUUdU	UtJUdUti
Q hd M tl O W >	Sri©hjO3gt-'M«MMWQ*itdtfQW> NKJH^<*W©hJO^g
Reciprocal of bearing just furnished you by me (or
Bearings appear to be reliable.
is
*
(E) EQUIPMENT, ADJUSTMENTS OF EQUIPMENT
I am (or —-—— is) going to use--------.
Use--------.
I am (or-------is) unable to use-------.
My--------- (on-------kc.) is out of commission.
Repairs completed. Am in commission now.
I have adjusted my-------- (1. Radiating system; 2. Power).
Cease using ———.
I am (or-------is) using-------.
Your------—- appears to be defective (on------kc.).
Your key or relay appears to be sticking.
Your speed key is improperly adjusted.
How is my note?
Your note is ------- (1. Good; 2. Poor; 3. Rising and falling; 4. Over-
modulated; 5. Under-modulated).
Your dots are -—----- (1. Too heavy; 2. Too light).
Your (or ———•) transmitter is not keying properly.
(F) FREQUENCY, FREQUENCY ADJUSTMENTS
I must shift to work another station (or  -—).
Frequency--------me.
Frequency--------kc.
Send V’s on this frequency (or ——— kc.).
I am (or —— is) shifting to transmit on---------kc. (at------—).
I am (or-------is) shifting to receive on-----kc. (at -------).
I am (or-------is) able to receive on------kc.
114
TM 11-454
THE RADIO OPERATOR
M h h, M A g * O to <3 rt * £ 1*1 i* N <1 ffl O A H ft 0 w M * H? g fc O A (3 W Eh b > > M Jx N AAAAAAAAAAA	A A A A	0	0 0	0	0 0 0 0 0	0 0 0 0 0 0 0	00000000
NNNNNNNNNNN	N N N N	N	NN	N	NNNNN	NNNNNNN	NNNNNNNN
I am (or-■— is) able to transmit on-kc.
Shift (or direct--) to receive on---kc.
Shift (or direct-—) to transmit on--kc.
Shift (or direct--—) to transmit and receive on-kc.
What frequency are you (or is —--) using (to work ——-—)?
How does my frequency check?
Your frequency is correct.
Your frequency is too high (or is-kc. too high).
Your frequency is too low (or is-- kc. too low).
Your frequency is-— kc.
Adjust your transmitter frequency to zero beat with mine (or with ------)•
******
(G) NET CONTROL (ARMY), GUARDS (NAVY)
Indicate ships or stations for which you are radio guard (net control station) (-------kc.).
Take over radio guard or net control for ——-— (until-------).
Are you (or is-------) radio guard or net control station for--- (on
------kc.).
I am (or -------- is) radio guard or net control station for---- (on
------kc.).
Station reports into net.
Station leaves net temporarily (or for with---------) (will be on------— kc.).
Is net directed or free?
Net is------- (1. Directed; 2. Free).
- hours) (to communicate
115
TM 11-454
SIGNAL CORPS
(L) LIST OF TYPES AND MEANS OF COMMUNICATION
Z L A CW______________________________________________
Z L B ICW_____________________________________________
Z L C Type or model  -transmitter.
Z L D Type or model---receiver.
Z L E Landline or cable- (1. Telegraph; 2. Telephone).
Z L F Visual.
ZLG Radio------(1. Radio beacon; 2. Aircraft radio; 3. Field radio; 4.
Radiotelegraph; 5. Radiotelephone; 6. Direction finder).
Z L H ________________________________________________
Z L I ________________________________________________
Z L J ________________________________________________
Z L K ________________________■_______________________
ZLL __________________________________________________
*******
Z L P ________________________________________________
*******
Z L S ________________________________________________
Z L T ________________________________________________
Z LU _________________________________________________
ZLV __________________________________________________
Z L W ________________________________________________
Z L X ________________________________________________
Z L Y ________________________________________________
Z L Z ________________________________________________
(M) MESSAGES, TRAFFIC
ZMA I have (or-----has)-------messages (numeral indicating number
of messages may be followed by 0, P, or D to indicate precedence other than routine) for you (or-).
Z MB Nothing received from---- (at-----).
ZMC Fragments only received (from-).
Z MD Have you received SOS just made (or made by---at --)?
Z ME The following is heading of message-as received. Check station
of origin if necessary and repeat.
Z MF Unable to locate message(s) -. Give better identification data.
Z MG This message is in error—disregard it.
Z MH How do you count following text group(s) —-—-----? Word (or
words  --------) should be counted as-------group (s).
Z M I Hold my message number--until correctness is confirmed.
Z M J Following received from- (at-------).
ZMK Verify enciphering (or encoding) of your message - (or portion
indicated).
ZML Cryptographic system indicated in your message- (1. Is not held;
2. Is inoperative).
Z MM _________________________________________________
ZMV _____________________________________ ____________
Z MW Of what precedence and to whom are your messages?
116
TM 11-454
THE RADIO OPERATOR
Z MX Verify the message or portion thereof indicated with your message center (communication office) and transmit correct version.
ZMY ____________________________________
zmz ____________________________ZZZZZZIIIIIIIIIIII111111111.1"
(N) STATION SERIAL NUMBERS
Z N A What was station serial number of last message received from this station (or from------------) ?
Z NB Station serial number of last message received from you (or from-)
was-----.
Z N C What -w as station serial number of last message you transmitted to me (or to-----------)?
Z ND Station serial number of last message transmitted to you (or to--)
was  ---—.
Z N E Number-----from-------is blank.
Z N F Repeat all before group 1 of message number-to number-----------
transmitted (or trasmitted by -) to straighten out confusion
in serial numbers.
Z N G Two messages, reference numbers -— — and---- (or group counts
and time of origin-and -—------), both received as serial number
----. Designate correct serial number.
Z NH Change serial number of message with reference numbers-----------
(or group count and time of origin - ) to serial number
ZNI Prior to closing station records, last message transmitted to you (or to ) was message number-----------------\ last message received from you
(or him) was message number----.
Note.—Repeat for as many stations as necessary to complete check
Z N J _______
ZNK ____________________________________”1
Z N L _______
ZNM ____________________________________II-------
ZNN ____________________________________IIIIIIIIII
*******
Z N S _______________________________________
ZNT ____________________________________I”
ZNU _________ ____________________"IIIII"
Z N V __________________________________
ZNW ______________________________IIIII
ZNX ______________________________I
Z N Y _______ __________________'.IIIII
Z N Z ____________________________11111111111
(O) OPERATING
Z O A Send at speed of---words per minute.
Z O B Your -	(1. Characters are indistinct; 2. Words are poorly spaced;
3. Transmitter or key missing dots).
Z O C Has executive sign (signal of execution) for last message (or for message following •---------) • been made?
117
TM 11-454
SIGNAL CORPS
Z O D Transmit your messages in strings of-.
ZOE I am going to transmit my messages in strings of-■—%
Z O F Cease using speed key.
Z O G _____________________________________________________
Z OH ______________________________________________________
ZOI _______________-_______________________________________
Z O J _____________________________________________________
Z OK ______________________________________________________
ZOL _______________________________________________________
Z OM Use speed key if qualified to do so. *******
Z O T _____________________________________________________
Z OU ______________________________________________________
zov ____________________________________________________:__
z o w _____________________________________________________
z ox ______________________________________________________
Z O Y _____________________________________________________
z o z _____________________________________________________
(P) FACSIMILE (JOINT); OPERATING (NAVY)
Z P A ____________________________________________
Z P B ____________________________________________
Z P C ____________________________________________
ZPD ______________________________________________
Z P E ______________ _____________________________
*******
ZPU ______________________________________________
ZPV ______________________________________________
Z P w ____________________________________________
Z PX _____________________________________________
ZPY ______________________________________________
Z P z ____________________________________________
(R)	RETRANSMISSION, ROUTING, RELAYING, AND DELIVERY
Z R A Forward this message (or message-) by visual to-.
ZRB Deliver (or direct ---- deliver) message(s)-via ------------ (to
----).
Z R C Act as relay between me (or-) and--------.
Z RD Give me your message(s) for--; I will forward.
ZRE Forward this message by wire-- (1. Collect; 2. Paid).
Z R F Take no further action with regard to forwarding message -— (to
----).
ZRG Transmit this message now (or at---) by----- (1. I method; 2. F
method).
Z RH Inform me when this message (or message  -—) has been received by
addressee(s) (or by-).
Z R I Message -- has been received by the addressee (or by -----) at
118
TM 11-454
THE RADIO OPERATOR
ZR J Pass following message to destination by ------- (1. Hand; 2. U. S.
Postal Service; 3. Fast mail).
2 R K Distribute this message by dispatch where no charges are involved and to all others by mail.
Z RL How route traffic for------?
Z RM Route traffic for------through-------- (on-------- kc.).
Z R N Have been unable to relay (or deliver) message-to---------(1. Will
continue efforts to effect relay (or delivery); 2. Advise disposition). *******
Z R P ___________________________________________________
* * * * * * *
ZRZ _____________________________________________________
(S)	SIGNALS, SIGNAL STRENGTH, READABILITY
Z S A Can you receive-------? If so, what is his readability?
Z S B I can receive-----. Readability---------.
Z S C Your signals fade (from strength-----to--------).
Z S D Decrease strength of signals.
Z S E Increase strength of signals.
Z S F What is my signal strength?
Z S G What is my readability?
ZSH __________________________________________
Z S I ____________________________________________ ’’
Z S J ________________________________________
ZSK __________________________________________
Z S L ________________________________________
Z SM _________________________________________
ZSN _________________________________________________
Z S O Reception -------- (1. Poor; 2. Fair; 3. Good; 4. Excellent; 5. Impos-
sible; 6. Impossible due to echo).
Z S P _______________________________________________
ZSQ __________________________________________ ~--	- --	-- - - -
ZSR __________________________________________
Z s s ____________________________________________"
Z S T _____________________________________
zsu __________________________________________
Z S V ____________________________________________
z s w ________________________________________
Z S X _______________________________________________
Z S Y ________________________________________
ZSZ __________________________________________I
(T)	TIME AND TRANSMISSIONS
Z T A I am (or--------is) going to make a timing signal for correcting clocks.
The numerals indicating the time (and zone ---- plus or minus
understood) will be followed by the executive sign—the 5-second dash terminating exactly at the time indicated.
Z T B What is your time and time zone?
Z T C My time is--------zone--------time (plus or minus understood).
Z T D From---------to-------.
ZTE Until further orders (or until------).
Z T F Established at-------- (by----).
119
TM 11-454
SIGNAL CORPS
NJ NJ N NJ N NJ	NJNJNJNNJNJNJNJ NNNNNNNNNN N NJ N NJ N N N NJ NJ NJ NJ NJ NJ NJ NJ N NJ
3	<<<<<<<<	<<<<<<<<<< HHHHHHH HGHHHdd 888
XI M d O tt > N-iWQXJMdQtt> N