[Handbook for Pharmacy Technicians]
[From the U.S. Government Publishing Office, www.gpo.gov]
ffl M3
Document Reserve
Win IEPIITHEHI TECHNICAL MANUAL
NON-CIRCULATING
HANDBOOK
FOR PHARMACY
TECHNICIANS
WAR DEPARTMENT
NOVEMBER 1945
WAR DEPARTMENT TECHNICAL MANUAL TM 8-233
This manual supersedes TM 8-233, Methods for Pharmacy Technicians, 13 October 1941, including C 1,16 June 1942, and C 2, 28 February 1944.
HANDBOOK
FOR PHARMACY TECHNICIANS
WAR DEPARTMENT . NOVEMBER 20, 1945
United States Government Printing Office, Washington: 1945
For sale by the Superintendent of Documents, U. S. Government Printing Office
Washington 25, D. C. Price 35 Cents
The use in this volume of certain portions of the text of the United States Pharmacopoeia, Twelfth Revision, official 1 November 1942, is by virtue of permission received from the Board of Trustees of the United States PharmacopoeialConvention. The said Board of Trustees is not responsible for any inaccuracy of quotation nor for any errors in the statement of quantities or percentage strengths.
WAR DEPARTMENT
Washington 25, D. C., 6 September 1945
TM 8-233, Handbook for Pharmacy Technicians, is published for the information and guidance of all concerned.
[AG 300.7 (18 Dec 44)]
By order of the Secretary of War:
Official: G. C. MARSHALL
Edward F. Witsell Chief of Staff
Major General
Acting The Adjutant General
Distribution :
Sec of War (1); ASF (2); Dept (1); Arm & Sv Bd (1); S Div ASF (1); WD Gen Staff, Sec (1); Tech Sv (2) except SGO (24); Tech Sv (Tng Div) (2); SvG (Hq) (1); SvG (Surg) (1); SvG (Tng Div) (1); MDW (4); AAF Sta (Corn) (1); GH (Named) (8); RH (8); SH (Named) (8); Gen & Sp Sv Sch (2); USMA (2); ROTC (2) except ROTG, 8 (8); ASF Unit Tng G (8); ASF Tng G (8) except Med; Conv C (3); Lab 8 (Army) (6); Lab 8 (Dept) (6); Lab 8 (SvC) (6); A (Hq) (2); A (Surg) (6); CHQ (Hq) (2); GHQ (Surg) (4); D (Hq) (2); D (Surg) (4); AF (Surg) (6); One (1) copy to each Med Det of the following T/O & E’s: 2-22; 3-25; 4-45; 4-145; 4-152; 4-232; 4-260-1; 5-55; 5-72; 5-95; 5-192; 5-252; 5-255; 5-275; 5-386; 5—510—IS; 5-535S; 6-10; 6-12; 6-35; 6-45; 6-55; 6-65; 6-75; 6-95; 6-175; 6-325; 6-355; 6-365; 6-395; 7-11; 7-15; 7-85; 7-95; 9-12; 9-76; 10-22; 10-95; 10-165; 10-217; 11-15; 11-25; 17-35; 17-55; 17-115; 17-125; 18-10-1; 18-25; 18-35; 19-35; 19-55; 20-42; 44-15; 44-25; 44-75; 44-115; 44-125; 44-225S; 44-315; 55-110-1; T/O &E: 8-22 (4); 8-26 (2); 8-27 (2); 8-28 (3); 8-37 (2); 8-76 (2); 8-77 (3); 8-86 (2); 8-87 (2); 8-88 (3); 8-125 (6); 8-136 (1); 8-137 (2); 8-138 (3); 8-317 (2); 8-447 (3); 8-497 (1); 8-500 (12); 8-510 (4); 8-534 (2); 8-537T (1); 8-538 (2); 8-550 (Numbered GH) (8); 8-560 (Numbered SH) (6); 8-580 (3); 8-595 (2); 8-610 (6); 8-650 (6); 8-750 (1); 8-760 (1); 8-790 (1); 8-915S (2); Hosp Ship Co (2)
Refer to FM 21-6 for explanation of distribution formula.
16270E
ii
CONTENTS
CHAPTER 1. Section I. II. GENERAL. General Administration and supply Paragraphs 1-2 3-5 Page 1 4
CHAPTER 2. PHARMACEUTICAL MATHEMATICS.
Section I. Metrology ...6-15 6
II. Specific gravity ..16-19 14
III. Specific volume 20 18
IV. Density 21 18
V. Thermometers ..22-23 18
VI. Ratio and proportion ..24-26 19
VII. Preparation of solutions ..27-31 20
VIII. Alligation ..32-33 23
IX. Reducing and enlarging formulas ,..34-35 25
X. Calculation of doses ,.36-37 25
CHAPTER 3. PHYSICAL PROCESSES AND TECHNIQUES ..38-47 27
CHAPTER 4. CLASSES OF PHARMACEUTICAL PREPARATIONS.
Section I. Waters (aquae) ..48-54 42
II. Solutions (liquores) ..55-59 43
III. Emulsions (emulsa) ..60-64 44
IV. Syrups (syrupi) ..65-68 45
V. Mucilages (mucilagines) ..69-73 46
VI. Mixtures (misturae) ..74-78 46
VII. Magmas (magmata) ..79-83 46
VIII. Lotions (lotiones) ..84-88 47
IX. Glycerites (glycerita) ..89-93 47
X. Spirits (spiritus) ..94-98 48
XI. Elixirs (elixiria) .99-103 48
XII. Collodions (collodia) 104-108 49
XIII. Liniments (linimenta) . . > . 109-113 49
XIV. Infusions (infusa) 114-118 50
XV. Tinctures (tincturae) 119-123 50
XVI. Vinegars (aceta) * 124-128 51
XVII. Fluidextracts (fluidextracta) 129-133 51
XVIII. Oleoresins (oleoresinae) .134-138 52
XIX. Extracts (extracta) 139-143 52
XX. Powders (pulveres) 144-148 53
XXI. Capsules (capsulae) 149-153 53
XXII. Triturations (triturationes) 154-158 55
XXIII. Pills (pilulae) 159-163 55
XXIV. Tablets (tabellae) 164-168 56
XXV. Ointments (unguenta) 169-173 57
XXVI. Pastes (pastae) 174-178 58
XXVII. Suppositories (suppositoria) 179-183 59
XXVIII. Plasters (emplastra) 184-188 60
CHAPTER 5. TOXICOLOGY 189-191 61
CHAPTER 6.
VETERINARY PHARMACOLOGY
............ 192-193 63
APPENDIX I. MEDICAL TERMS ................................. 66
II. REFERENCE TABLES ............................................ 72
III. DRUG LIST................................................... 115
iii
This manual supersedes TM 8-233, Methods for Pharmacy _ Technicians, 13 October 1941, including C 1, 16 June 1942, and C 2, 28 February 1944.
CHAPTER 1
GENERAL
Section I. GENERAL
1. SCOPE, a. This manual is intended as a ready reference for the pharmacist and for enlisted pharmacy technicians who will work in a pharmacy under the supervision of a commissioned officer. It is not intended to replace, but only to supplement, the standard reference books which are available in all permanent and in many temporary installations.
b. The drugs included in this manual are in most instances taken from the selected list in the Medical Department Supply Catalog.
2. DEFINITIONS, a. (1) Pharmacy is a profession which applies a fundamental knowledge of certain sciences, including those mentioned below: Chemistry investigates the composition of all substances, together with the combinations and decompositions resulting from their action upon one another under the influence of chemical force.
Physics deals with matter and its properties so far as they are intimately associated with the transformations of energy. Physics, therefore, includes dynamics and the branches of science that deal with light, heat, electricity, magnetism, and sound.
^oology treats of the natural history of all animals, their structure, physiology, classification, descent, and habits.
Botany treats of the structure of plants, the functions of their parts, their places of growth, and their classifications.
Mineralogy treats of the properties of mineral substances and characterizes, distinguishes, and classifies them according to their properties.
Biology is the science of living organisms, their morphology, physiology, origin or development, and distribution.
Physiology may be considered as that branch of biology which treats of the functions of the living organisms, plant or animal, correlates these functions as to cause and effect, and traces out their dependence upon the physical states of the organs by which these functions are exercised.
Bacteriology treats of microorganisms. •
Pharmacology is the science of drugs, usually interpreted as being the actions of drugs on the body, including materia medica, pharmacodynamics, and therapeutics.
Materia medica treats of the origin, composition, and properties of medicinal agents.
Pharmacodynamics deals with the actions of drugs on undiseased living organisms.
Therapeutics is a consideration of the actions of drugs in the treatment of disease.
Toxicology is the scientific study of poisons, their actions, their detection, and the treatment of the conditions produced by them.
Posology is the study of doses of drugs.
Pharmacognosy is the study of crude drugs, their source, origins, parts used, active constituents, collection and storage.
1
(2) Pharmacy in the Army has for its primary object the service which it can render in safeguarding the preparation, compounding, and dispensing of drugs.
(3) The term “drug” (as defined in the Federal Food, Drug, and Cosmetic Act) means “(1) articles recognized in the official United States Pharmacopoeia, official Homeopathic Pharmacopoeia of the United States, or official National Formulary, or any supplement to any of them; and (2) articles intended for use in the diagnosis, cure, mitigation, treatment, or prevention of disease in man or animals, and (3) articles (other than food) intended to affect the structure or any function of the body of man or animal; and (4) articles intended for use as a component of any articles specified in clause (1), (2), or (3); but does not include devices or their component parts, or accessories.”
b. The United States Pharmacopoeia (U.S.P.). The Pharmacopoeia is issued and revised by the United States Pharmacopoeial Convention which is composed of delegates representing state medical and pharmaceutical associations, medical and pharmaceutical colleges as well as certain allied professions and sciences. The object of the Pharmacopoeia is to provide standards for drugs and medicines of therapeutic usefulness or pharmaceutical necessity, sufficiently used in medical practice within the United States or its possessions; to lay down tests for the identity, quality, and purity of these; to insure, so far as practicable, uniformity in physical properties and active constituents.
The Pharmacopoeia was first published in 1820 and has been revised every ten years since that time. The Convention for the Eleventh Revision of the United States Pharmacopoeia (1940) decided that two revisions would be published in the next decade in order to keep pace with the rapid progress in the medical sciences and that interim revision announcements or supplements would be published in the meantime. This program of “continuous revision” is of particular significance in times of national emergency since shortages of critical materials frequently necessitate variations in the official standards.
The names of various substances are indicated in the Pharmacopoeia as follows:
(1) Official Latin title. Example: ELIXIR AROMATICUM.
(2) Official English title. Example: AROMATIC ELIXIR.
(3) Abbreviated title. Example: ELIX. AROM.
(4) Synonym. Example: SIMPLE ELIXIR.
(5) Botanical name (in the case of plants). Example: ATROPA BELLADONNA.
(6) Symbolic formula (in the case of chemicals). Example: BaSO4.
(7) Structural formula (in the case of organic chemicals wherever generally accepted by chemists). Example: PHENOL.
OH
(8) Official definition. In order that no question shall arise as to the exact meaning of the official Latin title, or any other name by which an official substance is known, it is necessary to state explicitly what kind or variety
2
of the substance should be used. Example: FERRUM. Elementary Iron (Fe) in the form of fine, bright wire, filings or powder.
(9) Purity rubric. This term indicates the paragraph which limits the quantity of innocuous impurities in chemicals, drugs, and other substances, by stating in terms of percentage the amount of pure substance that must be present. Example: SODIISALICYLAS, Sodium Salicylate, when dried to constant weight at 100°C., contains not less than 99.5 percent of C6H4. OH. COONa.
(10) Official description. Immediately following the official definition of the substances there will be noticed in the Pharmacopoeia, in smaller type, what has been termed the official description. This usually consists, for drugs, of a concise statement of their physical characteristics, when entire, and also, in most instances, the structure of the same drug when sectioned or powdered. In the chemicals the official definition usually includes the symbolic formula, the “purity rubric,” and the official description, which are printed in smaller type, exactly as in the case of vegetable drugs/ To the descriptions of the chemical drugs are usually added the solubility statements.
(11) Tests ffir identity and purity. In the U.S.P. the tests which establish the identity of a chemical and those which insure the Pharmacopoeia! minimum degree of purity are grouped under the appropriate headings.
(12) Assay. Chemicals, preparations, and certain crude drugs have assays included in their monographs which are intended to insure their contents to be in accord with the “purity rubric.”
(13) Storage. Certain official drugs and preparations of the Pharmacopoeia have storage specifications set forth designed to maintain their medicinal activity for a maximum period of time.
(14) Preparations. Where a pharmacopoeial substance is an item in the manufacture of official pharmaceuticals, these preparations are listed.
(15) Doses. The doses are given in both the metric and apothecaries’ systems. The figures are neither interchangeable, nor are they to be considered as exact equivalents. Under “Average Dose” is stated the dose which may be expected ordinarily to produce the therapeutic effect for which the drug or preparation is most commonly employed. The doses, unless otherwise indicated, are intended to mean oral doses when administered to adults.
c. The National Formulary (N.F.) is revised and issued by the American Pharmaceutical Association through its Committee on National Formulary. The purpose of the National Formulary is to supply definite formulas for preparations that are sufficiently used in medical practice within the United States, or its possessions, and for which formulas are not included in the Pharmacopoeia of the United States; and to provide standards and tests for the identity, quality, and purity of the ingredients used in these formulas, and for such other drugs as are frequently called for in the pharmacies of the United States, for which standards are not provided in the U.S. Pharmacopoeia, so that uniformity in the physical properties and therapeutic action of these preparations and medicinal materials will be assured. The National Formulary is similar to the Pharmacopoeia in arrangement and is intended to be revised and to appear at the same time as the revisions of the Pharmacopoeia.
d. New and Nonofficial Remedies (N.N.R.) is a book published by the American Medical Association through its Council on Pharmacy and Chemistry. It lists such unofficial representatives of the newer materia medica, chiefly synthetic or biological, as have been accepted under the rules of the Council.
3
e. zl dispensatory is an unofficial commentary on drugs, giving their physical, medical, and pharmaceutical history, with their doses, properties, and uses.
Section II. ADMINISTRATION AND SUPPLY
3. GENERAL. Pharmacies, like all other Army installations, are governed by Army Regulations, amplified or expanded by local regulations and orders promulgated by the station commander and the surgeon. Each pharmacy officer and technician should therefore familiarize himself with the provisions of AR 40-590, 40-1705, TM 38-403, 387220, and all local regulations pertinent to the pharmacy.
4. SUPPLY. One of the most important administrative functions connected with the pharmacy is the maintaining of adequate medicinals and equipment necessary to their proper dispensing. The maintenance of adequate supplies in the medical supply is the responsibility of the medical supply officer and the pharmacy officer should maintain close liaison with this department with reference to pharmacy supplies. He should assist the medical supply officer in determining the levels of each item required for the pharmacy, basing the requirements on past issue experience and anticipated needs. The medical supply officer will have available all correct supply publications for reference.
a. Army Service Forces Medical Supply Catalog. This Catalog lists the items that are stored and issued by the Medical Department. It establishes the official item designation for use in the preparation of requisitions, records, reports, and correspondence concerning medical supplies.
b. Nonstandard articles. The addition of many new standard items to the Medical Supply Catalog has decreased the necessity for the use of nonstandard items. The items now listed include those generally recognized as essential to medical practice and recourse to nonstandard items will rarely be necessary. Medical officers may find that a compound which they frequently prescribed in civilian practice is not included in the Catalog. However, items have been included which serve the same purpose. Standard or nonstandard supplies required in emergency to save life or prevent suffering may be procured and vouchered to distribution depots under the provisions of AR 40-1705.
c. Requisitioning from the medical supply officer. (1) Items appearing in the Army Service Forces Medical Supply Catalog will be requisitioned by the pharmacy officer from the medical supply officer on WD AGO Form 446 (Property Issue Slip). Separate requisitions will be prepared for expendable and nonexpendable items. Examples of requisitions are shown in Med. 1, Introduction to Army Service Forces Medical Supply Catalog.
(2) Nonstandard items not carried in stock at the medical supply. Items which are nonstandard and which are obtained by local purchase must be supported by certificates showing their necessity. This may be on the requisition itself or accompany it in a separate letter of request.
d. Requisitions by the medical supply officer. (1) The source of supply beyond the medical supply officer is the medical distribution depot. Monthly requisitions are submitted by the medical supply officer to the distribution depot to replenish station stocks.
4
(2) In addition, the medical supply officer may purchase articles necessary to prevent suffering or distress among the sick and injured from Medical Department funds as outlined in AR 40-1705.
5. ADMINISTRATION. The administration of the pharmacy is carried out by the pharmacy officer under the general supervision of the surgeon and the station commander.
a. Pharmacy officer. This officer is in charge of the pharmacy and is responsible for carrying on the work of the drugroom, for general policy, property responsibility, and the handling, storing, and dispensing of narcotics, poisons, and alcohol.
b. Records. (1) In time of peace and, so far as practicable, in time of war, all prescriptions will be written in the metric system. They will be placed on file in three separate files (each carrying a different series of numbers) as follows:
(a) Prescriptions for alcohol or alcoholic liquors and for medicines containing opium or any of the salts, derivatives, or preparations of opium or coca leaves.
(b) Prescriptions for civilians which do not include articles of the preceding class.
(c) All other prescriptions.
(2) Prescription files will be subject to inspection by inspectors and station commanders at all times.
(3) With reference to b (1) (a) above, a record will be kept of the pharmacy receipts and expenditures of each article specified therein. These items are shown with a (6) in the “Notes” column of the Army Service Forces Medical Supply Catalog. This record is commonly called the Narcotic Register and should be made on WD AGO Form 421, adapted as may be necessary for the purpose, filed in a looseleaf binder as listed in the Army Service Forces Medical Supply Catalog. A separate slip will be kept for each form in which liquor or drug is supplied, as, “Morphine sulfate, 1 oz.,” or “Morphine sulfate, 20 (/^ gr. hypo, tablets).” The date of receipt thereof from the medical supply will be noted in the left-hand column and the amount in the proper unit, in the debit column. The expenditures will be noted by entering the prescription number in the left-hand column and the amount expended in compounding the prescription in the credit column. At least once a month, the slips will be balanced and the quantities remaining on hand will be verified by a Medical Department officer and the facts with the date of verification noted over his signature.
(4) With reference to b (1) (b) and (r) above, the methods of filing prescriptions may vary with the availability of materials with which permanent records can be made. Pasting the prescriptions in a large filing book has been used extensively, and the book is listed in the Army Service Forces Medical Supply Catalog as, “Book, Prescription Filing,” for this purpose. This method, however, proves time consuming and may be deviated from in any other practicable method.
5
CHAPTER 2 PHARMACEUTICAL MATHEMATICS
Section I. METROLOGY
6. GENERAL. Metrology is the study of measurement as applied to extension, volume, and weight. The metric system of measure is employed in the Pharmacopoeia, the National Formulary, and in New and Nonofficial Remedies. In the general practice of pharmacy, the English linear system is used in measuring extension; the apothecaries’ system in measuring weight and volume and in the writing and filling of prescriptions; and the avoirdupois system in measuring weight in commercial transactions including the purchase and sale of drugs and medical supplies.
The use of the metric system of measurement was legalized in the United States in 1866 and its use in all medical requirements including the writing and filling of prescriptions was made obligatory in the Medical Department of the U. S. Army in 1894. However, all of the systems mentioned are employed in the Supply Catalogs of the Medical Department.
7. METRIC SYSTEM, a. General. The metric system is decimal and its primary units of volume and weight are derived from the primary unit of extension, the meter, which simplifies the conversion of values as compared to the other systems mentioned above.
Primary unit of length, the meter, may be defined as 1/40,000,000 of the earth’s circumference, measured across the poles or as 1/10,000,000 of the earth’s quadrant.
Primary unit of volume, the liter, may be defined as the cube of one-tenth of a meter (decimeter), or as the volume occupied by a kilogram of water at its greatest density.
Primary unit of weight, the gram, is the weight of a cubic 1/100 meter (cubic centimeter) of water at its greatest density, and weighed in vacuo.
Figure 1. Metric weights.
6
b. Metric tables. To simplify measuring, the primary unit of each branch was subdivided into 1000, 100, and 10 secondary parts; secondary units larger than the primary units were established by taking the primary units in multiples of 10, 100, and 1000. All secondary units differ from one another by some power of 10.
Fractional parts of the primary units are expressed by adding the Latin prefixes: milli (1/1000), centi (1/100), and deci (1/10) to the names of the primary unit itself.
Denominations larger than the primary units are expressed by adding the Greek prefixes: deka (10), hecto (100), and kilo (1000), to the name of the primary unit.
Metric table of length Abbreviated form
10 millimeters = 1 centimeter 10 centimeters = 1 decimeter 10 mm = 1 cm 10 cm = 1 dm 10 drn = l m 10 m = 1 Dm 10 Dm = 1 Hm 10 Hm = l Km
10 decimeters = 1 meter
10 meters = 1 dekameter
10 dekameters = l hectometer 10 hectometers = 1 kilometer
By replacing the primary unit of length with the primary unit of volume or weight, the appropriate table will be derived. The technician may more readily visualize these tables if they are compared to our monetary system which is also a system of decimal progression. Thus—
10 mills =1 cent —$0.01 10 mm = l cm =0.01 m
10 cents =1 dime =$0.10
10 dimes =1 dollar = $1.00
10 cm =1 dm = 0.10 m
10 dm =1 m =1.00 m
Abbreviations of the divisions and multiplications consist of the first letter of the prefix and the first letter of the unit except in the case of the gram which is always abbreviated Gm to differentiate it clearly from the abbreviation for grain which is gr. The first letter of the abbreviation should be capitalized in the case of multiplications to differentiate them from the abbreviations of divisions; thus, dm for decimeter and Dm for dekameter.
Metric table of weight
1000 micrograms = 1 milligram........................
10 milligrams = 1 centigram.......................
10 centigrams = 1 decigram........................
10 decigrams =1 gram..............................
1000 grams = 1 kilogram..............................
Abbreviated form
1000 Mg = l mg 10 mg = 1 eg 10 eg = 1 dg
10 dg = l Gm
1000 Gm = l Kg
c. Reading the metric system. The reading of metric quantities is similar in many respects to the reading of sums of money. The following analagous readings may serve to enlighten the technician:
$0.30 may be read as—
Three dimes.
Thirty cents.
Three hundred mills.
0.3 meter may be read as—
Three decimeters.
Thirty centimeters.
Three hundred millimeters.
7
0.3 grain may be read as—
Three decigrams.
Thirty centigrams.
Three hundred milligrams.
0.45 meter may be read as—
4.5 decimeters.
45 centimeters.
450 millimeters.
0.78 liter may be read as—
7.8 deciliters.
78 centiliters.
780 milliliters.
2.75 grams may be read as—
2.75 grams.
27.5 decigrams.
275 centigrams.
2,750 milligrams.
Note. Since the liter is the volume of a cubic decimeter (10 dm)3, the thousandth part of a liter also may be called a cubic centimeter (abbr. cc). Sometimes the word milliliter is shortened to mil. Therefore, milliliter, mil, cubic centimeter, and cc all refer to 1/1000 of a liter.
8. ENGLISH LINEAR MEASURE. Length and area are commonly measured in the English linear measure. The unit of the system is the inch and divisions of the unit are measured in common fractions.
Example:
12 inches = 1 ft.
3 feet = 1 yd.
9. APOTHECARIES’ FLUID MEASURE. The unit of the system is the minim and divisions of the unit are expressed in common fractions. In writing prescriptions in the apothecaries’ system, the various denominations are designated by symbols or abbreviations followed by the amount indicated in Roman numerals. For example: nt = minim; fl.3= fluid dram; fl.3 = fluid ounce; 0 = pint.
o o o o o
o o o o o o
5 GRAINS 4 GRAINS 3 2 1
Figure 2. Apothecaries' weights.
8
10. APOTHECARIES’ SYSTEM. This system of weight is now employed only in the writing and filling of prescriptions. The unit is the grain and divisions of the unit are expressed in common fractions.
Table of the apothecaries’ fluid system.
60 minims = 1 fluidram.
8 fluidrams = 1 fluidounce = 480 minims.
16 fluidounces = 1 pint =7,680 minims.
2 pints = 1 quart.
4 quarts = 1 gallon.
In writing prescriptions in the apothecaries’ system, the various denominations are designated by certain symbols or abbreviations, followed by the amount indicated in Roman numerals. For example: gr = grains; 9 = scruples; 3= drams; g= ounces.
Table of the apothecaries’ system of weight.
20 grains (gr.) = 1 scruple.
3 scruples = 1 dram = 60 grains.
8 drams = 1 ounce = 480 grains.
12 ounces =1 pound = 5,760 grains.
11. AVOIRDUPOIS WEIGHT. Avoirdupois weight is used entirely for commercial transactions. The unit is the grain and divisions of the unit are expressed in common fractions. In the table of avoirdupois weight:
437.5 grains = 1 ounce (oz.).
16 ounces = 1 pound (lb.) =7,000 grains.
12. APPROXIMATE MEASURES.
1 tumblerful = about 8 fluidounces, or 240 cc.
1 teacupful = about 4 fluidounces, or 120 cc.
1 wineglassful = about 2 fluidounces, or 60 cc.
1 tablespoonful = about 4 fluidrams, or 16 cc.
1 dessertspoonful = about 2 fluidrams, or 8 cc.
1 teaspoonful = about 1 fluidram, or 4 cc.
One drop (L., gutta, pl., guttae, usually abbreviated gtt.) is often considered as equal to about one minim, but the size of drops varies with the character of the liquid, the temperature, and the surface from which it is dropped. Therefore, one drop should not be considered to equal one minim.
Note also that the modern standard teaspoonful is equivalent to about 5 cc, or more than a fluidram. This fact is true of other such household measuring devices.
13. RELATIONSHIP OF THE SYSTEMS, a. General. The pharmacy technician must know not only the various systems of weights and measures, but he must be able to convert weights and measures from one system to those of another; in other words, he must master the relationships of the systems. The conversion of weights and measures of one system to those of another is done by means of equivalents, presented below. The derivation of these equivalents as follows will enable the technician to arrive at an equivalent in several ways should he fail to remember a particular one.
(1) Metric and linear measure.
Given: 1 m = 39.37 inches. 1 m = 100 cm (metric table).
Therefore: "2; = 2.54 cm in 1 inch.
9
Since there are 10 mm in 1 cm, 2.54 cm contains 2.54X10 or 25.4 mm. Therefore: 1 inch = 25.4 mm.
(2) Metric and apothecary fluid measures.
Given: 1 liter = 1,000 cc. If a liter of any liquid is poured into apothecary graduates, it will be found that the liter of liquid measures 16,230 m’s.
Therefore: -~^y= 16.23 nt’s in 1 cc.
Given: 1 cc = 16.23 m’s. As an apothecary fluidounce contains 480 m’s, we have—
777? =29.57 cc in 1 fluidounce
16.23
Given: 1 fluidounce = 29.57 cc and 1 liter = 1,000 cc.
rp, c 1,000 o „ . , . . ..
lherefore: = 3o.8 fluidounces in 1 liter.
29.5/
Given: 1 pint = 16 fluidounces and 29.57 cc = l fluidounce.
Therefore: 16X29.57 =473 cc = l pint.
Given: 473 cc = l pint and 1,000 cc = l liter.
rpi f 1,000 ... .
Therefore: =2.11 pints = 1 liter.
Given: 1 cc = 16.23 minims.
1
Therefore: ■ =0.06 cc = l m«
16.23
(3) Metric and apothecary weights. If a gram weight is placed on a delicate balance, it will weigh 15.432 grains.
Therefore: 1 Gm = 15.432 grains.
Given: 480 grains and 1 Gm = 15.432 grains.
Therefore: ]5^432 = ^1’1 Gm = g (apoth. ounce).
Given: 1 Gm = 15.432 grains.
Therefore: 77-/-t, =0.0648 Gm = l grain, la.432 0
Since 0.0648 Gm is 64.8 milligrams, one grain contains 64.8 milligrams; however, in work involving the calculation of doses, the figure is rounded to 65 mg = l grain to facilitate calculations.
The following equivalents are obtained by weighing the respective quantities of water:
1 fluidounce of water = 455 grains.
1 minim of water = 0.95 grains.
1 pint of water = 1.04 pounds, avoirdupois.
1 gallon of water = 8.33 pounds, avoirdupois.
(4) Metric and avoirdupois equivalents. As the apothecary and avoirdupois grains are identical, the avoirdupois grain is likewise equivalent to 0.0648 Gm or 64.8 mg.
Given: 1 oz = 437.5 grains and 1 Gm = 15.432 grains.
437.5
Therefore: =28.35 Gm = l oz or ounce.
15.432
Given: 16 oz = l lb and 28.35 Gm = l oz.
Therefore: 16X28.35=454 Gm = l lb.
Given: 1,000 Gm = l Kg and 454 Gm = l lb.
. 1,000
Therefore: ~ . =2.2 lb = 1 Kg.
454 &
10
A careful study of the derivation of equivalents will indicate their uses. To convert 12 pints to cc, multiply 12 by the number of cubic centimeters in 1 pint (473). Likewise, if 2,345 cc are to be converted to pints, the 2,345 cc are-divided by 473 or divide 2,345 cc by 1,000 (simply by moving the decimal point three places to the left) thus converting 2,345 cc to liters and then multiply the result by 2.11 (the number of pints in a liter).
b. Table of approximate equivalents.
1 gram = 15.432 grains.
1 cubic centimeter = 16.23 minims.
1 grain = 64.8 milligrams.
1 meter = 39.37 inches.
1 liter = 33.8 fluidounces or 2.11 pints.
1 inch = 25.4 millimeters or 2.54 centimeters.
1 apothecaries’ ounce = 31.1 grams.
1 apothecaries’ ounce = 2.052 fluidounces.
1 avoirdupois ounce = 28.35 grams.
1 apothecaries’ fluidounce = 29.57 cubic centimeters.
1 pint = 473 cubic centimeters.
1 minim = 0.06 cubic centimeters.
1 gallon = 3.785 liters or 3,785 cubic centimeters.
1 pound (lb) = 454 grams.
1 kilogram = 2.2 pounds.
c. Table of water equivalents.
1 fluidounce of water (fig) = 455 grains.
1 minim of water = 0.95 grains.
1 pint of water = 1.04 pounds (av.) or 473 grams.
1 gallon of water = 8.33 pounds (av.) or 3.785 kilograms.
14. ADDITION, SUBTRACTION, MULTIPLICATION, AND DIVISION OF WEIGHTS AND MEASURES, a. Metric system. To simplify procedures, express all lengths in meters, all volumes in cubic centimeters, all weights in grams.
Addition. Add 3 Kg, 33 Gm, 3 eg, 433 mg.
Solution: 3 Kg= 3X1,000 = 3,000 Gm
33 Gm = 33 Gm
3 cg= 3 4- 100= .03 Gm
433 mg = 433 4-1,000 = .433 Gm
3,033.463 Gm
Subtraction. Subtract 285 cubic centimeters from 5 liters.
Solution: 5 liters = 5,000 cc
285 cc
4,715 cc
Multiplication. Multiply 325 mg by 5. Solution: 325 mgX 5 = 1,625 mg 1,625 mg4-1,000 = 1.625 Gm
b. English system. To simplify procedures express all units in the smallest unit involved.
11
(1) Addition, apothecaries' weight. Add 5 pounds, 4 ounces, 36 drams, 720 grains.
Solution: 5 lb = 5 X5,760 gr = 28,800 gr
4oz = 4X 480 gr = 1,920 gr
36 dr = 36X 60 gr = 2,160 gr
720 gr= 720 gr
33,600 gr
(2) Addition, avoirdupois weight. Add 10 pounds, 14 ounces, ounce, 27 grains.
Solution: 10 lb = 10 X 7,000 = 70,000 gr
14 oz = 14X437.5= 6,125 gr M oz = 14X437.5= 109.37 gr
27 gr = 27 gr
76,261.37 gr
(3) Addition, fluid measure. To add fluid measure, the same principle is involved as in the addition of solid measure. Add 14 gallons, 7 pints, 6 fluidounces.
Solution: 14 gal =14X128 fl oz = 1,798 fl oz
7 pt = 7X 16 fl oz= 112 fl oz 6 fl oz = 6 fl oz
1,916 fl oz
(4) Subtraction, multiplication, and division. The same principle is involved as in addition. Reduce weights or measures to smallest unit involved and proceed. When final answer is obtained it may be changed back to the next larger unit. Example: 600 apothecaries’ grains would be changed to 600 4-480 (gi' in 1 oz) = l oz and 120 gr, or 1 oz and 2 dr.
15. INSTRUMENTS FOR MEASURING, a. Balances. These are instruments for determining the relative weight of substances. If accurate results are to be obtained the balance should be correctly constructed, skillfully used, and carefully protected from injury. Pharmaceutical balances used in military pharmacies may be classified as follows:
(1) Single beam, equal arm balance. In the construction of this balance, a beam is suspended on a knife edge, which divides it into equal arms, and knife edges are placed at each end of the beam on the same plane and at exactly equal distances from the point of suspension to support the pans which carry the substances to be weighed.
(2) Torsion balance. The chief differences between the torsion and other balances lies in the entire absence of knife edges and the location of the center of gravity above the fulcrum or point of rotation. The knife edges have been replaced by three steel bands or springs tightly stretched over the edges of the three frames supporting the beam. The center of the beam is fastened to the center of the strained band or spring and at right angles to it, under which condition, by the elasticity or torsion of the band or spring, it will vibrate exactly as the ordinary beam balanced on knife edges; the pans rest upon similar torsion bands or springs at the ends of the beam in the same manner as the central fulcrum of the beam.
(3) Care of a balance. The position chosen for the balance should be upon a level and firm counter, desk, or table, where it will be subjected to little risk of injury from dampness, dust, or corrosive vapors, and where the knife edges will not be liable to become dulled by jarring or other vibrations. The balance and scale pans should not be polished with abra
12
sive substances but should be cleaned with a soft cloth. The beam should never be left in oscillating position when the balance is not being used. Weights should be put on and replaced with tweezers. The same care should be exercised in cleaning weights as the balance and scale pans. The first step in weighing is to see that the balance is in balance; then place a piece of pan paper in each pan and again see that the balance is in balance. ,Put the weights in the right-hand pan and carefully place enough of the substance in the left-hand pan to balance the weights exactly. After removing the substance, check the weights to see that the amount is correct. In weighing substances that injure the scale pans by their chemical action, always use watch glasses or wax paper. Do not exchange one scale pan for the other, as they are balanced in their respective positions. Do not overload the balance in excess of indicated capacity as marked on the balance.
c. Graduates. Graduates are vessels for measuring the volume of liquids and are made of glass. They are either conical or cylindrical in shape and are graduated in the metric or the apothecaries’ system, or both. Cylindrical graduates are preferred. The bottom of the meniscus is used as the level in measuring.
Figure 3. Graduates.
A minim graduate is not reliable for measuring minute quantities because it retains a large amount of liquid by capillarity. Therefore a pipette should be used. Pipettes are glass tubes with a constricted point and graduated on the side. They are used by applying suction to the upper end and holding the liquid in the tube by placing the finger on the upper end while reading off the contents.
13
Figure 4. Devices for measuring small amounts of fluids.
Section II. SPECIFIC GRAVITY
16. DEFINITION. Specific gravity, abbreviated sp. gr., indicates the relation in weight, expressed decimally, between equal volumes of two substances, one of which is a standard, determined at 25° C. and at normal barometric pressure. Distilled water is the standard for liquids and solids, and atmospheric air or hydrogen is the standard for gases. The specific gravity of the standards is expressed by unity, 1.000.
17. SPECIFIC GRAVITY OF LIQUIDS. The determination of the specific gravity of liquids is far more frequently required than is that of solids, and specific gravity flasks (pycnometers), hydrometers, loaded cylinders, and the Mohr-Westphal balance are employed for that purpose. Only the pycnometer and hydrometer will be discussed.
14
a. Pycnometer. Any small flask of 25 or 50 cc capacity with a long, narrow neck and made of thin glass will answer as a specific gravity bottle. Its weight, or tare, is first carefully ascertained and noted; pure water is then poured into the flask until it reaches a convenient distance up into the neck, when a mark should be made with a file at the upper and lower edge of the meniscus or concave surface; having noted the temperature of the water, the flask and contents are weighed, and from this weight the tare of the flask is deducted, the remainder being the weight of that particular volume of pure water at the given temperature. The tare, temperature, and weight of water are carefully etched on the side of the flask, which is now ready to be used for taking the specific gravity of any liquid by filling it to the mark in the neck with the liquid to be tested, then weighing and dividing the net weight of the liquid by the weight of the water, the quotient being the specific gravity of the liquid. Example: A flask weighs 324 grams. It holds up to the mark, 647 grams of water. Filled with sulfuric acid, it weighs 1,511.5 grams. 1,511.5 — 324 = 1,187.5 grams as the weight of the acid.
Now apply the rule—to divide the weight of a given volume of a liquid by the weight of the same volume of water, the specific gravity is— 1,187.54-647 = 1.835, the specific gravity of the acid
b. Hydrometers. These instruments are intended to indicate either the density or the specific gravity of liquids, and in some cases also the percentage by volume or weight of certain solutes. They consist of a glass tube having a bulb blown at one end, a little above which the tube is usually expanded cylindrically for a short distance, and then terminates in a long stem in which is securely fastened a graduated scale. The bulb is filled with mercury or small shot, so as to enable the instrument to assume a vertical position when floated in any liquid. Hydrometers, like all floating bodies, displace their own weight of a liquid and sink in it to a depth proportionate to the volume of liquid displaced, which volume is equal in weight to the weight of the instrument; thus, by comparison of volumes displaced, the densities and specific gravities of various liquids can be ascertained. Specific gravity hydrometers are made with the unit mark 1.000 at a point to which the instrument sinks in distilled water at normal temperature, and then have the scale carried above and below this point. The number on the scale at the surface of the liquid represents the specific gravity.
18. SPECIFIC GRAVITY OF SOLIDS. For ascertaining the specific gravity of solids the following general rule is applied:
Specific gravity =
_____weight of the solid in air__ weight of an equal volume of water
Because of certain physical characteristics, solids are grouped under the following heads when their specific gravity is taken:
a. Solids insoluble in and heavier than water. A piece of iron weighs 6.6 Gm in air. Suspended in water it weighs 5.2 Gm. The difference between the weight of the iron in air and that in water is the weight of the water displaced by the iron. Therefore, 6.6 Gm — 5.2 Gm = 1.4 Gm, which is the weight of the water displaced. Then the—
weight of the substance in air 6.6 . r .
—7-7——7------------------------— = — =4.714, sp. gr. of the iron,
weight oi an equal volume oi water 1.4
b. Solids insoluble in but lighter than water. When a solid floats on
15
water it displaces a weight of water equal to its own weight. One that floats on water displaces its own weight of that liquid but not its entire volume, since a part of the solid remains above the surface of the water. In order to obtain the weight of water that the entire volume of solid displaces, a sinker, that is, a heavier solid, may be attached to the light substance. This enables one to ascertain the weight of water equal to the volume of the exposed (not immersed) part of the solid. The procedure for determining the specific gravity of a light solid is as follows:
Gm.
Weight of the solid, e. g., a piece of wax, in air.... =9. 01
Weight of the sinker, a piece of lead, in water....... = 8. 82
Weight of both in water............................... =7. 88
To the weight of the sinker in water.................. = 8. 82
add the weight of the wax in air.................... =9.01
17. 83 . =7.88 . 9~95
0.90
Subtract the weight of both in water..................
The weight of the water displaced by the wax..........
e p , weight of the wax in air 9.01 ~
Sp. gr. of the wax = —r-g- - f:------------= 77777 Gm =
weight oi an equal volume 9.95
of water
c. Solids soluble in water. The procedure in this case is the same as that previously given except that a liquid must be employed in which the solid is insoluble. This necessitates an adjustment because of the difference in the specific gravity of water and the other liquid. This is made by multiplying the specific gravity in reference to the liquid used by the specific gravity of the latter. The following example will illustrate:
• Gm.
A piece of copper sulfate in air weighs.................... 20. 311
The same in oil of turpentine weighs....................... 12. 359
Loss of weight in oil of turpentine......................... 7. 952
This is also the weight of the oil of turpentine displaced by the copper sulfate. The specific gravity as compared with oil of turpentine is 20 311
7 0C-9 =2.566. This figure must be multiplied by the specific gravity of oil of turpentine, which is 0.865. Then, 2.566X0.865 = 2.119, the actual specific gravity of copper sulfate (compared with water).
d. Powders insoluble in water. A pycnometer is used for this purpose. The procedure is as follows: Fill the bottle with distilled water and weigh. Weigh accurately a quantity of the powder, whose specific gravity is sought, and introduce this, without loss, into the pycnometer; then fill completely with distilled water. See that there are no air bubbles in the
bottle, and weigh. For example—
Gm.
The bottle filled with water weighs..................... 24
Granulated zinc in air weighs........................... 13. 8
Bottle and zinc, filled with water weigh................ 35. 8
Add 1 and 2 above (24+13.8)............................. 37. 8
Subtract 3, above....................................... 35. 8
Weight of water displaced by zinc....................... 2.0
16
Phen:
weight of the zinc in air 13.8 . _ c .
sp. gr. =—r-r;-1 r------7---;-----7---— = -7-77 = 6.9, sp. gr. of zinc,
weight of an equal volume of water 2.0
e. Powders soluble in water. For this purpose the same method is employed as in d above, except that a liquid is selected in which the substance is not soluble. Here an adjustment must be made by multiplying the specific gravity obtained in comparison with the special liquid used by the specific gravity of that liquid.
19. PRACTICAL APPLICATIONS OF SPECIFIC GRAVITY (REDUCING VOLUME TO WEIGHT), a. Metric.
1 cc of water weighs 1 Gm.
1 cc of any liquid with a sp. gr. of 1 weighs 1 Gm.
1 cc of a liquid with a sp. gr. of 2 weighs 1 X2 or 2 Gm.
1 cc of a liquid with a sp. gr. of 1.5 weighs 1X1-5 or 1.5 Gm. Thus: The number of ccXsp. gr. = weight in grams.
What is the weight in grams of 1 liter of chloroform having a sp. gr. of 1.48?
No. of ccXsp. gr. = weight in grams.
1,000X1-48 = 1,480 Gm, the weight of 1 liter of chloroform.
What is the volume of 750 Gm of chloroform, sp. gr. 1.47?
750
Since each cubic centimeter weighs 1.47 Gm,= 510.2 cc.
b. Apothecaries’ fluid measure. There is no commensurability of the units between this system and avoirdupois.
1 fl oz of water does NOT weigh 1 ounce.
1 minim of water does NOT weigh 1 grain.
But it is known that—
1 fl oz of water at 4° C. weighs 454.6 grains, and that, therefore—
454.6
1 minim of water weighs ■ or 0.95 gram.
1 fl oz of water weighs 454.6 gr.
1 fl oz of any liquid having a sp. gr. of 1 weighs 454.6 gr.
1 fl oz of a liquid having a sp. gr. of 2 weighs 454.6X2 or 909.2 gr. Therefore the weight in grains of a fluidounce of any liquid is 454.6y.sp. gr.
Further, any volume in fluidounces may be changed to grains (and thence to higher units) according to the formula: 454.6 Xsp. gr. Xnumber of fluidounces = weight in grains.
Calculate the weight in grains of 1 pt, 1 fl oz, and 4 dr of sulfuric acid, sp. gr. 1.8.
454.6 Xsp. gr. Xnumber of fl oz=weight in grains.
1 pt, 1 fl oz, 4 fl dr = 17.5 fl oz.
454.6X1-8X17.5 = 14,319.9 grains.
What is the volume in minims of 480 grs. of chloroform, sp. gr. 1.47?
1 m of H2O weighs 0.95 gr.
Therefore 0.95X1.45 = 1.3965 grs. per TH of CHC13
^ = 345.3 m of CHCI3
(The answer may be resolved into higher units if desired.)
17
Section III. SPECIFIC VOLUME
20. DEFINITION, a. Specific volume is the ratio of the volume of one body compared with the volume of an equal weight of another body selected as the standard, both bodies having the same temperature, water being the standard unless otherwise stated. Specific volume ratio:
c i volume of body
Specific volume = —:-----------------———
volume of an equal weight of water
b. When the specific gravity of a body is known it is unnecessary to apply the above formula, for specific volume is the reciprocal of specific gravity. Therefore: specific volume = 1 specific gravity.
c. Specific volume is used to calculate the space which a certain weight of a substance will occupy. However, if the calculations are made in the metric system, the same results are obtained by dividing the weight by the specific gravity.
Section IV. DENSITY
21. DEFINITION. Density is the relation between the weight of a substance and the volume it occupies. It is a ratio; namely, the ratio between weight and volume—W:V or W/V. Therefore, it may be stated that glycerin has a density of 1.25 Gm/cc, or a specific gravity of 1.25. However, the system of weights and measures used to determine density will alter the figures obtained for the same substance. For example, the following figures have been found to be correct for the measurements of the density for water: 62.4 Ib/cu ft, 1 Gm/cc, 454.6 gr/fl oz, yet, the sp. gr. of water is 1.
Section V. THERMOMETERS
22. GENERAL, a. Thermometers are used for measuring temperatures or intensities of heat but the term is generally limited to those instruments that measure temperature by the expansion of some medium such as mercury or alcohol. While these instruments are alike in principle and construction, they are marked in three different scales, but only two of these are in use in this country. The Pharmacopoeia and National Formu-
Centigrade Fahrenheit
C F
- :-a100°------- :-a2120
- 100° : 180°
- --*0°-------------
- -- -40®-----------E--4o<>
< r
13
lary recognize only the centigrade or Celsius scale, although the former book has a table of centigrade and Fahrenheit equivalents. The centigrade scale is used almost exclusively in scientific work the world over while the Fahrenheit scale is the one generally used for manufacturing and household purposes and for taking the temperature of the atmosphere in England, Canada, and the United States.
b. As may be noted on the following diagram, freezing point of water is 0° on the centigrade and 32° on the Fahrenheit scale. Boiling point is 100° on the centigrade and 212° on the Fahrenheit scale. However, —40° is the same on both scales.
23. COMPARISON OF THERMOSTATIC SCALES. See section III, appendix II, Thermometric equivalents.
Section VI. RATIO AND PROPORTION
24. RATIO, a. Ratio is an expression of the relation of one term to another, that is, the amount by which one term is greater or smaller than another, and may be expressed thus 12/4 or 12:4, and is read, 12 is to 4.
b. The ratio of two numbers is the quotient obtained by dividing one term by another. The ratio of 12:4 is 3.
c. The terms of a ratio may be considered as dividend and divisor, both terms of which may be multiplied or divided by the same number without changing their value. Thus, dividing both terms of the ratio 12:4 by 4, the result is 3:1 and in each case their ratio is 3:1.
d. The terms of a ratio taken together form a couplet.
e. Ratio can exist only between numbers of the same unit value: as, the ratio of percent to percent or weight to weight, but, not weight to percent.
25. PROPORTION, a. Proportion is the expression of equality between ratios. It is written thus 12:6::24:12, and is read 12 is to 6 as 24 is to 12.
b. The quotients of each couplet are equal: 12-5-6 = 2, 24-5-12 = 2.
c. The first and fourth terms are called the extremes. The second and third terms are called the means.
(1) The product of the extremes is equal to the product of the means, 24X6 = 144, 12X12 = 144. Therefore, it is apparent that if three terms of a proportion are given the fourth may be found.
(2) Either extreme may be found by dividing the product of the means by the other extreme.
(3) Either mean may be found by dividing the product of the extremes by the other mean.
26. APPLICATION OF PROPORTION. How many grams of 10 percent sulfuric acid can be made from 40 grams of 94 percent acid? Two terms of percent and one term of weight are given and the other term of weight must be determined. Write the proportion and multiply the means, 94X40 and divide by the given extreme, 10, of the proportion to find the unknown extreme. Thus: 10:94: :40:X, 1 OX-=3,760, X = 376 which is the number of grams of 10 percent sulfuric acid that can be made from 40 grams of 94 percent acid.
19
a. Had the problem required the amount of 94 percent acid that could be made from 376 grams of 10 percent acid the following formula would be used: 10:94::X:376, 94X = 3,760, X = 40 grams of 94 percent acid from 376 grams of 10 percent acid.
b. Had it been required to find the strength of 40 grams of acid which, when diluted to 376 grams, would make a 10 percent acid, the following formula is used: 10:X::40:376, 40X = 3,760, X = 94 percent, the strength of acid, 40 grams of which when diluted to 376 grams makes a 10 percent acid.
c. If the problem had been to find the strength of acid that could be made by diluting 40 grams of 94 percent acid to 376 grams, the following formula would be used: X:94::40:376, 376X = 3,760, X = 10 percent, the strength of acid that could be made by diluting 40 grams 94 percent acid to 376 grams.
Section VII. PREPARATION OF SOLUTIONS
27. GENERAL, a. A large proportion of the calculations made during compounding and dispensing is devoted to determining the strength of solutions of various nature. In very dilute solutions, slight errors in calculation may be negligible, yet as the strength of the solution increases, these errors become greater.
b. The strength of a solution or mixture is the proportion of active substance of drug to the solvent, vehicle, or base, and is usually expressed in one of two ways—by the percentage method or by the ratio method. The percentage method will be considered first.
28. PERCENTAGE SOLUTIONS, a. “Percent” is an abbreviation of the Latin, “per centum”; “per” meaning “by” and “centum” meaning “hundred.” Ten percent, therefore, means 10 parts in a hundred parts of the total (parts per hundred). A 10 percent solution would therefore contain 10 parts of solute (active ingredient) in every total 100 parts of solution, or every 90 parts of solvent (water unless otherwise indicated). Example:
Weight of solution.......................100 percent or 100 parts
Weight of solute......................... 10 percent or 10 parts
Weight of solvent........................ 90 percent or 90 parts
b. (1) In connection with solutions, percent or percentage has dif-
ferent meanings under different circumstances as follows: Percent or percentage, “weight in weight” (W/W) expresses the number of grams of an active ingredient in 100 grams of the solution. Percent or percentage, “weight in volume” (W/V) expresses the number of grams of an active ingredient in 100 cubic centimeters of the solution. Percent or percentage, “volume in volume” (V/V) expresses the number of cubic centimeters of an active ingredient in 100 cubic centimeters of the solution.
(2) When the expression “percent” is used in prescriptions without qualification, it is to be interpreted to mean: for solutions of solids in liquids, percent, weight in volume; for solutions of liquids in liquids, percent, volume in volume; and for solutions of gases in liquids, percent, weight in volume. Unless otherwise stated, percentage figures in the Pharmacopoeia are understood to mean weight by weight (W/W).
c. In the calculation of percentage problems it is essential at first for the student to set up a table for each problem as shown in a above. Then
20
the actual amounts of the solute and solvent and total solution may be worked out by proportion and placed alongside corresponding figures in the table. This procedure will enable the technician to check his problem, and eventually this method will be a mental calculation with only the amounts of the actual ingredients to be placed on paper.
(1) Weight to volume (W/V). (a) When the amount of percentage solution wanted is given. Example: How many grams of silver nitrate are required to make 150 cc of a 10 percent solution?
Volume of solution.................... 100 percent 150 cc
Volume of solvent...................... 90 percent x cc
Weight of solute.................... 10 percent x Gm
A proportion having been set up, it is possible to solve for the number of grams of silver nitrate in 150 cc of solution. Substituting grams or cubic centimeters for the percent sign the following proportion is arranged-100:10::150:x
100x = 150
x = 15 grams of silver nitrate required.
(Z>) When the amount of solute to be used is given. Example: How much 5 percent solution of boric acid may be prepared from 2^ (apothecary) ounces of boric acid? (2^X31.1 grams per ounce = 77.75 grams.)
Volume of solution............. 100 percent x cc
Volume of solvent.............. 95 percent x cc
Weight of solute................. 5 percent 77.75 grams
5:77.75::100:x 5x = 7,775
x = 1,555 cc of a 5 percent solution of boric acid may be prepared.
(2) Volume to volume (V/V). The same table will be used in calculating V/V solutions except “weight of solute” will be changed to “volume of solute.”
(a) When the amount of percentage solution wanted is given. Example: How much alcohol is used to prepare 150 cc of 70 percent alcohol?
Volume of solution..................... 100 percent 150 cc
Volume of solvent....................... 30 percent x cc
Volume of solute........................ 70 percent x cc
100:150::70:x 100x = 10,500
x = 105 cc alcohol is required to prepare the solution.
(6) For further calculations. With percentage solutions of V/V proceed as already demonstrated.
Note. When diluting acids, refer to U.S.P. and calculate by W/V.
(3) Weight to weight (W/W). When calculating solutions which are specified to be prepared by weight or W/W, proceed as outlined in paragraph c (1) above, substituting the word “weight” for the word “volume.”
29. SOLUTION BY RATIO, a. This type of solution is similar to the one just discussed. It is the solution usually designated as 1 in 10, 1 in 500, or 1 in 1,000. Such a statement as 1 in 10 does not mean a total of 11 parts but means in the ratio of 1:10. A 1 in 10 solution is a solution containing 1 part of solute and 9 parts of solvent and would, therefore, be one containing 10 parts in all. This would also be a 10 percent solution. These solutions have their strengths indicated by means of ratios and may be termed “solution by parts.”
21
b. The following are rules for preparing ratio solutions:
Weight to weight (W/W). Divide the number of grams of solution desired by the larger number of the ratio and the quotient will be the number of grams of the drug to be used; subtract the number of grams of the drug from the number of grams of finished solution and the remainder will be the number of grams of solvent to use.
Weight to volume (W/V). Divide the number of cubic centimeters of solution desired by the larger number of the ratio; the quotient will be the number of grams of the drug to be used and to this is added enough solvent to make the desired number of cubic centimeters of finished solution.
Volume to volume (V/V). Divide the number of cubic centimeters of solution desired by the larger number of the ratio; the quotient will be the number of cubic centimeters of the drug to be used and to this is added enough solvent to make the desired number of cubic centimeters of finished solution.
30. STOCK SOLUTIONS, a. A stock solution is any solution which is too strong for ordinary use, and which therefore must be diluted down to the proper strength before using or dispensing. Stock solutions can be of two kinds:
(1) Those which may be purchased. An example of this is concentrated hydrochloric acid, which must be diluted before it can be used medicinally. Any solution of this type is not primarily a stock solution but has other uses. Its strength is therefore stated as weight in weight.
(2) Those which are prepared by the technician himself. In solutions of this type, unless otherwise indicated, the strength is given in form of W/V.
b. A stock solution may, for example, be said to contain 10 Gm of silver nitrate in each 100 cc of solution or each cubic centimeter will contain 0.1 Gm of silver nitrate. Therefore, to make up 60 cc of 1.5 percent solution using the 10 percent stock, solution of silver nitrate the following chart may be set up:
Stock solution
10 percent solution or each cc contain? 0.1 Gm of silver nitrate.
Prescription solution
60 cc of 1.5 percent solution or
60 cc of solution contains
x grams of silver nitrate.
100:1.5::60;x
100x = 90
x = 0.9 Gm in 60 cc of solution.
Therefore, if 0.9 Gm of solute is required, and each cubic centimeter of stock solution contains 0.1 Gm of silver nitrate, 9 cc of stock solution diluted to 60 cc would give the required 1.5 percent. Or, the following formula may be used: 1
strength of solution required
strength of solution on hand 1
^quantity ^required _ amount Qf stoc^ solution to be used
1
1 6
1QA 1 5 CQ
—~X~-— Xt = 9.0 cc of stock solution required
40 409 1
1 1
22
31. SOLUTIONS INVOLVING SOLUBILITY. The solubility of solids is stated in the U.S.P. as follows: “One Gm of boric acid is soluble in 18 cc of water ... at 25° C.” Since 18 cc of water weighs 18 grams, then 1 gram of boric acid dissolved in 18 cc of water will produce 19 grams of solution, the W/W strength can be expressed by the ratio 1:19. The percent strength of any solution is based on its total weight, and hence would be proportional to the ratio 1:19. This ratio may be changed to percent by a number of methods, all of which give the same result. In this case, for the purpose of uniformity refer to the percentage solution table hitherto discussed:
Weight of solution = 19 Gm = 100 percent =100.00 percent Weight of solvent =18 Gm = (100-x) percent = 94.74 percent Weight of solute = 1 Gm = x percent = 5.26 percent Then by proportion, 19:l::100:x
19x = 100
x = 5.26
If some solvent other than water is used, the number of cubic centimeters of liquid would have to be multiplied by its specific gravity in order to give its weight. The case of boric acid is an interesting one in this respect. Its solubility by volume is exactly the same for alcohol as that of water. The following is a repetition of the calculation of the percentage strength of a saturated solution, except that the solvent is alcohol: “One Gm of boric acid is soluble in------- 18 cc of alcohol -------at 25° C.” The
specific gravity of alcohol is 0.816, so 18 cc of it will weigh 18X0.916 = 14.7 Gm. The saturated solution is then 1:14.7 W/W.
Weight of solution 15.7 Gm = 100 percent =100.00 percent Weight of solvent 14.7 Gm = (100-x) percent = 93.64 percent Weight of solute 1.0 Gm = x percent = 6.36 percent
Thus a saturated solution of boric acid in water contains 5.26 percent of boric acid, while a saturated solution in alcohol contains 6.36 percent of boric acid, although both are made by dissolving 1 Gm in 18 cc of solvent.
Seclion VUI. ALLIGATION
32. DEFINITION, a. Alligation or “the rule of mixtures” is an arithmetical rule relating to the solution of problems concerning the compounding or mixing of different ingredients, or ingredients of different qualities or values, and is so named from the method of connecting together the terms in a problem by lines.
b. It is made use of in pharmacy to determine the amounts of two or more strengths of a given substance needed to blend into a new, intermediate strength of that substance. It is also applied in making adjustments of percentage or ratio strengths, and of specific gravity.
33. ALLIGATION PROBLEMS, a. In what proportion must a 25 percent ointment and a 10 percent ointment be mixed to produce a 15 percent ointment? Rule: Always link together a quantity which is less with one which is greater than the desired percentage, otherwise the answer will be wrong. Procedure: Subtract 10 from 15 and 15
place the result under the 25; r~----------------------------------------■
then subtract 15 from 25 and 10 • 25
place the result under the 10.
10 5
23
The ratio obtained is 5:10 or when reduced will read: 1 part of the 25 percent ointment to 2 parts of the 10 percent ointment.
b. To find the amount necessary to make a given quantity. Example: How many grams of a 25 percent and a 10 percent ointment are required to make 50 grams of a 15 percent ointment?
For the first step, proceed as above.
15
IIII 10% 25%
10 5
2 parts plus 1 part = 3 parts or grams or cubic centimeters, when dealing with metric units.
50 Gm-r3 Gm = 16.66 Gm per unit parts.
16.66 GmXI =16.66 Gm of 25 percent ointment.
16.66 GmX2 = 33.32 Gm of 10 percent ointment.
To make 49.98 Gm of 15 percent ointment.
By proportion—
3:50::l :x x = 16.66 Gm of 25 percent ointment.
3:50::2:x x = 33.32 Gm of 10 percent ointment.
To make 49.98 Gm of 15 percent ointment.
c. To find the amount of one ingredient when the amount of the other is given—Example: How many cubic centimeters of water must be used to make a 10 percent solution from 50 cc of a 25 percent solution?
Water, starch, petrolatum, or any
other diluting agents are always ।----------—----------,
designated as “0” in alligation I , x I ~
problems. «% The paper filter is usually used in pharmaceutical work, and for most operations, the form used is the plain filter. To fold this type of filter, place a circular sheet of filter paper on the desk, and fold it through the center so as to form a half circle. Again, fold this in the middle. Then, open the paper to a cone-shape; one of the four equal sectors, thus created, will rest against one side of the funnel, and the remaining three sectors will form three thicknesses of paper on the other side.
41. STRAINING OR COLATION. This is the process of separating a solid from a liquid by pouring the mixture upon a cloth or porous material. It differs from filtration in that the medium has larger pores; it can be employed only if the solid material exists in the form of coarse particles.
42. DECANTATION. Decantation is the process of pouring off a supernatant liquid from a quantity of some insoluble solid substance, for example, a precipitate which has been allowed to subside and collect at the bottom of the container.
31
Figure 11. Methods of folding filter paper, a and b steps in folding plain filter shown at top. c-g additional steps for folded plaited filter.
43. PRECIPITATION. Precipitation is the process of separating solid particles from a previously clear liquid by physical or chemical means. It is employed extensively in qualitative and quantitative analysis, as well as in the manufacture of many substances. The precipitant is the chemical in solution which brings about this change; the precipitate is the insoluble substance which separates. The liquid which remains above the precipitate is called the supernatant liquid.
The addition of an aqueous solution of silver nitrate to an aqueous solution of sodium chloride results in the precipitation of silver chloride, while the other product of the chemical reaction, sodium nitrate, remains in solution. Such a reaction is called a double decomposition. Not all precipitations, however, involve chemical reactions. For example, the addition of alcohol to an aqueous solution of a gum such as acacia causes precipitation.
32
b
d
a
c
f
9
e
Figure 12. Funnels.
44. COMMINUTION. Comminution is the process of reducing drugs to a finer state of subdivision. The various processes of comminution are as follows:
a. Contusion. Contusion is the process of bruising, or crushing, a drug by placing it in a heavy mortar and pounding it with a heavy pestle.
b. Trituration. The reduction of a substance to a fine powder by rubbing it in a mortar with a pestle is trituration.
c. Grinding and pulverizing. The former term is applied to the reduction of a substance by mechanical means to coarse particles; the latter
33
Figure 14. Mills.
34
Figure 13. Mortars and pestles.
is applied to the production of fine particles. These processes are carried out in drug mills of various types.
d. Pulverization by intervention. This is the process of reducing substances to powder through the use of a foreign substance, from which the powder is subsequently freed by some simple method. It is used for substances which are difficult to reduce to powder by ordinary trituration. For example, camphor may readily be triturated, if a few drops of alcohol or ether are added. Iodine crystals may be reduced in size by triturating them with a little dry, clean sand; the latter remains behind when a solvent for the iodine is subsequently added.
e. Levigation. Levigation is the process of reducing substances to a state of very fine subdivision by triturating them after they have been made into a paste with water or other liquid in which they are Insoluble. This technique may be performed by the use of either a shallow mortar and properly fitting pestle or a ground glass, or porcelain, slab and a spatula. The process is termed porphyrization when it is performed with a slab and muller made of porphyry.
Figure 15. Spatulas.
f. Elutriation. Elutriation, or water-sifting, is the process of obtaining a substance in fine powder by suspending the substance in water, in which it must necessarily be insoluble, and allowing the coarser particles to subside. Following this, the portion of the water in which the finer particles are suspended is decanted, and the latter are collected and dried.
35
45. SOLUTION, a. A solution is a chemically and physically homogeneous mixture of two or more substances. The term was originally limited to homogeneous liquid mixtures, but it now includes solid or gaseous homogeneous mixtures. A solution is composed of the dispersed substance or substances, called the solute, and the dispersing medium, or solvent. A solution is said to be saturated when the solvent has dissolved as much of any solute as it can hold in solution under specified conditions of temperature and pressure. Under certain conditions, a supersaturated solution may result, for example, when a solution is saturated at one temperature, the excess of solid solute removed, and the solution cooled.
b. Two kinds of solutions are generally recognized:
(1) Simple solution. This is one in which the solute dissolves without undergoing chemical change; if the solvent is removed by evaporation, the solute may be recovered unchanged.
(2) Chemical solution. This is one in which a chemical reaction occurs when solution is effected, the identity of the solute being changed either by the action of the solvent or of other ingredients of the solution. Evaporation of the solvent fails to yield the original substance or substances.
c. Conditions which influence the rate and extent of solubility are—
(1) Temperature. The application of heat usually increases the rapidity of solution, as well as the concentration of the solute possible for a given amount of solvent.
(2) Particle size. Reducing the substance to a finer state of subdivision greatly increases its surface area and consequently hastens the process of solution.
(3) Agitation. Stirring a mixture of solute and solvent removes from the surface of the former the concentrated solution which forms about it, thereby increasing the rate of solution.
(4) Selection of solvent. If it becomes permissible to choose among several solvents, select the one in which the solute is most readily soluble.
d. Important solvents and their properties are—
(1) Water. The most useful of all solvents. The majority of the inorganic salts, as well as sugar, glycosides, most alkaloidal salts, etc., are water-soluble.
(2) Alcohol. Dissolves resins, volatile oils, alkaloids, and many other plant products. Alcohol also possesses valuable preservative properties.
(3) Glycerin. A useful solvent, although more limited in application than either water or alcohol. It dissolves the fixed alkalies, a number of neutral salts, pepsin, tannin, gums, etc. In a concentration of 25 percent or more, it exerts a preservative action on solutions.
(4) Oils. Fixed oils are used as solvents in liniments and similar preparations.
(5) Acid and alkaline solutions. Of limited application. Dilute solutions of acids may be employed as solvents for alkaloids, converting them to readily soluble salts.
(6) Miscible solvents. Liquids that mix with each other in all proportions.
(7) Immiscible solvents. Immiscible solvents are those that will not mix with each other.
(8) Solutions of gases in liquids. The solubility of gases in liquids decreases proportionally with increase in temperature. The solubility of gases in liquids increases proportionally with increase in pressure.
36
Figure 16. Devices Jor separating immiscible solvents.
46. EXTRACTION. This is the process of separating mixtures of soluble and insoluble substances contained in drugs through the use of a solvent which is called the menstruum. The purpose of such treatment may be to obtain the soluble portion, or to purify the insoluble portion. The processes of extraction used in pharmacy are as follows:
a. Maceration is the process of soaking the properly comminuted drug in the menstruum at room temperature until the cellular structure is thoroughly penetrated, and the soluble portions softened and dissolved. Digestion is a modification of maceration in which gentle heat is applied to the mixture of menstruum and drug. Unless otherwise specified, the temperature should be from 30° to 40° C. If the menstruum is readily volatile at that temperature, it is necessary to use a reflux condenser in order to recover and return the escaping solvent.
b. Infusion is the process of treating vegetable drugs with either hot or cold water, allowing the mixture to stand for a specified time, and separating the aqueous portion from the drug. The drug is not subjected to the process of boiling, though it is common practice to pour boiling water over it and then to cover the vessel.
c. Decoction is the process of pouring cold water over the drug, covering the vessel, and after bringing the mixture to the boiling point, boiling it for 15 minutes. After the mixture has cooled to 40° C., the aqueous extract is separated from the drug.
d. Percolation is the process in which a powdered drug, contained in a vessel called a percolator, is deprived of its soluble constituents by the descent of a solvent through it. The solution of these active principles in the menstruum is called the percolate.
(1) Apparatus, (a) The percolator consists of a cylindrical vessel of glass or metal provided with an orifice at the lower end.
37
Figure 17. Percolators.
(b) The receiver for the percolate may be a graduated wide-mouthed bottle placed at the orifice of the percolator.
(c) In order to regulate the flow of the percolate, use the following arrangement: Insert a perforated cork, through which passes a short glass tube, into the orifice of the percolator. The upper end of the glass tube should be flush with the upper surface of the cork, and the lower end should project about 3 to 4 cm beyond the lower surface of the cork. Place a tightly fitting rubber tube, at least one-fourth longer than the percolator, over the protruding end of the glass tube. Into the other end of the rubber tube, insert a bent glass tube. The rubber tube can be held in an upright position by hooking the bent glass tube over the top of the percolator during maceration; the rubber tube may be raised or lowered to regulate the flow of the percolate when percolation has started.
(2) Steps in operation, (a) Comminution. The drug must be reduced to particles of uniform size, the degree of fineness varying with different drugs, the ease with which the menstruum will dissolve its soluble constituents, the length of time required to perform extraction to exhaustion, and the proportion of menstruum to drug.' :..... . . ........
38
(Z>) Maceration. Before packing the drug in the percolator, it is necessary to moisten it with the prescribed menstruum. Unless this is done, the swelling which takes place when the menstruum penetrates the compressed, dried cells of the drug, will shut off the flow of percolate. The drug powder may be moistened by placing it in a suitable, shallow container, adding the required quantity of menstruum and thoroughly mixing the latter with the drug by stirring. After the drug has been moistened, the vessel should be covered and allowed to stand for about half an hour in order that the cells may swell to their normal size.
(c) Packing of the drug. Place a thin layer of absorbent cotton within the percolator, over its orifice, in order to prevent the escape of any of the drug. Transfer about one-fifth of the moistened drug to the percolator at one time. When the first portions are being added, the percolator is tapped or rotated until the drug presents an even surface. It is now packed with a large cork, which may be affixed to one end of a stout glass rod or tube, or preferably with a “packer” made of hardwood. The first portion should be packed somewhat lightly and each succeeding layer a little more firmly; the last layer is packed quite firmly. A sheet of filter paper of appropriate size is placed upon the surface of the drug and held in place by means of glass stoppers, glass marbles, or pieces of glass rod or tubing. The menstruum is now added in divided portions, care being taken to follow with the succeeding portion before the first has entirely disappeared beneath the surface of the drug; otherwise, fissures will appear in the drug, and extraction will not be uniform. A glass plate is placed over the top of the percolator. As soon as the menstruum has permeated the entire column of drug, the lower orifice is closed either by raising the rubber tubing, as described previously, or by using a clamp on the tubing. The drug is now allowed to macerate for the prescribed length of time.
39
Figure 18. Percolator with receiver.
(<7) Percolation rate of flow. After the drug has been macerated for the specified length of time, percolation is allowed to proceed at the rate of flow specified by the United States Pharmacopoeia (U.S.P.) in each case: “percolate slowly” means not more than 1 cc. per minute; “percolate at a moderate rate” means at a rate of 1 to 3 cc. per minute; “percolate rapidly” means at a rate of 3 to 5 cc. per minute. These terms are defined upon the basis of 1,000 grams of drug. The rate of flow is regulated as explained in d (1) (c) above.
(fl) Finishing the process. The official directions are frequently definite in fixing the quantity of percolate to be received from a given quantity of powder, but the often repeated direction to “percolate to exhaustion” at once raises the question of when a drug is exhausted of its activity. This question can be properly answered only by knowing beforehand the active principles of the drug. For example, if the drug’s activity resides in its bitter principles, the absence of bitterness in the percolate in such cases indicates exhaustion; if the drug is used for its coloring matter, the absence of color in the percolate indicates exhaustion, etc.
Figure 19. Crystallization.
47. CRYSTALLIZATION, a. Crystallization is the process by which atoms and molecules arrange themselves into definite geometrical patterns called crystals. Substances in which the atoms and molecules are distributed in a random manner throughout the solid are said to be amorphous. The object of producing substances in crystalline form is to obtain them in a high degree of purity.
b. The several ways in which crystals are produced are as follows:
(1) By cooling a liquid. It is possible to crystallize the liquid itself, in this manner. The most common example of this is the freezing of water to form ice. If benzene is chilled to 5.25° C., it crystallizes. Another illustration is offered by melting sulfur in a casserole and partially cooling the fused material until a pellicle forms over the top. If a hole is now punched through the crust, and the remaining molten sulfur poured out, it will be found that crystals of sulfur have formed on the walls of the casserole and on the undersurface of the crust.
(2) From a solution, (a) By cooling the solution. This is the method most commonly employed in the preparation of crystals. If cooling takes place slowly, without agitation, the crystals which separate are larger than those obtained by the rapid cooling and stirring of a hot solution.
(6) By evaporation of the solvent. This process is especially useful where the solvent is more volatile than water, for example, alcohol, ether, chloroform, or petroleum benzin. In such cases, the chemical is dissolved in the smallest possible quantity of the solvent, the solution filtered into an evaporating or crystallizing dish, and allowed to stand. The spontaneous
40
evaporation of the solvent causes crystals to be deposited in the bottom of the dish.
(c) By effecting a change in the character of the solvent. Some substances are soluble in one solvent and insoluble in another. It is, thus, often possible, by the selection of the appropriate solvent, to cause a solute to separate from solution in the form of crystals.
( 50 1 331.5 1.691
617.3 1 137.3 1 179.8 40 1 169.2 1.353
480.0 1 1 42.5 31.1035 1 24.9 1.052
463.0 1 25.5 30 1 6.9 1.014
456.380 1 18.88 29.5729 1 1
437.5 1 28.350 460.15 0.959
385.8 25 405.78 0.845
308.6 20 324.62 0.676
154.3 10 162.31 0.338
15.4324 1 16.23 0.0338
1 0.06480 1.0517 0.0022
0.9508 0.06161 1 0.0021
* By the “cc.” in this table is meant the one-thousandth part of the liter or a milliliter (ml.).
74
Equivalents of Weights and Measures—Continued
From 480 grcins down
Grains Metric weight and measure Gm. or cc. * Minims (of water at 4° C.) Grains Metric weight and measure Gm. or cc.* Minims (of water at 4° C.)
480 [1 g 31.103 504.8 240 [4 5 15.552 252.4
478.4 31 503.2 231.5 15 243.5
475.4 30.805 500 228.2 14.786 240.0
463.0 30 486.9 218.75 \y2 oz.’ 14.175 230.1
456.4 29.573 480 [1 216.1 14 227.2
450 29.160 473.3 210 13.608 220.9
447 5 av 29 470.7 200.6 13 211.0
437.5 [1 oz.' 28.350 460.2 199.7 12.938 210.0
432.1 28 454.5 185.2 12 194.8
427.9 27.725 450
420 [7 5 27.216. 441.7 180 [3 3 11.664 . 189.3
416.7 Z1 438.2 171.1 11.090 180.0
401.2 26 422.0 169.8 11 178.5
399.3 25.876 420 154.3 10 162.3
390 25.272 410.2 150 9.720 157.8
385.8 25 405.8 142.6 9.242 150.0
380.3 24.644 400 138.9 9 146.1
370.8 24.028 390 123.5 8 129.8
370.4 24 389.5
360 [6 5 23.328 378.6 120 [2 3 7.776 126.2
354.9 23 373.3 114.1 7.393 120.0
342.3 22.180 360 109.375 [y oz. 7.087 115.0
339.5 22 357.1 108.0 7 113.6
330 21.384 347.1 100 6.480 105.2
324.1 21 340.9 95.1 6.161 100.0
313.8 20.331 330 92.6 6 97.4
308.6 20 324.6 80 5.184 84.1
77.2 5 81.2
76.1 4.929 80.0
61.7 4 64.9
300 [5 5 19.440 315.5 60 [1 3 3.888 63.1
293.2 19 308.4 57.0 3.697 60.0
285.2 18.483 300 54.6875 [y8 oz.' 3.544 57.5
277.8 18 292.2 47.5 3.081 50.0
270 17.496 . 284.0 50 3.240 52.6
262.4 17 275.9 46.3 3 48.7
256.7 16.635 . 270 42.8 2.772 45.0
246.9 16 259.7 40 2.592 42.1
38.0 2.464 40.0
33.3 2.156 35.0
30.9 2 32.5
* By the “cc.” in this table is meant the one-thousandth part of the liter or a milliliter (ml.).
75
Equivalents of Weights and Measures—Continued From 30 grains down Weights from 5 grains down
Grains Metric weight and measure Gm. or cc. * Minims (of water at 4° C.) Milligrams (mg) Grains
30 [y2 5 1.944 31.55 324 mg. 5
28.52 1.848 30 292 mg. 4 Ji
23.77 1.540 25 259 mg. 4
20 1.296 21.04 227 mg. 3 Ji
19.02 1.232 20 194 mg. 3
15.4324 1 16.23 162 mg. 2 Ji
Iju mg. 2
15 0.972 15.78 97 mg. 1 Ji
14.26 0.924 15 65 mg. 1
14 0.907 14 72
13.31 0.863 14 60.7 mg. 1 Jf 6
13 0.842 13.67 58.3 mg. Mo
12.36 0.801 13 56.7 mg. Ji
12 0.778 12.63 52.6 mg. ‘Ms
11.41 0.739 12 51.8 mg.
11 0.713 11.57 48.6 mg. 3.'
10.46 0.678 11 44.5 mg. ‘Jis
4U.5 mg. Ji
10 0.648 10.52 36.4 mg. Ms
9.51 0.616 10 32.4 mg. Ji
9 0.583 9 46
8.56 0.554 9 28.3 mg. Ms
8 0.518 8.41 25.9 mg. Ji
7.72 0.5 8.12 24.3 mg. Ji
7.61 0.493 8 20.2 mg. Ms
7 0.454 7.37 16.2 mg. Ji
6.66 0.431 7 12.1 mg. Ms
6 0.389 6.31 8.1 mg. Ji
5.70 0.370 6 4.0 mg. Jis
3.2 mg. Jio
5 0.324 5.26 2.6 mg.
4.75 0.308 5 2.2 mg.
4 0.259 4.20 1.8 mg.
3.80 0.246 4 1.6 mg. Jio
3 0.194 3.15 1.3 mg.
2.85 0.185 3 1.1 mg. Jio
2 0.130 2.11 1.0 mg. Ji<
1.90 0.123 2 0.6 mg.
1 0.06480 1.0518 0.5 mg.
0.9508 0.06161 1 0.4 mg. Jiso
0.3 mg. Ji io
0.2 mg. Jiso
0.1 mg. Ji*o
By the <£cc.” in this table is meant the one-thousand th part of the liter or a milliliter (ml.).
76
Equivalents of Linear Measures
Metric to English
Centimeters Inches Centimeters Inches Millimeters Inches—
In decimal fractions In 32ds.
150 59.06 55 21.65 25.4 1
145 57.09 53.3 21 25 0.98
140 55.12 50.8 20 24.0 0.94
139.7 55 50 19.69 23.8 0.94 S%2
135 53.15 48.3 19 23.0 0.91 2 M2
130 51.18 45.7 18 22.2 0.88 2M2
127.0 50 45 17.72 22.0 0.87
125 49.21 43.2 17 21.0 0.83
120 47.24 40.6 16 20.6 0.81 2%2
115 45.28 40 15.75 20 0.79
114.3 45 38.1 15 19.1 0.75 2M2
110 43.31 35.6 14 19.0 0.75
105 41.34 35 13.78 18.0 0.71
101.6 40 33.0 13 17.5 0.69 2M2
100 39.37 30.5 12 17.0 0.67
99.1 39 30 11.81 16.0 0.63
96.5 38 27.9 11 15.9 0.62 2M2
95 37.40 25.4 10 15 0.59
94.0 37 25 9.84 14.3 0.56
91.4 36 22.9 9 14.0 0.55
90 35.43 20.3 8 13.0 0.51
88.9 35 20 7.87 12.7 0.50
86.4 34 17.8 7 12.0 0.47
85 33.46 15.2 6 11.1 0.44
83.8 33 15 5.91 11.0 0.43
81.3 32 12.7 ■ 5 10 0.39
80 31.50 10.2 4 9.5 0.38 *M2
78.7 31 10 3.94 9 0.35
76.2 30 9 3.54 8.7 0.34 xM2
75 29.53 8 3.15 8 0.31
73.7 29 7.6 3 7.9 0.31 %
71.1 28 7 2.76 7.1 0.28 M2
70 27.56 6 2.36 7 0.28
68.6 27 5.1 2 6.4 0.25 M2
66.0 26 5 1.97 6 0.24
65 25.59 4 1.57 5.6 0.22 M2
63.5 25 3 1.18 5 0.20
61.0 24 2.54 1 4.8 0.19 M2
60 23.62 2 0.79 4 0.16
58.4 23 1 0.39 3.2 0.12 M2
55.9 22 3 0.12
2.4 0.09 M2
2 0.08
1.6 0.06 M2
1 0.04
0.8 0.03 M2
0.1 0.0039
Equivalents of Linear Measures
English to Metric
Feet Meters Centimeters Inches Millimeters Inches in fractions Inches in decimal fractions Millimeters
25 7.620 762.0 34 863.6 16Ae 1.000 25.40
24 7.315 731.5 33 838.2 'Ao 0.9375 23.81
23 7.010 701.0 32 812.8 A 0.8750 22.22
22 6.706 670.6 31 787.4 13Ao 0.8125 20.64
21 6.401 640.1 30 762.0 % 0.7500 19.05
20 6.096 609.6 29 736.6 ’Kr, 0.6875 17.46
19 5.791 579.1 28 711.2 A 0.6250 15.88
18 5.486 548.6 27 685.8 ^6 0.5625 14.29
17 5.182 518.2 26 660.4 A 0.5000 12.70
16 4.877 487.7 25 635.0 7Ao 0.4375 11.11
15 4.572 457.2 24 609.6 A 0.3750 9.52
14 4.267 426.7 23 584.2 Ao 0.3125 7.94
13 3.962 396.2 22 558.8 A 0.2500 6.35
12 3.658 365.8 21 533.4 A 6 0.1875 4.76
11 3.353 335.3 20 508.0 A 0.1250 3.18
10 3.048 304.8 19 482.6 - Ao 0.0625 1.59
9 2.743 274.3 18 457.2 A 2 0.03125 0.79
8 2.438 243.8 17 431.8 A 4 0.01562 0.40
7 2.134 213.4 16 406.4 A 0 0 0.01000 0.25
6 1.829 182.9 15 381.0 Aoo 0.00500 0.127
5 1.524 152.4 14 355.6 A20 0.00312 0.08
4 1.219 121.9 13 330.2 A 0.667 16.93
3 0.9144 91.44 12 304.8 A 0.333 8.47
2 0.6096 60.96 11 279.4 ' A 0.800 20.32
1 0.3048 30.48 10 254.0 A 0.600 15.24
0.9 0.2743 27.43 9 228.6 A 0.400 10.16
0.8 0.2438 24.38 8 203.2 Ao 0.100 2.54
0.7 0.2134 21.34 7 177.8
0.6 0.1829 18.29 6 152.4 •
0.5 0.1524 15.24 5 127.0
0.4 0.1219 12.19 4 101.6
0.3 0.0914 9.144 3 76.2
0.2 0.0610 6.096 2 50.8
0.1 0.0305 3.048 1 25.4
78
Table for Converting Metric Quantities in Pharmaceutical Processes to Quantities in Avoirdupois Weight
Grams to grains, etc. (Product measured)
Grains per fluidounce Grains, etc., per pint Grains, etc., per gallon
per liter Ounces Ounces Pounds Ounces
avoir. Grains avoir. Grains avoir. avoir. Grains
1 0.46 7.3 58.4
2 0.91 14.6 116.8
3 1.37 21.9 175.3
4 1.83 29.2 233.7
5 . 2.28 36.5 292.1
6 2.74 43.8 350.5
7 3.19 51.1 408.9
8 3.65 58.4 1 30.0
9 4.10 65.7 1 88.0
10 4.56 73.0 1 147.0
20 9.13 146.0 2 293.0
30 13.69 219.1 4 3.0
40 18.26 292.1 5 149.0
50 22.82 365.1 6 296.0
60 27.38 1 0.6 8 5.0
70 31.95 1 73.7 9 152.0
80 36.51 1 146.7 10 299.0
90 41.08 1 219.7 12 8.0
100 45.64 1 292.7 13 154.0
200 91.28 3 148.0 1 10 309.0
300 136.92 5 3.0 2 8 26.0
400 182.56 6 296.0 3 5 180.0
500 228.20 8 151.0 4 2 334.0
600 273.84 10 6.0 5 0 51.0
700 319:47 11 299.0 5 13 204.0
800 365.11 13 154.0 6 10 360.0
900 410.75 15 10.0 7 8 76.0
1000 1 18.89 16 302.0 8 5 231.0
Example: To make 1 gallon.
Camphor and Soap Liniment
Hard Soap 60 Gm. (Table I). . .
Camphor 45Gm‘ (Tablet) S-
Oil of Rosemary. . . 10 cc- (Table II)... 1 fl. oz. 134 min.
Alcohol 700 cc. (Table II). . . 5 pts. 9 fl. oz. 288 min.
Water, sufficient to make 1000 cc. or 1 gallon
79
Table for Converting Metric Quantities in Pharmaceutical
Processes to Quantities in Apothecaries Measure
Cc. to minims, etc. (Product measured)
Cc. per liter Minims per fluidounce Minims, etc., per pint Minims, etc., per gallon
Fl. oz. Minims Pints Fl. oz Minims
1 0.48 7.68 61
2 0.96 15.36 123
3 1.44 23.04 184
4 1.92 30.72 /. . 246
5 2.40 38.40 . ■ 307
6 2.88 46.09 369
7 3.36 53.76 430
8 3.84 61.44 1 12
9 4.32 69.12 1 73
10 4.80 76.80 1 134
20 9.60 153.60 2 269
30 14.40 230.40 3 403
40 19.20 307.20 5 58
50 24.00 384.00.. 6 192
60 28.80 - _ 460.80 7 326
70 33.60 1 57.60 8 461
80 38.40 1 134.40 10 115
90 43.20 1 211.20 11 250
100 48.00 1 288.00 12 384
200 96.00 3 96.00 1 9 288
300 144.00 4 384.00 2 6 192
400 192.00 6 192.00 3 3 96
500 240.00 8 4
600 288.00 9 288.00 4 12 384
700 336.00 11 96.00 5 9 288
800 384.00 12 384.00 6 6 192
900 432.00 14 192.00 7 3 96
1000 480.00 16 8
80
Table for Converting Metric Quantities in Pharmaceutical
Processes to Quantities in Apothecaries Weight
Parts per 1000 to grains, etc., per pound avoirdupois
Grams per kilogram Grains and apothecaries ounces per pound avoirdupois Grains and ounces avoirdupois per pound avoirdupois
Ounces Grains Ounces Grains
1 7 7.0
2 14 14.0
3 21 21.0
4 28 28.0
5 35 35.0
6 42 42.0
7 49 49.0
8 56 56.0
9 63 63.0
10 70 70.0
20 140 140.0
30 210 210.0
40 280 280.0
50 350 350.0
60 420 420.0
70 i 10 i 52.5
80 i 80 i 122.5
90 1 150 i 192.5
100 i 220 i 262.5
200 2 440 3 87.5
300 4 180 4 350.0
400 5 400 6 175.0
500 7 140 8 ....
600 8 360 9 262.5
700 10 100 11 87.5
800 11 320 12 350.0
900 13 60 14 175.0
1000 14 280 16 ....
Example: To make 1 pound avoirdupois.
Camphor. Liniment
Camphor.............................. 200 Gm. (Table III).................. 3 oz. 87.5 grs.
Cottonseed Oil....................... 800 Gm. (Table III)..................12 oz. 350.0 grs.
To make............................1000 Gm. or 1 pound avoirdupois
Percentage Solutions
Percentage concentrations of solutions are expressed as follows:
Percent “weight in weight” (w/w) expresses the number of grams of an active constituent in 100 grams of solution.
Percent “weight in volume” (w/v) expresses the number of grams of an active constituent in 100 cubic centimeters of solution.
Percent “volume in volume” (y/v) expresses the number of cubic centimeters of an active constituent in 100 cubic centimeters of solution.
When “percent” is used in prescriptions without qualification, it means: for solutions of solids in liquids, percent weight in volume; for solutions of liquids in liquids, percent volume in volume; and for solutions of gases in liquids, percent weight in volume. For example, a 1 percent solution is prepared by dissolving 1 gram of a solid or 1 cubic centimeter of a liquid
81
in sufficient of the solvent to make 100 cubic centimeters of the solution. A solution of the same strength may be prepared by apothecaries weight and measure by dissolving 4.5 grains (more accurately 4.5457 grains) ol a solid or 4.8 minims of a liquid in sufficient of the solvent to make 1 fluidounce of the solution at 25° C.
In dispensing prescriptions, slight changes in volume owing to variations in room temperature may be disregarded.
Hydrogen Ions and pH
Many of the compounds which are pharmacologically important are acids, bases, or salts. In aqueous or hydroalcoholic solution they tend, in great or small degree, to dissociate into their respective ions. The concentration and activity of hydrogen ions in a solution influences the concentrations of the anions, cations, and undissociated molecules present in the solution. These factors, in many instances, affect the stability, therapeutic activity, and pharmaceutical elegance of medicaments in aqueous or hydroalcoholic solutions.
Some Principles of Acid-Base Equilibrium and pH. The dissociation of acids may be represented by the type description: '
AH^H+ + A-
In a similar manner the dissociation of substituted ammoniums may be represented by
BH+^B + H+
The dissociation of the metallic hydroxides may be represented by BOII-B+ + OH-
For the purpose of this discussion, salts, certain acids, and the hydroxides of the alkali metals are assumed to be completely dissociated in dilute aqueous solution.
At equilibrium the ordinary mass action equation will hold as a first approximation for weak acids:
[H+][A-] [A~]_ Kfl
[HA] (1) [HA] ” [H+]’ (2)
where the brackets indicate molar concentration of each ionic or molecular species. »
The constant, Ka, is the classical dissociation constant of the acid. The value of Ka is markedly different for various acids, and for the same acid it is appreciably affected by the presence and concentrations of various [A~]
ions in solution. The ratio j-j-jA] 4n equation (2) is seen to depend upon
the value of Ka and the concentration of hydrogen ions. Assuming that Ka remains constant, the ratio can be changed only by changing the value of [H+]. This can be accomplished by the addition of a strongly dissociated acid which increases [H+] or the addition of a strongly dissociated base which will decrease the value of [H+].
Furthermore, the ratio
[A~] [HA]
may be changed by the
addition of the acid
itself or its salt, but not directly as the ratio of these added quantities, for [H+] will have been changed also.
The magnitudes of [H+] vary enormously, that is, from one to one ten-millionth squared or 10“*4. The desirability of an exponential or loga-
82
rithmic scale of expression is at once apparent. The system generally adopted is that devised by Sorenson, namely, the use of the symbol pH, which is defined as the negative logarithm oj the hydrogen-ion concentration. Hence—
1 pH= -log [H+]or log
The relation of pH to [H+] may be seen in the following table:
pH Normality in terms oj hydrogen ions Normality in terms oj hydroxyl ions
0 1 10-14
1 10-1 10-13
2 10-2 10-12
3 10-3 io-11
4 10-4 10-10
5 10-5 10-9
6 10-6 10-8
Neutral point 7 10-7 10-7
8 10~8 10-6
9 io-9 10-5
10 10-10 10-4
11 io-11 10-3
12 10-12 10-2
13 10-13 io-1
14 10-14 1
The logarithmic nature of this system should be borne in mind constantly in considering changes in hydrogen-ion concentration and its connotation in terms of pH as illustrated in the following table:
[H+] Times increased or decreased pH Corresponding change
10 1.00
5 0.70
2 0.30
1.5 0.18
1.1 0.04
1.05 0.02
1.023 0.01
Equation (2) may be written
1 JAzl O§ [HA] Mog K -pH (4)
rA~i i
Obviously when the ratio r' is unity, log — will be equal to pH.
1
Also, when pH is greater than log — by two units, practically the entire compound exists as species A-. When pH, however, is less than log —
by two units, practically the entire compound exists as species HA. When 1
pH has a value lying within ±2 units log —, there will be relatively large proportions of each species present.
The standard device generally used in the determination of hydrogen-ion concentration is the hydrogen half-cell.
83
A hydrogen half-cell consists of a noble metal electrode, immersed in a solution containing hydrogen ions or substances capable of supplying such ions at the activity symbolized by (H+), under a definite partial pressure of hydrogen, Ph2, and supplied with a catalyst such as platinum black to facilitate the half-reaction:
H2-2H++2^
When two such half-cells are placed in liquid junction, the electromotive force E of the cell is defined by—
F (H+) VP'h2 (5)
Where (H+)'is the activity of the hydrogen ions in the half-cell having the greater hydrogen-ion activity, P'h2 is the hydrogen pressure in the same half-cell and EL is the potential jump at the liquid junction of the half-cells. The latter is not eliminated but is reduced to a small, usually neglected value, by making the junction with saturated potassium chloride solution.
The ultimate standard of reference is the hydrogen half-cell in which the hydrogen-ion activity is unity and the hydrogen pressure is one atmosphere. If this half-cell were used in conjunction with another half-cell of lower hydrogen-ion activity and the hydrogen pressure were the same in the two half-cells, then—
1 F 1 (H+)
or
(6)
at 20° C.,
1 (H+)
(7)
Hg I Hg2Cl2, KC1 (Sat. Soln.) I S°luti°n of I I ' | unknown pH |
E = 0.0581 log
The foregoing ultimate standard of reference is not used in practice and it is impossible either to eliminate entirely the liquid junction potential or to calculate it with exactitude. Therefore for pharmacopoeial purposes the following is adopted for approximate measurements:
Pt, H2 (1 atmos.)
Employing this cell at 20° C., pH may be calculated by the following equation:
E-0.2488
P 0.0581 . (8)
The electromotive force is measured by means of a potentiometer.
When the standard 0.05 molar potassium biphthalate solution is employed in the foregoing cell, in place of the solution of unknown pH at 20° C., the cell has an electromotive force of 0.4797 volt, corresponding to pH 3.974.
These half-cells employed under the prescribed conditions constitute the reference device for pH measurements for the solutions of the Pharmacopoeia. For pharmacopoeial purposes various electrodes may be employed at the discretion of the operator which are capable of as great a degree, or a greater degree, of accuracy than that set forth in the colorimetric method, namely, ±0.1 pH.
When the electrometric method is employed for hydroalcoholic solutions and the electromotive force developed converted into pH, the conversion is based on the assumption that the equation holds for hydroalcoholic solutions as it does for aqueous solutions. Strictly speaking this condition does not obtain. Therefore the values expressed as pH are relative and subject to change with varying concentrations of alcohol.
84
The term pl I is expressed generally by an integer and two significant decimals. The reliability of the value of the figures in the second decimal place is dependent largely on the method employed in carrying out the determination. For pharmacopoeial purposes, the expression is given with one decimal only. For practically all purposes of this text, this degree of accuracy is considered sufficient. However, the method to be described is capable of a higher degree of accuracy.
Determination of pH. For convenience the colorimetric method of determining hydrogen-ion concentration has been adopted for pharmacopoeial purposes and is to be employed where pigments or proteins present in the solution do not vitiate its use. In these instances the potentiometric method must be employed.
The principle of the colorimetric method depends upon the assumption that an indicator in the same concentration will exhibit the same transition shade in different aqueous solutions if the hydrogen-ion concentrations of the solutions are the same. Having then a series of buffer solutions of definite hydrogen-ion concentrations, comparisons can be made between the shades of color produced in the buffer solutions and that produced by the same indicator in the solution to be tested.
As it was stated previously, the Ka of an acid is affected by the ionic strength of the solution, likewise the Ka of indicators is affected also. This influences the color transition range of the indicator. The electrometric method measures the activity of the hydrogen ions (H+) and to obtain the same value by the colorimetric method in solutions of various ionic strengths, a correction, known as the salt-error correction, must be employed. In addition, the kinds of ions present in solution and their precipitating influence on the indicator affect the accuracy of the colorimetric method. For pharmacopoeial purposes, where the complexity of the medicaments make a simple application of these corrections impossible, the corrections are ignored.
Directions for pH measurements. In the determination of an unknown pH value, a suitable indicator must first be found. Only indicators which show an intermediate color between the extreme acid and alkaline colors can be used.
The first step in the choice of a suitable indicator is the determination of the approximate pH value of the solution under investigation. A few simple tests will usually supply the necessary information. Add a drop or two of phenolphthalein T.S. to a small portion of the solution. If the indicator remains colorless, the pH of the solution is less than 8.4. A second test is conducted in the same manner, using methyl orange T.S. as the indicator. If the solution assumes the alkaline color (yellow), the pH of the solution is greater than 4.4 and lies somewhere between 4.4 and 8.0. A few more tests with methyl red (pH interval 4.2-6.3), bromothymol blue (6.0-7.6), and phenol red (6.8-8.4) will give a close enough approximation of the pH value to show which indicator may be successfully used in the determination.
Instead of testing small amounts of the liquid with indicator solutions, the spot method, using indicator papers, may be substituted. Also, by using a universal indicator in place of the several indicator solutions suggested above, some time may be saved.
When the approximate pH value has been determined and a suitable indicator agreed upon, a 3-, 5-, or 10-cc. portion of the unknown solution (depending upon the amount of the liquid available), is transferred to a hard, resistant glass test tube approximately 15 cm. long and 1.5 cm. ±0.5 mm. bore, and a measured amount of the indicator solution added. As a
85
rule, 0.10 to 0.20 cc. of a 0.05 per cent indicator’ solution, added from a 1-cc. pipette, graduated to 0.01 cc. per 10 cc. of the solution being tested, constitutes a proper indicator concentration.
Transfer from 4 to 6 portions of the buffer solutions, the pH values of which overlap that of the unknown solution, to test tubes and treat in exactly the same way as the solution being analyzed. The same amounts of indicator must be added to the unknown and to the buffer solutions. It is also essential that the test tubes used be of the quality and type already indicated. The color of the unknown solution is then compared with the colors of the buffer solutions and the pH value of the solution thus determined.
In judging the colors, observe them against a white background with the light transmitted through the whole length of the tube. A suitable colorimeter may also be used, although it is not necessary in routine work. A sufficient number of reference solutions must be taken so that the color of the unknown falls between two of the series, differing by not more than 0.20 pH. The pH of the unknown can thus be easily approximated to within 0.1 and with practice to 0.05. With buffer solutions differing by 0.1 pH unit or less, the experimental error can be reduced to about 0.02 pH.
Other colorimetric methods capable of the same or a greater degree of accuracy than that required by the Pharmacopoeia may be employed at the discretion of the operator.
The dissociation constants of indicators hold for aqueous solutions only. Alcohol changes this value and therefore for alcoholic solutions a correction factor must be used or the potentiometric method employed.
Indicators and Preparation of Their Solutions
The indicators used for colorimetric pH determinations are either weakly acid or weakly basic. Most of the indicators, however, used for this purpose, such as the phthaleins and sulfonated phthaleins, behave like weak acids.
The usual concentration of the indicator solution is 0.05 per cent. From 0.1 to 0.2 cc. of the indicator solution is generally used for 10 cc. of the liquid being examined.
Solutions of indicators of the basic type and of the phthaleins are prepared by dissolving them in alcohol. In preparing solutions of indicators containing an acid group, this group must first be neutralized with sodium hydroxide. The procedure is as follows:
One-tenth (0.100) Gm. of the indicator is triturated in an agate mortar with the volume of twentieth-normal sodium hydroxide specified in the following table, or with its equivalent of fiftieth-normal sodium hydroxide. When the indicator has dissolved the solution is diluted with carbondioxide-free distilled water to make 200 cc. (0.05 per cent).
The solutions should be kept in stoppered bottles, and protected from light.
Table of pH Indicators
Molecular Color
Indicator pH range weight change Solvent
Methyl yellow 2.9- 4.0 225 Red-yellow Alcohol
Bromophenol blue 3.0- 4.6 669 Yellow-blue 3.0 cc. N/20 NaOH
Methyl red 4.2- 6.3 269 Red-yellow 7.4 cc. N/20 NaOH
Bromocresol purple 5.2- 6.8 540 Yellow-purple 3.7 cc. N/20 NaOH
Bromothymol blue 6.0- 7.6 624 Yellow-blue 3.2 cc. N/20 NaOH
Phenol red 6.8- 8.4 354 Yellow-red 5.7 cc. N/20 NaOH
Thymol blue 8.0- 9.6 466 Yellow-blue 4.3 cc. N/20 NaOH
Thymolphthalein 9.3-10.5 430 Colorless-blue Alcohol
86
Solutions Used in Preparation of Buffer Solutions
Fifth-molar hydrochloric acid and fifth-molar sodium hydroxide (carbonate free) are prepared and standardized according to directions given under standard solutions.
1. Potassium biphthalate solution. Dissolve 40.836 Gm. of reagent potassium biphthalate in distilled water and dilute to 1000 cc. to prepare a fifthmolar solution for use in preparing the buffer solutions.
2. Monopotassium phosphate solution. Dissolve 27.240 Gm. of reagent monopotassium phosphate in distilled water and dilute to 1000 cc. to make a fifth-molar solution for use in preparing the buffer solutions.
3. Boric acid and potassium chloride solution. Dissolve 12.404 Gm. of reagent boric acid and 14.912 Gm. of reagent potassium chloride in distilled water and dilute to 1000 cc. to prepare a fifth-molar solution of these mixed salts.
4. Potassium chloride solution. Dissolve 14.912 Gm. reagent potassium chloride in distilled water and dilute to 1000 cc. to make a fifth-molar solution for use in preparing the buffer solutions.
5. Potassium biphthalate solution for hydrogen electrode. Solution (1) diluted with three volumes of distilled water at 20° C. prepares twentieth-molar potassium biphthalate solution for checking the hydrogen electrode.
BUFFER MIXTURES OF CLARK AND LUBS
PH HCl-KCl mixtures
1.1 94.56 cc. M/5 HC1 5.44 cc. M/5 KC1 Dilute to 200 cc.
1.2 75.10 cc. M/5 HC1 24.90 cc. M/5 KC1 Dilute to 200 cc.
1.3 59.68 cc. M/5 HC1 40.32 cc. M/5 KC1 Dilute to 200 cc.
1.4 47.40 cc. M/5 HC1 52.60 cc. M/5 KC1 Dilute to 200 cc.
1.5 37.64 cc. M/5 HC1 62.36 cc. M/5 KC1 Dilute to 200 cc.
1.6 29.90 cc. M/5 HC1 70.06 cc. M/5 KC1 Dilute to 200 cc.
1.7 23.76 cc. M/5 HC1 76.24 cc. M/5 KC1 Dilute to 200 cc.
1.8 18.86 cc. M/5 HC1 81.14 cc. M/5 KC1 Dilute to 200 cc.
1.9 14.98 cc. M/5 HC1 85.02 cc. M/5 KC1 Dilute to 200 cc.
2.0 11.90 cc. M/5 HC1 88.10 cc. M/5 KC1 Dilute to 200 cc.
2.1 9.46 cc. M/5 HC1 90.54 cc. M/5 KC1 Dilute to 200 cc.
2.2 7.52 cc. M/5 HC1 92.48 cc. M/5 KC1 Dilute to 200 cc.
pH Phthalate-HCl mixtures
2.2 50 cc. M'/5 KHPhthalate 46.60 cc. M/5 HC1 Dilute to 200 cc.
2.4 50 cc. M/5 KHPhthalate 39.60 cc. M/5 HC1 Dilute to 200 cc.
2.6 50 cc. M/5 KHPhthalate 33.00 cc. M/5 HC1 Dilute to 200 cc.
2.8 50 cc. M/5 KHPhthalate 26.50 cc. M/5 HC1 Dilute to 200 cc.
3.0 50 cc. M/5 KHPhthalate 20.40 cc. M/5 HC1 Dilute to 200 cc.
3.2 50 cc. M/5 KHPhthalate 14.80 cc. M/5 HC1 Dilute to 200 cc.
3.4 50 cc. M/5 KHPhthalate 9.95 cc. M/5 HC1 Dilute to 200 cc.
3.6 50 cc. M/5 KHPhthalate 6.00 cc. M/5 HC1 Dilute to 200 cc.
3.8 50 cc. M/5 KHPhthalate 2.65 cc. M/5 HC1 Dilute to 200 cc.
Phthalate-NaOH mixtures
4.0 50 cc. M/5 KHPhthalate 0.40 cc. M/5 NaOH Dilute to 200 cc.
4.2 50 cc. M/5 KHPhthalate 3.65 cc. M/5 NaOH Dilute to 200 cc.
4.4 50 cc. M/5 KHPhthalate 7.35 cc. M/5 NaOH Dilute to 200 cc.
4.6 50 cc. M/5 KHPhthalate 12.00 cc. M/5 NaOH Dilute to 200 cc.
4.8 50 cc. M/5 KHPhthalate 17.50 cc. M/5 NaOH Dilute to 200 cc.
5.0 50. cc. M/5 KHPhthalate 23.65 cc. M/5 NaOH Dilute to 200 cc.
5.2 50 cc. M/5 KHPhthalate 29.75 cc. M/5 NaOH Dilute to 200 cc.
5.4 50 cc. M/5 KHPhthalate 35.25 cc. M/5 NaOH Dilute to 200 cc.
5.6 50 cc. M/5 KHPhthalate 39.70 cc. M/5 NaOH Dilute to 200 cc.
5.8 50 cc. M/5 KHPhthalate 43.10 cc. M/5 NaOH Dilute to 200 cc.
6.0 50 cc. M/5 KHPhthalate 45.40 cc. M/5 NaOH Dilute to 200 cc.
6.2 50 cc. M/5 KHPhthalate 47.00 cc. M/5 NaOH Dilute to 200 cc.
87
pH
KH^PO t-NaOH mixtures
5.8
6.0
6.2
6.4
6.6
6.8
7.0
7.2
7.4
7.6
7.8
8.0
50 cc. M/5 KH2PO4 50 cc. M/5 KH2PO4 50 cc. M/5 KH2PO4 50 cc. M/5 KH2PO4 50 cc. M/5 KH2PO4 50 cc. M/5 KH2PO4 50 cc. M/5 KH2PO4 50 cc. M/5 KH2PO4 50 cc. M/5 KH2PO4 50 cc. M/5 KH2PO4 50 cc. M/5 KH2PO4
50 cc. M/5 KH2PO4
3.66 cc. M/5 NaOH 5.64 cc. M/5 NaOH 8.55 cc. M/5 NaOH
12.60 cc. M/5 NaOH 17.74 cc. M/5 NaOH 23.60 cc. M/5 NaOH 29.54 cc. M/5 NaOH 34.90 cc. M/5 NaOH 39.34 cc. M/5 NaOH 42.74 cc. M/5 NaOH 45.17 cc. M/5 NaOH 46.85 cc. M/5 NaOH
Dilute to 200 cc. Dilute to 200 cc. Dilute to 200 cc. Dilute to 200 cc. Dilute to 200 cc. Dilute to 200 cc. Dilute to 200 cc. Dilute to 200 cc. Dilute to 200 cc. Dilute to 200 cc. Dilute to 200 cc.
Dilute to 200 cc.
PH Boric Acid, KCl-NaOH mixtures
7.8 50 cc. M/5 H3BO3, M/5 KC1 2.65 cc. M/5 NaOH
8.0 50 cc. M/5 H3BO3, M/5 KC1 4.00 cc. M/5 NaOH
8.2 50 cc. M/5 H3BO3, M/5 KC1 5.90 cc. M/5 NaOH
8.4 50 cc. M/5 H3BO3, M/5 KC1 8.55 cc. M/5 NaOH
8.6 50 cc. M/5 H3BO3, M/5 KC1 12.00 cc. M/5 NaOH
8.8 50 cc. M/5 H3BO3, M/5 KC1 16.40 cc. M/5 NaOH
9.0 50 cc. M/5 H3BO3, M/5 KC1 21.40 cc. M/5 NaOH
9.2 50 cc. M/5 H3BO3, M/5 KC1 26.70 cc. M/5 NaOH
9.4 50 cc. M/5 H3BO3, M/5 KC1 32.00 cc. M/5 NaOH
9.6 50 cc. M/5 H3BO3, M/5 KC1 36.85 cc. M/5 NaOH
9.8 50 cc. M/5 H3BO3, M/5 KC1 40.80 cc. M/5 NaOH
10.0 50 cc. M/5 H3BO3, M/5 KC1 43.90 cc. M/5 NaOH
Dilute to 200 cc.
Dilute to 200 cc.
Dilute to 200 cc.
Dilute to 200 cc.
Dilute to 200 cc.
Dilute to 200 cc.
Dilute to 200 cc.
Dilute to 200 cc.
Dilute to 200 cc.
Dilute to 200 cc.
Dilute to 200 cc.
Dilute to 200 cc.
Hydrogen-Ion Concentration (pH) of Some Official Substances
The hydrogen-ion concentrations, expressed as pH, of the substances in the following table are given for informative purposes only, and are not intended to be construed as a means for the determination of the purity of these substances. In practice, variations from these figures may frequently be found, as a slight excess of acid or base is, in many instances, desirable and even necessary to insure stability and other qualities in connection with the use of these substances.
When only one figure is given in the table it represents the theoretical pH, or the one generally agreed upon in the literature. For the majority of the alkali-and alkaline earth-salts an approximate range is given within which the pH of these substances, as they usually occur on the market, will fall. Some deviations from these values may, however, be expected’ as the presence of even a very slight excess of base or acid in these salts’ or of carbon dioxide in their solutions, exercises a pronounced influence upon the hydrogen-ion concentration.
Substance
Acid acetic............
Acid benzoic...........
Acid boric.............
Acid citric............
Acid hydriodic.........
Acid hydrochloric.... Acid hypophosphorous Acid lactic............
Acid nitric............
Acid phosphoric........
Acid salicylic.........
Acid sulfuric..........
Acid tartaric..........
Concentration
.0.1 molar....x..........
. Saturated solution.....
0.1 molar...............
0.1 molar...............
0.1 molar...............
0.1 molar...............
0.1 molar...............
0.1 molar...............
O'. 1 molar.....;.......
0.1 molar...............
Saturated solution......
0.05 molar..............
0.1 molar...............
pH 2.9 2.8 5.1 2.1 1.0 1.0 1.5 2.4 1.1 1.5 2.4 1.2 1.9
88
Substatue Acid trichloroacetic..........
Alum (ammonium)...............
Alum (potassium)..............
Ammonium bromide..............
Ammonium chloride.............
Ammonia water.................
Apomorphine hydrochloride. . . . Arsphenamine..................
Atropine......................
Atropine sulfate..............
Barbital sodium...............
Caffeine citrated.............
Caffeine with sodium benzoate. . Calcium bromide...............
Calcium chloride..............
Calcium hydroxide.............
Calcium lactate...............
Cinchonidine sulfate..........
Cocaine hydrochloride.........
Codeine.......................
Codeine phosphate.............
Codeine sulfate...............
Emetine hydrochloride.........
Ephedrine.....................
Ephedrine hydrochloride.......
Homatropine hydrobromide. . . . Magma magnesia................
Magnesium sulfate.............
Morphine sulfate..............
Physostigmine salicylate......
Pilocarpine nitrate...........
Potassium acetate.............
Potassium bicarbonate.........
Potassium bromide.............
Potassium carbonate...........
Potassium hydroxide...........
Potassium iodide..............
Potassium nitrate.............
Potassium and sodium tartrate. . Procaine hydrochloride........
Quinidine sulfate.............
Quinine.......................
Quinine bisulfate.............
Quinine dihydrochloride.......
Quinine hydrobromide..........
Quinine hydrochloride.........
Quinine sulfate...............
Quinine and urea hydrochloride Sodium acetate................
Sodium benzoate. . ...........
Sodium bicarbonate............
Sodium biphosphate............
Sodium borate.................
Sodium bromide................
Concentration . .0.1 molar.......
. . 0.05 molar.....
. .0.1 molar.......
. .0.1 molar.......
. .0.1 molar.......
. .0.1 molar.......
..1 in 300.........
..1 in 20..........
. . Saturated solution . .1 in 100........
. .0.1 molar.......
..1 in 25..........
. .1 in 25.........
. .0.2 molar.......
. . 0.2 molar......
. . Saturated solution . . 1 in 25........
. . Saturated solution . .0.1 molar.......
. . Saturated solution . .0.1 molar.......
. .0.1 molar.......
..1 in 50..........
..1 in 200.........
..1 in 200.........
. .1 in 100........
0.2 molar.......
0.1 molar...... .
1 in 200........
1 in 100........
0.1 molar.......
0.1 molar.......
0.2 molar.......
0.1 molar.......
0.1 molar.......
0.2 molar.......
0.2 molar.......
0.2 molar.......
0.1 molar.......
1 in 200........
Saturated solution
1 in 25.........
1 in 25.........
1 in 25.........
1 in 25.........
Saturated solution
1 in 20.........
0.1 0.1 0.1 0.1 0.1
0.2 molar
molar molar molar molar molar
pH
1.2
4.6
4.2
4.6
4.6
11.3
4.8
3.0
9.5
5.4
9.4
2.3
7.4
7.0-8.0
6.5-7.5
12.3
6.0-7.0
6.4
4.5
9.8
4.5
5.0
5.6
10.8
5.9
5.4
10.6
6.0-7.0
4.8
5.8
4.8
9.7
8.2
6.5-8.0
11.6
13.5
7.0-9.0
6.5-7.5
7.0-8.0
6.0
6.4
8.8
3.5
2.6
6.4
6.4
6.2
3.1
8.9
8.0
8.2
4.5
9.2
6.5-8.0
89
Substance Concentration
Sodium cacodylate......................0.1 molar........
Sodium carbonate.......................0.1 molar........
Sodium chloride........................0.2 molar........
Sodium hydroxide.......................0.1 molar........
Sodium iodide..........................0.2 molar........
Sodium phosphate (dibasic).............0.1 molar........
Sodium salicylate......................0.2 molar........
Sodium sulfadiazine....................0.01 molar.........
Sodium sulfadiazine....................Saturated solution
Sodium sulfapyridine...................0.01 molar.........
Sodium sulfapyridine...................Saturated solution
Sodium sulfathiazole...................0.01 molar.........
Sodium sulfathiazole...................Saturated solution
Sodium sulfate.........................0.2 molar..........
Sodium thiosulfate.....................0.2 molar..........
Strychnine nitrate.....................1 in 250...........
Strychnine sulfate........ ............1 in 100...........
Sulfadiazine...........................Saturated solution
Sulfanilamide..........................Saturated solution
Sulfapyridine..........................Saturated solution
Sulfathiazole..........................Saturated solution
Theobromine with sodium salicylate . .1 in 100............
PH
. 7.8
. 11.6
.6.7-7.3
. 13.5
.8.0-9.5
9.5
5.0-6.0
8.75
9.90
10.10
10.85
9.20
9.65
6.0-7.5
6.5-8.0
5.7
5.5
5.75
7.15
6.65
5.90
10.3
90
Logarithms of Numbers
Natural numbers 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 Proportional parts
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9
10 0000 0043 0086 0128 0170 0212 0253 0294 0334 0374 4 •8 12 17 21 25 29 33 37
11 0414 0453 0492 0531 0569 0607 0645 0682 0719 0755 4 8 11 15 19 23 26 30 34
12 0792 0828 0864 0899 0934 0969 1004 1038 1072 1106 3 7 10 14 17 21 24 28 31
13 1139 1173 1206 1239 1271 1303 1335 1367 1399 1430 3 6 10 1-3 16 19 23 26 29
14 1461 1492 1523 1553 1584 1614 1644 1673 1703 1732 3 6 9 12 15 18 21 24 27
15 1761 1790 1818 1847 1875 1903 1931 1959 1987 2014 3 6 8 11 14 17 20 22 25
16 2041 2068 2095 2122 2148 2175 2201 2227 2253 2279 3 5 8 11 13 16 18 21 24
17 2304 2330 2355 2380 2405 2430 2455 2480 2504 2529 2 5 7 10 12 15 17 20 22
18 2553 2577 2601 2625 2648 2672 2695 2718 2742 2765 2 5 7 9 12 14 16 19 21
19 2788 2810 2833 2856 2878 2900 2923 2945 2967 2989 2 4 7 9 11 13 16 18 20
20 3010 3032 3054 3075 3096 3118 3139 3160 318-1 3201 2 4 6 8 11 13 15 17 19
21 3222 3243 3263 3284 3304 3324 3345 3365 3385 3404 2 4 6 8 10 12 14 16 18
22 3424 3444 3464 3483 3502 3522 3541 3560 3579 3598 2 4 6 8 10 12 14 15 17
23 3617 3636 3655 3674 3692 3711 3729 3747 3766 3784 2 4 6 7 9 11 13 15 17
24 3802 3820 3838 3856 3874 3892 3909 3927 3945 3962 2 4 5 7 9 11 12 14 16
25 3979 3997 4014 4031 4048 4065 4082 4099 4116 4133 2 •3 5 7 9 10 12 14 15
26 4150 4166 4183 4200 4216 4232 4249 4265 4281 4298 2 3 5 7 8 10 11 13 15
27 4314 4330 4346 4362 4378 4393 4409 4425 4440 4456 2 3 5 6 8 9 11 13 14
28 4472 4487 4502 4518 4533 4548 4564 4579 4594 4609 2 3 5 6 8 9 11 12 14
29 4624 4639 4654 4669 4683 4698 4713 4728 4742 4757 1 3 4 6 7 9 10 12 13
30 4771 4786 4800 4814 4829 4843 4857 4871 4886 4900 1 3 4 6 7 9 10 11 13
31 4914 4928 4942 4955 4969 4983 4997 5011 5024 5038 1 3 4 6 7 8 10 11 12
32 5051 5065 5079 5092 5105 5119 5132 5145 5159 5172 1 3 4 5 7 8 9 11 12
33 5185 5198 5211 5224 5237 5250 5263 5276 5289 5302 1 3 4 5 6 8 9 10 12
34 5315 5328 5340 5353 5366 5378 5391 5403 5416 5428 1 3 4 5 6 8 9 10 11
35 / 5441 5453 5465 5478 5490 5502 5514 5527 5539 5551 1 2 4 5 6 7 9 10 11
36 5563 5575 5587 5599 5611 5623 5635 5647 5658 5670 1 2 4 5 6 7 8 10 11
37 5682 5694 5705 5717 5729 5740 5752 5763 5775 5786 1 2 3 5 6 7 8 9 10
38 5798 5809 5821 5832 5843 5855 5866 5877 5888 5899 1 2 3 5 6 7 8 9 10
39 5911 5922 5933 5944 5955 5966 5977 5988 5999 6010 1 2 3 4 5 ’ 7 8 9 10
40 6021 6031 6042 6053 6064 6075 6085 6096 6107 6117 1 2 3 4 5 6 8 9 10
41 6128 6138 6149 6160 6170 6180 6191 6201 6212 6222 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9
42 6232 6243 6253 6263 6274 6284 6294 6304 6314 6325 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9
43 6335 6345 6355 6365 6375 6385 6395 6405 6415 6425 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9
44 6435 6444 6454 6464 6474 6484 6493 6503 6513 6522 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9
45 6532 6542 6551 6561 6571 6580 6590 6599 6609 6618 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9
46 6628 6637 6646 6656 6665 6675 6684 6693 6702 6712 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 7 8
47 6721 6730 6739 6749 6758 6767 6776 6785 6794 6803 1 2 3 4 5 5 6 7 8
48 6812 6821 6830 6839 6848 6857 6866 6875 6884 6893 1 2 3 4 4 5 6 7 8
49 6902 6911 6920 6928 6937 6946 6955 6964 6972 6981 1 2 3 4 4 5 6 7 8
50 6990 6998 7007 7016 7024 7033 7042 7050 7059 7067 1 2 3 3 4 5 6 7 8
51 7076 7084 7093 7101 7110 7118 7126 7135 7143 7152 I 2 3 3 4 5 6 7 8
52 7160 7168 7177 7185 7193 7202 7210 7218 7226 7235 1 2 2 3 4 5 6 7 7
53 7243 7251 7259 7267 7275 7284 7292 7300 7308 7316 1 2 2 3 4 .5 6 6 7
54 7324 7332 7340 7348 7356 7364 7372 7380 7388 7396 1 2 2 3 4 5 6 6 7
91
Logarithms of Numbers
Natural numbers 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 Proportional parts
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9
55 7404 7412 7419 7427 7435 7443 7451 7459 7466 7474 1 2 2 3 4 5 5 6 7
56 7482 7490 7497 7505 7513 7520 7528 7536 7543 7551 1 2 2 3 4 5 5 6 7
57 7559 7566 7574 7582 7589 7597 7604 7612 7619 7627 1 2 2 3 4 5 5 6 7
58 7634 7642 7649 7657 7664 7672 7679 7686 7694 7701 1 1 2 3 4 4 5 6 7
59 7709 7716 7723 7731 7738 7745 7752 7760 7767 7774 1 1 2 3 4 4 5 6 7
60 7782 7789 7796 7803 7810 7818 7825 7832 7839 7846 1 1 2 3 4 4 5 6 6
61 7853 7860 7868 7875 7882 7889 7896 7903 7910 7917 1 1 2 3 4 4 5 6 6
62 7924 7931 7938 7945 7952 7959 7966 7973 7980 7987 1 1 2 3 3 4 5 6 6
63 7993 8000 8007 8014 8021 8028 8035 8041 8048 8055 1 1 2 3 3 4 5 5 6
64 8062 8069 8075 8082 8089 8096 8102 8109 8116 8122 1 1 2 3 3 4 5 5 6
65 8129 8136 8142 8149 8156 8162 8169 8176 8182 8189 1 1 2 3 3 4 5 5 6
66 8195 8202 8209 8215 8222 8228 8235 8241 8248 8254 1 1 2 3 3 4 5 5 6
67 8261 8267 8274 8280 8287 8293 8299 8306 8312 8319 1 1 2 3 3 4 5 5 6
68 8325 8331 8338 8344 8351 8357 8363 8370 8376 8382 1 1 2 3 3 4 4 5 6
69 8388 8395 8401 8407 8414 8420 8426 8432 8439 8445 1 1 2 2 3 4 4 5 6
70 8451 8457 8463 8470 8476 8482 8488 8494 8500 8506 1 1 2 2 3 4 4 5 6
71 8513 8519 8525 8531 8537 8543 8549 8555 8561 8567 1 1 2 2 3 4 4 5 5
72 8573 8579 8585 8591 8597 8603 8609 8615 8621 8627 1 1 2 2 3 4 4 5 5
. 73 8633 8639 8645 8651 8657 8663 8669 8675 8681 8686 1 1 2 2 3 4 4 5 5
74 8692 8698 8704 8710 8716 8722 8727 8733 8739 8745 1 1 2 2 3 4 4 5 5
75 8751 8756 8762 8768 8774 8779 8785 8791 8797 8802 1 1 2 2 3 3 4 5 5
76 8808 8814 8820 8825 8831 8837 8842 8848 8854 8859 1 1 2 2 3 3 4 5 5
77 8865 8871 8876 8882 8887 8893 8899 8904 8910 8915 1 1 2 2 3 3 4 4 5
78 8921 8927 8932 8938 8943 8949 8954 8960 8965 8971 1 1 2 2 3 3 4 4 5
79 8976 8982 8987 8993 8998 9004 9009 9015 9020 9026 1 1 2 2 3 3 4 4 5
80 9031 9036 9042 9047 9053 9058 9063 9069 9074 9079 1 1 2 2 3 3 4 4 5
81 9085 9090 9096 9101 9106 9112 9117 9122 9128 9133 1 1 2 2 3 3 4 4 5
82 9138 9143 9149 9154 9159 9165 9170 9175 9180 9186 1 1 2 2 3 3 4 4 5
83 9191 9196 9201 9206 9212 9217 9222 9227 9232 9238 1 1 2 2 3 3 4 4 5
84 9243 9248 9253 9258 9263 9269 9274 9279 9284 9289 1 1 2 2 3 3 4 4 5
85 9294 9299 9304 9309 9315 9320 9325 9330 9335 9340 1 1 2 2 3 3 4 4 5
86 9345 9350 9355 9360 9365 9370 9375 9380 9385 9390 1 1 2 2 3 3 4 4 5
87 9395 9400 9405 9410 9415 9420 9425 9430 9435 9440 0 1 1 2 2 3 3 4 4
88 9445 9450 9455 9460 9465 9469 9474 9479 9484 9489 0 1 1 2 2 3 3 4 4
89 9494 9499 9504 9509 9513 9518 9523 9528 9533 9538 0 1 1 2 2 3 3 4 4
90 9542 9547 9552 9557 9562 9566 9571 9576 9581 9586 0 1 1 2 2 3 3 4 4
91 9590 9595 9600 9605 9609 9614 9619 9624 9628 9633 0 1 1 2 2 3 3 4 4
92 9638 9643 9647 9652 9657 9661 9666 9671 9675 9680 0 1 1 2 2 3 3 4 4
93 9685 9689 9694 9699 9703 9708 9713 9717 9722 9727 0 1 1 2 2 3 3 4 4
94 9731 9736 9741 9745 9750 9754 9759 9763 9768 9773 0 1 1 2 2 3 3 4 4
95 9777 9782 9786 9791 9795 9800 9805 9809 9814 9818 0 1 1 2 2 3 3 4 4
96 9823 9827 9832 9836 9841 9845 9850 9854 9859 9863 0 1 1 2 2 3 3 4 4
97 9868 9872 9877 9881 9886 9890 9894 9899 9903 9908 0 1 1 2 2 3 3 4 4
98 9912 9917 9921 9926 9930 9934 9939 9943 9948 9952 0 1 1 2 2 3 3 4 4
99 9956 9961 9965 9969 9974 9978 9983 9987 9991 9996 0 1 1 2 2 3 3 3 4
92
Section II. CHEMICAL DATA
Atomic Weights
Adopted by the International Committee on Chemical Elements (1941)
Oxygen 16.0000
Name Symbol Atomic number Atomic weight Name Symbol Atomic number Atomic weight
Aluminum Al 13 26.97 Molybdenum.. Mo 42 95.95
Antimony Sb 51 121.76 Neodymium... Nd 60 144.27
Argon A 18 39.944 Neon Ne 10 20.183
Arsenic As 33 74.91 Nickel Ni 28 58.69
Barium Ba 56 137.36 Nitrogen N 7 14.008
Beryllium Be 4 9.02 Osmium Os 76 190.2
Bismuth Bi 83 209.00 Oxygen O 8 16.0000
Boron B 5 10.82 Palladium Pd 46 106.7
Bromine Br 35 79.916 Phosphorus. . . P 15 30.98
Cadmium Cd 48 112.41 Platinum Pt 78 195.23
Calcium Ca 20 40.08 Potassium K 19 39.096
Carbon c 6 12.010 Praseodymium Pr 59 140.92
Cerium Ce 58 140.13 Protactinium. . Pa 91 231
Cesium Cs 55 132.91 Radium Ra 88 226.05
Chlorine Cl 17 35.457 Radon Rn 86 222
Chromium Cr 24 52.01 Rhenium Re 75 186.31
Cobalt Co 27 58.94 Rhodium Rh 45 102.91
Columbium. . . . Cb 41 92.91 Rubidium.... Rb 37 85.48
Copper Cu 29 63.57 Ruthenium. . . Ru 44 101.7
Dysprosium. . . . Dy 66 162.46 Samarium.... Sin 62 150.43
Erbium Er 68 167.2 Scandium 21 45.10
Europium 63 152.0 Selenium 34 78.96
Fluorine F 9 19.00 Silicon Si 14 28.06
Gadolinium.... Gd 64 156.9 Silver 47 107.880
Gallium Ga 31 69.72 Sodium Na 11 22.997
Germanium Ge 32 72.60 Strontium Sr 38 87.63
Gold Au 79 197.2 Sulfur s 16 32.06
Hafnium Hf 72 178.6 Tantalum Ta 73 180.88
Helium He 2 4.003 Tellurium Te 52 127.61
Holmium .... Ho 67 164.94 Terbium .... Tb 65 159.2
Hydrogen H 1 1.0080 Thallium T1 81 204.39
Indium 49 114.76 Thorium . ... Th 90 232.12
Iodine I 53 126.92 Thulium Tm 69 169.4
Iridium Ir 77 193.1 Tin 50 118.70
Iron Fe 26 55.85 Titanium Ti 22 47.90
Krypton Kr 36 83.7 Tungsten W 74 183.92
Lanthanum.... La 57 138.92 Uranium u 92 238.07
Lead Pb 82 207.21 Vanadium.... V 23 50.95
Lithium Li 3 6.940 Xenon Xe 54 131.3
Lutecium Lu 71 174.99 Ytterbium. . . . Yb 70 173.04
Magnesium.... Mg 12 24.32 Yttrium Y 39 88.92
Manganese.... Mn 25 54.93 Zinc 30 65.38
Mercury. Hg 80 200.61 Zirconium.... Zr 40 91.22
Atomic and Molecular Weights
Acetaldehyde (acetic aldehyde). . CH3CHO.............
Acetanilid..................C6H5NH.CH3CO.............
Acetic anhydride............(CHsCO^O.................
Acetone.....................(CHs^CO..................
Acetophenetidin.............C10H13O2N................
Acetylcholine chloride......CH3CO.OCH2CH2(CH3)3N.C1
Acid, acetic................HC2H3O2..................
---------anhydride (See Acetic anhydride.)
44.05
135.16
102.09
58.08
179.21
181.663
60.05
93
Atomic and Molecular Weights-Continued
Acid, acetylsalicylic............HC7H4O2C2H3O2 . .
----- aminoacetic................C2H5O2N.........
-----aminonaphthosulfonic........1,2,4-HC10H8O4NS.^H2o’
----- arsenic....................H3AsO4.l^H2O....
----- ascorbic...................C6H8O6.........................
----- aurochloric (chlorauric acid)............................HAuC14.4H2O.............
----- benzoic....................HC7H5O2...............
----- boric......................H3BO3..........................
----- bromauric
(aurobromhydric acid). . HAuBr4.5H2O. . . butyric...................HC4H7O2..........
chlorauric (See Aurochloric acid.) chloroplatinic...........H2PtCl6.6H2O. . .
cholic...................C24H40O5.........
chromic (chromium
trioxide)..............CrO3.............
cinnamic (cinnamylic acid) HC9H7O2........
citric...................H3C6H5O7.H2O. .
—anhydrous...............H3C6H5O7.........
diethyl-barbituric (See Barbital.)
3,5-dinitrosalicylic.....HC7H3N2O7.H2O
formic...................HCHO2...........
gallic...................HC7H5O5.H2O. .
----anhydrous............HC7H5O5.......... hydriodic (See Hydrogen
iodide)................HI +water
hydrobromic (See Hydrogen
bromide)...............HBr-{-water
hydrochloric (See Hydrogen
chloride)..............HC1+water
hydrocyanic (See Hydrogen
cyanide)............
hypophosphorous.......
iodic.................
iodooxyquinolinesulfonic
7-8-5...............
lactic................
mandelic..............
molybdic..............
nicotinic................
nitric................
oleic ................
oxalic................
---- anhydrous........
palmitic.................HC16H3iO2...........
perchloric...............HC1O4...............
phenoldisulfonic.........H2C6H3(SO3)2OH. . .
phenylcinchoninic (See Cinchophen.)
phosphomolybdic (approx.) P2O5.24MoO3.51H2O phosphoric...............H3PO4...............
phosphorous..............H2PHO3..............
phosphotungstic (approx.) . P2O512WO3.42H2O. .
180.15
75.07
248.25
150.94
176.12
412.10
122.12
61.84
607.95
88.10
518.08
308.56
100.01
148.15
210.14
192.12
246.13
46.03
188.13
170.12
66.00 175.93
351.13
90.08
152.14
161.97
123.11
63.02 282.45 126.07
90.04
256.42
100.47
254.23
4515.58
98.00
82.00 3681.67
. . HCN+water Z.HPH2O2 . . . ..HIO3....
. .C9H6INSO4. . ..HC3H5O3.... . ,hc8h7o3.... .. H2MoO4....
. ,HC6H4O2N. .
. .hno3......
. . HCi8H33O2. .. . . H2C2O4.2H2O
94
Atomic and Molecular Weights—Continued
Acid, picric (See Trinitrophenol.)
—— picrolonic.................C10H sN4O 5..............
----pyrogallic (See Pyrogallol.)
—— salicylic...............HC7H5O3..................
---- selenous................H2SeO3...................
----stearic...................HCi8H35O2................
----sulfanilic................HC6H4(NH2)SO3.1H2O. . . .
----sulfosalicylic............HC7H5O68.2H2O............
----sulfuric..................H2SO4....................
----tartaric..................H2C4H4Oe.................
----trichloroacetic...........HC2C13O2.................
—-— uric....................C5H4N4O3.................
---- valeric (valerianic acid). . . HCgHgC^...........
Aconitine.....................C34H47NOn................
Alcohol (ethyl)...............C2H6OH...................
Allyl isothiocyanate..........C3HsNGS..................
Allyl-thiocarbamide (thiosinamine)...............C3H5N2CSH3................
Alum (See Aluminum and potassium sulfate and Aluminum and ammonium sulfate.)
Aluminum......................Al.......................
Aluminum and ammonium sulfate (alum)..................
Aluminum and ammonium sulfate anhydrous ..............
Aluminum and potassium sulfate
(alum).............*..........A1K(SO4)2.12H2O.......
Aluminum and potassium sulfate anhydrous.....................A1K(SO4)2.............
Aluminum hydroxide............A1(OH)3..............
----- oxide................A12O3..................
----- sulfate..............A12(SO4)3.18H2O........
------------- anhydrous. . . ,A12(SO4)3...........
Amaranth......................C2oHnN2OioSNa3.......
p- Aminoacetophenone..........C8H9NO...............
Aminopyrine...................Ci3Hi7ON3............
Ammonia.......................NH3..................
Ammonium acetate..............NH4C2H3O2............
----- benzoate.............NH4C7H5O2............
----- bicarbonate..........NH4HCO3..............
----- bromide..............NH4Br................
----- carbamate. . . .’....NH4NH2CO2............
----- carbonate (normal).. (NH4)2CO3............
----- ---- (U. S. P.)
(approx.) NH4HCO3NH4NH2CO2
----- chloride.............NH4C1................
----- citrate, dibasic.....(NH^HCeHbO?..........
----- hydroxide............NH4OH................
----- hypophosphite........NH4PH2O2.............
----- iodide...............NH4I.................
----- molybdate............(NH4)eMo7O24.4H2O...
----- nitrate..............NH4NO3...............
----- oxalate..............(NH4)2C2O4.H2O.......
264.20
138.12
128.98
284.47
191.20
254.21
98.08
150.09
163.40
168.11
102.13
645.72
46.07
99.15
116.18
26.97
453.32
237.13
474.38
258.19
77.99
101.94
666.41
342.12
604.48
135.16
231.29
17.03
77.08
139.15
79.06
97.96
78.07
96.09
157.13
53.50
226.19
35.05
83.04
144.96
1235.95
80.05
142.12
A1NH4(SO4)2.12H2O
A1NH4(SO4)2
95
Atomic and Molecular Weights—Continued
Ammonium oxalate anhydrous... (NH4)2C2O4...................
---- phosphate.............(NH4)2HPO4..................
---- salicylate............NH4C7H5O3....................
sodium phosphate (See Sodium ammonium phosphate.)
sulfate.............(NH4)2SO4...................
---- sulfide...............(NH4)2S...............
---- tartrate..............(NH4)2C4H4O6.................
---- thiocyanate............NH4SCN.....................
----vanadate
(metavanadate). . NH4VO3...................
Amyl alcohol (See Isoamyl alcohol.) ---- nitrite.........................C5HnNO2.. Amylene hydrate...............................C&HnOH.
Anethol...............................C10Hi2O . . . \ , \
Aniline (phenylamine)................C6H5NH2....
---- sulfate.........................(C6H5NH2)2H2SO4...
Antimonous oxide......................Sb2O3...........
Antimony..............................Sb....
Antimony and potassium tartrate K(SbO)C4H4O6.^H2d. . '. . . .
anhydrous.................K(SbO)C4H4O6..........
Antipyrine...................ChHi2N2O.................
Apomorphine hydrochloride....Ci7H17O2NHC1.^H2O...........
Argon........................A........................
Arsenic.................... As
Arsenic pentoxide (arsenic acid anhydride)....................As2O5......................
--- trioxide (See Arsenous oxide.)
Arsenous iodide (arsenic triiodide) Asl3.................
--- oxide (arsenic trioxide). As2O3....................
---sulfide.................As2S3....................
Arsphenamine.................C12Hi2O2N2As2.2HC1.2H26. ‘ :
Ascandol.....................Ci0Hi6O2....................
Aspidospermine...............C22H30N2O2...............
Atropine.....................Ci7H23O3N...................
— sulfate.........;........(C17H23O3N)2H2SO4.H2O.......
Auric chloride............. AuC13
Azure A (methylene azure)....C14Hi4C1N3S.................
Barbital.....................C8H12N2O3...................
--- sodium.................C8HnN2O3Na..................
Barium................ Ba
Barium carbonate.............BaCO3................’ ’ ’
---- chloride...............BaCI2.2H2O-----------i.\ ... . --------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- anhydrous..BaCl2. ........................................................................................................... chromate.....................................................................................................BaCrO4....................................................................................................'.. \ ........................................................ hydroxide..............................................Ba(OH)2.8H2O.................................. ................................. . -------------------------------------------------------- nitrate------------------------------------------------Ba(NO3)2---------------------------------------- -------------------------------------------------------- sulfate.BaSO4. ’
Benzaldehyde. ..............C6H5CHO...................,
Benzene (benzol)............. CeH6
Benzidine....................(C6H4)2(NH2)2....... . . ’ ’ ’ ’ ’
Benzocaine (See Ethyl aminobenzoate.)
124.10
132.07
155.15
132.14
68.14
184.15
76.12
116.99
117.15
88.15
148.20
93.12
284.32
291.52
121.76
333.94
324.93
188.22
312.79
39.944
74.91
229.82
455.67
197.82
246.00
475.01
168.23
354.48
289.36
694.82
303.57
291.79
184.19
206.18
137.36
197.37
244.31
208.27
253.37
315.50
261.38
233.42
106.12
78.11
184.23
96
Atomic and Molecular Weights—Continued
B«nzosulfimide (See Saccharin.)
Beryllium (glucinum).......Be.........................
Betaeucaine hydrochloride (See Eucaine hydrochloride.) Betanaphthol...............C10H7OH....................
Bismuth....................Bi.........................
Bismuth citrate............BiCeHsOy...................
---- nitrate (normal).....Bi(NO3)3.5H2O..............
----' phosphate...........BiPC>4.....................
---- subcarbonate (approx.).. [(BiO)2CO3]2.H2O.......
---- subgallate (approx.). . . .B^OH^CyHsOs..........
---- subnitrate (approx.). . . .Bi(OH)2NO3...........
---- subsalicylate (approx.). . Bi(OH)2CyH5O3........
---- sulfide..............Bi 2S 3....................
---- trioxide.............Bi2O3......................
Borax (See Sodium borate.)
Borneol....................C10H17OH...................
Bornyl acetate.............CioHi7C2H302...............
Boron......................B..........................
Boron trioxide.............B2O3.......................
Bromine....................Br.........................
Bromoform..................CHBr3......................
Bromocresol purple.........C6H4SO3C(C6H2CH3BrOH)2..
Brucine....................C23H26N2O4.4H2O............
---- anhydrous............C23H2sN2O4.................
Butacaine sulfate..........(CisHgo^C^^-ELSCL..........
Butyl aminobenzoate.......CuHisO2N....................
Cadmium....................Cd.........................
Cadmium chloride...........CdCl2.2H2O.................
--- ---- anhydrous... .CdCl2....................
Cdl2.....................
3CdSO4.8H2O..............
CdSO4....................
C8H10N4O2.H2O............
C8H10N4O2.................
Ca........................
Ca(H2PO4)2.H2O...........
CaBr2.2H2O...............
CaBr2.....................
CaCO3.....................
CaCl2.2H2O................
CaCl2.....................
CaCi2H22Oi4.H2O...........
CaC3H7PO6.H2O.............
CaC3H7PO6.................
Ca(OH)2..................
Ca(PH2O2)2...............
Ca(C21H42ICO2)2..........
Ca(C3H5O3)2.5H2O.........
Ca(C3H5O3)2..............
Ca(C8HyO3)2..............
CaO.......................
Ca3(PO4)2................
CaSO4.2H2O................
9.02
144.16
209.00
398.10
485.10
303.98
1038.04
412.13
305.02
380.13
514.18
466.00
154.24
196.28
10.82
69.64
79.916
252.77
540.23
466.52
394.45
710.95
193.24
112.41
219.36
183.32
366.25
769.54
208.47
212.21
194.19
40.08
252.09
235.94
199.91
100.09
147.03
110.99
448.39
228.16
210.15
74.10
170.07
971.03
308.30
218.22
342.35
56.08
310.20
172.17
«l
iodide...........
sulfate..........
----- anhydrous
Caffeine
anhydrous
Calcium...................
Calcium biphosphate.......
---- bromide............ ----- ---- anhydrous. ---- carbonate.......... ----chloride............ ----------- anhydrous. ---- gluconate.......... ---- glycerophosphate.. ----- anhydrous. ----hydroxide........... ---- hypophosphite. . . . ---- iodobehenate....... ----lactate............. ----- ----- anhydrous. ----mandelate........... ----oxide (lime)........ ---- phosphate, tribasic ----sulfate.............
97
Atomic and Molecular Weights—Continued
Calcium sulfate anhydrous.....CaSO4.. ..
---- sulfide (monosulfide). . . CaS....
Camphor.......................Ci0Hi6O . .
---- monobromated...........Ci0Hi5BrO
Capryl alcohol (secondary N-Octanol)................
Carbarsone................
Carbon.........,..........
Carbon dioxide............
---- disulfide---------- ------------------------ monoxide--------------- ------------------------ tetrachloride.
Carbromal.................
Cephaeline................
Cerium....................
Cerium oxalate............
Ceric sulfate, anhydrous..
Cesium....................
Chloral hydrate...........
Chloramine-T..............
Chloranil (tetrachlorobenzoquinone) .................
Chloroazodin..............
Chlorobutanol.............
Chlorine..................
Chloroform................
Cholesterol (cholesterin)....
Chromium..................
Chromium oxide............
Chromium trioxide (chromic acid).....................
Chromotropic acid.........
Cinchonidine..............
---- sulfate..........
c8h17oh...........
C7H9AsN2O4........
C.................
co2...............
cs2...............
co................
CC14..............
C7Hi3N2O2Br.......
C14H19O2N.........
Ce................
Ce2(C2O4)3.10H2O. . . Ce(SO4)2..........
Cs...............
C2C13H3O2.........
C7H7ClNO2SNa.3H2O
C6C14O2... C2H4C12N6 c4h7ci3o.
Cl.......
CHC13.... c27h45oh.
Cr.......
Cr2O3.....
CrO3.......................
Ci0H8O8S2.2H2O.............
C19H22N2O..................
(Gi9H22N2O)2.H2SO4.3H2O. . .
anhydrous. . (Ci9H22N2O)2.H2SO4.......
Cinchonine...................Ci9H22N2O...................
Cinchonine sulfate...........(Ci9H22N2O)2H2SO4.2H2O....
----- sulfate anhydrous.. . . (C19H22N2O)2H2SO4.......
Cinchophen (phenylcinchoninic acid)............
Cineol (eucalyptol) Cinnamic aldehyde Citral...........
Cobalt...........
Cobaltous acetate. .
---- chloride.
............HC16H10O2N......
...........G10H18O.........
■...........C9H8O...........
............C10H16O.........
............Co.............
............Co(C2H302)2.4H20
............CoC12.6H2O......
anhydrous... .CoCl2.........
Co(NO3)2.6H2O. ...
Go(N03)2........
CoSO4.7H2O......
CoSO4.2H2O......
C17H21NO4.......
C17H21O4N.HC1....
nitrate................
---- anhydrous. . . .
sulfate................
---- (dried)..........
136.14
72.14
152.23
231.14
130.22
260.07
12.010
44.01
76.13
28.01
153.84
237.11
233.30
140.13
724.48
332.25
132.91
165.42
281.70
245.89
183.01
177.47
35.457
119.39
386.64
52.01
152.02
100.01
356.32
294.38
740.89
686.84
294.38
722.87
686.84
249.26
154.24
132.15
152.23
58.94
249.09
237.95
129.85
291.05
182.96
281.11
191.03
303.35
339.81
Cocaine..............
---- hydrochloride
98
Atomic and Molecular Weights—Continued
Codeine (methylmorphine)....C18H21O3N.H2O............
---- anhydrous.............C18H21O3N.................. ----------------------------------------------------- phosphate-------------------------------------------C13H21O3NH3PO4.il/2H2O.... ----------------------------------------------------- ---------------------------------------------------- anhydrous------------------------------------------C18H21O3NH3PO4---------------------------- ----------------------------------------------------- sulfate---------------------------------------------(C18H21O3N)2H2SO4.5H2O.... ----------------------------------------------------- - anhydrous.(Ci8H2iO3N)2H2SO4.
Colchicine..................C22H25NO6..................
Columbium...................Cb.........................
Congo red...................C32H22N6O6S2Na2............
Coniine.....................CgHnN......................
Copper......................Cu.........................
Cotarnine...................C12H15O4N..................
Cotarnine chloride..........C12H14CIO3N.H2O............
Cresol......................C6H4(CH3)OH................
Crystal violet. (See Methylrosaniline chloride.)
Cupric acetate..............Cu(C2H3O2)2-H2O............
Cupric sulfate..............CuSO4-5H2O.................
---- ------ anhydrous.......CuSO4--------------------- ------------------------------------------------------ sulfide.CuS.
Cyclopropane................C3H6.......................
/-Cystine...................C6H12N2O4S2................
Dextrose......................C6Hi2O6.H2O.................
---- anhydrous...............C6H12O6.....................
Dihydromorphinone hydrochloride .....................C17H19O3N.HC1...............
Diiodofluorescein.............C20H10O5I2..................
/>-Dimethylaminoazobenzene....C6H5NNC6H4N (CH3)2..........
/>-Dimethylaminobenzaldehyde... (CHs^NCeHiCHO.............
Dimethylglyoxime..............(CH3)2C2(NOH)2..............
Dinitrophenylhydrazine........2,4-C6H3(NO2)2NHNH2.........
Dioxane.......................C4H4O2......................
Dipentene.................. . . . .Ci0Hi6.................
Diphenylamine.................(CeH^NH.....................
Diphenylhydantoin.............C15H12N2O2..................
Diphenylhydantoin sodium......Ci5HuN2O2Na.................
Dithiazone (diphenylthio-
carbazone) .................C13H12N4S...................
Dithymol diiodide. (See Thymol iodide.) Dysprosium....................Dy..........................
317.37
299.36
424.39
397.36
786.87
696.79
399.43
92.91
696.66
127.22
63.57
237.25
273.71
108.13
199.67
249.71
159.63
95.63
42.08
240.29
198.17
180.16
321.80
584.12
225.28
149.19
116.12
198.14
88.10
136.23
169.22
252.25
274.25
256.32
162.46
Emetine..................
—— hydrochloride, anhydrous..............
Eosin Y.................
Ephedrine, anhydrous. . . .
---- hemihydrate. .
---- hydrochloride.
---- sulfate.........
Epinephrine, anhydrous..
---- hemihydrate
Erbium..................
Ergonovine maleate......
Ergotamine tartrate.....
C29H40N2O4...............
C29H40N2O4.2HCI..........
C2oH6Br405Na2............
C10H15NO.................
C10H15NO.^H2O............
C10H15NO.HC1.............
(C10H16NO)2.H2SO4........
C9H13O3N.................
C9H13O3N.^H2O............
Er......................
C19H23N3O2.C4H4O4........
(C33H35N6O5)2.H2C4H4O6...
480.63
553.56
691.91
165.23
174.24
201.69
428.53
183.20
192.21
167.2
441.47
1313.39
99
Atomic and Molecular Weights—Continued
Ergotoxine ethanesulfonate.......
Erythrityl tetranitrate..........
Estradiol benzoate...............
Estrone..........................
Ether (ethyl oxide)..............
Ethyl acetate....................
----- aminobenzoate.............. ----- carbamate.................. ----- chaulmoograte.............. ----- chloride................... ----- nitrite.................... ----- oxide. (See Ether.)
C35H41O6N5.C2H5SO3H C4H6(NO3)4.........
C2&H28O3...........
C18H22O2...........
(C2H5)2O...........
C2H6C2H3O2.........
C9HuO2N............
CO(OC2H5)NH,.......
C2oH3602...........
C2H5C1.............
C2H5NO2............
---- cyanoacetate.............C2H7O2N.............
Ethylene......................C2H4................
Ethylenediamine...............C2H4(NH2)2..........
Ethylene tetrachloride. (See Tetrachloroethylene.)
Ethylhydrocupreine hydrochloride.................C21H28N2O2HC1......
Ethylmorphine hydrochloride... . Ci9H23O3NHC1.2H2O
1 anhydrous.....
Eucaine hydrochloride (beta)... .
C19H23O3NHC1............
Ci5H21O2NHC1.H2O........
anhydrous..........Ci5H2iO2NHC1...............
Eucalyptol...................Ci0H18O....................
Eugenol......................Ci0Hi2O2...................
Eucatropine hydrochloride....Ci7H25O3N.HC1..............
Europium.....................Eu.........................
737.85
302.12
376.47
270.36
74.12
88.10
165.19
89.09
308.49
64.52
75.07
113.11
28.05
60.10
376.92
385.88
349.85
301.81
283.79
154.24
164.20
327.84
152.0
Ferric acetate..............Fe(C2H3O2)3.............. 232.98
---- ammonium sulfate.......FeNH4(SO4)2.12H2O........ 482.20
anhydrous..............
Ferric chloride................
---- ........................ anhydrous.............. ------------------------------- hydroxide--------------------- ------------------------------- hypophosphite----------------- ------------------------------- nitrate----------------------- . ------------------------------- oxide------------------------- ------------------------------- sulfate (tersulfate), anhydrous......................
Ferrous carbonate..............
---- iodide....................
----- lactate ..................
----- oxide.....................
----- sulfate ..................
----- ---- anhydrous..........
----- ------ exsiccated
FeNH4(SO4)2...............
FeCl3.6H2O................
FeCl3.....................
Fe(OH)3...................
Fe(PH2O2)3................
Fe(NO3)3..................
Fe2O3.....................
Fe2(SO4)3...........'.....
FeCO3.....................
Fel2......................
Fe(C3H5O3)2.3H2O........
FeO.....................
FeSO4.7H2O..............
FeSO4...................
(approx.)......(FeSO4)2.3H2O................
---- sulfide....................FeS..........•...............
Ferrum..........................Fe...........................
Fluorescein (resorcinolphthalein). C20Hi2O5..................
---- sodium...........C2oHio06Na2..................
Fluorine........................F.......................
266.01
270.32
162.22
106.87
250.84
241.87
159.70
399.88
115.86
309.69
288.04
71.85
278.02
151.91
357.87
87.91
55.85
332.30
376.27
19.00
100
Atomic and Molecular Weights—Continued
Formaldehyde...............CH2O...................... 30.03
Furfural...................C4H3O.CHO. .............. 96.08
Gadolinium......................Gd............................
Galactose.......................C6Hi2O6.......................
Gallium.........................Ga............................
Germanium.......................Ge............................
Glucose (grape sugar). (See Dextrose.)
Glycerin (glycerol).............C3H5(OH)3.....................
Glyceryl triacetate.............C9H44O6.......................
----- trinitrate (nitroglycerin)................C3H5(NO3)3....................
Gold............................Au............................
Gold chloride (chlorauric acid). . HAuC14.4H2O................
156.9
180.16
69.72
72.60
92.09
218.20
227.09
197.2
412.10
Hafnium.......................Hf......
Helium........................He......
Hexamethylenamine. (See Methenamine.) Hexylresorcinol..........
Histamine phosphate......
Holmium..................
Homatropine..............
-------- hydrobromide Hydrastine...............
------- hydrochloride. . Hydrastinine hydrochloride.
Hydrogen.................
Hydrogen bromide..............HBr............
----- chloride..............HC1............
----- cyanide...............HCN............
----- dioxide. (See Hydrogen peroxide.)
----- iodide................HI.............
----- peroxide..............H2O2...........
----- sulfide...............H2S............
Hydroxylamine hydrochloride. . . NH2OH.HC1. .
Hyoscine. (See Scopolamine.) Hyoscyamine...................Ci7H23O3N. . ..
---- hydrobromide.........Ci7H23O3NHBr
C12H18O2.....
C5H9N3.2H3PO4
Ho...........
C16H21O3N....
C16H21O3NHBr.
C2iH21O6N....
C21H21O6NHC1.
CnHnOaNHCl.
H............
178.6
4.003
194.26
307.15
164.94
275.34
356.26
383.39
419.85
225.67
1.0080
80.92
36.47
27.03
127.93
34.02
34.08
69.50
289.36
370.29
Indigo carmine (See Sodium indigotindisulfonate.) Indium.........................In.................
lodeosin (tetraiodo-fluorescein). . C2oH8I405.....
Iodine.........................I..................
Iodine pentoxide...............I2O5...............
Iodoform.......................CHI 3..............
lodophthalein sodium...........C2oH8l404Na2.3H20
iridium........................Ir.................
Iron...........................Fe.................
Iron salts (See Ferric and Ferrous.) Isatin.........................C8HsO2N...........
Isoamyl alcohol................C5H11OH...........
Isobutyl alcohol...............(CH3)2GHCH2OH. .
Krypton........................ . Kr..............
Lactose (milk sugar)...........Ci2H22Ou.H2O ....
114.76
835.94
126.92
333.84
393.78
919.99
193.1
55.85
147.13
88.15
74.12
83.7
360.31
101
Atomic and Molecular Weights—Continued
Lanthanum...................La........................
Lead........................Pb........................
Lead acetate................Pb(C2H3O2)2.3H2O..........
---- ----- anhydrous........Pb(C2H3O2)2...............
---- ----- basic (See Lead subacetate.) ---- carbonate, basic.......(PbCO3)2Pb(OH)2............
---- chloride...............PbCl2.....................
----- chromate................PbCrO4......................
----- dioxide.................PbO2........................
----- iodide..................Pbl2........................
-----monoxide (lead oxide)....PbO.........................
----- nitrate.................Pb(NO3)2....................
----- subacetate..............Pb(C2H3O2)2.2Pb(OH)2........
----- sulfate.................PbSO4.......................
----- sulfide.................PbS.........................
Lime. (See Calcium oxide.) Limonene......................CioHie......................
Linalyl acetate...............Ci0Hi7C2H3O2................
Lithium.......................Li..........................
Lithium benzoate..............LiC7H5O2....................
----- bromide...............LiBr........................
—— carbonate................Li2CO3......................
-----. chloride.............LiCl........................
----- citrate...............Li3C6H5O7.4H2O..............
----- salicylate............LiC7H5O3....................
Lutecium......................Lu......... , ..............
138.92
207.21
379.35
325.30
775.67
278.12
323.22
239.21
461.05
223.21
331.23
807.75
303.27
239.27
136.23
196.28
6.940
128.05
86.86
73.89
42.40
281.98
144.05
174.99
Magnesia. (See Magnesium oxide.)
Magnesium...................Mg.......................
Magnesium carbonate, basic (approx.)...................(MgCO3)4Mg(OH)2.5H2O....
---- chloride............MgCl2.6H2O...............
---- ---- anhydrous. .MgCl2....................
---- hydroxide...........Mg(OH)2..................
---- oxide (magnesia).... MgO.....................
---- phosphate, tribasic . . Mg3(PO4)2.5H2O.......
---- phosphate, tribasic, anhydrous................Mg3(PO4)2.................
---- pyrophosphate.......Mg2P2O 7.................
---- sulfate.............MgSO4.7H2O...............
---- ---- anhydrous... .MgSO4..................
Maltose.....................Ci2H22OuH2O..............
Manganese...................Mn.......................
Manganese dioxide...........MnO2.....................
---- hypophosphite.......Mn(PH2O2)2.H2O............ .
---- trisilicate.........Mg2Si3O8.nH2O............
Manganous oxide.............MnO......................
---- sulfate.............MnSO4.4H2O...............
---- ---- anhydrous... .MnSO4..................
Mannitol....................C6H8(OH)6................
Menadione (2-Methyl-naphthoquinone)............CnH8O2....................
Menthol.....................C10Hi9OH.................
Menthyl acetate.............CioHisC2H302.............
24.32
485.74
203.33
95.23
58.34
40.32
353.00
262.92
222.60
246.49 120.38 360.31
54.93
86.93
202.94
70.93
223.05 150.99
182.17
172.17
156.26
198.30
102
Atomic and Molecular Weights—Continued
Merbaphen....................CieHieCINaOeHgNa..........
Mercurammonium chloride. (See Mercury, ammoniated.)
Mercuric bromide.............HgBr2.....................
---- chloride.............HgCl2.....................
—-— iodide...............Hgl 2.....................
---- nitrate..............Hg(NO3)2-4H2O............. oxide................................................HgO.
---- potassium iodide.....K2HgI 4...................
---- salicylate............HgC 7H 4O 3...............
—— succinimide..........Hg(C4H4O2N)2..............
---- sulfide..............HgS.......................
Mercurous chloride...........HgCl......................
--- iodide................Hgl.......................
--- nitrate...............HgNOs.H2O.................
Mercury......................Hg........................
Mercury, ammoniated..........HgNH2Cl...................
Mersalyl.....................CigHieHgNOeNa.............
Metaphenylenediamine hydrochloride...............C6H4(NH2)22HC1.............
Methanol.....................CH3OH.....................
Methenamine (hexamethylenamine).........C6Hi2N4....................
Methyl alcohol. (See Methanol.)
Methylene blue. (See methylthionine chloride.)
2-Methyl-naphthoquinone. (See Menadione.)
Methyl orange...............NaCuH^NsSOs...............
---- red...................C14H14N3CO2H..............
---- salicylate............CH3C7H5O3.................
Methylthionine chloride (methylene blue)............CieHi8N3ClS.3H2O...........
Molybdenum..................Mo........................
Molybdic anhydride..........M0O3......................
Morphine....................Ci7HigO3N.H2O.............
---- anhydrous............G17H19O3N................
---- hydrochloride........Ci7Hi9O3NHC1.3H2O........
---- ----anhydrous. C17H19O3NHCI..............
---- sulfate..............(Gi7Hi9O3N)2H2SO4.5H2O... .<
---- --- anhydrous.....(Ci7Hi9OsN)2H2SO4.........
591.37
360.44
271.52
454.45
396.69
216.61
786.48
336.71
396.77
232.67
236.07
327.53
280.63
200.61
252.09
505.87
181.07
32.04
140.19
327.33
269.29
152.14
373.89
95.95
143.95
303.35
285.33
375.84
321.80
758.82
668.74
Naphthalene..................Ci0H8.......................
Naphthol. (See Betanaphthol.)
Naphthylamine acetate........CioH7NH2HC2H302.............
--- hydrochloride. . . Ci0H7NH2HC1..................
Neocinchophen................CigHi7O2N...................
Neodymium....................Nd......................
Neon.........................Ne..........................
Neostigmine bromide..........Ci2Hi9BrN2O2................
---- methylsulfate.......Ci3H22N2OeS.................
Nickel........... ...........Ni..........................
Nickelous oxide..............NiO.........................
---- sulfate..............NiSO4.7H2O..................
Nicotinamide.................CgHsNaO.....................
Nitric oxide.................NO..........................
Nitrogen.....................N...........................
128.16
203.23
179.65
291.33
144.27
20.183
303.20
334.38
58.69
74.69
280.86
122.12
30.01
14.008
103
Atomic and Molecular Weights—Continued
Nitrogen monoxide. (See Nitrous oxide.)
Nitroglycerin. (See Glyceryl trinitrate.) Nitrous oxide................N2O.......................... 44.02
Orange G. ...................C16Hi0N2S2Na................ 317.37
Osmium.......................Os........................... 190.2
Osmium tetroxide (osmic acid). . OsO4.................... 254.20
Ouabain......................G29H44Oi2.8H2O.............. 728.77
---- anhydrous.............C29H44O12................... 584.64
Oxygen.............. ........O........................... 16.000
Palladium.....................Pd.............
Palladous chloride............PdCl2........................
Pamaquine naphthoate..........G42H45N3O7...................
Paraformaldehyde (trioxymethylene).. ..........(GH2O)3......................
Paraldehyde...................G 6H j 2O 3..................
Pentobarbital sodium..........CxxH17N2O3Na.................
Phenacaine hydrochloride......Ci8H22N2O2.HCl.H2O...........
o-Phenanthroline..............C12H 8N 2. H 2O..............
Phenobarbital.................Cx2H x 2N 2O 3...............
■---- sodium................ .Ci2HnN2O3Na..............
Phenol........................C6H5OH.......................
Phenolphthalein...............C 20H x 4O 4.................
Phenolsulfonphthalein.........C x 9H x 4O 5S...............
Phenylhydrazine...............C6H5NHNH2....................
hydrochloride. . C6H5NHNH2HC1..............
Phenyl salicylate (salol).....C6H5C7H5O3...................
Phloroglucinol................C6H3(OH)3.2H2O...............
Phosphorus....................P............................
---- pentoxide (phosphoric anhydride).................P2O5.........................
Physostigmine.................G15H21N3O2...................
----- salicylate..........C15H21N3O2C7H6O3.............
, sulfate.........(Ci5H2iN3O2)2H2SO4...........
Picrotoxin....................C30H34O13....................
Pilocarpine...................CxxHx«N2O2...................
---- hydrochloride.........CxxH16N2O2HCl................
Pilocarpine nitrate...........GuHicNoOoHNOs................
Piperine......................G17H19O3N....................
Platinic chloride. (See Acid, chloroplatinic.)
Platinum......................Pt....................
Potassium.......................K.............................
Potassium acetate...............KC2H3O2.......................
----- arsenite (metarsenite) . KAsO2........................
----- bicarbonate.............KHCO3.........................
----- bichromate. (See Potassium dichromate.)
----- biphosphate. (See Potassium phosphate, monobasic.)
----- biphthalate.............KHC8H4O4............
----- bisulfate...............KHSO4.........................
----- bitartrate..............KHC4H4Oe......................
----- bromate. .*.............KBrO3.........................
----- bromide.................KBr...........................
----- carbonate, anhydrous . K2CO3..........................
106.7
177.61
703.80
90.08
132.16
248.26
352.85
198.22
232.23
254.22
94.11
318.31
354.36
108.14
144.61
214.21
162.14
30.98
141.96
275.34
413.46
648.76
602.57
208.25
244.72
271.27
285.33
195.23
39.096
98.14
146.01
100.11
204.22
136.16
188.18
167.01
119.01
138.20
104
Atomic and Molecular Weights—Continued
Potassium carbonate, sesquihydrate................K2CO3.1 JdjH2O.............
---- chlorate............KC1O3...................... ------------------------------------------------------ chloride.......KC1.....................................................................................................................................................................
—— chromate............K2CrO4.....................
——- citrate.............K3C6H5O7.H2O...............
---- ----- anhydrous.....K^CeHsO/................... ....................................................................................................................................................................cyanide...........................................................................KCN. ------------------------------------------------------ dichromate
(bichromate)......K2Cr2O7....................
ferricyanide.......K3Fe(CN) g................. —-----------------------------------------------------ferrocyanide.K4Fe(CN)6.3H2O.
—— fluoride............KF.2H2O....................
---- hydroxide...........KOH----------------- ----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------hypophosphite-------KPH2O2- ------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------iodate------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------KIO3-------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- ------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------iodide...KI. .............................................................................................................................................................................................................................................nitrate......................................................................................................................................................................................................................................KN O 3................................................................................................................................................................................................................................ ............................................................................................................................................................................................................................................. nitrite.....................................................................................................................................................................................................................................KNO2.................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................. oxalate K2C2O4.H2O perchlorate KC1O4 permanganate KMnO4 phosphate, monobasic. KH2PO4 - dibasic.... K2HPO4- --------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- sodium tartrate.KNaC4H4O6-4H2O.
165.23 122.55
74.55
194.20 324.40
306.39
65.11
294.21
329.25
422.39
94.13
56.10
104.09
214.02 166.02
101.10
85.10
184.23 138.55 158.03 136.09 174.18 282.23
anhydrous. KNaC4H4Oe................
—— sulfate.............K2SO 4....................
---- tartrate..............K2C4H4O6.HH2O.............
---- ---- anhydrous.... K2C4H4O 6..................
---- thiocyanate...........KSCN......................
Praseodymium.................Pr........................
Procaine hydrochloride.......C13H20N2O2.HCl............
Protactinium.................Pa........................
Pyridine.....................C5H5N.....................
Pyrogallol (pyrogallic acid).CSH3(OH)3.................
Quinacrine hydrochloride.....C23H3qC1N3O.2HC1.2H2O . . . .
----- ----- anhydrous C23H3oC1N30.2HC1..........
Quinidine....................C2qH24N2O2................
---- sulfate...............(C20H24N2O2)2H2SO4.2H2O.. .
---- ---- anhydrous......(C2qH24N2O2)2H2SO4........
Quinine......................C2oH24N2Q2.3H20...........
---- anhydrous.............C2qH24N2O2................
---- bisulfate.............C2oH24N202H2S04.7H20......
---- ---- anhydrous......C20H24N2O2H2SO4...........
---- dihydrochloride.....C20H24N2O2.2HCl...........
---- ethyl carbonate.....C2oH23N202.C02.C2H5.......
---- hydrochloride........C2oH24N202HC1.2H20........
---- ----- anhydrous C2qH24N2O2HC1...............
---- salicylate...........C2oH24N202C7Hg03.H20......
---- ---- anhydrous. . . . C2qH24N O2C7HgO3........
—— sulfate..............(C20H24N2O2)2H2SO4.2H2O.. .
---- ------ anhydrous......(CgoHsiNsOshHsSOj.........
210.17
174.25
235.27
226.26
97.17
140.92
272.77
231.
79.10
126.11
508.91
472.89
324.41
782.92
746.89 -
378.46
324.41
548.60
422.48
397.34
396.47
396.91
360.87
480.54
462.53
782.92
746.89
105
HOC6H4CHO
547.48
226.05 222.
110.11
186.31
102.91
376.36
85.48
101.7
183.18
241.20
162.18
286.27
122.12
Atomic and Molecular Weights—Continued
Quinine and urea hydrochloride . C2oH24N202HC1.CO(NH2)2-
HC1.5H2O..............
Radium.......................Ra........................
Radon........................Rn........................
Resorcinol (resorcin)........C6H4(OH)2.................
Resorcinolphthalein. (See Fluorescein.) Rhenium.. ...................Re........................
Rhodium......................Rh........................
Riboflavin...................C17H20N4O6................
Rubidium................... Rb.........................
Ruthenium....................Ru........................
Saccharin....................C7H5O3NS..................
----- sodium..............C7H4O3NSNa.2H2O...........
Safrol.......................C10H10O2..................
Salicin......................C13H18O7..................
Salicylaldehyde
(o-Hydroxybenzaldehyde). Salol. (See Phenyl salicylate.)
Samarium.....................Sm........................
Santalol.....................C15H24O...................
Santonin.....................Ci5Hi8O3..................
Scandium.....................Sc........................
Scopolamine (hyoscine).......C17H21NO4.................
---- hydrobromide.......Ci7H21NO4HBr.3H2O.........
---- -----anhydrous C17H2 iNO 4HBr............
Selenium.....................Se........................
Silicon......................Si........................
Silicon dioxide (silica).....SiO2......................
Silver.......................Ag........................
Silver chloride..............AgCl......................
---- cyanide.................AgCN---------------------- ------------------------------------------------------- iodide------------------------------------------------Agl--------------------------------------------- ------------------------------------------------------- nitrate-----------------------------------------------AgNO3------------------------------------------ ------------------------------------------------------- nitrite-----------------------------------------------AgNO2------------------------------------------ ------------------------------------------------------- oxide-------------------------------------------------Ag2O--------------------------------------------- ------------------------------------------------------- sulfate-----------------------------------------------Ag2SO4----------------------------------------- ------------------------------------------------------- sulfide.Ag2S.
Sodium....................... . .Na....................
Sodium acetate...............NaC2H3O2.3H2O.............
---- ------ anhydrous........NaC2H3O2..................
---- alizarinsulfonate......Ci4H5O2(OH)2SO3Na.H2O. . . ...................................................... ammonium phosphate.. . NaNH4HPO4.4H2O................ ------------------------------------------------------- arsenate.Na2HAsO4.7H2O.
---- --- anhydrous........Na2HAsO4..................
---- arsenite (metarsenite) . . . NaAsO2.............. ....................................................... benzoate..............................................NaC7H5O2...................................... ....................................................... bicarbonate...........................................NaHCO3..................................... ....................................................... biphosphate...........................................NaH2PO4.H2O- ---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- anhydrous. ,NaH2PO4.
‘ " NaHSO3..................
NaHC4H4O6.H2O..............
Na2B4O7.10H2O..............
Na2B4O7...................
bisulfite........
bitartrate.......
borate...........
----- anhydrous
150.43
220.34
246.29
45.10
303.35
438.32
384.27
78.96
28.06
60.06
107.880
143.34
133.90
234.80
169.89
153.89
231.76
311.82
247.82
22.997
136.09
82.04
360.27
209.09
312.02
185.91
129.91
144.11
84.02
138.01
119.99
104.07
190.09
381.43
201.27
106
Atomic and Molecular Weights—Continued
Sodium bromide...............NaBr.......................
---- cacodylate..............Na(CH3)2AsO2.3H2O..........
---- ------ anhydrous. . .Na(CH3)2AsO2...............
---- carbonate, anhydrous. . .Na2CO3....................
---- carbonate monohydrated Na2CO3.H2O..................
---- chloride................NaCl.......................
---- citrate.................NasCeHsOy^ELO..............
---- ------ anhydrous........Na3CeH5O7..................
---- cobalti-nitrite.........Co2(NO2)66NaNO2.H2O........
---- cyanide.................NaCN.......................
---- dichromate..............Na2Cr2O7.2H2O..............
---- diethyl-dithiocarbamate . (C2H5)2N.CS2Na...........
---- fluoride................NaF........................
---- hydrosulfite............Na2S2O4......................
---- hydroxide...............NaOH.......................
---- hypochlorite............NaClO......................
---- hypophosphite...........NaPH2O2.H2O................
---- --- anhydrous NaPH2O2........................
---- indigotindisulfonate....CieH8O2N2(SO3Na)2..........
---- iodide..................Nal........................
---- nitrate...............N aN O 3..................
---- nitrite...............NaNO2.....................
---- nitroprusside.........Na2Fe(NO)(CN)5.2H2O.......
---- oxalate...............Na2C2O4...................
---- perborate.............NaBO3.4H2O............... .
---- ---- anhydrous. . . .NaBO3...................
---- peroxide..............Na2O2.....................
---- phenolsulfonate (sulfocarbolate)...........NaCeH4OH.SOs.2H2O.........
---- ---- anhydrous NaCeH4OH.SO3...............
---- phosphate, dibasic...... Na2HPO4-7H2O...........
102.91
214.02
159.98
106.00
124.02
58.45
294.12
258.09
825.97
49.02
298.05
171.26
42.00
174.11
40.01
74.45
106.01
87.99
466.35
149.92
85.01
69.01
297.97
134.01
153.88
81.82
77.99
232.19
196.16
268.09
anhydrous Na2HPO4...................
---- pyrophosphate..........Na4P2O7.10H2O...............
---- --- anhydrous Na4P2O7........................
---- salicylate.............NaChHgOs....................
------ sulfate..............Na2SO4-10H2O................
---- ------ anhydrous.......Na2SO4......................
---- sulfide................Na2S.9H2O...................
----sulfite, anhydrous......Na2SO3......................
----sulfocarbolate. (See Sodium phenolsulfonate.)
---- tartrate. . . .........Na2C4H4Oe.2H2O..............
---- --- anhydrous.......Na2C4H4O6...................
---- tetraborate. (See Sodium borate.)
---- tetrabromofluorescein. (See Eosin Y.)
---- thiosulfate............Na2S2O3.5H2O................
---- --- anhydrous... .Na2S2O3.......................
---- tungstate..............Na2WO4.2H2O.................
Sparteine...................Ci5H2eN2....................
------ sulfate......... • • • Ci5H26N2H2SO4.5H2O....
---- ---- anhydrous.....Ci5H2eN2H2SO4.............
Stannous chloride...........SnCl2.2H2O.................
—— ---- anhydrous. . . .SnCl2...............♦ •..
141.98
446.11
265.95
160.11
322.21
142.05
240.20
126.05
230.10
194.07
248.19
158.11
329.95
234.37
422.53
332.45
225.65
189.61
107
Atomic and Molecular Weights—Continued
Stannous sulfide. . . .......SnS......................
Strontium....................Sr..........................
Strontium bromide.............SrBr2.6H2O...............
----- chloride...........SrCl2.6H2O..................
----- iodide...............SrI2.6H2O......................
----- salicylate.........Sr(C7H6O3)2.2H2O............
----- sulfate............SrSO4.......................
Strychnine. ..................C21H22N2O2...............’ /
~ ' nitrate.............C2jH22N2O2HNO3..............
----- sulfate... 1.......(C21H22N2O2)2H2SO4.5H2O.. .
----- ----- anhydrous.... (C2iH22N2O2)2H2SO4.........
Sucrose (sugar)...............C12H22OU....................
Sugar, cane. (See Sucrose.)
Sugar, milk. (See Lactose.)
Sulfanilamide.................C6H8O2N2S...................
Sulfapyridine.................CnHnN3O2S...................
---- sodium...............CnH]0N3O2SNa................
Sulfathiazole.................C9H9N3O2S2..................
Sulfobromophthalein...........C20Hi0Br4Oi0S2............/
--- sodium.... C20H8Br4OioS2Na2...................
Sulfonethylmethane............C8Hi8O4S2...................
Sulfonmethane.................C7Hi6O4S2...................
Sulfur........................S........................
Sulfur dioxide................SO2......................
----- trioxide...............SO3.........................
150.76
87.63
355.56
266.64
449.57
397.88
183.69
334.40
397.42
856.96
766.88
342.30
172.20
249.28
271.27
255.31
794.06
838.04
242.34
228.32
32.06
64.06
80.06
Tantalum......................Ta.......................
Tellurium.....................Te.......................
Terbium.......................Tb..........................
Terebene......................Ci0Hi6................
Terpin hydrate................C10H18(OH)2.H2O.............
Tetracaine hydrochloride......Ci5H24N2O2.HC1..............
Tetrachlorobenzoquinone. (See Chloranil.) Tetrachloroethylene............ . C2C14...................
Tetraiodofluorescein. (See lodeosin.)
Tetraiodophenolphthalein sodium. (See lodophthalein sodium.)
Tetramethylthionine chloride. (See Methylthionine chloride.)
Thallium......................Tl..........................
Theobromine...................C7H8N4O2....................
---- sodium...............C7H7N4O2Na..................
Theophylline..................C7H8N4O2.H2O................
---- anhydrous............C7HsN4O2....................
Thiamine hydrochloride........Ci2Hi7C1N4OS.HC1............
Thiosinamine. (See Allyl-thiocarbamide.)
Thorium.......................Th......
Thorium nitrate, anhydrous....Th(NO3)4............... . .
Thulium.......................Tm..........................
Thymol. . ....................Ci0HuO......................
----- iodide (dithymol-diiodide).. . (Ci0Hi2O)2I2.....................
Thyroxin......................C15H11O4NI4.................
Tin...........................Sn..........................
Titanium......................Ti.......................
Toluene (toluol)..............C6H6CH3.....................
180.88
127.61
159.2
136.23
190.28
300.82
165.85
204.39
180.17
202.16
198.18
180.17
337.27
232.12
480.15
169.4
150.21
550.23
776.93
118.70
47.90
92.13
.108
Atomic and Molecular Weights—Continued
o-Toluidine. .................CgH4CH3NH2............
Triacetin. (See Glyceryl triacetate.) Tribromoethanol...............C2H3Br3O..............
Trichloroethylene.............C2HC13................
Trinitrophenol (picric acid)..CeHsOyNs..............
Trioxymethylene. (See paraformaldehyde.)
Tryparsamide..................C8Hio04N2AsNa.^H20.
Tungsten......................W.....................
Uranium.......................U........ ............
Uranyl acetate (uranium acetate) UO2(G2H3O2)2.2H2O . . .
Urea (carbamide)..............(NH2)2CO..............
Vanadium......................V.....................
Vanillin......................C8H8O3................
Water.........................H2O...................
Xenon.........................Xe....................
Xylene (xylol)................C6H4(CH3)2............
Ytterbium (neoytterbium)......Yb....................
Yttrium...........
Zinc..............
Zinc acetate......
----chloride...... ..................iodide............ ..................oxide............. ------------------phenolsulfonate
(sulfocarbolate)..............Zn(C6H4.OH.SO3)2.8H2O. . . .
----sulfate....................ZnSC>4.7H2O...............
---- ----- anhydrous..........ZnSO4......................
----sulfocarbolate. (See Zinc phenolsulfonate.)
----valerate (valerianate)....Zn(C5H9O2)2.2H2O...........
Zirconium.....................Zr.........................
107.15
282.79
131.40
229.11
305.09
183.92
238.07
424.19
60.06
50.95
152.14
18.02
131.3
106.16
173.04 88.92
65.38
219.50
136.29
319.22
81.38
555.83
287.55
161.44
303.66
91.22
Zn.............
Zn(C2H3O2)2.2H2O
ZnCl2...........
Znl2............
ZnO.............
109
Section III. THERMOMETRIC EQUIVALENTS
Centigrade to Fahrenheit Scales
9
- °C. + 32 = °F.
° a. • F. °C. °F. °C. °F. °C. °F. • C. °F.
— 20 -4.0 21 69.8 61 141.8 101 213.8 141 285.8
-19 -2.2 22 71.6 62 143.6 102 215.6 142 287.6
-18 -0.4 23 73.4 63 145.4 103 217.4 143 289.4
-17 1.4 24 75.2 64 147.2 104 219.2 144 291.2
-16 3.2 25 77. 65 149. 105 221. 145 293.
-15 5. 26 78.8 66 150.8 106 222.8 146 294.8
-14 6.8 27 80.6 67 152.6 107 224.6 147 296.6
-13 8.6 28 82.4 68 154.4 108 226.4 148 298.4
-12 10.4 29 84.2 69 156.2 109 228.2 149 300.2
-11 12.2 30 86. 70 158. 110 230. 150 302.
-10 14. 31 87.8 71 159.8 111 231.8 151 303.8
- 9 15.8 32 89.6 72 161.6 112 233.6 152 305.6
- 8 17.6 33 91.4 73 163.4 113 235.4 153 307.4
- 7 19.4 34 93.2 74 165.2 114 237.2 154 309.2
- 6 21.2 35 95. 75 167. 115 239. 155 311.
- 5 23. 36 96.8 76 168.8 116 240.8 156 312.8
- 4 24.8 37 98.6 77 170.6 117 242.6 157 314.6
- 3 26.6 38 100.4 78 172.4 118 244.4 158 316.4
- 2 28.4 39 102.2 79 174.2 119 246.2 159 318.2
- 1 30.2 40 104. 80 176. 120 248. 160 320.
0 32. 41 105.8 81 177.8 121 249.8 161 321.8
1 33.8 42 107.6 82 179.6 122 251.6 162 323.6
2 35.6 43 109.4 83 181.4 123 253.4 163 325.4
3 37.4 44 111.2 84 183.2 124 255.2 164 327.2
4 39.2 45 113. 85 185. 125 257. 165 329.
5 41. 46 114.8 86 186.8 126 258.8 166 330.8
6 42.8 47 116.6 87 188.6 127 260.6 167 332.6
7 44.6 48 118.4 88 190.4 128 262.4 168 334.4
8 46.4 49 120.2 89 192.2 129 264.2 169 336.2
9 48.2 50 122. 90 194. 130 266. 170 338.
10 50. 51 123.8 91 195.8 131 267.8 171 339.8
11 51.8 52 125.6 92 197.6 132 269.6 172 341.6
12 53.6 53 127.4 93 199.4 133 271.4 173 343.4
13 55.4 54 129.2 94 201.2 134 273.2 174 345.2
14 57.2 55 131. 95 203. 135 275. 175 347.
15 59. 56 132.8 96 204.8 136 276.8 176 348.8
16 60.8 57 134.6 97 206.6 137 278.6 177 350.6
17 62.6 58 136.4 98 208.4 138 280.4 178 352.4
18 64.4 59 138.2 99 210.2 139 282.2 179 354.2
19 66.2 60 140. 100 212. 140 284. 180 356.
20 68.
HO
THERMOMETRIC EQUIVALENTS—Continued
Fahrenheit to Centigrade Scales
5
(°F. - 32) = °C.
° F. ° C. °F. ° C. 0 F. ° c. °F. ° c. ° F. ° C.
0 -17.78 51 10.56 101 38.33 151 66.11 201 93.89
1 -17.22 52 11.11 102 38.89 152 66.67 202 94.44
2 -16.67 53 11.67 103 39.44 153 67.22 203 95.
3 -16.11 54 12.22 104 40. 154 67.78 204 95.56
4 -15.56 55 12.78 105 40.56 155 68.33 205 96.11
5 -15. 56 13.33 106 41.11 156 68.89 206 96.67
6 -14.44 57 13.89 107 41.67 157 69.44 207 97.22
7 -13.89 58 14.44 108 42.22 158 70. 208 97.78
8 -13.33 59 15. 109 42.78 159 70.56 209 98.33
9 -12.78 60 15.56 110 43.33 160 71.11 210 98.89
10 -12.22 61 16.11 111 43.89 161 71.67 211 99.44
11 -11.67 62 16.67 112 44.44 162 72.22 212 100.
12 -11.11 63 17.22 113 45. 163 72.78 213 100.56
13 -10.56 64 17.78 114 45.56 164 73.33 214 101.11
14 -10. 65 18.33 115 46.11 165 73.89 215 101.67
15 -9.44 66 18.89 116 46.67 166 74.44 216 102.22
16 -8.89 67 19.44 117 47.22 167 75. 217 102.78
17 -8.33 68 20. 118 47.78 168 75.56 218 103.33
18 -7.78 69 20.56 119 48.33 169 76.11 219 103.89
19 -7.22 70 21.11 120 48.89 170 76.67 220 104.44
20 -6.67 71 21.67 121 49.44 171 77.22 221 105.
21 -6.11 72 22.22 122 50. 172 77.78 222 105.56
22 -5.56 73 22.78 123 50.56 173 78.33 223 106.11
23 -5. 74 23.33 124 51.11 174 78.89 224 106.67
24 -4.44 75 23.89 125 51.67 175 79.44 225 107.22
25 -3.89 76 24.44 126 52.22 176 80. 226 107.78
26 -3.33 77 25. 127 52.78 177 80.56 227 108.33
27 -2.78 78 25.56 128 53.33 178 81.11 228 108.89
28 -2.22 79 26.11 129 53.89 179 81.67 229 109.44
29 -1.67 80 26.67 130 54.44 180 82.22 230 110.
30 -1.11 81 27.22 131 55. 181 82.78 231 110.56
31 -0.56 82 27.78 132 55.56 182 83.33 232 111.11
32 0. 83 28.33 133 56.11 183 83.89 233 111.67
33 0.56 84 28.89 134 56.67 184 84.44 234 112.22
34 1.11 85 29.44 135 57.22 185 85. 235 112.78
35 1.67 86 30. 136 57.78 186 85.56 236 113.33
36 2.22 87 30.56 137 58.33 187 86.11 237 113.89
37 2.78 88 31.11 138 58.89 188 86.67 238 114.44
38 3.33 89 31.67 139 59.44 189 87.22 239 115.
39 3.89 90 32.22 140 60. 190 87.78 240 115.56
40 4.44 91 32.78 141 60.56 191 88.33 241 116.11
41 5. 92 33.33 142 61.11 192 88.89 242 116.67
42 5.56 93 33.89 143 61.67 193 89.44 243 117.22
43 6.11 94 34.44 144 62.22 194 90. 244 117.78
44 6.67 95 35. 145 62.78 195 90.56 245 118.33
45 7.22 96 35.56 146 63.33 196 91.11 246 118.89
46 7.78 97 36.11 147 63.89 197 91.67 247 119.44
47 8.33 98 36.67 148 64.44 198 92.22 248 120.
48 8.89 99 37.22 149 65. 199 92.78 249 120.56
49 9.44 100 37.78 150 65.56 200 93.33 250 121.11
50 10.
Ill
Section IV. ISOTONIC FACTORS
To calculate approximate strength of a simple isotonic solution:
Data
— 0.56° =freezing point of human blood.
— 0.80° — freezing point of lachrymal fluid.
— 1.86° = freezing point of molal solution of nonelectrolyte.
i = increase in freezing-point lowering, molal solution of electrolyte.
Approximate values (to be used when more nearly accurate values are not known):
Nonelectrolytes: 1.0 Substances yielding 3 ions: 2.6
Substances yielding 2 ions: 1.8 Substances yielding 4 ions: 3.4
2-ion metal sulfates: 1.4 Substances yielding 5 ions: 4.2
1.86 X?_ Molecular weight 0.56 x
x = Gm. of substance per 1000 Gm. water if solution is to be isotonic with blood.
Proportions
1.86 Xz _ Molecular weight
0.80 ~ J
jy = Gm. of substance per 1000 Gm. water if solution is to be isotonic with tears.
1.86X1.85_58.45 (Gm.) 0.56 x (Gm.)
x = 9.5 Gm. sodium chloride per 1000 Gm. water (officially taken as 0.90% w/v), solution isotonic with blood.
Examples
1.86X1.00-61.84 (Gm.)
0.80 y (Gm.)
j = 26.5 Gm. boric acid per 1000 Gm. water (approximately 2.65% w/v), solution isotonic with tears.
To calculate isotonic factors:
Rule. The molecular weight of Substance A divided by the molecular weight of Substance B (after each has been multiplied by the i value of the other) yields the amount of Substance A represented (in tonic effect) by 1 weight unit of Substance B. This figure is the Substance A isotonic factor for Substance B.
Sodium, chloride factor. Multiply 58.45 by the i value of the given substance and divide the result by the product of the molecular weight of the given substance multiplied by 1.8. Result equals grams of NaCl represented by each gram of the given substance, or the Na Cl factor for the given substance.
Boric acid factor. Multiply 61.84 by the i value of the given substance and divide the result by the molecular weight of the given substance (theoretically multiplied by 1.00).
To calculate amount of epitonic agent required:
Multiply the number of grams per 100 cc. of each ingredient by its NaCl or H3BO3 factor; subtract the total amount of NaCl or H3BO3 represented from the amount that should be contained in each 100 cc. of a simple isotonic solution of the kind desired.
112
Table of Isotonic Factors
(After Bradley and Gustafson)
Substance Isotonic factors
NaCl H3BO3
Alum (ammonium) .I2H2O 0.24 0.46
Alum (potassium) .I2H2O 0.23 0.44
Argyrol (20 % silver) 0.06 0.11
Atropine sulfate . H2O 0.12 0.23
Borax. {See Sodium borate.) Boric acid 0.52 1.00
Butacaine sulfate 0.12 0.23
Butyn sulfate. {See Butacaine sulfate.)
Calcium chloride . 2HqO 0.57 1.09
Camphor 0.21 0.41
Chloretone. {See Chlorobutanol.) Chlorobutanol 0.18 0.35
Cocaine hydrochloride 0.17 0.33
Cupric sulfate . 5H»O 0.18 0.35
Dextrose . H^O 0.16 0.31
Dionin. {See Ethylmorphine hydrochloride.)
Ephedrine hydrochloride 0.29 0.55
Ephedrine sulfate 0.20 0.38
Epinephrine hydrochloride 0.27 0.51
Eserine salicylate. {See Physostigmine salicylate.) Eserine sulfate. {See Physostigmine sulfate.) Ethylmorphine hydrochloride . 2H2O 0.15 0.29
Ethylhydrocuprein hydrochloride 0.16 0.30
Fluorescein sodium 0.22 0.43
Holocaine hydrochloride. {See Phenacaine hydrochloride.) Homatropine hydrobromide 0.16 0.31
Hyoscine hydrobromide. {See Scopolamine hydrobromide.) Hyoscine hydrochloride. {See Scopolamine hydrochloride.)
Tjarocaine hydrochloride 0.19 0.35
Mercury bichloride 0.12 0.23
Mercury cyanide 0.13 0.24
Mercury oxycyanide 0.07 0.13
Metycaine hydrochloride 0.20 0.37
Morphine hydrochloride . 3HsO 0.16 0.30
Morphine sulfate 5FI>O 0.11 0.21
113
Table of Isotonic Factors—Continued (After Bradley and Gustafson)
Substance Isotonic factors
NaCl H3BO3
Neo-synephrine hydrochloride 0.29 0.55
Novocain. {See Procaine hydrochloride.)
Optochin. {See Ethylhydrocuprein hydrochloride.)
Phenacaine hydrochloride .H2O. . , 0.17 0.32
Physostigmine salicylate 0.14 0.27
Physostigmine sulfate 0.13 0 25
Pilocarpine hydrochloride 0.24 0.45
Pilocarpine nitrate 0.22 0.41
Pontocaine hydrochloride. {See Tetracaine hydrochloride.)
Potassium phosphate (monobasic) 0.43 0.82
Potassium chloride 0.78 1.49
Potassium nitrate 0.58 1 10
Procaine hydrochloride 0.21 0.41
Protargol (7.5% to 8.5% silver) 0.024 0.046
Scopolamine hydrobromide . 3H2O 0.13 0.25
Scopolamine hydrochloride . 2H2O 0.16 0.30
Silver nitrate *
Sodium bicarbonate ' 0.70 1 32
Sodium biphosphate (monobasic) 0.49 0.93
Sodium biphosphate ,H2O 0.42 0.81
Sodium borate . 10H2O 0.36 0.68
Sodium carbonate 0.80 1 52
Sodium carbonate ,H2O 0.68 1 30
Sodium chloride 1.00 1 90
Sodium citrate . 2H2O 0.38 0 71
Sodium iodide 0.39 0.74
Sodium nitrate 0.69 1 31
Sodium phosphate . 2H2O (dibasic) 0.47 0.90
Sodium phosphate . 7H2O 0.31 0 60
Sodium phosphate . 12H2O 0.24 0 45
Sodium sulfite 0.67 1 28
Sulfadiazine sodium 0.21 0 41
Sulfathiazole sodium (sesquihydrate) 0.19 0.37
Tannic acid 0.10 0 19
Tetracaine hydrochloride 0.19 0 37
Tutocain hydrochloride 0.20 0 39
Zinc chloride 0.62 1.18
Zinc sulfate . 7H2O 0.16 0.30
* Sodium nitrate and potassium nitrate may act as epitonic agents in solutions of silver nitrate without causing precipitation. Each gram of silver nitrate has the tonic effect of 0.50 Gm. of sodium nitrate and of 0.60 Gm. of potassium nitrate. Each 100 cc. of solution isotonic with lachrymal fluid should contain the equivalent of 2.02 Gm. of sodium nitrate or of 2.42 Gm. of potassium nitrate.
114
APPENDIX III
DRUG LIST
ACACIA, acacia, U.S.P. (gum arabic)
A gum occurring in yellowish-white tears, fragments, or powder.
Solubility: Slowly in water (2) ; insoluble in alcohol. In dissolving the powder, add all of the water at once to avoid lumping.
Incompatibilities: Lead subacetate solution produces a precipitate with it. Alcohol, concentrated, gelatinizes the mucilage. Bismuth subnitrate in mixtures is caused to cake by it. ...
Action and Uses: Demulcent, adhesive but not emollient, suspending agent in mixtures, emulsifying agent. In a sterile 6 per cent solution for intravenous injection, it is used to combat shock and hemorrhage. .
Preparations: Mucilage of acacia, mucilago acaciae, U.S.P. Acacia, 350 Gm., Benzoic acid 2 Gm., distilled water to make 1000 cc. This may be prepared extemporaneously by dissolving the benzoic acid in 400 cc. of distilled water,, adding this solution to powdered or granular acacia, in a mortar, and triturating until the acacia is dissolved. Enough distilled water is then added to make the product measure 1000 cc.
Syrup of Acacia, syrupus acaciae, N.F. Acacia, 100 Gm., sodium benzoate, 1 Gm., Tr. vanilla, 5 cc., sucrose, 800 Gm., distilled water to make 1000 cc. .
Evidence of Deterioration: Mold in the mucilage; unpleasant odor indicating decomposition.
Storage: In well-closed containers, in a cool place.
ACETANILID, acetanilidum, U.S.P.
A white, odorless, crystalline powder.
Solubility: Slightly in water (190) ; freely in alcohol (3.5), glycerin (5) and chloro-
Inclm^tiHHties: Spirit of ethyl nitrite is colored reddish-yellow by it. Chloral Bydrate, phenol, thymol and resorcinol form pasty masses when tuturated with it.
Action and’Uses: Analgesic, antipyretic, used particularly for headache and neuralgic pains. It produces cyanosis in excessive doses, due to the formation of methemoglobin.
Dosage: 0.2 Gm. usually in tablets, capsules or papers.
Preparations: Compound powder of acetanilid, pulvis acetanilidi compositus, N.K Acetanilid, 70 Gm., caffeine, 10 Gm., sodium bicarbonate, 20 Gm. Tablets of acetanilid, tabellae acetanilidi, N.F., 0.2 Gm.
Storage: In well-closed containers.
ACETARSONE, N.N.R.
A white powder.
Solubility: Slightly soluble in water and in alcohol.
Action and Uses: Amebicide.
Dosage: 0.25 Gm.
Storage: In well-closed containers.
ACETONE, acetonum, U.S.P. (dimethyl-ketone)
A colorless, inflammable, volatile liquid, with an ethereal odor and a pungent, sweet taste.
Caution: Keep it away from fire. ,,,,,, , , . , t
Solubility: Miscible with water, alcohol, chloroform, ether and with most oils. Sp. Gr.: 6.790. Boils: 56° C.
Action and Uses: Solvent, menstruum for extraction of oleoresins, vehicle for external preparations, reagent. _ .
Preparations: In surgical solution of merbromin, N.r.
Storage: In tight containers, remote from fire.
ACETOPHENETIDIN, acetophenetidinum, U.S.P. (acetphenetidin, phenacetin)
A white, odorless, crystalline powder , , , ,, f
Solubility: Very slightly in water (1300), m alcohol (15), and chloroform (15). Incompatibilities: Chloral hydrate and phenol form pasty masses when triturated with it. .
115
Action and Uses: Analgesic, antipyretic, used for relief of headache and neuralgic pains and in the treatment of mild fevers.
Dosage: 0.3 Gm. usually in capsules, papers or tablets.
Preparation: Acetophenetidin tablets, tabellae acetophenetidini, U.S.P. 0.3 Gm.
Tablets of acetophenetidin and phenyl salicylate, tabellae acetophenetidini et phenylis salicylatis, N.F. (phenacetin and salol tablets). 0.15 Gm. each of acetophenetidin and phenyl salicylate.
Storage: In well-closed containers.
ACETYLSALICYLIC ACID, acidum acetylsalicylicum, U.S.P. (aspirin)
A white, odorless, crystalline powder or fine, white crystals.
Solubility: Slightly in water (300); freely in alcohol (5) and in chloroform (17). In aqueous solutions of alkali hydroxides and carbonates it dissolves with decomposition. It dissolves in concentrated aqueous alkaline citrate solutions.
Incompatibilities: It is decomposed by alkalies and by potassium and sodium iodides. Water causes decomposition to salicylic and acetic acids.
Action and Uses: Analgesic, antipyretic, antirheumatic. Its chief use is for relief of headache and in acute rheumatic fever.
Dosage: 0.3 Gm., usually in tablets, capsules or papers.
Preparations: Compound paste of acetylsalicylic acid, pasta acidi acetylsalicylici composita, N.F. (dental anodyrie paste). Eugenol, 2 cc., Peruvian balsam, 10 Gm., acetylsalicylic acid, 25 Gm., white wax, 10 Gm., wool fat to make 100 Gm. Acetylsalicylic acid tablets, tabellae acidi acetylsalicylici, U.S.P. 0.3 Gm.
Storage: In well-closed containers.
ACONITE, aconitum, N.F. (monkshood, aconite root) A tuberous root.
Action and Uses: Stimulates nerve endings when applied locally to mucous membranes and so it has been used as a counterirritant. Given internally it causes cardiac slowing. A very toxic drug not used in modern medicine.
Dosage: 60 mg.
Preparations: Fluidextract of aconite, fluidextractum aconiti, N.F. Dose: 0.06 cc. Tincture of aconite, tinctura aconiti, N.F. Dose: 0.6 cc.
Storage: In well-closed containers.
ACRIFLAVINE, acriflavina, N.F., (acriflavine base, neutral acriflavine)
A brownish-red, odorless, granular powder.
Solubility: Soluble in water (3). Incompletely soluble in alcohol.
Incompatibilities: Incompatible with Dakin’s Solution and other chlorine antiseptics, with mercuric chloride, and with phenol.
Action and Uses: Antiseptic.
Dosage: For application to wounds, solution 1-1000: for irrigation, solutions 1-500 to 1-10,000
Storage: In tight containers.
ACTIVATED CHARCOAL, carbo activatus, U.S.P.
A fine, black, odorless, tasteless, powdered charcoal, free from gritty matter, treated to increase its adsorptive power.
Note. When Carbo Ligni is prescribed, Carbo Activatus may be dispensed.
Incompatibilities: It adsorbs coloring matter and alkaloids from solutions.
Action and Uses: Adsorbent of gases and dissolved substances. Used internally against digestive disorders and vegetable poisons but of doubtful value. Locally employed as a deodorant for fetid ulcers, usually in the form of a poultice.
Dosage: 1 Gm.
Storage: In well-closed containers.
AGAR, agar, U.S.P. (agar-agar)
A mucilaginous substance extracted from certain seaweeds.
Solubility: Insoluble in cold water, but slowly soluble in hot water.
Action and Uses: Intestinal demulcent and lubricant. Used in chronic constipation or intestinal atony.
Dosage: 4 Gm.
ALCOHOL, alcohol, U.S.P. (ethyl alcohol, ethanol, spiritus vini rectiftcatus) C3HsOH.
A colorless, transparent, mobile, volatile liquid, having a slight, characteristic odor and a burning taste. It is inflammable. At 15.56°C., it contains not less
116
than 92.3 per cent by weight, corresponding to 94.9 per cent by volume, of C2H5OH.
Solubility: Miscible with water, with ether, with glycerin and with chloroform.
Sp. Gr.: 0.816. Boils: 78°C.
Action and Uses: Rubefacient, astringent, antiseptic.
Storage: In tight containers, remote from fire.
ALOE, aloe, U.S.P. (Aloes)
A dark-yellow, yellowish-brown, or olive-brown powder.
Solubility: Incompletely soluble in water and in alcohol.
Action and Uses: Cathartic.
Dosage: 0.25 Gm.
Evidence of Deterioration: A caked product.
Storage: In tight containers.
ALUM, alumen, U.S.P. (Ammonium alum) A1NH4(SO4)2 ’ 12H2O; (potassium alum) AIK (SO4)2 • 12 H2O.
Large, colorless crystals, crystalline fragments, or a white powder. It is odorless, and has a sweetish, strongly astringent taste.
Solubility: Ammonium alum is soluble in water (7). Potassium alum is soluble in water (7.5). Both forms are insoluble in alcohol, and freely but slowly soluble in glycerin.
Incompatibilities: Alkalies, borax, carbonates, and lime water cause precipitation in solutions of alum.
Action and Uses: Astringent, styptic, and hemostatic.
Preparations: Exsiccated alum, alumen exsiccatum, U.S.P. (dried alum, burnt alum). Storage: In well-closed containers.
ALUMINUM ACETATE, alumini acetas.
A white powder, rarely available except in solution.
Solubility: Soluble in water.
Incompatibilities: Alkalies precipitate it from solution.
Action and Uses: Astringent, usually in lotions or ointments.
Preparations: Solution of aluminum acetate, liquor alumini acetatis, N.F.
(Burow’s solution). Dissolve 150 Gm. of lead acetate and 87 Gm. of aluminum sulfate, each separately, in 525 cc. of water. Pour the lead acetate solution into the aluminum sulfate solution with constant stirring and set the mixture aside for 24 hours. Separate 1000 cc. of the clear, supernatant liquid by decantation or filtration.
This solution is also prepared by mixing 15 cc. of glacial acetic acid with 545 cc. of solution of aluminqm subacetate and enough water to make 1000 cc. Special tablets to be dissolved in water to make this solution are sometimes available.
Evidence of Deterioration: A white precipitate in the solution.
Storage: In tight containers.
ALUMINUM CHLORIDE, alumini chloridum, N.F.
A white, or yellowish-white, deliquescent, crystalline powder. It is nearly odorless, and has a sweetish, very astringent taste.
Solubility: Soluble in water (0.5), in alcohol (4), soluble in glycerin.
Action and Uses: Antiseptic and astringent. Used in 5 per cent to 25 per cent solution in hyperidrosis. When used for this purpose it may cause dermatitis.
Preparations: Solution of aluminum chloride, liquor alumini chloridi, N.F.
Prepared by dissolving 250 Gm. of aluminum chloride in sufficient distilled water to make 1000 cc.
Evidence of Deterioration: Moist lumps or powder.
Storage: In tight containers.
ALUMINUM HYDROXIDE GEL, alumini hydroxidi gelatum, U.S.P. (colloidal aluminum hydroxide)
A white, viscous suspension.
Solubility: Insoluble in water and in alcohol. This gel is readily miscible with water. Action and Uses: Gastric antacid for oral use in the treatment of peptic ulcer and symptomatic hyperchlorhydria.
Dosage: 8 CC.
Preparations: Dried aluminum hydroxide gel, gelatum alumini hydroxidi siccum, U.S.P. Dose: 0.6 Gm.
Evidence of Deterioration: Excessive separation, usually due to freezing.
Storage: In well-closed containers, avoiding freezing temperatures.
117
AMARANTH: amaranthum, U.S.P. (F.D. and C. Red No. 2) A dark red-brown powder.
Solubility: Soluble in water (15) ; very slightly soluble in alcohol.
Action and Uses: An agent used to produce shades of red in coloring pharmaceutical preparations.
Preparations: Solution of amaranth, liquor amaranthi, U.S.P. A 1 per cent solution of amaranth in distilled water.
Storage: In well-closed containers.
AMMONIA, STRONG SOLUTION, liquor ammoniae fortis, U.S.P. (stronger ammonia water)
A colorless, transparent liquid, having an exceedingly pungent, characteristic odor, and a very caustic and alkaline taste. It contains about 28 per cent of NH3.
Caution: Strong solution of ammonia must not be tasted nor its vapor inhaled. Sp. Gr.: 0.897.
Incompatibilities: It has the incompatibilities common to alkalies.
Action and Uses: A reagent.
Preparations: Diluted solution of ammonia, liquor ammoniae dilutus, U.S.P.
(ammonia water, U.S.P. XI). Strong solution of ammonia, 398 cc., distilled water, sufficient to make 1000 cc. This solution contains about 10 per cent of NH3. Evidence of Deterioration: Reduction in strength, as determined by assay.
Storage: In tight containers, at a temperature not above 25° C.
AMMONIATED MERCURY, hydrargyrum ammoniatum, U.S.P. (white precipitate) White, pulverulent pieces or white, amorphous powder. It is odorless, and is stable in air, but is affected by light.
Solubility: Insoluble in water and in alcohol.
Action and Uses: In ointment as a skin antiseptic and parasiticide.
Preparations: Ammoniated mercury ointment, unguentum hydrargyri ammoniati, U.S.P. (white precipitate ointment). Ammoniated mercury, 5 Gm., wool fat, 5 Gm., white ointment, 90 Gm. Caution: The application of this ointment should not be preceded or followed by the application of a preparation containing iodine in any form.
Evidence of Deterioration: A darkened product.
Storage: In well-closed, light-resistant containers.
AMMONIUM ACETATE, ammonii acetas.
Colorless, deliquescent crystals or white, crystalline masses, having a slight acetous odor.
Solubility: Soluble in water (less than 1), freely soluble in alcohol.
Action and Uses: Formerly used as a diuretic; occasionally used in poisoning by formaldehyde.
Dosage: 1 Gm.
Preparations: Solution of ammonium acetate, liquor ammonii acetatis, N.F.
(spirit of mindererus) Prepared by dissolving 5 Gm. of ammonium carbonate in 100 cc. of diluted acetic acid. It should be freshly prepared. Dose: 15 cc.
Evidence of Deterioration: Partial liquefaction.
Storage: In tight containers.
AMMONIUM BROMIDE, ammonii bromidum, N. F.
Colorless crystals, or a white, crystalline powder, having no odor. It is somewhat hygroscopic.
Solubility: Soluble in water (1.3), in alcohol (12).
Incompatibilities: Soluble barbiturates are precipitated by it.
Action and Uses: Sedative.
Dosage: 1 Gm.
Preparations: Elixir of ammonium bromide, elixir ammonii bromidi, N.F.
Elixir of five bromides, elixir bromidorum quinque, N.F.
Elixir of three bromides, elixir bromidorum trium, N.F.
Syrup of the bromides, syrupus bromidorum, N.F.
Evidence of Deterioration: Slight yellowish discoloration or formation of a hard cake. Storage: In tight containers.
AMMONIUM CARBONATE, ammonii carbonas, U.S.P. (sal volatile) A mixture of ammonium acid carbonate (NFLHCOs) and ammonium carbamate (NH2'COO-NH4), yielding about 31.5 per cent NH3.
118
White, hard, translucent masses, having a strong odor of ammonia and a sharp, ammoniacal taste.
Caution: For medicinal purposes, use only translucent pieces.
Solubility: Very slowly soluble in water (4). It is decomposed by hot water.
Incompatibilities: Acids and acid salts cause an evolution of carbon dioxide. Alkaloids are precipitated by it.
Action and Uses: Formerly used as an expectorant.
Preparations: Aromatic spirit of ammonia, spiritus ammoniac aromaticus, U.S.P. Dose: 2 cc. Action: Reflex cardiac and respiratory stimulant. Expectorant mixture, mistura pectoralis, N.F. (Stoke’s expectorant);
Evidence of Deterioration: On exposure to air, it loses ammonia and carbon dioxide, becoming opaque and is finally converted into friable, porous lumps, or a white powder.
Storage: In tight containers at a temperature not above 30° C.
AMMONIUM CHLORIDE, ammonii chloridum, U.S.P. (sal ammoniac)
Colorless crystals or a white, fine or coarse, crystalline powder. It has a cool, saline taste and is somewhat hygroscopic.
Solubility: Soluble in water (2.6), in alcohol (100), and in glycerin (8).
Action and Uses: Liquefying expectorant and, in large doses, diuretic. It is also used to render the urine acid. Most useful to enhance the effects of mercurial diuretics.
Dosage: Expectorant, single dose. 0.3 Gm. Diuretic, daily dose, 3 to 6 Gm.
Preparations: Ammonium chloride capsules, capsulae ammonii chloridi, U.S.P., 1 Gm. Tablets of ammonium chloride, tabellae ammonii chloridi, N.F., 0.3 Gm. and 0.5 Gm., enteric coated.
Storage: In tight containers.
AMPHETAMINE SULFATE, N.N.R. (racemic amphetamine sulfate, racemic desoxynor— ephedrine)
A white, odorless powder.
Solubility: Freely soluble in water; slightly soluble in alcohol.
Action and Uses: Useful in the treatment of narcolepsy, in the treatment of certain depressive conditions, as an adjunct in the treatment of alcoholism and for facilitating roentgenographic studies of the gastro-intestinal tract. Its use is not advisable in the treatment of sleepiness and fatigue in normal individuals. Amphetamine bases is volatile and is used by inhalation to shrink the nasal mucous membrane.
. Dosage: 5 to 10 mg., usually in tablets.
Storage: In well-closed containers.
AMYL NITRITE, amylis nitris, U.S.P.
A clear, yellowish liquid, having a peculiar, ethereal, fruity odor, and a pungent, aromatic taste. It is volatile even at low temperatures and is inflammable.
Solubility: Almost insoluble in water, but is miscible with alcohol and with ether. Sp. Gr.: 0.87. Boils: 98°C., but volatilizes at much lower temperatures.
Action and Uses: Vasodilator and antispasmodic. Ordinarily used by inhaling the vapor from a crushed ampul (“pearl” or “perle”). Prevents and relieves attacks of angina pectoris.
Dosage: By inhalation, 0.2 cc.
Storage: In tight containers.
AMYTAL, Isoamylethylbarbituric acid, N.N.R.
A white, crystalline, odorless powder.
Solubility: Very slightly soluble in cold water; soluble in alcohol and in ether. Incompatibilities: Acids decompose it.
Action and Uses: A sedative and hypnotic used in the control of insomnia and as a preliminary to surgical anesthesia. Its sodium salt is often given intravenously and is useful in the control of convulsive states from either poisoning or disease.
Dosage: 0.1 to 0.3 Gm., hypnotic; up to 0.6, before operation.
Storage: In tight containers.
AMYTAL SODIUM, N.N.R.
A white, friable, hygroscopic, granular powder, chemically related to barbital.
Solubility: Very soluble in water; freely soluble in alcohol.
Incompatibilities: Acids decompose it.
Action and Uses: Action much like barbital but less prolonged. Used as a hypnotic and sedative. Large doses, often given intravenously, are effective antidotes to
119
the convulsant poisons and are also used to combat convulsions due to disease. Dosage: 0.2 Gm.
Storage: In tight container's.
ANTIANTHRAX SERUM, N.N.R.
A serum prepared by immunizing horses against virulent anthrax bacilli.
Action and Uses: Used in the treatment of anthrax.
Dosage: 50 cc. (minimum). Intramuscularly or intravenously.
Storage: In hermetic containers, at a temperature between 2° and 10° C.
ANTIDYSENTERIC SERUM, N.N.R.
The serum of horses immunized against the Shiga bacillus.
Action and Uses: Used in the treatment of bacillary dysentery, but it is less effective than the sulfonamides and so its use is declining.
Dosage: 20 to 100 cc., subcutaneously or intramuscularly.
Storage: In hermetic containers, at a temperature between 2° and 10° C.
ANTIMENINGOCOCCIC SERUM, serum antimeningococcicum, U.S.P. (antimeningococcus serum, meningitis serum)
Action and Uses: Formerly used in the treatment of meningitis, but far less effective than the sulfonamides.
Dosage: Parenteral, therapeutic, 20 cc.
Storage: At a temperature between 2° and 10° C., preferably at the lower limit.
ANTIMONY AND POTASSIUM TARTRATE, antimonii et potassii tartras, U.S.P. (antimonyl potassium tartrate, tartar emetic)
Colorless, odorless, transparent crystals, or a white powder.
Caution: When antimony and potassium tartrate is to be dissolved in water, the water should first be heated to boiling.
Solubility: Soluble in water (12), in glycerin (15), insoluble in alcohol.
Incompatibilities: Alkalies and carbonates precipitate antimony and potassium tartrate.
Action and Uses: Emetic, expectorant, protozoacide. Used intravenously in schistosomiasis, kala-azar, and granuloma inguinale.
Dosage: As an emetic, 0.03 Gm. As an expectorant, 0.003 Gm. Intravenously, 0.04 Gm.
Preparations: Tincture of antimony, tinctura antimonii, N.F. (wine of antimony) Dissolve 4 Gm. antimony and potassium tartrate in 25 cc. of boiling distilled water, add 700 cc. of distilled water, 200 cc. of alcohol, 2 Gm. of caramel, 2 cc. of ethyl acetate, and sufficient distilled water to make 1000 cc.
Storage: In well-closed containers.
ANTIPNEUMOCOCCIC SERUM, serum antipneumococcicum, type specific, U.S.P. (antipneumococcus serum, pneumonia serum)
Caution: Type XIV antipneumococcic serum produced by immunization of the horse should not be administered to persons of blood group “A.”
Action and Uses: Used in the treatment of lobar pneumonia, but less effective than the sulfonamides in most cases.
Dosage: Parenteral, therapeutic, from 20,000 to 100,000 units.
Storage: At a temperature between 2° and 10° C., preferably at the lower limit.
ANTIPYRINE, antipyrina, U.S.P. (phenazone).
Colorless crystals or a white, crystalline powder. It is odorless, and has a slightly bitter taste.
Solubility: Soluble in water (less than 1), in alcohol (1.3), in chloroform (1), in ether (43).
Incompatibilities: It has so many incompatibilities that it should not ordinarily be prescribed in combination with other substances.
Action and Uses: Antipyretic, analgesic, sedative.
Dosage: 0.3 Gm.
Storage: In well-closed containers.
APOMORPHINE HYDROCHLORIDE, apomorphinae hydrochloridum, U.S.P.
Minute, white or grayish white, glistening crystals which acquire a greenish tint upon exposure to light and air.
Caution: Apomorphine hydrochloride must be rejected if it at once imparts an emerald green color to too parts of distilled water when shaken with it in a test tube.
Solubility: In water (50) and in alcohol (50).
120
Incompatibilities: Alkalies and iodine precipitate it.
Action and Uses: Emetic, by hypodermic injection.
Dosage: Hypodermic, 5 mg. Oral, 1 mg.
Preparations: Tablets of apomorphine hydrochloride, tabellae apomorphinae hydro-chloridi, N.F. Dose: 5 mg.
Evidence of Deterioration: Crystals having a greenish tint.
Storage: In small, tight, light-resistant vials, containing not more than 0.35 Gm.
ARECOLINE HYDROBROMIDE, arecolinae hydrobromidum, N.F.
A white, crystalline powder, or in the form of white crystals. It is odorless and has a bitter taste.
Solubility: Soluble in water (1), in alcohol (10).
Incompatibilities: Alkalies and iodine precipitate it from aqueous solutions.
Action and Uses: Anthelmintic, cathartic, miotic. Used principally in veterinary medicine.
Dosage: As an anthelmintic, 0.005 Gm. As a miotic, 0.5 per cent to 1 per cent aqueous solution.
Storage: In tight containers, protected from light.
ARSENIC TRIOXIDE, arseni trioxidum, U.S.P. (arsenious acid, arsenious oxide, white arsenic) As2O3.
A white, odorless powder, stable in air.
Caution: It is extremely poisonous.
Solubility: Slowly soluble in water, slightly soluble in alcohol and in ether, and freely soluble in glycerin.
Action and Uses: Formerly used as a hematinic and tonic; little used in modern medicine.
Dosage: 2 mg.
Preparations: Solution of arsenious acid, liquor acidi arseniosi, U.S.P. (Hydrochloric solution of arsenic, solution of arsenic chloride.)
Prepared by boiling 10 Gm. of arsenic trioxide with 50 cc. of diluted hydrochloric acid and 250 cc. of distilled water until solution results, and then adding sufficient distilled water to make 1000 cc. Dose: 0.2 cc. This solution is incompatible with carbonates and bicarbonates. Solution of potassium arsenite, liquor potassii arsenitis, U.S.P. (Fowler’s Solution). Prepared by boiling 10 Gm. of arsenic trioxide with 7.6 Gm. of potassium bicarbonate and 100 cc. of distilled water until solution is effected, then adding 30 cc. of alcohol and sufficient distilled water to make 1000 cc. Dose: 0.2 cc. Alkaloids and salts of the heavy metals are precipitated by it.
Storage: In well-closed containers.
ARSPHENAMINE, arsphenamina, U.S.P.
A light yellow powder, odorless or having a slight odor, hygroscopic. It contains about 31 per cent of arsenic.
Caution: In the dry state or in solution, it is oxidized by exposure to the air, becoming darker and more toxic. Do not confuse with neoarsphenamine.
Solubility: Soluble in water, in alcohol, and in glycerin, but only very slightly soluble in chloroform and in ether.
Action and Uses: Used in the treatment of syphilis.
Dosage: Intravenous, 0.3 Gm. Prior to injection the solution must be alkalinized with 0.85 cc. of normal sodium hydroxide for each 0.1 Gm. of arsphenamine; and well diluted.
Evidence of Deterioration: Darkening on exposure to air.
Storage: In a cool place, preferably not above 10° C., in sealed containers of colorless glass, from which the air has been excluded either by the production of a vacuum or by displacement with a nonoxidizing gas.
ASAFETIDA, asafoetida, N.F.
An oleo-gum-resin having a strong, alliaceous odor.
Action and Uses: Formerly used as a carminative and in the treatment of neuroses when the action was probably mainly psychic.
Dosage: 0.4 Gm.
Preparations: Pills of asafetida, pilulae asafoetidae, N.F. Dose: 2 pills.
Tincture of asafetida, tinctura asafoetidae, N.F. Dose: 1 cc.
Storage: In tight containers.
ASCORBIC ACID, acidum ascorbicum, U.S.P. (vitamin G, cevitamic acid)
White or yellowish white, odorless crystals or powder.
121
Solubility: In water (3) and in alcohol (30) ; insoluble in chloroform, in ether and in benzene.
Incompatibilities: Alkaline solutions, oxygen. For solutions to be sterilized, use only water from which air has been removed.
Action and Uses: An essential constituent of the diet. Used in scurvy and in other conditions in which there is a deficiency of it in the diet or where there is interference with its absorption, even when the diet contains a normal amount.
Dosage: 50 mg. usually in tablets. In solution for parenteral use, ampuls, 100 mg. in 2 cc.
Preparations: Ascorbic acid tablets, tabellae acidi ascorbici, U.S.P. (vitamin C tablets). 25 mg., 50 mg., 100 mg.
Evidence of Deterioration: Discoloration (gray).
Storage: In tight containers.
ATROPINE SULFATE, atropinae sulfas, U.S.P.
Colorless crystals or a white, crystalline powder. It effloresces in dry air, and is affected by light.
Caution: It is extremely poisonous.
Solubility: Soluble in water (0.5), in alcohol (5), and in glycerin (2.5).
Incompatibilities: Alkalies and iodine precipitate it.
Action and Uses: Paralyzes the parasympathetic nerve endings. It is used especially as a mydriatic and cycloplegic, to suppress secretions, to quicken the heart, to regulate peristalsis, and to lessen bronchial spasm.
Dosage: 0.5 mg.
Preparations: Atropine sulfate tablets, tabellae atropinae sulfatis, U.S.P., 0.6 mg., 0.4 mg., 0.3 mg.
Storage: In tight, light-resistant containers.
BARBITAL SODIUM, barbitalum sodicum, U.S.P. (Soluble barbital, sodium diethylbarbiturate, soluble barbitone, sodium diethylmalonylurea.)
A white, odorless powder, having a bitter taste. It is stable in air.
Solubility: Soluble in water (5) ; slightly soluble in alcohol.
Incompatibilities: Acids decompose it, precipitating barbital.
Action and Uses: Widely used hypnotic and sedative.
Dosage: 0.3 Gm.
Preparations: Barbital sodium tablets, tabellae barbitali sodici, U.S.P. (soluble barbital tablets), 0.3 Gm.
Storage: In well-closed containers.
BARIUM SULFATE, barii sulfas, U.S.P.
A fine, white, odorless, tasteless, bulky powder.
Caution: When barium sulfate is prescribed, the title should always be written in full to avoid confusion with the poisonous barium sulfide or sulfite.
Solubility: Insoluble in all solvents.
Action and Uses: For Roentgen-ray examinations of the gastrointestinal tract.
Storage: In well-closed containers.
BELLADONNA, belladonna, U.S.P.
Leaves or roots.
Action and Uses: Used internally as an antispasmodic, and to suppress secretions and to quicken the heart; locally as a mild local anesthetic.
Preparations: Belladonna liniment, linimentum belladonnae, N.F. Camphor, 5Q Gm., fluidextract of belladonna root, sufficient to make 1000 cc.
Belladonna ointment, unguentum belladonnae, U.S.P. Pilular extract of bellav donna, 10 Gm., diluted alcohol, 5 cc., yellow ointment, 85 Gm.
Extract of belladonna, extractum belladonnae, U.S.P. Dose: 15 mg. Prepared from belladonna leaf. Both the pilular and powdered forms are official.
Fluidextract of belladonna leaf, fluidextractum belladonnae folii, N.F. Dose: 0.06 cc.
Fluidextract of belladonna root, fluidextractum belladonnae radicis, N.F. Dose: 0.05 cc.
Tincture of belladonna, tinctura belladonnae, U.S.P. Dose: 0.6 cc. Prepared from belladonna leaf.
Storage: In well-closed containers.
BENTONITE, bentonitum, U.S.P. A native, colloidal, hydrated aluminum silicate. A very fine, odorless, tasteless, and practically colorless powder, free from grit, or in small granules.
122
Solubility: It is insoluble in water, but swells to about eight times its volume when added to water, and produces an opalescent suspension or paste. It is insoluble in organic solvents and does not swell in these. Solution of calcium hydroxide decreases the viscosity of bentonite gels.
Action and Uses: It is pharmacologically inert. It is used as a suspending agent and thickener in pharmaceutical preparations. For these purposes it is ordinarily used in from 1 to 4 per cent of the volume of the finished preparation.
Preparations:. Magma of bentonite, magma bentoniti, N.F. Sprinkle 50 Gm. of bentonite, in divided portions, upon 800 cc. of hot distilled water. Allow it to stand with occasional stirring for 24 hours; add sufficient distilled water to make 1000 cc., and mix thoroughly.
Storage: In well-closed containers.
BENZOIC ACID, acidum benzoicum, U.S.P.
Fine, white, nearly odorless crystals, somewhat volatile at moderately warm temperatures.
Solubility: Slightly in water (275), in alcohol (3), in chloroform (5), and in ether (3). Soluble in fixed and in volatile oils.
Action and Uses: Mild antiseptic, diuretic, fungicide; preservative in mucilage of acacia, cherry juice, etc.
Dosage: Rarely used by itself. An ingredient of camphorated tincture of opium.
Preparations: Ointment of benzoic and salicylic acids, unguentum acidi benzoici et acidi salicylici, N.F. (Whitfield’s ointment). Benzoic acid, 12 Gm., salicylic acid, 6 Gm., wool fat, 5 Gm., white petrolatum to make 100 Gm.
Storage: In well-closed containers.
BENZOIN, benzoinum, U.S.P. (Sumatra benzoin, Siam benzoin)
Sumatra benzoin, reddish-brown or grayish-brown resinous masses or lumps of varying size. Siam benzoin, yellowish-brown to rusty-brown, pebble-like tears of variable size.
Solubility: Both varieties are incompletely soluble in alcohol; they are insoluble in water but form emulsions when their tinctures are mixed with aqueous fluids.
Action and Uses: Often used in steam inhalations. Used to protect the skin under adhesive strapping.
Preparations: Tincture of benzoin, tinctura benzoini, U.S.P., a 20 per cent tincture with alcohol as the menstruum, prepared by maceration.
Compound tincture of benzoin, tinctura benzoini composita, U.S.P. (Friar’s Balsam). Benzoin, 100 Gm., aloe, 20 Gm., storax, 80 Gm., Tolu balsam, 40 Gm., alcohol, to make 1000 cc. Prepared by maceration.
Storage: In well-closed containers.
BENZYL BENZOATE, benzylis benzoas.
An oily liqdid having a faint, aromatic odor and a sharp, burning taste.
Solubility: Insoluble in water or glycerin; miscible with alcohol, chloroform, ether, and oils.
Sp. Gr.: 1.114. Boils: 324°C. Melting point: 21 °C.
Action and Uses: Antispasmodic. It is used externally in the treatment of scabies. Dosage: 1 to 10 cc. of a 20 per cent alcoholic solution or emulsion.
Storage: In tight containers.
BILE SALTS.
A light cream-colored powder, consisting chiefly of sodium glycocholate and sodium taurocholate in the proportions in which they exist naturally.
Action and Uses: Bile salts are useful to promote the absorption of food fats and fat soluble vitamins when failure to absorb these constituents is due to insufficient bile in the intestinal tract.
Dosage: 0.06 to 0.2 Gm.
Preparations: Tablets, enteric coated.
Storage: In tight containers.
BISMUTH AND POTASSIUM TARTRATE, Bismuthi et Potassii Tartras, U.S.P. (potassium bismuth tartrate, potassium bismuthyl tartrate)
A granular, white, odorless powder, having a sweetish taste. It darkens on exposure to light.
Solubility: Soluble in water (2) ; insoluble in alcohol.
Incompatibilities: Acids decompose it.
Action and Uses: Antisyphilitic.
Dosage: Intramuscular, 0.1 Gm.
123
Preparations: Bismuth and potassium tartrate injection, injectio bismuthi et potassii Tartratis, U.S.P.
Evidence of Deterioration: A darkened product.
Storage: In well-closed, light-resistant containers.
BISMUTH SUBCARBONATE, bismuthi subcarbonas, U.S.P. (basic bismuth carbonate) A white, or pale yellowish-white powder, without odor or taste.
Solubility: Insoluble in water and in alcohol.
Incompatibilities: Acids decompose it, liberating carbon dioxide.
Action and Uses: Protective for skin and mucous membranes. Used in diarrhea.
Dosage: 1 Gm.
Preparations: Tablets of bismuth subcarbonate, tabellae bismuthi subcarbonatis, N.F..
1 Gm.
Evidence of Deterioration: It may darken on long exposure to light.
Storage: In well-closed, light-resistant containers.
BISMUTH SUBNITRATE, bismuthi subnitras, U.S.P. (basic bismuth nitrate)
A white, very slightly hygroscopic powder.
Solubility: Practically insoluble in water and in alcohol.
Incompatibilities: In the presence of water, it slowly decomposes carbonates and bicarbonates with the evolution of carbon dioxide. Liquid mixtures containing bismuth subnitrate and sodium bicarbonate are frequently prescribed. In compounding these prescriptions, bismuth subnitrate should be replaced with an equal weight of bismuth subcarbonate.
Action and Uses: Protective, astringent, and antiseptic. It is used externally, but bismuth or nitrite poisoning may develop if it is applied over a large area.
Dosage: 1 Gm.
Preparations: Paste of bismuth, pasta bismuthi, N.F. (Beck’s bismuth paste). Melt 5 Gm. of white wax, 5 Gm. of paraffin, and 60 Gm. of white petrolatum together, and sterilize the mixture. Cool and incorporate 30 Gm. of bismuth subnitrate under aseptic conditions.
Tablets of bismuth subnitrate, tabellae bismuthi subnitratis, N.F., 1 Gm.
Storage: In well-closed containers.
BISMUTH SUBSALICYLATE, bismuthi subsalicylas, U.S.P. (basic bismuth salicylate)
A white or nearly white, amorphous or microcrystalline, odorless powder. It is stable in air, but is affected by light.
Solubility: Practically insoluble in cold water.
Action and Uses: Antisyphilitic.
Dosage: Intramuscular, in oil, 0.1 Gm.
Preparation: Bismuth subsalicylate injection, injectio bismuthi subsalicylatis, U.S.P. Dose: 0.1 Gm.
Evidence of Deterioration: It may darken on long exposure to light.
Storage: In well-closed, light-resistant containers.
BLACK MUSTARD, sinapis nigra, U.S.P. (brown mustard)
Whole or ground ripe seeds.
Action and Uses: Irritant, rubefacient, vesicant, and emetic.
Dosage: Emetic, 10 Gm.
Preparations: Mustard plaster, emplastrum sinapis, U.S.P. (mustard paper)
Note. Before it is applied, mustard plaster should be thoroughly moistened with tepid water.
Storage: In well-closed containers.
BORIC ACID, acidum boricum, U.S.P. (boracic acid).
Colorless, odorless scales or crystals or a white powder; slightly unctuous to the touch.
Solubility: Slowly in water (18), in alcohol (18), in glycerin (4). Readily in hot water. The crystals are more readily soluble than the powder in water; the powder is more readily soluble than the crystals in alcohol.
Action and Uses: Mild antiseptic and mild astringent on mucous membranes. Poisonous if used internally.
Dosage: Aqueous solution, 2 to 5 percent (saturated) in conjunctivitis, cystitis, etc. Externally as a dusting powder. In mouth washes like antiseptic solution, N.F. In soluble antiseptic powders like compound powder of zinc sulfate, N.F.
Preparations: Solution of boric acid, liquor acidi borici, N.F. (saturated solution of boric acid). 5 percent boric acid in distilled water. The solution must be free from crystalline deposits.
124
Boric acid ointment, unguentum acidi borici, U.S.P. Boric acid, 10 Gm., wool fat, 5 Gm., white ointment to make 100 Gm.
Glycerite of boroglycerin, glyceritum boroglycerini, U.S.P. Add 310 Gm. of boric acid in portions to 460 Gm. of glycerin heated to 140° to 150° C. Continue the heat until the boric acid is dissolved and the solution weighs 500 Gm. Add 500 Gm. of glycerin, mix thoroughly and transfer it immediately to a tight container. Storage: In well-closed containers.
BUTACAINE SULFATE, butacainae sulfas, U.S.P.
A white, odorless, crystalline powder. It produces numbness when placed upon the tongue.
Solubility: Slowly soluble in less than its own weight of water; very soluble in warm alcohol and in acetone.
Incompatibilities: Alkalies, carbonates, bicarbonates, and chlorides precipitate it.
Action and Uses: A local anesthetic acting through intact mucosa about as effectively as cocaine.
Dosage: Ordinarily used in 2 percent solution.
Storage: In tight, light-resistant containers.
CAFFEINE AND SODIUM BENZOATE, caffeina et sodii benzoas, U.S.P. (caffeine with sodium benzoate, caffeine sodio-benzoate.) A mixture containing approximately equal parts of caffeine and sodium benzoate.
A white, odorless powder, having a slightly bitter taste.
Solubility: Soluble in water (1.2), a portion of the caffeine usually separating on standing, and in alcohol (30).
Action and Uses: Diuretic and cardiac, respiratory, vasomotor, and cerebral stimulant. Dosage: Oral or intramuscular, 0.5 Gm.
Preparations: Caffeine and sodium benzoate injection, injectio caffeinae et sodii benzoatis, U.S.P. Dose: 0.5 Gm.
Storage: In well-closed containers.
CALCIUM CHLORIDE, calcii chloridum, U.S.P.
White, hard, odorless fragments or granules. Deliquescent.
Solubility: Soluble in water (1.2), in alcohol (10).
Action and Uses: Blood calcium restorative, systemic acidifier. Used in acute phase of lead poisoning.
Dosage: Intravenous, 1 Gm.
Preparations: Isotonic solution of three chlorides, liquor chloridorum trium isotonicus, U.S.P. (Ringer’s solution)
Ampuls of calcium chloride, ampullae calcii chloridi, N.F., 1 Gm.
Evidence of Deterioration: Deliquesced fragments or granules.
Storage: In tight containers.
CALCIUM GLUCONATE, calcii gluconas, U.S.P.
A white, crystalline or granular powder without odor or taste.
Solubility: Slowly soluble in water (30), insoluble in alcohol.
Action and Uses: It is used as a therapeutic source of calcium. (See calcium chloride.)
Dosage: Oral, 5 Gm.; intravenous, 1 Gm.
Preparations: Calcium gluconate injection, injectio calcii gluconatis, U.S.P. (calcium gluconate ampuls)
A sterile solution of calcium gluconate stabilized by the addition of calcium glyc-erosaccharate, calcium d-saccharate or other calcium salts. Dose: 1 Gm.
Storage: In well-closed containers.
CALCIUM HYDROXIDE, calcii hydroxidum, U.S.P.
A soft, white powder possessing an alkaline, slightly bitter taste.
Solubility: Soluble in water (630), soluble in glycerin and in syrup, insoluble in alcohol.
Incompatibilities: Acids dissolve it.
Action and Uses: Antacid. It is used in the form of the solution.
Preparations: Solution of calcium hydroxide, liquor calcii hydroxidi, U.S.P. (lime water, liquor calcis)
Add 3 Gm. of calcium hydroxide to 1000 cc. of cool distilled water and agitate repeatedly during one hour. Allow the excess of calcium hydroxide to settle. Decant and dispense only the clear, supernatant liquid. The undissolved portion of calcium hydroxide is not suitable for preparing additional quantities of solution of calcium hydroxide.
Storage: In well-filled, tight containers.
125
CALCIUM LACTATE, calcii lac t as, U.S.P.
A white, almost odorless powder. It is somewhat efflorescent.
Solubility: Soluble in water (20) ; practically insoluble in alcohol.
Action and Uses: Used as a source of calcium.
Dosage: 1 Gm.
Preparations: Tablets of calcium lactate, tabellae calcii lactatis, N.F. 0.3 Gm. Storage: In tight containers.
CALCIUM MANDELATE, calcii mandelas, U.S.P.
A white, odorless powder.
Solubility: Slightly soluble in cold water. Soluble in boiling water (80); insoluble in alcohol.
Action and Uses: Urinary antiseptic, effective only in acid urine.
Dosage: 4 Gm.
Storage: In well-closed containers.
CAMPHOR, camphora, U.S.P.
Colorless or white crystals, granules, or crystalline masses. It has a penetrating, characteristic odor, a pungent, aromatic taste, and is readily pulverizable in the presence of a little alcohol, ether or chloroform. It slowly volatilizes at ordinary temperatures.
Solubility: Soluble in water (800), in alcohol (1), in chloroform (0.5), in ether (1). It is freely soluble in carbon disulfide, in purified benzin, and in fixed and volatile oils.
Incompatibilities: An eutectic mixture is produced when it is triturated with menthol, phenol, thymol, chloral hydrate, salol, and other similar substances.
Action and Uses: Formerly used subcutaneously as a reflex circulatory and respiratory stimulant. Orally a carminative, a counterirritant when applied to skin.
Dosage: Oral br intramuscular, 0.2 Gm.
Preparations: Ampuls of camphor, ampullae camphorae, N.F. (Ampuls of camphor in oil), 0.2 Gm.
Camphor water, aqua camphorae, U.S.P. A saturated solution of camphor in distilled water. Dose: 10 cc.
Camphor liniment, linimentum camphorae, U.S.P. (camphorated oil). Caution: This preparation is not intended for hypodermic use. Place 800 Gm. of cottonseed oil in a dry container, heat it on a water bath, add 200 Gm. of camphor and stopper the container. Dissolve the camphor by agitation without further application of heat.
Spirit of camphor, spiritus camphorae, U.S.P. Dissolve 100 Gm. of camphor in enough alcohol to make 1000 cc. Dose: 1 cc.
Storage: In tight containers, avoiding exposure to excessive heat.
CANTHARIDES, cantharis, N.F. (Spanish flies, Russian flies)
Dried insects, yielding not less than 0.6 percent cantharidin.
Caution: Cantharides with an ammoniacal odor must not be used.
Action and Uses: Externally, a powerful irritant, rubefacient and vesicant. Internally, its use is dangerous and never justified.
Preparations: Cantharides cerate, ceratum cantharidis, N.F. (blistering cerate). Moisten 350 Gm. of cantharides with a mixture of 150 cc. of oil of turpentine and 25 cc. of glacial acetic acid, and set the mixture aside in a warm place for 48 hours. Melt together 175 Gm. of rosin, 175 Gm. of yellow wax and 200 Gm. of benzoinated lard, strain the mixture, add the macerated cantharides, and heat the mixture on a water bath until it is reduced to 1000 Gm. Discontinue the heating and stir the cerate until it becomes firm.
Plaster of cantharides, emplastrum cantharidis, N.F. It is prepared by spreading cantharides cerate evenly upon adhesive plaster, muslin, paper, or other suitable material.
Tincture of cantharides, tinctura cantharidis, N.F. Macerate 100 Gm. of finely powdered cantharides with 100 cc. of glacial acetic acid and 100 cc. of alcohol for four days. Transfer the mixture to a percolator and percolate slowly with alcohol until the mixture measures 1000 cc. Dose: 0.1 cc.
Evidence of Deterioration: Odor of ammonia.
Storage: In tight containers.
CAPSICUM, capsicum, N.F. (cayenne pepper)
A dried fruit.
Action and Uses: Carminative and rubefacient.
Dosage: 60 mg.
126
Preparations: Oleoresin of capsicum, oleoresina capsici, N.F. Dose: 15 mg.
Tincture of capsicum, tinctura capsici, N.F. Dose: 0.5 cc.
Ointment of capsicum, unguentum capsici, N.F. Oleoresin of capsicum, 5 Gm.; Paraffin, 10 Gm.; petrolatum, 85 Gm.
Storage: In well-closed containers.
CARBARSONE, carbarsonum, U.S.P.
A white, almost odorless powder, having a slightly acid taste.
Solubility: Slightly soluble in water and in alcohol.
Action and Uses: In intestinal amebiasis.
Dosage: 0.2 Gm.
Storage: In well-closed containers.
CARBON TETRACHLORIDE, carbonei tetrachloridum, U.S.P.
A clear, colorless, mobile liquid, having a characteristic, ethereal odor. It is not inflammable.
Solubility: Soluble in water (2000) ; miscible with alcohol, with chloroform, and with ether.
Sp. Gr.: 1.59
Action and Uses: As an anthelmintic for adults, single dose, 2.5 cc. Not to be repeated within 3 weeks.
Preparations: Carbon tetrachloride capsules, capsulae carbonei tetrachloridi, U.S.P. Storage: In tight, light-resistant containers.
CARDAMOM SEED, cardamomi semen, U.S.P.
A dried, ripe seed.
Action and Uses: Used as a flavor and carminative.
Preparations: Compound tincture of cardamon, tincture cardamomi composita, U.S.P. Cardamom seed, 20 Gm., cinnamon, 25 Gm., caraway, 12 Gm., cochineal, 5 Gm., glycerin, 50 cc., diluted alcohol, sufficient to make 1000 cc.
Storage: In well-closed containers.
CASCARA SAGRADA, cascara sagrada, U.S.P.
A bark.
Action and Uses: Laxative.
Dosage: 1 Gm.
Preparations: Extract of cascara sagrada, extractum cascarae sagradae, U.S.P.
Dose: 0.3 Gm.
Fluidextract of cascara sagrada, fluidextractum cascarae sagradae, U.S.P.
Dose: 1 cc.
Aromatic fluidextract of cascara sagrada, fluidextractum cascarae sagradae aro-maticum, U.S.P. Dose: 2 cc.
Storage: In well-closed containers.
CASTOR OIL, oleum ricini, U.S.P.
A viscous, pale yellow fixed oil.
Solubility: Soluble in alcohol fl).
Sp. Gr.: 0.955.
Action and Uses: Cathartic.
Dosage: 15 CC. _
Preparations: Aromatic castor oil, oleum ricini aromaticum, N.F. 3 cc. of oil of cinnamon, 1 cc. of oil of clove, 0.5 Gm. of saccharin, 1 Gm. of vanillin, and 0.1 Gm. of coumarin are dissolved in 30 cc. of alcohol and the solution is mixed with enough castor oil to make 1000 cc.
Evidence of Deterioration: Rancidity.
Storage: In tight containers.
CERIUM OXALATE, cerii oxalas, N.F.
A fine, white, or slightly pink powder, without odor or taste, consisting of a mixture of the oxalates of cerium, neodymium, praseodymium, lanthanum, and other associated elements.
Solubility: Insoluble in all ordinary solvents.
Action and Uses: Formerly used as a gastric sedative; of doubtful value.
Dosage: 0.2 Gm.
Storage: In well-closed containers.
CHINIOFON, chiniofonum, U.S.P.
A canary yellow powder, having not more than a slight odor. It has a bitter taste, but leaves a distinctly sweetish after-taste.
127
1
Solubility: In water (25) ; insoluble in alcohol.
Action and Uses: Amebicide.
Dosage: 1 Gm.
Preparations: Chiniofon tablets, tabellae chiniofoni, U.S.P. Dose: 1 Gm.
Storage: In tight containers.
CHLORAL HYDRATE, chloralis hydras, U.S.P.
Colorless, transparent or white crystals, having an aromatic, penetrating, and slightly acrid odor, a slightly bitter, caustic taste. It slowly volatilizes when exposed to the air.
Solubility: Soluble in water (0.25), in alcohol (1.3). It is very soluble in olive oil and freely soluble in oil of turpentine.
Incompatibilities: Alkalies decompose it. '
Action and Uses: Hypnotic.
Dosage: 0.6 Gm.
Storage: In tight containers.
Note. If prescribed with another salt in an alcoholic vehicle, the chloral concentrates in an upper layer and this may result in overdosage if it is poured off without shaking.
CHLORINATED LIME, calx chlorinata, (U.S.P. X)
A white or grayish white, granular powder, having the odor of chlorine. It contains not less than 30 percent of available chlorine.
Solubility: Incompletely soluble in water and in alcohol.
Incompatibilities: Acids decompose it, liberating chlorine.
Action and Uses: Reagent.
Evidence of Deterioration: A moist product.
Storage: In tight containers, in a cool place.
CHLOROAZODIN, chloroazo dinum, U.S.P. (azochloramid)
Bright yellow needles or flakes.
Caution: Avoid heating it; it decomposes explosively at about 155° C.
Solubility: Very slightly soluble in water; slightly soluble in glycerin and glyceryl triacetate. Its solutions decompose on exposure to light.
Action and Uses: As a disinfectant for mucous membranes and for infected wounds and cavities.
Dosage: 1:3300 aqueous solutions and 1:2000 olive oil solutions are commonly used. The latter are prepared by dilution of the more stable official glyceryl triacetate solution.
Preparations: Solution of chloroazodin, liquor chloroazodini, U.S.P. Place 2.6 Gm. of chloroazodin in a dry flask and add enough glyceryl triacetate to make 1000 cc. Stir it until solution is complete, close the flask tightly and set it aside for at least 30 days, avoiding exposure to light. Filter it with the aid of suction and package it immediately in tight containers. Avoid contact with metal.
Evidence of Deterioration: The presence of free chlorine, caused by decomposition. Storage: In tight, light-resistant containers, in a cool place.
CHLOROFORM, chloroformum, U.S.P.
A clear, colorless, mobile liquid, having a characteristic, ethereal odor, and a burning, sweet taste. It is not inflammable, but its heated vapor burns with a green flame. It is affected by light.
Caution: Care should be taken not to vaporize chloroform in the presence of a naked flame because of the production of noxious gases.
Sp. Gr.: 1.475. Boils: 61 °C.
Solubility: Soluble in water (210). It is miscible with alcohol, ether, benzene, purified benzin, and with fixed and volatile oils.
Action and Uses: General inhalation anesthetic; antiseptic, analgesic, rubefacient when applied to skin.
Preparations: Chloroform water, aqua chloroformi, U.S.P. A saturated solution of chloroform in distilled water. In dispensing chloroform water from a stock bottle, only the supernatant liquid should be used. Dose, 15 cc. Chloroform liniment, linimentum chloroformi, U.S.P. A 30 percent solution of chloroform in camphor and soap liniment.
Spirit of chloroform, spiritus chloroformi, N.F. A 6 percent solution of chloroform in alcohol. Dose, 2 cc.
Storage: In tight, light-resistant containers, at a temperature which does not exceed 30° C.
CHOLERA VACCINE, N.N.R.
A vaccine prepared from killed cholera vibrios.
128
Action and Uses: Used in the prevention of cholera.
Dosage: Ordinarily administered in three doses containing 500 million, 1,000 million and 1,000 million killed cholera vibrios, respectively.
Storage: In hermetic containers, at a temperature between 2° and 10° C.
CHROMIUM TRIOXIDE, chromii trioxidum, U.S.P. (chromic anhydride, chromic acid) Dark, purplish-red crystals, often needle-like, or in flakes. It is deliquescent, and is destructive to animal and vegetable tissues.
Caution: It should not be brought into intimate contact with organic substances, as serious explosions are likely to result.
Solubility: Soluble in water (0.6).
Incompatibilities: Organic substances reduce it, often with explosive violence. It should never be dissolved in alcohol, glycerin, or other organic solvents.
Action and Uses: Caustic, astringent, germicide; used in 20 percent solution as a caustic; as an astringent or germicide, as in dentistry, in 4 to 7 percent solution.
Evidence of Deterioration: A deliquesced product.
Storage: In tight containers.
CHRYSAROBIN, chrysarobinum, U.S.P.
A brown to orange yellow, microcrystalline powder, consisting of neutral principles from Goa powder. It is odorless and tasteless.
Caution: It is very irritating to the eyes.
Solubility: Very slightly soluble in water. It is soluble in alcohol (400), in chloroform (15), and in ether (160).
Action and Uses: Antiparasitic; a powerful irritant to the skin, used chiefly in the treatment of psoriasis and trichophytosis.
Preparations: Chrysarobin ointment, unguentum chrysarobini, U.S.P. Triturate 6 Gm. of chrysarobin with 7 Gm. of chloroform, and gradually incorporate 86 Gm. of yellow ointment. The use of water instead of chloroform will facilitate the* making of this preparation.
Storage: In well-closed containers.
CITRATED CAFFEINE, caffeina citrata, U.S.P. A mixture containing approximately equal parts of caffeine and citric acid.
A white, odorless powder, having a slightly bitter, acid taste.
Solubility: Soluble in warm water (4). On diluting the solution with an equal volume of water, a portion of the caffeine gradually separates, but redissolves on the further addition of water.
Action and Uses: Diuretic and cardiac, respiratory, vasomotor, and cerebral stimulant. Dosage: 0.3 Gm.
Preparations: Tablets of citrated caffeine, tabellae caffeinae citratae, N-.F., 0.3 Gm. Storage: In well-closed containers.
CITRIC ACID, acidum citricum, U-S.P. .
Colorless, odorless, translucent crystals.
Caution: Citric acid, in the form of opaque crystals or a white powder, should not be used for pharmaceutical purposes.
Solubility: Very soluble in water (0.5) ; freely in alcohol (2) ; soluble in ether (30). Incompatibilities: Carbonates and bicarbonates are decomposed by it.
Action and Uses: As a component in the preparation of effervescing solutions and as a flavor.
Preparations: Syrup of citric acid, syrupus acidi citrici, U.S.P. Citric acid 10 Gm., distilled water 10 cc., tincture of lemon 10 cc., and syrup to make 1000 cc.
This preparation must not be dispensed if it has a terebinthinate odor or shows evidence of deterioration.
Evidence of Deterioration: A white coating on the crystals or a change to a white powder.
Storage: In tight containers.
COAL TAR, pix carbonis, N.F.
A nearly black, thick liquid.
Solubility: Slightly soluble in water; partially soluble in alcohol.
Action and Uses: Antiseptic, irritant. Commonly used in diseases of the skin.
Preparations: Solution of coal tar, liquor picis carbonis, N.F. (liquor carbonis detergens'). 200 Gm. of coal tar and 100 Gm. of powdered quillaja are mixed with 700 cc. of alcohol and macerated for seven days. The mixture is then filtered and enough alcohol added through the filter to make 1000 cc.
129
Ointment of coal tar, unguentum picis carbonis, N.F. 5 Gm. of coal tar is incorporated with 95 Gm. of paste of zinc oxide.
Storage: In well-closed containers.
COCAINE HYDROCHLORIDE, cocainae hydrochloridum, U.S.P. (cocaine muriate) Colorless crystals, or a white, crystalline powder.
Solubility: Soluble in water (0.5), in alcohol (3.5), in chloroform (15). It is soluble in glycerin and is insoluble in ether.
Incompatibilities: Alkalies and iodine precipitate it.
Action and Uses: Local anesthetic for eye, nose, and throat, local vasoconstrictor. Do not give internally. Danger of addiction.
Dosage: 0.5 to 10 percent solution applied locally in nose and throat, from 1 to 4 percent in eye.
Storage: In well-closed, light-resistant containers.
COD LIVER OIL, oleum morrhuae, U.S.P.
A pale yellow fixed oil containing vitamins A and D. It may contain flavoring substances.
Solubility: Soluble in ether and chloroform.
Sp. Gr.: 0.925.
Action and Uses: Employed for prevention and cure of rickets and to provide vitamins A and D where needed.
Dosage: 8 cc.
Preparations: Emulsion of cod liver oil, emulsum olei morrhuae, U.S.P. 500 cc. of cod liver oil is emulsified with 125 Gm. of finely powdered acacia, flavored with 100 cc. of syrup and 4 cc. of methyl salicylate, and enough water is added to make 1000 cc.
Evidence of Deterioration: Rancidity.
Storage: In tight Containers.
CODEINE SULFATE, codeinae sulfas, U.S.P.
White crystals or a white crystalline powder. It effloresces in dry air and is affected by light.
Solubility: Soluble in water (30), in alcohol (1280).
Incompatibilities: Alkalies and iodine precipitate it.
Action and Uses: Analgesic, hypnotic and sedative.
Dosage: 0.030 Gm.
Preparations: Codeine sulfate tablets, tabellae codeinae sulfatis, U.S.P., 0.030 Gm.
Storage: In tight, light-resistant containers.
COLLODION, collodium, U.S.P.
A clear, or slightly opalescent, syrupy liquid. It is colorless, or slightly yellowish, and has the odor of ether. It is prepared by dissolving 40 Gm. of pyroxylin in a mixture of 750 cc. of ethyl oxide and 250 cc. of ethyl alcohol.
Caution: It is highly inflammable.
Sp. Gr.: 0.77.
Incompatibilities: Water precipitates the pyroxylin.
Action and Uses: Used to form a protective film and as a vehicle for external applications.
Preparations: Flexible collodion, collodium flexile, U.S.P. camphor, 20 Gm., castor oil, 30 Gm., collodion, sufficient to make 1000 Gm.
Evidence of Deterioration: A thickened product, caused by evaporation of the solvent. Storage: In tight containers, at a temperature not above 30°C., remote from fire.
COTTONSEED OIL, oleum gossypii seminis, U.S.P.
A pale yellow fixed oil.
Solubility: Miscible with ether, chloroform, and purified benzin.
Sp. Gr.: 0.918.
Action and Uses: Frequently used in place of olive oil in external preparations.
Evidence of Deterioration: Rancidity.
Storage: In tight containers.
CREOSOTE, creosotum, N.F.
An almost colorless or yellowish, highly refractive oily liquid consisting of a mixture of phenols obtained from wood tar. It has a penetrating, smoky odor, and a burning, caustic taste.
Caution: It is destructive to animal tissues. Whenever creosote is indicated for internal medication, creosote from wood tar should be dispensed.
130
Action and Uses: Formerly used as an intestinal antiseptic.
Dosage: 0.25 cc.
Evidence of Deterioration: Darkening in color.
Storage: In tight, light-resistant containers.
CRESOL, Cresol, U.S.P. ... .
A colorless, or yellowish to brownish-yellow, or pinkish, highly refractive liquid, becoming darker with age and on exposure to light. It has a phenol-like, sometimes empyreumatic odor.
Caution: It should be handled with care as it readily destroys tissue.
Solubility: Incompletely soluble in water (50) ; miscible with alcohol, ether, and - glycerin; soluble in solutions of the fixed alkali hydroxides.
Action and Uses: Disinfectant and antiseptic.
Preparations: Saponated solution of cresol, liquor cresolis saponatus, U.S.P.
A 50 percent solution of cresol in soft soap.
Evidence of deterioration: A darkened product.
Storage: In tight, light-resistant containers.
CUPRIC SULFATE, cupri sulfas, U.S.P. (blue vitriol)
Deep blue, triclinic crystals, or blue, crystalline granules or powder. It has a nauseous, metallic taste and effloresces slowly in dry air.
Solubility: Soluble in water (3), in alcohol (500), in glycerin (3).
Action and Uses: Astringent, fungicide, reagent, and antidote for phosphorus poisoning. Formerly used as an emetic.
Dosage: 0.3 Gm. . .
Evidence of Deterioration: A white coating on the crystals, indicating efflorescence. Storage: In tight containers.
DEXTROSE, Dextrosum, U.S.P. (d-Glucose) .
Colorless crystals, or a white, crystalline or granular powder. It is odorless, and has a sweet taste.
Solubility: Soluble in water (1), in alcohol (60).
Action and Uses: Nutrient, antiketogenic and osmotherapeutic agent.
Preparations: Dextrose injection, injectio dextrosi, U.S.P. (dextrose ampuls)
Dextrose and sodium chloride injection, injectio dextrosi et sodii chloridi, U.S.P. Storage: In well-closed containers.
DIETHYLSTILBESTROL, diethylstilbestrol, U.S.P. (stilbestrol)
A white, crystalline powder.
Solubility: Almost insoluble in water; soluble in alcohol.
Action and Uses: A synthetic estrogenic substance.
Preparations: Dmthylstilbestrol capsules, capsulae diethylstilbestrolis, U.S.P. Dose: 0.2 mg.
Diethylstilbestrol injection, injectio diethylstilbestrolis, U.S.P.
Dose: Intramuscular, 0.2 mg. .
Diethylstilbestrol tablets, tabellae diethylstilbestrolis, U.S.I.
Dose: 0.2 mg.
Storage: In tight, light-resistant containers.
DIGITALIS, digitalis, U.S.P.
Dried leaves. , ,. . . , ,. ,
Action and Uses: Cardiac stimulant and diuretic in cases of cardiac edema.
Dosage: 0.1 Gm. tt c n
Preparations: Digitalis capsules, capsulae digitalis, U.b.r.
Powdered digitalis, digitalis pulverata, U.S.P. Dose: 0.1 Gm. .
Infusion of digitalis, infusum digitalis, N.F. A 1.5 percent infusion of digitalis, containing 10 percent alcohol, and flavored with 0.5 percent spirit of cinnamon. Digitalis injection, injectio digitalis, U.S.P.
Digitalis tablets, tabellae digitalis,_ U.S.P., 0.05 Gm. and 0.1 Gm.
Tincture of digitalis, tinctura digitalis, U.S.P. Dose: 1 cc.
Storage: In water-proof, air-tight, light-resistant containers.
muYnROMORPHINONE HYDROCHLORIDE, dihydromerphinoni hydrochloridum, U.S.P. A fine white odorless, crystalline powder. It is affected by light.
Solubility: Soluble in water (3); sparingly soluble in alcohol; nearly insoluble in ether. e . .
Incompatibilities: Alkalies precipitate it.
131
Action and Uses: Sedative and analgesic. A morphine substitute. Danger of addiction. Dosage: 2 mg.
Preparations: Dihydromorphinone hydrochloride tablets, tabellae dihydromorphinoni hydrochloridi, U.S.P. , 2 mg.
Storage: In tight, light-resistant containers.
DiODOQUIN, N.N.R.
A double iodine compound of the hydroxyquinoline series, containing 63 percent iodine.
Action and Uses: Protozoacide and germicide. Used in amebiasis, trichomonas in-testinalis infestations, and in bacillary dysentery.
Dosage: 0.21 Gm., 7 to 10 times daily.
Preparations: Tablets.
Storage: In tight containers.
D1ODRAST, N.N.R.
A white, crystalline, odorless powder containing approximately 50 percent iodine.
Solubility: Slightly soluble in water.
Action and Uses: As a contrast medium in roentgen ray examinations of the urinary tract.
Dosage: Intravenous, 0.35 to 0.7 Gm.
Preparations: Ampuls, 10 and 20 cc.
Storage: In tight, light-resistant containers.
DIPHTHERIA ANTITOXIN, antitoxinum diphthericum, U.S.P. (purified antidiphtheric serum, concentrated diphtheria antitoxin, refined diphtheria antitoxin, antidiphtheric globulins)
A sterile aqueous solution of antitoxic substances obtained from the blood serum or plasma of a healthy animal which has been immunized against diphtheria toxin. It has a potency of not less than 500 antitoxic units per cc.
Action and Uses: Curative and prophylactic agent in diphtheria.
Dosage: By parenteral injection: therapeutic, 20,000 units; prophylactic, 1000 units.
Storage: At a temperature between 2° and 10° C., preferably at the lower limit. It must be dispensed in the unopened glass container in which it was placed by the manufacturer.
DIPHTHERIA TOXIN FOR SCHICK TEST, toxinum diphthericum diagnosticum, U.S.P. (Schick test toxin)
Action and Uses: Used in the Schick test to determine susceptibility to diphtheria.
Dosage: Intracutaneous, 0.1 cc. of the dilution, representing 1/50 of the minimum lethal dose.
Storage: At a temperature between 2° and 10° G., preferably at the lower limit.
DIPHTHERIA TOXOID, toxoidum diphthericum, U.S.P. (diphtheria anatoxin)
Action and Uses: Used to induce active immunity to diphtheria.
Dosage: Hypodermic, for active immunization, 1 cc., to be repeated at proper intervals until a negative Schick test is obtained.
Storage: At a temperature between 2° and 10° C., preferably at the lower limit.
EMETINE HYDROCHLORIDE, emetinae hydrochloridum, U.S.P.
A white or very slightly yellowish, odorless, crystalline powder. It is affected by light.
Solubility: Freely soluble in water and in alcohol.
Incompatibilities: Alkalies and iodine precipitate it.
Action and Uses: Amebacide.
Dosage: Intramuscular, 60 mg.
Preparations: Emetine hydrochloride injection, injectio emetinae hydrochloridi, U.S.P. Dose: 60 mg.
Storage: In tight, light-resistant containers.
EPHEDRINE, ephedrina, U.S.P.
An unctuous, almost colorless solid, or white crystals. It gradually decomposes on exposure to light. The anhydrous form is hygroscopic.
Solubility: Soluble in water, alcohol, chloroform, and in ether. It is moderately and slowly soluble in liquid petrolatum, the solution becoming turbid if the ephedrine contains more than about 1 percent water.
Incompatibilities: Iodine is incompatible with it.
Action and Uses: Sympathicomimetic drug. Local vasoconstrictor, for nasal mucous membrane, ordinarily used in oily solution.
132
Dosage: For local application from 1 percent to 3 percent.
Preparations: Ephedrine spray, nebula ephedrinae, N.F. With the aid of heat, not exceeding 40° C., dissolve 10 Gm. of anhydrous ephedrine and 2 cc.' of methyl salicylate in sufficient light liquid petrolatum to make 1000 cc.
Compound ephedrine spray, nebula ephedrinae composita, N.F. (compound ephedrine inhalant) Warm 10 Gm. of anhydrous ephedrine, 6 Gm. of camphor, 6 Gm. of menthol, and 3 cc. of oil of thyme on a water bath at 40° C. until a uniform liquid is obtained, then add enough light liquid petrolatum to make 1000 cc.
Storage: In tight, light-resistant containers, in a cold place.
EPHEDRINE SULFATE, ephedrinae sulfas, U.S.P.
White, odorless crystals or powder.
Solubility: Freely soluble in water and in hot alcohol; not readily soluble in cold alcohol; insoluble in oils.
Incompatibilities: Iodine causes precipitation from solution.
Action and Uses: Similar to ephedrine. Locally as a nasal vasoconstrictor; orally to prevent or relieve mild asthmatic attacks.
Dosage: 25 mg. in capsules or tablets; 1 percent in a jelly; 1 to 3 percent in aqueous solution for spray; 0.4 percent in syrup.
Preparations: Ampuls of ephedrine sulfate, ampullae ephedrinae sulfatis, N.F. 50 mg. Jelly of ephedrine sulfate, gelatum ephedrinae sulfatis, N.F. Ephedrine sulfate, 10 Gm., tragacanth, 10 Gm., methyl salicylate, 0.1 cc., eucalyptol, 1 cc., oil of dwarf pine needles, 0.1 cc., glycerin, 150 Gm., distilled water to make 1000 Gm. Sodium phosphate, 1.6 Gm., may be added as a stabilizer.
Solution of ephedrine sulfate, liquor ephedrinae sulfatis, N.F. Ephedrine sulfate, 30 Gm., chlorobutanol, 5 Gm., sodium chloride, 3.6 Gm., distilled water to make 1000 cc.
Syrup of ephedrine sulfate, syrupus ephedrinae sulfatis, N.F. Ephedrine sulfate, 4 Gm., distilled water, 20 cc., alcohol, 20 cc., syrup of cherry to make 1000 cc. Tablets of ephedrine sulfate, tabellae ephedrinae sulfatis, U.S.P. 25 mg.
Storage: In well-closed, light-resistant containers.
EPINEPHRINE, epinephrina, U.S.P.
A white or light brownish, microcrystalline, odorless powder, gradually darkening on exposure to air. It is affected by light.
Solubility: Very slightly soluble in water and in alcohol.
Action and Uses: Most powerful sympathicomimetic drug. Vasoconstrictor. It is usually used in the form of the hydrochloride to relieve asthma and other forms of allergic attacks, to raise blood pressure, for cardiac stimulation.
Dosage: Hypodermic, 0.5 mg., inactive when taken by mouth.
Preparations: Epinephrine hydrochloride injection, injectio epinephrinae hydro-chloridi, U.S.P. A 1:1000 solution of epinephrine hydrochloride in water for ■ injection. Dose: 1 cc.
Solution of epinephrine hydrochloride, liquor epinephrinae hydrochloridi, U.S.P.
A 1: 1000 solution of epinephrine hydrochloride in distilled water.
Dose: 1 cc.
Epinephrine hydrochloride spray, nebula epinephrinae hydrochloridi, U.S.P. A 1:100 solution of epinephrine hydrochloride in distilled water. Caution: The 1:100 solution is not for hypodermic use.
Evidence of Deterioration: A darkened product.
Storage: In tight, light-resistant containers.
ERGONOVINE MALEATE, ergonovinae maleas, U.S.P.
A white or faintly yellow, odorless, microcrystalline powder. It is affected by light. Solubility: Soluble in water (36) and in alcohol (120).
Action and Uses: To contract the uterus, and to check post-partum hemorrhage. Dosage: 0.5 mg.
Preparations: Ergonovine maleate tablets, tabellae ergonovinae maleatis, U.S.P.
Ergonovine maleate injection, injectio ergonovinae maleatis, U.S.P., intravenous or intramuscular, 0.2 mg.
Storage: In tight, light-resistant containers.
ERGOT, ergota, U.S.P.
The dried, purplish-brown or nearly black sclerotium developed on rye plants. Action and Uses: Causes powerful tonic, sometimes tetanic, contraction of the uterus.
Used to check post-partum hemorrhage by contracting the uterus.
Dosage: 2 Gm., in the form of the fluidextract.
133
Preparations: Fluidextract of er.got, fluidextractum ergotae, U.S.P.
Dosage: 2 cc.
Storage: In tight containers.
ETHER, aether, U.S.P (sulfuris ether, ethyl ether, diethyl ether)
A transparent, colorless, mobile liquid having a characteristic odor and a burning, sweetish taste.
Caution: Ether to be used for anesthesia must be preserved in tight containers of not more than 3 Kg. capacity and is not to be used for anesthesia if it has been removed from the original container longer than 24 hours. Highly volatile and very inflammable.
Solubility: Soluble in water (12). Miscible with alcohol, benzene, chloroform, purified benzin and with fixed and volatile oils.
Sp. Gr.: 0.715. Boils: 35° C.
Action and Uses: General inhalation anesthetic; its volatility makes it difficult to employ in the tropics. Its preparations have been used as carminatives.
Dosage: 1 CC.
Preparations: Spirit of ether, spiritus aetheris, N.F. (Hoffmann’s drops).
Prepared by mixing 325 cc. of ethyl oxide with sufficient alcohol to make 1000 cc. Dose: 4 cc.
Compound spirit of ether, spiritus aetheris compositus, N.F. (Hoffmann’s anodyne). Prepared by mixing 325 cc. of ethyl oxide with 650 cc. of alcohol and 25 cc. of ethereal oil.
Dose: 4 cc.
Evidence of Deterioration: It is slowly oxidized by the action of air, moisture, and light with the formation of peroxides. The deterioration can be demonstrated only by means of chemical tests.
Storage: In partly-filled, tight, light-resistant containers, holding not more than 3 Kg., remote from fire.
ETHYL CHLORIDE, aethylis chloridum, U.S.P. (kelene)
At low temperatures or under increased pressure, it is a colorless, mobile, very volatile liquid with a characteristic, ethereal odor, and a burning taste.
Caution: As the vapor is very inflammable, it must not be used near a flame.
Solubility: Slightly soluble in water; freely soluble in alcohol and ether.
Sp. Gr.: 0.921. Boils: 12°-13° C.
Action and Uses: Local anesthetic for minor operations, in the form of a spray for refrigeration. It has also been used by inhalation as a general anesthetic in short operations.
Storage: In tight containers, preferably fitted with a valve, remote from fire.
ETHYL NITRITE, SPIRIT, spiritus aethylis nitritis, N.F. (sweet spirit of nitre, spirit of nitrous ether)
A clear, mobile liquid with a pale yellow or faintly greenish yellow tint. It has a fragrant, ethereal, pungent odor and a sharp, burning taste. It is volatile and inflammable, and rapidly decomposes on exposure to light and air. It contains about 4 percent ethyl nitrite.
Sp. Gr.: 0.82.
Incompatibilities: Acids decompose it.
Action and Uses: Formerly employed as a weak diuretic and diaphoretic.
Dosage: 2 CC.
Evidence of Deterioration: Loss of color.
Storage: In small, well-filled tight containers, in a cold, dark place, remote from fire.
ETHYLMORPHINE HYDROCHLORIDE, aethylmorphinae hydrochloridum, U.S.P. (dionin) A white, or faintly yellow, odorless, microcrystalline powder.
Solubility: Soluble in water (10), in alcohol (25), slightly in ether and in chloroform. Incompatibilities: Alkalies and iodine cause precipitation in solutions of ethylmorphine hydrochloride.
Action and Uses: A drug of the morphine series, preferred over the others for use in the eye.
Dosage: 0.015 Gm. In solution (0.5 to 10 percent) for use in the eye.
Storage: In well-closed containers.
EUCALYPTOL, eucalyptol, U.S.P. (cineol)
A colorless liquid with a characteristic odor and a pungent, cooling taste.
Action and Uses: Employed as a local stimulant and antiseptic. It is a constituent of inhalants and sprays.
134
Dosage: 0.3 CC.
Preparations: Ingredient of antiseptic solution N.F., compound powder of zinc sulfate, alkaline aromatic solution, jelly of ephedrine sulfate.
Storage: In tight containers.
EUGENOL, eugenol, U.S.P.
A nearly colorless liquid with the aromatic odor of cloves.
Solubility: Slightly in water; readily miscible with alcohol, with chloroform, with ether and with fixed oils. Soluble in 70 percent alcohol (2).
Sp. Gr.: 1.064 to 1.070.
Action and Uses: Externally, a rubefacient and counterirritant and to some extent a local anesthetic; internally, a carminative. Employed in dental cements as an excipient.
Dosage: 0.1 cc.
Preparations: Cement of zinc compounds and eugenol, caernentum zinci composi-tionum et eugenolis, N.F. (zinc-eugenol cement). The liquid portion is a mixture of 85 cc. eugenol and 15 cc. cottonseed oil.
Evidence of Deterioration: Darkening and thickening.
Storage: In tight, light-resistant containers.
FERRIC CHLORIDE, ferri chloridum
Brownish-yellow, very deliquescent, crystalline masses or lumps.
Incompatibilities: Tannins react to form a black product. In neutral or alkaline solutions a precipitate is formed.
Action and Uses: Astringent. Formerly used in the form of the tincture in gargles. Preparations: Solution of ferric chloride, liquor ferri chloridi, N.F. (solution of iron perchloride). It contains about 10.5 percent Fe. and about 4 percent hydrochloric acid.
Tincture of ferric chloride, tinctura ferri chloridi, N.F. (tincture of iron). A dilution of solution of ferric chloride, 35 cc., with alcohol to make 100 cc.
Evidence of Deterioration: Deliquescence of crystals. Precipitation in solution or in the tincture.
Storage: In tight, light-resistant containers.
FERROUS IODIDE, ferri iodidum.
Very deliquescent crystals, rarely available.
Incompatibilities: Soluble hydroxides, carbonates and bicarbonates react with it causing precipitation.
Action and Uses: Formerly used as a hematinic and for iodide action.
Preparations: Syrup of ferrous iodide, syrupus ferri iodidi, N.F. Place 20 Gm. of iron, 60 Gm. of iodine, and 200 cc. of distilled water in a flask and shake the mixture occasionally until the reaction is complete. Heat it to boiling and dissolve 100 Gm. of sucrose in the hot liquid. Filter into a flask containing 750 Gm. of sucrose, rinsing the flask containing the iron with 240 cc. of hot distilled water and pour the rinsings on the filter. Agitate the filtrate until the sucrose is dissolved, then add 1.3 Gm. of citric acid and enough distilled water to make 1000 cc. Dose: 1 cc.
Evidence of Deterioration: Discoloration due to oxidation.
FERROUS SULFATE, ferri sulfas, U.S.P. (iron sulfate)
Pale bluish-green crystals or granules.
Solubility: Soluble in water (1.5) ; insoluble in alcohol.
Incompatibilities: Soluble hydroxides, carbonates and bicarbonates react to cause precipitation.
Action and Uses: Hematinic.
Dosage: 0.3 Gm.
Preparations: Exsiccated ferrous sulfate, ferri sulfas exsiccatus, U.S.P. (Dried ferrous sulfate). Contains 80 percent anhydrous ferrous sulfate. Ferrous sulfate tablets, tabellae ferri sulfatis, U.S.P.
Evidence of Deterioration: Efflorescence, discoloration from oxidation.
Storage: In tight containers.
FLUORESCEIN SODIUM, fluoresceinum sodicum, U.S.P.
An orange-red, odorless powder.
Solubility: Freely in water; sparingly in alcohol.
Action and Uses: Diagnostic for corneal lesions and foreign bodies in the eye.
Dosage: 2 Gm., with 3 Gm. sodium bicarbonate in water to make 100 cc., for ophthalmologic use.
Storage: In well-closed containers.
135
FORMALDEHYDE SOLUTION, liquor formaldehydi, U.S.P. (formalin)
A clear, colorless or nearly colorless liquid, having a pungent odor. On long standing, especially in the cold, the solution sometimes becomes cloudy, due to the separation of paraformaldehyde. It contains not less than 37 percent of formaldehyde.
Solubility: Miscible with water and with alcohol.
Incompatibilities: Incompatible with alkalies, tannin, gelatin, albumin, and salts of ‘the heavy metals.
Action and Uses: A powerful germicide for sterilizing inanimate things, too irritant to be used on the skin or in wounds.
Evidence of Deterioration: A cloudy product.
Storage: In tight containers, at a temperature not below 25° CL
FUADIN SOLUTION, N.N.R. (stibophen)
A colorless, odorless aqueous solution containing 6.3 percent of an organic antimony compound.
Action and Uses: In the treatment of granuloma venereum and of schistosomiasis. Dosage: Intramuscularly, first day, 1.5 cc.; second day, 3.5 cc.; and on the third, fifth, seventh, ninth, eleventh, .thirteenth, and fifteenth days, 5 cc.
Storage: In tight, light-resistant containers.
GAS GANGRENE ANTITOXIN, N.N.R.
An antitoxic serum prepared by immunizing horses with the toxins Clostridium perfringens (welchii) and Clostridium septicum (Vibrion septique).
Action and Uses: Used in the prevention and treatment of gas gangrene.
Dosage: Therapeutic, 10,000 to 40,000 units each of Cl. perfringens and Cl. septicum, given intramuscularly or intravenously.
Storage: In hermetic containers, at a temperature between 2° and 10° C.
GENTIAN, Gentiana, U.S.P.
Yellowish-brown, usually powdered, roots and rhizomes.
Incompatibilities: Iron compounds cause a darkening of the tincture and elixir.
Actions and Uses: A simple bitter. Formerly used to stimulate appetite.
Dosage: 1 Gm. usually in form of the tincture or the elixir.
Preparations: Elixir of gentian, elixir gentianae, N.F.
Elixir of gentian and iron, elixir gentianae et ferri, N.F.
Glycerinated elixir of gentian, elixir gentianae glycerinatum, N.F.
Fluidextract of gentian, fiuidextractum gentianae, N.F.
Compound infusion of gentian, infusum gentianae compositum, N.F.
Compound tincture of gentian, tinctura gentianae composita, U.S.P.
Gentian, 100 Gm., bitter orange peel, 40 Gm., cardamom seed, 10 Gm., extracted with a menstruum of alcohol, 500 cc., glycerin 100 cc., and water 400 cc. The extraction is completed with diluted alcohol.
GINGER, zingiber, U.S.P.
A dried rhizome.
Action and Uses: Flavor, carminative and gastrointestinal stimulant.
Large doses are very irritating.
Dosage: 0.6 Gm.
Preparations: Fluidextract of ginger, fluidextractum zingiberis, U.S.P.
Dose: 0.6 cc.
Oleoresin of ginger, oleoresina zingiberis, N.F. Dose: 30 mg.
Syrup of ginger, syrupus zingiberis, N.F. Mix 30 cc. of fluidextract of ginger with 20 cc. of alcohol, 10 Gm. of magnesium carbonate, and 60 Gm. of sucrose. Add 430 cc. of distilled water, filter, and dissolve 760 Gm. of sucrose in the clear filtrate with the aid of gentle heat. Dose: 10 cc.
Storage: In well-closed containers.
GLACIAL ACETIC ACID, acidum aceticum glaciate, U.S.P.
A colorless liquid with a pungent odor.
Caution: It will produce burns on the skin.
Solubility: Miscible with water, alcohol and glycerin.
Congeals: 15.6° C. On solidification it expands.
Incompatibilities: Carbonates and bicarbonates are decomposed by it.
Action and Uses: Caustic and escharotic. Solvent, in extraction of cantharides. Diluted, it is rubefacient and is used in liniments and lotions. Used as a reagent.
Preparations: Acetic acid, acidum aceticum, U.S.P. A 36 percent acid prepared by dilution with distilled water.
136
Diluted acetic acid, acidum acelicum dilutum, N.F. A 6 percent acid prepared by dilution with distilled water.
Storage: In well-closed containers, at a temperature above 16° G.
GLYCERIN, glycerinum, U.S.P. (glycerol)
A colorless, practically odorless, thick, hygroscopic liquid.
Caution: Avoid heating it above 145° C.
Solubility: Miscible with water and with alcohol; insoluble in chloroform, in ether and in fixed and volatile oils. Before adding salts like magnesium sulfate to it to be dissolved, it should be warmed.
Sp. Gr.: 1.25
Action and Uses: Solvent, demulcent and emollient, and preservative. Irritant when not diluted, and employed in enemas and in suppositories as a prompt evacuant.
Preparations: Glycerin suppositories, suppositoria glycerini, U.S.P. glycerin, 92 Gm., sodium stearate, 8 Gm., distilled water, 5 Gm., to make 30 adult or 50 infant rectal suppositories.
Storage: In tight containers.
GLYCERYL TRIACETATE, glycerylis triacetas, U.S.P. (triacetin)
A colorless, somewhat oily liquid.
Solubility: Soluble in water, in alcohol and in ether.
Sp. Gr.: 1.155
Action and Uses: As a solvent, particularly for chloroazodin.
Storage: In tight containers, avoiding contact with metals.
GLYCYRRHIZA, glycyrrhiza, U.S.P. (licorice root)
Rhizomes and roots yielding a yellow and sweet wood.
Incompatibilities: Acids destroy the sweet taste of its preparations.
Action and Uses: Used to disguise the taste of drugs and as a demulcent.
Dosage: 2 Gm.
Preparations: Extract of glycyrrhiza, extr actum glycyrrhizae, U.S.P. The commercial, partially soluble extract in masses or in powder form.
Fluidextract of glycyrrhiza, fluidextractum glycyrrhizae, U.S.P.
Syrup of glycyrrhiza, syrupus glycyrrhizae, U.S.P. To 250 cc. of fluidextract of glycyrrhiza, 0.05 cc. of oil of fennel and 0.5 cc. of oil of anise are added and then enough syrup to make 1000 cc.
Compound mixture of opium and glycyrrhiza, mistura opii et glycyrrhizae com-posit a, N.F. (brown mixture, compound licorice mixture). Dilute 120 cc. of fluidextract of glycyrrhiza with 120 cc. of glycerin and 500 cc. of distilled water, add 0.24 Gm. of antimony and potassium tartrate which has been dissolved in 12 cc. of hot distilled water, then add 120 cc. of camphorated tincture of opium, 30 cc. of spirit of ethyl nitrite and enough distilled water to make 1000 cc.
Storage: In well-closed containers. •
HALAZONE, N.N.R.
A white powder having the odor of chlorine. An organic compound containing active chlorine.
Solubility: Slightly soluble in water.
Incompatibilities: Those typical of chlorine in solution.
Action and Uses: A disinfectant used particularly for the sterilization of drinking water.
Dosage: To sterilize a liter of water, add one or two tablets of halazone. Each tablet contains 0.004 Gm. of halazone, 0.011 Gm. of sodium borate and enough sodium chloride to make 0.130 Gm.
Storage: In tight containers.
HEXAVITAMIN CAPSULES, capsulae hexavitaminarum, U.S.P.
Capsules containing vitamin A (fish liver oil or concentrate) 2,500 U.S.P. units; vitamin D (natural or synthetic) 200 U.S.P. units; ascorbic acid, U.S.P., 37.5 milligrams; thiamine hydrochloride, U.S.P., 1.0 milligram; riboflavin, U.S.P., 1.5 milligrams; and nicotinamide, U.S.P., 10.0 milligrams.
Action and Uses: Used in multiple vitamin deficiency
Dosage: To be determined by the physician.
Storage: In tight, light-resistant containers.
HEXYLRESORCINOL, hexylresorcinol, U.S.P.
White, needle-shaped crystals with a faint, fatty odor.
137
Solubility: In water (2000), freely in alcohol, in glycerin, in ether, in chloroform and in vegetable oils.
Action and Uses: Used as topical antiseptic, a urinary antiseptic and as an anthelmintic.
Dosage: Anthelmintic, 1 Gm. Antiseptic, 1:1000 aqueous solution.
Preparations: A 1:1000 solution of hexylresorcinol in a mixture of water and glycerin with a surface tension adjusted to 37 dynes per square centimeter is commonly used.
Evidence of Deterioration: Brownish-pink discoloration.
Storage: In tight, light-resistant containers.
HISTAMINE PHOSPHATE, histaminae phosphas, U.S.P. (histamine acid phosphate) Clear, colorless, odorless, prismatic crystals. It is stable in air, but is affected by light.
Solubility: Soluble in water (4).
Action and Uses: It is used for testing the ability of the stomach to secrete hydrochloric acid. Inert when given by mouth.
Dosage: 0.3 mg.
Preparations: Histamine phosphate injection, injectio histaminae phosphatis, U.S.P. intramuscular, 0.3 mg.
Storage: In well-closed, light-resistant containers.
HOMATROPINE HYDROBROMIDE, homatropinae hydrobromidum, U.S.P.
A white, odorless powder.
Caution: It is extremely poisonous.
Solubility: In water (6) and in alcohol (40).
Incompatibilities: Alkaline hydroxides cause precipitation.
Action and Uses: Mydriatic and cycloplegic. Its effects resemble those of atropine but disappear in a shorter time.
Dosage: Usually in solution for instillation in the eye, 0.2 to 2 percent. 1 percent is most common.
Storage: In well-closed, light-resistant containers.
HYDROCHLORIC ACID, acidum hydrochloricum, U.S.P.
A colorless, fuming liquid having a pungent odor, containing about 36.5 percent HC1.
Caution: It should be handled with care because it is very active chemically.
Solubility: Miscible with water, alcohol, and glycerin.
Sp. Gr.: 1.18
Incompatibilities: Carbonates and bicarbonates are decomposed by it; silver salts produce a white precipitate; chlorates are decomposed with evolution of chlorine; oxides react to form soluble compounds.
Action and Uses: Caustic. Used (diluted) in gastric hypoacidity; in menstrua, to aid in the extraction of active principles from vegetable drugs; as a reagent.
Preparations: Diluted hydrochloric acid, acidum hydrochloricum dilutum, U.S.P. Prepared by diluting 236 cc. of hydrochloric acid with sufficient distilled water to make 1000 cc. Dose: 4 cc.
Storage: In tight containers.
HYDROGEN PEROXIDE SOLUTION, liquor hydrogenii peroxidi, U.S.P. (hydrogen dioxide, peroxide)
A colorless liquid containing about 3 percent H2O2 in aqueous solution.
Incompatibilities: Many oxidizing and reducing agents decompose it. Fluidextracts, tinctures and organic matter in general decompose it.
Action and Uses: A nontoxic local antiseptic and detergent. Used on suppurating wounds and as a mouth wash and gargle; also as a bleaching agent.
Dosage: Usually diluted about 1 in 4.
Evidence of Deterioration: A lack of effervescence when used.
Storage: In tight containers in a cool place, protected from light. The stoppers may well be paraffin coated.
HYOSCYAMUS, hyoscyamus, U.S.P. (henbane).
Dried leaves, with or without the tops, yielding not less than 0.04 percent of the alkaloids of hyoscyamus.
Action and Uses: Formerly employed as an antispasmodic. Now little used.
Dosage: 0.2 Gm.
Preparations: Extract of hyoscyamus, extractum hyoscyami, U.S.P. Both the powdered and pilular form are official. They contain about 0.15 percent of the alkaloids of hyoscyamus. Dose: 50 mg.
138
Fluidextract of hyoscyamus, fluidextractum hyoscyami, N.F. It contains about 0.04 percent of the alkaloids of hyoscyamus. Dose: 0.2 cc.
Tincture of hyoscyamus, tinctura hyoscyami, U.S.P. It contains about 0.004 percent of the alkaloids of hyoscyamus. Dose: 2 cc.
Evidence of Deterioration: Undue precipitation.
Storage: In well-closed containers.
ICHTHAMMOL, ichthammol, N.F. (ammonium ichthosulfonate)
A brownish-black, viscous fluid with a characteristic odor. , .
Solubility: Soluble in water and in glycerin; miscible with fixed oils and fats; partly soluble in alcohol.
Incompatibilities: Acids precipitate a resin-like mass in it; alkalies decompose it.
Action and Uses: A mildly antiseptic agent. Rarely used internally. Commonly used in ointments and suppositories. .
Preparations: Ointment of ichthammol, unguentum ichthammolis, N.F. Ichthammol, 10 Gm., wool fat, 10 Gm., petrolatum, 80 Gm.
Storage: In tight containers.
INSULIN INJECTION, injectio insulini, U.S.P. (insulin)
A colorless or almost colorless liquid, free from turbidity and from insoluble matter.
Action and Uses: Increases metabolism of glucose and reduces the blood sugar. Used in the treatment of diabetes mellitus, and to stimulate the appetite.
Dosage: The dose is in accordance with the needs of the patient as determined by the physician. It is available in concentrations of 20, 40, 80, and 100 units per cc. in 10 cc. multiple-dose containers. . . .
Evidence of Deterioration: Discoloration, turbidity or precipitation.
Storage: At temperatures above freezing but not above 15° C.
IODINE, lodum, U.S.P.
Heavy, bluish-black, crystalline plates having a metallic luster. _
Caution: The crystals are corrosive. Avoid contact with iron; avoid high heat.
Solubility: Very slightly in water, (2950), soluble in alcohol (13), in glycerin (80), and in aqueous solution of iodides.
Incompatibilities: Alkalies react with it; alkaloids are precipitated by it; tannin and other vegetable astringents and most volatile oils react with it.
Action and Uses: Local irritant, germicide and antiseptic when applied in solution to the unbroken skin. The tincture was formerly much used in wounds but is now considered too irritating. Internally given as the solution, it acts in the same manner as potassium iodide. s
Dosage: 10 mg. in solution, well diluted. , .
Preparations: Ampuls of iodine, ampullae iodi, N.F. (Iodine swabs). Iodine, 3.5 Gm., sodium iodide, 2.5 Gm., distilled water, 30 cc., alcohol to make 100 cc.
Solution of iodine, liquor iodi, U.S.P. Iodine, 20 Gm., sodium iodide, 24 Gm., distilled water to make 1000 cc. . .
Strong solution of iodine, liquor iodi fortis, U.S.P., (compound solution of iodine, Lugol’s solution). Iodine, 5 Gm., potassium iodide, 10 Gm., distilled water to make 100 cc. . .
Tincture of iodine, tinctura iodi, U.S.P. Iodine, 70 Gm., potassium iodide, 50 Gm., distilled water, 50 cc., alcohol to make 1000 cc. .
Mild tincture of iodine, tinctura iodi mitis, U.S.P. iodine, 20 Gm., sodium iodide, 24 Gm., diluted alcohol to make 1000 cc. .
Iodine ointment, unguentum iodi, U.S.P. Iodine, 4 Gm., potassium iodide, 4 Gm., glycerin 12 Gm., yellow ointment to make 100 Gm.
Storage: In tightly-closed glass containers, away from heat.
IODIZED OIL, oleum iodatum, U.S.P.
viscous^ oily liquid having an alliaceous odor and an oleaginous taste. It decomposes on exposure to air and sunlight, becoming dark brown in color. It contains about 40 percent iodine in organic combination.
Action and Uses: Used as a contrast medium.
Evidence of Deterioration: ■ A- darkened product.
Storage: In well-filled, tight, light-resistant containers.
IODOFORM, iodoformum, N.F. (triiodomethane)_
Yellow powder or crystals with a characteristic, penetrating odor.
Solubility: Practically insoluble in water. Soluble in alcohol (60), in glycerin (80), in chloroform (10), in ether (7.5), and in olive oil (34).
Action and Uses: Used as an antiseptic dusting powder.
Storage: In tight containers, avoiding excessive heat.
139
IODOPHTHALEIN SODIUM, iodophthaleinum sodicum, U.S.P. (tetraiodophenolphthalein sodium)
A pale blue-violet, odorless powder.
Solubility: In water (7), slightly in alcohol.
Action and Uses: Used for roentgenologic examination of the gall-bladder.
Dosage: For each 10 kilograms of body weight, oral, 0.5 Gm.; intravenous. 0.3 Gm.
Evidence of Deterioration: Decomposition on exposure to air, with liberation of free phthalein.
Storage: In tight containers.
IPECAC, ipecacuanha, U.S.P.
Rhizome and root.
Action and Uses: Expectorant, emetic.
Dosage: Emetic, 0.5 Gm.; Expectorant, 0.06 Gm.
Preparations: Fluidextract of ipecac, fluidextractum ipecacuanhae, U.S.P. Syrup of ipecac, syrupus ipecacuanhae, U.S.P. Fluidextract of ipecac, 70 cc., glycerin, 100 cc., syrup to make 1000 cc. Dose: emetic, 8 cc.; expectorant, 1 cc.
Tine turn of ipecac, tinctura ipecacuanhae, N.F. (may be dispensed on orders for wine of ipecac). Fluidextract of ipecac, 100 cc., diluted hydrochloric acid, 15 cc., alcohol, 200 cc., water to make 1000 cc. Dose: expectorant, 0.6 cc.
IRON AND AMMONIUM CITRATES, ferri et ammonii citrates, U.S.P.
Thin, transparent, garnet-red scales or granules, or a brownish-yellow powder. It is deliquescent in air and is affected by light.
Solubility: Very soluble in water; insoluble in alcohol.
Incompatibilities: Solvents containing appreciable amounts of alcohol may decompose it.
Action and Uses: Hematinic when the anemia is due to lack of iron.
Dosage: 1 Gm.
Preparations: Iron and ammonium citrates capsules, capsulae ferri et ammonii citratum, U.S.P. Dose: 1 Gm.
Evidence of Deterioration: A darkened or deliquesced product.
Storage: In tight, light-resistant containers.
IRON AND AMMONIUM CITRATES, GREEN, ferri et ammonii citrates virides, U.S.P.
Thin, transparent, green scales or granules, odorless and somewhat hygroscopic. Caution: This is not the preferred form for oral administration.
Action and Uses: Hematinic.
Dosage: 60 mg. by parenteral injection. *
Preparations: Ampuls of green iron and ammonium citrates, ampullae ferri et ammonii citratum viridum, N.F.
Evidence of Deterioration: Discoloration and absorption of moisture.
Storage: In tight containers, protected from light.
JUNIPER TAR, pix juniperi, U.S.P. (oil of cade)
A dark brown, thick liquid.
Solubility: Slightly soluble in water; soluble in alcohol (9).
Action and Uses: Formerly used in chronic inflammatory skin diseases.
Dosage: 1 to 10 percent ointment, or rarely in lotions and liniments.
Storage: In tight containers, away from excessive heat.
KAOLIN, kaolinum, N.F.
A white or nearly white, very fine powder.
Solubility: Insoluble in pharmaceutical solvents.
Action and Uses: As an adsorbent in diarrhea and dysentery, usually in the form of a magma. Externally, it is used as a poultice.
Preparations: Cataplasm of kaolin, cataplasma kaolini, N.F. 565 Gm. of recently dried kaolin is mixed with 45 Gm. of boric acid and incorporated with 387 Gm. of glycerin which has been recently heated to 100° C. 5 Gm. of thymol is dissolved in 2 cc. of methyl salicylate and 0.5 cc. of oil of peppermint and the solution is added to the mass.
Storage: In well-closed containers.
LACTIC ACID, acidum lacticum, U.S.P.
A colorless or slightly yellow, nearly odorless, syrupy liquid containing a mixture of lactic acid and lactic anhydride equivalent to about 87.5 percent lactic acid.
Solubility: Miscible with water, alcohol, glycerin and ether.
Sp. Gr.: 1.206
140
Incompatibilities: Carbonates and bicarbonates are decomposed by it; albumin is coagulated.
Action and Uses: Used in the form of lactic acid milk in infant feeding, to neutralize the excess base of cow’s milk. Externally, as a caustic.
Dosage: 1 CC.
Storage: In tight containers.
LACTOSE, lactosum, U.S.P. (sugar of milk, saccharum lactis)
A white, crystalline powder.
Solubility: Soluble in water (5) ; very slightly in alcohol.
Action and Uses: For modification of cow’s milk in the feeding of infants and invalids ; as a diluent for powders; as a base of tablet triturates.
Preparations: Triturations, triturationes, U.S.P.
Storage: In well-closed containers.
LARD, adeps, U.S.P.
A soft, white, unctuous mass, having a faint odor and a bland taste, free from rancidity. .
Solubility: Insoluble in water; very slightly soluble in alcohol; readily soluble m ether and in chloroform.
Melting Point: 36° to 42° C. .
Incompatibilities: Its melting point is lowered upon admixture with camphor, menthol, phenol, thymol, and chloral hydrate.
Action and Uses: A base for ointments.
Preparations: Benzoinated lard, adeps benzoinatus, U.S.P.
Evidence of Deterioration: A rancid product.
Storage: In well-closed containers, in a cool place.
LEAD ACETATE, plumbi acetas, U.S.P. (sugar of lead, sal saturni). Colorless, shining, transparent prisms or plates, or heavy, white crystalline masses, or granular crystals. It has a faintly acetous odor, is efflorescent, and absorbs carbon dioxide on exposure to air, becoming incompletely soluble in water.
Solubility: Soluble in water (1.6) and in alcohol (30). It is freely soluble in glycerin. Incompatibilities: Soluble sulfates and vegetable extractions are precipitated by it.
Action and Uses: Externally, as an astringent lotion. Its use is declining. Not used internally owing to danger of lead poisoning. „
Preparations: An ingredient of lotion of lead and opium, lotio plumbi et opu, N.F. (lead and opium wash) . . .
Evidence of Deterioration: An effloresced product which is incompletely soluble in water.
Storage: In tight containers.
LIME, calx, N.F. (unslaked lime, calcium oxide, quicklime)
Hard, white or grayish-white masses or granules, or a white powder.
Solubility: Slightly soluble in water (840). It is soluble in glycerin and in syrup. Insoluble in alcohol.
Action and Uses: Reagent.
Evidence of Deterioration: Soft, friable masses, or a powder.
Storage: In tight containers.
LINSEED OIL, oleum lini, U.S.P. (oil of flaxseed, raw linseed oil)
A yellowish-brown fixed oil.
Caution: Do not use “boiled” linseed oil.
Solubility: Miscible with ether, chloroform, petroleum benzin and oil of turpentine. Sp. Gr.: 6.930
Action and Uses: Externally as a protective emollient.
Preparations: Lime liniment, linimentum calcis, N.F. (carron oil). Equal volumes of linseed oil and solution of calcium hydroxide mixed by agitation. A water-in-oil emulsion.
Evidence of Deterioration: Hard, dry surface film.
Storage: In tight containers.
LITHIUM CITRATE, lithii citras, N.F.
A white, odorless powder.
Solubility: Soluble in water (1.4) ; very slightly in alcohol.
Action and Uses: The same as other alkaline citrates.
Dosage: 0.5 Gm. ■ n
Preparations: Effervescent salt of lithium citrate, sal hthu citratis eftervescens, M.f.
141
Lithium citrate, 50 Gm., sodium bicarbonate, 570 Gm., tartaric acid, 300 Gm., citric acid, 195 Gm.
Storage: In tight containers.
LIVER, hepar
The soluble thermostable fraction of mammalian livers which increases the number of red blood corpuscles in the blood of persons suffering from pernicious anemia, in the form of the preparations listed below.
Action and Uses: Used in the treatment of pernicious anemia.
Preparations: Extract of liver, extractum hepatis, U.S.P. (dry liver extract). Dose: One U.S.P. unit.
Liver injection, injectio hepatis, U.S.P. Dose: Intramuscular, 1 U.S.P. unit.
Solution of liver, liquor hepatis, U.S.P. (liquid extract of liver). Dose: One U.S.P. unit.
Storage: In well-closed containers, preferably at a temperature not above 20° C, and protected from light.
MAGNESIUM CARBONATE, magnesii carbonas, U.S.P. (hydrated magnesium carbonate) A white powder or white, friable blocks, equivalent to 40 to 43.5 percent MgO. It occurs in various densities, the light being used as a diffusing agent.
Solubility: Practically insoluble in water but imparts an alkaline reaction to it; insoluble in alcohol; soluble in dilute acids.
Incompatibilities: Acids decompose it.
Action and Uses: Internally, against gastric hyperacidity, and as a mild laxative; externally, as an absorbent dusting'powder. Used in syrup of tolu balsam and syrup of ginger as a diffusing agent; an ingredient of solution of magnesium citrate.
Dosage: Antacid, 0.6 Gm.; laxative, 8 Gm.
Storage: In well-closed containers.
MAGNESIUM OXIDE, magnesii oxidum, U.S.P. (magnesia, light magnesia, light calcined magnesia, magnesia usta)
A light, white powder.
Solubility: Practically insoluble in water and in alcohol. It forms a gel with 15 parts of water. It dissolves in dilute acids.
Action and Uses: Antacid and laxative, in powders.
Dosage: Antacid, 0.25 Gm.; laxative, 4 Gm.
Evidence of Deterioration: Effervesces with acids due to absorption of carbon dioxide from the air.
Storage: In well-closed containers.
MAGNESIUM OXIDE, HEAVY, magnesii oxidum ponderosum, U.S.P. (heavy calcined magnesia, heavy magnesia) A dense, white powder.
Solubility: Practically insoluble in water and alcohol. Soluble in dilute acids.
Action and Uses: Antacid and laxative, in powders or in liquid mixtures.
Dosage: Antacid, 0.25 Gm;, laxative, 4 Gm.
Storage: In well-closed containers.
MAGNESIUM SULFATE, magnesii sulfas, U.S.P. (epsom salt)
Small colorless crystals.
Solubility: Soluble in water (1) ; practically insoluble in alcohol; slowly in glycerin (1), with the aid of gentle heat.
Incompatibilities: Alcohol will precipitate it from concentrated aqueous solutions. Action and Uses: In solution, by mouth as saline cathartic; intravenously and intramuscularly in tetanus and uremia as an anticonvulsant; and as a local application in inflammatory conditions.
Dosage: 15 Gm. as a cathartic. In convulsive states, intramuscularly, 0.6 cc. of a 25 percent solution for each kilogram (2.2 pounds) of body weight, six times daily.
Preparations: Ampuls of magnesium sulfate, ampullae magnesii sulfatis, N.F.
Effervescent salt of magnesium sulfate, sal magnesii sulfatis effervescens, N.F. magnesium sulfate, 500 Gm., sodium bicarbonate, 403 Gm., tartaric acid, 211 Gm., citric acid, 136 Gm.
Evidence of Deterioration: Efflorescence.
Storage: In well-closed containers.
MAPHARSEN, N.N.R.
A white, amorphous, odorless powder. An organic compound containing trivalent arsenic.
142
Solubility: Soluble in water and in alcohol.
Action and Uses: Antiluetic.
Dosage: Intravenous, 0.04 Gm. (women), 0.06 Gm. (men)
Preparations: Ampuls, 0.04 and 0.06 Gm.
Storage: In a cool place, preferably not above 20° G., in hermetic containers of colorless glass from which the air has been excluded either by the production of a vacuum or by displacement with a non-oxidizing gas.
MENADIONE, menadionum, U.S.P.
A bright yellow, crystalline powder; an analogue of vitamin K. It is affected by sunlight. t .
Caution: It is irritating to the respiratory tract and to the skin, and in alcoholic solution has vesicant properties.
Solubility: Practically insoluble in water; soluble in alcohol (60) ; soluble in vegetable oils.
Action and Uses: Used in vitamin K deficiency.
Dosage: 1 mg.
Preparations: Menadione tablets, tabellae menadioni, U.S.P. Dose: 1 mg.
Storage: In well-closed, light-resistant containers.
MENTHOL, menthol, U.S.P. . .
Volatile, colorless crystals or crystalline powder having a peppermint-hke odor, Solubility: Slightly soluble in water; very soluble in alcohol, in chloroform, in ether, and in petroleum benzin. Freely soluble in liquid petrolatum and in fixed and volatile oils.
Incompatibilities: It liquefies when triturated with camphor, chloral hydrate, phenol or thymol. ' _ . ...
Action and Uses: Used locally as a counterirritant and analgesic, particularly m liniments; rarely, internally as a carminative; commonly in solution in oil as nasal spray or drops (0.060 Gm. to 0.400 Gm. per 30 cc.).
Dosage: 0.060 Gm.
Preparations: Camphorated menthol, menthol camphoratum, N.F. Mix equal quantities of menthol and camphor and warm the mixture until solution is effected. Compound menthol spray, nebula mentholis composita, N.F. Dissolve 10 Gm. of menthol, 10 Gm. of camphor, 5 cc. of methyl salicylate, and 5 cc. of eucalyptol in light liquid petrolatum to make 1000 cc.
Compound menthol ointment, unguentum mentholis compositum, N.F. Dissolve 10 Gm. of menthol in 10 Gm. of methyl salicylate and mix the solution with the base made by melting 5 Gm. of white wax and 75 Gm. of hydrous wool fat.
Storage: In tight containers, preferably at a temperature below 30° C.
MERBROMIN, merbrominum, N.F. .
Iridescent, green scales or granules. An organic compound of mercury. It is odorless, and is permanent in the air.
Solubility: Freely soluble in water, practically insoluble in alcohol and in acetone, and insoluble in chloroform and in ether.
Incompatibilities: Acids decompose it.
Action and Uses: A moderately active antiseptic used in varying strengths of solutions and tinctures. .
Preparations: Solution of merbromin, Liquor merbromini, N.F. Merbromin, 20 Gm., distilled Water, sufficient to make 1000 cc. ...............
Surgical solution of merbromin, liquor merbromini chirurgicalis, N.F. Dissolve 20 Gm. of merbromin in 350 cc. of distilled water. Add 100 cc. of acetone aqd sufficient alcohol to make 1000 cc.
Storage: In tight containers.
MERCRESIN . , , . , , j i. ■ i
A solution of orthohydroxyphenylmercuric chloride and secondary amyltricresols in an alcohol-acetone base. . . _
Action and Uses: Antiseptic and germicide for topical application.
Dosage: The tinctures are used undiluted for application to intact skin; for other uses, dilutions of the tinctures are used.
Preparations: Tincture mercresin, tincture mercresin stainless.
Storage: In tight containers.
MERCURIC CYANIDE, hydrargyri cyanidum, N.N.R.
Colorless crystals or a white powder. It darkens on exposure to light.
Caution: It is a violent poison.
143
Solubility: Soluble in water (13) and in alcohol (13).
Action and Uses: Antiseptic, formerly also used as an antisyphilitic.
Dosage: 4 mg. For application to mucous surfaces, 1-4000 to 1-2000 aqueous solutions.
Evidence of Deterioration: A darkened product.
Storage: In tight, light-resistant containers.
MERCURIC IODIDE, RED, hydrargyri iodidum rubrum, N.F. (biniodide of mercury, deutoiodide of mercury).
A scarlet-red, odorless, nearly tasteless powder.
Caution: Very poisonous. Very irritating to mucous surfaces and the skin. It should not be dispensed undissolved in liquid preparations.
Solubility: Practically insoluble in water; slightly soluble in alcohol (115); readily soluble in solution of iodides.
Incompatibilities: Alkaloids may be precipitated by its solution.
Action and Uses: Dissolved in a solution of either potassium or sodium iodide, it was formerly used as an antiseptic, germicide and antisyphilitic. Applied in an ointment or as a powder, it is a vesicant.
Dosage: 4 mg.
Preparations: Tablets of red mercuric iodide, tabellae hydrargyri iodide rubri, N.F. Solution of arsenic and mercuric iodides, liquor arseni et hydrargyri iodidorum, N.F. (Donovan’s solution) Dose: 0.1 cc.
Evidence of Deteriora.tion: Discoloration by action of light.
Storage: In well-closed containers, protected from light.
MERCURIC OXIDE, YELLOW, hydrargyri oxidum flavum, U.S.P. (yellow precipitate) An orange-yellow, heavy, odorless powder.
Solubility: Insoluble in water and in alcohol.
Incompatibilities: Iron utensils react with it, causing discoloration.
Action and Uses: Antiseptic, usually in the form of an ointment for ophthalmic use. Preparations: Yellow mercuric oxide ointment, unguentum hydrargyri oxidi flavi, U.S.P. 1 Gm. of yellow mercuric oxide is levigated with 1 Gm. of liquid petrolatum and incorporated with 98 Gm. of yellow ointment.
Oleate of mercury, oleatum hydrargyri, U.S.P. Mix 25 Gm. of yellow mercuric oxide with 75 Gm. of oleic acid, warm the mixture to a temperature not above 50° C., stirring until the mercuric oxide is dissolved.
Evidence of Deterioration: Darkening usually caused by exposure to strong light.
Storage: In well-closed, light-resistant containers.
MERCURIC OXYCYANIDE, hydrargyri oxycyanidum, N.N.R.
White crystals or a crystalline powder. It contains about 33 percent mercuric oxycyanide and 67 percent mercuric cyanide.
Caution: It is a violent poison.
Solubility: In water (80).
Action and Uses: Antiseptic, formerly also used as an antisyphilitic.
Dosage: 4 mg. For application to mucous surfaces, 1:4000 to 1:2000 aqueous solutions.
Evidence of Deterioration: A darkened product.
Storage: In tight, light-resistant containers.
MERCURIC SALICYLATE, hydratgyri salicylas, U.S.P.
A white, or slightly yellow or slightly pink powder. It is affected by light.
Solubility: Practically insoluble in water and in alcohol.
Action and Uses: Formerly widely used as an antisyphilitic, but Hg is being supplanted by Bi for this purpose.
Dosage: Intramuscular, in oil, 60 mg.
Preparations: Mercuric salicylate injection, injectio hydrargyri salicylatis, U.S.P. Dose: 0.1 Gm.
Evidence of Deterioration: A darkened product.
Storage: In well-closed, light-resistant containers.
MERCURIC SUCCINIMIDE, hydrargyri succinimidum, U.S.P.
Small, white crystals or white powder. It is stable in air but darkens on exposure to light.
Solubility: Soluble in water (20) ; slightly soluble in alcohol.
Action and Uses: Formerly widely used as an antisyphilitic, but Hg is being supplanted by Bi for this purpose.
Dosage: Intramuscular, 15 mg.
144
Preparations: Ampuls of mercuric succinimide, ampullae hydrargyri succinimidi, N.F. Dose: 10 mg.
Evidence of Deterioration: A darkened product.
Storage: In well-closed, light-resistant containers.
MERCUROUS CHLORIDE, MILD, hydrargyri chloridum mite, U.S.P. (calomel, subchloride of mercury).
A heavy, white, odorless powder.
Solubility: Insoluble in all of the pharmaceutical solvents.
Incompatibilities: Alkalies, soluble bromides, and iodides react with it. .
Action and Uses: A slow, fairly powerful and relatively nonirritant cathartic, but this use is declining. Danger of salivation if taken continuously. Usually dispensed in dry forms such as tablets, pills, and capsules. Employed in dusting powders and in lotions. Dispensed in ointments for venereal prophylaxis.
Dosage: 0.12 Gm., usually in divided doses of 0.006 to 0.015 Gm.
Preparations: Compound pills of mild mercurous chloride, pilulae hydrargyri chloridi mitis compositae, N.F. (compound cathartic pills). Each pill contains mild .mercurous chloride, 0.06 Gm., compound extract of colocynth, 0.08 Gm., resin of jalap, 0.02 Gm., gamboge, 0.015 Gm. The excipient is diluted alcohol.
Tablets of mild mercurous chloride, tabellae hydrargyri chloridi mitis, N.F. (calomel tablets). . , . , , ,, , ,
Tablets of mild mercurous chloride and sodium bicarbonate, tabellae nyarargyri chloridi mitis et sodii bicarbonatis, N.F. (calomel and soda). Ointment of mild mercurous chloride, unguentum hydrargyri chloridi mitis, N. F. (calomel ointment). Mild mercurous chloride, 30 Gm., hydrous wool fat, 35 Gm., white petrolatum, 35 Gm. . , ,
Evidence of Deterioration: Grayish discoloration. Container should be dated and the product in it should be discarded after three years’ storage.
Storage: In well-closed, light-resistant containers.
MERCURY BICHLORIDE, hydrargyri bichloridum, U.S.P. (corrosive sublimate)
Heavy, odorless crystals or a crystalline powder.
Caution: Very poisonous: concentrated solutions are caustic. , /ocx
Solubility: Slowly in water (13.5), in alcohol (3.8), in glycerin (12), in ether (25).
Readily dissolved in boiling water. Ammonium chloride, sodium chloride, and citric acid aid in dissolving it. K .
Incompatibilities: Alkalies, calcium hydroxide, soap, lead acetate, and many organic compounds cause precipitation. , ... .
Action and Uses: Chiefly as a germicide and antiseptic; also as an antisyphilitic agent. Rarely used except in dilute solution. ______ x .
Dosage: 4 mg. As an antiseptic, solution 1:20,000 to 1:2000. As a disinfectant of clothing, solution 1:1000. „ . .
Preparations: Large poison tablets of mercury bichloride, toxitabellae hydrargyri bichloridi magnae, U.S.P. Each tablet contains about 0.5 Gm. Added to a pint of water it makes a 1:1000 solution. . , ,, , , . ,.
Small poison tablets of mercury bichloride, toxitabellae hydrargyri bichloridi parvae, U.S.P. Each tablet contains about 0.125 Gm. Added to a pint of water it makes a 1:4000 solution.
Storage: In well-closed containers.
MERCURY, hydrargyrum, U.S.P.
A shining, silvery, odorless metal, liquid at ordinary temperatures.
Solubility: Insoluble in ordinary solvents.
Action and Uses: In ointment form, it was formerly used by inunction in the ment of syphilis. -----
Preparations: --------, ' 'nncTS
38 percent metallic mercury. Dose: 0.25 Gm. ______ _
treat-
^PMercury with chalk, hydrargyri cum creta, U.S.P. Contains about
40 percent iiicidiiiL uici^uxy. ~— ”**" . , TT /-< . • l *
Strong mercurial ointment, unguentum hydrargyri forte, U.S.P. Contains about 50 percent metallic mercury subdivided with oleate of mercury, 2 percent, in a base of wool fat, 30 percent, white wax, 5 percent, and white petrolatum, 13
Mildnmercurial ointment, unguentum hydrargyri mite, U.S.P. (blue ointment, blue butter). Contains about 10 percent metallic mercury. Prepared by diluting strong mercurial ointment, 20 percent, with white ointment, 80 percent.
Storage: In strong, tight containers.
145
MERSALYL AND THEOPHYLLINE INJECTION, mersalylis et theophyllinae, injectio, U.S.P. A sterile solution of approximately 10 parts by weight of mersalyl and 5 parts by weight of theophylline in water for injection.
Action and Uses: Diuretic.
Dosage: Intramuscular or intravenous in an amount equivalent to mersalyl, 0.2 Gm. and theophylline, 0.1 Gm.
Storage: In hermetic containers.
MERTHIOLATE, N.N.R.
A light, cream-colored, nonhygroscopic, crystalline powder stable in air but unstable in sunlight, containing approximately 50 percent mercury in organic combination.
Solubility: Soluble in water (1) and in alcohol (8).
Action and Uses: Germicide and fungicide.
Dosage: For disinfection of instruments, 1:1000 aqueous solution; for application to intact skin, tincture, 1:1000; for application to wounds and denuded surfaces, aqueous solution, 1:1000; for application to mucous surfaces, 1:5000 to 1:30,000.
Preparations: Tincture merthiolate, 1:1000; merthiolate solution, 1:1000; merthio-late jelly, 1:1000.
Storage: In tight, light-resistant containers.
METAPHEN, N.N.R.
A yellow, odorless and tasteless substance containing approximately 56 percent mercury in organic combination.
Solubility: Insoluble in water, almost insoluble in methyl alcohol, acetone, and ether; soluble in dilute aqueous solutions of sodium hydroxide and ammonium hydroxide.
Action and Uses: Germicide and fungicide.
Dosage: For disinfection of instruments, aqueous solution, 1:5000 to 1:1000; for application to the skin, 1:5000 to 1:1000; for ophthalmological and urethral uses 1:10,000 to 1:5000.
Preparations: Solution metaphen, 1:500; tincture metaphen, 1:200.
Storage: In tight containers.
METHENAMINE, methenamina, U.S.P. (hexamethylenetetramine).
Colorless crystals or a white powder, nearly odorless and with a sweetish taste. Solubility: Soluble in water (1.5), and in alcohol (12.5).
Incompatibilities: Acids, ammonium salts, mercuric chloride, and tannin are incompatible with it.
Action and Uses: Urinary antiseptic through liberation of formaldehyde in the presence of acids. Sodium biphosphate is commonly given before it in order to render the urine acid. Less effective than the sulfonamides, its use is declining. Tablets of it are sometimes ignited and used as an emergency laboratory fuel in heating liquids in test tubes.
Dosage: 0.5 Gm. in solution.
Preparations: Methenamine tablets, tabellae methenaminae, U.S.P.
Storage: In well-closed containers.
METHYL SALICYLATE, methylis salicylas, U.S.P. (oil of gaultheria, oil of wintergreen, oil of sweet birch).
A colorless or amber liquid with a characteristic, wintergreen odor and taste. Solubility: Slightly soluble in water, soluble in alcohol and in 70 percent alcohol (7). Sp. Gr.: 1.18.
Action and Uses: A counterirritant, antirheumatic, internally and externally. Frequently included as an ingredient of liniments and inunctions; commonly used as a flavor.
Dosage: 0.75 cc.
Preparations: Wintergreen water, aqua gaultheriae, N.F. 5 cc. of methyl salicylate is dissolved in distilled water to make 1000 cc., employing the general process.
Storage: In tight containers.
METHYLROSANILINE CHLORIDE, methylrosanilinae chloridum, U.S.P.
(gentian violet, crystal violet, methyl violet)
Dark-green powder or pieces having a metallic luster.
Caution: Use great care in handling it; it stains most substances. In some cases the stains may be removed with acidified alcohol.
Solubility: Soluble in water (40), in alcohol (10), in glycerin (15). Insoluble in ether but soluble in chloroform.
Action and Uses: Antiseptic, in solution; anthelmintic, in enteric coated tablets or capsules.
Dosage: 0.06 Gm. A 1 percent solution is used topically.
146
Preparations: Solution of methylrosaniline chloride, liquor methylrosanilini chloridi, N.F. (solution of gentian violet, solution of crystal violet). Dissolve 1U Gm. o methylrosaniline chloride in 100 cc. of alcohol and enough water to make 100U cc.
Storage: In well-closed containers.
METHYLTHIONINE CHLORIDE, methylthioninae chloridum, U.S.P. (methylene blue) Dark green, odorless crystals or a crystalline powder, having a bronze-like luster. It is stable in air. Solutions of methylthionine chloride have a deep blue color.
Solubility: Soluble in water (25) and in alcohol (65). , , . . , . a
Action and Uses: Formerly used as a weak antiseptic and anthelmintic; now chiefly used as a reagent.
Dosage: 0.15 Gm.
Storage: In well-closed containers.
METRAZOL, N.N.R.
White crystals.
Solubility: Freely soluble in water. TT , . x c
Action and Uses: Respiratory stimulant and convulsant. Used in treatment of overdose of barbiturates. ,
Dosage: Intramuscular, subcutaneous, or intravenous, 0.1 to U.3 Gm., repeatea as
required; oral 0.1 to 0.3 Gm.
Preparations: Ampuls, 0.1 Gm.; tablets, 0.1 Gm.
Storage: In tight containers.
METYCAINE^ N.N.R.
A white, crystalline powder. ,
Solubility: Soluble in water (1) ; soluble m alcohol and chloroform.
Incompatibilities: Alkalies and iodine precipitate it.
Action and Uses: Local anesthetic.
Dosage: 0.5 to 10 percent aqueous solutions.
Storage: In well-closed containers.
MORPHINE SULFATE, morphinae sulfas, U.S.P.
White, odorless crystals or masses.
Caution: Potent narcotic. Guard it properly. , , T i ui • m
Solubility: Soluble in water (16), slightly in alcohol (570). Insoluble in ether and
It depresses the brain, causing analgesia and hypnosis, relieving cough, and lessening bowel movements. Almost inactive locally. Commonly available in hypodermic tablets. Danger of addiction.
PrVpaVatio1^:"1 Tablets of morphine and atropine sulfates, . tabellae morphinae et atropinae sulfatum, N.F. Morphine sulfate, 15 mg atropine sulfate 0.4 mg.
Tablets of morphine sulfate, tabellae morphinae sulfatis, U.S.P. 10 mg., 15 mg., 30 mg.
Storage: In tight, light-resistant containers.
MYRRH, myrrha, U.S.P. (gum myrrh)
Solubility^ incompletely soluble in alcohol. It forms an emulsion when triturated with water. * . _ . , , . ,
Action and Uses: Carminative and protective. Little used today
Preparations: Tincture of myrrh, tinctura myrrhae, U.S.P. A 2U percent tinctu prepared by maceration, using alcohol as the solvent. Dose: 2 cc.
Storage: In well-closed containers.
^^^ellmv^od^odess^owdm^readily^oxHiied’by exposure to air. An organic trivalent CautbnT^olSfoi^of it must be freshly prepared and should not be agitated in the SolubHityT Very soluble in water; soluble in glycerin; slightly soluble in alcohol. Action and Uses: A specific remedy for syphilis.
n Intravenous 0 45 Gm., dissolved m cold water.
X’«. rf dXiorm’ton: Darkening It is not safe to use itmore than three years from the date of original release by the National Institute of Heal •
StomZ In a cool placl, in sealed tubes from which the air has been excluded.
147
mem-
NEOSTIGMINE BROMIDE, neostigminae bromidum, U.S.P.
A white, crystalline powder having a bitter taste
Solubility: Soluble in water and in alcohol.
Action and Uses: Used in the oral treatment of myasthenia gravis Dosage: Oral, 15 mg.
Preparations: Neostigmine bromide tablets, tabellae neostigminae bromidi, U.S.P. 15
Storage: In tight containers.
NEOST|GM1NE METHyLSULFATE, neostigminae methylsulf as, U.S.P.
_ II YhltekcyyIst,alline’ odorless powder having a bitter taste.
Solubility: Soluble in water (10) ; less soluble in alcohol.
asthen"! glavis. P°StOperative distention, and for the treatment of my-
Dosage: Subcutaneous or intramuscular, 0.5 mg.
Preparations: Neostigmine methylsulfate injection, injectio neostigminae methylsulfatis,
Storage: In tight containers.
NEO-SYNEPHRINE HYDROCHLORIDE, N.N.R.
White, odorless crystals, having a bitier taste. Chemically related to ephedrine. Solubility: Freely soluble in water and in alcohol.
Incompatibilities: Alkalies and iodine precipitate it. Metals discolor its solutions.
Action and Uses: Vasoconstrictor, used especially locally on the nasal mucous brane.
Dosage: 5 mg. For local application, 0.25 to 1 percent aqueous solutions’ Storage: In well-closed containers.
NICOTINAMIDE, nicotinamidum, U.S.P. (nicotinic acid amide, niacinamide) c i k-r?ltec CinLSita -me P°wd,e,r’ odorless or nearly so, and having a bitter taste.
Solubility: Soluble in water (1), in alcohol (1.5), and in glycerin (10).
Action and Uses: Antipellagric.
Dosage: 25 mg.
Preparations: Nicotinamide tablets, tabellae nicotinamidi, U.S.P., 25 mg. and 50 mg
Storage: In tight containers. s‘
NICOTINIC ACID, acidurn nicotinicum, U.S.P. (niacin)
White crystals or a crystalline powder. A vitamin of the B group.
Solubility: Soluble in water (60).
Action and Uses. Antipellagric.
Dosage: 25 mg.
Preparations: Nicotinic acid tablets, tabellae acidi nicotinici, U.S.P. Dose- 25 mg Storage: In well-closed containers.
NIKETHAMIDE, N.N.R.
A clear, colorless, to pale yellow, somewhat viscous liquid, having a slight characteristic, aromatic odor and a peculiar, bitter taste.
Action and Uses: Respiratory stimulant and convulsant.
Dosage: Intravenous, 3 to 5 cc. of a 25 percent solution; rarely used orally.
Storage: In tight containers.
NITRIC ACID, acidurn nitricum, U.S.P.
A colorless, fuming liquid, very caustic and corrosive and having ft characteristic highly irritating odor. It contains about 69 percent HNO3.
Caution: Destructive to living tissues and to fabrics and should be handled with extreme caution.
Solubility: Miscible with water.
Sp. Gr.: 1.41. Boils: 120° C.
Incompatibilities: In addition to the incompatibilities common to most acids, it acts on many metals with the evolution of brownish-red fumes.
Action and Uses: Caustic, corrosive and escharotic; in diluted form, an astringent. Used for cauterization of certain wounds.
Preparations: Nitrohydrochloric acid, acidurn nitrohydrochloricum, N.F. (aqua regia, nitromuriatic acid).
A concentrated aqueous solution containing hydrochloric acid, nitric acid, nitrosvl chloride, and chlorine.
Mix 20 cc. of nitric acid with 80 cc. of hydrochloric acid in a suitable vessel and let stand, loosely-stoppered, for 15 hours or until the gas ceases to evolve Dose-0.2 cc.
148
Diluted nitrohydrochloric acid, acidum nitrohydrochloricum dilutum, N.F. Prepared by mixing 22 cc. of nitrohydrochloric acid with distilled water to make 100 cc. Dose: 1 cc.
Note. Do .not dispense either nitrohydrochloric acid or diluted nitrohydrochloric acid if iodine is not immediately liberated when one drop of the acid is added to 1 cc. of an aqueous solution of potassium iodide (1-5). Evidence of Deterioration: On exposure to light, especially in partly-filled containers, it becomes yellowish-brown due to the formation of nitrogen oxides.
Storage: In tight containers.
NORMAL HUMAN SERUM, serum humanum normale, U.S.P. (human serum)
The serum of pooled human blood in liquid or dried state.
Action and Uses: Used in surgical and traumatic shock, in the treatment of burns, and in hemorrhage.
Dosage: Intravenous, 500 cc.
Storage: In hermetic containers. The liquid serum should be kept at a temperature between 2° and 10° C.; the dried serum must not be exposed to excessive heat.
NUPERCAINE HYDROCHLORIDE, N.N.R.
A fine, white, crystalline, odorless, hygroscopic powder.
Solubility: Very soluble in water, freely soluble in alcohol.
Incompatibilities: Alkalies precipitate it.
Action and Uses: A local anesthetic similar to cocaine when applied to mucous surfaces and to procaine or cocaine when injected, the action being relatively prolonged. It is used for local infiltration, spinal, and sacral anesthesia.
Dosage: For infiltration anesthesia, solution 1:2000 to 1:1000 (not more than 100 cc. of a 1:1000 solution should be injected.)
Preparations: Ampuls, 1:200, 1:1000, 1:1500; solution, 2 percent; tablets, 50 mg. Storage: In tight containers.
NUX VOMICA, nux vomica, U.S.P.
Seeds yielding not less than 1.15 percent of strychnine.
Incompatibilities: Same as strychnine.
Action and Uses: A bitter to stimulate appetite. Its use is declining.
Dosage: 0.1 Gm. # .
Preparations: Extract of nux vomica, extr actum nucis vomicae, N.r. (extractum strychni, P.I.) 7.5 percent strychnine. Dose: 15 mg.
Fluidextract of nux vomica, fluidextractum nucis vomicae, N.F. 1.15 percent strychnine. Dose: 0.1 cc. _ . .
Tincture of nux vomica, tinctura nucis vomicae, U.S.P. strychni, P.I.)
0.115 percent strychnine. Dose: 1 cc.
Storage: In well-closed containers.
OIL OF ANISE, oleum anisi, U.S.P.
A colorless or pale yellow volatile oil from anise. . _
Caution: If solid material has separated, carefully warm the mixture until j,t is completely liquefied and mix it thoroughly.
Solubility: Soluble in alcohol (3).
Congeals: 15° G. .
Action and Uses: Aromatic carminative and flavor.
Preparations: Anise water, aqua anisi, U.S.P. A saturated aqueous solution prepared by the general process. Dose: 15 cc. . .
Spirit of anise, spiritus anisi, U.S.P. A 10 percent solution of oil of anise in alcohol.
Dose: 1 cc., diluted.
Storage: In well-filled, tight containers away from excessive heat.
OIL OF CHENOPODIUM, oleum chenopodii, U.S.P.
A pale yellow volatile oil.
Solubility: Soluble in 70 percent alcohol (8).
Action and Uses: Anthelmintic, especially for roundworms and hookworms.
Dosage: Caution. As an anthelmintic for adults, single dose 1 cc
Preparations: Oil of chenopodium capsules, capsulae olei chenopodii, U.S.P., 1 cc.
Storage: In tight containers, away from excessive heat.
.OIL OF CINNAMON, oleum cinnamomi, U.S.P. (oil of Cassia)
A yellowish-brown volatile oil.
Solubility: Soluble in alcohol (1) and in 70 percent alcohol (2).
Action and Uses: Aromatic flavor. . ,
Preparations: Cinnamon water, aqua cinnamomi, U.S.P. A saturated aqueous solution prepared by the general process. Dose: 15 cc.
149
Spirit of cinnamon, spiritus cinnamomi, U.S.P. A 10 percent alcoholic solution of oil of cinnamon. Dose: 1 cc.
Syrup of cinnamon, syrupus cinnamomi, N.F. Prepared by mixing 0.5 cc. of oil of cinnamon with 60 cc. of compound tincture of cudbear and enough syrup to make 1000 cc.
Evidence of Deterioration: Darkening and thickening.
Storage: In well-filled, tight containers, away from excessive heat.
OIL OF CORIANDER, oleum coriandri, U.S.P.
A colorless or pale yellow volatile oil, Solubility: Soluble in 70 percent alcohol (3). Action and Uses: Formerly used as an aromatic carminative. Storage: In well-filled, tight containers, away from excessive heat.
OIL OF JUNIPER, oleum juniperi, U.S.P.
A colorless or faintly greenish-yellow volatile oil.
Solubility: Soluble in alcohol (4).
Action and Uses: Once used as an irritant diuretic. Now discredited. A flavor. Storage: In well-filled, tight containers, away from excessive heat.
OIL OF LEMON, oleum limor^is, U.S.P.
A yellowish volatile oil.
Solubility: Soluble in alcohol (3).
Action and Uses: Flavor.
Evidence of Deterioration: A terebinthinate odor.
Storage: In well-filled, tight containers, away from excessive heat.
OIL OF ORANGE, oleum aurantii, U.S.P. (oil of sweet orange)
A yellow or orange volatile oil from the fresh peel of the ripe fruit.
Solubility: Soluble in alcohol (2).
Action and Uses: Aromatic flavor.
Preparations: Compound spirit of orange, spiritus aurantii compositus, U.S.P. It is prepared by dissolving 200 cc. of oil of orange, 50 cc. of oil of lemon, 20 cc. of oil of coriander, and 5 cc. of oil of anise, in enough alcohol to make 1000 cc.
Evidence of Deterioration: A terebinthinate odor.
Storage: In well-filled, tight containers, away from excessive heat.
OIL OF PEPPERMINT, oleum menthae piperitae, U.S.P.
A colorless volatile oil.
Solubility: Soluble in 70 percent alcohol (4).
Action and Uses: Aromatic carminative and flavor.
Preparations: Peppermint water, aqua menthae piperitae, U.S.P. A saturated aqueous solution of oil of peppermint prepared by the general process. Dose: 15 cc.
Spirit of Peppermint, spiritus menthae piperitae, U.S.P. (essence of peppermint). Dose: *1 cc.
10 Gm. of peppermint leaves are macerated for 1 hour in 500 cc. of water and then expressed. The moist leaves are macerated for 6 hours in 900 cc. of alcohol and then the mixture is filtered. 100 cc. of oil of peppermint is added to the filtrate and enough alcohol to make 1000 cc.
Storage: In tight containers.
OIL OF SANTAL, oleum santali, N.F.
A pale yellow, somewhat viscid volatile oil.
Solubility: Soluble in 70 percent alcohol (5).
Action and Uses: Urinary antiseptic. Formerly used in the treatment of gonorrhea. Dosage: 0.5 cc., usually in capsules.
Storage: In tight containers, protected from light.
OIL OF TURPENTINE, oleum terebinthinae, U.S.P. (spirits of turpentine)
A colorless volatile oil.
Solubility: Soluble in alcohol (5).
Action and Uses: Rubefacient and counterirritant when applied to the skin. Formerly used internally, but now considered too toxic.
Preparations: Rectified oil of turpentine, oleum terebinthinae rectificatum. Prepared by distilling a mixture of equal volumes of oil of turpentine and 5 percent aqueous solution of sodium hydroxide. The oil is separated from the water in the distillate and is dried by agitating it with anhydrous calcium chloride. Dose: 0.3 cc.
Acetic turpentine liniment, linimentum terebinthinae aceticum, N.F. (Stoke’s
150
liniment). Triturate 400 cc. of oil of turpentine and 16 cc. of oil of lemon with the contents of two eggs and the yolks of two others. Add 80 cc. of acetic acid and 400 cc. of water. Mix thoroughly and add enough water to make 1000 cc. Emulsion of oil of turpentine, emulsum olei terebinthinae, U.S.P. Place 5 Gm. of powdered acacia in a dry bottle, add 15 cc. of oil of turpentine, mix thoroughly, add exactly 10 cc. of distilled water, and agitate the mixture briskly until an emulsion forms. Then gradually add enough distilled water to make 100 cc. Dose: 2 cc.
Evidence of Deterioration: Turbidity.
Storage: In tight containers.
OLEIC ACID, acidum oleicum, U.S.P.
A pale yellow or brownish-yellow oily liquid, having a peculiar, lard-like odor and taste.
Solubility: Almost insoluble in water, but miscible in all proportions with alcohol, chloroform, ether, benzene and with fixed and volatile oils.
Sp. Gr.: 0.895. Does not congeal above 10° G.
Action and Uses: Reagent in the preparation of medicinal oleates or soaps.
Evidence of Deterioration: When exposed to air, it absorbs oxygen and darkens.
Storage: In tight containers.
OLEORESIN OF ASPIDIUM, oleoresina aspidii, U.S.P. (extract of male fern).
A dark green, thick liquid.
Caution: The crystalline deposit which is normally present must be thoroughly mixed with the liquid portion before use.
Solubility: Not less than 85 percent is soluble in purified benzin.
Sp. Gr.: Not less than 1.000.
Action and Uses: Teniacide.
Dosage: Caution! Single dose, once a day, 4 Gm., in capsules or in emulsions.
Storage: In well-closed containers.
OLEOVITAMIN A AND D, oleovitamina A et D, U.S.P.
A thin, oily liquid, which may have a fishy, but not rancid, odor and taste. Solubility: Insoluble in water; slightly soluble in alcohol.
Action and Uses: Used in vitamin A and D deficiencies.
Dosage: 8 CC. . .
Preparations: Concentrated Oleovitamin A and D Capsules, capsulae oleovitaminae A et D concentrata,\J.S.P. Dose: 1 capsule.
Evidence of Deterioration: A rancid product.
Storage: In tight containers.
OLIVE OIL, oleum olivae, U.S.P. (sweet oil).
A pale yellow or yellowish-green fixed oil.
Solubility: Miscible with ether and chloroform.
Sp. Gr.: 0.912. . . , , ,,
Action and Uses: Emollient, protective, laxative, and nutrient; stimulates the gall bladder. .
Evidence of Deterioration: Rancidity.
Storage: In tight containers.
OPIUM, opium, U.S.P. (gum opium) .
Dark brown masses of the dried juice of the opium poppy. It contains 9.5 percent of anhydrous morphine. . . , , , i i • • a
Action and Uses: Similar to morphine but is absorbed more slowly. It is ineffective for local external application. Danger of addiction.
Preparations: Powdered opium, opium pulveratum, U.S.P., 10 percent anhydrous morphine. „ , , ,
Tincture of opium, tinctura opii, U.S.P. (laudanum). 1 percent anhydrous morphine. Dose: 0.6 cc. ..
Camphorated tincture of opium, tinctura opii camphorata, U.S.P. (paregoric, tinctura opii benzoica, P.I.) 40 cc. of tincture of opium, 4 cc. of oil of anise 4 Gm. of benzoic acid, and 4 Gm. of camphor are dissolved in 900 cc. of diluted alcohol. 40 cc. of glycerin and enough diluted alcohol are added to make 1000 cc.
'I cc
Powder of ipecac and opium, pulvis ipecacuanhae et opii, N.F. (Dover’s powder). 10 Gm of powdered opium, 10 Gm. of ipecac and 80 Gm. of lactose are mixed and triturated until the product is a very fine powder. Dose: 0.3 Gm.
Storage: In well-closed containers.
151
ORTHOFORM, N.N.R.
A fine, white, crystalline powder.
Solubility: Almost insoluble in water; freely soluble in alcohol.
Action and Uses: Local anesthetic. Seldom used today.
Storage: In well-closed containers.
PAMAQUINE NAPHTHOATE, pamaquinae naphthoas, U.S.P. (aminoquin naphthoate) A yellow to orange yellow, odorless powder, tasteless, or nearly so, and having a local anesthetic effect when placed on the tongue.
Solubility: Insoluble in water; soluble in alcohol and in acetone.
Action and Uses: Antimalarial, less effective and more toxic than quinine and quinacrine.
Dosage: 20 mg.
Storage: In tight, light-resistant containers.
PANTOPON
A mixture of opium alkaloids in the proportions in which they occur in the crude drug. A yellowish-gray crystalline powder.
Solubility: Freely soluble in water.
Incompatibilities: Alkalies precipitate it.
Action and Uses: See opium.
Dosage: 3 to 20 mg.
Preparations: Tablets and ampuls.
Storage: In tight containers.
PARAFFIN, paraffinum, N.F.
A colorless or white, more or less translucent mass, showing a crystalline structure. It has no odor or taste, and is slightly greasy to the touch.
Solubility: Insoluble in water and in alcohol. Freely soluble in chloroform, ether, benzene, benzin, and fixed and volatile oils.
Melting Point: 47° to 65° C.
Action and Uses: An ingredient of pharmaceutical preparations.
Storage: In well-closed containers, at a temperature below 40° C.
PARALDEHYDE, paraldehydum, U.S.P. (paracetaldehyde)
A colorless liquid having a strong, characteristic odor and taste.
Solubility: Soluble in water (8). It is miscible with alcohol, chloroform, ether, and volatile oils.
Sp. Gr.: 0.990
Action and Uses: Prompt hypnotic and sedative.
Dosage: 4 cc. with ice-cold liquids to increase palatability.
Storage: In well-filled, tight, light-resistant containers at a temperature below 30° C.
PENICILLIN SODIUM
The sodium salt of a bactericidal and spirocheticidal substance produced during the growth of the mold penicillium notatum. The calcium salt is also used.
Description: Penicillin sodium is dispensed as a fine powder, and also as granules or scales. It may be white or naturally colored. It is readily soluble in water.
Action and Uses: A drug of low toxicity to the human body, it destroys or inhibits the growth of certain microorganisms and so shortens the disease in many staphylococcic and streptococcic infections, syphilis, gonorrhea, and in various other conditions such as pneumonia, osteomyelitis, and meningitis when these are caused by microorganisms susceptible to the drug.
Dosage: 100,000 Oxford units in 24 hours. The drug is given intravenously dissolved in physiological salt solution. For intramuscular administration the drug is dissolved in physiological salt solution, and a local anesthetic is often added. The drug may be used locally in the treatment of infected wounds, or in the irrigation of infected body cavities. The drug is too irritating for subcutaneous administration.
Storage: In hermetic glass containers at a temperature not above 10° C.
PENTOBARBITAL SODIUM, pentobarbitalum sodicum, U.S.P. (soluble pentobarbital) White, crystalline granules or a white powder.
Solubility: Very soluble in water; freely soluble in alcohol.
Incompatibilities: Acids decompose it, precipitating pentobarbital.
Action and Uses: Hypnotic and sedative.
Dosage: 0.1 Gm.
152
Preparations: Pentobarbital sodium capsules, capsulae pentobarbitali sodici, U.S.P. Dose: 0.1 Gm.
Pentobarbital sodium tablets, tabellae pentobarbitali sodici, U.S.P. Dose: 0.1 Gm. Storage: In tight containers.
PENTOTHAL SODIUM, N.N.R.
A yellowish-white, hygroscopic powder with a sulfur-like odor.
Solubility: Soluble in water and in alcohol, insoluble in absolute ether and in benzene. Incompatibilities: Acids decompose it.
Action and Uses: A powerful, brief acting barbiturate. It is used in intravenous injection to produce a general anesthesia of short duration.
Dosage: 2 to 3 cc. of a 5 percent solution, injected in about 10 or 15 seconds. This may be repeated.
Evidence of Deterioration: Aqueous solutions of pentothal sodium are not stable; on boiling the solution, a precipitation occurs.
Storage: In tight containers.
PERUVIAN BALSAM, balsamum Peruvianum, U.S.P. (balsam of Peru, Peru balsam) A dark brown, viscid liquid with an odor resembling vanilla, and having a bitter, acrid taste. It does not harden on exposure to air.
Solubility: Nearly insoluble in water. Soluble in alcohol and in chloroform with not more than an opalescence.
Sp. Gr.: 1.16.
Incompatibilities: Peruvian balsam frequently separates in ointments in which it has been incorporated unless it has been mixed with an equal quantity of castor oil or solid petroxolin and the mixture added as the final step in the preparation of the ointment.
Action and Uses: Used externally in the form of ointments or alcoholic solutions as a stimulant to indolent wounds and ulcers and in the treatment of scabies.
Storage: In tight containers, avoiding exposure to excessive heat.
PETROLATUM, petrolatum, U.S.P. (petroleum jelly, paraffinum molle)
A light amber, slightly fluorescent, unctuous, semisolid mixture of hydrocarbons. Solubility: Insoluble in water and in alcohol. A maximum of about 7 percent of an aqueous solution may be incorporated with it.
Melting Point: Between 38° and 60° C.
Incompatibilities: Peruvian balsam does not mix with it satisfactorily. A small quantity of alcohol, castor oil, or solid petroxolin will overcome the difficulty.
Action and Uses: Protective and emollient. Used commonly as the base of ointments. Preparations: Yellow ointment, unguentum flavum, U.S.P. 5 Gm. of wool fat, 5 Gm. of yellow wax and 90 Gm. of petrolatum, melted and mixed.
Storage: In well-closed containers.
PETROLATUM, LIQUID, petrolatum liquidum, U.S.P. (liquid paraffin, white mineral oil, heavy liquid petrolatum) '■
A colorless, odorless, tasteless, oily liquid.
Solubility: Insoluble in water and in alcohol. Miscible with fixed oils except castor oil. Sp. Gr.: 0.960 to 0.905. Viscosity: 38.1 centistokes at 37.8° G.
Action and Uses: Protective emollient, intestinal lubricant, laxative.
Dosage: 15 CC.
Preparations: Emulsion of liquid petrolatum, emulsum petrolati liquidi, U.S.P. (mineral oil emulsion). 500 cc. of liquid petrolatum is emulsified with 125 Gm. of powdered acacia, and 100 cc. of syrup is added. 0.04 Gm. of vanillin is dissolved in 60 cc. of alcohol and this solution, and enough water to make 1000 cc. are added. Dose: 30 cc.
Storage: In well-closed containers.
PETROLATUM, LIQUID, LIGHT, petrolatum liquidum leve, U.S.P. (light liquid paraffin, light white mineral oil).
A colorless, odorless, tasteless, oily liquid.
Solubility: Insoluble in water and in alcohol. Dissolves camphor, menthol, thymol and similar substances, but dissolves phenol only to a very slight extent.
Sp. Gr.: 0.828 to 0.880. Viscosity: 37 centistokes at 37.8° G.
Action and Uses: Emollient. A vehicle of nasal sprays.
Preparations: Aromatic spray, nebula aromatica, N.F. 2 Gm. of phenol, 2 Gm. of menthol, 1 Gm. of thymol, 3 Gm. of camphor, 3 Gm. of benzoic acid, 2 cc. of oil of cinnamon, 2 cc. of eucalyptol, 2 cc. of oil of clove and 5 cc. of methyl salicylate are dissolved in enough light liquid petrolatum to make 1000 cc. Liquid Petroxolin,
153
petroxolinum liquidum, N.F. Mix 580 cc. of light liquid petrolatum with 300 cc. of oleic acid and add 500 cc. of strong solution of ammonia previously mixed with 60 cc. of alcohol. Agitate the product until it is clear, warming if necessary. Finally add 5 cc. of oil of lavender and enough alcohol to make 1000 cc. Solid Petroxolin, petroxolinum spissum, N.F. Melt 35 Gm. of yellow wax with 20 Gm. of light liquid petrolatum on a water bath. Add 32 Gm. of oleic acid. When mixture is nearly congealed, add 5 cc. of alcohol and 6 cc. of stronger solution of ammonia, previously warmed. Finally incorporate 3 cc. of oil of lavender.
Storage: In well-closed containers.
PHENOBARBITAL, phenobarbitalum, U.S.P. (phenylethylmalonylurea)
Small, white crystals or powder.
Solubility: Slightly soluble in water (1000), soluble in alcohol (10).
Action and Uses: Hypnotic, sedative, anticonvulsant, used especially in epilepsy. Dosage: 0.03 Gm.
Preparations: Elixir of phenobarbital, elixir phenobarbitali, U.S.P. Dissolve 4 Gm. of phenobarbital in 175 cc. of alcohol, add 30 cc. of tincture of sweet orange peel, 100 cc. of glycerin, 10 cc. of solution of amaranth and enough distilled water to make 700 cc. Dissolve 400 Gm. of sucrose in this solution and add enough distilled water to make 1000 cc. Dose: 4 cc.
Tablets of phenobarbital, tabellae phenobarbitali, U.S.P. 0.015 Gm., 0.030 Gm., and 0.100 Gm., usually available.
Storage: In well-closed containers.
PHENOL, phenol, U.S.P. (Carbolic Acid)
Colorless or pinkish-white crystals or crystalline masses.
Caution: Avoid contact with the skin; it is caustic.
Solubility: Soluble in water (15); very soluble in aloohol, in glycerin and in fixed and volatile oils.
Incompatibilities: It separates from aqueous solutions of concentrations from about 5 to 90 percent; glycerin may be employed to prevent this separation.
Action and Uses: Antiseptic, germicide, caustic, local anesthetic and antipruritic. Not used internally.
Preparations: Phenolated water, aqua phenolata, N.F. (solutio phenoli, P.I.). 22 cc. of liquefied phenol is mixed with enough distilled water to make 1000 cc.
Glycerite of phenol, glyceritum phenolis, N.F. 20 cc. liquefied phenol is mixed with 79 cc. of glycerin. 1 Gm. of sodium citrate is dissolved in 1 cc. of hot distilled water and the solution added to the mixture.
Phenolated oil, oleum phenolatum, N.F. 5 Gm. of phenol is melted and dissolved in enough olive oil to make 100 cc.
Liquefied phenol, phenol liquefactum, U.S.P. Phenol is melted and for each 9 Gm. of it, 1 cc. of distilled water is added. The product is a clear liquid.
Phenol ointment, unguentum phenolis, U.S.P. (carbolic salve). 2 Gm. of phenol is incorporated with 98 Gm. of yellow ointment.
Storage: In tight, light-resistant containers.
PHENOLPHTHALEIN, phenolphthaleinum, U.S.P.
A white, odorless, tasteless powder.
Solubility: Insoluble in water; soluble in alcohol (15) and in ether (75). Incompatibilities: It is colored red by alkalies.
Action and Uses: Cathartic. In solution it is used as a chemical indicator and to color products such as magnesia magma.
Dosage: 0.060 Gm.
Preparations: Tablets of phenolphthalein, tabellae phenolphthaleini, N.F., 0.06 Gm. Storage: In well-closed containers.
PHENOLSULFONPHTHALEIN, phenolsulfonphthaleinum, U.S.P. (phenol red)
A red, crystalline powder.
Solubility: Slightly soluble in water (1300) and in alcohol (350).
Action and Uses: Used for determining the functional activity of the kidney.
Dosage: 0.006 Gm., intramuscularly or intravenously.
Preparations: Phenolsulfonphthalein injection, injectio phenolsulfonphthaleini, U.S.P. A sterile, isotonic solution of phenolsulfonphthalein dissolved with the aid of sodium bicarbonate or sodium hydroxide.
Storage: In well-closed containers.
PHENYL SALICYLATE, phenylis salicylas, U.S.P. (Salol)
A white, crystalline powder, having a characteristic odor and taste.
154
Solubility: Very slightly soluble in water (6700) ; in alcohol (6). It is very soluble in chloroform, in ether, and in fixed and volatile oils.
Melting Point: 42° C.
Action and Uses: Formerly used as an antipyretic and antiseptic.
Dosage: 0.3 Gm.
Preparations: Tablets of phenyl salicylate, tabellae phenylis salicylatis, N.F. Dose: 0.3 Gm.
Storage: In tight containers, at a temperature not above 35° C.
PHOSPHORIC ACID, acidum phosphoricum, U.S.P.
A colorless, odorless, syrupy liquid containing about 86.5 percent H3PO4.
Solubility: Miscible with water and with alcohol.
Sp. Gr.: 1.71
Incompatibilities: It has the usual incompatibilities of strong acids. Soluble salts of calcium, lead, silver and ferric iron are precipitated by it.
Action and Uses: In the diluted form, as an acidulous flavor.
Preparations: Diluted phosphoric acid, acidum phosphoricum dilutum, U.S.P. Prepared by diluting 69 cc. of phosphoric acid with sufficient distilled water to make 1000 cc.
Dose: 1 CC.
Storage: In tight containers.
PHYSOSTIGMINE SALICYLATE, physostigminae salicylas, U.S.P. (eserine salicylate) White or faintly yellow, shining, odorless crystals. It acquires a red tint when long exposed to light and air.
Caution: It is extremely poisonous.
Solubility: Soluble in water (75), in alcohol (16), in chloroform (6), and in ether
(250). . . .
Incompatibilities: Alkalies and iodme precipitate it.
Action and Uses: It is used as a miotic, in the treatment of abdominal distention, and in myasthenia gravis.
Dosage: 2 mg.; for the eye, 0.1 to 1 percent solutions.
Evidence of Deterioration: A product having a color darker than a faint yellow.
Storage: In tight, light-resistant containers, which hold not more than 1 Gm.
PILOCARPINE HYDROCHLORIDE, pilocarpinae hydrochloridum, N.F.
Colorless, translucent, hygroscopic crystals.
Solubility: Soluble in water (0.3) and in alcohol (3).
Incompatibilities: Alkalies and iodine precipitate it.
Action and Uses: Parasympathomimetic drug, formerly employed to stimulate sweating but not used for this purpose in modern medicine. Dilute solutions applied to eye cause miosis.
Dosage: 5 mg; 0.5—1.0 percent solution in eye.
Storage: In tight containers, protected from light.
PINE TAR, pix pini, U.S.P. (pix liquida)
A viscid, brownish-black liquid.
Solubility: Slightly soluble in water; soluble in alcohol.
Action and Uses: Antiseptic used in chronic diseases of the skin, usually in the form of an ointment. Internally it was formerly used as an irritant expectorant.
Preparations: Pine tar ointment, unguentum picis pini, U.S.P. Equal parts of pine tar and yellow ointment.
Storage: In well-closed containers.
PITRESSIN, N.N.R. ..........................
An aqueous solution which contains the pressor and diuretic-antidiuretic principle of the posterior lobe of the pituitary gland.
Action and Uses: Used to increase muscular activity of the bladder and intestinal tract, and to produce antidiuretic effect in diabetes insipidus.
Dosage: Intramuscular or subcutaneous, 0.3 to 1 cc.
Preparations: Ampuls.
Storage: In hermetic containers.
PLAGUE BACILLUS VACCINE, N.N.R.
A vaccine prepared from killed Pasteurella pestis.
Action and Uses: Used in the prevention of plague.
Dosage: Ordinarily administered subcutaneously in two doses containing 1,000 million and 2,000 miliron killed bacilli, respectively.
Storage: In hermetic containers, at a temperature between 2° and 10° C.
155
POISON IVY EXTRACT, N.N.R.
A solution of a resin extracted from the fresh leaves of poison ivy.
Action and Uses: Used for prevention or treatment of the symptoms of the dermatitis produced through contact with poison ivy.
Dosage: Intramuscular, 0.5 to 1 cc.
Storage: In hermetic containers.
POISON OAK EXTRACT, N.N.R.
A solution of a resin extracted from the leaves of poison oak.
Action and Uses: Used for the prevention and treatment of the symptoms of the dermatitis produced through contact with poison oak.
Dosage: Intramuscular, 0.7 to 1 cc.
Storage: In hermetic containers.
POSTERIOR PITUITARY INJECTION, injectio pituitarii posterioris, U.S.P.
(Solution of posterior pituitary, solution of pituitary)
A clear or only faintly opalescent liquid, colorless, or nearly so, and having a faint, characteristic odor.
Action and Uses: Used to contract smooth muscle, as in postpartum hemorrhage, and in postoperative distention.
Dosage: Intramuscular, 1 cc.
Storage: In hermetic containers, protected from light.
POTASSIUM ACETATE, potassii acetas, U.S.P.
Colorless, monoclinic crystals or a white, crystalline powder. It is deliquescent on exposure to moist air.
Solubility: Soluble in water (0.5) and in alcohol (3).
Action and Uses: Systemic alkali and diuretic.
Dosage: 1 Gm.
Evidence of Deterioration: A deliquesced product.
Storage: In tight containers. '
POTASSIUM BICARBONATE, potassii bicarbonas, U.S.P.
Colorless, transparent, monoclinic prisms or a white, granular powder.
It is stable in air.
Solubility: Soluble in water (2.8) ; almost insoluble in alcohol.
Incompatibilities: Acids decompose it with evolution of carbon dioxide.
Action and Uses: Antacid reagent.
Dosage: 1 Gm.
Storage: In well-closed containers.
POTASSIUM BROMIDE, potassii bromidum, U.S.P.
White, odorless, cubical crystals or a granular powder. It is stable in air.
Solubility: Soluble in water (1.5), in alcohol (250), and in glycerin (5).
Action and Uses: Sedative.
Dosage: 1 Gm.
Preparation: Elixir of potassium bromide, elixir potassii bromidi, N.F. Dissolve 175 Gm. of potassium bromide in 460 cc. of distilled water, add 200 cc. of syrup and sufficient aromatic elixir to make 1000 cc. Filter. Dose: 4 cc.
Storage: In well-closed containers.
POTASSIUM CARBONATE, potassii carbonas, U.S.P.
A white, granular powder, odorless, and very deliquescent.
Solubility: Soluble in water (1) and insoluble in alcohol.
Incompatibilities: Acids decompose it with the evolution of carbon dioxide.
Action and Uses: Used chiefly as a reagent. Occasionally in ointments.
Evidence of Deterioration: A deliquesced product.
Storage: In tight containers.
POTASSIUM CHLORATE, potassii chloras, N.F.
Colorless, odorless, lustrous, monoclinic prisms or plates, or a white, granular powder. It is stable in air.
Caution: Great caution should be observed in handling this salt, as dangerous explosions are likely to occur when it is heated or subjected to concussion or to trituration with organic substances, such as cork, tannic acid, dust, sucrose, etc., or with charcoal, sulfur, sulfides, hypophosphites, reduced iron, Or other easily oxidizable substances.
156
Solubility: Slowly soluble in water (16.5), soluble in glycerin, almost insoluble in alcohol.
Incompatibilities: Concentrated acids decompose it with the liberation of chlorine.
Action and Uses: Used chiefly in mouth washes and gargles as an antiseptic and astringent. Its use internally is irrational and rather dangerous.
Dosage: 0.3 Gm.
Preparations: Gargle of potassium chlorate with iron, gargarisma potassii chloratis cum ferro, N.F. (golden gargle). Dissolve 15 Gm. of potassium chlorate in a mixture of 240 cc. of glycerin and 600 cc. of distilled water. Add 120 cc. of tincture of ferric chloride and sufficient distilled water to make 1000 cc.
Tablets of potassium chlorate, tabellae potassii chloratis, N.F. Dose: 0.3 Gm. Storage: In well-closed containers.
POTASSIUM CHLORIDE, potassii chloridum, U.S.P.
Colorless, elongated, prismatic, or cubical crystals, or a white, granular powder. It is odorless and is permanent in air.
Solubility: Soluble in water (2.8) ; insoluble in alcohol.
Action and Uses: To supply potassium to the body.
Dosage: 1 Gm.
Preparations: Potassium chloride tablets, tabellae potassii chloridi, U.S.P. Dose 1 Gm. Storage: In well-closed containers.
POTASSIUM HYDROXIDE, potassii hydroxidum, U.S.P. (caustic potash, potash lye) — It contains 85 percent KOH.
Dry, white, or nearly white, fused masses, in small pellets, in flakes, in sticks, and in other forms. It rapidly absorbs carbon dioxide and moisture from the air and deliquesces.
Caution: Great caution is necessary in handling potassium hydroxide, as it rapidly destroys organic tissues. In making solutions, use vessels capable of withstanding great heat and stir during the process of solution.
Solubility: Soluble in water (1), in alcohol (3), and in glycerin (2.5).
Action and Uses: Used as an escharotic and as a reagent.
Preparations: Solution of potassium hydroxide, liquor potassii hydroxidi, N.F. Dissolve 60 Gm. of potassium hydroxide in sufficient distilled water to make 1000 cc. Dose: 1 cc. (well diluted).
Evidence of Deterioration: A deliquesced product.
Storage: In tight containers.
POTASSIUM IODIDE, potassii iodidum, U.S.P.
Cubical crystals, either transparent and colorless or somewhat opaque and white, or a white, granular powder. It is stable in dry air, but slightly deliquescent in moist air.
Solubility: Soluble in water (0.7), in alcohol (22), and in glycerin (2).
Incompatibilities: Alkaloidal salts may be precipitated by it. Acids may decompose it with the liberation of iodine.
Action and Uses: To supply iodine for the prevention of simple goiter and the treatment of thyrotoxicosis. Its use in tertiary syphilis, and as an expectorant is declining. Reagent.
Preparations: Solution of potassium iodide, liquor potassii io didi, N.F. (saturated solution of potassium iodide). Dissolve 100 Gm. of potassium iodide in 68 cc. of hot distilled water, cool to 25° C. and add sufficient distilled water to make 100 cc. Dose: 0.3 cc. Note. If solution of potassium iodide is not to be used extemporaneously, 50 mg. of sodium thiosulfate should be added.
Tablets of potassium iodide, tabellae potassii iodidi, N.F. Dose: 0.3 Gm. Ointment of potassium iodide, unguentum potassii iodidi, N.F.
Evidence of Deterioration: A deliquesced or discolored product.
Storage: In tight containers.
POTASSIUM NITRATE, potassii nitras, U.S.P. (saltpeter)
Colorless, transparent prisms or a white, crystalline powder. It is odorless and is slightly hygroscopic in moist air.
Solubility: Soluble in water (3) and in alcohol (620).
Action and Uses: Obsolete diuretic, irritant to kidneys and intestines.
Dosage: 1 Gm.
Evidence of Deterioration: A caked product.
Storage: In tight containers.
157
POTASSIUM PERMANGANATE, potassii permanganas, U.S.P.
Dark purple crystals, almost opaque by transmitted light and of a blue, metallic luster by reflected light. It is stable in air.
Caution: Great caution should be observed in handling potassium permanganate, as dangerous explosions are likely to occur if it is brought into contact with organic or other readily oxidizable substances, either in solution or in the dry condition.
Solubility: Soluble in water (15). Solution is facilitated by the use of heat. Decomposed by alcohol and glycerin.
Incompatibilities: Organic matter, in general, decomposes it. In preparing solutions, only distilled water should be used. Solutions stain the skin and fabrics. These stains may be removed by using a dilute solution of sodium bisulfite.
Action and Uses: Effective deodorant, disinfectant and astringent. It is rarely used internally.
Dosage: 0.06 Gm. For application to the skin 1—500 solution; for irrigation and injection 1-10,000 to 1-1000 solutions.
Preparations: Tablets of potassium permanganate, tabellae potassii permanganatis, N.F.
Storage: In well-closed containers.
POTASSIUM AND SODIUM TARTRATE, potassii et sodii tartras, U.S.P. (Rochelle salt) Colorless crystals, or a white, crystalline powder. It effloresces slightly in warm, dry air.
Solubility: Soluble in water (1) and practically insoluble in alcohol.
Action and Uses: Saline cathartic.
Dosage: 10 Gm.
Preparations: Compound effervescent powders, pulveres effervescentes compositi, U.S.P. (Seidlitz powders, Rochelle powders). The blue paper contains 2.5 Gm. of sodium bicarbonate and 7.5 Gm. of potassium and sodium tartrate. The white paper contains 2.2 Gm. of tartaric acid.
Evidence of Deterioration: A white coating on the crystals.
Storage: In tight containers.
POTASSIUM SULFATE, potassii sulfas, N.F.
Hard colorless, translucent, 6-sided, rhombic prisms terminated by pyramids, or white granules or powder. It is permanent in air.
Solubility: Soluble in water (10) and insoluble in alcohol.
Action and Uses: Saline purgative. Seldom used.
Dosage: 1 Gm.
Storage: In well-closed containers.
POTASSIUM THIOCYANATE, potassii thiocyanas, N.F. (potassium rhodanate, potassium sulfocyanate)
Colorless, transparent crystals. It is odorless and hygroscopic.
Solubility: Soluble in water (0.5) and in alcohol (12).
Action and Uses: Used in arterial hypertension.
Dosage: 0.3 Gm.
Evidence of Deterioration: A caked product.
Storage: In tight containers, protected from light.
PRECIPITATED CALCIUM CARBONATE, calcii carbonas praecipitatus, U.S.P. (precipitated chalk)
A fine, white, microcrystalline powder, without odor or taste.
Solubility: Practically insoluble in water and in alcohol.
incompatibilities: Acids decompose it with evolution of carbon dioxide.
Action and Uses: Antacid; largely used as a basis for tooth powders.
Dosage: 1 Gm.
Preparations: Dentifrice, dentifriciurn, N.F. (N.F. tooth powder). Triturate 2 Gm. of soluble saccharin, 4 cc. of oil of peppermint, 2 cc. of oil of cinnamon, and 8 cc. of methyl salicylate with 500 Gm. of precipitated calcium carbonate. Mix 50 Gm. of finely powdered hard soap with 435 Gm. of precipitated calcium carbonate. Mix the two powders thoroughly and pass the mixture through a fine sieve. Tablets of calcium carbonate, tabellae calcii carbonatis, N.F., 1 Gm.
Storage: In well-closed containers.
PRECIPITATED SULFUR, sulfur praecipitatum, U.S.P.
A very fine, pale yellow, amorphous or microcrystalline powder, without odor or taste.
158
Solubility: Practically insoluble in water, and nearly insoluble in alcohol. It is soluble in olive oil (100).
Action and Uses: Antiseptic and antiparasitic. Formerly used as a laxative.
Dosage: 4 Gm.
Preparations: Sulfur ointment, unguentum sulfuris, U.S.P. Levigate 15 Gm. of precipitated sulfur with 7 Gm. of wool fat, and incorporate the mixture with 78 Gm. of white ointment.
Storage: In well-closed containers.
PREPARED CALAMINE, calamina praeparata, N.F.
A pink powder consisting of zinc oxide with a small amount of ferric oxide. It is odorless and almost tasteless.
Solubility: Insoluble in water, but almost completely soluble in mineral acids.
Action and Uses: Protective in skin disorders.
Preparations: Calamine liniment, linimentum calaminae, N.F. Mix 80 Gm. of calamine and 80 Gm. of zinc oxide with 500 cc. of olive oil. Add sufficient solution of calcium hydroxide, in divided portions, and with constant agitation, to make 1000 cc.
Calamine lotion, lotio calaminae, N.F. Mix 80 Gm. of calamine and 80 Gm. of zinc oxide with 20 cc. of glycerin and 400 cc. of magma of bentonite, the magma having previously been diluted with an equal volume of solution of calcium hydroxide. Finally, add sufficient solution of calcium hydroxide to make 1000 cc. Phenolated calamine lotion, lotio calaminae phenolata, N.F. Mix 10 cc. of liquefied phenol with 990 cc. of calamine lotion.
Calamine ointment, unguentum calaminae, N.F. (Turner’s cerate). Melt 4 Gm. of yellow wax, 4 Gm. of wool fat, and 75 Gm. of petrolatum together. Mix 17 Gm. of calamine with the prepared base.
Storage: In well-closed containers.
PREPARED CHALK, creta praeparata, U.S.P. (drop chalk)
A white to grayish-white, microcrystalline powder, often prepared in cones, and consisting of a native form of calcium carbonate, freed from most of its impurities by elutriation. It is odorless and tasteless.
Caution: This form of calcium carbonate should not be used in preparations intended for dental use.
Solubility: Insoluble in ordinary solvents.
Incompatibilities: Acids dissolve it with the evolution of carbon dioxide.
Action and Uses: Antacid and protective for mucous membranes.
Dosage: 1 Gm.
Preparations: Chalk mixture, mistura cretae, U.S.P. Mix 2.5 Gm. of bentonite with 50 cc. of distilled water, using a mechanical mixer. Dilute the magma thus formed with 40 cc. of cinnamon water and add the mixture to 6 Gm. of prepared chalk and 0.03 Gm. of saccharin sodium contained in a mortar. Finally add enough distilled water to make 100 cc.
Compound chalk powder, pulvis cretae compositus, U.S.P. Mix 30 Gm. of prepared chalk with 20 Gm. of acacia and 50 Gm. of sucrose and pass the product through a No. 60 sieve.
Storage: In well-closed containers.
PROCAINE HYDROCHLORIDE, procainae hydrochloridum, U.S.P. (procaine)
Small, white crystals, or a white, crystalline powder. It is odorless and is stable in air.
Solubility: Soluble in water (1) and in alcohol (30). It is slightly soluble in chloroform, and is almost insoluble in ether.
Incompatibilities: Alkalies precipitate it.
Action and Uses: Local anesthetic, when injected. Solutions of 1 or 2 percent are most commonly employed, but other strengths are preferred for certain purposes.
Preparations: Ampuls of procaine hydrochloride, ampullae procainae hydrochloridi, N.F.
Solution of procaine hydrochloride, liquor procainae hydrochloridi, N.F.
Storage: In well-closed containers.
PROFLAVINE, N.N.R. (proflavine sulfate)
A reddish-brown, odorless, crystalline powder.
Solubility: Soluble in water and in alcohol, forming brownish solutions which fluoresce on dilution. It is nearly insoluble in ether, in chloroform, in liquid petrolatum and in fixed and volatile oils.
Action and Uses: Antiseptic and bacteriostatic. It is comparatively free from toxic or irritating action on living tissues but is more irritating than acriflavine base.
159
Dosage: In solutions for treatment of wounds, 1:1000; in irrigations, 1:10,000 to 1:1000. In middle ear suppurations a 1:500 solution in 50 percent alcohol may be used.
Storage: In tight, light-resistant containers. Solutions over a week old should be discarded.
PROPADRINE HYDROCHLORIDE, N.N.R.
A white, crystalline powder, having an odor resembling that of benzoic acid.
Solubility: Freely soluble in water and in alcohol.
Incompatibilities: Alkalies and iodine precipitate it.
Action and Uses: Sympathomimetic drug used chiefly as a local vasoconstrictor for nasal mucous membrane.
Dosage: Oral, 25 mg. For local applications, 0.5 to 1 percent aqueous solutions.
Storage: In well-closed containers.
PUMICE, pumex, N.F.
A gritty, grayish powder of volcanic origin, consisting chiefly of complex silicates of aluminum, potassium and sodium.
Caution: For dental purposes, only the grade of pumice known as “pumice flour” or “superfine pumice” should be used.
Solubility: Insoluble in ordinary solvents.
Action and Uses: An abrasive and absorbent.
Storage: In well-closed containers.
PURIFIED TALC, talcum purificatum, U.S.P.
A very fine, white or grayish-white, crystalline powder. It is unctuous, adhering readily to the skin, and is free from grittiness.
Solubility: Insoluble in ordinary solvents.
Action and Uses: Used as a dusting powder, and as a diffusing agent.
Storage: In well-closed containers.
QUINACRINE HYDROCHLORIDE, quinacrinae hydrochloridum, U.S.P. (mepacrine hydrochloride)
A bright yellow, crystalline powder. It is odorless and has a bitter taste.
Solubility: Soluble in water (35) ; soluble in alcohol.
Action and Uses: Antimalarial.
Dosage: 0.1 Gm.
Preparations: Quinacrine hydrochloride tablets, tabellae quinacrinae hydrochloridi, U.S.P. Dose: 0.1 Gm.
Storage: In tight, light-resistant containers.
QUINIDINE SULFATE, quinidinae sulfas, U.S.P.
Fine, needle-like, white crystals, frequently cohering in masses. It is odorless, has a very bitter taste, and darkens on exposure to light.
Solubility: Soluble in water (100) and in alcohol (10). It is soluble in chloroform but almost insoluble in ether.
Incompatibilities: Alkalies precipitate it.
Action and Uses: Antimalarial and in the treatment of cardiac arrhythmia.
Dosage: 0.2 Gm.
Preparations: Quinidine sulfate tablets, tabellae quinidinae sulfatis, U.S.P. Dose: 0.2 Gm.
Evidence of Deterioration: Darkening due to exposure to light.
Storage: In well-closed, light-resistant containers.
QUININE DIHYDROCHLORIDE, quininae dihydrochloridum, U.S.P.
A white, odorless powder, having a very bitter taste. It is affected by light.
Solubility: Soluble in water (0.6) and in alcohol (12).
Incompatibilities: Alkalies precipitate it.
Action and Uses: Antimalarial.
Dosage: 1 Gm.
Preparations: Ampuls of quinine dihydrochloride, ampullae quininae dihydro-chloridi,N.F. Dose: 0.5 Gm.
Evidence of Deterioration: A darkened product.
Storage: In well-closed, light-resistant containers.
QUININE SULFATE, quininae sulfas, U.S.P.
White, fine, needle-like crvstals. It is odorless and has a persistent, very bitter taste. When exposed to light, it acquires a brown tint.
160
Solubility: Soluble in water (810) and in alcohol (120).
Incompatibilities: A mixture of quinine sulfate and aspirin undergoes partial liquefaction.
Action and Uses: Antimalarial.
Dosage: 0.6 Gm.
Preparations: Quinine sulfate tablets, tabellae quininae sulfatis, U.S.P.
Evidence of Deterioration: A product having a brownish tint.
Storage: In well-closed, light-resistant containers.
RECTIFIED OIL OF TAR, oleum picis rectificatum, U.S.P.
A dark brown volatile oil.
Solubility: Very soluble in alcohol.
Action and Uses: Antseptic, irritant, and parasiticide for external use. Seldom used internally. .... f
Preparations: Syrup of pine tar, syrupus picis pini, U.S.P. (syrup of tar). Mix 1 cc. of rectified oil of tar with 450 cc. of water and agitate it frequently for 15 minutes; set it aside for 24 hours, filter, and dissolve 850 Gm. of sucrose in the filtrate. Add water to make 1000 cc.
Storage: In tight containers.
RESORCINOL, resorcinol, U.S.P. (resorcin) .
White or nearly white, needle-shaped crystals or powder. It has a faint, characteristic odor and a sweetish, followed by a bitter taste. It acquires a pink tint on exposure to light and air. .
Solubility: Soluble in water (1) and in alcohol (1). It is freely soluble in glycerin and in ether, and is slightly soluble in chloroform.
Action and Uses: Irritant, antiseptic; externally, in skin diseases.
Dosage: 0.125 Gm.
Preparations: Strong paste of resorcinol, pasta resorcinolis fortis, N.F.
Mild paste of resorcinol, pasta resorcinolis mitis, N.F. . .
Compound ointment of resorcinol, unguentum resorcinolis compositum, N.F. Melt 10 Gm. of yellow wax and 28 Gm. of wool fat on a water bath. Levigate 6 Gm. of zinc oxide and 6 Gm. of bismuth subnitrate with 25 Gm. of petrolatum and add to the melted mixture. Dissolve 6 Gm. of resorcinol in 13 Gm. of glycerin and incorporate the solution with the above mixture. Add 6 Gm. of rectified oil of birch tar and stir the product until it congeals.
Evidence of Deterioration: A product having a color darker than brownish-pink. Storage: In well-closed, light-resistant containers.
RIBOFLAVIN, riboflavinum, U.S.P. (lactoflavin, vitamin B-2, vitamin .G)
An orange-yellow, crystalline powder, having a slight odor. It is affected by light. Solubility: Soluble in water (10,000); less soluble in alcohol; insoluble in ether and in chloroform; very soluble in dilute alkalies.
Incompatibilities: In solution, especially in the presence of alkalies, it deteriorates rapidly on exposure to light. . .
Action and Uses: A vitamin of the “B” group. It is a specific in the treatment of riboflavin deficiency.
Dosage: 5 mg.
Preparations: Riboflavin tablets, tabellae riboflavini, U.S.P., 1 mg. and 5 mg. Storage: In tight, light-resistant containers.
SACCHARIN SODIUM, saccharinum sodicum, U.S.P. (soluble saccharin, soluble gluside, sodium benzosulfimide) . , , .
White crystals, or a white, crystalline powder. It is odorless, or has a taint, aromatic odor, and an intensely sweet taste, even in dilute solution.
Solubility: Soluble in water (1.5) and in alcohol (50).
Action and Uses: A sweetening agent used as a substitute for sucrose. 30 mg. is the approximate equivalent in sweetening power of 15 Gm. of sucrose.
Preparations: Saccharin sodium tablets, tabellae saccharini sodici, U.S.P., 15 mg., 30 mg., and 60 mg.
Storage: In well-closed containers.
SALICYLIC ACID, acidum salicylicum, U.S.P.
White crystals in the form of fine needles, or a fluffy, white, crystalline powder. The synthetic variety is white and odorless; that prepared from natural methyl salicylate may have a slightly yellow or pink tint and a faint odor of gaultheria.
Caution: When salicylic acid is to be dissolved, the crystals should be. used. Only finely powdered salicylic acid should be used in ointments and dusting powders.
161
Solubility: Soluble in water (460), in alcohol (3), in chloroform (45), in ether (3), m glycerin (about 60), in fats and oils (about 80).
Incompatibilities: Carbonates and bicarbonates are decomposed by it. With iron compounds, it forms a soluble, purplish-black product.
Action and Uses: Keratolytic, skin antiseptic. Used in the treatment of parasitic and other skin diseases as an ointment; for the removal of corns and callosities in the form of a collodion.
Preparations: Salicylic collodion, collodium salicylicum, N.F. Prepared by dissolving 10 Gm. of salicylic acid in sufficient flexible collodion to make 100 cc.
Storage: In well-closed containers.
SANTONIN, santoninum, N.F.
Colorless crystals, or a white, crystalline powder. It is stable in the air, but rapidly becomes yellow on exposure to light.
Solubility: Almost insoluble in cold water, and only slightly soluble in boiling water. Soluble in alcohol (45) and in chloroform (2).
Action and Uses: Anthelmintic. When a poisonous dose is absorbed it produces yellow vision and epileptiform convulsions.
Dosage: 0.06 Gm.
Evidence of Deterioration: A yellow product.
Storage: In well-closed containers, protected from light.
SCARLET FEVER STREPTOCOCCUS ANTITOXIN, antitoxinum scarlatinae streptococcicum, U.S.P. (scarlet fever antitoxin, refined scarlet fever antitoxin, concentrated scarlet fever antitoxin, anti-scarlet fever globulins).
A sterile, aqueous solution of antitoxic substances obtained from the blood serum or plasma of a healthy animal which has been immunized against the toxin produced by the streptococcus regarded as causative of scarlet fever. It has a potency of not less than 400 antitoxic units per cc.
Action and Uses: Curative and prophylactic in scarlet fever. Its use has declined since the advent of the sulfonamides.
Dosage: By parenteral injection: therapeutic, 6000 units; prophylactic, 2000 units.
Storage: At a temperature between 2° and 10° C., preferably at the lower limit. It must be dispensed in the unopened glass container in which it was placed by the manufacturer.
SCARLET FEVER STREPTOCOCCUS TOXIN, toxinum scarlatinae streptococcicum, U.S.P. (scarlet fever streptococcic toxin, scarlet fever toxin for immunization and for the Dick test).
Action and Uses: Used in the Dick test to determine susceptibility to scarlet fever, and also to induce active immunity to scarlet fever.
Dosage: Diagnostic, intracutaneous, 0.1 cc. of the dilution, representing one skin test dose. Prophylactic injection, for active immunization, graded hypodermic doses to be given at proper intervals until a negative Dick test is obtained.
Storage: At a temperature between 2° and 10° C., preferably at the lower limit.
SCOPOLAMINE HYDROBROMIDE, scopolaminae hydrobromidum, U.S.P. (hyoscine hydrobromide).
Colorless or white crystals or a white, granular powder.
Caution: It is extremely poisonous.
Solubility: Soluble in water (1.5) ; in alcohol (20).
Incompatibilities: Alkalies and iodine precipitate it.
Action and Uses: Peripheral action like atropine, but unlike atropine it is a central sedative. Used as a sedative, especially in conjunction with morphine. It is a mydriatic when dilute solutions are applied locally to the eye.
Dosage: 0.5 mg. 0.5 per cent solution is used in the eyes.
Preparations: Tablets of scopolamine hydrobromide, tabellae scopolaminae hydio-bromidi, N.F. Dose: 0.6 mg.
Storage: In tight, light-resistant containers.
SECONAL SODIUM, N.N.R
A white, hygroscopic, odorless powder, chemically related to barbital.
Solubility: Very soluble in water; soluble in alcohol.
Incompatibilities: Acids decompose it.
Action and Uses: Hypnotic and sedative.
Dosage: 0.1 Gm.
Storage: In tight containers.
162
SENNA, senna, U.S.P. (senna leaves)
Dried leaflets.
Action and Uses: Cathartic.
Dosage: 2 Gm.
Preparations: Fluidextract of senna, fluidextractum sennae, U.S.P. Dose: 2 cc. Compound powder of senna, pulvis sennae compositus, N.F. (compound licorice powder) .
Senna, 180 Gm., glycyrrhiza, 236 Gm., washed sulfur, 80 Gm., oil of fennel, 4 Gm., and sucrose, 500 Gm. Dose: 4 Gm.
Syrup of senna, syrupus sennae, U.S.P. Mix 5 cc. of oil of coriander with 250 cc. of fluidextract of senna, and add 330 cc. of distilled water. Allow the mixture to stand for 24 hours in a cool place, with occasional agitation, then filter, and pass enough distilled water through the filter to obtain 580 cc. of filtrate. Dissolve 635 Gm. of sucrose in this liquid, and add sufficient distilled water to make 1000 cc. Dose: 8 cc.
Storage: In well-closed containers.
SILVER NITRATE, argenti nitras, U.S.P.
Colorless or white crystals which, on exposure to light in the presence of organic matter, become gray or grayish-black.
Caution: In the presence of moisture, it rapidly attacks tissues producing a black deposit of silver oxide.
Solubility: Soluble in water (0.4), in alcohol (30).
Incompatibilities: Chlorides precipitate silver chloride. Organic matter, in general, reduces silver nitrate to the oxide.
Action and Uses: Externally as a caustic, antiseptic, and germicide; as a 1 or 2 percent solution it is used to prevent gonorrheal ophthalmia in the new born.
Dosage: 0.010 Gm. For local application, 0.01 to 10 percent aqueous solution, depending upon the site of application. Distilled water should be used in preparing aqueous solutions.
Preparations: Toughened silver nitrate, argenti nitras induratus, U.S.P. (moulded silver nitrate, fused silver nitrate, silver nitrate pencils, lunar caustic).. Silver nitrate toughened by the addition of a small proportion of silver chloride. It occurs as white pencils or cones which are often coated with wax. The coating of wax must be removed before moistening the pencil for local application.
Evidence of Deterioration: Gray or grayish-black crystals.
Storage: In tight, light-resistant containers.
SILVER PROTEIN, MILD, argentum proteinicum mite, U.S.P. (mild silver protein, mild protargin) .
Dark brown or almost black, shining scales or granules. It is odorless, is frequently hygroscopic, and is affected by light. It contains about 21 percent of silver.
Caution: Solutions of mild silver protein should be freshly prepared and should be dispensed in amber-colored bottles. Prolonged or indiscriminate use may produce argyria.
Solubility: Freely soluble in water, but almost insoluble in alcohol, in chloroform, and in ether.
Action and Uses: Antiseptic and demulcent. Used in 5 to 40 percent aqueous solutions for application to mucous membranes.
Evidence of Deterioration: Deteriorated solutions contain a variable amount of precipitate.
Storage: In tight, light-resistant containers.
SILVER PROTEIN, STRONG, argentum proteinicum forte, U.S.P. (strong silver protein, strong protargin). .
A brown, odorless powder. It is usually somewhat hygroscopic and is affected by light. It contains about 8 percent of silver.
Caution: Solutions of strong silver protein should be freshly prepared, and should be dispensed in amber-colored bottles. Prolonged or indiscriminate use may produce argyria.
Solubility: Freely soluble in water but almost insoluble in alcohol, in chloroform, and in ether. ...
Incompatibilities: Chlorides cause a variable amount of precipitation of silver chloride. Action and Uses: Antiseptic, germicide, astringent. Used as a mild antiseptic in 0.25 to 10 percent aqueous solution for application to mucous membranes.
Dosage: 0.2 Gm.
Evidence of Deterioration: Darkening on exposure to light.
Storage: In tight, light-resistant containers.
163
SKIODAN, N.N.R. (skiodan sodium, methiodal)
A white, crystalline, odorless powder, containing iodine.
Solubility: Soluble in water, very soluble in alcohol, slightly soluble in methyl alcohol. Action and Uses: Used in roentgen ray examination of the urinary tract.
Dosage: Intravenous urography, 2 Gm. in sterile aqueous solution.
Preparations: Tablets; sterile solution, 40 percent.
Storage: In tight, light-resistant containers.
SMALLPOX VACCINE, vaccinum variolae, U.S.P. (virus vaccinicum, glycerinated vaccine virus, Jennerian vaccine, anti-smallpox vaccine)
Action and Uses: Prophylactic vaccination against smallpox.
Storage: It must be kept at a very low temperature, preferably below 0° C., and never above 5° C.
SOAP, HARD, sapo durus, U.S.P. (Soap)
A soda soap. A white or whitish solid in the form of bars, hard, yet easily cut when fresh, or a fine, white or yellowish-white powder. It has a faint odor, free from rancidity.
Solubility: Slowly soluble in water and in alcohol.
Incompatibilities: Acids decompose it liberating fatty acids.
Action and Uses: Detergent and an ingredient of pharmaceutical preparations.
Preparations: Camphor and soap liniment, linimentum camphorae et saponis, U.S.P. (soap liniment)
Dissolve 45 Gm. of camphor and 10 cc. of oil of rosemary in 700 cc. of alcohol, add 60 Gm. of granulated or powdered hard soap, and sufficient distilled water to make 1000 cc. Agitate the mixture until the soap is dissolved, set it aside in a cool place for 24 hours and filter.
Storage: In well-closed containers.
SOAP, SOFT, MEDICINAL, sapo mollis medicinalis, U.S.P. (soft soap, green soap)
A soft, unctuous, yellowish-white to brownish- or greenish-yellow, transparent to translucent mass. It has a slight, characteristic odor, and an alkaline taste.
Solubility: Soluble in water and in alcohol.
Incompatibilities: Acids decompose it, liberating fatty acids.
Action and Uses: Detergent and an ingredient of pharmaceutical preparations.
Preparations: Liniment of soft soap, linimentum saponis mollis, U.S.P. (tincture of green soap) Mix 20 cc. of oil of lavender with 300 cc. of alcohol, dissolve in this 650 Gm. of medicinal soft soap and set the solution aside for 24 hours. Then filter through paper, adding sufficient alcohol to make 1000 cc.
Evidence of Deterioration: An opaque crust, caused by evaporation of water.
Storage: In well-closed containers.
SOBISM1NOL SOLUTION, N.N.R.
A clear, dark brown-red liquid. A complex organic bismuth compound.
Action and Uses: Antisyphilitic.
Dosage: Intramuscular, 2 cc.
Storage: In hermetic containers.
SODIUM ALURATE, N.N.R.
A white, microcrystalline, hygroscopic powder, chemically related to barbital. Solubility: Very soluble in water; very slightly soluble in alcohol.
Incompatibilities: Acids decompose it.
Action and Uses: Action like barbital but is more powerful. Used as a hypnotic and sedative.
Dosage: 0.065 Gm. for each 7 kilos of body weight.
Storage: In tight containers.
SODIUM BENZOATE, sodii benzoas, U.S.P.
A white, odorless, or nearly odorless, granular or crystalline powder. It is stable in air.
Solubility: Soluble in water (2) and in alcohol (75).
Action and Uses: Mild antiseptic, used chiefly as a preservative.
Dosage: 1 Gm.
Storage: In well-closed containers.
SODIUM BICARBONATE, sodii bicarbonas, V-S.P. (baking soda)
A white, crystalline powder. It is stable in dry air, but slowly decomposes in moist air.
164
Solubility: Soluble in water (10) ; insoluble in alcohol.
Incompatibilities: Acids decompose it with the evolution of carbon dioxide.
Action and Uses: Antacid and mild alkali.
Dosage: 2 Gm.
Preparations: Tablets of sodium bicarbonate, tabellae sodii bicarbonatis, U.S.P.
Evidence of Deterioration: A caked product.
Storage: In well-closed containers.
SODIUM BORATE, sodii boras, U.S.P. (borax, sodium biborate, sodium tetraborate) Colorless, transparent crystals, or a white, crystalline powder. It effloresces in warm, dry air, the crystals becoming coated with a white powder.
Solubility: Soluble in water (16) and in glycerin (1) ; insoluble in alcohol. Incompatibilities: Alkaloids and salts of the heavy metals are precipitated by it. Action and Uses: Antiseptic, detergent, and a reagent in pharmaceutical preparations. Preparations: Compound solution of sodium borate, liquor sodii boratis compositus, N.F. (Dobell’s solution).
Dissolve 15 Gm. of sodium borate and 15 Gm. of sodium bicarbonate in 500 cc. of distilled water; add 35 cc. of glycerin and 3 cc. of liquefied phenol. Allow the mixture to stand for half an hour; add sufficient distilled water to make 1000 cc. and filter.
Evidence of Deterioration: A white coating on the crystals.
Storage: In well-closed containers.
SODIUM BROMIDE, sodii bromidum, U.S.P.
White, odorless, cubical crystals, or a white, granular powder. It absorbs moisture from the air without deliquescing.
Solubility: Soluble in water (1.2) and in alcohol (10).
Incompatibilities: Acids may decompose it, liberating bromine.
Action and Uses: Sedative and cerebral depressant.
Dosage: 1 Gm.
Preparations: Elixir of sodium bromide, elixir sodii bromidi, N.F. Dissolve 175 Gm. of sodium bromide in 460 cc. of distilled water, add 200 cc. of syrup and sufficient aromatic elixir to make 1000 cc. Filter. Dose: 4 cc.
Tablets of sodium bromide, tabellae sodii bromidi, N.F.
Evidence of Deterioration: A caked product.
Storage: In tight containers.
SODIUM CACODYLATE, sodii cacodylas, U.S.P.
White crystals, or a white, granular powder, containing arsenic. It is odorless and deliquescent.
Solubility: Soluble in water (0.5) and in alcohol (2.5).
Action and Uses: Supposed hematinic. Formerly used by hypodermic injection in anemias.
Dosage: 0.06 Gm.
Preparations: Ampuls of sodium cacodylate, ampullae sodii cacodylatis, N.F.
Evidence of Deterioration: A deliquesced product.
Storage: In tight containers.
SODIUM CARBONATE, MONOHYDRATED, sodii carbonas monohydratus, U.S.P.
Colorless crystals, or a white crystalline powder. It effloresces in warm, dry air. Solubility: Soluble in water (3).
Incompatibilities: Acids decompose it with liberation of carbon dioxide.
Action and Uses: Alkali, detergent, and a reagent in pharmaceutical preparations. Evidence of Deterioration: An efflorescent product.
Storage: In tight containers.
SODIUM CHLORIDE, sodii chloridum, U.S.P. (Salt)
Colorless, cubical crystals, or a white, crystalline powder.
Action and Uses: Used for adjusting the tonicity of solutions, and to supply Na and Cl when, due to abnormal loss of fluids, the body lacks these essential elements.
Solubility: Soluble in water (2.8) ; slightly soluble in alcohol.
Preparations: Isotonic solution of sodium chloride, liquor sodii chloridi isotonicus, U.S.P.
(Normal saline solution, physiological salt solution)
A 0.9 percent solution of sodium chloride in distilled water.
Isotonic solution of three chlorides, liquor chloridorum trium isotonicus, U.S.P. (Ringer’s Solution).
Sodium chloride, 8.6 Gm., potassium chloride, 0.30 Gm., calcium chloride, 0.33 Gm., distilled water, recently boiled, sufficient to make 1000 cc.
165
Evidence of Deterioration: A caked product.
Storage: In tight containers.
SODIUM CITRATE, sodii citras, U.S.P.
Colorless crystals, or a white, crystalline powder.
Solubility: Soluble in water (1.5) ; insoluble in alcohol.
Action, and Uses: Systemic alkali and diuretic. Used in the transfusion of blood, as an anticoagulant.
Dosage: 1 Gm.
Preparations: Solution of sodium citrate, liquor sodii citratis. N.F. (mistura sodii citratis, potio riverii) Dissolve 2 Gm. of citric acid in 100 cc. of distilled water, add 2.5 Gm. of sodium bicarbonate cautiously, dissolve by gentle agitation and immediately stopper the container securely. Dose: 15 cc.
Note. This solution must be freshly prepared.
Anticoagulant solution of sodium citrate, liquor sodii citratis anticoagulans, U.S.P. Storage: In tight containers.
SODIUM HYDROXIDE, sodii hydroxidum, U.S.P. (caustic soda). It contains 95 percent NaOH.
White, or nearly white, fused masses, in pellets, in flakes, in sticks, and in other forms. When exposed to the air, it rapidly absorbs carbon dioxide and moisture. Caution;. Great care is necessary in handling sodium hydroxide, as it rapidly destroys organic tissues.
Solubility: Soluble in water (1), and freely soluble in alcohol. Solutions should be prepared in vessels capable of withstanding great heat.
Incompatibilities: It is incompatible with acids and alkaloids.
Action and Uses: Caustic.
Evidence of Deterioration: A deliquesced product.
Storage: In tight containers.
SODIUM INDIGOTINDISULFONATE, sodii indigotindisulfonas (indigo carmine, soluble indigo blue)
A dark blue powder.
Solubility: Sparingly soluble in water; almost insoluble in alcohol.
Incompatibilities: The color is discharged by oxidizing agents.
Action and Uses: Used in tests for kidney function. It is used as a dye in poison tablets of mercury bichloride.
Storage: In well-closed containers.
SODIUM IODIDE, sodii iodidum, U.S.P.
Colorless crystals, or a white, crystalline powder. In moist air, it cakes and then deliquesces, and frequently undergoes decomposition, developing a brown tint.
Solubility: Soluble in water (0.6), in alcohol (2), and in glycerin (1). Incompatibilities: Acids may decompose it with the liberation of iodine.
Action and Uses: Expectorant. A source of iodine for the prevention of goiter and the treatment of hyperthyroidism.
Dosage: 0.3 Gm.
Preparations: Ampuls of sodium iodide, ampullae sodii iodidi, N.F..
Evidence of Deterioration: A deliquesced product frequently having a brownish tint.
Storage: In tight containers.
SODIUM r-LACTATE, One-Sixth Molar, N.N.R.
A clear, colorless, odorless liquid.
Action and Uses: Used in the treatment of acidosis and for the purpose of alkalizing the urine. This solution is isotonic with blood and suitable for intravenous injection.
Storage: In hermetic containers.
SODIUM MORRHUATE, N.N.R.
A pale yellow, granular powder, having a slight, fishy odor.
Solubility: Soluble in water.
Action and Uses: With the addition of a local anesthetic, it is employed in solution as a sclerosing agent for the obliteration of varicose veins.
Dosage: 0.5 to 1 cc. of a 5 percent solution.
Storage: In tight containers.
SODIUM NITRITE, sodii nitris, U.S.P.
A white to slightly yellow, granular powder or white, or nearly white, opaque, fused masses or sticks. It is deliquescent.
166
Solubility: Soluble in water (1.5) ; sparingly soluble in alcohol.
Incompatibilities: Acids decompose it, liberating oxides of nitrogen.
Action and Uses: Vasodilator.
Dosage: 0.06 Gm.
Preparations: Sodium nitrite tablets, tabellae sodii nitritis, U.S.P.
Evidence of Deterioration: A deliquesced product.
Storage: In tight containers.
SODIUM PERBORATE, sodii perboras, U.S.P.
White, crystalline granules, or a white powder. It is stable in cool, dry air, but is decomposed with the evolution of oxygen in warm or in moist air. In aqueous solution, it decomposes into sodium metaborate and hydrogen peroxide, the solution gradually evolving oxygen.
Solubility: Soluble in water (40).
Action and Uses: Oxidizer, local bactericide.
Preparations: Aromatic sodium perborate, sodii perboratis aromaticus, N.F. Triturate 4 cc. of oil of peppermint and 4 Gm. of soluble saccharin with enough sodium perborate to make 1000 Gm.
Storage: In tight containers, at a temperature not above 30° C.
SODIUM PHOSPHATE, sodii phosphas, U.S.P.
A colorless or white, granular salt. It is efflorescent.
Solubility: Soluble in water (4) ; very slightly soluble in alcohol.
Action and Uses: Saline cathartic.
Dosage: 4 Gm.
Preparations: Solution of sodium phosphate, liquor sodii phosphatis, N.F. Dose: 8 cc.
Effervescent sodium phosphate, sodii phosphas effervescens, U.S.P. Dose: 10 Gm. Exsiccated sodium phosphate, sodii phosphas exsiccatus, U.S.P. (dried sodium phosphate). Dose: 2 Gm.
Evidence of deterioration: A white coating on the crystals or granules.
Storage: In tight containers.
SODIUM SALICYLATE, sodii salicylas, U.S.P.
White, microcrystalline powder, or scales, or an amorphous powder. It is colorless or not more than a very faint pink. It is odorless or has a faint, characteristic odor.
Solubility: Soluble in water (1), in alcohol (10), and in glycerin (4).
Incompatibilities: With ferric compounds, it forms a purplish-black, soluble compound. Action and Uses: Antirheumatic, antipyretic, analgesic. Used especially in acute rheumatic fever.
Dosage: 0.3 Gm.
Preparations: Ampuls of sodium salicylate, ampullae sodii salicylatis, N.F.
Sodium salicylate tablets, tabellae sodii salicylatis, U.S.P.
Storage: In well-closed, light-resistant containers.
SODIUM SULFATE, sodii sulfas, U.S.P. (Glauber’s salt)
Large, colorless, odorless, transparent crystals, or a granular powder. It is efflorescent. It liquefies in its water of hydration at about 33° C.
Solubility: Soluble in water (1.5) and in glycerin, insoluble in alcohol.
Action and Uses: Saline cathartic.
Dosage: 15 Gm.
Evidence of Deterioration: An effloresced product or a liquefied product.
Storage: In tight containers, at a temperature not above 30° G.
SODIUM THIOSULFATE, sodii thiosulfas, U.S.P. (“sodium hyposulfite,” “hypo”).
Large, colorless crystals or a coarse, crystalline powder. It is deliquescent in moist air; it effloresces in dry air at a temperature above 33° C.
Solubility: Soluble in water (0.5) ; insoluble in alcohol.
Incompatibilities: Acids decompose it, precipitating sulfur.
Action and Uses: Antiseptic, germicide, antipruritic. Formerly used as an antidote for some metallic poisons.
Dosage: Oral or intravenous, 1 Gm.
Preparations: Ampuls of sodium thiosulfate, ampullae sodii thiosulfatis, N.F.
Evidence of Deterioration: A deliquesced or an effloresced product.
Storage: In tight, light-resistant containers.
SOLUBLE FERRIC PHOSPHATE, ferri phosphas solubilis, N.F.
Thin, bright green, transparent, odorless scales.
167
Solubility: Readily in warm water; insoluble in alcohol.
Action and Uses: Formerly used as a hematinic.
Dosage: 0.25 Gm., usually in an elixir.
Preparations: An ingredient of elixir of iron, quinine and strychnine phosphates, N.F. Evidence of deterioration: Discoloration.
Storage: In tight containers, protected from light.
SOLUTION OF MAGNESIUM CITRATE, magnesii citratis, liquor, U.S.P.
A colorless to slightly yellow, clear, effervescent liquid, having a sweet, acidulous taste, and a lemon flavor.
Action and Uses: Laxative and cathartic.
Dosage: 200 cc.
Formula: Dissolve 33 Gm. of citric acid in 150 cc. of hot distilled water and add 15 Gm. of magnesium carbonate previously mixed with 100 cc. of distilled water; stir it until solution is complete. Then add 60 cc. of syrup, heat the mixed liquids to the boiling point and immediately add 0.1 cc. of oil of lemon previously triturated with 5 Gm. of purified talc and filter the mixture while hot into a strong, sterilized bottle. Add enough distilled water to make 350 cc. When cool, add 2.5 Gm. of potassium bicarbonate and immediately stopper the bottle securely.
Evidence of Deterioration: A crystalline deposit, a fungus growth, or a lack of effervescence.
Storage: In tight containers, on their sides, in a cool place.
SOLUTION OF SODIUM HYPOCHLORITE, sodii hypochloritis, liquor, U.S.P.
A clear, pale greenish yellow liquid, having the odor of chlorine. It is affected by light. It contains about 5 percent NaOCl.
Caution: This solution is not suitable for application to wounds.
Incompatibilities: Acids decompose it, liberating chlorine.
Action and Uses: In the form of the dilute solution, it is used as an antiseptic and germicide.
Preparations: Diluted solution of sodium hypochlorite, liquor sodii hypochloritis dilutus, N.F. (modified Dakin’s solution). It contains about 0.5 percent of NaOCl.
Evidence of Deterioration: A product having little or no color.
Storage: In tight, light-resistant containers, in a cool place.
SPIRIT OF GLYCERYL TRINITRATE, glycerylis trinitratis, spiritus, U.S.P. (spirit of nitroglycerin, spirit of trinitrin, spirit of glonoin).
A clear, colorless liquid, having the odor of alcohol, containing 1 percent of nitroglycerin. Caution: It should not be tasted, since even a small quantity is likely to produce a violent headache. The same effect is produced when it is applied to the skin.
Caution: Great care'must be exercised in dispensing, handling, packing, transporting, and storing this preparation, as a dangerous explosion may result if any considerable quantity is spilled, and the alcohol wholly or partly lost by evaporation. If, through accident, it is spilled, a solution of potassium or sodium hydroxide should be poured over it at once to decompose the glyceryl trinitrate.
Action and Uses: Vasodilator. Prevents and relieves attacks of angina pectoris. Dosage: 0.06 CC.
Preparations: Glyceryl trinitrate tablets, tabellae glycerylis trinitratis, U.S.P. (nitroglycerin tablets, trinitrin tablets) 0.3 mg., 0.4 mg., 0.6 mg., 1.2 mg.
Storage: In tight, light-resistant containers.
STARCH, amylum, U.S.P. (corn starch)
A fine, white powder.
Solubility: Insoluble in cold water, and in alcohol. Partially soluble in hot water, forming a jelly on cooling.
Action and Uses: Demulcent. It is used as a dusting powder, in enemata and, when boiled with water and glycerin, as an emollient and protective.
Preparations: Glycerite of starch, glyceritum amyli, U.S.P.
A smooth mixture of 10 Gm. of starch, 0.2 Gm. of benzoic acid, 20 cc. distilled water, and 70 cc. of glycerin, is heated at a temperature not exceeding 144° G., with constant stirring, until a translucent, jelly-like mass results.
Storage: In well-closed containers.
STROPHANTHIN, strophanthinum, U.S.P.
A white or yellowish powder.
Caution: It is extremely poisonous.
Solubility: Soluble in water and in diluted alcohol.
Action and Uses: Much like digitalis, used as a cardiac stimulant.
Dosage: Intravenous, 0.5 mg.
Preparations: Strophanthin injection, injectio strophanthini, U.S.P. Dose: 0.5 mg.
Storage: In tight, light-resistant containers.
STRYCHNINE SULFATE, strychninae sulfas, U.S.P.
Colorless or white crystals, cr a white, crystalline powder, without odor. It is efflorescent in dry air.
Caution: It is extremely poisonous.
Solubility: Soluble in water (35), in alcohol (85), in chloroform (220), freely soluble in glycerin, and insoluble in ether.
Incompatibilities: Alkalies and iodine precipitate it.
Action and Uses: Stimulates the spinal cord and, in overdosage, causes convulsions. In small doses, a bitter tonic. A physiological antidote in barbiturate poisoning. Its use in medicine has greatly declined.
Dosage: 0.002 Gm. D
Preparations: Strychnine sulfate tablets, tabellae strychninae sulfatis, U.o.r. Evidence of Deterioration: Effloresced crystals.
Storage: In tight, light-resistant containers.
SUBLIMED SULFUR, sulfur sublimatum, U.S.P. (flowers of sulfur)
A fine, yellow, crystalline powder, having a faint odor and taste.
Solubility: Practically insoluble in water, and nearly insoluble in alcohol. It is soluble in olive oil (100). .
Action and Uses: Antiseptic and antiparasitic. Formerly used as a laxative.
Dosage: 4 Gm. . KT t?
Preparations: Alkaline sulfur ointment, unguentum sulfurts alkatinum, IN.r.
Rub 20 Gm. of sublimed sulfur with 10 Gm. of potassium carbonate until a smooth, homogeneous mixture results; incorporate 4 Gm. of wool fat with this mixture; then add a mixture of 4 Gm. of yellow wax and 57 Gm. of petrolatum, previously melted and cooled, and mix thoroughly. . .
Compound ointment of Sulfur, unguentum sulfuris compositus, N.F. (Wilkinsons Ointment, Hebra’s Itch Ointment). Melt 30 Gm. of solid petroxolin with 30 Gm of soft soap and add 15 Gm. of juniper tar, then incorporate by trituration 15 Gm. of sublimed sulfur and 10 Gm. of precipitated calcium carbonate, added in several portions, and rub the ointment until it is smooth.
Storage: In well-closed containers.
SUCCINYLSULFATHIAZOLE, succinylsulfathiazolum, U.S.P.
A white or yellowish white, crystalline powder. It is stable m air, but slowly darkens on exposure to light.
Solubility: Soluble in water (4800) ; sparingly soluble in alcohol. .
Action and Uses: Poorly absorbed from the gastrointestinal tract where it slowly liberates sulfathiazole, this sulfonamide is used to combat intestinal infection, especially bacillary dysentery.
Preparations: Succinylsulfathiazole tablets, tabellae succinylsulfathiazolum, U.S.P.
Dose: 2 Gm. *
Evidence of Deterioration: A darkened product.
Storage: In well-closed, light-resistant containers.
SUCROSE, sucrosum, U.S.P. (sugar, saccharum)
Colorless or white crystals, crystalline masses or blocks, or a white, crystalline powder. It is odorless, has a sweet taste, and is stable in dry air.
Solubility: Soluble in water (0.5) and in alcohol (170).
Action and Uses: Sweetening agent and dietary adjunct. .
Preparations: Syrup, syrupus, U.S.P. (simple syrup, sirup) sucrose, 850 Gm., dissolved in sufficient distilled water to make 1000 cc.
Evidence of Deterioration: A caked product.
Storage: In well-closed containers.
SULFADIAZINE, sulfadiazinum, U.S.P.
Odorless, white or slightly yellow crystalline powder. ....................
Solubility: Nearly insoluble in water (13,000); readily soluble m dilute mineral acids and in alkaline solutions; sparingly soluble in alcohol and m acetone; insoluble in ether and in chloroform. . .
Action and Uses: Used chiefly in the treatment of pneumococcic pneumonia, hemolytic streptococcic infections, staphylococcic infections, meningitis, and urinary
169
tract infections due . to gram-negative organisms. To avoid the complications caused by crystallizations in the urine, the drug should be given with large amounts of sodium bicarbonate and the patient should receive at least 1500 cc. of fluid per day.
Dosage: In severe infections the initial dose is based on 0.10 Gm. per kilogram (2.2 lb.) of body weight with subsequent doses of 1.0 to 1.5 Gm. every four hours. In mild or moderate infections, the initial dose is 0.05 Gm. per kilogram of body weight followed by one-third of the initial dose every 4 hours. The U.S.P. dose is 2 Gm.
Preparations: Tablets of sulfadiazine, tabellae sulfadiazini, U.S.P. Usually available containing either 0.3 Gm. or 0.5 Gm.
Evidence of Deterioration: Discoloration.
Storage: In well-closed, light-resistant containers.
SULFADIAZINE SODIUM, sulfadiazinum sodicum, U.S.P.
A white powder. On prolonged exposure to humid air, it absorbs carbon dioxide with the liberation of sulfadiazine and becomes incompletely soluble in water. It is affected by light.
Solubility: Soluble in water (2) ; slightly soluble in alcohol.
Incompatibilities: Acids decompose it.
Action and Uses: Similar to those of sulfadiazine. The sodium salt may be given intravenously as a 5 percent solution and is of great value when rapid effects are essential or when oral administration is impossible. Solutions for intravenous injection are made up in sterile distilled water, they should not be boiled.
Dosage: 2 Gm., as a 5 percent solution.
Evidence of Deterioration: A product incompletely soluble in water.
Storage: In tight, light-resistant containers.
SULFAGUANIDINE, sulfaguanidinum, U.S.P.
A white, crystalline powder.
Solubility: Slightly soluble in water (1000); sparingly soluble in alcohol; freely soluble in dilute mineral acids; insoluble in solutions of sodium hydroxide.
Action and Uses: Poorly absorbed from the gastrointestinal tract, it is used in bacillary dysentery and as a prophylactic agent in colonic surgery.
Dosage: In bacillary dysentery the initial dose by mouth is 0.05 Gm. per kilogram (2.2 lb.) of body weight, followed by a maintenance dose of the same quantity every 4 hours day and night until the number of stools is less than six daily; then the same quantity every 8 hours for 3 days. The prophylactic dosage in colonic surgery is 0.05 Gm. per kilogram of body weight every 8 hours for 5 days and nights before the operation and for 7 days after the operation.
Preparations: Sulfaguanidine tablets, tabellae sulfaguanidini, U.S.P. 0.5 Gm. Evidence of Deterioration: Darkening due to exposure to strong light.
Storage: In well-closed, light-resistant containers.
SULFANILAMIDE, sulf anil ami dum, U.S.P.
White crystals, granules, or powder.
Solubility: Soluble in water (125), in alcohol (37), and in acetone (5). It is very soluble in boiling water.
Action and Uses: It is used in the treatment of infections due to several organisms, among them hemolytic streptococcus, meningococcus and gonococcus. It is used orally, topically, and parenterally. Except for its local use, it has been displaced by other sulfonamides for most purposes.
Dosage: Depends on the type and severity of the infection.
Preparations: Sulfanilamide tablets, tabellae sulfanilamidi, U.S.P. 0.5 Gm.
Storage: In well-closed, light-resistant containers.
SULFAPYRIDINE, sulfapyridinum, U.S.P.
White or faintly yellowish-white crystals, granules or powder. It is odorless or nearly so, and is stable in air, but slowly darkens on exposure to light.
Caution: Daily complete blood counts and urinalysis are imperative. Should be used only under the close supervision of a physician.
Solubility: Soluble in water (3500), in alcohol (440) and in acetone (65).
Action and Uses: Used in pneumococcic pneumonia, in other pneumococcic infections, and in gonorrhea. Causes more nausea than other sulfonamides, and its use is declining.
Dosage: For adults suffering from pneumonia, initial doses up to 4 Gm. in a single dose, followed by 1 Gm. every four hours until temperature has been normal for 72 hours.
170
Preparations: Sulfapyridine tablets, tabellae sulfapyridini, U.S.P. 0.5 Gm.
Evidence of Deterioration: Darkening in color.
Storage: In well-closed, light-resistant containers.
SULFARSPHENAMINE, sulfarsphenamina, U.S.P.
A yellow powder. It is slowly oxidized by exposure to air, becoming dark and more toxic.
Solubility: Very soluble in water; slightly soluble in alcohol.
Action and Uses: Antisyphilitic which may be used intramuscularly. Because of the frequency of untoward reactions its use is declining.
Dosage: Intramuscular, 0.45 Gm.
Evidence of Deterioration: A darkened product.
Storage: In sealed tubes, from which the air has been excluded, at a temperature not above 20° C.
SULFATHIAZOLE, sulfathiazolum, U.S.P.
White or faintly yellowish-white crystals, granules, or powder. It is odorless or nearly so, and is stable in air, but slowly darkens on exposure to light.
Solubility: Soluble in water (1700), in alcohol (200), and soluble in acetone.
Action and Uses: Used in the treatment of various diseases especially those caused by pneumococci, gonococci, Friedlander’s bacilli and staphylococci. The danger of renal complications necessitates that the patient’s fluid intake be kept high and that large amounts of sodium bicarbonate be given.
Dosage: In the treatment of pneumococcic pneumonia in adults the initial dose is 4 Gm. followed by 1 Gm. every four hours until the temperature has been normal for 72 hours. In the treatment of gonorrhea the first day’s dose is 3 Gm. and then 2 Gm. for the following 9 days.
Preparations: Sulfathiazole tablets, tabellae sulfathiazoli, U.S.P. 0.5 Gm.
Evidence of Deterioration: Darkening in color.
Storage: In well-closed, light-resistant containers.
SULFATHIAZOLE SODIUM, sulfathiazolum sodicum, U.S.P.
A white to faintly yellowish white powder. On prolonged exposure to humid air, it absorbs carbon dioxide with the liberation of sulfathiazole and becomes incompletely soluble in water. It is affected by light.
Solubility: Soluble in water (2.5) and in alcohol (15).
Incompatibilities: Acids decompose it.
Action and Uses: Similar to those of sulfathiazole. This sodium salt may be given intravenously in 5 percent solution. Such solutions should be made with sterile distilled water and they should not be boiled.
Dosage: 2 Gm., in 5 percent solution.
Evidence of Deterioration: A product incompletely soluble in water.
Storage: In tight, light-resistant containers.
SULFURIC ACID, acidum sulfuricum, U.S.P. (oil of vitriol)
A colorless, odorless, oily liquid containing about 96 percent of H-SCh.
Caution: Very caustic and corrosive. When sulfuric acid is mixed with other liquids, it should always be added to the diluent, and great caution should be observed. When diluting sulfuric acid, vessels capable of withstanding heat should be used.
Solubility: Miscible with water and with alcohol with the evolution of much heat.
Sp. Gr.: 1.84 Boils: About 290° C.
Incompatibilities: In addition to having the usual incompatibilities common to most acids, it chars certain organic materials.
Action and Uses: Caustic and corrosive. It is used in modern medicine only in diluted forms, and seldom, if at all, employed as a medicament.
Preparations. Aromatic sulfuric acid, acidum sulfuricum aromaticum, U.S.P. XI (elixir of vitriol) . Prepared by adding 114 cc. of sulfuric acid gradually, and with great caution, to 700 cc. of alcohol, then adding 10 cc. of fluidextract of ginger, 1 cc. of oil of cinnamon and sufficient alcohol to make 1000 cc. Dose: 0.5 cc.
Diluted sulfuric acid, acidum sulfuricum dilutum, U.S.P. Prepared by adding 57 cc. of sulfuric acid to sufficient distilled water to make 1000 cc.
Caution: Add the acid slowly and with constant stirring to the distilled water contained in a vessel capable of withstanding great heat. Dose: 1 cc., well-diluted. Storage: In tight containers.
TANNIC ACID, acidum tannicum, U.S.P. (gallotannic acid, tannin) An amorphous powder or glistening scales (fluffy) varying in color from yellowish-white to light brown. It is odorless or has a faint characteristic odor and a strong astringent taste.
171
Caution: When it is to be dissolved, the fluffy variety is preferred.
Solubility: Very soluble in water, in alcohol and in acetone. Soluble in warm glycerin
Incompatibilities: Alkaloids are precipitated as insoluble alkaloidal tannates. Soluble iron compounds form iron tannate, a soluble compound, the color of which resembles that of ink. Gelatin and albumin are precipitated. It is incompatible with nearly all of the salts of the heavy metals.
Action and Uses: Astringent. Antidote for many alkaloidal and metallic poisons. Formerly much used locally in the treatment of burns, but other methods are now preferred.
Dosage: 0.5 Gm.
Preparations: Glycerite of tannic acid, glyceritum acidi tannici, U.S.P. Mix 20 Gm. of tannic acid, 1 Gm. of sodium citrate, and 0.2 Gm. of exsiccated sodium sulfite, with 78.8 Gm. of glycerin, and heat at a temperature between 115° and 120° C. until solution is complete.
Tannic Acid Ointment, unguentum acidi tannici, U.S.P. Dissolve 20 Gm. of tannic acid and 0.2 Gm. exsiccated sodium sulfite in 20 Gm. of glycerin, with the aid of gentle heat, and incorporate the solution with 59.8 Gm. of yellow ointment. Styptic collodion, collodium stypticum, N.F. Prepared by dissolving 16 Gm. of tannic acid in sufficient flexible collodion to make 100 cc.
Caution: During its manufacture and storage this ointment must not come in contact with iron utensils or containers.
Evidence of Deterioration: It darkens on exposure to light.
Storage: In tight, light-resistant containers.
TARTARIC ACID, acidum tartaricum, U.S.P.
Colorless or translucent crystals or a white powder. It is odorless and has an acid taste.
Solubility: Soluble in water (0.8) and in alcohol (3).
Incompatibilities: Carbonates and bicarbonates are decomposed by it.
Action and Uses: Used in the preparation of Seidlitz powders and effervescent salts. Dosage: 1 Gm.
Storage: In well-closed containers.
TERPIN HYDRATE, terpini hydras, U.S.P.
Colorless, lustrous crystals, or a white powder. It is efflorescent in dry air. Solubility: Soluble in water (200), in alcohol (13), and in chloroform (140). Incompatibilities: Owing to its limited solubility in water, it may be precipitated when elixir of terpin hydrate is diluted with aqueous preparations.
Action and Uses: Considered an expectorant.
Dosage: 0.25 Gm.
Preparations: Elixir of terpin hydrate, elixir terpini hydratis, N.F.
Dissolve 17 Gm. of terpin hydrate in 425 cc. of alcohol; add successively 20 cc. of tincture of sweet orange peel, 5 cc. of spirit of benzaldehyde, 400 cc. of glycerin, 100 cc. of syrup, with sufficient distilled water to make 1000 cc. Filter. Dose: 4 cc.
Evidence of Deterioration: An effloresced product.
Storage: In tight containers.
TETANUS ANTITOXIN, antitoxinum tetanicum, U.S.P. (purified antitetanic serum, concentrated tetanus antitoxin, refined tetanus antitoxin, antitetanic globulins)’ A sterile, aqueous solution of antitoxic substances obtained from the blood serum or plasma of a healthy animal which has been immunized against tetanus toxin. It has a potency of not less than 400 antitoxic units per cc.
Action and Uses: Curative and prophylactic agent in tetanus.
Dosage: By parenteral injection: Therapeutic, 20,000 units; prophylactic, 1500 units.
Storage: Preserve at a temperature between 2° and 10° C., preferably at the lower limit. It must be dispensed in the unopened glass container in which it was placed by the manufacturer.
TETANUS TOXOID, toxoidum tetanicum, U.S.P.
Action and Uses: Used to produce active immunity to tetanus.
Dosage: Subcutaneous, 1 cc.; repeated at proper intervals.
Storage: At a temperature between 2° and 10° C., preferably at the lower limit.
TETRACAINE HYDROCHLORIDE, U.S.P.; tetracainae hydrochloridum
A fine, white, crystalline powder.
Solubility: Very soluble in water; soluble in alcohol.
172
Incompatibilities: Alkalies and iodine precipitate it.
Action and Uses: Local and spinal anesthetic.
Dosage: For spinal anesthesia, 10 to 20 mg. For local application, 0.5 percent to 2 percent aqueous solutions.
Storage: In well-closed containers.
TETRACHLOROETHYLENE, tetrachloroaethylenum, U.S.P. (perchloroethylene, ethylene tetrachloride)
A clear, colorless, mobile liquid, having a characteristic ethereal odor. It is not inflammable. It is slowly decomposed by light and various metals in the presence of moisture.
Solubility: Practically insoluble in water; miscible with an equal volume of alcohol, with ether, chloroform, petroleum benzin, and benzene.
Action and Uses: Anthelmintic, particularly for the hookworm.
Dosage: 3 CC.
Preparations: Tetrachloroethylene capsules, capsulae tetrachloroaethyleni, U.S.P., 0.2 cc., 1.0 cc., and 2.5 cc.
Storage: In tight, light-resistant containers.
THEOBROMA OIL, ol-eum theobromatis, U.S.P. (cocoa butter)
A pale yellow, solid fat, brittle at temperatures below 25° C.
Solubility: Slightly soluble in alcohol; freely soluble in ether and in chloroform.
Melts: Between 30° and 35° C.
Incompatibilities: Chloral hydrate, phenol, salol, and camphor when mixed with it form masses of lower melting point. This must be overcome in preparing suppositories of one or more of these substances when the vehicle is theobroma oil.
Action and Uses: Emollient and lubricant. Its principal use is as a vehicle for suppositories.
Evidence of Deterioration: Poreus white coating.
Storage: In well-closed containers, away from excessive heat.
THEOBROMINE WITH SODIUM SALICYLATE, theobromina cum sodii salicylate, N.F.
A white, odorless powder having a sweetish, saline, and somewhat alkaline taste.
Solubility: Soluble in water (1) ; slightly soluble in alcohol.
Action and Uses: A myocardial stimulant and diuretic.
Preparations: Tablets.
Dosage: 1 Gm.
Storage: In tight containers.
THEOCALCIN, N.N.R.
A white, amorphous powder, chemically a double salt or a mixture of calcium theobromine and calcium salicylate.
Solubility: Incompletely soluble in water.
Incompatibilities: Acids decompose it.
Action and Uses: Diuretic, used especially in cardiac edema.
Dosage: 0.5 Gm.
Storage: In well-closed containers.
THEOPHYLLINE ETHYLENEDIAMINE, theophyllina aethylenediaminica, U.S.P. (aminophylline)
White or yellowish-white granules with a slight, ammoniacal odor and a bitter taste.
Solubility: Soluble in water (5) ; insoluble in alcohol and in ether.
Action and Uses: Diuretic, commonly used in the treatment of cardiac disease. Given intravenously, effective in the relief of asthmatic attacks and paroxysmal cardiac dyspnea.
Dosage: 0.2 Gm. . .... ... , ,
Preparations: Theophylline ethylenediamine injection, injectio theophylhnae aethylene-diaminicae, U.S.P. Dose: Intramuscular or intravenous, 0.1 Gm.
Theophylline ethylenediamine tablets, tabellae theophyllinae aethylenediaminicae, U.S.P. 0.1 Gm. and 0.2 Gm., enteric coated.
Evidence of Deterioration: Turbidity of solutions due to exposure to carbon dioxide and precipitation of theophylline.
Storage: In tight containers. •
THIAMINE HYDROCHLORIDE, thiaminae hydrochloridum, U.S.P (vitamin Bi)
Small, white crystals or a crystalline powder, having a slight, characteristic odor.
Solubility: Soluble in water (1) and in alcohol (100).
173
Action and Uses: In the treatment and prevention of beriberi and in conditions indicating interference with proper assimilation of the vitamins.
Dosage: 5 mg.
Preparations: Thiamine hydrochloride tablets, tabellae thiaminae hydrochloridi, U.S.P. (vitamin Bi tablets) Usually available as follows: 0.3 mg., 1 mg., 3 mg., 5 mg., 6 mg., 9 mg., 10 mg., and 12 mg.
Storage: In tight, light-resistant containers.
THYMOL, thymol, U.S.P.
Colorless crystals, or a white, crystalline powder. It has an aromatic, thyme-like odor, and a pungent taste.
Solubility: Soluble in water (1000), in alcohol (1), in chloroform (1), in ether (1.5), and in fixed and volatile oils.
Incompatibilities: It liquefies when placed in contact with phenol, menthol, camphor, salol, and similar substances.
Action and Uses: Antiseptic and anthelmintic.
Dosage: Anthelmintic, 2 Gm., divided into three doses.
Storage: In tight, light-resistant containers.
THYMOL IODIDE, thymolis iodidum, U.S.P.
A reddish-brown or reddish-yellow, bulky powder with a characteristic, aromatic odor.
Solubility: Insoluble in water and in glycerin; slightly soluble in alcohol; readily soluble in chloroform, in ether, in collodion, and in fixed and volatile oils, usually leaving a slight residue.
Action and Uses: Antiseptic.
Storage: In tight, light-resistant containers.
THYROID, thyroideum, U.S.P.
A yellowish to buff colored, amorphous powder, having a slight, characteristic, meat-like odor and a saline taste.
Action and Uses: Used in thyroid deficiency.
Dosage: 0.06 Gm.
Preparations: Thyroid tablets, tabellae thyroidei, U.S.P.
Storage: In tight containers, at a temperature not above 30° C.
TOLU BALSAM, balsamum tolutanum, U.S.P. (tolu, balsam of tolu) A brown or yellowish-brown, plastic solid, having an odor resembling vanilla.
Solubility: Nearly insoluble in water; soluble in alcohol, in chloroform, and in ether. Action and Uses: It is used chiefly in the form of the syrup as a vehicle.
Preparations: Syrup of tolu balsam, syrupus balsami tolutani, U.S.P. (syrup of tolu) Mix 50 cc. of tincture of tolu balsam with 10 Gm. of magnesium carbonate and 60 Gm. of sucrose, add 430 cc. of distilled water and filter. Dissolve 760 Gm. of sucrose in the filtrate with gentle heating, strain, and add sufficient distilled water to make 1000 cc.
Tincture of tolu balsam, tinctura balsami tolutani, U.S.P. (tolu tincture) Macerate 200 Gm. of tolu balsam with 750 cc. of alcohol for three days, with frequent agitation; filter, and add sufficient alcohol through the filter to make 1000 cc.
Storage: In tight containers, avoiding exposure to excessive heat.
TRIBROMOETHANOL, tribromoaethanol, U.S.P.
A white, crystalline powder, with slight, aromatic odor and taste, unstable in air. Solubility: In water (35); soluble in amylene hydrate.
Action and Uses: A basal anesthetic, administered rectally.
Dosage: The ordinary dose for basal anesthesia is 80 mg. per kilogram of body weight. It is used in the form of a solution in amylene hydrate.
Storage: In tight, light-resistant containers.
TRICHLOROACETIC ACID, acidum trichloroaceticum, U.S.P.
Colorless, deliquescent crystals having a slight, characteristic odor.
Caution: Extremely caustic. Handle with great care because it rapidly destroys tissue.
Solubility: Very soluble in water (0.1), and in alcohol and ether.
Melts: 57° to 58° G.
Action and Uses: Caustic, escharotic, astringent, hemostatic. Used for removal of warts and corns. Used in dentistry to destroy hypertrophies.
Evidence of Deterioration: A liquefied or partially liquefied product indicates absorption of water, with corresponding reduction in percentage strength.
Storage: In tight containers, at a temperature not above 30° C.
174
TRINITROPHENOL, trinitrophenol, U.S.P. (picric acid)
Pale yellow prisms or scales. It is odorless, and has an intensely bitter taste. Caution: Explodes when heated rapidly or when subjected to percussion.
Solubility: Soluble in water (80), in alcohol (12), in chloroform (35), and in ether (65).
Incompatibilities: Oxidizable substances decompose it.
Action and Uses: Antiseptic. Its aqueous solution formerly was used in the treatment of superficial burns.
Storage: In well-closed containers, avoiding exposure to excessive heat.
TRYPARSAMIDE, tryparsamidum, U.S.P.
A white, odorless, crystalline powder, a pentavalent arsenic compound, affected by light.
Solubility: Soluble in water (2), slightly soluble in alcohol, and insoluble in ether and in chloroform.
Action and Uses: Used in neurosyphilis, especially early paresis; and in trypanosomiasis.
Dosage: Caution: Intravenous, 2 Gm. It should never be given by mouth.
Storage: In tight, light-resistant containers, at a temperature not above 20° C.
TUBERCULIN, OLD, tuberculinum pristinum, U.S.P. (tuberculin-Koch, concentrated tuberculin, crude tuberculin)
Action and Uses: Used chiefly for the diagnosis of tuberculosis.
Dosage: Diagnostic, intracutaneous, 0.000,01 cc. to 0.001 cc. Therapeutic, subcutaneous, 0.000,000,01 cc. to 0.000,001 cc.
Storage: At a temperature between 2° and 10° C., preferably at the lower limit.
TYPHOID VACCINE, vaccinum typhosum, bacterial vaccine made from the typhoid bacillus, U.S.P. (typhoid prophylactic, enteric vaccine).
Action and Uses: Used for establishing immunity to typhoid fever.
Dosage: Prophylactic, hypodermic, 0.5 cc. and 1 cc., the latter dose to be repeated once.
Storage: At a temperature between 2° and 10° C., preferably at the lower limit.
WATER, aqua, U.S.P.
A clear, colorless liquid which is practically tasteless and odorless.
Preparations: Distilled water, aqua destillata, U.S.P. Water purified by distillation.
Sterilized distilled water, aqua destillata sterilisata, U.S.P., distilled water which has been sterilized by one of the official methods.
Water for injection, aqua pro injectione, U.S.P. Water which has been distilled, and sterilized within 24 hours. It is free from pyrogens.
Storage: Preserve sterilized distilled water in the container in which it was sterilized, and protect from contamination.
Caution: When “sterile water” or “sterile distilled water” for parenteral use is required, “water for injection” must be dispensed.
WHISKY, spiritus frumenti, U.S.P. (whiskey)
A light to deep amber-colored liquid having a characteristic odor and taste, and an acid reaction.
Sp. Gr.: 0.930.
Action and Uses: Its action depends upon the alcohol that it contains.
Storage: In tight containers.
WHITE WAX, cera alba, U.S.P. (bleached beeswax)
A yellowish-white solid, somewhat translucent in thin layers. It has a faint, characteristic odor, is free from rancidity, and is nearly tasteless.
Action and Uses: Used in the manufacture of pharmaceutical preparations.
Storage: In well-closed containers.
WOOL FAT, adeps lanae, U.S.P. (anhydrous wool fat, anhydrous lanolin)
A brownish yellow, tenacious, unctuous mass, having not more than a slight odor. Solubility: It is insoluble in water, but mixes without separation with about twice its weight of water. It is sparingly soluble in cold alcohol; more soluble in hot alcohol; and freely soluble in ether and in chloroform.
Melting Point: 36° to 42° C. .
Incompatibilities: Its melting point is lowered upon admixture with camphor, menthol, phenol, thymol, and chloral hydrate.
175
Action and Uses: A base for ointments.
Preparations: Hydrous wool fat, adeps lanae hydrosus, U.S.P. (hydrous lanolin, lanolin). Wool fat containing not less than 25 percent and not more than 30 percent of water.
Storage: In well-closed containers, in a cool place.
ZEPHIRAN CHLORIDE, N.N.R.
Colorless or slightly yellow, gelatinous material, possessing an aromatic odor and a very bitter taste. Chemically a mixture of alkyl dimethyl benzyl ammonium chlorides.
Solubility: Miscible in all proportions with water, alcohol and acetone. Incompatibilities: Solutions of soap may reduce the germicidal activity. Action and Uses: Disinfectant and germicide.
Dosage: For topical application, in 1-10,000 to 1-2000 solutions.
Storage: In well-closed containers. •
ZINC CHLORIDE, zinci chloridum, U.S.P.
A white or nearly white, odorless, crystalline powder, or porcelain-like masses, or moulded pencils. It is very deliquescent.
Solubility: Soluble in water (0.5), in alcohol (1.5), and in glycerin (2). Its solution in water or in alcohol is usually slightly turbid, but the turbidity disappears upon the addition of a very small quantity of hydrochloric acid.
Incompatibilities: Alkalies precipitate it.
Action and Uses: Antiseptic, astringent and escharotic.
Dosage: In collyria, not stronger than 0.4 percent solution.
Evidence of Deterioration: A deliquesced product.
Storage: In tight containers.
ZINC OXIDE, zinci oxidum, U.S.P.
A very fine, odorless, amorphous, white or yellowish-white powder, free from gritty particles.
Solubility: Insoluble in water and in alcohol; dissolves in dilute acids.
Action and Uses: Antiseptic, astringent, and protective.
Preparations: Paste of zinc oxide, pasta zinci oxidi, N.F. (Lassar’s plain zinc paste). Mix 25 Gm. of zinc oxide and 25 Gm. of starch with 50 Gm. of white petrolatum. Zinc oxide ointment, unguentum zinci oxidi, U.S.P. (zinc ointment). Levigate 20 Gm. of zinc oxide with 7 Gm. of wool fat and incorporate the mixture with 73 Gm. of white ointment.
Storage: In well-closed containers.
ZINC PEROXIDE, MEDICINAL* zinci peroxidum medicinale, U.S.P.
A fine, white or only faintly yellow, odorless powder.
Solubility: Insoluble in water and in alcohol.
Incompatibilities: Water and acids cause decomposition.
Action and Uses: Used in the treatment of certain wound infections, usually in the form of a freshly prepared aqueous suspension.
Preparations: Sterilized medicinal zinc peroxide, zinci peroxidum medicinale ster-rilisatum, U.S.P. The powder is sterilized in small quantities by heating it in a dry oven for four hours at 140° G.
Storage: In tight containers.
ZINC STEARATE, zinci stearas, U.S.P.
A fine, white, bulky powder, free from grittiness. It has a faint, characteristic odor. Solubility: Insoluble in ordinary solvents; very repellent to water.
Action and Uses: Antiseptic, astringent, and protective. Used chiefly as a dusting powder to prevent and treat chafing.
Preparations: Ointment of zinc stearate, unguentum zinci stearatis, N.F. Melt 55 Gm. of white petrolatum, add 10 Gm. of liquid petrolatum and, when the mixture has congealed, incorporate 35 Gm. of zinc stearate.
Storage: In well-closed containers.
ZINC SULFATE, zinci sulfas, U.S.P. (white vitriol)
Colorless, transparent prisms, or small needles, or a granular, crystalline powder. It is efflorescent in dry air.
Caution: An effloresced product should not be used in preparing collyria or reagents. Incompatibilities: Alkalies precipitate it.
Action and Uses: Astringent, styptic and emetic.
176
Dosage: Emetic, 1 Gm. In collyria usually 0.1 to 0.2 percent, seldom above 0.5 percent. .
Preparations: Compound powder of zinc sulfate, pulvis zinci sulfatis compositus, N.F. (pulvis antisepticus} Triturate 5 Gm. of salicylic acid and 125 Gm. of zinc sulfate to a fine powder and add 1 Gm. each of phenol, eucalyptol, menthol, and thymol, previously liquefied by trituration. Add 866 Gm. of boric acid and pass the powder through a very fine sieve.
Evidence of Deterioration: An effloresced product.
Storage: In tight containers.
177
INDEX
PAGE
Abbreviations for Latin words . ........................................... 69
Acacia—
Mucilage ..............................................................115
Syrup .................................................................115
Aceta. (See Vinegars.) Acetanilid ............................................................... 115
Compound powder........................................................115
Tablets ...............................................................115
Acetarsone .............................................................. 115
Acetic acid..............,.................................................136
Diluted................................................................137
Glacial ...............................................................136
Turpentine liniment....................................................150
Acetone ...................................................................115
Acetophenetidin ...........................................................115
Combined with phenyl salicylate in tablets.............................115
Tablets ...............................................................115
Acetylsalicylic acid.......................................................116
Compound paste.........................................................116
Tablets ...............................................................116
Acid, acetic, boric acid, citric acid, etc. (See
Acetic acid, Boric acid, Citric acid, etc.) Aconite ...................................................................116
Fluidextract.................................*.........................116
Root ..................................................................116
Tincture...............................................................116
Acriflavine ...............................................................116
Base ..................................................................116
Neutral .............................................................. 116
Activated charcoal........................................................ 116
Addition, weights and measures............................................. 11
Administration of the pharmacy.............................................. 5
Administration and supply................................................... 4
Agar ......................................................................116
Air baths ................................................................. 28
Alcohol ...................................................................116
Ethyl .................................................................116
Alkaline sulfur ointment (see also Sublimed sulfur)........................169
Alligation ......................................................-......... 23
Aloe ......................................................................117
Alum ..........................................................................
Ammonium ..............................................................117
Dried .................................................................117
Exsiccated ............................................................117
Potassium .............................................................117
Aluminum:
Acetate, solution .....................................................117
Chloride ..............................................................117
Solution ....................................................... 117
Hydroxide, colloidal...................................................117
Hydroxide gel......................................................... 117
Amaranth ......................................................................
Solution ..................................................................
Amide, nicotinic acid (nicotinamide) ......................................148
Aminophylline (theophylline ethylenediamine) ..............................173
Aminoquin naphthoate (pamaquine naphthoate) ...............................152
Ammonia, aromatic spirit......................................................
Diluted solution .........................................................
Strong solution ..........................................................
Water......................................................................
Ammoniated mercury............................................................
Ointment ..................................................................
178
Ammonium:
PAGE
Acetate solution .............
Alum .........................
Bromide ......................
Elixir ..................
Carbonate ....................
Citrates and iron capsules . . .
Citrates and iron.............
Chloride......................
Capsules.................
Tablets .................
Ichthosulfonate (ichthammol) Amphetamine sulfate ..............
Sulfate, racemic ............
.118 .117
118 .118 .118 .140 .140 .119 .119 .119 .139 .119 .119
Ampuls:
Calcium chloride ................
Calcium gluconate ..............
Camphor ..........................
In oil .....................
Dextrose ........................
Diodrast ........................
Ephedrine sulfate ..............
Green iron and ammonium citrates
Iodine ..........................
Magnesium sulfate ..............
Mapharsen .......................
Mercuric succinimide.............
Metrazol ........................
Nupercaine hydrochloride ........
Pantopon ........................
Procaine hydrochloride ..........
Quinine dihydrochloride ........
125
125
126
126
131
132
133
140
139
142
143
145
147
149
152
159
160
Sodium: Cacodylate .............................................................
Iodide ..............................................................
Salicylate ..........................................................
Thiosulfate .........................................................
Amyl nitrite .................................................................
Amytal .......................................................................
Sodium ..................................................................
Anatoxin, diphtheria (diphtheria toxoid) .....................................
Anhydrous lanolin (wool fat) .................................................
165
166
167
167
119
119
119
132
175
Anise: Oil .............................................
Spirit .....................................
Water ......................................
Anodyne paste, dental (acetylsalicylic acid) . . Antianthrax serum ...............................
Antibiotic ......................................
Anticoagulant solution of sodium citrate .... Antidiphtheric globulins (diphtheria antitoxin) Serum, purified..................................
Antidote, definition ....................... ... .
.149 .149 .149 .116 .119
. 68 .166 .132 .132 . 61
Antidotes:
List...................................................................
When to administer.....................................................
Antimeningococcic serum ....................................................
Antimeningococcus serum ....................................................
62
61
120
120
Antimony:
Potassium tartrate..................................................
Tincture ...........................................................
Wine ...............................................................
Antimonyl potassium tartrate (antimony and potassium tartrate)...........
Antipneumococcic serum ..................................................
Antipneumococcus serum...................................................
Antipyrine ....................................... :*••.*:..............
Anti-scarlet fever globulins (scarlet fever streptococcus antitoxin).....
120
120
120
120
120
120
120
162
179
PAGE
Antitetanic serum, purified (tetanus antitoxin) .............................172
Antitoxin:
Concentrated scarlet fever (scarlet fever streptococcus antitoxin)......162
Diphtheria ............................................................ 132
Concentrated .................................................... 132
Refined .....................................................(.....132
Gas gangrene............................................................136
Refined scarlet fever (scarlet fever streptococcus antitoxin)...........162
Scarlet fever (scarlet fever streptococcus antitoxin) ..................162
Scarlet fever streptococcus ............................................162
Tetanus ................................................................172
Apomorphine hydrochloride ...................................................120
Tablets ................................................................120
Apothecaries’ fluid measure.................................................8, 17
Measures, table for conversion of metric quantities to.................. 80
System .................................................................. 9
Weights, table for conversion of metric quantities to................... 81
Approximate equivalents, table............................................. 11
Measures ................................................................ 9
Aquae. (See Waters.)
Arecoline hydrobromide.......................................................121
Aromatic—
Castor oil..............................................................127
Fluidextract of cascara sagrada.........................................127
Sodium perborate........................................................167
Spirit of ammonia.......................................................119
Spray . ................................................................153
Sulfuric acid ..........................................................171
Waters, official processes.............................................. 42
Arsenic:
Chloride, solution .................................................... 121
Combined with mercuric iodides, solution................................144
Hydrochloric solution...................................................121
Trioxide ...............................................................121
White (arsenic trioxide) ...............................................121
Arsenious acid (arsenic trioxide)............................................121
Oxide ..................................................................121
Solution .............................................................. 121
Arsphenamine ................................................................121
Asafetida:
Pills ..................................................................121
Tincture ...............................................................121
Ascorbic— .
Acid ...................................................................121
Tablets ................................................................122
Aspidium, oleoresin .........................................................151
Aspirin (acetylsalicylic acid) ..............................................116
Atabrine. (See Quinacrine hydrochloride.)
Atomic and molecular weights................................................. 93
Weights, table .......................................................... 93
Atropine: Morphine sulfates, tablets..............*................................147
Sulfate ..................................................................122
Tablets........................................................... 122
Avertin. (See Tribromethanol.)
Avoirdupois weight............................................................ 9
Weights, table for conversion of metric quantities...................... 79
Azochloramid (chloroazodin) ............................................... 128
Bacteriology, definition...................................................... 1
Baking soda (sodium bicarbonate) ............................................164
Balances.................................................................... 12
Balsam:
Peruvian ............................................................. 153
Of tolu.................................................................174
180
PAGE
Barbital: Sodium tablets...................................
Tablets, soluble............................
Barbitone, soluble (barbital sodium) ............
Barium sulfate ..................................
Basic bismuth— Carbonate .......................................
Nitrate .............................!......
Salicylate .................................
Baths:
Oil ........................................
Salt water .................................
Sand........................................
Steam ......................................
Water.......................................
Beck’s bismuth paste.............................
Beeswax, bleached (white wax) ...................
Belladonna—
Extract.....................................
Leaf, fluidextract .........................
Liniment ...................................
Ointment ...................................
Root, fluidextract .........................
Tincture ...................................
Bentonite .......................................
Magma ......................................
Benzedrine. {See Amphetamine sulfate.) Benzoic—
Acid .......................................
Salicylic acids, ointment...................
Benzoin:
Compound tincture........................
Siam ..........................'............
Sumatra ....................................
Tincture ...................................
Benzoinated lard.................................
Benzosulfimide, sodium (saccharin sodium) .......
Benzyl benzoate..................................
Bile salts ......................................
Tablets, enteric coated.....................
Biniodide of mercury (red mercuric iodide) ....
Biology, definition..............................
Bismuth—
Carbonate, basic............................
Nitrate, basic..............................
Paste:
Bismuth subnitrate ....................
Beck’s ................................
Potassium tartrate..........................
Injection .............................
Salicylate, basic...........................
Subcarbonate................................
Tablets ...............................
Subnitrate .................................
Tablets ...............................
Subsalicylate ..............................
Injection .............................
Bismuthyl, potassium tartrate ...................
Bitter almond water..............................
Black mustard....................................
Blistering cerate (cantharides) .................
Blue—
Butter (mild mercurial ointment) ...........
Ointment (mild mercurial ointment) .........
Soluble indigo (sodium indigotindisulfonate)
Boracic acid (boric acid) .......................
Borax (sodium borate) ...........................
122
122
122
122
124
124
124
28
28
27
28
27
124
175
122
122
122
122
122
122
122
123
123
123
123
123
123
123
141
161
123
123
123
144
1
124
124
124
124
123
124
124
124
124
124
124
124 124 123
43 124 126
145 145
166 124
165
181
PAGE
Boric acid—
Ointment ..............................................................125
Solution ..............................................................124
Boroglycerin, glycerite of (boric acid) ....................................125
Botany, definition........................................................... 1
Bromethol. (See Tribromethanol.)
Bromides, elixir of five................................................... 118
Brown' mustard .............................................................124-
Buffer—
Mixtures of Clark and Lubs............................................. 87
Solutions, solutions used in preparation............................... 87
Burow’s solution (aluminum acetate) ........................................117
Butacaine sulfate...........................................................125
Butter:
Blue (mild mercurial ointment) .....................................• 145
Cocoa (theobroma oil) .................................................173
Butyn sulfate. (See Butacaine sulfate.)
140
129
129
125
125
125
159
159
159
159
159
31
Cade, oil of (juniper tar)..................................................
Caffeine:
Citrated ...............................................................
Tablets ...........................................................
Sodio-benzoate (caffeine and sodium benzoate) ....................••••
Sodium benzoate.........................................................
Injection .........................................................
Calamine—
Liniment ...............................................................
Lotion .................................................................
Phenolated ........................................................
Ointment ...............................................................
Prepared ...............................................................
Calcination ................................................................
Calcium—
Carbonate: Precipitated .......................................................
Tablets ........................................................
Chloride ........................................................ • • •
Ampuls .........................................................
Gluconate ...........................................................
Ampuls .........................................................
Injection ......................................................
Hydroxide ...........................................................
Solution .......................................................
Lactate .............................................................
Tablets ........................................................
Mandelate ...........................................................
Oxide (lime) ........................................................
Calomel (mild mercurous chloride) .......................................
Ointment ............................................................
Soda ................................................................
T ablets ............................................................
Camphor—
Ampuls ..............................................................
Liniment ............................................................
Oil, ampuls .........................................................
Soap liniment (see also Hard soap) ..................................
Spirit ..............................................................
Water................................................................
158 158
125
125
125
125
125
125
125
126
126
126
141
145
145 145
145
126 126
126
164
126
126
Camphorated— Menthol ......................................................143
Tincture of opium ............................................151
Cantharides—
Cerate ...................................................................126
Plaster ..................................................................126
Tincture ............................................•....................126
182
PAGE
Capsicum.............................................,......................126
Ointment ..............................................................127
Oleoresin .............................................................127
Tincture ..............................................................127
Capsulae. (See Capsules.)
Capsules ................................................................... 53
Ammonium chloride .....................................................119
Carbon tetrachloride ...............................................„..127
Concentrated oleovitamin A and D ......................................151
Definition ........................................................ 53
Description ......................................................... 53
Diethylstilbestrol ....................................................131
Digitalis .............................................................131
General uses .......................................................... 54
Hexavitamin ...........................................................137
Methods of preparation................................................. 54
Oil of chenopodium ....................................................149
Pentobarbital sodium ..................................................153
Tetrachloroethylene ...................................................173
Typical examples ...................................................... 54
Carbarsone .................................................................127
Carbolic acid (phenol) .....................................................154
Carbon tetrachloride .......................................................127
Capsules ..............................................................127
Carbonization .............................................................. 31
Cardamom:
Compound tincture .....................................................127
Seed ..................................................................127
Carmine, indigo (sodium indigotindisulfonate) ..............................166
Carron oil (linseed oil) ...................................................141
Cascara sagrada:
Aromatic fluidextract..................................................127
Extract ...............................................................127
Fluidextract......................................................... 127
Cassia, oil of (oil of cinnamon) ...........................................149
Castor oil .................................................................127
Aromatic ..............................................................127
Catalog, Medical Supply, Army Service Forces............................... 4
Cataplasm of kaolin........................................................ 140
Cathartic pills, compound (compound pills of mild mercurous chloride).......145
Caustic—
Lunar (silver nitrate) ................................................163
Potash (potassium hydroxide) ..........................................157
Soda (sodium hydroxide) ...............................................166
Cayenne pepper (capsicum) ................................................. 126
Cement of zinc compounds and eugenol........................................135
Cerate, blistering (cantharides) ...........................................126
Cerum oxalate ..............................................................127
Cevitamic acid (ascorbic acid) ............................................ 121
Chalk:
Drop (prepared chalk) .................................................159
Mercury................................................................145
Mixture ...............................................................159
Prepared ............................................................ 159
Precipitated (precipitated calcium carbonate) .........................158
Charcoal, activated ........................................................116
Chemical data, tabular...................................................... 93
Chemistry, definition ....................................................... 1
Chenopodium, oil ...........................................................149
Capsules ..............................................................149
Chiniofon .............................................................. 127
Tablets ...............................................................128
Chloral hydrate ............................................................128
Chlorinated lime ...........................................................128
Chloroazodin ...............................................................128
Solution ..............................................................128
183
PAGE
Chloroform ..................................................................128
Spirit .................................................................128
Water ...............................................................43, 128
Cholera vaccine .............................................................128
Chromic—
Acid (chromium trioxide) ..............—................................129
Anhydride (chromium trioxide) ..........................................129
Chromium trioxide ...........................................................129
Chrysarobin .................................................................129
Ointment ..........•....................................................129
Cineol (eucalyptol) .........................................................134
Cinnamon: * ■
Oil ....................................................................149
Spirit ............................................................... 150
Syrup .......................................................:..........150
Water...................................................................149
Citrated caffeine............................................................129
Tablets ................................................................ 129
Citric acid..................................................................129
Syrup ................................................................ 129
Classes of pharmaceutical preparations....................................... 42
Coal tar.....................................................................129
Ointment ...............................................................130
Solution ...............................................................129
Cocaine hydrochloride.............(..........................................130
Muriate ................................................................130
Cocoa butter (theobroma oil) ................................................173
Codeine sulfate..............................................................130
Tablets ................................................................130
Cod liver oil ............................................................... 130
Emulsion ...............................................................130
Colation or straining........................................................ 31
Collodion ...................................................................130
Flexible ...............................................................130
Salicylic .......................................................;......161
Styptic (tannic acid) .................................................. 172
Collodions (collodia) : Definition ........................................................... 49
Description .............4............................................. 49
General uses ........................................................... 49
Methods of preparation.................................................. 49
Typical examples ....................................................... 49
Comminution ................................................................. 33
Compound cathartic pills (mild mercurous chloride) ..........................145
Concentrated scarlet fever antitoxin (scarlet fever streptococcus antitoxin).162
Contusion ................................................................... 33
Coramine. (See Nicotinamide.) Coriander, oil ..............................................................150
Corn starch ................................................................ 168
Corrosive sublimate (mercury bichloride) ....................................145
Cottonseed oil...............................................................130
Cresol.......................................................................131
Saponated solution .....................................................131
Cresote .....................................................................130
Crystal violet (methylrosaniline chloride) ..................................146
Crystallization ............................................................. 40
Definition ............................................................. 40
Water ................................................................. 41
Crystals, ways of producing...............................<.................. 40
Cupric sulfate ............................................................. 131
Dakin’s solution, modified (diluted solution of sodium hypochlorite).........168
Decantation ............................................................... 31
Decoction .................................................................. 37
Density, definition ......................................................... 18
Dental anodyne paste (acetylsalicylic acid) .................................116
Dentifrice (see also Precipitated calcium carbonate).........................158
184
PAGE
Desiccation .....................................................
Deutoiodide of mercury (red mercuric iodide) ....................
Dextrose:
Ampuls .....................................................
Injection ..................................................
Sodium chloride injection ..................................
d-Glucose (dextrose) ............................................
Dick test .......................................................
Diethyl ether ...................................................
Diethylbarbiturate, sodium (barbital sodium) ....................
Diethylmalonylurea, sodium (barbital sodium) ....................
Diethylstilbestrol:
Capsules ...................................................
Injection ..................................................
Digitalis .......................................................
Dihydromorphinone hydrochloride ................................. • •
Tablets ................................................‘'
Dilaudid hydrochloride. (See Dihydromorphinone hydrochloride.) Diluted solution of—-
Sodium hypochlorite.........................................
Sulfuric acid ..............................................
Dimethyl-ketone (acetone) .......................................
Diodoquin .......................................................
Tablets ....................................................
Diodrast ........................................................
Ampuls .....................................................
Dionin (ethylmorphine hydrochloride) ............................
Diphtheria anatoxin (diphtheria toxoid) .........................
Antitoxin ..................................................
Antitoxin, concentrated ................................ •
Antitoxin, refined .........................................
Toxin for Schick test.......................................
Toxoid .....................................................
Dispensatory, definition ........................................
Distillation . . . ..............................................
Destructive ................................................
F ractional ................................................
Steam ......................................................
Distilled wat....................167
Globulins: Antiphtheric (diphtheria antitoxin) ...........................................132 •
Anti-scarlet fever (scarlet fever streptococcus antitoxin) ..............162
Glonoin, spirit (spirit of glyceryl trinitrate) ............................. 168
Gluside, soluble (saccharin sodium) ..........................................161
Glycerin .....................................................................137
Suppositories ...........................................................137
Glycerinated elixir of gentian................................................136
Glycerite of— Boroglycerin (boric acid) ............................. '................125
Phenol ..................................................................154
Starch ..................................................................168
Tannic acid.......................................................... 172
Glycerites (glycerita) : Definition................................................................ 47
Description ............................................................ 47
General uses ............................................................. 47
Methods of preparation................................................... 48
Typical examples ........................................................ 48
Glycerol (glycerin) ...........................................................137
Glyceryl— Triacetate ............................................................. 137
Trinitrate, spirit .......................................................168
Trinitrate tablets {see also Spirit of glyceryl trinitrate)..............168
Glycyrrhiza— »
Extract .................................................................137
Fluidextract ............................................................137
Opium, compound mixture .................................................137
Syrup ...................................................................137
Golden gargle (gargle of potassium chlorate with iron) .......................157
Graduates ................................................................... 13
Green—
Iron and ammonium citrates, ampuls...................................... 140
188
PAGE
Green—Cont.:
Soap (medicinal soft soap) ............................................164
Tincture .........................................................164
Grinding and pulverizing................................................... 33
Gum—
Arabic, acacia ........................................................115
Myrrh (myrrh) .........................................................147
Opium .................................................................151
Halazone ..................................................................137
Hamainelis water .......................................................... 43
Hard soap .................................................................164
Heat, practical application ............................................... 28
Heating, methods .......................................................... 27
Heavy calcined magnesia (heavy magnesium oxide) ....................... . . 142
Hebra’s itch ointment (compound ointment of sulfur) .......................169
Henbane (hyoscyamus) ......................................................138
Hexamethylene tetramine (methenamine) .................................... 146
Hexavitamin capsules.......................................................137
Hexylresorcinol ...........................................................137
Histamine acid phosphate ................................................. 138
Phosphate injection ...................................................138
Hoffmann’s drops (spirit of ether) ........................................134
Homatropine hydrobromide ..................................................138
Hormone ................................................................... 68
Human serum, normal........................................................149
Hydrochloric— Acid ..................................................................138
Diluted ...............................................................138
Solution of arsenic ...................................................121
Hydrogen-ion concentration (/>H) of some official substances............... 88
Hydrogen ions and />H...................................................... 82
Hydrogen peroxide solution.................................................138
Hydrometers ............................................................... 15
Hydrous—
Lanolin (see also Wool fat) ...........................................176
Wool fat (see also Wool fat) ..........................................176
Hyoscine hydrobromide (scopolamine hydrobromide) ..........................162
Hyoscyamus ............................................................... 138
Extract............................................................... 138
Fluidextract ..........................................................139
Tincture ..............................................................139
“Hypo” (sodium thiosulfate) ...............................................167
Ichthammol ................................................................139
Ointment ..............................................................139
Ignition .................................................................. 31
Incineration ............................................................ 31
Indicators: pH, table.............................................................. 86
Preparations of their solutions........................................ 86
Indigo—
Blue, soluble (sodium indigotindisulfonate) ........................... 166
Carmine (sodium indigotindisulfonate) .................................166
Infusion ................................................................ 37
Digitalis .............................................................131
Gentian, compound .....................................................136
Infusions (infusa) : Definition ............................................................ 50
Description ........................................................... 50
General uses ........................................................ 50
Methods of preparation ................................................ 50
Typical examples .................................................... 50
Ingredients, medicinal, in preparations ................................... 26
Injection: Bismuth and potassium tartrate ........................................124
Bismuth subsalicylate .................................................124
189
PAGE
Injection—Cont.:
Caffeine and sodium benzoate.............................................125
Calcium gluconate .................-.....................................125
Dextrose ................................................................131
Sodium chloride ....................................................131
Diethylstilbestrol ......................................................131
Digitalis ...............................................................131
Emetine hydrochloride ...................................................132
Epinephrine hydrochloride .............................................. 133
Ergonovine maleate .................................................... 133
Histamine phosphate .....................................................138
Insulin ................................................•................139
Liver ...................................................................142
Mercuric salicylate .....................................................144
Mersalyl and theophylline................................................145
Neostigmine methylsulfate . . . .........................................148
Phenolsulf onphthalein ................................................ 154
Posterior pituitary......................................................156
Strophanthin ............................................................169
Theophylline ethylenediamine.............................................173
Water ................................................................43, 175
Insulin ................................................................... 139
Injection ...............................................................139
Instruments for measuring.................................................... 12
Intervention, pylverization by............................................... 35
Iodine:
Ampuls ..........................................................>.......139
Compound solution .......................................................139
Mild tincture............................................................139
Ointment ................................................................139
Solution ................................................................139
Strong solution .........................................................139
Swabs ...................................................................139
Tincture.................................................................139
Iodized oil..................................................................139
Iodoform ............>.......................................................139
lodophthalein sodium........................................................ 140
Ipecac ......................................................................140
Fluidextract ............................................................140
Opium, powder.......................................................... 151
Syrup ...................................................................140
Tincture ................................................................140
Iron— Ammonium citrates .......................................................140
Capsules ...........................................................140
Green ..............................................................140
Gentian, elixir..........................................................136
Potassium chlorate, gargle...............................................157
Sulfate (ferrous sulfate) ...............................................135
Isotonic—
Factors .................................................................112
Table ......................................................t........113
Solution:
Calculation ........................................................112
Sodium chloride .................................................. 165
Three chlorides: Calcium chloride ...............................................125
Sodium chloride ...............................................165
Itch ointment, Hebra’s (compound ointment of sulfur) ........................169
Ephedrine sulfate ...................................................133
Petroleum (petrolatum) ..............................................153
Juniper: Oil ...................................................................150
Tar ...................................................................140
190
V I- PAGE
Kaolin .................................................................. j 4Q
Cataplasm ...............................................................
Kelene (ethyl chloride) ...................................................134
Lactic acid ..................................................................
Lactoflavin (riboflavin) ..................................................161
Lactose ...................................................................141
Lanolin (see also Wool fat) ...............................................176
Anhydrous (wool fat) .................................................175
Hydrous (see also Wool fat) ..........................................176
Lard .........................................................................
Benzoinated ..........................................................141
Lassar’s plain zinc paste (zinc oxide) ....................................176
Latin words and abbreviations.............................................. 69
Lead acetate ..............................................................141
Opium wash ...........................................................141
Sugar .........................................’......................141
Lemon, oil.................................................................150
Levigation ................................................................ 35
Licorice—
Powder, compound (see also Senna) ..................................163
Root (glycyrrhiza) ...........................................137
Light—
Calcined magnesia (magnesium oxide) ...................................142
Liquid paraffin (light liquid petrolatum) ............................153
Magnesia (magnesium oxide) ...........................................142
Lime ......................................................................141
Chlorinated ...........................................................128
Liniment (linseed oil) ...............................................141
Unslaked .............................................................141
Water (calcium hydroxide) .............................................125
Linear—
Measure, English ...................................................... 8
Measures, table for equivalents: English to metric .................................................... 78
Metric to English .................................................. 77
Liniment:
Acetic turpentine ................................................... 150
Belladonna ...........................................................122
Calamine .............................................................159
Camphor ..............................................................126
Camphor and soap (see also hard soap) ................................164
Lime (linseed oil) ...................................................141
Soft soap (medicinal soft soap) ..................................... 164
Soap (see also Hard soap) ............................................164
Stoke’s (acetic turpentine liniment) .................................150
Liniments (linimenta) : Definition ........................................................... 49
Description .......................................................... 49
General uses ......................................................... 49
Methods of preparation................................................ 50
Typical examples ..................................................... 50
Linseed oil................................................................141
Raw ..................................................................141
Liquefied phenol...........................................................154
Liquid—
Paraffin (liquid petrolatum) .........................................153
Light ............................................................153
Petrolatum ......................................................... 153
Emulsion ..........................'............................. 153
Heavy ............................................................153
Light ............................................................153
Petroxolin ............................................................153
Liquids, specific gravity.................................................. 14
Liquor calcis (solution of calcium hydroxide) .............................125
Liquores. (See Solutions.)
191
Lithium citrate .... Effervescent salt
PAGE
.................141
..........................hi
Liver—
Extract ..................................
Dry .................................
Injection ................................
Liquid extract............................
Oil, cod .................................
Emulsion ............................
Solution ................................
Logarithms of numbers, table ............. • • ■
Lotion, calamine..............................
Phenolated ............................»
Lotions (lotiones) :
Definition ..............................
Description .............................
General uses ............................
Methods of preparation...................
Typical examples ................ ;•••••
Lugol’s solution (compound solution of iodine) Luminal. {See Phenobarbital.)
Lunar caustic (silver nitrate) ...............
Lye, potash (potassium hydroxide) ............
142
142
142
142
130
130
142
92
159
159
47
47
47
47
47 .139
163 .157
37 123
46
47
47
47
47
142
142
142
142
142
Maceration .................................................................
Magma of bentonite..........................................................
Magmas (magmata):
Definition .........1...................................................
Description ............................................................
General uses ...........................................................
Methods of preparation..................................................
Typical examples .......................................................
Magnesia (magnesium oxide) .................................................
Heavy calcined .........................................................
Light . ................................................................
Calcined ..........................................................
Usta ...................................................................
Magnesium— Carbonate ...............................................................
Hydrated .......................................................
Citrate, solution ...................................................
Oxide ...............................................................
Heavy ..........................................................
Sulfate .............................................................
Ampuls ................... .....................................
Male fern, extract (olcoresin of aspidium) ..............................
Mapharsen ...............................................................
Ampuls ..............................................................
Materia medica, definition ..............................................
Mathematical data.......■................................................
Mathematics, pharmaceutical .............................................
142
142
168
142
142
142
142
151
142
143
1
72
6
Measures: Approximate ..............................................
Weights: . .
Addition, subtraction, multiplication, and division
Equivalents, table................................
Measuring, instruments ....................................
Medical Supply Catalog, Army Service Forces................
Terms, definitions ...................................
Medicinal—
Ingredients in prescriptions .........................
Soft soap ............................................
Zinc peroxide ........................................
Sterilized .......................................
Menadione .................................................
Tablets...............................................
Meningitis serum (antimeningococcic serum) ................
9
11
72
12
4
66
26
164 176
176 143 143
120
192
PAGE
Menthol ..................................................................143
Camphorated ..........................................................143
Ointment, compound . .............................................143
Mepacrine. (See Quinacrine.) Merbromin ................................................................143
Solution .............................................................143
Surgical ........................................................143
Mercresin ................................................................143
Tincture ............................................................ 143
Mercurial ointment: Mild ..................................................................145
Strong ...............................................................145
Mercuric—
Arsenic iodides, solution .......................................... 144
Chloride. (See Mercury bichloride.)
Cyanide ............................................................. 143
Iodide, red ..........................................................144
Tablets..........................................................144
Oxide:
Yellow ........................................................ 144
Ointment, yellow ................................................144
Oxycyanide ...........................................................144
Salicylate ...........................................................144
Injection .................................................... 144
Succinimide ..........................................................144
Ampuls ........................................................ 145
Mercurochrome. (See Merbromin.) Mercurous chloride, mild..................................................145
Compound pills....................................................... 145
Ointment .............................................................145
Tablets............................................................. 145
Sodium bicarbonate, tablets ........................................ 145
Mercury ................................................................ 145
Ammoniated ............................................................H8
Bichloride ...........................................................145
Large poison tablets.............................................145
Small poison tablets . ........................................ 145
Biniodide (red mercuric iodide) ..................................... 144
Deutoiodide (red mercuric iodide) ............................. . ....144
Ointment, ammoniated .................................................118
Oleate ...............................................................144
Subchloride (mild mercurous chloride) ................................145
With chalk ............ ............................................145
Mersalyl and theophylline injection........................•..............146
Merthiolate ..............................................................146
Tincture .............................................................146
Metaphen .................................................................146
Solution .............................................................146
Tincture .............................................................146
Methenamine ............................................................ . 146
Tablets ..............................................................146
Methiodal (see also Skiodan) .............................................164
Methyl— Salicylate ............................................................146
Violet (methylrosaniline chloride) ...................................146
Mcthylrosaniline chloride ................................................146
Metrazol: Ampuls ................................................................147
Tablets ..............................................................147
Metric—
Quantities, table for conversion to— Apothecaries measures ............................................. . 80
Apothecaries weights ........................................... 81
Avoirdupois weights ............................................. 79
System ............................................................ '• 6
Reading .......................................................... 7
T ables ............................................................... 7
193
PAGE
Metycaine .................................................................147
Mild-Mercurial ointment.....................................................145
Mercurous chloride ...................................................145
Compound pills ...................................................145
Ointment .........................................................145
Tablets ..........................................................145
Sodium bicarbonate, tablets.......................................145
Protargin (mild silver protein) .................................... 163
Silver protein .................................................... 163
Milk, sugar (lactose) .....................................................141
Mindererus, spirit (ammonium acetate) .....................................118
Mineral oil: Emulsion (emulsion of liquid petrolatum) ..............................153
Light white (light liquid petrolatum) ................................153
White (liquid petrolatum) ........................................... 153
Mineralogy, definition ..................................................... 1
Misturae. (See Mixtures.)
Mixture: Chalk .............................................................. 159
Compound, of opium and glycyrrhiza ................................137
Mixtures (misturae): Definition .......................................................... -46
Description ......................................................... 46
General uses ......................................................... 46
Methods of preparation................................................ 46
Typical examples .................................................... 46
Molecular and atomic weights............................................... 93
Monkshood (aconite) ..................................................... .116
Monohydrated sodium carbonate .............................................165
Morphine— Atropine sulfates, tablets........................................... 147
Sulfate ............................................................ ,147
Tablets ..........................................................147
Moulded silver nitrate ....................................................163
Mucilage of acacia.........................................................115
Mucilages (mucilagines) : Definition ............................................................ 46
Description .......................................................... 46
General uses ......................................................... 46
Methods of preparation................................................ 46
Typical examples ................................................... 46
Multiplication, weights and measures............i.......................... 11
Muriate, cocaine (cocaine hydrochloride) ................................ 130
Mustard:
Black ................................................................124
Brown .................................................................124
Paper ................................................................124
Plaster ..............................................................124
Myrrh: Gum ...................................................................147
Tincture ..............................................................147
National Formulary ......................................................... 3
Nembutal. (See Pentobarbital sodium.) Nearsphenamine ............................................................147
Neostigmine— Bromide ...............................................................148
Tablets ..........................................................148
Methylsulfate ........................................................148
Injection ........................................................148
Neo-synephrine hydrochloride ..............................................148
New and Nonofficial Remedies (N. N. R.) .................................... 3
N. F. tooth powder (see also Precipitated calcium carbonate)...............158
Niacin (nicotinic acid) ...................................................148
Niacinamide (nicotinamide) ................................................148
194
PAGE
Nicotinamide ........................................................... 148
Tablets ............................................................. 148
Nicotinic acid ........................................................... 148
Amide (nicotinamide) ................................................. 148
Tablets ............................................................... 148
Nikethamide ................................................................148
Nitric acid.................................................................148
Nitroglycerin, spirit (see also Spirit of glyceryl trinitrate)..............168
Tablets (see also Glyceryl trinitrate) .............................. 168
Nitrohydrochloric acid .................................................... 148
Diluted ................................................................149
Nitromuriatic acid ....................................................... 148
Nitrous ether, spirit (ethyl nitrite, spirit) ...............................134
Nonstandard articles......................................................... 4
Normal—
Human serum .............................................................149
Saline solution (sodium chloride) .......................................165
Novacaine hydrochloride. (See Procaine hydrochloride.) Nupercaine hydrochloride ...................................................149
Ampuls .................................................................149
Tablets .................................................................149
Nux vomica..................................................................149
Extract.................................................................149
Fluidextract ......................................................149
Tincture .............................................................149
Officer, pharmacv ........................................................ 5
Oil:
Ampuls of camphor .......................................................126
Anise ................................................................ 149
Baths ................................................................... 28
Cade (juniper tar) .................................................... 140
Carron (linseed oil) ................................................. 141
Cassia (oil of cinnamon) ............................................. 149
Castor ..................................................................127
Aromatic ......................................................127
Chenopodium .............................................................149
Capsules .................................. *......................149
Cinnamon ................................................................149
Cod liver................................................................130
Emulsion .............•............................................130
Coriander ...............................................................150
Cottonseed .............................................................130
Emulsion, mineral (emulsion of liquid petrolatum) ......................153
Flaxseed (linseed oil) .................................................141
Gaultheria (methyl salicylate) ..........................................146
Iodized.................................................................139
Juniper .................................................................150
Lemon ..................................................................150
Light white mineral (light liquid petrolatum) ............................153
Linseed ................................................................141
Olive ..................................................................151
Orange .................................................................150
Peppermint ..............................................................150
Phenolated (phenol) ....................................................154
Raw linseed.............................................................141
Santal .................................................................150
Sweet (olive oil) ......................................................151
Sweet birch (see also Methyl salicylate)................................146
Sweet orange.......................................................... 150
Tar, rectified .........................................................161
Theobroma ..............................................................173
Turpentine .............................................................150
Emulsion ........................................................ 151
Rectified .........................................................150
Vitriol (sulfuric acid) ................................................171
195
PAGE
Oil—Cont.:
White mineral (liquid petrolatum) .....................................153
Wintergreen (see also Methyl salicylate) ..............................146
Ointment:
Alkaline sulfur (see also Sublimed sulfur) ............................169
Ammoniated mercury ....................................................118
Belladonna ............................................................122
Benzoic and salicylic acids............................................123
Blue (mild mercurial ointment) ...................................,.145
Boric acid ............................................................125
Calamine ..............................................................159
Calomel (ointment of mild mercurous chloride) .........................145
Capsicum ..............................................................127
Coal tar...............................................................130
Chrysarobin ...........................................................129
Hebra’s itch (compound ointment of sulfur) ..........................169
Ichthammol ......................................................... 139
Iodine ................................................................139
Menthol, compound .....................................................143
Mercurial:
Mild .............................................................145
Strong ...........................................................145
Mild mercurous chloride ...............................................145
Phenol ................................................................154
Pine tar...............................................................155
Potassium iodide..................................................... 157
Resorcinol, compound ................................................. 161
Sulfur.................................................................159
Compound..........................................................169
Tannic acid............................................................ 172
White precipitate (ammoniated mercury ointment) ......................118
Whitfield’s (ointment of benzoic and salicylic acids) .................123
Wilkinson’s (compound ointment of sulfur) ...........................169
Yellow (see also Petrolatum) ..........................................153
Yellow mercuric oxide .................................................144
Zinc—
Oxide ............................................................1^6
Stearate .........................................................176
Ointments (unguenta):
Definition ............................................................ 57
Description ........................................................... 57
General uses ......................................................... 57
Methods of preparation................................................. 58
Typical examples ...................................................... 58
Oleate of mercury ...................................................... 144
Oleic acid ................................................................151
Oleoresin:
Aspidium ..............................................................151
Capsicum ..............................................................127
Ginger .............................................................. 136
Oleoresins (oleoresinae):
Definition ......................................................... 52
Description ........................................................... 52
General uses ......................................................... 52
Methods of preparation ............................................... 52
Typical examples ..................................................... 52
Oleovitamin A and D........................................................151
Capsules, concentrated ...............................................151
Olive oil..................................................................151
Opium .....................................................................151
Camphorated tincture .................................................151
Glycyrrhiza, compound mixture.........................................137
Gum ..................................................................151
Ipecac, powder .......................................................151
Lead wash (lead acetate) .............................................141
Powdered .............................................................151
Tincture ........................................................... 151
196
Orange, compound spirit
Oil .............
Orthoform ...........
PAGE .150 .150 .152
Pamaquine naphthoate.......................
Pantopon ..................................
Ampuls ...............................
Tablets ..............................
Paraffin .................................
Light liquid (light liquid petrolatum)
Liquid (liquid petrolatum) ..........
Paraffinum molle (petrolatum) ............
Paraldehyde ..............................
Paracetaldehyde (paraldehyde) .........
Paregoric (camphorated tincture of opium) Paste:
Acetylsalicylic acid, compound........
Beck’s bismuth .......................
Bismuth (bismuth subnitrate) .........
Dental anodyne (acetylsalicylic acid) Lassar’s plain zinc (zinc oxide) ....
Resorcinol:
Mild ............................
Strong ..........................
Zinc oxide ..........................
Pastes (pastae): Definition ...............................
Description ..........................
General uses .........................
Methods of preparation................
Typical examples .....................
Pencils, silver nitrate .................
Penicillin calcium. (See Penicillin sodium.)
Penicillin sodium .......................
Pentobarbital sodium ....................
Capsules.............................
Tablets .............................
Pentothal sodium ........................
Pepper, cayenne (capsicum) ..............
Peppermint: Essence .................................
Oil .................................
Spirit . . . .......................
Water................................
Percentage solutions ....................
Perchloroethylene (tetrachloroethylene) .
Percolation .............................
Peru balsam .............................
Peruvian balsam ..........................
Petrolatum (liquid):
Emulsion ...........................
Heavy ..............................
Light ..............................
Petroleum jelly (petrolatum) ............
Petroxolin: Liquid .................................
Solid..............................
152
152
152
152
152
153
153
153
152
152
151
..116
. .124 ..124 ..116
. .176
..161
. .161
. .176
.. 58
.. 58 .. 58 .. 58 . . 58 . .163
..152 . .152 ..153
...153 . .153 ..126
7. .150 ...150
...150 ...150
20, 81 . . .173 . . . 37 . ..153 ...153
...153 ...153 ...153 ...153
153
154
/>H:
Determination
Hydrogen ions.........
Indicators, table ...... Measurements, directions
Pharmaceutical— Mathematics ................
Preparations, classes . . .
Pharmacodynamics, definition Pharmacognosy, definition . .
85
82
86
85
6
42
1
1
197
Pharmacology:
Definition ........................................................... ।
Veterinary .................................................'*'***’** 63
Pharmacopoeia, United States ....................... .. . 2
Pharmacy :
Administration ..............................................
Definition ..............................................
Officer .........................................................
Phenacetin (acetophenetidin) ..........................................
Phenazone (antipyrine) ..............................................
Phenobarbital ...............................................
Elixir .................................................
Tablets.......................................................
Phenol ............................................................. ...
Glycerite ......................................................
Liquefied ........................................................
Ointment ..........................................................
Red (phenolsulfonphthalein) .............................................
Phenolated—
5
1
5
115
120
154
154
154
154
154
154
154
154
Calamine lotion ..........................................................159
Oil (phenol) .............................................................154
Water ................................................................43* 154
Phenolphthalein ............................................................ ..154
Tablets ..................................................................154
Phenolsulfonphthalein ..........................................................’ 154
Injection ................................................................154
Phenyl:
Salicylate ...............................................................154
Acetophenetidin, tablets..................................................115
Tablets ..................................................................155
Phenylethylmalonylurea (phenobarbital) ........................................154
Phosphoric acid ............................................................. 155
Diluted ......................................................................
Physical processes and techniques.............................................. 27
Physics, definition............................................................. 1
Physiological salt solution (sodium chloride) .................................165
Physiology, definition ......................................................... 1
Physostigmine salicylate ......................................................155
Picric acid (trinitrophenol) ..................................................175
Pilocarpine hydrochloride .....................................................155
Pills (pilulae) ............................................................. 55
Asafetida ............................................................... 121
Cathartic, compound (mild mercurous chloride) .............................145
Definition ................................................................ 55
Description ............................................................... 55
General uses .............................................................. 55
Methods of preparation....................................... . 55
Mild mercurous chloride, compound .........................................145
Typical examples .......................................................... 56
Pilulae. (See Pills.)
Pine:
Tar.............................................................................
Ointment ......................................................................155
Syrup (rectified oil of tar) .................................................161
Pitressin ........................................................................ 155
Pituitary, posterior, injection .................................................. 156
Plague bacillus vaccine ............................................................155
Plain zinc paste, Lassar’s (zinc oxide) ............................................176
Plasmochin. (See Pamaquin naphthoate.)
Plaster:
Cantharides ............................................................126
Mustard ...................................................................
Plasters (emplastra): Definition ........................................................... 60
Description ............................................................ 60
General uses ............................._............................. 60
198
PAGE
Plasters (emplastra)—Cont.: Methods of preparation....................................
Typical examples ....................................
Pneumonia serum (antipneumococcic serum) . . .............
Pontocaine hydrochloride (tetracaine hydrochloride) ......
Poison—
Ivy extract .........................................
Oak extract..........................................
Tablets of mercury bichloride: Large ................................................
Small ...........................................
Poisoning:
Acute, diagnosis ....................................
Causes ..............................................
General measures for treating.........• ■............
Treatment of acute, by pharmacist technician ........
Pontocaine. (See Tetracaine.) Posology, definition .....................................
Posterior pituitary injection ............................
Potash:
Caustic (potassium hydroxide) .......................
Lye (potassium hydroxide) ...........................
Potassium:
Acetate .............................................
Alum ................................................
Antimony tartrate....................................
Bicarbonate .........................................
Bismuth tartrate ....................................
Injection ......................................
Bismuthyl tartrate ..................................
Bromide .............................................
Elixir ..............................................
Carbonate ...........................................
Chlorate ............................................
With iron, gargle ..............................
Chloride ............................................
T ablets .......................................
Hydroxide ...........................................
Solution .......................................
Iodide .............................................
Ointment .......................................
Saturated solution .............................
Solution .......................................
Tablets ........................................
Nitrate ............................................
Permanganate .......................................
Tablets ........................................
Rhodanate (potassium thiocyanate) ..................
Sodium tartrate.....................................
Sulfate ............... ;..........................
Sulfocyanate (potassium thiocyanate) ...............
Thiocyanate ........................................
Powder: Acetanilid, compound ...................................
Compound chalk .............• • • • • ..............
Compound licorice (see also Senna) .................
Dover’s (powder of ipecac and opium) ...............
Ipecac and opium....................................
Senna, compound .................‘ :....../ ' ' 7 (
Tooth, N. F. (see also Precipitated calcium carbonate) Zinc sulfate, compound .............................
Powdered—
Digitalis ..........................................
Opium ..............................................
Powders ..................................................
Compound effervescent ..............................
Definition .........................................
60
60
120
172
155
156
145
145
61
61
62
61
1
156
157
157
156 117
120 156 123
124 123 156
156 156
.156 .157 .157 .157 .157 .157 .157 .157 .157 .157 .157 .157 .158 .158 .158 .158 .158 .158 .158
115
159
163
151
151
163
158
177
..131 ..151 .. 53 . .158 .. 53
199
Powders—Cont.: Description ........................................................... 53
General uses ........................................................... 53
Insoluble in water, specific gravity.......,............................ 16
Methods of preparation ................................................ 53
Rochelle (potassium and sodium tartrate) ...............................158
Seidlitz (potassium and sodium tartrate) ............................. 158
Soluble in water, specific gravity...................................... 16
Typical examples ....................................................... 53
Precipitated— Calcium carbonate ..................................................... 158
Chalk (precipitated calcium carbonate) .................................158
Sulfur .................................................................158
Precipitation ............................................................... 31
Prepared—
Calamine ...............................................................159
Chalk ............................................................... ’.159
Preparations, pharmaceutical, classes........................................ 42
Prescriptions, medicinal ingredients ........................................ 26
Procaine (procaine hydrochloride) ...........................................159
Ampuls .................................................................159
Processes and techniques, physical........................................... 27
Proflavine ..................................................................159
Sulfate ................................................................159
Propadrine hydrochloride ....................................................160
Proportion and ratio ........................................................ 19
Prostigmine—
Bromide. (See Neostigmine bromide.)
Methylsulfate. (See Neostigmine methylsulfate.) Protargin:
Mild (mild silver protein) ..............................................163
Strong (strong silver protein) .........................................163
Pulveres. (See Powders.) Pulverization by intervention................................................ 35
Pulverizing and grinding..................................................... 33
Pumice .......................................................................160
Pycnometer ..............................................,................... 15
Quicklime (lime) ............................................................ 141
Quinacrine hydrochloride ....................................................160
Tablets .................................................................160
Quinidine sulfate ...........................................................160
Tablets .................................................................160
Quinine— Dihydrochloride ........................................................160
Ampuls..............................................................160
Sulfate ............................................................... 160
Tablets ............................................................161
Racemic— Amphetamine sulfate ....................................................119
Desoxynarephedrine (amphetamine sulfate) ...............................119
Ratio: Proportion ............................................................. 19
Solution .............................................................. 21
Raw linseed oil..................................................................
Records ...................................................................... 5
Rectified oil of—
Tar ....................................................................161
Turpentine .................................................................
Redistilled water............................................................ 43
Reference tables ............................................................ 72
Requisitioning from medical supply officer.................................... 4
Requisitions by medical supply officer........................................ 4
Resorcin (resorcinol) ..................................................... 161
200
PAGE
Resorcinol ................................................................ 161
Compound ointment .........................................................
Mild paste..............................................................
Strong paste ..........................................................jgj
Riboflavin ................................................................ 161
Tablets .................••••; \....................195 165
Ringer’s solution (isotonic solution of three chlorides) ............... »
Rochelle— . 15g
Powders (potassium and sodium tartrate)............................... j-g
Salt (potassium and sodium tartrate) ...................................
Rose water ....................................................................
Russian flies (cantharides) .................................................
Saccharin— Sodium ........................................................
Tablets .............................................
Soluble ..................................................
Saccharum (sucrose) ...........................................
Sah • LI -4 1
Ammoniac (ammonium chloride) .............................
Volatile (ammonium carbonate) ............................
Salol (phenyl salicylate) .....................................
Salicylic: Acid .............,...........................................
Benzoic acids, ointment..................................
Collodion ............_• • • • • • • ••• ...............
Saline solution, normal (sodium chloiidt.) ................
Salt: .
Epsom (magnesium sulfate) ...............................
Lithium citrate, effervescent ...........................
Magnesium sulfate, effervescent..........................
Rochelle (potassium and sodium tartrate) ................
Sodium chloride ....................j' (...............
Solution, physiological (sodium chloride) . .............
Water baths .............................................
Saltpeter (potassium nitrate) .................................
Salts, bile ...................................................
Salvarsan. (See Arsphenamine.) .
Salyrgan-theophylline. (See Mersalyl and theophylline solution.)
Sand baths ....................................................
Santal, oil ...................................................
Santonin ......................................................
Saponated solution of cresol ..................................
Saturated solution of—
Boric acid .............................................
Potassium iodide .......................................
Scales, thermostatic, comparison.............................
Scarlet fever—
Antitoxin: r ... . x
Concentrated (scarlet fever streptococcus antitoxin) Refined (scarlet fever streptococcus antitoxin) . . . .
Streptococcic toxin....................................
Streptococcus toxin .....• • • • • • • • / .’ 7 ‘ ’..
Toxin for immunization and for the Dick test (scarlet fever streptococcus toxin) ...................
Schick test, diphtheria toxin ..............................
Scopolamine hydrobromide ...................................
Tablets ...............................................
Seconal sodium................ • • • • • • • ‘ ‘ ‘ \......
Seidlitz powders (potassium and sodium tartrate) ...........
Senna ............................................
Compound powder........................................
Fluidextract ..........................................
Leaves ................................................
Syrup .................................................
161 161
161 169
119 118
154
.161 .123 .161
. 165
. 142 .141 .142 .158 .165 .165 . 28 .157 .123
27
150 162
131
124 157
19
162 162
162 162
162 132
162 .162 .162 .158 .163 .163 .163 .163 .163
201
Serum:
PAGE
Antianthrax ..........................
Antidysenteric ...........................
Antimeningococcic ........................
Antimeningococcus ....................
Antipneumococcic .....................
Antipneumococcus .........................
Meningitis (antimeningococcic serum) ......................
Normal human ................................
Pneumonia (antipneumococcic serum) ........................
Purified antidiphtheric (diphtheria antitoxin) ........ ’ . .. ’ ’ ’ . .
Purified antitetanic (tetanus antitoxin) ................' . \ '
Siam benzoin ..............................
Silver—
12t 120 120
120 120
120
120
149
120
132
172
123
Nitrate .................................
Fused .....................................
Moulded ........................................
Pencils ....................................... . / ...............
Toughened ...................................
Protein:
163
163
163
163
163
Mild ..............................................
Strong ...................................
Simple syrup (sucrose) ....................................................
Sirup (sucrose) ............................
Skiodan ....................................
Sodium .....................................
Smallpox vaccine ...........................
Soap:
Camphor liniment (see also Hard soap) . . . . ;.................
Green (medicinal soft soap) . . .
Hard ................... ..............................................
Liniment (see also Hard soap) ..........................
Liniment of soft (medicinal soft soap) ................................
Soft (medicinal soft soap) ......................' ’ \
Sobisminol solution.....................
Soda:
163
163
169
169
164
164
164
164
164
164
164
164
164
164
Baking (sodium bicarbonate) ......................................... 164
Calomel (mercurous chloride) ........................................ 145
Caustic (sodium hydroxide) ......................................... 166
Sodio-benzoate, caffeine............................................... 19-.
Sodium—
Alurate ................................
Benzoate ...............................
Caffeine ...........................
Injection .....................
Bcnzosulfimide (saccharin sodium) ......
Biborate (sodium borate) ...............
Bicarbonate ............................
Tablets ............................
With mild mercurous chloride, tablets
Borate .................................
Compound solution...................
Bromide ................................
Elixir ...............................
Tablets ............................
Cacodylate..............................
Ampuls .............................
Carbonate, monohydrated ................
Chloride................................
Isotonic solution ..................
Dextrose injection .................
Citrate ................................
Anticoagulant solution .............
Solution ...........................
Diethylbarbiturate (barbital sodium) . . .
Diethylmalonylurea (barbital sodium) . . .
Hydroxide ..............................
. 164 .164 .125 .125 .161
165 . 164 . 165
145 . 165 .165
165 165 165
165 165 165 165 165
131 166 166 166 122
122 166
202
PAGE
Sodium—Cent.:
Hypochlorite: Diluted solution ........................................
Solution .............................................
“Hyposulfite” (sodium thiosulfate) ........................
Indigotindisulfonate ......................................
Iodide ....................................................
Ampuls ...............................................
H-lactate .................................................
Morrhuate ....................•............................
Nitrite ...................................................
Tablets ..............................................
Perborate .................................................
Aromatic .............................................
Phosphate .................................................
Effervescent .........................................
Exsiccated ...........................................
Solution .............................................
Potassium tartrate ........................................
Salicylate ................................................
Ampuls ...............................................
Tablets ..............................................
Theobromine ..........................................
Tablets .........................................
Sulfate ...................................................
Tetraborate (sodium borate) ..............................
Thiosulfate ...............................................
Ampuls ..............................................
Soft soap (medicinal soft soap) ...............................
Liniment .................................................
Solid petroxolin (light liquid petrolatum) ....................
Solids: ._
Insoluble in and heavier than water, specific giavity.....
Soluble in water, specific gravity........................
Specific gravity .........................................
Solubility, conditions which influence.........................
Soluble—
Barbital (barbital sodium) ...............................
Tablets .............................................
Barbitone (barbital sodium) ..............................
Ferric phosphate.............■ • • • ■ • • • ♦.........
Indigo blue (sodium indigotindisultonate) ................
Solution ......................................................
Aluminum acetate..........................................
Aluminum chloride.........................................
Amaranth .................................................
Ammonium acetate..........................................
Ammonia, strong........: •: •,' ••••••••
Arsenic and mercuric iodides (red mercuric iodide)........
Arsenic chloride .......•••••••.........................
Arsenious acid (arsenic trioxide) ........................
Boric acid .............................................
Burow’s (aluminum acetate) .............................
Calcium hydroxide ......................................
Chloroazodin ...........................................
Coal tar ..........................................* * ”
Dakin’s modified (diluted solution of sodium hypochlorite) Definition .................. . . . • • • • • • • • •.
Dobell’s (compound solution of sodium borate) .. . .....
Donovan’s (solution of arsenic and mercuric iodides) . . . . Ephedrine sulfate ......................................
Epinephrine hydrochloride ..............................
Ferric chloride.........................................
Formaldehyde ...........................................
Fuadin .................................................
Hydrogen peroxide.......................................
168 168
167 166
166 166
166 166
166 167
.167 .167
.167 .167
.167 .167 .158 .167 .167 .167 .173 .173 . 167 .165 .167 . 167 . 164 . 164 .154
15
16
15
36
122 122 122 167 166
36 117 117 118 118 118 144
.121 .121 .124 .117 .125 .128 .129 .131 .168 . 36 .165 .144 .133 .135 .135 .136 .136 .138
203
Solution—Cont.:
Hydrochloric, of arsenic.............................................121
Iodine ........................................................... 139
Compound ........................................................139
Strong ...........................................................
Isotonic, calculation .................................................
Three chlorides (calcium chloride) ..............................125
Liver ..........................................................M 42
Lugol’s (compound solution of iodine) ...............................139
Magnesium citrate .............................•.....................168
Merbromin ...........................................................143
Surgical .............................•..........................143
Metaphen ......................................................•.....145
Normal saline (sodium chloride) .....................................165
Physiological salt (sodium chloride) ................................165
Potassium—
Hydroxide .......................................................157
Iodide ...........................................................
Iodide, saturated................................................157
Ratio ................................................................ 21
Ringer’s (isotonic solution of three chlorides) .................125, 165
Sobisminol ........................................................ 5 164
Sodium— ...........................
Borate, compound............................................
Chloride, isotonic ...................................................
Citrate ....................................................
Citrate, anticoagulant................................................
Hypochlorite .......................................................’
Diluted .........................................................
Phosphate .......................................................
Three chlorides, isotonic (sodium chloride) ...............................
Solutions (liquores) ......................................................
Buffer, solutions used in preparation .....................................
Definition ................................................................
Description ................’..............................................
General uses .........................................................
Indicator, and their preparation...........................................
Kinds ...................................
List, KF......................•..........................................’
List, U. S. P..............................................................
Methods of preparation ....................................................
Percentage .............................................................20
Preparation ..........................................................
Solubility, involving......................................................
Stock .....................................................................
Typical examples ..........................................................
Used in preparation of buffer solutions....................................
Solvents, important ............................................................
Spanish flies (cantharides) ....................................................
Specific gravity:
Definition.................................................................
Practical applications (reducing volume to weight) ........................
Specific volume, definition ....................................................
Spirit—
165
165
166
166
168
168
167
165
43
87
43
43
43
86
36
44
44
43
81
20
23
22
43
87
36
126
14 17
18
Ammonia, aromatic ..............................
Anise ..........................................
Camphor ...............................
Chloroform .....................................
Cinnamon .......................................
Ether ..........................................
Compound ..................................
Ethyl nitrite ..................................
Glonoin (spirit of glyceryl trinitrate) ........
Glyceryl trinitrate.............................
Mindererus (ammonium acetate) ..................
Nitre, sweet (ethyl nitrite, spirit) ...........
Nitroglycerin (see also Spirit of glyceryl trinitrate)
119 149 126
128 150
134 134 134
168 168 118
134
168
204
PAGE
Spirit—Cont.;
Nitrous ether (ethyl nitrite, spirit) ..........
Orange, compound ............................
Peppermint ..................................
Trinitrin (see also Spirit of glyceryl trinitrate) Spirits (spiritus):
Definition...................................
Description .................................
General uses ................................
Methods of preparation ......................
Turpentine ..................................
Typical examples ............................
Spray:
Ephedrine ...................................
Compound ...............................
Epinephrine hydrochloride ...................
Starch:
Corn ........................................
Glycerite ...................................
Steam baths.......................................
Stibophen (fuadin solution) ......................
Stilbestrol (diethylstilbestrol) .................
Stock solutions, definition ......................
Stoke’s liniment (acetic turpentine liniment).....
Stovarsol. (See Acetarsone.) Straining or eolation.............................
Streptococcic toxin, scarlet fever ...............
Streptococcus—
Antitoxin, scarlet fever.....................
Toxin, scarlet fever.........................
Strong—
Mercurial ointment (mercury) ................
Paste of resorcinol .........................
Protargin (strong silver protein) ...........
Silver protein ..............................
Solution of iodine...........................
Strophanthin .....................................
Injection ...................................
Strychnine sulfate................................
Tablets .....................................
Styptic collodion (tannic acid) .............• • • •
Subchloride of mercury (mild mercurous chloride) Sublimation ...............................•......
Sublimed sulfur...................................
Subtraction, weights and measures.................
Succinylsulfathiazole ............................
Tablets .....................................
Sucrose ..........................................
Sirup ................................... • •
Syrup .......................................
....134 ....150 ....150 .... 168
.... 48 .... 48 .... 48 .... 48 ....150 .... 48
....133 ....133 ....133
.... 168
.... 168
.... 28 ....136 ....131 .... 22 ....150
.... 31 ....162
....162 ....162
.... 145
____161
____163
....163
169
169
172
145
30
169
11
169
169
169
169
169
141
141
169
169
170
170
170
170
170
170
170
171
171
171
171
171
Sugar:
Lead (lead acetate) .....................................................
Milk (lactose) ..........................................................
Sucrose...................................................................
Sulfadiazine ..................................................................
Sodium ..................................................................
Tablets ..................................................................
Sulfaguanidine ............................................................■
Tablets ..................................................................
Sulfanilamide .............................................................• • •
Tablets...................................................................
Sulfapyridine ................................................................
Tablets ..................................................................
Sulfarsphenamine .............................................................
Sulfathiazole ......’..........................................................
Sodium....................................................................
Tablets ..................................................................
205
PAGE
Sulfur: Compound ointment ...................................................... 169
Flowers (sublimed sulfur) ........................................... ... . 169
Ointment................................................................ 159
Ointment, alkaline (see also Sublimed sulfur) ........................169
Precipitated .............................................................158
Sublimed .................................................................169
Sulfuric acid: Aromatic ............................................................ ..171
Diluted ..........................................................'. ... 171
Sulfuric ether ...............................................................134
Sumatra benzoin...............................................<...............123
Supply and administration...................................................... 4
Supply catalog, Medical, Army Service Forces................................... 4
Suppositories (suppositoria): Definition ........................................................... 59
Description .............................................................. 59
General uses ............................................................. 59
Glycerin ............................................................... 137
Methods of preparation ................................................... 59
Typical examples ...................................................... 60
Sweet birch, oil (see also Methyl salicylate) .............................. 146
Sweet oil (olive oil) ........................................................151
Sweet spirit of nitre (ethyl nitrite, spirit) .....: .......................134
Syrup: Acacia ...................................................................115
Cinnamon ................................................................ 150
Citric acid ............................................................. 129
Ephedrine sulfate .................................... . . .............133
Ferrous iodide....................................................... 135
Ginger .................................................................. 136
Glvcyrrhiza ..............................................................137
Ipecac ...................................................................140
Pine tar (rectified oil of tar) ........................................ 161
Senna .................................................................. 163
Simple (sucrose) .........................................................169
Sucrose ...........................................................,......169
Tolu balsam ............................................................. 174
Syrups (syrupi): Definition............................................................... 45
General uses ............................................................. 45
Methods of preparation.................................................... 45
Typical examples ......................................................... 45
Tablets (tabellae) ................... . . ................................ 56
Acetanilid ............................................................... 115
Acetophenetidin ..........................................................115
Phenyl salicylate ...................................................115
Acetylsalicylic acid ..................................................... 116
Ammonium chloride.........................................................119
Apomorphine hydrochloride .................; . . . .'.................. 120
Ascorbic acid...........................................................; ; 122
A tropine sulfate.................................................. 122
Barbital sodium............................................................ . 122
Bismuth subcarbonate .................................................. 124
Bismuth subnitrate ...................................... .124
Calcium carbonate ........................................ 158
Calcium lactate........................................................ 126
Calomel (tablets of mild mercurous chloride) .............................145
Ghiniofon .............................................................. 128
Citrated caffeine.........................................................129
Codeine sulfate...........................................................130
Definition ............................................................. 56
Description ............................................................ 56
Digitalis ................................................................131
Dihydromorphinone hydrochloride...........................................132
Diodoquin .............................................................. 132
Enteric coated, bile salts.........................................•......123
206
PAGE
Tablets (tabellae)—Cont.: Ephedrine sulfate .......................................
Ergonovine maleate .................................
General uses ..............................
Glyceryl trinitrate (see also Spirit of glyceryl trinitrate) Large poison, mercury bichloride ...................
Menadione ..........................................
Methenamine ........................................
Methods of preparation .............................
Metrazol ...........................................
Mild mercurous chloride ............................
Sodium bicarbonate .............................
Morphine sulfate ...................................
Atropine sulfates ..............................
Neostigmine bromide ................................
Nicotinamide .......................................
Nicotinic acid ................• •................
Nitroglycerin (see also Glyceryl trinitrate) .......
Nupercaine hydrochloride ....................(......
Pantopon ...........................................
Pentobarbital sodium ...............................
Phenobarbital ......................................
Phenyl salicylate...................................
Phenolphthalein ....................................
Potassium—
Chloride .......................................
Iodide .............................'...........
Permanganate ...................................
Quinacrine hydrochloride ...........................
Quinidine sulfate ..................................
Quinine sulfate ....................................
Red mercuric iodide.................................
Riboflavin ...................*•....................
Saccharin sodium ...................................
Scopolamine hydrobromide . . .......................
Small poison, of mercury bichloride.................
133 133
56 168
145 143
146
56 147
145 145
147 147 148
.148 148 168 149
.152 .153
.154 155
.154
.157 .157 .158
.160 . 160 .161
.144 .161
. 161 .162 . 145
165
165
167
167
122
169
169
170
170
170
171
171
173
174
174
168
57
174
122
Sodium-Bicarbonate ...............................
Bromide ..............................
Nitrite ..............................
Salicylate ...........................
Soluble barbital...........................
Strychnine sulfate.........................
Succinylsulfathiazole .....................
Sulfadiazine ..............................
Sulfaguanidinc ............................
Sulfanilamide .............................
Sulfapyridine .............................
Sulfathiazole .............................
Theobromine with sodium salicylate.........
Thiamine hydrochloride.....................
Thyroid ...................................
Trinitrin (see also Glyceryl trinitrate) . . . . Typical examples ................- • •.....
Vitamin B, (thiamine hydrochloride tablets Vitamin C (ascorbic acid tablets) .........
Talc, purified .....
Tannic acid.........
Glycerite ......
Ointment .......
Tannin (tannic acid)
160
171
172
172
171
Tar:
Coal ........
Ointment Solution
Juniper ....
129
130
129
140
207
PAGE
Tar—Cont.:
Pine .................................................................155
Ointment ........................................................155
Syrup ..........................................................’161
Rectified oil ........................................................161
Tartar emetic (antimony and potassium tartrate) ..........................120
Tartaric acid.............................................................172
Techniques and processes, physical ...................................... 27
Terpin hydrate ...........................................................172
Elixir ...............................................................172
Tetanus—
Antitoxin ............................................................172
Toxoid ...............................................................172
Tetracaine hydrochloride..................................................172
Tetrachloroethylene ......................................................173
Capsules .............................................................173
Tetraiodophenolphthalein sodium (iodophthalein sodium )...................140
Theobroma oil ......................................................... 173
Theobromine—
Calcium salicylate. (See Theocalcin.) With sodium salicylate................................................173
Tablets ..........................................................173
Theocalcin ................................................................173
Theophylline—
Ethylenediamine .................................................... 173
Injection ........................................................173
Mersalyl injection ................................................ 146
Therapeutics, definition.................................................... 1
Thermometers .............................................................. 18
Thermometric equivalents, table:
Fahrenheit to centigrade scales.......................................Ill
Centigrade to Fahrenheit scales.......................................110
Thermostatic scales, comparison ........................................... 19
Thiamine hydrochloride ....................................................173
Tablets ...............................................................174
Three chlorides, isotonic solution......;..............................125, 165
Thymol ....................................................................174
Iodide ...............................................................174
Thyroid .................................................................174
Tablets .............................................................174
Tincture:
Aconite .............................................................116
Antimony ............................................................120
Asafetida ...........................................................121
Belladonna ..........................................................122
Benzoin .............................................................123
Compound .......................................................123
Cantharides ................................................... r.....126
Capsicum ...................................................... ....127
Compound, of cardamom................................................127
Digitalis ..............................................-............131
Ferric chloride......................................................135
Gentian, compound ...................................................136
Green soap (medicinal soft soap) ....................................164
Hyoscyamus.......................................................... 139
Ipecac ..............................................................140
Iodine ..............................................................139
Mild ...........................................................139
Mercresin ......................................................... 143
Merthiolate ..................................................... .146
Metaphen ..........................................................146
Myrrh .............................................................147
Nux vomica.........................................................149
Opium .............................................................151
Camphorated ...................................................151
Tolu (tincture of tolu balsam) ....................................174
208
PAGE
Tinctures (tincturae): » Definition ..................................................
Description ............................................
General uses ...........................................
Methods of preparation .............................• • • •
Typical examples .......................................
Tolu (tolu balsam) ..........................................
Syrup ..................................................
Tincture ...............................................
Tooth powder, N. F. (see also Precipitated calcium carbonate) Torrefaction ................................................
Toxicology...................................................
Definition .............................................
50
50
50
51
51
174
174
174
158
. . 31
. . 61
1, 61
Toxin:
Diphtheria, for Schick test............................................... 132
Scarlet fever, for immunization and for the Dick test.....................162
Streptococcus .........................................................162
Streptococcic ...................................................... 162
Toxoid, diphtheria .......'.................................................... 132
Triacetin (glyceryl triacetate) ................................................137
Tribromoethanol ................................................................174
Trichloroacetic acid ..........................................................174
Triiodomethane (iodoform) ......................................................139
Trinitrin, spirit of (see also Spirit of Glyceryl trinitrate) ..................168
Tablets (see also Glyceryl trinitrate).....................................168
Trinitrophenol .................................................................175
Trituration .................................................................... 33
Triturations (triturationes) :
Definition ............................................................... 55
Description ..........................................*................... 55
General use . w.......................................................... 55
Methods of preparation.................................................... 55
Typical examples ......................................................... 55
Tryparsamidc ..................................................................175
Tuberculin: Concentrated ..................................................... 175
Crude ............................................................175
Old ..............................................................175
T urpentine: Emulsion of oil............................................................... 151
Liniment, acetic ............................................................150
Oil .........................................................................150
Rectified oil................................................................150
Spirits .....................................................................150
Typhoid prophylactic (typhoid vaccine) ...........................................175
Unguenta. (See Ointments.)
United States Pharmacopoeia.............................................. 1
Unslaked lime............................................................141
Urotropin. (See Methenamine.)
V accine: Cholera ................................................................128
Enteric (typhoid vaccine) ..............................................175
Plague bacillus ........................................................155
Smallpox ............................................................. 164
Typhoid ................................................................175
Veronal sodium. (See Barbital sodium.) Veterinary pharmacology ..................................................... 63
Vinegars (aceta): Definition ............................................................. 51
Description ............................................................ 51
General uses ........................................................... 51
. Methods of preparation ............................................... 51
Typical examples ....................................................... 51
209
PAGE Vitamins:
Bi (thiamine hydrochloride) .............................................173
Tablets ........................................................... 174
Bs (riboflavin) .........................................................161
C (ascorbic acid) .......................................................121
Tablets ................ . .........................................122
G (riboflavin) ..........................................................161
Vitriol:
Elixir (sulfuric acid) ..................................................171
Oil (sulfuric acid) ................................................... 171
White (zinc sulfate) ................................................... 176
Water........................................................................175
Ammonia .................................................................118
Anise ...................................................................149
Baths .................................................................. 27
Bitter almond ............................................. ............. 43
Camphor .................................................................126
Chloroform ......................................................... 43, 128
Cinnamon . ..............................................................149
Distilled ...........................................................43, 175
Equivalents, table .................................................. 11
Hamamelis ............................................................... 43
Injection ...........................................................43, 175
Lime (solution of calcium hydroxide) ....................................125
Peppermint ............................................................. 150
Phenolated ..........................................................43, 154
Redistilled ............................................................. 43
Rose ................................................................... 43
Sterilized distilled.................................................43, 175
Wintergreen (see also Methyl salicylate)................................. 146
Waters (aquae):
Aromatic, official processes.............................?............... 42
Definition .............................................................. 42
Description......................................................,....... 42
Exceptions ............................................................. 43
General uses ............................................................ 42
Methods of preparation.................................................. 42
Typical examples ........................................................ 42
Wax, white ..................................................................175
Weights and measures: .Addition, subtraction, multiplication, and division.................... 11
Table of equivalents..................................................... 72
Whisk}' .....................................................................175
White—
Arsenic (arsenic trioxide)...............................................121
Precipitate (ammoniated mercury).........................................118
Ointment ........................................................... 118
Vitriol (zinc sulfate)...................................................176
Wax ................................... , ............................175
Whitfield's ointment (ointment of benzoic and salicylic acids)...............123
Wilkinson’s ointment (compound ointment of sulfur)...................169
Wine of antimony.............................................................120
Wintergreen:
Oil (see also Methyl salicylate).........................................146
Water (see also Methyl salicylate).......................................146
Wool fat .................................................................. 175
Anhydrous .............................................................. 175
Hydrous ................................................................ 176
Yellow—
Mercuric oxide ..........................................................144
Ointment ...........................................................144
Ointment (see also Petrolatum)...........................................153
Zephiran chloride ..............................................-............176
Zinc:
Chloride.........'.................................................176
Compounds and eugenol, cement.......................................... 135
210
PAGE
Zinc—Cont.:
Oxide ................................................................ 176
Ointment ..........................................................176
Paste..............................................................176
Paste, Lassar’s plain (zinc oxide)..................................... 176
Peroxide:
Medicinal......................................................... 176
Sterilized medicinal ..........'...................................176
Stearate . . ...........................................................176
Ointment ................................................... ,......ly6
Sulfate ................................................................176
Compound powder....................................................177
Zoology, definition ......................................................... 1
U. S. GOVERNMENT PRINTING OFFICE: 1945—635906
1001895381
UKT LIBRARIES OEHTON TX 79203