[Chemical Decontamination Materials and Equipment]
[From the U.S. Government Publishing Office, www.gpo.gov]

TM 3-220

WAR DEPARTMENT
TECHNICAL MANUAL

March 7, 1942
NON-CIRCULATING
Document
Reserve
CHEMICAL DECONTAMINATION MATERIALS AND EQUIPMENT
NTSU LIBRARY
TH 3-220
c 1

Ckf
TECHNICAL MANUAL
CHEMICAL DECONTAMINATION MATERIALS AND EQUIPMENT
Changes!	WAR DEPARTMENT,
No. 1 J	Washington 25, D. C., 7 September 1943.
TM 3-220, 7 March 1942, is changed as follows:
35. Operation.
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o. (Superseded.) Maintenance.— (1) Weekly inspection of filled apparatus.—Once a week remove each filled apparatus from its bracket and operate its pump to determine if the apparatus is functioning properly. The “Fyr-Fyter” apparatus will require five to 10 strokes to make it function since it is an air pump type. All other makes of apparatus are of the liquid pump type and require but two or three strokes to start them functioning. Ejection and loss of liquid should be kept at a minimum. If the apparatus functions properly, wipe the nozzle dry with a rag. If the apparatus does not function, the procedure outlined below should be observed.
(2) Monthly maintenance of filled apparatus.— (tz). Remove the filling plug and drain the contents of each appafatus into a clean, dry, pail. Unless the solution is more than 3 months old, it should be strained and saved for refilling.
(5) Pour approximately 1 pint of clean acetylene tetrachloride into the apparatus, replace the filling plug, and vigorously shake the apparatus lengthwise for about 2 minutes. Drain the apparatus and repeat the washing treatment, using a second pint of clean acetylene tetrachloride and drain again, straining and saving all drainings.
() Earth-bleach, mixture.—Occasionally it is necessary to decontaminate small areas of terrain by the following method: The bleaching powTder is intimately mixed with dry earth, sand, ashes, or sawdust in the proportion by weight of one part of bleach to three parts of earth or substitute. This ratio corresponds to two parts of bleach to three parts of earth by volume.
d.	Manufacture.— (1) Preparation.—Bleaching powder is prepared by passing chlorine gas over slaked lime. This absorption operation is performed in a series of low-ceiling brick or concrete chambers, or in shelf absorbers.
(2)	Specifications.—Bleaching powder must contain a minimum of 35 percent available chlorine in conformance with Federal Specification No. O-B—441a for bleaching material (chlorinating agents) (Grade B).
e.	Storage and shipment.—(1) Storage.—Bleaching powder should be stored in wooden barrels, kegs, or iron drums which are capable of being tightly closed. Bleaching powder is shipped in a special container (Chemical Warfare Service Specification No. 197-54-96) in which it should be kept until used. Drums of 100-pound capacity are especially desirable because they are easily handled both in storage and in the field. Containers must not be so thoroughly sealed that high internal pressures created by the decomposition of the bleach cannot escape. Under ordinary storage conditions the average loss of available chlorine is 1 percent per month. Both moisture and heat so hasten the decomposition of bleach that it should be stored in as cool and dry a place as possible. Bleaching powder decomposes faster in warm weather than in cold, while sunlight increases the rate slightly. It is therefore important to record the date on which a lot of bleaching powder is put in storage. Occasional surveillance is necessary to detect leaks, breaks, or other defects in the containers.
(2) Shipping precautions.—Bleaching powder is an unclassified chemical, and as such is not covered by the present Interstate Commerce Commission Regulations for freight or express shipment.
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f.	Safety.—Bleaching powder is very corrosive. Care should be taken not to breathe excessively of its dust, as it has a very irritating effect upon the lungs and throat. If spilled upon the skin, it should be washed off with water. It is not dangerous, but irritating.
g.	Advantages and disadvantages.—Because of its relative cheapness, availability, and effectiveness, bleaching powder has been made a standard decontaminating agent. However, suspensions of it are difficult to maintain, it deteriorates rather rapidly, corrodes metal, cakes in storage, and becomes difficult to remove from its container. Persons handling any considerable quantity of it are forced to wear masks and must expect their clothing to be damaged.
8. High-test hypochlorite (H. T. H.).—a. Other names.— High-test hypochlorite is largely calcium hypochlorite, commonly called H. T. H., high-test bleaching powder, or “perchloron.” High-test hypochlorite must not be confused with bleaching powder.
h.	General characteristics.—H. T. H. contains twice as much available chlorine as bleaching powder and is also much more stable.
c.	Uses.— (1) Chemical action.—H. T. H. reacts with HS, M-l, and ED in the same manner as bleaching powder, because both agents contain available chlorine.
(2)	Preparation for use.—Like bleaching powder, high-test hypochlorite is only slightly soluble in water and must therefore be dispersed as a suspension. It is prepared for use in the same manner as bleaching powder.
d.	Manufacture.—(1) Preparation.—H. T. H. is commonly manufactured in two ways. The first method requires the chlorination of a lime slurry followed by a salting out of calcium hypochlorite with common salt. The second consists of the manufacture of sodium hypochlorite from caustic soda, water, and chlorine, this then being added to chlorinated calcium hydroxide solution and the resulting product cooled, agitated, and dried in a vacuum.
(2)	Specifications.—High-test hypochlorite must contain a minimum of 70 percent available chlorine in conformance with Federal Specification No. O-B-441a for bleaching material (chlorinating agents) (GradeA).
e.	Storage and shipment.— (1) Storage.—It is advisable to store H. T. H. in the same way as bleaching powder, although it deteriorates much more slowly.
(2) Shipping precautions.—H_. T. H. is shipped in the same kind of containers and with the same precautions as bleaching powder.
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/• Safety.—High-test hypochlorite must be handled with care, for it is corrosive to most metals and clothing, and its dust is irritating to the respiratory organs.
g. Advantages and disadvantages.—Pound for pound, H. T. H. is about twice as effective as bleaching powder, requires less storage space, preserves better, and forms a suspension more easily. On the other hand, H. T. H. is several times as expensive as ordinary bleach. H. T. H. will be supplied in the Tropics.
9. Noncorrosive decontaminating agent (DANC).—a. Other names.—Agent, decontaminating, noncorrosive, is the correct name for this substance, although it and similar compounds were formerly known by symbols. It is commonly called “DANC,” the short term for decontaminating agent, noncorrosive. There are two types, CC No. 1 and RH-195.
b.	General characteristics.—CC No. 1 and RH-195 are light tan or white powders which gradually decompose, giving off a chlorine-like odor. These agents must be dissolved in a solvent such as acetylene tetrachloride prior to use.
c.	Lses.— (1) Chemical action,.—CC No. 1 and RH—195 are the most rapid-acting chemical decontaminating agents known and will destroy the more common vesicant agents. Decontamination is accelerated by the solvent action and penetrating power of the acetylene tetrachloride.
(2)	Preparation for use.—A solution is made by dissolving 1 pound of the agent in 15 pounds of acetylene tetrachloride. Any large can, drum, or wooden tub may be used for the preparation of the solution. If desired, the same strength solution may be obtained by using 1 part of the agent to 6% parts of acetylene tetrachloride by volume. The liquid must be stirred until all of the agent has been dissolved, after which it is strained to remove any foreign particles. It is then ready for use.
d.	Storage and shipment.—(1) Storage.— {a) General.—A solution of noncorrosive decontaminating agent is not stable in storage. Decontaminating apparatus filled with this solution and carried in vehicles or airplanes should have the solution changed every 3 months.
(&) Acetylene tetrachloride.—Acetylene tetrachloride should be stored in drums. It is noninflammable and is not a fire hazard.
() Acetylene tetrachloride.—Since acetylene tetrachloride gives off toxic vapors, its containers must bear Interstate Commerce Commission yellow labels in shipment.
(c) Noncorrosive decontaminating agent.—This agent is shipped in strong drums.
e. Safety.—Noncorrosive decontaminating agent itself is relatively harmless, but its solvent, acetylene tetrachloride, is toxic, both in the liquid and in the vapor state, and care should be exercised in handling it. Continued absorption of the liquid through the skin is harmful, and the same is true of the continued breathing of its vapors. If the liquid is splashed on the body, it should be washed off with soap and water as soon as possible. When working with it, there should always be plenty of ventilation, and personnel always kept to up-wind of the source of the vapor. If a high concentration of the vapor is formed, personnel working with the material must wear service gas masks.
f. Advantages and disadvantages.—A solution of noncorrosive decontaminating agent is the most effective decontaminating preparation known. It is easily prepared and will destroy most persistent agents in half an hour or less. It is a standard decontaminating agent. Unfortunately, it is expensive, so its use is limited to contaminated equipment. Noncorrosive decontaminating agent is not altogether properly named, for its prolonged contact with metals will produce corrosion. Some of its other disadvantages are its toxicity, obnoxious odor, tendency to soften rubber and remove paint, and the formation of hydrochloric acid through the acetylene tetrachloride when in contact with moisture.
10. Caustic soda.—a. Other names.—Caustic soda is chemically known as sodium hydroxide and is commonly called lye.
b.	General characteristics.—Caustic soda is a white solid easily dissolved in water. It destroys most substances upon contact when in the presence of moisture. It is an especially effective substance with which to destroy lewisite.
c.	Uses.—(1) Chemical action.—Most of the common persistent agents are destroyed or converted into less toxic substances by caustic soda. It hastens hydrolysis by neutralizing free hydrochloric acid.
(2)	Preparation for use.—(«) Aqueous solution.—Aqueous solutions are effective in most proportions, but the more concentrated solutions provide speedier decontamination. The exact proportion of caustic soda to water will be determined by the special requirements of each contaminated surface.
(&)	Alcoholic solution.—Surfaces which would be corroded by a strong aqueous solution are treated with an alcoholic solution contain
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ing 5 percent caustic soda. This is prepared by adding 5 parts of caustic soda to 95 parts ethyl alcohol, all parts by weight.
d.	Manufacture.—(1) Preparation.—Caustic soda is manufactured by the electrolysis of a salt water solution or by the causticizing of soda ash by lime.
(2)	Specifications.—Federal Specification No. P-S-631a requires that caustic soda contain not less than 95 percent sodium hydroxide.
e.	Storage and shipment.—(1) Storage.—Solid caustic soda is stored in iron drums which have been sealed so as to prevent the absorption of carbon dioxide and water from the air. Solutions of caustic soda must be kept in glass containers equipped with rubber stoppers.
(2) Shipping precautions.—Containers must be of such strength as to withstand breakage during shipment. If in solution, caustic soda should be packed and shipped in accordance with Interstate Commerce Commission Regulations for corrosive liquids.
/. Safety.—Caustic soda is dangerous to handle since it attacks the skin, eyes, and clothing. It does not give off a poisonous vapor but is very poisonous if swallowed. Unpacking or emptying containers is dangerous and difficult, as there is chance of exposure to flying particles or dust. Workmen should wear goggles and respirators or caustic-proof hoods, rubber gloves, rubber aprons, wooden or rubber shoes, and rubber puttees. If any particles touch the skin, they should be washed off with copious amounts of water, followed by a wash with a 2 percent solution of acetic acid, if available.
g. Advantages and disadvantages.—Solutions of caustic soda are very effective for decontamination of most persistent agents, particularly lewisite. Being a true solution, it has greater penetrating power than slurry. Solutions of it can be diluted sufficiently to make a relatively inexpensive decontaminating agent. The injury to the skin of personnel and the corrosive effect on treated surfaces are greater than that of bleach.
11.	Sodium hypochlorite.—a. Other names.—None.
Z>. General characteristics.—In solid form sodium hypochlorite is an unstable substance with a disagreeably sweetish odor. Normally, it is marketed as a solution because this form is more stable. Commer-cial solutions vary in strength but usually contain upwards to 14 percent chlorine.
c.	Uses.—(1) Chemical action.—Like most decontaminating agents, sodium hypochlorite liberates chlorine upon contact with persistent agents and converts them to less toxic forms.
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(2)	Preparation for use.—Sodium hypochlorite is usually procured in solution form. Circumstances, including the degree of contamination, will determine if dilution with water is desirable.
d.	Manufacture.—(1) Preparation.—Sodium hypochlorite is made by the reaction of bleaching powder with washing soda, or directly by the electrolysis of brine and subsequent reaction of the caustic and chlorine.
(2)	Specifications.—Federal Specification No. O-B^41a for chlorinating agents requires a minimum of 10 percent available chlorine (Grade D).
e.	Storage and shipment.—(1) Storage.—Sodium hypochlorite (solid) is unstable in air. Solutions of it are stored in carboys or barrels which should be kept in a cool place. Due to its -unstable character, there is little point in trying to store solutions of it for long periods. Solutions are usually prepared when needed. They are not fire hazards.
(2)	Shipping precautions.—There are no special precautions for shipping sodium hypochlorite solutions except that containers strong enough to withstand breakage in transit must be provided.
f.	Safety.—Solutions of sodium hypochlorite may be handled without danger. They will, however, damage fabrics if applied full strength and allowed to remain.
g.	Advantages and disadvantages.—Sodium hypochlorite is a fairly rapid decontaminating agent. Hand apparatus may easily be filled with a solution and it may also conveniently be applied with swabs. Moderate quantities of it are available at any grocery store under the name of “Chlorox” or “Purex.” It is more corrosive than noncorrosive decontaminating solution and not so rapid in action.
12.	Washing soda.—a. Other names.—The chemical name for washing soda is sodium carbonate, but it is also known as soda ash, sal soda, and laundry soda.
h. General characteristics.—Washing soda is a white, powdery substance possessing mild alkaline properties. Commercial grades may contain large amounts of sodium bicarbonate.
c.	Uses.—(1) Chemical action.—Washing soda being a mild alkali does not destroy persistent agents as readily as caustic soda or bleach. It brings about decontamination of HS, M-l, and ED by neutralizing the hydrochloric acid which forms during their hydrolysis, thus hastening the destruction of persistent agents. A hot solution of washing soda is the most effective means of removing solid or liquid solutions of CN.
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(2)	Preparation for use.—A solution is best prepared by adding large amounts of washing soda to very hot water and stirring rapidly until a concentrated solution is obtained. Such a solution should be applied at once to the contaminated surface.
d.	Manufacture.—(1) Preparation.—Washing soda is made by the reaction of common salt with ammonium bicarbonate.
(2)	Specifications.—Federal Specification No. P-S-641a for laundry soda requires a minimum content of 35 percent sodium carbonate and 35 percent sodium bicarbonate.
e.	Storage and shipment.—(1) Washing soda may be stored in barrels, kegs, burlap bags, or paper boxes, and should be kept in a dry place. It is not a fire hazard and has no marked corrosive action upon metals.
(2) Shipping precautions.—Washing soda is not listed under Interstate Commerce Commission Regulations, but all containers must be substantial enough to withstand breakage.
/. Safety.—Washing soda has no serious action upon the skin, eyes, or clothing. Its dust should not be breathed as it is somewhat caustic.
g. Advantages and disadvantages.—Washing soda is cheap, safely handled, and easily applied, but is a rather slow-acting decontaminating agent.
13.	Sodium sulfide.—a. Other names.—None.
b.	General characteristics.—Sodium sulfide, as it is commonly prepared, is a black solid which shows red fracture forms and has a great affinity for water.
c.	Uses.— (1) Chemical action.—A solution of sodium sulfide will convert HS into a relatively nontoxic substance. Best results are obtained with hot solutions.
(2)	Preparation for use.—The usual decontaminating solution is prepared by dissolving 3 parts of sodium sulfide in 97 parts of water, all parts by weight, or by adding 1 part of sodium sulfide to approximately 60 parts of water by volume. If desired, 1 part by weight of this solution may be mixed with 4 parts of sand or earth for covering contaminated areas. By volume, this ratio is approximately 1 part of solution to 2 parts of sand or earth.
d.	Manufacture.—(1) Preparation.—Sodium sulfide is usually made by roasting a mixture of sodium sulfate and coal in a reverberatory furnace.
(2)	Specifications.—No Federal specification is available for sodium sulfide.
e.	Storage and shipment.— (1) Storage.—Sodium sulfide must be stored in tight metal drums because it is a flammable solid.
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(2	) Shipping precautions.—Tight steel drums are used as containers for sodium sulfide. No special precautions are necessary for sodium sulfide when shipped fused in one solid mass in a metal barrel or drum. However, various Interstate Commerce Commission Regulations apply to the concentrated, ground, or crystallized product, each of which is shipped in containers bearing a yellow label.
/. Safety.—If sodium sulfide is cast in a solid mass, it is safe. Solutions of sodium sulfide are safe. However, broken and flaked sodium sulfide is flammable. If flake sulfide is not stored in airtight drums, it will turn green due to the formation of sulfates and carbonates.
g. Advantages and disadvantages.—Sodium sulfide is much easier to handle than bleaching powder or caustic soda, and much more soluble than the former. It is flammable in one of its more convenient forms and not so rapid a decontaminating agent as bleach or caustic soda.
14.	Green solution.—a. Other names.—None.
ft. General characteristics.—This solution obtains its name from its characteristic color.
c Uses.— (1) Chemical action.—Green solution is an effective preparation with which to destroy most persistent agents. It acts both as an alkali and as a chlorinating agent.
(2)	Preparation for use.—Green solution is prepared by dissolving 1 pound of bicarbonate of soda in 1 gallon of commercial sodium hypochlorite solution.
d.	Storage and shipment.—Green solution must be freshly prepared when needed.
e.	Safety.—Green solution is safe to handle.
f.	Advantages and disadvantages.—This agent combines the effect of sodium hypochlorite and bicarbonate of soda. It is a slow-acting agent but satisfactory for decontaminating materiel and equipment. Its use must be followed by a scrubbing with hot water, otherwise corrosion will develop.
15. Miscellaneous decontaminating agents.—a. Chlorine gas will destroy the vapors of such persistent gases as HS, M-l, and ED. However, it has little effect on liquid persistent agents. When combined with steam, it is an effective decontaminating agent for woolen fabrics.
b.	Ammonia.—Ammonia water will destroy persistent chemical agents by increasing the rate of hydrolysis.
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TM 3-220
CHEMICAL DECONTAMINATION	15-17
c.	Chloramines.—By removing hydrochloric acid, chloramine-T and dichloramine-T will destroy the common persistent agents very effectively, but they are unstable and expensive.
d.	Bicarbonate of soda.—Bicarbonate of soda may be used as a substitute for washing soda but is much less effective.
e.	Sodium sulfite.—Sodium sulfite dissolved in alcohol provides the best decontaminating agent for surfaces contaminated with chlorpicrin.
Section III
OTHER MATERIALS USEFUL IN DECONTAMINATION
Paragraph
Water and steam_________________________________________________;_________ 16
Soaps and detergents____________________________________________________   17
Solvents__________________________________________________________________ 18
Sealing materials_______________________________________________________   19
Absorbents_______________________________________________________________  20
Oils and fuels____________________________________________________________ 21
16.	Water and steam.—a. Action.—Both water and steam will remove persistent chemical agents from surfaces. These may not take away all of the contamination, but they will remove a considerable amount. Water and steam both have a mechanical action while steam tends to accelerate hydrolysis.
b. Use.—Water and steam will remove dust and grease to which much of the persistent chemical agent may be clinging. High pressure produces a better cleansing action than low pressure. Care must be taken not to spread persistent agents in the course of this treatment. Steam or hot water is especially effective in cleaning the under portion of vehicles. The cleansing properties of water or steam are increased by the addition of soaps and detergents. (A detergent is a substance that lowers the surface tension of the water, thereby enabling water to “cut” dirt, oils, and greases.)
17.	Soaps and detergents.—a. Soaps.—Soap dispersed in water provides a very good medium for the removal of contamination. It accomplishes this in two ways. First, being an alkaline liquid, it produces hydrolysis at a fairly rapid rate, and second, it possesses a cleansing action characteristic of soap. Soap in water is dispersed as a colloid, and so exposes considerable surface. It has a strong adsorptive power toward most substances, including persistent agents, and carries them away. Furthermore, the great lowering of the surface tension of water and the increase in its wetting power by soap permits the soapy water to slip in between particles and loosen dirt. Persistent agents such as mustard gas are emulsified and carried off as minute droplets. Laundry soap is most satisfactory for such purposes.
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b. Wetting agents.—Certain chemicals commonly known as wetting agents are of value in that they help remove contamination. An extremely small amount of a wetting agent such as turkey red oil will give water a great penetrating power and produce a cleansing propeity similar to hot soapy water.
18.	Solvents.—a. Types.—The most common solvents used in decontamination are gasoline, kerosene, motor oil, carbon tetrachloiide, alcohol, and acetylene tetrachloride. However, most hydrocarbons and oils will dissolve persistent chemical agents.
b. Use.—Solvents must be used carefully so as not to spread contamination to clean surfaces. They are best applied to swabs, which are then used on small areas and discarded. It must be borne in mind at all times that solvents do not destroy chemical agents, but simply dilute them. If an area is repeatedly scrubbed it will be freed of most contamination if the swabs are changed frequently.
c. Storage and shipment.—Gasoline, kerosene, motor oil, and alcohol are flammable and must be shipped according to Interstate Commerce Commission Regulations. Carbon tetrachloride and acetylene tetrachloride are not flammable, but their vapors are toxic. They may be stored in tins or metal drums, but shipping containers must conform to Interstate Commerce Commission requirements.
19. Sealing materials.—a. Water glass—Water glass, chemically known as sodium matasilicate, is commonly available as a thick syrup, which forms a brittle, glassy solid upon drying. Water glass is fairly cheap and is applied to surfaces as a protective coating in anticipation of chemical attack. It is also used to seal freshly decontaminated surfaces. Porous materials can never be completely freed of a persistent agent; their surfaces must be decontaminated and then painted with water glass, which dries and forms an impervious coating.
b. Lacquers and paints.—Ordinary lacquers and paints are penetrated by common persistent agents and are not satisfactory for sealing the pores of a contaminated surface. Some special paints have been developed which are resistant to such agents. However, no such paint has been standardized and made available for issue.
c. Storage and shipment.—Water glass may be obtained in the form of a powder which is relatively soluble in water, or as a solution. Both forms are nonflammable and safely stored or shipped without special precautions.
20. Absorbents.—When persistent chemical agents cannot be destroyed or removed, it is sometimes expedient to cover them with an absorbent material. If a covering several inches in thickness is spread over contaminated earth, the site may be traversed in safety.
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CHEMICAL DECONTAMINATION
Some of the most commonly used absorbents are dry earth, sawdust, and ashes.
21. Oils and fuels.—Oils and liquid fuels are useful in other ways than as solvents. If contaminated grassland, earth, or brush is first sprayed with a highly combustible liquid and then ignited, a very good job of decontamination will have been performed. Gasoline, or kerosene enriched with gasoline, is the most satisfactory fuel. In this method, decontaminating personnel must remain on the up-wind side, as high concentrations of the vapors of the contaminating liquid or solid are given off.
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Chapter 3
DECONTAMINATION EQUIPMENT
Paragraphs
Section I. General-----------------------------------------22-24
II.	Power-driven decontaminating apparatus M3A1 (400-gallon)________________________________________25-30
III.	Hand decontaminating	apparatus,	li/j-quart----31-36
IV.	Hand decontaminating	apparatus,	3-gallon------37-44
V.	Other equipment and tools-----------------------45-48
Section I
GENERAL
Paragraph
Purpose________________________________________________________ 22
Types of apparatus--------------------------------------------- 23
Distribution--------------------------------------------------- 24
22.	Purpose.—Decontaminating equipment is designed for the purpose of most effectively applying decontaminating materials.
23.	Types of apparatus.—The principal types of decontaminating equipment are the large power-driven sprayer, the hand apparatus, and incineration apparatus. There are in addition to these types a number of improvisations of commercial machinery and tools.
24.	Distribution.—a. Power-driven apparatus.—Ordinarily, only troops of the Chemical Warfare Service are assigned the power-driven apparatus. This is the principal piece of equipment of detachments of Chemical Warfare Service companies (aviation) at airdromes. Likewise, each decontaminating company is provided with this apparatus.
S. Hand apparatus.—Hand apparatus has a wide distribution throughout the various arms and services.
c. Incineration apparatus and improvisations.—Such incineration apparatus for decontaminating operations is utilized whenever it is available.
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CHEMICAL DECONTAMINATION
Section II
POWER-DRIVEN DECONTAMINATION APPARATUS M3A1 (400-GALLON)
Paragraph
General______________________________________________________ 25
Description and nomenclature_________________________________ 26
Auxiliary equipment, tools, and spare parts__________________ 27
Use---------------------------------------------------------- 28
Operation____________________________________________________ 29
Advantages and disadvantages	of power-driven apparatus_'____  30
25. General.—The power-driven decontaminating apparatus is designed for large-scale operations. It is especially suited for the decontamination of roads, airplane runways, and the exterior surfaces of buildings. Water-filled, the apparatus is also excellent for fighting fires or incendiary bombs. Neither this nor any apparatus can hope to decontaminate vast areas, but rather must be concentrated on roads and other important surfaces. This apparatus is mounted on a 2%-ton truck, is powered by a take-off from the truck motor, and can spray 400 gallons of slurry in 20 to 25 minutes.
26. Description and nomenclature (figs. 1 and 2).—a. Apparatus.—This apparatus is a modified commercial power-driven insecticide sprayer consisting essentially of a tank of 400-gallon working capacity with a rotary agitator, a four-cylinder pump equipped with a pressure-regulating unloader, or relief valve, capable of delivering approximately 30 gallons per minute at a working pressure of 400 pounds per square inch, and a power take-off unit which drives the pump and agitator by means of roller chains.
b. Transportation.—The vehicle used as a base for the apparatus and as cargo space for materials is a 2%-ton six-wheel, six-wheel drive gasoline motor truck. The apparatus is securely mounted on the chassis with the power take-off end of the apparatus to the front. A working platform capable of supporting a 1,500-pound load is provided along each side of the truck.
c. Special equipment and control valves.—(1) General.—A proper suspension of water and bleaching powder is much more difficult to obtain than a suspension of commercial insecticide. To prevent the nozzles from being clogged, a special strainer assembly is incorporated.
(2)	Strainer assembly.—The strainer assembly consists of two cylindrical strainers with their perforated pipe supports and holding caps, a riser pipe, a cover plate, and a sleeve with two setscrews to hold the riser pipe in place. The cover plate is fastened over a small manhole near the center of the mixing tank with four bolts and wing nuts.
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The entire strainer assembly described above may be removed from the tank by unscrewing the four wing nuts. The strainers may also be removed, with the remainder of the assembly in place, by unscrew-
Figure 1.—Power-driven decontaminating apparatus M3 Al (400-gallon).
BLEACH INTAKE HOSE
UNLOADER
PUMP
GAGE
DISCHARGE LINE
■ROLLER CHAINS
CUT-OFF
VALVES
POWER TAKE-OFF 'i DRIVE SHAFT
SPRAY GUNS
ROTARY AGITATOR
-—DRAIN VALVE
INJECTOR VALVED-DISCHARGE VALVE
TANK RETURN LINE AND VALVE CLUTCH-, /—
MVATER INTAKE HOSE
£ STRAINER
STRAINER ASSEMBLY /TANK STRAINERS MANHOLE
1	VALVE
K-RISER PIPE
SPRAY-
HOSE
Figure 2.—Power-driven decontaminating apparatus M3A1 (400-gallon)—sectional view.
ing the holding caps, after first lifting the riser pipe to such a height where the strainers may easily be reached from the main manhole. The two setscrews on the cover plate sleeve are used to clamp the riser
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BLEACH INTAKE VALVE
-WATER INTAKE VALVE
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CHEMICAL DECONTAMINATION	26-27
pipe and strainers in position at any desired height in the tank. The sleeve is provided with a slot so that when the strainers are dropped to the low position the fin on the riser pipe will slide in the slot and thereby position the strainers so that they will clear the agitator shaft.
(3)	Bleach intake line.—The bleach intake line serves to connect the riser pipe coming from the tank and strainers to the pump. This line consists, for the most part, of a flexible hose which will permit the riser pipe and strainers to be raised or lowered. The bleach intake valve located at the pump end of the hose is used to control the flow of the decontaminating solution from the tank to the pump.
(4)	Water intake line.—The water intake line is used to load water into the tank from ponds and streams. It consists of a flexible hose having on its free end a small strainer and on its fixed end the water intake valve for controlling the flow of water through the line. The water intake line joins the bleach intake line at a T, from which the third outlet is connected to the suction chamber of the pump.
(5)	Tank return line.—The tank return line at the top left of the unloader provides a connection between the discharge side of the pump and the tank. When the tank return valve on this line is open, the liquid coming from the pump will flow freely into the mixing tank and the pump will operate under low pressure. This valve should always he open while starting the apparatus.
(6)	Discharge line.—The discharge line at the right of the unloader leads from the discharge side of the pump to the two spray guns. It is equipped with a pressure gage, two lever cut-off valves, a discharge valve, two lengths of spray hose, and two spray guns. Each spray gun has a shut-off valve forming the handle of the gun.
(7)	Power take-off.—The power take-off delivers power to the rotary agitator and pump through a drive shaft, roller chain, and clutches. The rotary agitator is1 set in motion by means of a clutch lever located in the cab of the truck. The clutch lever controlling the pump is mounted on the pump. The pump may be operated or stopped at will with the agitator running. It is advantageous that the agitator operates continuously as long as the power take-off clutch is engaged, and that the pump is stopped (with agitator running) when not needed for spraying or refilling.
27. Auxiliary equipment, tools, and spare parts.—a. Hand tools.—Hand tools must be provided in order that minor repairs and adjustments may be made. The requirements will vary slightly with apparatus of different manufacture. Each, when issued, will have a complete set of tools.
19
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27-28
CHEMICAL WARFARE SERVICE
b. Measuring stick—A volumetric measuring stick calibrated in 50-gallon units from 0 to 400 gallons is provided for measuring the volume of liquid in the mixing tank.
c. Spare parts.—Each apparatus is provided by the manufacturer with spare parts to replace those which are most likely to become worn or corroded by use and thus interfere with the operation of the apparatus. Spare parts required will be determined to some extent by the make of the apparatus. A typical list includes—
6 fiber washers for spray gun valves.
12 feet of graphite-impregnated string packing for the spray gun valves.
2 nozzles for the spray guns.
16 pump plunger cups.
4 stainless steel suction ball valves.
4 stainless steel discharge ball valves.
1 stainless steel unloader ball valve.
1 stainless steel air chamber ball valve.
10 stainless steel seats and gaskets for use with the ball valves designated in the preceding four items.
d.	C ontainers for tools and spare parts.—A metal tool box is provided so that all tools and spare parts for the apparatus will readily be available and still kept free of dirt, moisture, and decontaminating agents.
e.	Tarpaulin.—A tarpaulin is provided for the apparatus when it stands out of doors. The tarpaulin will not resist the corrosive action of the decontaminating agents.
f.	Loading devices.—Two shovels and an ax are required for the transfer of decontaminating agents from the containers to the mixing tank of the apparatus. Any shovel or spade of a size that can be inserted into the head openings of the containers may be used. Speedy loading of the apparatus is imperative, and any workable method or improvisation such as the use of hoists, hopper, or preagitation should be used.
28. Use.—a. Decontaminating materials.— (1) Bleaching powder.—This apparatus was developed primarily for use with bleaching powder. The most efficient and economical results are obtained by using a mixture consisting of one part bleaching powder to one part water, all parts by weight. This is the equivalent of 7 gallons of bleaching powder to 5 gallons of water, or 8^3 pounds of bleaching powder to 1 gallon of water. Bleaching powder weighs 6 pounds to the gallon.
20
TM 3-220
CHEMICAL DECONTAMINATION	28
(2) Noncorrosive decontaminating solution.—Because of its high cost, noncorrosive decontaminating solution is used only upon objects or surfaces which would be injured by bleaching powder. The solution is prepared by dissolving 1 part of agent in 15 parts of acetylene tetrachloride, all parts by weight. This is the equivalent of 1 gallon of RH-195 (or CC No. 1) to 6^4 gallons of acetylene tetrachloride. For quick measuring in the field, 1 pound of RH-195 (or CC No. 1) mixed with 1 gallon of acetylene tetrachloride may be used as an approximation to the required amounts.
Figure 3.—Loading M3A1 apparatus with water.
Z>. Charging.—(1) Loading water (fig. 3).—If a hydrant is available, water can be loaded with a hose through the manhole in the top of the tank. In certain operations it may be desirable to haul water to-the apparatus, using any tank trucks which may be available. If a pond or stream offers the only supply, water can be loaded in 8 minutes by utilizing the pump of the apparatus, provided the suction-head does not exceed 20 feet. This water-loading operation is carried out as follows. The tank return valve and the water intake valve must be open and all other valves closed. The power take-off is engaged and the pump started by moving its clutch lever. When the water
21
TM 3-220
28
CHEMICAL WARFARE SERVICE
begins to discharge through the tank return line, the tank return valve is closed immediately and the discharge valve opened. When the pressure reaches 400 pounds per square inch, the injector valve and bleach intake valve must be opened. The tank should be filling from this point on. When the tank is filled, the injector valve and water intake valve are closed and the pump stopped by disengaging the pump clutch.
(2) Loading bleaching powder.—When sufficient water is in the tank, and with the agitator running, the strainers are raised to their
Figure 4.—Loading M3A1 apparatus with bleaching powder.
highest position in the tank, and the desired quantity of bleaching powder is shoveled or dumped from the drums on the truck through the manhole into the tank. When it is necessary to use bleaching powder in 300-pound drums, more rapid loading may be obtained by installing a chain hoist on the supply truck which hauls the bleaching powder. With this device it is possible to lift the large drums of bleaching powder and place them mouth downward over a hopper in the opening of the tank. The drum lid is then removed, and the contents drop into the hopper and into the tank. If the bleaching powder tends to stick or clog, it may be loosened by stirring or pounding the
22
TM 3-220
CHEMICAL DECONTAMINATION	28-29
container with a wrecking bar or ax. Drums containing 100 pounds of bleaching powder are especially desirable since they can readily be inverted over the hopper by purely manual means, and because larger drums cannot be carried on the apparatus.
(3) Mixing.—After the desired amount of bleaching powder has been loaded into the tank, it is necessary to agitate the materials for some time to insure a uniform mixture. The agitation time will vary from 4 or 5 minutes for a charge containing 400 pounds of bleaching powder to from 20 to 30 minutes for a charge containing 2,100 pounds. (See app. II.) During the mixing operation, strainers should remain at the top of the tank and out of the liquid.
c. Data concerning use.—(1) Unit coverage.—Since no two decontaminating operations will require the same amount of decontaminating agent, no definite requirements can be given. However, the following data will serve as a general guide for estimating the quantities of bleaching powder-water mixture needed for effective coverage of several different types of surfaces.
WEIGHT OF BLEACHING POWDER-WATER MIXTURE REQUIRED FOR 1 SQUARE YARD OF TERRAIN, MEDIUM CONTAMINATION
Kind of surface
Weight (pounds)
Concrete road (smooth)___________
Loose-surfaced macadam or gravel Short grass (3 to 5 inches)______
Long grass and low brush_________
1.	0
2.	0
3.	0
4.	0 or more.
Since the bleaching powder-water mixture weighs slightly less than 11 pounds per gallon, the approximate requirements for a given area may readily be calculated.
(2) Gasoline consumption.—Allowance must be made for gasoline which will be consumed when the power take-off is in use.
29. Operation.—a. Personnel.—Experience has indicated that the power-driven decontaminating apparatus should have an operating crew consisting of one driver, one operator, and two nozzlemen. In addition to the operating crew, personnel must be provided to maintain supply dumps and transport supplies to the dump and dressing-stations.
b. Operating instructions {with bleaching powder-water mixture} (figs. 1 and 2).— (1) General.—Since the specific steps in the operation of the M3A1 decontaminating apparatus will vary with the con
23
TM 3-220
29	CHEMICAL WARFARE SERVICE
ditions under which it is to be used and with apparatus of different manufacture, the method of operation described below will serve as a general guide only. Experience under varying conditions will suggest many short cuts and improvements.
(2)	Spraying.— (aj Positioning strainers.—When a smooth and uniform mixture of bleaching powder and water has been obtained, the strainers are lowered to their proper position in the tank and the setscrews tightened on the riser pipe to hold them securely in place. With a charge of 100 gallons of slurry, the strainers should be in their lowest position, lengthwise and at the bottom of the tank. When a charge of 200 gallons is used, the strainers should be in their lowest position crosswise of the tank (i. e., with the riser pipe fin on top of the cover plate sleeve). When a full charge is used, the strainers are crosswise on the tank and 12 to 18 inches below the surface of the liquid. If the strainers are not placed in the positions designated above, clogging will surely result. As the level of the mixture is lowered, the strainers are dropped at intervals to prevent air from being drawn into the bleach intake line.
(Z>) Adjusting pressure.—So long as the apparatus is not overloaded it will automatically maintain a pressure of approximately 400 pounds per square inch. The apparatus is provided with an adjustment on the unloader so that various pressures may be obtained if desired.
() Causes of pressure drop.—For efficient and economical decontamination of surfaces and areas, the apparatus should deliver a minimum quantity of bleaching powder-water mixture at a pressure sufficiently high for satisfactory atomization of the liquid. Although a drop in pressure without a reduction in the output may occur due to wearing of the spray nozzles, a sudden pressure drop generally indicates a corresponding decrease in the output of the pump. Some of the troubles, together with the remedies required, are summarized as follows:
1.	Sediment may have lodged between a valve and its seat.
. This usually will occur in the unloader valve. The valve and valve seat should be removed and cleaned.
<2. The pipe and hose connections on the intake line may have been loosened. Connection cement or paint should be applied and all the loose connections tightened.
X The strainers in the tank may have clogged on the inside as well as on the outside surfaces. They should be removed and cleaned in clear water.
4- The valves and seats may be worn and pitted. They should be replaced.
d. The pressure-adjusting nut may be set too low. The manufacturer’s instructions must be followed carefully when making this adjustment.
6.	The pump plunger cups may be worn too thin. The adjusting nut should be tightened on the plungers or the worn plunger cups replaced.
7.	The intake or discharge lines and passages may be stopped with sediment. They should be washed out by circulating clean water through the pump. If this does not correct the trouble, the lines should be removed and cleaned by hand.
8.	The spray gun nozzles may be worn and enlarged with use. This results in a gradual pressure drop without a decrease in output. They should be replaced.
9.	The pump speed may be too low. Its speed should be increased by adjusting the throttle. Care should be exercised to prevent the engine from running faster than is necessary.
(6) Safety precautions.— (a) Precaution against persistent agents.—All persons engaged in decontamination operations should wear protective clothing and gas masks. The clothing consists of a one-piece permeable protective suit (coverall), with accessories as
26
TM 3-220
29
CHEMICAL DECONTAMINATION
prescribed by the War Department. Where danger of coming into contact with liquid vesicants is great, impermeable type clothing should be worn. (See FM 21-AO.)
(Z>) Precautions against bleaching powder.—As stated before, bleaching powder-water mixture is harmful to the skin and eyes. It gives off chlorine, destroys clothing, and is somewhat destructive to shoes. A gas mask should be worn when loading bleaching powder into the apparatus. Sprinkling the bleaching powder with water reduces its dust, but protective clothing and gloves should be worn. If bleaching powder dust or water mixture comes into contact with the skin, it should be washed off immediately.
(. Slurry.—The apparatus is then swung to the shoulder and the sprayer operated by pressing the lever on the shut-off valve. If slurry, is used, a uniform coating should be given the area and allowed, if possible, to remain on the contaminated surfaces for 24 hours. Additional air is pumped into the tank as needed to maintain the required pressure.
c.	Noncorrosive decontaminating solution.— (1) If noncorrosive decontaminating solution is employed, contaminated objects should be given a number of light treatments, at intervals of 15 to 30 minutes, until the required amount of solution has been applied. The spray should be directed first to the higher parts, working gradually to the lower parts. After the solvent has evaporated from the treated surfaces, they preferably should be scrubbed with soapy water, rinsed with clear water, and thoroughly dried with clean rags. Wherever appropriate, metal surfaces may then be oiled or greased to prevent corrosion.
(2)	Certain materials can be decontaminated more satisfactorily and with less waste of solution by applying the solution with swabs or cloths instead of spraying. In still other cases, items to be decontaminated may be dipped or drawn through the solution.
d.	Storing decontaminating agent.—Slurry must not be stored in the apparatus for more than 30 minutes; otherwise the nozzle will clog. The noncorrosive solution may be stored in the apparatus for as much as 90 days.
e.	Cleaning and care.—(1) After using slurry.—Immediately after using slurry, all parts of the apparatus, paddle, and funnel should be rinsed in clear water. One or two quarts of water are run through the spray hose and nozzle, and the apparatus drained.
(2) After using noncorrosive solution.—-After noncorrosive decontaminating solution has been used, the apparatus should be drained as thoroughly as possible, rinsed twice with acetylene tetrachloride, and drained again. The spray nozzle of the 3-gallon apparatus should be disassembled, cleaned, and reassembled.
42. Required modifications of hand decontaminating* apparatus, 3-gallon (fig. 8).—Modification of the 3-gallon apparatus is necessary in order to assure satisfactory operation with a bleaching
34
CHEMICAL DECONTAMINATION
TH 3-220
42
powder-water mixture. This modification will have no effect upon its operation with the noncorrosive decontaminating agent except to permit a more rapid discharge of the mixture. Necessary changes are as follows:
Figure 8.—Required modifications of the hand decontaminating apparatus, 3-gallon.
a. Screen removal.—The screen located on the end of the delivery tube inside the tank of the sprayer is removed and discarded. This is readily accomplished as follows:
(1) The pump assembly is unlocked and removed from the tank of the apparatus.
(2) If any decontaminating agent is present in the apparatus, the agent is removed.
35
-SPRAY NOZZLE
PUMP .ASSEMBLY
DELIVERY TUBE-K
-SCREEN
CAP-
- ORIFICE PLATE
-WASHER-rWHIRL . 1 PLATE-1
TM 3-220
42-45	CHEMICAL WARFARE SERVICE
(3)	The strainer is removed from the bottom of the delivery tube inside the tank by hand and discarded.
(4)	The decontaminating agent, if previously removed, is replaced and the pump assembly put back into the tank.
b. Orifice plate alterations.—The enlargement of the opening in the nozzle orifice plate from 1/16 inch to approximately %4 inch and the reversal of the position of this plate so that its outer surface is convex are accomplished as follows:
(1)	The nozzle cap is unscrewed from the spray nozzle and the orifice plate removed. During this operation care should be taken not to change the relative position of the whirl plate and washer which are also in the nozzle.
(2)	The holes in the orifice plate are enlarged to approximately •%4 inch by means of a %4-inch drill, a jackknife, or any other available pointed tool having a cutting edge.
(3)	The orifice plate is then replaced in the nozzle in a reversed position so that greater clearance is obtained between the whirl plate and the orifice plate opening.
(4)	The nozzle cap is then replaced.
43.	Safety precautions.—See paragraphs 7/ and 9e.
44.	Advantages and disadvantages.—This apparatus provides an economical means of applying decontaminating agents in liquid form, but is frequently encumbered with sticking valve, corrosion, and clogging.
Section V
OTHER EQUIPMENT AND TOOLS
Paragraph
Hand tools-------------------------------------------------------   45
Improvisations ____________________________________________________ 46
Incineration apparatus--------------------------------------------- 47
Special transportation facilities---------------------------------- 48
45.	Hand tools.—a. Need.—Varied decontamination requirements and the ever present possibility of mechanical failure of apparatus make it necessary for a decontamination organization to possess or have access to the following tools:
Shovels, long handled.	Axes.
Rakes, garden.	Machetes.
Pick mattock.	Garden hose and nozzles.
Brooms, straw.	Fire hose and nozzles.
Scythes.	Wheelbarrows.
36
TM 3-220
CHEMICAL DECONTAMINATION	45-47
b. Uses.—Tools may be required to cut lanes through brush or tall grass, or to control fires which are set to burn contaminated terrain. City streets and roads may be freed of much persistent chemical agent by being flushed with hose. Brooms and swabs are helpful in applying decontaminating liquids to surfaces of buildings, roads, and machinery.
46.	Improvisations.—a. General.—Some improvisations are here mentioned with the expectation that decontamination personnel will develop others as needs require.
b.	Road building machinery.—Paths through contaminated terrain can easily and speedily be prepared if road-building equipment such as bulldozers or graders are available to strip and lay contaminated soil and vegetation to the side.
c.	Street-sprinkling apparatus.—These can be adjusted to release heavy streams of water and thereby flush a good deal of the liquid vesicant into the drainage system.
d.	Rolls of roofing materials.—An area may safely be crossed if a vehicle such as a tank is used to flatten the vegetation and rolls of heavy tarred or composition roofing materials stretched across it. This is not decontamination, but the same results might be achieved by this plan.
47.	Incineration apparatus.—a. General.—No incineration apparatus has been standardized for military use, but commercial equipment is capable of very effective work.
b.	Types.—Two types of apparatus are of value in the removal of chemical agents by incineration: First, the flame from weed burners and flame throwers properly handled will volatilize all persistent agent; second, any good portable spray or pump can be used to apply a fuel which afterwards may be ignited. For example: the 3-gallon decontaminating apparatus can be used in emergency for spraying the fuel before ignition.
c.	Operation.— (1) Fuel.—(a) Sprayers.—A gasoline-kerosene mixture is the most desirable fuel with which to saturate vegetation prior to burning. Kerosene alone does not completely incinerate green vegetation, while gasoline is too volatile and dangerous.
(Z>) Burners.—Weed burners and flame throwers will be provided with the kind of fuel recommended for them by their manufacturer.
(2)	Procedure.— (a) Sprayers.—One man clad in protective clothing can spray a considerable area with fuel from a pump or spray apparatus. Extensive areas should not be sprayed at one time because the fuel will evaporate before it is ignited. Burning is started on
37
TM 3-220
47-48
CHEMICAL WARFARE SERVICE
the up-wind side and usually spreads to areas not saturated with fuel. Burning of areas covered with HS is facilitated by the dehydrating effect of the mustard gas on vegetation.
(Z>) Burners.—Burners are best suited for decontaminating lanes or very limited areas. They are also very useful for igniting an area just sprayed with fuel.
d.	Safety.— (1) Handling fuel.—Care must be taken in handling gasoline or other fuel. Manufacturers’ instructions will be carefully observed in using weed burners.
(2)	Fire hazard.—Terrain adjacent to the area which is to be incinerated should be wetted down with water prior to burning. If this is not done the burning must be controlled at its boundaries with water-filled extinguishers or by other means.
(3)	Vapor danger.—It must constantly be borne in mind that incineration is accompanied by a temporary high vapor concentration of persistent chemical agent. Steps must be taken to see that all personnel down wind are properly protected.
e.	Auxiliary equipment.—Fire-fighting equipment is the only auxiliary equipment required.
f.	Advantages and disadvantages.—Incineration must usually be confined to bare earth or vegetation-covered terrain. It is the most economical and speediest method of decontamination known. Its chief disadvantages are vapor danger, fire danger, destruction of cover, and the fact that burning will be observed by the enemy.
48. Special transportation facilities.—a. Trucks.—Each organization must have its own transportation available at all times to haul decontaminating apparatus, tools, material, personnel, and protective clothing.
b. Special containers.—Protective clothing will usually be contaminated in the course of operations. After decontamination is complete, the clothing contaminated with a liquid agent must be placed in tightly closed containers such as G. I. cans or gasproof clothing-bags and shipped to an impregnating unit for treatment.
38
TM
3-220
CHEMICAL DECONTAMINATION
Appendix T
LIST OF PERSISTENT CHEMICAL AGENTS AND MEANS OF DECONTAMINATION
Vehicles and airplanes (exterior)	Solvents. Noncorrosive decontaminating agent. Steam. Flush with water. Soap and hot water. Solvents. Noncorrosive decontaminating agent. 5 percent alcoholic solution of caustic soda. Flush with water. Weathering. Noncorrosive decontaminating agent.
Buildings (interior)	Chloride of lime. Caustic soda solu- tion. 3 percent solution sodium sulfide. Caustic soda solu- tion. Bleaching powder. Flush with water. Bleaching powder. Caustic soda solu- tion.
Buildings (exterior)	Chloride of lime. Caustic soda solution. 3 percent solution J sodium sulfide. Caustic soda solution. Bleaching powder. Flush with water. Weathering. Bleaching powder. Caustic soda solu- tion.
Metal surfaces (machined)	Solvents. Steam. Soap and hot water. Noncorrosive decontaminating agent. Washing soda. Solvents. 5 percent alcoholic solution. of caustic soda. Noncorrosive decontaminating agent. Soap and water. Ammonia water. Solvents. Noncorrosive decontaminating agent. Soap and hot water.
. Metal surfaces (rough)	Solvents. Steam. Bleaching powder. Noncorrosive decontaminating agent. Flush with water. H. T. H. Sodium hypochlorite. Caustic soda. Soap and hot water. Green solution. Washing soda. 3 percent solution sodium sulfide. Solvents. Caustic soda solution. Bleaching powder. Noncorrosive decontaminating agent. Ammonia water. Soap and water. Washing soda. Flush with water. Solvents. Bleaching powder. Noncorrosive decontaminating agent. Soap and hot water. Flush with water.
Paved roads	Bleaching powder. Flush with water. H. T. H. 3 percent solution sodium sulfide. Caustic soda solu- tion. Flush with water. Bleaching powder. H. T. H. 3 percent solution sodium sulfide. Weathering. Flush with water.
Vegetation and earth	Incineration. Bleaching powder. H. T. H. Caustic soda. 3 percent solution sodium sulfide. Incineration. Caustic soda solu- tion. Bleaching powder. H. T. H. Flush with water. 3 percent solution sodium sulfide. Weathering.
Chemical agents	HS M-l ED
39
LIST OF PERSISTENT CHEMICAL AGENTS AND MEANS OF DECONTAMINATION—Continued
Metal surfaces	Metal surfaces	Buildings	Buildings Vehicles and airplanes
ical Vegetation and earth Paved roads	(rough)	(machined)	(exterior)	(interior)	(exterior)
agcms CA Incineration.	Incineration.	Solvents.	Solvents.	Weathering.	Solvents.	Weathering.
Weathering.	Weathering.	5 percent alcoholic solu- 5 percent alcoholic solu-	Solvents.
tion of caustic soda. tion of caustic soda.
ON Weathering.	Weathering.	Solvents.	Solvents.	Weathering. Solvents.	Weathering.
Incineration.	Incineration.	Hot alcoholic solution Hot alcoholic solution.	. Caustic soda solu
of sodium sulfite.	of sodium sulfite.	tion.
Hot solution of washing soda.
PS Weathering.	Weathering.	Solvents.	Solvents.	Weathering.	Weathering.
Hot alcoholic solution of Hot alcoholic solution of sodium sulfite.	sodium sulfite.
CNB Weathering.	Weathering.	Solvents.	Solvents.	Weathering. Solvents.	Weathering.
Hot alcoholic solution of Hot alcoholic solution of	Hot alcoholic solu-
sodium sulfite.	sodium sulfite.	tion of sodium sul-
fite.
ONS Weathering.	Weathering.	Solvents.	Solvents.	Weathering. Solvents.	Weathering.
Hot solution of washing Hot solution of washing	Hot solution of
soda and sodium sul- soda and sodium sul-	washing soda and
fite.	fite.	sodium sulfite.
40
TM 3-220
CHEMICAL WARFARE SERVICE
TM 3-220
CHEMICAL DECONTAMINATION
Appendix II
TABLE OF CHARACTERISTICS AND CAPACITIES OF VARIOUS TYPES OF DECONTAMINATING EQUIPMENT
Unit coverage (medium contamination) (square yards)
Apparatus Capacity	tilling	ttme required Tpret^a cbTree^ reSnta p
t»dis.to5. Prepare .barge smooth Buddings gravel road
metals
Power-driven decon- 400 gallons.. 2,080 pounds bleaching pow- 20 to 25 minutes 1 to 1)4 hours_ Several hours _.	4,200	2,100	1.400
laminating appara-	der and 260 gallons water.
tus M3A1.
1,040 pounds H. T. H. and 20 to 25 minutes 45 minutes to 1 hour. Several hours_	4,200	2,100	1,400
325 gallons water.
346 pounds noncorrosive de- 20 to 25 minutes 30 minutes__ 24 hours_	12,000	6,000 Not suitable,
contaminating agent and
400 gallons acetylene tetrachloride. Hand decontaminat- 3 gallons- 18 pounds (3 gallons) bleach- 10 minutes_ 10 minutes_ 30 minutes_	36	18	12
ing apparatus, 3-gal-	ing powder and 2J4 gallons
Ion.	water.
18 pounds H. T. H. and 2)4	10 minutes_ 10 minutes_ 30 minutes_	36	18	12
gallons water.
2.6 pounds (2 quarts) non-	10 minutes- 5 minutes_ 3 months_________	90	45	Not suitable,
corrosive decontaminating agent and 3 gallons acety-
lene tetrachloride.
Commercial solution sodi- 10 minutes- 3 minutes___ 30 minutes__________________	90	45 Not suitable.
um hypochlorite.
Hand decontaminat- 1)4 quarts... 0.3 pound ()4 pint) noncor- 2 minutes_ 10 minutes_ 3 months___	12 Not suitable Not suitable.
ing apparatus, 1)4-	rosive decontaminating
Quart-	agent and 1)4 quart acety-
lene tetrachloride.
41
TM 3-220
INDEX
Paragraph
Absorbents________________________________________________ 6, 20
Acetylene tetrachloride___________________________________ 9, 18
Alcohol_______________________________________________________ 18
Alcoholic solution of caustic soda---------------------------- 10
Alcoholic solution of sodium sulfite__________________________ 15
Alterations, 3-gallon decontaminating apparatus_______________ 42
Ammonia_______________________________________________________ 15
Apparatus, decontaminating:
M3 Al (400-gallon), power-driven______________________  25-30
l]4-quart, hand_________________________________________31-36
3-gallon, hand__________________________________________37-43
Apparatus, street sprinkling__________________________________ 46
Ashes_________________________________________________________ 20
Baking soda___________________________________________________ 15
Bicarbonate of soda___________________________________________ 15
Bleach____________________________________________________7, 28, 40
Bleaching powder______________________________________ 7, 28, 29, 40
Calcium bleach___________________________________________7, 28, 40
Calcium hypochlorite______________________________.______	8
Carbon tetrachloride_________________________________________ 18
Caustic soda_________________________________________________ 10
Chemical agents, removal____________________________________ 4-5
Chloramines__________________________________________________ 15
Chloride of lime_________________________________________7, 28, 40
Chlorinated lime_________________________________________ 7, 28, 40
Chlorinators and oxidizing agents----------------------------- 6
Chlorine______________________________________________________ 15
Containers for contaminated clothing-------------------------- 48
Contaminated clothing----------------------------------------- 48
Contamination, definition_____________________________________ 2
Coverage of decontamination materials:
M3A1 400-gallon apparatus--------------------------------- 28
l^-quart apparatus---------------------------------------- 34
3-gallon apparatus________________________________________ 40
DANC. {See Noncorrosive decontaminating agent.) Decontamination, definition________________________________________ 2
Detergents_______________________________________________ 16, 17
Earth________________________________________________________ 20
Earth-bleach mixture__________________________________________ 7
Fire fighting________________________________________________ 25
Fire hazard__________________________________________________ 47
Flame thrower-----------------------------------------------  47
Fuels________________________________________________________ 21
Page
4, 14
7, 14
14
8
12
34
12
17
28
31
37
14
12
12
4, 20, 31
4,
20, 23, 31
4, 20, 31
6
14
8
3
12
4, 20, 31
4, 20, 31
4
12
38
38
2
20
30
31
2
13
14
4
17
37
37
15
42
IM 3-220
INDEX
Paragraph Page
Gasoline. _.............._.............................. 18,	28, 47 14, 20, 37
Green solution_____________________________________________ 14	12
Hand decontaminating apparatus:
1^4-quart---------------------------------------------- 31-36	28
Description and nomenclature______._______________ 32	29
Operation--------------------------------------------- 35	30
3-gallon----------------------------------------------- 37-44	31
Description and nomenclature__________________________ 38	31
Operation_________________________________________________ 41	34
Hand tools_____________________________________________________ 45	36
H. T. H. See High test hypochlorite.
High test hypochlorite (H. T. H.)__________u_______________ 8	6
Hydrolysis------------------------------------------------- 16, 17	13
Hydrolyzing agents______________________________________________ 6	4
Improvisations_________________________________________________ 46	37
Incendiary bombs_______________________________________________ 25	17
Incineration apparatus_____________________________________ 24, 47	16, 37
Incineration materials__________________________________________ 6	4
Kerosene--------------------------------------------------- 18, 47	14, 37
Lacquers_______________________________________________________ 19	14
Laundry soap___________________________________________________ 17	13
Laundry soda_________________________________________,_____	12	10
Lye------------------------------------------------------------ 10	8
Modifications, 3-gallon apparatus______________________________ 42	34
Motor oil______________________________________________________ 18	14
Neutralizing agents_________________________________________ 6	4
Noncorrosive decontaminating agent (DANC)________ 9, 28, 34, 35, 40, 41	7,
20, 30, 31, 34
Oils------------------------------------------------------- 18, 21	14, 15
Paints_________________________________________________________ 19	14
Persistent agents______________________________________________ 29	23
Power-driven decontaminating apparatus, M3A1 (400-gallon) _ 25-30	17
Description and nomenclature______________________________ 26	17
Operation_________________________________________________ 29	23
References______________________________________________________ 3	2
Road-building machinery________________________________________ 46	37
Roofing materials______________________________________________ 46	37
Sal soda__________________________________________________ 12
Sawdust___________________________________________________ 20
Sealing materials_________________________________________ 19
Slurry-------------------------------------------------- 7, 29, 41
Soaps______________________________2____________________ 17
Soda ash________________________________________________ 12
Sodium—
Bicarbonate_________________________________________ 14, 15
Carbonate___________________________________________ 12
Hydroxide___________________________________________ 10
10
14
14
4, 23, 34
13
10
12
10
8
13
TM 3-220
INDEX
Sodium—Continued.	Paragraph Page
Hypochlorite____________------------------------------ 11	9
Sulfide.______________________________________________ 13	11
Sulfite______..____________________15	12
Standard decontaminating materials:
Bleaching powder____________________............... 7,28,40	4,20,31
Noncorrosive decontaminating agent.__._...— 9, 28, 34, 40, 41	7,
20, 30, 31, 34
Steam_____....______________....--------...----...--------- 16	11
Strainers___________________________________i — __.:— - — 28, 33, 39 20, 29, 33
Street-sprinkling apparatus______....---....--------------- 46	37
Solvents___________________________________________________ 18	14
Swabs______________________________________________________ 18	14
Trucks_________________________________________________
Tools__________________________________________________
Vapor danger______________.•---------------------------
Washing soda___________________________________________
Water__________________________________________________
Water glass_______________>.---------------------------
Wetting agents_________________1-----------------------
48	38
45	36
47	37
12	10
16	13
19	14
17	13
[A. G. 062.11 (12-11-41).]
By order of the Secretary of War :
G. C. MARSHALL,
Chief of Staff. Official :
J. A. ULIO,
Major General,
The Adjutant General.
Distribution :
B and H (5) ; R (10) ; Bn (5), 1 (10); C (10).
(For explanation of symbols see FM 21-6.)
44
U. S. GOVERNMENT PRINTING OFFICE: 1942
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