[Maintenance and Care of Hand Tools]
[From the U.S. Government Publishing Office, www.gpo.gov]

MAINTENANCE
AND CARE OF
HAND TOOLS
WAR DEPARTMENT
APRIL 1945
Jan 07 2002 Gift
U of NT Libraries
76203
Document
Reserve	 u i	___
W W
WAR DEPARTMENT TECHNICAL MANUAL TM 9-867
MAINTENANCE AND CARE OF HAND TOOLS
WAR DEPARTMENT
APRIL 1945
For sale by the Superintendent of Documents, U. S. Government Printing Office Washington 25, D. C. - Price 30 cents
WAR DEPARTMENT
Washington 25, D. C., 19 April 1945
TM 9-867, Maintenance and Care of Hand Tools, is published for the information and guidance of all concerned.
FA.G. 300.7 (20 Nov 43)1
LO.O. 461/60440 Raritan J
By order of the Secretary of War:
G. C. MARSHALL,
Chief of Staff. Official:
J. A. ULIO,
Major General,
The Adjutant General.
Distribution: AAF (10); AGF (5); ASF (2); Dept (10); AAF Comd (2); Arm & Sv Bd (1); S Div ASF (1); Tech Sv (2); SvC (10); PC&S (1); PE (Ord O) (5); Dist O 9 (5); Dist Br O 9 (3); Reg O 9 (3); Establishments 9 (5); Decentralized Sub O 9 (3); Gen & Sp Sv Sch (10); USMA (20); A (10); CHQ (10); D (2); B 2, 4-8, 18, 44 (1); R 2, 4-11, 17-19, 44, 55 (1); Bn 2-11, 17-19, 44, 55 (1); C 2-11, 17-19, 44, 55 (1); AF (2); W (1); G (1); S (1); F (1).
Refer to FM 21-6 for explanation of distribution formula.
TM 9-867
CONTENTS
Section	page
I	Introduction ................................... 2
II	Abrasive Wheels	and	Oilstones................... 5
III	Awls .......................................... 11
IV	Bits and Boring Tools.......................... 14
V	Braces and Hand Drills......................... 24
VI	Brushes ....................................... 26
VII	Calipers ...................................... 29
VIII	Chisels ....................................... 33
IX	Clamps .......................................  39
X	Dividers ...................................... 42
XI	Files and Rasps	.............................. 44
XII	Hammers, Mallets, Mauls, and Sledges........... 47
XIII	Hand Grinders ................................. 51
XIV	Hatchets, Axes, Mattocks, Adzes, and Shovels.. 53
XV	Hydrometers ................................... 58
XVI	Knives ........................................ 59
XVII	Levels ........................................ 62
XVIII	Nippers and Pliers ............................ 64
XIX	Planes ........................................ 67
XX	Punches ....................................... 74
XXI	Reamers ................,...................... 77
XXII	Saws .......................................... 79
XXIII	Scrapers ...................................... 89
XXIV	Screwdrivers .................................. 92
XXV	Shears ........................................ 96
XXVI	Soldering Irons .............................. 100
XXVII	Taps and Dies.................................. 103
XXVIII	Vises ........................................ 107
XXIX	Wrenches ..................................... 109
XXX	References.................................... 112
1
TM 9-867
Section I
INTRODUCTION
PURPOSE AND SCOPE
This manual is published for the information of arms and services charged with care of hand tools. It is intended to serve as a guide and ready source of definite information for personnel having some previous knowledge in the operations covered. Insofar as practicable, descriptive and use-of-tools information is omitted in order to devote more space to care of tools. The efficiency of a mechanic and the tools he uses are determined to a great extent by the condition in which that mechanic keeps the tools. Likewise a mechanic can be judged by the manner in which he handles and cares for tools. Micrometers, or any other precision tool, must be handled with a careful, delicate touch and precision, commensurate with the extreme accuracy with which these tools are capable of measuring. It is with joy and great interest that everyone watches a skilled mechanic at his work, and this is largely due to the care and precision with which he uses the tools of his trade. There is a place for every tool and he keeps each tool in its place. He carefully wipes his tools clean and dry before he places them in the tool box. If he does not expect to use a tool again for some time he lubricates it to prevent rusting.

*
NOTE: When storing tools under conditions of extreme humidity, moisture or salt air, it may be desirable to use preservative lubricating oil (medium) instead of the preservative lubricating oil (special) or engine oil (SAE 10) prescribed in this manual for normal conditions.
LIST OF TOOLS
Abrasive Wheels and Oilstones
Abrasive wheels
Oilstones
Awls
Handled seat awl
Brad awl
Saddler’s sewing awl
Bits and Boring Tools
Auger bits
Countersink bits
Expansive bits
Screwdriver bits
Twist drills
Braces and Hand Drills
Braces
Breast drills
Hand drills
Brushes
Painter’s dust
Sash tool
Steel wire
Stencil
Varnish	,
2
TM 9-867
Calipers
Firm joint
Inside and outside micrometers
Inside and outside spring
Chisels
Blacksmith’s
Machinist’s
Woodworker’s
Clamps
C-type
Hand screw
Hydraulic brake cylinder Toolmaker’s
Dividers
Spring
Wing
Files and Rasps
Round
Half round rasp
Flat
Taper
Hammers, Mallets, Mauls, and Sledges
Hammers
Bell faced claw
Blacksmith’s cross peen
Blacksmith’s straight peen
Ding weight
Machinist’s ball peen
Plain faced claw
Riveting
Soft face (copper, lead, leather, plastic, rawhide, rubber)
Trimmer’s
Mallets
Mauls
Sledges
Blacksmith’s cross peen
Blacksmith’s straight peen
Hand Grinders
Hatchets, Axes, Mattocks, Adzes, and Shovels
Hydrometers
Knives
Draw
Pocket
Putty
Levels
Nippers and Pliers
Nippers
Diagonal side cutting
Heavy type Light type
Pliers
Adjustable combination Brake spring Flat-nosed
Half round-nosed Round-nosed Side cutting Tire chain repair
Planes
Bench Fore Jack Smooth
Block
Punches
Hollow
Solid
Center
Pin Prick Taper
3
TM 9-867
Reamers Hand reamers Straight Taper Expansion Adjustable Power reamers Straight Taper	Shears Bench Bolt cutters Curved blade tinner’s Scroll pivoter snips Straight blade tinner’s Soldering Irons Electric
Saws Back Bead Compass Coping Crosscut Dovetail Hack Keyhole Miter box Nested Patternmaker’s Rip Stairbuilder’s Veneer	Nonelectric Taps and Dies Taps National series hand taps Pipe Dies National series round dies Pipe dies Square Four piece Vises Blacksmith’s
Scrapers Bearing Carbon Flat Three-cornered	Machinist’s Pipe Utility bench Wrenches
Screwdrivers	Adjustable
Clutch-head Offset Phillips type Spiral ratchet Standard	Box Open end Pipe Socket Socket head set screw
4
TM 9-867
Section II
ABRASIVE WHEELS AND OILSTONES
/ 4z / X> / &>C	!/ Lf	FLARING
iCUP
'^F	\F	RA PD
▼	\F	”	87173
STRAIGHT BEVELED ANGLE FACE RECESSED ONE SIDE OFFSET AND RECESSED
ABRASIVE WHEELS Maintenance
•	Handle wheels with care at all times; they break easily.
® Do not grind on sides or corners of wheel, unless it is impossible to grind the job at hand on the face of the wheel. This rule should be observed, due to the difficulty of dressing the sides of the wheel.
When mounting wheel on spindle observe the following precautions:
RA PD 87174
Test wheel by tapping with a cellulose face or rubber face hammer or mallet. A ringing sound indicates a satisfactory wheel. A dull thudding sound indicates a cracked wheel. Do NOT use a cracked wheel.
®^/jxske1
GASKET
RA PD 87175
Be sure wheel is equipped with blotter paper gaskets or safety washers on each side. If safety washers are used, remove paper from wheel and fit rubber sides next to wheel.
5
TM 9-867
RA PD 87176
Do not force wheel onto spindle. It must slide on easily with 0.003-to 0.005-inch clearance.
RA PD 87177
Tighten spindle nut just tight enough so flanges hold wheel firmly. Overtightening may crack wheel.
After installing, test wheel for breakage by starting. CAUTION: Stand clear!
•	If wheel glazes easily (cutting particles become dull), decrease its speed or use softer wheel.
•	If wheel loads easily (pores or spaces between cutting particles clog with material being ground), increase its speed or use softer wheel.
Truing
Removal of material from cutting face of a wheel so surface runs true.
Dressing
Restoring sharpness of a wheel face which is “loaded” or dulled.
On grinding machines, these operations are best done with a diamond dressing tool rigidly supported in a fixed tool post. Abrasive wheel dressers and abrasive type dressers are used on bench or pedestal grinders.
4-CUTTER TYPE DRESSER
TUBE TYPE DRESSER
RA PD 87178
6
TM 9-867
I DIAMOND WHEEL DRESSER
\	/	) I 1° TO 15
\	/	/ / DEGREES
N ■'	t a
DIAMOND / r(
TOOL HOLDER-"* |	'^^~|
TABLE---► 'SmI
RA PD 87179
1.	Set tool as shown, almost in contact with high point of wheel.
2.	Start wheel rotating. Start tool traversing and feed into wheel 0.001 to 0.002 inch at end of each pass until contact is made.
3.	Traverse cutter back and forth across wheel face, using 0.001-inch feed until sound indicates dresser is cutting all around the wheel.
NOTE: For wet grinding, dress wet. For dry grinding, dress dry.
WHEEL DRESSER
GRINDER REST
ADJUST REST AWAY FROM WHEEL TO PERMIT LEG OF WHEEL DRESSER TO GUIDE ON FRONT EDGE OF REST
RA PD 87180
1.	Adjust tool rest to permit wheel dresser to contact abrasive wheel on centerline of wheel as illustrated.
2.	Start wheel revolving, then support the dresser on tool rest with handle tilted upward at angle shown in illustration.
3.	Slowly press the wheel dresser against face of revolving wheel until it “bites,” then move dresser from side to side across wheel to obtain a straight surface on the wheel. CAUTION: Hold the dresser rigidly enough on tool rest to prevent vibration.
4.	Smooth wheel by passing an abrasive type dresser back and forth over the face of the wheel as shown below, smoothing with a very light pressure.
ABRASIVE WHEEL DRESSER
\	/ I®
RA PD 87181
7
TM 9-867
Common Misuses and Abuses
Do not operate wheel which has worn to a small diameter at same revolutions per minute as when new. This causes wheel to act excessively soft and wear fast because of the much reduced speed of grinding surface. Increase revolutions per minute to make up for smaller size.
Wheels not in use must be stowed in racks. If left on the floor they are apt to get broken.
Storage
Suspend wheels through their spindle holes in racks in a dry place, or store them in individual boxes.
RA PD 87182
OILSTONES
--*-
^—■■square	--A^TRIANGULAR
^-^^RECTANGULAR	• ...
’ si
—-—•" >	X'jBk	■
ROUND	9 ROUND EDGE SLIP
RA PD 87183
Maintenance
•	Soak new oilstone in engine oil (SAE 10) before using.
•	Prevent glazing by application of engine oil (SAE 10) during use of stone.
•	Wipe stone clean with wiping cloth or cotton waste after each use.
• SOAK IN OIL	• USE LUBRICANT	• WIPE AFTER USE
RA PD 87184
8
TM 9-867
Cleaning
Wash glazed or “gummed up” stone with dry-cleaning solvent or aqua ammonia. If this treatment fails to completely clean stone, scour it with aluminum oxide abrasive cloth or flint paper attached to a flat block.
Dressing
True uneven surfaces on coarse, medium, or fine oilstones on side of an old grinding wheel, a grindstone, or as follows: Cover a smooth cast-iron block with waterproof artificial abrasive paper. Place stone on surface and lap in with water until true.
NOTE: Special shape stones can be formed by making a groove of mating shape in a cast-iron block. Use waterproof artificial abrasive paper and water and draw stone through groove.
DRESSING OILSTONE RA PD 87185
Repairing Broken Oilstone
Heat pieces on a hot plate to drive all oil from inside stone.
RA PD 87187
Scrub pieces with dry-cleaning solvent or aqua ammonia to remove gum and dirt.
RA PD 87188
RA PD 87189
Dust broken edges thickly with flake or ground orange shellac. Carefully work shellac into all cracks and openings.
Reheat pieces to melt shellac, and clamp together until cooled. Dress stone if joints are uneven.
9
TM 9-867
If shellac is not available, mount broken pieces in wooden block. Cut recess in block, exact size of stone, depth about one-half the thickness of stone. Assemble pieces of stone and force into recess in block.
Common Misuses and Abuses
Do not use stone dry. This causes glazing and clogging of stone. Apply engine oil (SAE 10) (or water in an emergency) before using stone.
RA PD
WRONG 87190	nI_UT	RA PD
RIGHT	87191
Do not store stone in a hot place. Heat will cause oil to form a gummy residue on stone. Store in a cool, moist place.
Do not attempt to do a honing job with the wrong stone. Such procedure wastes time and energy and causes unnecessary stone wear. Use stones as follows:
STONE	USE
Coarse	To sharpen large and very dull or nicked tools.
Medium	To sharpen ordinary mechanics’ tools not requiring finished edge such as tools for working soft wood, cloth, leather, and rubber.
Fine	To sharpen tools requiring a very fine edge such as machinists’, engravers’, instrument workers’, and cabinet makers’ tools.
Storage
Keep stone clean and moistened with engine oil (SAE 10). If stored in a dry place, keep stone enclosed in a covered box.
10
11	-----—fcBh
”f 1 "‘it s
B Sv < v"	—	n i j—j f
—i—i—r
IV?"' i_____L ......t.~r—r~..r."i
WRONG	-O******1	RIGHT
RA PD 87192	RA PD 87193
TM 9-867
Section III
AWLS
s	\	/ A
/	,)	/	J
FERRULE---X
PIECE
X	\ C T (C\T SADDLER’S
* W SEWING AWL
RA PD 87194
GRINDING AND TEMPERING
General
Normal order for reconditioning an awl blade is to harden, grind, and sharpen. Usually all three operations are not needed. Harden and temper only if tempered part has been broken off, worn, or ground away, or if tool has been overheated. Grind after hardening and tempering, or if blade has lost its shape from repeated sharpening.
Hardening and Tempering
Heat about one and one-half inches of tip of blade to cherry red. Use a gasoline torch, gas furnace, or charcoal fire. Do not overheat. Quench about % inch of heated tip in clean, cold water to harden.
Quickly rub hardened end with aluminum oxide abrasive cloth or oilstone to brighten it. Watch color return to tip from heated portion of blade and quench when light straw color arrives at point. Polish blade with aluminum oxide abrasive cloth and crocus cloth.
11
| J/
>7	0	f*l)	__ k?
//	.
/	I WL-M	I-—	~
.... „	RA PD
HEAT RA PD 87195	QUENCH 87196
TM 9-867
Grinding
RA PD 87197	RA PD 87198
Grind blade of cone-pointed	If grinding a flat-pointed or
awl to point. Rotate awl dur-	special shaped awl blade, hold
ing grinding to keep point cen- blade against abrasive wheel in tered. Be careful that the re- positions to preserve or restore volving wheel does not catch original shape, the point and cause damage.
Dip blade frequently in water or wet grind it.
Sharpening
Keep point sharp by frequently	—*----
giving it a few strokes on an oil-	(~
stone. Rotate cone-pointed awl slightly before each stroke. Do not use too much pressure on	■/ 1\
the tool, to avoid ridge marks on the surface of the stone.	RA PD 87199
Replacing Handles
• Clamp blade in soft-jawed vise and pull or tap old handle from shank of blade. Pry ferrule from handle.
• Tap ferrule onto new handle. Prick punch ferrule to handle. • Tap handle onto shank of blade and remove blade from vise.
___j_____
STEP ONE	STEP TWO
) RA RD
7	Ferrule installation	37200
12
TM 9-867
Common Misuses
•	Do not use an awl with a loose handle.
This often results in injury to the user.
Make sure the handle is tight, thus preventing the tang from injuring the user’s hand.
•	Do not use the awl with a prying or lever action.
This results in breakage.
Exert force toward the point or cutting edge.
Storage
Dip awl in rust preventive compound (thin film). To protect the point of the awl, insert the point into a small cork, a small, short twig from a tree, or a soft wood block. Store in a dry place. Protect blade from contact with metals. Upon removal from storage, wash metal parts with dry cleaning solvent to remove rust preventive compound.
13
TM 9-867
Section IV
BITS AND BORING TOOLS
/y bit /j
SHAN K
RATCHET SHANK	/\	/ /	/ /
/	//	//straight
/J	SS SHANK
/Z // Jf W
SCREW DRIVER / /	S7	//	{Fjr	//
t	s I
TWIST DRILL EXPANSIVE BIT AUGER BIT COUNTERSINK BIT RA PD 87201
bJr^'ZZ^X’ \
I	s /yf
//—*	s
\ jf / HEEL ANGLE	\	X	/J?
\ /	/	(12°-15°)	X	/ Jr DRILL
Y X	X	/AXIS
(If! y
i up OR CUTTING EDGES
/	LIP CLEARANCE
(125C’135') (^Jtar“^WEB
X^^I.iP^ANGLE NORMALLY 59d
\	FLUTE
LIPS OR CUTTING EDGES	THE POINT
PARTS OF A TWIST DRILL RA PD 87202JJ
14
TM 9-867
GRINDING TWIST DRILLS
General
Twist drills may be ground in a drill holder fixture or free hand. Use fixture if available. Both methods are given in the following pages.
Grind drill lips or cutting edges at an angle of 59 degrees, as illustrated below (50 to 60 degrees for drilling brass or bronze, 68 degrees for extremely hard	\	{ /Tfe 7
material). Both cutting edges must	A	/ J /
make same angle with drill axis, and 59<> | Jif 59°' both cutting edges must be of same	--
length.	fef '*””//
F I /A RIGHT
v~ .
A----\\	V	'	12° TO 15°	W //
(Oi ■■'W/	’ /k
V—y /	/	/ •	^ right
--y	/	RA PD 8Z204
.A	12°
to /
Grind heel to an angle of 12 to 15 de-grees (9 degrees for drilling extremely	|||
hard material). Failure to provide suffi-	MF* / RIGHT
cient clearance is the principal cause	RA PD 87203
of drills splitting up the web.
।
A ' 	,V.
LIP	X
RIGHT	ANGLE
RA PD 87205
835846 0 - 49 - 2	15
TM 9-867
Some Common Grinding Faults to Guard Against:
FAULT	J	RESULT
Lip angle excessive.	\ /, // /	Drill will not center
Y |*2	properly because
/ // \	cone-shaped point is
/ /. 1 WRONG too flat
I
1	Drills slower and re-
quires more power Lip angle too small.	/!ix	because of longer
y *-■	length of cutting
I \/\ x edges, and requires I yj i wrong frequent sharpening.
/IjX. WRONG
r /	Only one cutting edge
Point on center but	will do work. This recutting edges ground x A B	suits in rapid drill
to different angles. / Z \ AJINGDLES„'B*’ wear and causes hole
I unequal to be larger than drill.
।	This throws point and
Al«—lip off center, causing x wrong strain on drill, ma-Cutting edge angles I / /	chine, and work, and
are equal but lips are Y I Y distances causing hole to be of different lengths.	/ //\ "a” and "B” much larger than
l/\ I UNEQUAL drill<
------_______i__
\/~l	Cutting edges lose
Insufficient heel angle ) /A under^2o effectiveness. Drill or clearance.	fk -	won’t drill and may
/ j /	split up center when
if '/	wrong	pressure is applied.
______■......_..4.. __>
— ~ v ANGLE
Excessive heel angle M |°VER12°	Cutting edges likely
or clearance.	// I	to break down due to
'/ 1 / wrong excessive bite with in-
I RA PD 87206 sufficient support.
16
TM 9-867
Using Drill Holder Fixture
Exact procedure for grinding will vary with make of drill grinding machine used. General procedure, which applies to conventional type machines, is given in the following steps:
Adjust machine to desired cutting edge and heel angles. Refer to illustrations of lip angle and heel angle (page 15).
Place drill in V-blocks of holder. Turn so cutting edge will contact abrasive wheel as drill is fed into wheel.
Start motor and advance tailstock until drill makes contact with wheel.
Hold drill in place in V-blocks and swing holder spindle slowly through its arc. Without changing tailstock adjustment, revolve drill one-half turn in V-blocks and sharpen other lip of drill in same manner.
----ABRASIVE WHEEL
V-BLOCK
drill
1 Ww
▼^7	TAIL STOCK
j
SPINDLE
RA PD 87207^1^
Inspect drill point to see if it has been ground back far enough to eliminate all nicks. Repeat grinding and inspection operations until perfect appearing points are obtained.
Free Hand Grinding
®1. Adjust tool rest to a convenient height for resting back of forehand on it while grinding.
W
RA PD 87208
17
TM 9-867
2.	Hold drill between thumb and index finger of right or left hand. Grasp body of drill near shank with other hand.
3.	Place forehand on drill rest with centerline of drill making desired angle with cutting face of wheel and slightly lower shank end of drill as illustrated.
1	'•	\ Z
' Z	\	S'"
'	/	---A ’	''	1 Z7 S'
59°
|	RA PD 87210
\ RA PD 87209
4.	Slowly place heel of drill	/	\
against grinding wheel. Then	j
gradually raise shank end of drill and twist drill in fingers । in a counterclockwise direction \	\
while grinding wheel approaches	j
the cutting edge. Exert only	\fjf
enough pressure to grind the	-—V\.\
drill without overheating. Fre-	V< V )
quently cool drill in water while	I	/
grinding.	\	/	RAPD 87211
5.	Check results of grinding	1	/
with a gage to determine if cut-	.
ting edges are same length and	z I / z X.
at desired angle and if heel is
ground to angle of 12 to 15	/	-a^--
degrees.	" jjwX'.A )	„
_...zf \
W // 12°-1S“	J
Z)
JF /	A	RA PD 87212
.» / RA PD
87213
18
TM 9-867
Thinning Web
To strengthen a drill, the thickness of web is increased as flute approaches shank. As point is ground back, the web becomes thicker. Ordinarily a web at the point of greater than y32 to 1/16 of an inch is objectionable. Grind down web	[ijA	1 
on a thin round or bevel edge	W/v i"
wheel to obtain web thickness of a	/
new drill of same size. Use care to remove the same amount of metal	X ■
from each flute. A coarse handstone	XXavyX. ' i
may be used to obtain the dimen- 7 JA. sion when a grinding wheel of the	/■ l)
proper width is not available. Hold	j	p’'
drill flat on bench and stroke flute	”	RA PD 87214
away from point. Use care to keep from stoning away drill land.
Sharpening Expansive Bits
Sharpen spurs and cutters on expansive bit per instructions given for auger bit, below.
Grinding Screwdriver Bits
For method of grinding screwdriver bits, see section 24, “Screwdrivers.”
Sharpening Countersink Bits
Use a taper file to sharpen cutting edges of rose countersink bits as illustrated. Use extreme care to retain original shape of cutters.
s'
__________ lawwBBMggaamiS RA pd 87215 " *-• *•' ‘ ' • •
19
TM 9-867
SHARPENING AUGER BITS
shank
I™
ATV\ ^X2S>Z	AUGER BIT
XXy T
SCREW SPUR TWIST	RA PD 87216
Sharpening Spurs	AUGER
Select an auger bit file or a
small mill file.	„..■••■• "'"'X-	’
MILL FILE
RA PD 87217	»
Hold auger bit against a solid surface with shank down as illustrated.
X £ l\ \ RA PD 87218
A	Lightly	file inside	surface	of	A
S&	spurs,	using care	to retain
original shape of spur. Stop fil-	]
^4	ing when a fine bur	appears	on	/I	t
K	cutting	edge of spur. Check	to
determine if spurs are equal in *
RA PD 87219 length.	__________
Remove bur from spurs with a light touch of file.	ra pd 87220
20
TM 9-867
Sharpening Cutters
Hold auger bit against a solid surface with screw of auger bit	.
pointing down.
Lightly file each cutter on	Adidk ill
top side. Use care to maintain	far
original chisel-like shape of cut-ting edge.
\iUA ~ ______
I !	~~T
Vjj/	।	' RA PD 87221
CUTTING EDGE RA PD 87222	/
Stop filing when a fine bur	z /
appears on cutting edge.	/	-
W-
Check to determine if cutting edges contact surface of a board at same level.	cutting edges
RA PD 87223
Common Misuses to Avoid
Never attempt to enlarge a hole by tipping drill sidewise. You are likely to break or bend the drill or hurt yourself. Use a larger drill or reamer to enlarge hole.
_JL_
RA PD	RA PD
WRONG 87224	RIGHT 87224A
21
TM 9-867
Do not allow drills to overheat while in use or being sharpened. Heating destroys temper and makes tool worthless. Use proper cutting oil or compound when drilling metal other than cast iron. Wet grind drills when sharpening.
'■ \/ /k--’-- /	......Uj Ar...........
WRONG	RIGHT	RA PD
87225
IM—J	t & I
w	U
n	1
To drive a drill into a socket or	\A
sleeve, do not use a steel hammer	/	.4
or other hard object. This would	y.	y
damage cutting edges. First make	X. /Z
certain socket or sleeve and drill £ Ta shank are clean, then tap drill to	C 7
seat with a lead or brass mallet.	q)
WRONG	RIGHT
RA PD 87225A
Do not place work-supporting blocks far from drill. “Springiness” of work will snap off drill. Support work near drill and clamp securely to prevent turning.
8	1J
/
1.1 I............-	J
WRONG	RIGHT	RA PD 87226
22
TM 9-867
Wf	Lt.J
I	inf
►
v	Do not allow drill to work	HfM
loose in chuck.	This	will	Tpr
cause “chucking”	and	will	s=
If,	bur or break drill.	Keep	drill	■Z
r7	tight in chuck.	TZ
j	.._...
WRONG	RIGHT
RA PD 87227	RA PD 87228
Never keep drills loose in tool boxes. This practice causes unneces-‘	sary dulling of cutting edges. Keep in a rack or divided box when
not in use.
/f/ £/ O £) z-T7«
U|| g g S*—JAWS
W~
RATCHET
TYPICAL HAND BRACE
/..	............-w=?8l_ i-W^k
TYPICAL SPIRAL HAND DRILL	RA PD 87230
CARE
Keep holding screws tight at all times. Loose screws may permit loose meshing of gears. This causes teeth to break.
Do not disassemble chuck except when necessary to make repairs, because of danger of losing springs.
Do not let tool rust. Scour off rust with crocus cloth or fine aluminum oxide abrasive cloth. Apply lubricating preservative oil (special) or engine oil (SAE 10) lightly to surfaces which tend to rust.
Keep tool lubricated at all times, in accordance with following instructions:
24
TM 9-867
LUBRICATION DATA
TOOL__________PART___________________LUBRICANT___________
Cap bearings GREASE, general purpose, No. 0, __________________or GREASE, O.D., No. 0________
Handle bearings
Brace	Ring and ratchet ~TT .	„TT
,	.	OIL, engine, SAE 10, or OIL,
mechanism	, , . ,.	..	. ,
------------------- lubricating, preservative, special
Sleeve and jaw mechanism Gear teeth
Handle bearings OIL, engine, SAE 10, or OIL, Breast and	chuck	lubricating, preservative, special
hand drills mechanism
Spirals (push GREASE, general purpose, No. 0, type hand drills) or GREASE, O.D., No. 0
Common Misuses and Abuses
BDo not use tool with bit not Xl// fully inserted into chuck.	r'jM
"	This places a strain on jaws	!. l|%
//n\ of chuck and may break	Wt.'-
drill. Insert bit fully into
WRONG	chuck.	RIGHT
RA PD 87231	RA pD 87232
Do not use a “squeaking” brace or hand drill. A squeak means tool is wearing. Lubricate before using.
I FT WRONG	RIGHT
RA PD 87233
Storage
For permanent storage, wash tool in dry cleaning solvent to remove lubricants. Coat all metal parts of tools with rust preventive compound (thin film) and store in a dry place where tool will be safe from accident.
Upon removal from storage, remove rust preventive compound from metal parts by washing with dry cleaning solvent.
25
TM 9-867
Section VI
BRUSHES
STENCIL /	)	/ I STEEL	/?„ SASH
/ X |	/ WIRE	/f	TOOL
y * J i	//	■>
PAINTER'S DUST->/
5.	Always clean brushes after each	.
use.
6.	Always store brushes properly.	RA PD 37237
27
TM 9-867
Overnight Storage
1.	Drill small hole in handle of /A,	f \
brush.	I	’i
2.	Suspend paint and enamel	r «="	r—j
brushes in linseed oil “keeper” MH	| I
so that bristles and setting are	ZJf/	\ \	\
MEASURING |	|	\	"
ZZ*<^ FACES / I
/fJF X.	/	/ TYPICAL
Z>« X	/	/	/ MICROMETER
X.	X^	/	/	CALIPER
x	VIEW
RA PD 87242
30
TM 9-867
Adjustment of Micrometer Caliper
To compensate for thread wear, screw thimble from barrel. Tighten thread play adjustment nut on fixed nut a fraction of a turn at a time. Test fit of micrometer screw in fixed nut. Repeat tightening and test until operation is free from both binding and play.
NOTE: Some micrometers have an automatic spring-controlled
thread play adjustment.
Testing Micrometer Caliper
1
Clean measuring faces with a soft cloth. Examine faces after cleaning and remove any lint deposited by cleaning cloth.
2
Measure length of micrometer test gage of same length as minimum capacity of micrometer. Micrometer should read its exact minimum capacity. For 0-1 inch micrometer, screw thimble down until spindle contacts anvil. Do not force thimble. Reading should be 0.000 inch.
3
Measure length of a micrometer test gage of same length as maximum capacity of micrometer. Micrometer should read its exact maximum capacity.
RA PD 87243
Check inside micrometers against outside micrometers or gage blocks.
If in checking it is found that micrometers do not read correctly, refer to proper authority for adjustment.
Never use inaccurate micrometers.
Misuses
Never use micrometers with dirty anvil and/or threads.
Dirt on micrometer anvil gives incorrect readings. Dirty threads cause excessive wear and eventually inaccurate readings.
Do not carry micrometers in a pocket of work clothes, as dirt from the pocket works into the threads.
Keep micrometers in a covered box on the job and wipe anvil and spindle clean with a soft, slightly oiled rag each time after using and before returning them to their places in the box. Keep cover closed to protect micrometers from dirt and grinding dust.
835846 0 - 49 -3
31
TM 9-867
WRONG	—-
RA PD 87244
Do not check a part that is moving or rotating. Damage to the micrometer and possible injury to the operator will result.
X	r f
ni ' \	- '•■ ••••<■
I /	’A\
L^&i. xMmf/	/)
\ | , ' P'- ।	■ //
//A
I	-■ JT/
/ Ar '	L»XX.'~'~' ■ ■ ■ ■ -	y
Z f |l WRONG	RIGHT RA PD 87245
Storage
Wrap in greaseproof wrapping and enclose in a covered box. Store oughly and apply a film of preservative lubricating oil (medium). Wrap in greaseproof wrapping and enclose in a covered box. Store in a dry place.
32
TM 9-867
Section VIII
CHISELS
'Xv \	X£\
cold Z /	- / T <	/ v
CH^Z	z *		/ TOOLMAKER’S	CLAMP A li
,	— |
I H 1 SPRING DIVIDERS
I L4	\
___t>—i |	^*<^,^""'11111 )
I 11	WING DIVIDERS
I I	RA PD 87263
I I -<4	*
MAINTENANCE
General
Wipe fingerprints and moisture from dividers after use to prevent rusting or corroding. Keep in case or wrap in soft cloth when not in use.
Lubrication
Oil threads, pivots, and other surfaces sparingly with preservative lubricating oil (special).
Sharpening Points
Sharpen divider points with a	i F ' >\
small oilstone moistened with	\
light oil. Keep points toward	|
inside of legs so points will	/ i \
meet when dividers close. Hold	J
dividers stationary and stroke	'
with stone. Give stone a slight	x f
rotating movement to prevent	RA PD 87264
flat spots.	 PIN
Installing Pivot on
Spring Dividers <..............	:
Insert a block between legs	A B^QCK	«■
above screw. Squeeze legs together to spread spring.	<~l RA PD 87265
42
TM 9-867
Common Misuses and Abuses
Do not use dividers as an awl or for any other purpose than scribing arcs or circles, or for checking measurements. Dividers are precision %	tools and must be handled and used carefully to preserve their
accuracy.
* ~~~
iX-
WRONG	RIGHT	RA PD
'	87266
Do not lay dividers on bench when not in use. They may be damaged by other tools. Keep them in case or wrapped in cloth and stored in a safe place.
/
WRONG	RIGHT	rA2PD
Storage
*	Apply rust preventive compound (thin film). To protect the points,
insert them into small corks, small short twigs, or soft wood block. Store in a dry place. Upon removal from storage, wash with dry cleaning solvent to remove rust preventive compound.
43
TM 9-867
Section XI
FILES AND RASPS
/ >
J A---HANDLE
tang^lT-—FERRULE	/	//	//
I A---heel	J // I
—edge	gg
gSSsa--FACE 7$
flat	Sr
JW Jr^	Sr^Mf RA PD
XjgiL-.POINT ROUND ff TAPER	ROUND	87268
Care	MAINTENANCE
Preserve sharpness of files. Keep them in a rack. If necessary to carry files in a tool box, wrap them individually in cloth or paper. Keep files dry to prevent rusting. Do not use rust preventive compound. Do not abuse files. They are brittle and extremely dangerous if hammered or used as pry bars.
Installing Handle
CAUTION: It is dangerous to use a file without a handle.
1. Select handle to fit tang. If neces-	Fi
sary to use handle having hole too small for tang, heat same size tang of an old file and insert in handle to burn hole to proper size (snug fit).
2. Wet tang of file and insert it in han-	t.
die. Tap back end of handle on a flat	fr*—x
surface until file is properly seated.
Do not hammer file into the handle.	C~~z —
NOTE: Several types of “screw-on” handles are available. If using handle of this type, install as directed by	x
handle manufacturer.	RA PD 87269
44
TM 9-867
Removing Handle
Hold file with left hand. Hold handle with right hand. Pull file from handle while rapping ferrule '/B ~ end of handle against edge of bench.	Z||B L	- ■-
NOTE: If removing “screw-on”	11	iHf
type handle, remove in accord-	XU ■F
. , , ’	,	,	RA PD
ance with handle manufacturer’s	1	87270
instructions.
Cleaning Files
1.	The cutting action of a file '	>1
produces small particles or chips ’	I X filings
called filings. These particles fre- 1__________	------work
quently wedge between the teeth	DA __
of hie and impair the free cutting action. Frequent cleaning is necessary to obtain maximum efficiency of file.	-	1 i J
BRUSH WITH \ ft \J e	MOTION PARALLEL
TO TEETH	(JT
2.	Brush filings from between	r\
teeth of file with wire brush. Push \	/ Ut
brush in a direction parallel with I kXr---------t
teeth.
7
• [ : RA PD
87272
3.	Remove remaining particles from teeth by using a narrow strip of soft metal such as brass or copper. A soft metal will not damage teeth.
CLEANING PIN____
(SOFT METAL)	I)
RA PD 87273
45
TM 9-867
Common Misuses and Abuses
Do not strike file against vise or other object to clean it. This practice ruins file teeth and may break file. There is danger from flying particles if file breaks. Clean file with a file card and pin.
\\U /	\ 'v.
WRONG	RIGHT ™27?
Never use a file without a handle. It is dangerous. Install handle before using file for any job, no matter how small.
V	II ..................£ ’
L	1	V RA PD
WRONG	V	RIGHT	87275
Do not use excessive pressure while filing. This results in clogging file and stripping teeth. Use a long, steady, uniform stroke. Hold handle with right hand. Hold end of file between thumb and first finger of left hand.
\	J i
..
RA PD
WRONG	RIGHT	87276
Storage
Be sure files and rasps are clean and dry. Do not use lubricants or rust preventive compounds. Wrap them individually in waterproof barrier wrapping paper. Place in racks or box in a manner which will make it impossible for faces or edges of files to contact each other.
46
TM 9-867
Section XII
HAMMERS, MALLETS, MAULS, and SLEDGES
Ir ijp
CROSS PEEN STRAIGHT PEEN	\ RAWHIDE RAWHIDE-FACED
HAMMER HAMMER	XX. \MALLET MALLET
S |	|L	\ NECK CLAW
C J I rzfc- \
llfi \| It	I HANDLE \ WEDGE y.
BALL-PEEN SOFT METAL OR DING WEIGHT	/ft
HAMMER PLASTIC HAMMER HAMMER	/ ’]
fZr /V |L_
|» ■ -  FACE — Awr1-head
| 1	1	if	BELL-FACED CLAW HAMMER
PLAIN FACED	RIVETING	TRIMMER’S
CLAW HAMMER	HAMMER HAMMER
>1 W
WOODEN DOUBLE FACE CROSS PEEN STRAIGHT PEEN RUBBER
MALLET	SLEDGE	SLEDGE	SLEDGE MALLET
RA PD 87277
CARE OF HEADS
General
Prevent rust formation by carefully wiping steel hammer heads dry after exposure to moisture. When it is known in advance that tool will be exposed to moisture, spread a film of preservative lubricating oil (special) or engine oil (SAE 10) over head.
835846 0 - 49 - 4	47
TM 9-867
Frequently inspect hammer type tools to see if handle is tight in head and to see if face is in satisfactory condition.
Replacing Handle	——
1.	Remove old handle from X.' ZX head. If handle is tight, saw off old handle next to neck of
hammer head. Do not saw the	" .	-
handle off so close to the head	rA>
that the saw teeth will touch	'X
the head while sawing, thus	Afj./
damaging the set of the saw.
A hacksaw may also be used.	I
rf ‘
2.	Drill a hole in old handle	V
as illustrated.	i	’
_s»% Hfci j
3.	Drive old handle from head	A
and secure wedges. (Note posi-
tion of wedges.)
4.	Shape new handle to fit	W A\
head. Use rasp or spoke shave.	•*«»z	■
I I
5.	Insert new handle to head
to determine fit.	—'%\
6.	Assemble for tight fit by
striking end of handle with	----_.....yJjZX
mallet to seat head firmly on	—
handle.
RA PD 87278	*
48
TM 9-867
7.	Check results to determine if	' 
handle fits properly.	—.. i
8.	Saw off the projecting por-	—*—T&Str	-VtC
tion of handle close to hammer
head and cut slits for wedges.	'•y
Avoid having saw teeth touch	Z
the head during sawing.
9.	Drive wedges into handle. If	A_<*\
wooden wedges are used, re-	ML
place old wedges or make new ones from straight grain soft	/Vk v
wood.
RA PD 87279
10.	File or grind end of handle even with head. Use wood rasp if wooden wedges are used. Grinding may be employed if metal wedges are used.
RA PD 87280
Tightening Handle
If wedge comes loose, remove it and install larger wedge. If wedge remains tight in handle, but handle loosens, drive thin hardwood or iron wedge into handle beside original wedge. A loose handle can be temporarily repaired by soaking in water. If unable to tighten, replace handle.
Grinding Face
Incorrect or abusive use of hammer type tools frequently results in uneven face wear. To reshape worn faces:
49
50
TM 9-867
1
Determine if face should be plain	/
or bell shaped by examining un-
worn portion of face or by com-	Wqrn	T j|	*
paring with unworn tool of same	face JL„B
type.	U
Grind face to original shape. Frequently immerse head in water to prevent burning. Do not re-move more stock than necessary.	/
3	RESTORED |
On mallet type tools, grind equal FACE |	_
amount of material from both	I
faces to preserve balance.
RA PD 87281
Common Misuses
Do not strike a hardened steel surface with a hammer.
This misuse is a serious safety hazard. Small pieces of sharp, hardened steel break from the hammer and also from the hardened steel. This has been responsible for many serious eye injuries. It may also cause damage to the work and/or the hammer.
Use a soft hammer in striking any hardened steel. If a soft hammer is not available, place a piece of copper, brass, fiber, or wood on the hardened steel. Strike the soft material and not the hardened steel.
Storage
Coat steel heads with rust preventive compound (thin film) and store in a dry place. Upon removal from storage, wash metal parts with dry cleaning solvent to remove rust preventive compound.
TM 9-867
Section XIII
HAND GRINDERS
X ® f"....//	HANDLE BEARING-
VcF^yLjn jo
<$s^W^ ‘4/ ENCLOSED	y^lQjJ2
B w / gear case	/mV/ 7 •
^4g / (°IL TIGHT)	J^'
y	/ cb "	# OPEN GEARS
*	JS	/>>	/# ENCLOSED
C /	//// GEAR CASE
/ # (grease type) jm/K
//
_Z<^	\	Jz|
//
XST RA pD 87282
CLEANING
Drain lubricant from enclosed type gear cases. Flush out with dry cleaning solvent. Drain, gear case completely after flushing. Refill with correct grade of lubricant as specified.
Wash exterior surfaces and open type gears with dry cleaning solvent. Scour corrosion from surfaces with crocus cloth.
51
TM 9-867
LUBRICATION
Lubricate grinders in accordance with following chart:
PART Ll pTrIOD°N	LUBRICANT
Enclosed gear cases	Weekly	OIL> engine, SAE 30
(oiltight)
Enclosed gear cases	Weekly	GREASE, general purpose,
(grease type)	No. 0
Open gears	Daily
TT „ ,	.	OIL, engine, SAE 10, or OIL,
Handle bearings	Dailv	, , • . •
___________________________________ lubricating, preservative,
Pivot pins	Daily	special
Exterior nonwearing	OIL, lubricating, preserva-
surfaces	tive, special
Common Misuses
Careless handling. Tools of this type will not stand rough handling and continue to operate satisfactorily.
Do not strain working parts beyond capacity. Do not throw into box loosely with other tools.
z^ f********^***^\
“A>
WRONG	RIGHT
RA PD 87283
Storage
For indefinite storage, drain lubricants and wash tool in dry cleaning solvent. Dry thoroughly, relubricate and fill gear cases, and spread rust preventive compound (thin film) over all parts. Wire small attaching parts to valve grinders to prevent their loss. Store in a dry place. Mobile field units should check tightness of all screws and nuts before and after storing, and should wrap sufficiently to keep out all dust and to protect grinder.
Upon removal from prolonged storage, wash rust preventive com-	#
pound from grinder with dry cleaning solvent.
52
TM 9-867
Section XIV
HATCHETS, AXES, MATTOCKS, ADZES, and SHOVELS
^=a . 	— _ j	I I
I	\	/
BROAD HATCHET |	)	AXE
\ HALF HATCHET	*3
J
/ SS. ,1
<4 U5 1 |\F
Zj£	l I	K
/lw	— Ml	/I T	<
MB	pM	64	. ;5|	W	. J
MATTOCK CARPENTER’S ADZE SHIP ADZE	SHOVEL
RA PD 87284
GRINDING
Hatchets and Axes
Hy-' R REMOVE NICKS TP	• i u . ,	,	•	I ' J BY GRINDING
Remove nicks by holding horizontally against abrasive wheel.
Move back and forth across	—~iwr—
stone.
2 /
®? TEST«ir
2. Place plumb level against a <	j ■•
true vertical surface and note	I
plumb reading. Twist level one-
half turn about its vertical axis
and again take reading. If bubble —
appears on opposite sides of hair-	87305
line in the two readings, plumb level is out of adjustment.
62
TM 9-867
Adjustment
ADJUSTABLE LEVELS (METAL OR WOOD CONSTRUCTION) : Turn adjustment screw or nut to move spirit tube in direction indicated by test. Repeat adjustment and test until bubble centers on cross hair (single hairline level) or until bubble is centered between cross hairs (double hairline level).
NONADJUST ABLE METAL-FRAMED LEVELS: Remove screw, bolt or rivet which attaches low end (as revealed by tests) of spirit tube to frame. Shim up low end of tube with shim stock and attach tube to frame. Test level. Repeat adjustment and test until fault is corrected.
NONADJUSTABLE WOOD-FRAMED LEVELS: Carefully dig out plaster of paris bed which attaches spirit tube to frame. Place level on a true horizontal or vertical surface (depending on whether level or plumb spirit tube is being adjusted). Using fine calcined gypsum for a tube bed, position spirit tube so bubble centers on hairline. Allow gypsum to set before moving level.
RA PD 87306
Common Misuses
Rough handling. A level is a precision tool, therefore it must be used and handled with extreme care to preserve its accuracy. Do not drop. Do not strike. Place level carefully against work.
Storage
Coat metal parts with rust preventive compound (thin film) at time of storage. Place tool in a rack or box which will protect it from accidental breakage. Store in a dry place. Upon removal from storage wash metal parts with dry cleaning solvent to remove rust preventive compound.
835846 0 - 49 -5
63
TM 9-867
Section XVIII
NIPPERS AND PLIERS
TYPICAL NIPPERS
TIRE CHAIN
REPAIR PLIERS
ADJUSTABLE COMBINATION PLIERS
HALF ROUNDNOSE PLIERS
FLAT-NOSED PLIERS
ROUND-NOSED PLIERS
DIAGONAL CUTTING NIPPERS OR PLIERS
RA PD 87307
MAINTENANCE
Grinding and Sharpening
NOTE: Many modern side cutting pliers and nearly all nippers are designed so they can be reground. Some older models will not close if material is ground from cutting edges.
Examine pliers to see if design will permit them to close completely if material is ground from cutting edges. Do not attempt to sharpen pliers not designed to be ground.
Grind cutting edges so ground bevel is at approximately right angles with inside machined bevel. Grind same amount of stock from both jaws but no more than necessary to remove nicks. Cool often in water to preserve temper.
64
BRAKE SPRING PLIERS
TM 9-867
■JRFACES OF JAW7 mi 1111
_
—
[ RA PD
CORRECTLY GROUND CUTTING EDGES
NOTE: Jaws on some pliers will not open wide enough to permit grinding. On such pliers, press out recessed taper pin or remove special bolt and nut which attach the two halves of pliers together and separate jaws for grinding. Peen pin well when assembling pliers which are pinned together.
Cleaning
Wash pliers in dry cleaning solvent and wipe dry with a clean cloth. Clean dirt from serrated jaw faces with a wire brush. When completely dry, lubricate pivot pin with one or two drops of preservative lubricating oil (special) or engine oil (SAE 10).
Renewing Jaw Face Serrations
Place the pliers in a vise protected with soft jaws and renew serration with a four- or five-inch three-cornered file. If the jaws of the pliers can be separated and the mechanic has access to a small surface grinder, new serrations can be ground. Diamond dress a narrow wheel to an included angle of 60
degrees (30 degrees on each serrations with each jaw held
side of centerline) and grind the separately in a grinding vise.
GRINDING WHEEL \
.	\ 3O'°'*
\ \ Ki
\	\	\ fc, PLIERS
J \ x ' W JAW
\J
\
/
I
------RA PD 87310
65
TM 9-867
Common Misuses
Do not use pliers on a nut. This batters nut and plier jaw serrations unnecessarily. Use a wrench on nuts.
Do not use pliers as a pry bar. Handles may bend or break. Use tools only for purpose for which they are designed.
WRONG
RA PD 87311
Storage
At time of storage, apply rust preventive compound (thin film). Store in a dry place. Upon removal from storage, wash with dry cleaning solvent to remove rust preventive compound.
66
TM 9-867
Section XIX
SMOOTH PLANE
BLOCK PLANE
PLANES
FORE PLANE
JACK PLANE
RA PD 87312
GRINDING PLANE IRONS
General
Irons must be ground when cutting edge is nicked, when bevel is worn too blunt, when bevel is rounded out, or when cutting edge is worn to improper shape.
1.	Cutting edges should be straight on smooth and block plane irons, slightly curved on jack plane irons, and very slightly curved on fore plane irons.
SMOOTH OR BLOCK PLANE IRON
ROUND CORNERS SLIGHTLY
FORE PLANE IRON
CUTTING EDGE VERY
SLIGHTLY CURVED (1/32 IN. BULGE)
CUTTING EDGE PERFECTLY STRAIGHT
JACK PLANE IRON
CUTTING EDGE CURVED
SLIGHTLY (1/16 IN. BULGE)
RA PD 87313
67
TM 9-867
2.	Bevel may be straight or slightly concave. It must never be rounded out.
A	RIGHT	\
Ik BEVEL IS	ak
CONCAVE OR Z
‘ SHAPE OF
W	ABRASIVE	W
11	WHEEL	II
RIGHT
BEVEL IS FLAT OR PERFECTLY STRAIGHT
1
WRONG
BEVEL IS ROUNDED OUT BY INCORRECT GRINDING OR SHARPENING
RA PD 87314
3.	Bevel should be about twice the thickness of iron near cutting edge.
RIGHT
WRONG
WRONG
RA PD 87315
Procedure
CAUTION: While grinding, keep plane bit cool by frequently dipping into water to prevent burning or softening of the steel. Keep the fingers near the grinding edge while grinding to feel and determine if plane iron is becoming too hot.
1.	Square cutting edge, and remove nicks as necessary.
2.	Adjust rest on grinder to a position which will give correct bevel.
3.	Grind by moving iron from side to side to grind all parts of bevel evenly, and square with the edges.
SQUARE	RESHAPE	CHECK
ADJUST / J TOP
REST	___/ VIEW
RA PD 87316
NOTE: Special holding devices are available for sharpening plane bits. Their use simplifies the grinding.
SHARPENING PLANE IRONS
General
Always sharpen iron after grinding. During use of plane, sharpen iron as often as necessary to keep a keen edge.
68
TM 9-867
Procedure
1.	Grasp iron with both hands, palms downward. Place iron bevel .	on lightly oiled stone with iron at bevel angle.
2.	Apply light pressure to iron and rub back and forth over surface of stone. Do not alter angle of iron to stone during process. Round „	off corners enough to allow for depth of cut.
3.	After whetting bevel side, turn iron over and hold perfectly flat on stone. Give it two or three strokes to remove wire edge.
FLAT ON / [A •	S'"	XU / f A |
STONE ///)' y	Wr
WHETTING BEVEL	REMOVING WIRE EDGE RA PD 87317
Regrinding Chip Cap
The chip cap is made of soft steel and the sharp edge is easily dented or marred, thus requiring regrinding.
1.	Separate the chip cap and plane iron and remove the chip cap screw.
2.	Grind the lower surface of the curved end on the side of a grinding wheel.
।	)	k
-------’-----\	/	^“*4 JOP VIEW
\ / /
END VIEW	j ;
// 1 '""*11 ^10°
« RA PD 87318
69
TM 9-867
3.	Grind only as required to remove nicks.
4.	Finish grind surface, and remove wire edge on an oilstone. ,	REMOVING WIRE EDGE
/ Z'/fL ABOUT 10°
FINISHING
| ■'■'"-—F SURFACE	---,
ALTERNATE----------------►	_
RA PD 87319
SETTING IRON
(Jack, Fore, and Smooth Planes)
General
Jack, fore, and smooth planes have	/
double plane irons. A chip cap is	/	>
secured to iron by a set screw. This double // / chip cap breaks the shaving as soon plane iron,/ ’A J/ as possible after it is cut. Depth of cut	/	//
is regulated by a depth screw. Set chip	/ Z? «7*-iron
cap back farther for a coarse chip or	/ O Z
shaving than for a fine one. Never / ( ; // allow chip cap corners to extend beyond /	/// HIP CAP
cutting edge of plane iron; it must ( always be back of cutting edge. A block	//
plane, having a single plane iron, has	ra pd 87320
no chip cap.
Procedure
1.	Test fit of chip cap on iron. It must fit without gapping to prevent shavings from forcing themselves between chip cap and iron. If not a close fit, sharpen chip cap on an oilstone. Hold chip cap so as to preserve original angle while sharpening.
2.	Enter cap set screw into slot in iron. Adjust cap to %4 inch from cutting edge of iron, and parallel with cutting edge. Tighten set screw.
3.	Adjust “set” (distance between cutting edge of iron and edge of chip cap) by lightly tapping end of blade opposite cutting edge. Proper sets are:
To Work To Work Hard or Type of Plane Soft Wood Crossgrained Wood
Jack plane	y16	in.	%2	to	y64	in.
Fore plane	y16	in.	y32	to	y64	in.
Smooth plane	%2	in.	%2	to	¥>4	iO-
70
TM 9-867
ADJUSTING FROG
General
Frogs must be set square with plane sides and set forward with sufficient clearance for chips to pass through without clogging.
Common Misuses to Avoid
Never lay plane face down. The blade may be nicked or dulled. Always lay plane on edge when not in use.
Do not plane with grain of wood sloping down. The wood is likely to tear and jam the plane. Always have grain of wood sloping upward in direction of planing stroke.
RIGHT rA PD 87323
71
TM 9-867
Do not plane “head on.” This practice quickly dulls the iron. Place plane on wood at a slight lateral angle.
RA PD
RIGHT 87324
Do not drag blade on wood on return stroke. This dulls the blade. Tilt plane at an angle sufficient to cause blade to clear the work, or lift plane completely.
WRONG
right ra pd 87325
Do not attempt to do work with the wrong type plane. Such procedure is wasteful of material, time, and energy. Use planes for purposes indicated in following table:
Plane	Use	Remarks
Fore plane	To true surface or edge of lumber for accurate work.	Hold plane firmly, right hand on handle, left hand on knob.
Smooth plane	To smooth rough surfaces where straight edges and sides are not required.	Hold plane firmly, right hand on handle, left hand on knob.
Block plane	To make close joints, to cut across the grain or edges of small lumber.	Use with one hand. Make light cuts with short strokes toward center of work. Do not run over edge of work.
Jack plane	A substitute for fore or smooth plane. Does not do as precise work.	Hold plane firmly, right hand on handle, left hand on knob.
72
TM 9-867
Lubrication
Keep irons and screw threads coated with a thin film of preservative lubricating oil (special).
Storage
Plane irons should always be withdrawn fully into the plane bed when tool is stored. Before storing, coat all metal parts of planes with rust preventive compound (thin film). Store planes in boxes or in racks in a manner to protect cutting edges of irons from contact with wood, metals, or abrasives. Store in a dry place. Upon removal from storage, wash metal parts with dry cleaning solvent to remove rust preventive compound.
73
TM 9-867
Section XX
PUNCHES
HOLLOW PUNCH	. ;X PRICK PUNCH
PUNCH
PIN PUNCH**^	RA PD 87326
GRINDING AND SHAPING
Blunt End Punches
Grind pin punch, taper punch, or other blunt end punch so end is perfectly flat and at right angles to centerline of punch.
RIGHT
END IS FLAT AND AT RIGHT ANGLE TO PUNCH AXIS
(WRONG	WRONG mm WRONG
END IS FLAT £ ' ' END IS I, END IS H I
BUT NOT AT ■ ROUNDED ■ HOLLOWED H RIGHT ANGLE	B	OR BULGED	B	OUT OR	B
TO PUNCH	■	B	CURVED	■
AXIS	||	g	INWARD	f
1.	Set rest horizontal and at center of grinding wheel.
2.	Start wheel and feed punch into grinding surface of wheel at right angles to surface.
3.	Twist punch during grinding to get flat end on punch.
4.	Cool punch frequently in water to preserve temper.
5.	Do not grind away more metal than necessary to get a satisfactory end.
74
TM 9-867
Cone-pointed Punches
Center punches and prick punches are ground to cone points. Correct point angle for center punches is about 90 degrees. Right point angle for prick punch is approximately 30 degrees. These angles may be altered for special work.
30°
CENTER PUNCH 90° /	PRICK PUNCH
RA PD 87328	RA pD 87329
Correct Punch Point Angles
Adjust rest so punch meets face of wheel at desired angle (see illustration). Rotate punch during	S'—‘ \
grinding to make point symmetri-	2 zfe. i
cal. Dip punch in water at fre-	O (v^7 S'
quent intervals to avoid “burning.”
Do not grind away more material
than necessary to secure satisfac-	RA PD 87330
tory point.
Repairing Mushroomed Head
Grind to original shape. Always temper punch after repairing mushroomed head or it will quick-KA rU o/I ly mushroom again.
Tempering
Punches must be hardened and tempered if point has been ground back past hardened section, if punch has been heated, or if mushroomed head has been removed. Procedure for hardening and tempering is exactly like that described for machinist’s chisels (section 8).
o_	Common Misuses
( UZZZZ	to Avoid
U A—	Never use a punch which / / S"
has a mushroomed head. . I J n
.	— There is danger of in-
jury from flying pieces. Grind head to original ---A. RA pD shape and temper punch	RIGHT
WRONG 87332 before using.	RA PD 87333
75
TM 9-867
WRONG RA PD 87334
Do not use a cone-pointed punch to drive out a pin. The punch may spread the pin and ruin the work. Use a pin punch or taper punch to do this work.
Storage
Coat punches with rust preventive compound (thin film), and store in a dry place. Upon removal from storage, wash with dry cleaning solvent to remove compound.
RIGHT
RA PD 87335
76
TM 9-867
Section XXI
REAMERS
\ '77	// J/
HAND	X X Z' Jy
STRAIGHT REAMER
'i^/'	n/s SPIRAL
^Z/ZZ	/	WSS' ’ X TAPER reamer
TAPER REAMER Z'XZ' '/jf^	(POWER)
(HAND)
POWER REAMER (STRAIGHT) <
/ —rrrr~/■ ■ ■■;	^»W^^S8»**^W^WrilflW*limfiW1»B£aKg-.?, "^««>»«««t»|
/	!^”'"	l	-’■-	■■ 1-1'"—? ^ —- .".~..-..-.....L-^. ■
W» .........................U—-	'—......-"^?J........l»g
EXPANSION REAMER
ADJUSTABLE REAMER
RA PD 87336
MAINTENANCE
Reamers, being precision cutting tools used for accurate sizing of holes, must be used, handled, and stored with every precaution to prevent denting, marring, or damage to the cutting edges.
Reamers must not be thrown into a tool box or allowed to lie around unprotected on the bench.
Wrap reamers in slightly oiled cloths, using preservative lubricating oil (special), when they are not in use on the bench or in tool crib storage.
Partitioned boxes or drawers make excellent tool crib storage. Each reamer must have its own storage space.
77
TM 9-867
Adjustable Reamer Care
Adjustable reamers should not be adjusted beyond the maximum size for which the reamer was made.
When using removable blade reamers, make sure the adjustment has been properly made. The blades must be properly tightened between the adjusting nuts. Any looseness may cause breakage during use.
Misuses of Reamers
Turning a reamer backward to remove it from the work.
This results in dulling cutting edges, necessitating grinding to resharpen. Grinding reamers makes them cut undersize. Always turn forward (clockwise) with a reamer, using the same rotation for removing as for cutting.
Turning a hand reamer with machine power.
This practice often breaks reamers, due to use of too much power, jamming or fitting, and clogging. Avoid using hand reamers with power.
Cleaning
Blow clean with air, wipe with a clean rag, and wrap in a rag slightly dampened with oil.
Storage
Coat reamers with rust preventive compound (thin film) and store in a dry place. Store in racks or divided boxes to protect cutting edges from contact with metal. Upon removing from storage, wash with dry cleaning solvent to remove rust preventive compound.
78
TM 9-867
Section XXII
SAWS
yWV- (Z)J	^XR|P SAW
I	BACK '
HANDLE ' “Xx.	BLADE
BUTT
Z	POINT
~__ '■'-'x^
keyhole	CROSSCUT‘S
******,\^^
COMPASS	z^tZ”^....... .. ^X
t= —__	if	\\ HACK
i=—'	I SAW
NAIL SAW	L	L
t£r kt.j*gV.....,,,.„..r.>. ’'...xXf
RA PD 87337
CLEANING AND OILING
(All Types of Saws)
Saws should be kept dry at all times. When necessary to use saw under unfavorable weather conditions, wipe moisture from blade after using. Always oil blade with a clean cloth dampened with preservative lubricating oil (special) after using saw. Do not permit blade to rust. Clean off all signs of rust from blade with crocus cloth. Apply oil to blade after cleaning off rust.
SHARPENING WOOD-CUTTING SAWS
General
There are two general types of teeth used on wood-cutting hand saws. Saws having one type of teeth are called rip saws and are used for cutting with the grain of wood. Saws having the other type of teeth are called crosscut saws. They are used to cut across the grain of wood. Before attempting to sharpen saws, a clear picture of the shape of these teeth is necessary.
835846 0 - 49 -6
79
TM 9-867
TOP VIEW OF RIP TEETH	TOP VIEW OF CROSSCUT TEETH
- -r
J '"'*X	/ '/kerf 1/	1/	%/	//KERF
TEETH OF RIP SAW_____	TEETH OF CROSSCUT SAW
_______________ . ■ ....... ................... ...........— RA PD 87338
Compare the teeth illustrated and note the difference. Rip saw teeth are shaped and filed to cut like chisels. Crosscut saw teeth are shaped and filed to cut like knives.
Sharpening a saw consists of four steps: jointing, shaping, setting, and filing. These are covered below. Do them in the order given.
Jointing a Saw (Rip or Crosscut)
WHY JOINT A SAW? All teeth of a saw must be the same height. Points or cutting edges must be in a straight line. Low teeth do not cut. High teeth dig / in and cause a saw to jump or buckle. A saw is jointed by _________________ >■	____________j
filing down high teeth so they ffl|S R|p SAW JQ|NT,NG WH|CH are same height as low teeth. (S THE FIRST STEP iN SHARPENING Note uneven teeth in illustra-	RA pD 37339
tion.
How to Joint a Saw
Place a mill file flat upon teeth with length of file parallel to length of saw. Run file over full length of saw until file touches tops of all teeth.
SHOP-MADE WOODEN	/ y
\\ GUIDE FOR HOLDING
JOINING FILE
JOINING A HAND SAW	87340
80
TM 9-867
CAU PION: Check to see that all teeth are in a straight level line as in following illustration.
Shaping Teeth (Rip or Crosscut)
1.	After teeth have been jointed, they must then be evenly spaced and of same size and shape as when saw was new. Determine how teeth look when new by examining unused teeth near butt of saw.
2.	Place file well down in gullet and file straight across saw at right angles to blade—never otherwise. If teeth are of unequal size, press file against largest tooth until center of flat top made by jointing is reached. Move to next gullet and file until tooth has been brought to a point. Sometimes width of flat top indicates a new gullet should be carefully filed.
3.	It is sometimes necessary to repeat process of jointing and shaping to assure a perfect job. The teeth now shaped and of even height are ready to set.
SAME SAW AS ILLUSTRATED ON PREVIOUS PAGE
RIP TEETH SHAPED AND READY TO SET
RA PD 87341
Setting Saw Teeth (Rip or Crosscut)
General. Saw teeth must be “set” or bent outward to right and left alternately. This causes saw to cut a kerf sufficiently wide to keep blade from bending or sticking in cut. Never set teeth more than one-half the depth of teeth. Teeth may be set with or without a saw set. Both methods are given below. Use the saw set if available.
Using Saw Set. Place a saw set on saw so guides are over teeth with
anvil behind tooth to be set. Adjust anvil in frame to give desired set
(not over one-half the depth of teeth). Press the saw set handles together. This causes plunger to press tooth against anvil and bends it to the angle of bevel of the anvil. Similarly set every second tooth. Reverse saw set and set alternate teeth same amount in opposite direction.
Jf 1 1 BLADE OF
PLUNGER	SAW
RA PD 87342
ANVIL (BEVELED AT TOP FRONT EDGE)
81
TM 9-867
Without Saw Set. Prepare a steel or hardwood block similar to sketch. Dimensions shown are minimum; block may be larger. Angle of the bevel must be determined by examination of the saw to be set; however, angle A must be not less than 146 degrees or saw teeth will break off when set.
Place saw on block as shown in sketch. Clamp saw and block together. Place a blunt end punch on tooth to be set. Strike punch smartly with a hammer to set tooth. Similarly set every second tooth which is over block. Move block along to set remaining teeth. Apply block to other side of saw to set alternate teeth.
BEVEL
_—
Xp—•.	i
___-a-- rz
RA PD 87343
PUNCH ----------►/•/
SAW BLADE //
• <
----BLOCK
RA PD 87344
FILING THE RIP SAW
Number of teeth per inch determines point size of saw; for example, a saw having eight teeth per inch of blade is an 8-point saw. For filing 4%-, 5-, or 6-point saw, use a 7-inch slim taper file; for 9- and 10-point saws, use a 5- or 5%-inch slim taper file.
CLAMP	HANDLE
&LL <	!
zao
/ L---FILE
' A	’	BLADE	RA PD 87344A
c .....................
1.	Joint saw lightly as an aid to filing.
2.	Place saw in filing clamp with handle at the right. Bottom of tooth gullets should be % inch above jaws of clamp. If more of blade projects, file will chatter or screech. This will dull file quickly. Start at point of rip saw indicated in above illustration. Pick out first tooth set toward you. Place file in gullet to left of this tooth. Hold file level and at angle indicated (right angle). File should set well down in gullet. Study unworn teeth near handle-factory shaped teeth are an excellent guide.
82
TM 9-867
POSITION OF FILE BETWEEN TEETH
AMOUNT OF TOOTH FILED AWAY IN FIRST POSITION
RA PD 87345
File should cut on push stroke. It files back of tooth to left and front of tooth to right at same time. File teeth until one-half of flat tops, made as a guide, are cut away. Lift file from gullet and skip next gullet to right. Place file in second gullet toward handle. Repeat filing operation at same angle as before, and continue skipping one gullet until you reach handle end of saw.
3.	Turn saw blade around in clamp, placing handle of saw to left. Take position indicated in following figure.
HANDLE	CLAMP / Zd/'
i ™ r BLADE	A
SECOND POSITION FOR FILING RIPSAW	J \
9
RA PD 87346 '	’
Place file in gullet to right of first the first of gullets you skipped when filing other side of saw. At correct angle (right angle), file until you cut away other half of flat top and teeth are shaped to points. Continue this operation in every second gullet until you reach saw handle. All teeth should be same height and shape.
tooth set toward you. This is
AMOUNT OF TOOTH FILED AWAY IN SECOND POSITION
RA PD 87347
FILING CROSSCUT SAW
Crosscut saw filing is exactly the same as rip saw filing with one highly important exception—the angle at which file is held. A crosscut saw is filed so teeth have a 45-degree bevel. Handle end of file is held about 15 degrees below the horizontal. Study following illustrations.
83
TM 9-867
45°
FIRST xXzAMP \
POSITION	j
FILE Bl ADF	Z
,/z Y	BLAL,t	HANDLE A FILE
'	45° W I
/	(> w
* A 'P- SECOND OES—- CL zL POSITION t t t: \y HANDLE	BLADE	CLAMP V \ y'\
FILE
SAW BLADE——15°
CLAMP—►
FILING CROSSCUT SAW
RA PD 87348
After one side of saw is filed, turn it around and file other side. Never file all teeth from same side, as this causes saw to run to one side.
NOTE: Variations in bevel in crosscut saw for work on medium or hard woods are desirable, but only experience will indicate what is best.
Additional Filing Hints
1.	Tighten clamp securely to reduce vibration.
2.	Use file recommended for work.
3.	Adjust stroke so file is eased into gullet.
4.	File at rate of about 60 strokes per minute—no more.
5.	Use long, steady, uniform stroke-
6.	Raise file on return stroke.
7.	Exert enough pressure on file to keep it cutting on forward stroke. Do not slide file.
8.	Shape teeth with a worn file. Sharpen with a new one.
84
TM 9-867
REPLACING HANDLES
(Most Types of Saws)
Remove the special screws and nuts which attach handle to blade. Slide handle off blade. Position new handle on butt end of blade with screw holes in handle and blade alined. Install the special screws and nuts which attach handle to blade.
Common Misuses (Wood-cutting Saws)
Do not lay saws on floor or place loose in a tool box. Such treatment may lead to dulled or bent teeth or sprung blades. Hang saws up when not in use.
A I -	1 I
WRONG	y RIGHT
RA PD 87349
Never saw into nails with a wood-cutting saw. This will dull, bend, or break teeth. Remove nails from repair or alteration work before sawing.
WRONG ^4J/	RIGHT	X\X
RA PD 87350
Do not twist off strips of waste with blade. This dulls and bends teeth and may spring blade. Break off strips of waste with hand or mallet.
f	(i J|
g RA PD WRONG	RIGHT 87351
85
TM 9-867
Do not allow waste side of work to break off as cut is made. This practice causes work to split. Support waste side and cut clear through work.
RA PD 87352
Do not allow end of saw to strike floor. There is danger of springing the blade. Raise work high enough to get clearance. If work cannot be raised, limit the stroke.
Care and Adjustment of Hacksaws
Select blade with proper number of teeth per inch to handle job at hand. Following table shows blades to use for various jobs to be done with hand hacksaws.
Material
Teeth Per Inch
Aluminum ................................ 14
Brass—cast (soft) ....................... 18
Brass—cast (hard) ....................... 18
Brass tubing ............................ 24
Cast iron ............................... 18
Copper .................................. 14
Cold-rolled steel ....................... 18
High-speed steel ........................ 18
Iron pipe conduit........................ 24
Steel tubing ............................ 24
Structural steel ........................ 18
Tool steel .............................. 18
Install blade in frame to cut on forward stroke. When in use, make tension of blade great enough so it cannot buckle under pressure
86
TM 9-867
of the stroke. On the other hand, do not strain blade so much that slight canting of the frame will break it.
Relieve blade tension when saw is not in use.
Common Misuses (Hacksaws)
Do not attempt to do job with wrong type blade. It makes work ■	hard to do and results in blade spoilage. Use blade recommended
in table under “Care and Adjustment of Hacksaws,” on page 86.
WF V W
TEETH TOO SMALL— TEETH	COARSE TEETH— TWO OR MORE
NO CHIP TOO COARSE— AMPLE CHIP TEETH ON CLEARANCE— STRADDLES	CLEARANCE	METAL
,	TEETH CLOG	WORK	RA PD
WRONG	RIGHT	87354
Do not attempt to cut insecurely fastened work. Blade breakage often results. Anchor work securely.
RIGHT
X PT u
WRONG	| ’ I	■ ' z, I ' L
X	RA PD 87355
Do not use a new blade in a cut started with another blade. The new blade is likely to wedge and break. Turn work over and start new cut from opposite side.
J 4^ WRONG	right
RA PD 37356
87
TM 9-867
MMMMMT \y	r___
Never start cuts on sharp <	;
angles. This practice is likely to strip saw teeth. Start the cut with blade held at a slight
’	angle to the surface.	r — ------
WRONG	RIGHT
RA PD 87357	RA pD 87358
Do not install blade so teeth point toward handle. Blade will not cut properly. Point teeth away from handle, tighten securely, and retighten after first few strokes.
(y 3=1	iL-Zz—I
RA PD
WRONG	RIGHT 87359
Do not apply too great or insufficient pressure to blade. Either abuse ruins blades. Apply just enough pressure on face stroke to make teeth “bite.”
WRONG	~	RIGHT
TOO GREAT PRESSURE—	CORRECT PRESSURE—BLADE
BLADE BREAKS	CUTS ON FORE STROKE
RA PD 87360
Storage
Apply rust preventive compound (thin film) to blades to prevent rust, and store so teeth will not be dulled by contact with other tools. Upon removal from storage, wash metal parts with dry cleaning, solvent to remove compound.
88
TM 9-867
Section XXIII
SCRAPERS
/}
i A Ul ‘I
If If I I "I /f If U I f / \ / l O Um \ B /	\
jw CARBON / / /	FIAT SCRAPER
H	SCRAPER / /	•
SINGLE HANDLE If	j i J
BOX SCRAPER ///	s 11
/J/	! / THREE CORNERED
i/ BEARING SCRAPER BEARING SCRAPER	RA PD 87361
CARE AND CLEANING
Protect cutting edges of bearing scrapers by enclosing blade in a cloth case when not in use.
Keep scrapers clean at all times. Wash them in dry cleaning solvent and wipe them with a clean cloth.
SHARPENING
.	Bearing Scrapers
J*	Select an oilstone “slip” of exactly
the right size to fit interior bevel of hollow-ground scraper. Hold CROSS sections OF	scraper firmly on a bench and rub
bearing SCRAPERS	slip back and forth full length of
■	RA PD 87362 bevel a few times.
Flat Scrapers
Flat scrapers are sharpened with a file or on an oilstone, forming a bevel on one side only.
89
TM 9-867
BOX SCRAPERS
General
Two types of edges are used on box scrapers, square turned edge and bevel turned edge. For fine work, use square turned edge; for fast work, use bevel turned edge.
Square Turned Edge
Adjust guide of a fine abrasive wheel to right angles with face of wheel. Grind tip of scraper blade, as illustrated, until perfectly square.
Clamp blade in vise and smooth off edge with a fine mill file. Use care to keep edge flat and at right angles to sides of blade.
Use a burnishing tool or a smooth piece of steel such as the heel of a file or the side of a chisel blade to rub the scraping edge of tool as illustrated. Use considerable pressure. Stop burnishing as soon as the edges are turned aS illustrated.
Bevel Turned Edge
SQUARE TURNED BEVEL TURNED EDGE	EDGE
SIDE VIEW TOP VIEW
RA PD 87363
Adjust rest of an abrasive wheel to get a bevel of about 45 degrees. Grind scraper as illustrated until indicated bend is obtained. Dip frequently in water to prevent burning. Do not grind away more metal than necessary to obtain a nick-free and straight bevel.
TOP VIEW
SIDE VIEW
RA PD 87364
90
TM 9-867
Place bevel flat on a fine oilstone.	/ z /
Swaying the entire body from the	/	\
feet, rub blade (in a figure eight	[j
motion) over surface of stone.	/ ZXzz A", >—
Brush featner edge from scraper by rubbing flat side of blade	X
lightly over stone.	\ '
Clamp blade in vise as illus- XL-""" Z trated. With a burnishing tool, or other piece of flat smooth steel,	.
rub edge with sufficient pressure	J, (s
to turn it as shown in sketch. / * x \ 'x
Common Misuses	[ P'
Do not use scrapers as chisels,	® J | |R<
screwdrivers, knives, awls, or	b
punches. Such use will dull the	RA PD 87365
scraper, and may bend
f,	/	or break it. Use tools	/
/	(	only for purpose for	/
Z \\ \	which they are intended.	ZL" /
j \)i	Never toss scrapers into	jft//^/
Lr\	boxes or onto other tools	( y rZZ
J	when not in use. Their	I
Z. zff	edges will be dulled. Keep
''''LX	& scrapers in racks or di-
xra pd	vided boxes when not in right
WRONG 87366	uge	RA PD 87367
WRONG	RIGHT	"--—J
RA PD 87368
Storage
Coat scrapers with rust preventive compound (thin film) at time of storing, and store in a dry place. Upon removal from storage, wash metal parts with dry cleaning solvent to remove rust preventive compound.
91
TM 9-867
Section XXIV
SCREWDRIVERS
A \ \ \j^\
> v\ % u------------------------V
OFFSET STANDARD CLUTCH HEAD CROSS RECESS (PHILLIPS)
RA PD 87369
CARE AND CLEANING
Wash grease and grime from screwdrivers with dry cleaning solvent. Scour rust from blade with crocus cloth or aluminum oxide abrasive cloth. Keep blade coated with a film of preservative lubricating oil (special) or engine oil (SAE 10). Lubricate spirals and friction surfaces of spiral ratchet screwdrivers with preservative lubricating oil (special) or engine oil (SAE 10).
GRINDING
Standard Type Screwdriver
Screwdriver tips should be ground with sides parallel to keep tool from lifting from screw slot when in use.
CAUTION: Dip screwdriver in water frequently during grinding to prevent loss of temper by overheating.
RIGHT	RIGHT |^| WRONG ggM
SIDES OF TIP	SIDES OF TIP	SIDES ARE GROUND
ARE PARALLEL.	ARE SLIGHTLY W AT AN ANGLE IN
TOOL WILL NOT Vf HOLLOWED OR V AN ATTEMPT TO
LIFT WHEN TWIST V SHAPE OF	■ MAKE TOOL WORK W
IS APPLIED	■	GRINDING WHEEL ■ IN ANY SIZE SCREW. ■
RA PD 87370
92
TM 9-867
1. Adjust rest to hold screwdriver at right angles to grinding surface of wheel. Grind end square. Do not grind away more material than necessary to remove nicks and “square up” end.
1. REMOVE NICKS	2. GRIND SIDES
I	j
\	- cF \ vx ■ 'Fv
RA PD 87371
2. Adjust rest to hold screwdriver against wheel to give desired parallel or concave shape. Grind both sides until tip is of required thickness.
Cross Recess and Clutch Head Screwdrivers
Tools of this type require special holding fixtures to grind. In an emergency, these tools can be shaped by grinding or filing. Use care to maintain original angles and bevels.
Tempering
If hardened tip has been broken off or ground away, or if tool has been heated, screwdriver must be hardened and tempered.
Heat about one and one-half inches of tip of blade to cherry red with a gasoline torch, gas furnace, or charcoal fire. Dip about ^4 inch of tip in clean, cold water. Quickly rub hardened end with aluminum oxide abrasive cloth or oilstone to brighten it. Watch color creep back into tip from heated portion of blade. Quench when light blue color reaches tip.
Polish blade with \\
/{IS©	emery cloth and	\\
S	crocus cloth in	Fw)
*	_ IWw	turn. Grind blade
'y	to proper shape.
u	Common	\
u	Misuses to	\
\\ Avoid	V—PRY
AVWAW	\ BAR
. v_\\ ....._	Do not use a	"
screwdriver as a
pry bar. It will right
WRONG T	bend or break. Use
.	RA PD 87372 pry bar for prying.	RA PD 87373
93
TM 9-867
WRONG
Never use a screwdriver for a chisel. Such use may break or bend the screwdriver. Use a chisel for chiseling.
Do not use a screwdriver with blade tipped in screwhead. This is likely to break the blade or screwhead. Keep screwdriver shank perpendicular to screwhead.
WRONG
RA PD 87374
Do not attempt to use a wrong size screwdriver. This practice causes battered screwheads and bent and broken screwdriver blades.
RIGHT

RIGHT
RIGHT
RA PD 87375
94
TM 9-867
Never use pliers or wrench on screwdriver blade. Blade is likely to bend or point break off. Apply only what pressure can be put on handle by hand.
WRONG
-----RA PD
RIGHT 87376
Storage
Spread rust preventive compound (thin film) over metal parts of screwdrivers, and store in a dry place. Upon removal from storage, wash metal parts with dry cleaning solvent to remove rust preventive compound.
835846 0 - 49 -7
95
TM 9-867
Section XXV
SHEARS
(W
•k\ /V'	>F\	j U TRIMMER’S
1	\j K	\ \ SHEARS
Mwi	I	V \
BENCH SHEARS	\U
A U	CURVED	V\ \\
vl \X	blade	\Vj \
straight W I	Shears5	\^L
BLADE 7^F\	\X SHEARS V\
MV	RA PD
CURVED BLADE TINNER’S SHEARS
87377
CARE AND CLEANING
Wash grease or other dirt from shears with dry cleaning solvent and dry with a soft cloth. Lubricate pivot screw or bolt with a drop of preservative lubricating oil (special) or engine oil (SAE 10). Scour rust from shears with fine aluminum oxide abrasive cloth. Apply a light film of oil to shears with a cloth to prevent rust. Keep pivot screw or bolt tight enough to prevent side play but not tight enough to cause binding.
96
TM 9-867
General	GRINDING
Shears must be ground if cutting edge is nicked or if bevel is distorted from improper sharpening. Dull shears can usually be sharpened on an oilstone without grinding. Never grind shears if sharpening will suffice; most shears are useless after two or three regrindings. A single bevel is used. It may be flat or concave. It must not be convex. Study the following cross-section views of correct and incorrect bevels.
RIGHT J| | right A I BEVEL IS	■ BEVEL IS	]■
PERFECTLY	[ I	SLIGHTLY	f •.
FLAT OR	■ CONCAVE OR I • .1
STRAIGHT	I .	SHAPE OF	I
ACROSS I j GRINDING WHEEL f 1
WRONG j 1 WRONG I I	WRONG I (I
BEVEL IS • 1 BEVEL 1S I	t 1
ROUNDED OUT f	1	ON WRONG •	DOUBLE BEVEL I	I
FROM INCORRECT* I	SIDE.	IS USED. ■ |
GRINDING OR 4	1	SHEARS WILL	I ]	SHEARS WILL /	J
SHARPENING |x	NOT CUT gg	NOT CUT g|
Bevel angles vary with type of X
work for which shears are used.	BEVEL ANGLE
Bevel usually makes an angle of I ^x.
from 60 to 85 degrees with flat 1 inside surface of blade. Paper- • I cutting and cloth-cutting shears |	r
are usually ground to a 60-degree '	/ ^x
bevel; tin-cutting shears are usu-	/
ally ground to a bevel of approxi-
mately 85 degrees. Bevel angle can Vgle "a” varies from 60" to usually be determined by examin-	85° DEPENDING ON USE FOR
ing an undamaged portion of	WHICH SHEARS ARE DESIGNED
blade. If bevel has been distorted	RA PD 87378
its entire length, examine an undamaged pair of similar type shears to ascertain what correct bevel should be.
97
TM 9-867
Procedure
CAUTION: Use a fine grain wheel, properly dressed. Dip shears into water frequently during grinding to prevent loss of temper. 1. Adjust rest to position which will give correct bevel.
2. Start wheel and place shears blade on rest, bevel side down. Move blade into contact with wheel. Move shears blade continually from side to side during grinding. Keep motion uniform to ensure straight cutting edge.
3. Turn shears over on rest and grind other blade.
X. \
'	-	RA PD 87379
Sharpening
Apply blade to lightly oiled oilstone so flat surface lies flat on stone with blade crossing stone at right angles. Draw blade smartly across stone from heel to point, so as to remove wire edge. Start each stroke at heel of blade. Stone other blade in same manner.
/ // __________ v
r_______
Xy,	H
RA PD 87380
Common Misuses
Never use shears as screwdrivers, hammers, or pry bars. They break easily. Use any tool only for the purpose for which it was designed.
98
<
TM 9-867
WRONG	x	1 RIGHT
'	I
X	SCREWDRIVER -*R
o -----Ft------	---^Tr-------
RA PD 87381
Do not attempt to cut heavier materials than shears are meant to handle. It will dull and possibly break the blades. Use shears designed to do the job.
u
4 j/X
---- A	A	WIRECUTTERS
WRONG	RIGHT RA PD
87382
Never toss shears into a tool box They will become dull and are likely to be broken. Hang them on hooks or lay them on an uncrowded shelf when not in use.
^1^1
\	Yo\ j
RA PD WRONG	RIGHT	87383
Storage
Apply rust preventive compound (thin film) to shears at time of storing. Store in a dry place with cutting edges protected from contact with other objects. Wash off rust preventive compound with dry cleaning solvent upon removal from storage.
99
TM 9-867
Section XXVI
SOLDERING IRONS
Lr	SOLDERING COPPER
A-	RA PD 87384
PREPARING FOR USE
Soldering Copper
This involves cleaning, heating, hammering, annealing, filing point, and tinning. Some of these steps are not required every time a copper is conditioned. To perform satisfactorily, a copper must have a well-formed, well-cleaned, and well-tinned point.
1.	File all old solder and scale from point end. This is important.	a
If neglected, solder and scale will prevent proper tinning of point.
kx'W V Nl \ v \ ibx
RA PD 87385
100
TM 9-867
2.	Heat copper to a dull red. Do not direct heat at point because of danger of burning it. Use gas flame, blowtorch, or charcoal fire.
3.	File point to proper shape. Point should taper back to efficient working angle, depending on size of copper. Point should be slightly rounded.
4.	Plunge red-hot copper into cold water. This anneals copper, making it softer for filing, easier to tin, and more efficient at giving off heat.
5.	File all rough spots from point end of copper, finishing with a fine file to a flat, smooth surface. This polishing makes tinning last longer.
6.	Heat copper so it will just melt solder. Wipe copper on wet rag to clean surfaces. Place a few drops of solder on block of ammonium chloride (sal ammoniac). Rub copper on ammonium chloride and in melted solder until copper acquires a bright tinned surface.
AMMONIUM CHLORIDE POOL OF SOLDER
*****—
TIN POINT	RA PD 87386
7.	Clean tinned point each time it is removed from heater. When pits form on copper back of tinned area, heat copper and dip in water to remove scale.
Electric Soldering Iron
Shape and clean point by filing. Tin point in manner similar to procedure for tinning soldering copper. However, do not use external source of heat and do not dip iron in water.
REPAIR
(Electric Soldering Iron)
1. If iron does not heat with plug installed in a “live” receptacle, an open circuit is indicated in plug, cord, or element. Visually inspect the parts to see if there is a bent plug prong or “pulled” connection. Feel along length of wire for breaks inside insulation. If open circuit cannot be found by visual inspection, disconnect cord from iron. Test cord and element separately with test lamp. Replace faulty part.
701
TM 9-867
2. If fuse “blows” when iron is plugged into receptacle, a short circuit is indicated in plug, cord, or element. Inspect plug and cord, looking for damaged insulation. If unable to locate short, test cord and element separately, with test lamp. Replace short-circuited parts.
Common Misuses
Do not leave electric soldering iron connected for long periods on the chance it may be wanted. This practice is hard on elements and wasteful of current. Disconnect electric soldering iron when not in use.
WRONG
RIGHT RA PD 87387
Do not throw coppers into tool box. There is danger of battering the point. Hang coppers up or place on an uncrowned shelf when not in use.
!	KA ri)
WRONG	RIGHT	87388
Storage
Coat iron shaft and ferrule with rust preventive compound (thin file), and store in a dry place.
102
TM 9-867
Section XXVII
TAPS AND DIES
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PLUG TAP
BOTTOMING TAP
ROUND SPLIT DIE
sW ;>;<> J RA PD
RIGHT	^-4///// 7 KJ	87405
Storage
Coat wrenches with rust preventive compound (thin film) and store in a dry plac£. Upon removal from storage, wash with dry cleaning solvent to remove rust preventive compound.
835846 0 - 49 - 8	111
TM 9-867
Section XXX
REFERENCES
PUBLICATIONS INDEXES.
The following publications indexes should be consulted frequently for latest changes or revisions of references given in this section and for new publications relating to materiel covered in this manual:
1. Ordnance supply catalog index (index to
SNL’s)................................. ASF	Cat.
ORD 2
2.	Ordnance major items and combinations, and pertinent publications.................... SB	9-1
3.	Li^t of publications for training (listing CCBP’s, FM’s, FT’s, MTP’s, TB’s, TM’s, TR’s, TC’s and LO’s).................... FM	21-6
4.	List of training films, film strips, and film bulletins..................................... FM	21-7
5.	Military training aids (listing graphic training aids, models, devices, and displays)........................................ FM	21-8
6.	List and index of administrative and supply publications (listing new AR’s, Cir’s, GO’S, and WDP’s, T/O & E’s, T/O’s, T/E’s, T/S’s, T/BA’s, MR’s, RR’s, WDP’s,SB’s, MWO’s, and Forms).............. WD Pam 12-6
STANDARD NOMENCLATURE LISTS.
1. Common Tool Lists.
Abrasion and compression tools (general abrasives, hand grinders, hand presses, sharpening stones, etc.).............. ASF	Cat.
ORD 5 SNL J-l
Benches, tool boxes, cabinets, bins, tool chests, tool rolls, etc., of general application ASF Cat.
ORD 5 SNL J-15
Cutting, boring, and tweezer tools (saws, shears, planes, files, rasps, chisels, bits, reamers (hand), pliers, pincers, etc.). ASF Cat.
ORD 5 SNL J-2
112
TM 9-867
REFERENCES — Contd.
Geometrical tools and instruments (squares, compasses, rules, gages, calipers, micrometers, dividers, levels, protractors, scribers, surface plates, etc.).................. ASF	Cat.
ORD 5 SNL J-3
Hand tool appurtenances (file cleaners, handles, heads, tool checks, tool racks, etc.).................................. ASF	Cat.
ORD 5 SNL J-8
Lifting, holding, and forming tools (bit braces, saw frames, vises, clamps, hoists, block and tackle, molds for castings, anvils, jacks and slings, etc.).. . . !.. ASF	Cat.
ORD 5 SNL J-5
Measuring and testing instruments (electrical, air, liquid, etc.)............... ASF	Cat.
ORD 5 SNL J-9
Miscellaneous kits and tool-sets......... ASF	Cat.
ORD 5 SNL J-20
Paint, spraying equipment and related items ASF Cat.
ORD 5 SNL J-14
Percussion, digging, and wrecking tools (hammers, mallets, mauls, sledges, axes, hatchets, picks, mattocks, shovels, crowbars, pinch bars, etc.)............................. ASF	Cat.
ORD 5 SNL J-6
Punch, drift, fastening, and scraping tools (awls, needles, punches, drifts, screwdrivers, wrenches, scrapers, riveters (hand sets), etc.)..................................... ASF	Cat.
ORD 5 SNL J-4
Small tools (twist drills, countersinks, counterbores, cutting-off tool cutters, cutters, etc.)............................ ASF	Cat.
ORD 5 SNL J-10
Tire repair and maintenance tools and equipment...................................... ASF	Cat.
ORD 5 SNL J-16
Welding, forging, soldering and brazing equipment (blow-torches, soldering coppers, melting ladles, and welding outfits).... ASF Cat.
ORD 5 SNL J-7
113
TM 9-867
REFERENCES — Contd.
2. Maintenance Tool Lists.
Tools, maintenance, for repair of pack, light and medium field artillery; and armament of these calibers for airplane and combat
vehicles.................................. ASF	Cat.
ORD 6 SNL C-18
Tools, maintenance, for repair of small and hand arms, and pyrotechnic projectors. . . ASF Cat.
ORD 6 SNL B-20
Tool-sets for maintenance of antiaircraft artillery................................... ASF	Cat.
ORD 6 SNL D-14
Section 2
Tool-sets for maintenance of antiaircraft materiel (37-mm and 40-mm)................. ASF	Cat.
ORD 6 SNL A-35
Section 2
Tool-sets (common), specialists’ and organizational................................... ASF	Cat.
ORD 6 SNL G-27
Section 2
Tool-sets for maintenance of heavy field artillery.................................. ASF	Cat.
ORD 6 SNL D-14
Section 1
Tool-sets for maintenance of sighting and fire control equipment.......................... ASF	Cat.
ORD 6 SNL F-272
Tool-sets for maintenance of small and intermediate caliber ground, aircraft, and antiaircraft materiel; cannon and mortars. ASF Cat.
ORD 6 SNL A-35
Section 1
Tool-sets (special), motor vehicles......... ASF	Cat.
ORD 6 SNL G-27
Section 1
3. Shop Loads Tool Lists, (truck and railway)
Car, railway, machine shop, Ml (for ordnance company, maintenance-railway artillery).................................. ASF	Cat.
ORD 7 SNL E-53
114
TM 9-867
REFERENCES — Contd.
Truck, 2^-ton, 6x6, small arms repair, M7, M7A1, and M7A2............................ ASF	Cat.
ORD 7 SNL G-138
Truck, 2j/2-ton, 6x6, automotive repair, M8 and M8A1.................................. ASF	Cat.
ORD 7 SNL G-139
Truck, 2j/£-ton, 6x6, artillery repair, M9 and M9A1.................................. ASF	Cat.
ORD 7 SNL G-140
Truck, 2j/2-ton, 6x6, instrument repair, MIO and M10A1................................. ASF	Cat.
ORD 7 SNL G-141
Truck, 2|^-ton, 6x6, welding, M12 and M12A1..................................... ASF	Cat.
ORD 7 SNL G-142
Truck, 2j^-ton, 6x6, tool and bench, M13. ASF Cat.
ORD 7 SNL G-143
Truck, 2^2-ton, 6x6, machine shop, M16, M16A1 and M16A2........................... ASF	Cat.
ORD 7 SNL G-146
Truck, 2^-ton, 6x6, electrical repair, M18, M18A1, and M18A2.......................... ASF	Cat.
ORD 7 SNL G-149
Truck, 2F£-ton, 6x6, instrument bench, M23 ASF Cat.
ORD 7 SNL G-178
Truck, 2j^-ton, 6x6, Signal Corps general repair, M31; Truck, 2j^-ton, 6x6, small arms repair (Signal Corps), M7............ ASF	Cat.
ORD 7 SNL G-229
Truck, tire repair, 2|^-ton, 6x6, M32 (Loads A and B) and Trailer, tire repair, 1-ton, 2-wheel, M25 (Loads A and B). . . . ASF Cat.
ORD 7 SNL G-234
Truck, 2^-ton, 6x6, Signal Corps repair, M30....................................... ASF	Cat.
ORD 7 SNL G-235
Ordnance maintenance sets................. ASF	Cat.
ORD 6 SNL N-21
4. Organizational Tool Lists.
Special ammunition surveillance, testing, inspection, and renovation tools and supplies.................................. ASF	Cat.
ORD 5 SNL P-11
115
TM 9-867
REFERENCES — Contd.
Tool-set, unit equipment, special for posts, camps and stations.................... ASF	Cat.
ORD 6 SNL N-23
Tool-sets, for ordnance service command automotive shops...................... ASF	Cat.
ORD 6 SNL N-30
5. Cleaning and Preserving.
Cleaning, preserving and lubricating materials; recoil fluids, special oils, and miscellaneous related items................. ASF	Cat.
ORD 5 SNL K-l
Lubricating equipment, accessories and related dispensers.................... ASF	Cat.
ORD 5 SNL K-3
Soldering, brazing and welding materials, gases and related items............... ASF	Cat.
ORD 5 SNL K-2
EXPLANATORY PUBLICATIONS.
Basic maintenance manual............... TM	37-250
Cleaning, preserving, sealing, lubricating and related materials issued for ordnance materiel............................... TM	9-850
Dictionary of United States Army terms. . . TM 20-205
Ordnance Maintenance: Tire repair and retread................................ TM	9-1868
Welding, theory and application........ TM	9-2852
☆ U. S. GOVERNMENT PRINTING OFFICE : O—1949
116
NOTES
NOTES

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