[7th Report to Congress on Operations of Unrra] [From the U.S. Government Publishing Office, www.gpo.gov] 7 th REPORT TO CONGRESS ON OPERATIONS OF UNRRA Under the Act of March 28, 1944 As of March 31/ Î946 7 th REPORT TO CONGRESS ON OPERATIONS OF UNRRA Under the Act of March 28, 1944 As of March 31 z 1946 “The President shall submit to the Congress quarterly reports of expenditures made under any such appropriations and operations under the Agreement." [From Section 2 of a Joint Resolution to enable the United States to participate in the work of the United Nations relief and rehabilitation organization (Public Law No. 267, 78th Congress, 2d Session)] United States Government Printing Office, Washington: 1946 Department of State Publication 2549 CONTENTS Page President’s Letter of Transmittal..................................... 1 Chapter 1. Year of Crisis................................................... 3 2. First Quarter, 1946 .............................................. 7 3. The Country Programs........................................ . 10 4. Displaced Persons.............................................. 30 5. The Council Meeting.............................................. 34 6. Statistical Data ............................................... 36 Appendix A. United States Contribution....................................... 40 B. Over-All UNRR A Operations....................................... 49 ii PRESIDENT'S LETTER OF TRANSMITTAL To the Congress of the United States of America: I am transmitting herewith the seventh quarterly report on the operations of UNRRA and expenditure of funds appropriated by the Congress. The food crisis, foreshadowed in my last report on UNRRA operations, is now upon us. Many of the countries receiving UNRRA assistance have only a few weeks’ stocks remaining and the orderly distribution of food supplies is increasingly difficult. In many countries even minimum food rations may not be met for people who have lived too long on the borderline of starvation. • Much has been done by this and other countries to avert this tragedy and the Congress is aware of the measures taken in the United States to conserve food and to make it available to the millions abroad in urgent need of help. In spite of all that has been undertaken millions overseas are threatened with disaster. Although it may now be too late to save some, it is not too late to save many others. What can be done by the American people and their Government will be done. s I am confident that the Congress and the people of the United States will support any further measures which may be necessary to meet the critical situation. The food crisis has greatly retarded progress in the devastated countries toward recovery from the war. It has weakened their ability to help themselves, for the tremendous task of reconstruction requires strength as well as determination. Difficult as UNRRA’s task has been, UNRRA has at this date in the face of severe world shortages shipped over ten million tons of vitally needed supplies which have enabled the countries receiving assistance to survive the winter. In addition to the food which has been provided, transportation facilities have been vastly improved in the year since war’s end and seeds and agricultural equipment in substantial quantities are, now available where they are needed for the spring planting. Some of the more important basic sinews of peace have been provided or are on the way. Clouded as it is by the famine in Europe and Asia, a real job has been done of which the United Nations may be proud. Through March 31, 1946, UNRRA shipped 8,251,736 gross long tons of relief supplies valued at $1,140,419,000. Every American can take pride in the fact that our share in this achievement was 5,917,785 tons valued at 1 $750,563,000, which is 71.7 percent of the tonnage and 65.8 percent of the value of all UNRRA shipments. In the crucial weeks and months ahead until the new crop comes in, we must bend every effort, leave no possibility unexplored, and take every necessary step to relieve the suffering of millions who look for assistance to the United States and the other uninvaded United Nations. We are providing assistance as a matter of humanity and as a mark of comradeship for those who fought with us to victory over our common enemy. And we are doing it in the conviction that peace and security throughout the world can only be built on cooperation and mutual assistance. We cannot look to a world of freedom and security in the midst of famine and impoverishment. The funds which the Congress has already appropriated to UNRRA will remain available only through this fiscal year. Also, the Congress at the end of the quarter covered by this report had not yet appropriated to UNRRA $600,000,000 which it had authorized for United States participation in the work of UNRRA. Since the close of the quarter the Congress has appropriated an additional $135,000,000, leaving $465,000,000 authorized but not appropriated. I strongly urge that Congress take all further action necessary to avoid any interruption in the participation of our country in UNRRA’s job. . Harry S. Truman The White House June 19, 1946. Chapter 1 . YEAR OF CRISIS January 1946 marked—or rather should have marked—the great divide in UNRRA’s program of operations. With provision made to win the battle of the winter, the long uphill struggle of emergency relief should have been nearly over. Ahead, and in sight, should have been the downward slope toward progressive rehabilitation of a dozen wrecked economies. Such was the plan which a grave crisis has since overtaken. Its shadow was imminent at the end of 1945. It has since spread over the quarter here under review and it darkens the months ahead. Its nature and extent are thus officially described: “Starvation and hunger are inevitable for large groups of the population of Europe and Asia. ... Only unparalleled efforts . . . will prevent catastrophe next winter.”1 The first quarter of 1946 thus spans only one segment of an encircling crisis. Developments within the quarter were bom of crisis and will themselves aggravate it as it extends into the future. As a prelude to these developments it, therefore, seems proper to chronicle briefly the sequence of events from which they stem. Striking, as one reviews the past, is the onset of crisis. On September 1 the International Wheat Council stated: “Present estimates of the world import requirements for the year ending July 1946 exceed by a substantial margin present estimates of supplies available for export.” Early in November, the Czechoslovak Government raised its wheat-import requirements from 180,000 to 380,000 tons for the first six months of 1946. About the same time Poland, before the war an exporter of grains, asked urgently for 500,000 tons of wheat through August 1946. In December, owing to greatly disappointing available supplies of rice in the Far East, China’s need for imported wheat had to be substantially increased. On December 13, the Combined Food Board estimated: “There is an indicated deficit of 195 million bushels (5.2 million long tons) of wheat for the period ending June 30, 1946. . . . On a percentage basis, stated requirements for the first half of 1946 exceed estimated available supplies by 42 percent.” ’From the report of the Combined Food Board to the UNRR A Council, March 18, 1946. 3 The food-supply crisis had disastrous effects on UNRRAs operations. The difficulties encountered were reported to the Council by the Director General in late March. UNRRA’s food requirements in the first quarter of 1946, he said, totaled about 3.1 million metric tons. Against this figure the supplying countries had made available approximately 1.7 million metric tons. The end of March, he continued, showed that during this quarter UNRRA received about*53 percent of its bread-grain requirements, only 20 percent of its rice requirements, and less than 4 percent of its edible fat requirements. Meat allocations were also very small. Beyond the first quarter of 1946, the Director General likewise anticipated a crisis. Indigenous supplies of food, represented by existing carryovers from last autumn’s harvest, would in the second quarter be at their lowest point of the year, with the new harvest still from four to six months ahead. The counter measures taken in the United States to meet the food crisis are now a matter of public record. It is too early yet to estimate the extent to which they will contribute to ameliorate the desperate plight of millions. UNRRA’s own recommendations are represented by resolution no. 89 drafted and approved at the Council meeting in Atlantic City in March 1946. To avert world-wide tragedy, the resolution states: “All of the United Nations, including those not members of UNRRA, must take immediate and vigorous governmental and voluntary action along the following lines: “A. The conservation of food in every form by the elimination of all waste and by drastic curtailment of non-food uses of all production suitable for food uses. “B. Reduction, if possible, of grain-consuming livestock to save grain for food. “C. The adoption of vigorous controls, including rationing, to make supplies available for exports. “D. The adoption of positive measures to increase food production.” It is further recommended in the resolution that during the emergency period the governments represented on the Combined Food Board and its commodity committees give full publicity to allocations and exports to all countries, including ex-enemy countries. In view of the gravity of the food situation, the fourth session of the Council decided to remain in session and to convene at Washington, D.G. as soon as the Director General could report the outcome of his consultation with the supplying governments and the Combined Food Board. It was with foreknowledge of such impending troubles that in October 1945 UNRRA began to review the import requirements of recipient countries for 1946, to lay plans for shipments in orderly sequence through 4 out the year, and to bring the program into line with the limited available funds and supplies. v After a screening of the countries’ requirements to accord with UNRRA’s financial resources and estimated available supplies, a program of operations, covering all commodities for shipment in 1946, was resubmitted to the governments. This was done in order to enable them to express preferences among different categories of supplies according to their priorities of need. Preferences thus expressed are a vivid indication of the continuing and urgent need for relief supplies as contrasted with supplies for rehabilitation. Principal emphasis was placed by all the governments on food and medical supplies, as will be seen from the following tabulation: Proposed program of operations as percent of screened requirements Food................................................................ 60 Clothing, textiles, and footwear.....................;.......... . 40 Medical and sanitation supplies............................ 70 Agricultural-rehabilitation supplies.............................. 50 Industrial-rehabilitation supplies........................... 50 The final program for 1946 submitted to UNRRA’s Central Committee, a drastic modification of original hopes and plans, and itself a child of crisis, had these notable characteristics: (1) Outstanding in significance was the huge preponderance of shipments planned for the first half of the year, constituting 55.3 percent of UNRRA’s total two-year program for 1945—46. (2) No less significant was the high maintenance of food shipments for the first half of the year, amounting to 64 percent of the total shipments for all 1945. (3) Shipments of clothing, of medical supplies, and of agricultural-rehabilitation supplies were scheduled to exceed by a wide margin those for the whole of 1945. (4) Completion of UNRRA’s task within the self-determined period of its operations became questionable. The shadow of war’s aftermath had extended much further than had at one time been anticipated. An illustration of this underestimate of the world’s needs is the consequence foreshadowed in one field of recovery alone—that of agricultural rehabilitation. Reliable estimates indicate that it will take from 12 to 15 years of intensive breeding to restore the animal population of countries receiving UNRRA aid to the pre-war level. Dairy herds have been reduced by over 6 million dairy cows (32.2 percent of pre-war numbers), and even if every possible means is adopted to restore the livestock numbers it is estimated that it will take at least 10 years after the end of the UNRRA program to accomplish this. Another illustration is farm machinery. The present UNRRA program will supply 5 to 10 percent of the total of this machinery necessary to restore pre-war production. Seed purchases under the current program are enough for only 8.3 percent of the cropping area. In seven countries 5 the total fertilizer deficiency amounts to over 3,360,000 tons annually. The present UNRRA program, combined with improved indigenous production, can make up but one quarter of this deficiency. Similar facts and figures could be cited to illustrate how, with respect to industrial rehabilitation, UNRRA’s aid provides only the barest, initial stimulus to recovery. These examples should effectively dispose of any remnant of fear that UNRRA may exceed its original terms of reference and invade the vaster field of long-term reconstruction. The fact, now emerging with increasing clarity, is that UNRRA, struggling against great odds and embarrassed in its last year of operations by an unforeseen crisis, will have provided only a bare and even precarious basis for the ultimate recovery of the countries it has sought to aid. 6 Chapter 2 FIRST QUARTER, 1946 The new year found UNRRA’s resources and activities extended to wider fields and more urgent problems than ever. In China plans were completed for the largest operation yet undertaken. Italy for the first time came within the scope of UNRRA’s full relief and rehabilitation program. Following receipt of a request from the Prime Minister of Hungary and a recommendation from the Allied Control Commission, stating the urgent need for an emergency relief program, UNRRA’s Central Committee authorized on January 8 a limited program of aid involving expenditure of $4,000,000. The scope of UNRRA’s assistance is to be confined to operations similar to those undertaken in Italy during 1945, namely, the furnishing of relief supplies to persons in greatest need, such as children and expectant and nursing mothers, with the provision also of supplies for a medical and sanitation program. An emergency program for Finland was undertaken in January 1946. The entire program, valued at $2,500,000, is expected to be completed by the end of April and will include food, medical supplies, clothing, building materials, fishing and dairy equipment, and transport. Because of the desperate need, more than half of the emergency program will be in the form of clothing. Large supplies of medicine will be sent to combat epidemics. In addition to this program a shipment of clothing collected in the United States and totaling 450 long tons (sufficient to clothe 170,000 people) was loaded on the S.S. Thunderer in January. Arrangements were under way for the provision of relief to Austria, pending the signing of an agreement expected in April. UNRRA’s mission to Ethiopia arrived in January. $3,000,000 were allocated to meet emergency relief needs in the Philippines. UNRRA’s relief and rehabilitation program for countries already aided »in 1945 continued, but each and all came under the shadow of .the supply crisis already summarized. From all these countries came expressions of dismay and anxiety as they were warned of the crisis and of the short measures likely to be involved in the shipment of supplies at a time when need for tnem was greatest. Prospects of starvation and hunger for mil- 695342—46---------2 7 lions is harrowing enough in itself. But its consequences are more far-reaching. Short rations bring further horrors in their wake. Not least of the impending dangers are the effect on the health of the younger generation in the countries affected and the threat of disease. The record of UNRRA’s medical and welfare staff in the prevention of disease and the forestalling of perhaps permanent impairment of health and vitality is one of its outstanding achievements. It would be tragedy, indeed, if this too were jeopardized by the prevailing crisis on the food front. That this is a possibility is clear from the considered judgment of one of UNRRA’s medical consultants after a tour of the missions on the European Continent. In Yugoslavia, for instance, he thus described the threat to the health of the nation resulting from the short rations and the probability that these will be still further reduced: “I have seen in Yugoslavia cases of rickets in greater severity than are likely to be encountered anywhere else in Europe at the present time. There have also been locaT outbreaks of edema and severe incidence of this disease is likely. With the coming of warm weather, wide-spread pellagra, one of the worst nutritional diseases, is almost certain to occur among those sections of the population living exclusively on maize. Further, there are indications that scurvy and osteomalacia—both diseases already prevalent—will greatly increase before the next harvest.” Ironic and paradoxical in the light of such prediction is the fact that UNRRA shipments in the quarter beat all previous records, bringing cumulative shipments half way through the quarter to over the 5,000,000-ton mark. This statistical paradox was due largely to heavy shipments of coal and other bulk shipments. January shipments of 809,000 tons were the largest since UNRRA began operations and more than 100,000 tons greater than in any previous month. February shipments totaled 1,358,000 gross long tons, raising total shipments to well over 6,500,000 tons. UNRRA, in March, again exceeded its previous highest monthly record. March shipments totaled 1,653,000 tons. Significantly, up until the end of January 1946 nearly 75 percent of all supplies shipped by UNRRA was food. In February, however, the ratio of food to total supplies dropped very sharply. On March 11, the Director General said, “The world food situation grows more critical each day and during the last few weeks there has not been one single ameliorating factor.” The percentage of food in the total March shipment of 1,653,000 tons was 32. In this quarter sales of United States surplus war equipment in Europe to UNRRA for peacetime use passed the hundred million dollar mark.' Internal transport in Europe is so difficult that not quite one third of the total purchases have thus far been shipped to the countries of destination. But while transport bottlenecks continue to delay UNRRA’s relief activities, the back of this problem may be claimed to have been broken during 8 this quarter. There was marked improvement in port facilities in Poland and in the Mediterranean. Unloadings increased and clearance from the ports was greatly accelerated. A January report showed that 4,200 railway cars, procured from military surplus, were being delivered by means of UNRRA locomotives. Poland, perhaps the greatest sufferer from transportation difficulties, was to receive 2,000 box cars and 425 high-side gondolas. The Polish Government sent 42 railway specialists to expedite the inovement of this railway stock. - A further gain has been the shipment, in good time, of seeds and insecticides for spring sowing and the preservation of the coming crops. Total shipments of seed were 44,250 tons and of insecticides 14,800 tons. These should go far to remedy the drain on the countries’ resources caused by war devastation and the drought of 1945. Further provision for the future is the creation by UNRRA of 165 fellowships to provide an opportunity for study for a carefully selected group of experts in fields associated with relief and rehabilitation of their homelands. Fellowships can cover any program designed to improve the technical qualifications of candidates. The study cycle will be completed by December 31, 1946. The second victory clothing drive in the United States began in January. As of March 31, 40 million pounds had been collected and assembled for baling. More than 28 million pounds were booked for shipment before the quarter’s end. Typical of generous contributions to UNRRA is the provision of 6,000 draft animals by Mexico and the gift of 10,000 horses, valued at $4,000,000, and $1,000,000 worth of fish by Denmark. (Denmark subsequently became a member nation of UNRRA by unanimous resolution of the Rigsdag on February 28. Turkey, too, was admitted to membership in UNRRA by resolution of the Council in late March.) It should be remembered that even planned shipments, on which there has been default, were far short of the requirements submitted by the several governments. The plan, in other words, was bom of the necessity to adjust shipments to UNRRA’s limited resources and to available supplies. It did not reflect the true needs of the countries. Moreover, the significance of the wheat shortage might well have been overlooked in the United States, where wheat contributes only between 25 and 30 percent of the peoples’ caloric intake. In Europe, by contrast, wheat is in a literal sense the staff of life, accounting for between 50 and 75 percent of the peoples’ caloric intake. In some countries the percentage is even higher. The effects of the crisis on UNRRA’s rehabilitation program, earlier alluded to, is likewise significant. The food crisis has cast its shadow over the whole of UNRRA’s program and endangers the extent of recovery and self-help which it had once been hoped would be achieved through rehabilitation shipments. 9 Chapter 3 THE COUNTRY PROGRAMS Albania In Albania live some 1,120,000 people. Ninety percent live off the land. Of these, 70 percent are dependent on livestock for a living. Albania’s industries are small, consisting of textile mills, mining, and small cement and cigarette factories. Albania has no railroads or inland waterways. For internal transport the country, before the war, relied on a fleet of about a thousand trucks. While the effects of war were considerable, the crowning disaster was the failure of the crops in 1945. The crying need, therefore, of a country living largely off the land was for food. Four fifths of UNRRA’s supplies to Albania in 1945 consisted of foodstuffs. The country’s dependence on UNRRA aid can be gathered from the fact that even in early 1946, 69 percent of the population were wholly dependent on UNRRA for their bread ration—one loaf a day. The extent of destitution is shown by the fact that one loaf in three goes, without payment, to persons too poor to pay. Apart from food for immediate consumption, urgent need existed for supplies of seed, for tractors, and for livestock. UNRRA imports to date have been enough to secure the planting of over 30 percent of the pre-war Chart 1 10 acreage. One field in every four planted this year was sown with UNRRA seed. A severe drought produced a very light hay crop, adding further difficulties to a pastural economy. Apart from food, an urgent need has been for clothing. As a result of UNRRA welfare activities enough clothing has been supplied for one person in ten of the total population. But while shortages are still severe, striking progress has been made. The country’s truck fleet is back to 700, three-quarters imported by UNRRA. Electricity is largely restored but the supply is intermittent for lack of fuel. Cement factories remain out of use for lack of coal. Mines are likewise idle for lack of replacement of machinery. The textile industry is still very short of raw materials. To meet the country’s over-all needs, UNRRA shipments during the quarter, totaling 12,800 tons, consisted of the following: Grain..................................................... 5,800 tons Fuels.................................................... 3,600 ‘ Raw cotton....................x....................... . 900 * Seeds.................... ............................... 500 ‘ Dairy products.............................................. 500 ‘ Miscellaneous.......................................... 1, 500 ’ Austria During the quarter, negotiations were under way for the conclusion of an agreement with the Austrian Government for a relief and rehabilitation program involving 58.9 million dollars as approved by the Central Committee for the period ending June 30, 1946. The signing of the agreement was expected in April. UNRRA’s mission, created January 1, was meantime engaged in plans for the transfer of relief activities to UNRRA from the military authorities. Conditions in the country are appalling. In early February a Government representative estimated that only 14 days’ indigenous supplies remained (at 1,200 calories per head). During February the daily food ration was maintained at 1,550 calories for normal consumers but a drastic cut was already foreseen. The estimate of .the continuing need for food alone exceeded the total value of UNRRA’s scheduled program. The housing shortage in Vienna, where a fifth of the population lives, is as severe as in any European city except Warsaw. As a result of malnutrition and exposure, the health of the people is at a dangerously low level. Tuberculosis is rampant. Vitamin deficiency has led to the wide prevalence of boils. The general scarcity of drugs and medical supplies adds to the suffering of a population with an abnormally high amount of disease. Lack of soap and by-products of fat has led to the spread of scabies; because of lack of ointments, sufferers scratch their skin until infection sets in or they become afflicted with boils. Not only scabies but heart diseases go untreated 11 because of the lack of medical supplies. Sufferers from asthma, inflammation of the lungs, tertiary syphilis, and venereal diseases all go unattended because of the scarcity of sulfa drugs. On March 3 Austrian representatives took over the first shipment of UNRRA’s relief program, consisting of 8,000 tons of wheat. But the full program of relief remains ahead. UNRRA has started late and there are those who question whether the succor that it brings will be in time to save the country from tragedy. China Relief services to China exemplify the practical relevance of a philosophical ideal—the pursuit of the impossible. China’s troubles cannot be told. To summarize them is to distort and obscure their nature and extent. Its innumerable needs cry out to high heaven for food, for clothing, for medicine, et cetera, and for the means of their conveyance. Nowhere on earth does the break-down or absence of transportation so disastrously affect even such services as can be made available. Chart 2 A single illustration may convey some remote sense of the horror to be dealt with. At the very end of a quarter of intensified effort, news came of a situation beside which the acknowledgecTsuffering of any other country pales to comparative insignificance. At the end of March it was reported that famine, almost unprecedented in its severity, had brought some 30 million people to the verge of starvation. UNRRA, working with CNRRA, was rushing available food as fast as a crippled transportation system allowed. But despite its efforts, it was feared that some four million persons 12 would not survive unless thé world food situation changed miraculously overnight. The causes of this crisis provide a general indication of China’s predicament. Devastation; droughts; locust plagues; shortage of farmers, of implements, and of animals—these are but partial components of a subcontinent’s disaster. The famine is the worst in the Hunan province, ironically known as China’s rice bowl. Seven million of its 27 million inhabitants are approaching or are already in mid-starvation. Several millions have been reduced to eating grass, roots, dry bark, and even clay. The whole countryside is shaved clean of vegetation by its inhabitants and the hordes of hungry refugees. Similar conditions, in varying degree, exist in the Honan and Hupeh provinces. UNRRA officials, cooperating with CNRRA, have devised a plan, admittedly no more than palliative in its effects, by means of which to take arms against this sea of trouble. The main tasks for 1946, as outlined by Dr. T. F. Tsiang, director of CNRRA, are: 1. Help for returning refugees. 2. Care for the destitute. 3. Medical relief and health promotion. 4. Restoration of highways, railroads, and waterworks. 5. Housing. 6. Agricultural rehabilitation. 7. Stabilization of commodity prices. Highest priorities are placed on food. But shipments, as elsewhere, fall far short of the planned program. Actual shipment of grain through March 31 comprised only about 280,000 tons. The measure of enforced default through March may be gathered from an estimate that only if a million tons of food were delivered through June of 1946 could hope be entertained to save some 5 to 10 million persons from starvation. A slight dent was made during the quarter on the problem of transportation. Again, its complexity is best conveyed by illustration. In January all but 4 of 106 bridges on the Canton-Hankow railroad were reported still badly damaged. It was expected that temporary bridges, carrying only light loads, would be swept out by the spring floods. From Hengyang to Canton the line was reported totally destroyed. Similar transportation problems are endemic throughout China. Beyond the lack of rail and road facilities, lack of trained personnel to make good use of such transportation as is available further complicates the task. Initial steps were taken in the quarter to speed up shipments of locomotives and cars. Over 3,000 railroad cars and 15 locomotives were shipped. Shipment of trucks totaled 4,000. But because of the hopeless dislocation of rail and road facilities, a major effort has been made to rehabilitate in part the country’s transportation system along coastal and over inland waterways. Large purchases of army surpluses in the Pacific 13 area have been made. Vessels of all kinds suitable for use—LSM’s and LCM’s, barges, et cetera, have been obtained. Expenditure of between 40 and 50 million dollars has been earmarked for river and coastal shipping. To accelerate indigenous production, an effort has been made to supplement commercial imports of raw cotton to be processed in Chinese mills, most of which, by a lucky chance, survived destruction by the Japanese. Industrial-rehabilitation supplies, comprising trucks, rail cars, water craft, et cetera, shipped up to March 31, 1946 were valued at some $17,000,000. Most spectacular of all the projects planned is that for the return of the Yellow River to its pre-war and natural course and for restoring the flooded farm lands of two rich provinces. In May 1938 during a battle between the Chinese and the Japanese, the dike in Chungmow gave way under fire. The river left its course. About two million acres of land were flooded. The Yellow River project is the most ambitious of its kind ever yet undertaken. Essentially a race against time (for the work must be completed before the rains), this project will permit the growth of an estimated two hundred million bushels of grain annually. In the meantime employment and subsistence are assured to an army of some 330,000 laborers employed. Pursuit of the impossible is likewise being undertaken in the field of health. Serious epidemics are rampant in many provinces. No practicable budgetary provision can meet the country’s needs. Medical aid, moreover, is limited by the number of those skilled to give it and the number of hospitals available. (China has only one hospital to every 10 thousand of the population.) A threefold program has been prepared for the provision of medical supplies, for sending a limited staff of teachers and field workers, and for anti-epidemic measures. The plan provides for reestablishment of 655 hospitals, 2 vaccine-serum laboratories, 11 hygienic laboratories, 50 maternity and child-health centers; it will call for an appropriation of some 24 million dollars. Shipments of medicine through March totaled approximately 5,500 tons. Preventive measures against the outbreak of epidemics are being pushed ahead. Thus, in Shanghai a vaccination program in schools, factories, et cetera, has been undertaken; in Nanking restoration of public health centers, of which only 6 out of 23 were found in operation, has been undertaken. An intensive campaign has been begun to rush medical supplies to northern China. Great undertakings in many different fields are being pursued and the uneven battle against almost hopeless odds is being pressed ahead. Measured against the extent of the distress, the progress must seem small, but the foundations of ultimate recovery are being slowly laid. Czechoslovakia • / Like all invaded countries, Czechoslovakia suffered dreadful devastation at the enemy’s hands. Comparatively speaking, however, the country has 14 made greater progress than most others toward the restoration of its pre-war social and economic prosperity. In this the country has been helped by the advantage which it derives from a well-balanced economy. Thirty-five percent of the population is engaged in agriculture, forestry, and fishing. Modernized techniques have made for virtual self-sufficiency in these fields. Over a third of the population is engaged in industry, the country being rich in iron and steel production and having some of the most important heavy-engineering and chemical works in Europe. The textile industry is also strong. Since the war, the Government has nationalized mines and all large-scale industry. Chart 3 Impediments to recovery are the continuing shortages of transportation facilities (tires and oil and steel are in very short supply), of labor (partly due to the departure or expulsion of German elements in the population), and of raw material and supplies, especially fuel. Transport difficulties, moreover, are not limited to the internal situation. Czechoslovakia, being a land-locked country, is heavily dependent on transport facilities in contiguous countries for the import of urgently needed supplies. One signal advance during the quarter has been the improvement in transportation both within the country and, to some degree, in adjacent countries. Improvement in port facilities at Bremen and Hamburg and the expediting of rail transportation to Czechoslovakia have helped the restoration of industrial production and progress, thereafter, in the development of export markets. Foreign trade in many fields has developed favorably wherever the transportation problem has been overcome, and sizeable exports, particularly to Switzerland and the U. S. S. R., have resulted. 695342—46---------3 1 5 Trade agreements with a number of countries have likewise developed favorably, though each and all are contingent on further solution of the transportador! bottleneck. In addition to Bremen and Hamburg, Trieste has been added during the quarter to the list of ports now feeding considerable supplies into Czechoslovakia. In addition, large convoys of trucks have arrived. Four such convoys, each consisting of 60 trucks with some 90 Czechoslovak drivers and 3 officers in charge, left France in January. Total shipments of trucks and trailers during the quarter amounted to some 2,847. As in other European countries, the food situation has been seriously affected by the low harvest yield in 1945, when the total grain production was only 60 percent of the pre-war average. Early in 1946 the Food Ministry made a downward revision of its estimate of the crop yield of 1945 and of the livestock situation. The energy value for home production was estir mated at 1,624 calories per head at the beginning of the quarter. However, prospect of starvation had been eliminated, except for certain areas of emergency. Crisis developed in eastern Slovakia. On January 7 a Pragué announcement disclosed the plight of an estimated 200,000 persons, one third of whom were children and all of whom were in serious need of food, shelter, clothing, and medical care. UNRRA’s welfare officer, in his official report, stated that many thousands of Slovaks in this region are living under indescribable conditions in holes dug out of the rubble of their homes. This so-called black-belt area is still littered with war dead that lie unburied because of mines and grenade traps that have not all yet been cleared. Since liberation., UNRRA doctors have recorded more than 3,000 amputationsj and the weekly average, even in January, was 20 arms or legs lost by peasants trying to bury corpses. Emergency measures were taken to move 5,000 persons from this area to special feeding centers for the winter months. Another 10,000 children were to be provided with school feeding through UNRRA food packages and emergency relief. But by the quarter’s end the whole country fell under the shadow of the world food crisis. Czechoslovakia’s representative at UNRRA’s Council meeting in March thus described the situation: The present daily caloric intake from home sources, he said, is 1,624 per person. Even if UNRRA fulfils its total program, consumption in the country would only amount to some 2,000 calories. Grain stocks, including seed grains, would be exhausted within a few weeks. Mills producing 60 percent of the nation’s wheat flour, he said, were likely to close within weeks. The fat shortage was also critical. The ration, already very low, would under present conditions have to be further cut in May by 200 grams. In agriculture, preparations went forward during the quarter for spring sowing, priority being given to promoting greater mechanization and the organization of repair centers for tractors and agricultural machinery. The livestock situation, though not as serious as in some countries, is still far from normal. Even with imports, it will be two or three years before 16 normalcy for certain classes of livestock can be realized. UNRRA has done its best to make good deficiencies by imports of livestock. The first and second shipment of heifers and bulls from the United States arrived early in the quarter. Total livestock shipments in the quarter amounted to 1,217 head. Prospect of the restoration of land fertility is good because of the planned shipments of 40,000 tons of rock phosphate fertilizer from North Africa before March 31. On the health and welfare front much has been achieved. Imports of medical supplies for the quarter totaled 2,350 tons. Perhaps the country’s greatest scourge is the wide prevalence of tuberculosis. On January 16, UNRRA’s Prague office reported that 34,000 working youths in Bohemia and Moravia alone were found to have contracted tuberculosis and have been placed in sanitariums. Preventive measures for 4,000 others were under consideration, but the shortage of protective foods, continually aggravated through the quarter, makes the outlook bleak. Food and clothing are primary needs. UNRRA’s relief measures in these fields are, therefore, worth citing. In Czechoslovakia today, one person in every four walks in UNRRA boots and shoes, one out of every seven loaves of bread finds its way to tables from UNRRA flour. But while the immediate outlook is, as elsewhere, bleak, Czechoslovakia, in part by virtue of its own resources and in part through the heroic efforts of its people, stands perhaps the earliest chance of rapid recovery to approximate normalcy of any European country served by UNRRA. Its agriculture is well on the way to recovery. Industry, while passing through a difficult period, is gradually improving and export markets are developing. The main key to further improvement is the full solution of the transport problem and the importation of certain raw materials. But already certain industries, such as paper, glass, tanning, and building, appear to be over the worst. Greece Greece, with a population approximately that of New York City (seven million) lives largely off the land. Sixty percent of its people are engaged in that occupation and provide two thirds of the national income. Yet in pre-war days Greece imported a large proportion of its basic foods— half its grain and all its sugar. The destruction of villages, slaughter of livestock, and the almost complete disruption of its communication system were reviewed in the previous report.1 As in other countries, progress in the quarter has been affected by the supply crisis. Slow and retarded deliveries have in certain cases restricted execution of the seasonal program, for example, malaria control and agricultural rehabilitation. It is feared that seed supplies of cotton, rice, and barley may have arrived too late for spring sowing. Food imports, on the 16th Report to Congress on Operations of UNRRA. 17 Chart 4 other hand, have been satisfactory except for bread grains, where Greece has had to suffer its share of the reduced world supply. The acute livestock situation has likewise been somewhat relieved with the importation of animal feed, but considerable losses of animals due to lack of feed are still being reported. The use of rolled oats for animal consumption has been discontinued owing to the scarcity of bread grains. A drastic cut in Greece’s allocation of grain has reduced the caloric value of the UNRRA ration from 1,315 to 1,124, a total distribution cut of 15 percent. A survey shows no starvation but malnutrition. The health situation is in hand. A measles epidemic swept the country during the quarter but no other significant increase in sickness is reported. After the damp winter a high incidence of malaria is expected. The drain on the nation’s health from this disease is best illustrated by a few facts. There are in Greece over a million acres of mosquito-breeding swamp lands. Eighty percent of the population has malaria; 5,000 persons die of it yearly. Anticipating fresh outbreaks in the spring, UNRRA late in 1945 imported 12 airplanes equipped for spraying DDT and provided training for 15 Greek pilots. Great success in malaria control was achieved in 1945 despite lack of supplies. In one village, for instance, 160 buildings were sprayed. Previously there was an average count of 7,000 mosquitos per room. A great measure of success may be expected as the result of UNRRA’s forward action. Most alarming in the field of health is the terrible estimate of active tuberculosis among the people. The incidence of tuberculosis is 14 times higher than in the United States. The annual death rate amounts to 25,000 and is increasing. Even with extensive additional treatment little alleviation can be looked for until living conditions are improved. 18 Significant advance was made during the quarter in the rehabilitation of the country’s railroad system. In February, 16 locomotives, which raised the number available to 33, were turned over to the Greek State railways. These locomotives are serving a region that formerly yielded 500,000 tons of agricultural produce a year—one fifth of the country’s total output. Restoration of rail tracks likewise made considerable progress. On February 12, the first train since October 1944 left Athens for Khalkis, 56 miles north of Athens—the main line running north toward Salonika. Regular freight service is now in operation and the monthly carrying capacity of these new railways is estimated at 15,000 tons. Priority in shipments goes to UNRRA supplies. Of UNRRA’s 30,000 tons of programmed railway-rehabilitation material, one third has already been delivered. The race with winter in the mountain areas of northwestern Greece and on small islands near Corfu has been won. One hundred and thirty villages on the mainland, with a population of over 82,000, were stocked with UNRRA grain in sufficient quantity to maintain the people for three months, while another 5,000 persons on the islands were provided with a five months’ supply of bread grain. But while headway was made on one front, there was backsliding on another. Much of the benefit of UNRRA’s work has been offset by the inflation that had been mounting for a long time past. Ever since November 1944 this problem has played havoc with the nation’s economy. Between that date and December 1945, prices in Athens increased 38 times. In November 1945 they nearly doubled; they more than tripled in December. Toward the end of January 1946 measures were taken to arrest the spiral. Price control, abandoned in September 1945, was reinstated, but the situation remains dangerously out of control. Spectacular inflationary prices, accompanied by a wave of strikes in January, critically dislocated distribution of UNRRA supplies. Among the conset quences has been wide-spread hoarding. The production of olive oil, for instance, has recovered almost to pre-war levels; yet there is no wide distribution at reasonable prices. The production of cotton clothing was held up because of price uncertainties and expectation of further rises. Unstable economic conditions intensify the problem of resourceless per-sons. Welfare activities, however, have made progress. There are now 98 orphanages and 80 day nurseries in operation. Child-feeding centers^ organized under UNRRA supervision, are now caring for 600,000 children and will soon care for over a million. Italy One fact is sometimes overlooked regarding Italy’s place in UNRRA’s over-all relief program—the size of its population. Totaling some 46 million, it falls short by only some 10 million of all the other countries of Europe which have hitherto come under UNRRA’s care. 19 When one adds to the size of the population the inherent difficulties of the country’s economy, one gets some measure of the relief problem involved. Italy is notable for its deficiency of raw materials and fuel. It has to import over 90 percent of its coal, all liquid fuel, nearly all cotton, wool, and rubber. Its main industries—textile, electrical plants, mechanical, chemical and food-processing, are all wholly dependent on imports. This indeed is the key factor in the relief situation. Production at the end of 1945 was only some 20 percent of normal. It is tragic to realize that, given adequate imports, particularly of fuel and raw materials, and adequate transportation, full production could be rapidly resumed. The dislocation of transport continues to be one of the retarding factors in Italy’s recovery. Lack of raw materials and fuel, combined with transportation difficulties, have brought other problems in their wake. The waste of manpower and productive facilities resulting from the lack of adequate supplies of raw materials is one of the greatest of these problems. Engineering, iron, and chemical industries are not operating fully. In Turin, the large Fiat and Lancia plants are operating only at 50 percent of capacity. Scarcities, in consequence of low production, have in turn created a terrible inflation problem. At the end of 1945, the official bread price in Rome, to say nothing of that of the black market, was 10 times that of 1938. Living costs in Rome are some 20 times pre-war costs, while wages have risen only 9 times. “Gone for repair” is the euphemism commonly used to conceal the forced sale of the peoples’ most precious household possessions to make good the gap in their income for procurement of their most elementary needs. The ordinary wage-earner today expends three fourths of his income on food alone. When one adds to such problems the effect on the country’s morale Chart 5 20 of years of Fascist intimidation, the continuing political instability, one sees exemplified the truth of the saying: “Hope deferred maketh the heart sick”. It was to such a situation that UNRRA addressed itself at the beginning of this quarter. On January 19, an agreement which brought new hope to the Italians was signed with the Italian Government, by the terms of which UNRRA would on March 1 take over from the Allied military authorities full responsibility for the relief and rehabilitation of a people long and sorely tried. The sum allocated through June 30, 1946 amounted to $359,440,100. This program made provision for shipment of goods in various categories of need in the following amounts (excluding $34,000,000 shipped in 1945): Food....................................................$165, 354, 100 Clothing................................................. 50, 929, 000 Medical and sanitation supplies..................... 12, 200, 000 Industrial rehabilitation supplies ............... 77,094,000 Agricultural rehabilitation supplies.................... 11, 863, 000 Unallocated............................................... 8, 000, 000 These figures are eloquent of the nature, extent, and urgency of the country’s needs. Note, for instance, the amount allocated for food alone. Moreover these imports only make it possible to maintain the country’s present ration which is among the lowest of all countries served by UNRRA. The total program indeed will, it is estimated, meet only 43 percent of needed imports. In taking over the basic food ration from the Allied Commission, UNRRA is undertaking to provide basic necessities for 36 million persons, three fourths of the total population. Even if supplies arrived according to schedule, UNRRA would thus only maintain, not supplement, the precarious food supply provided previously by the military authorities. Eye-witness accounts reveal better than statistics the continuing extent of pitiful distress. Children born blind as the result of malnutrition are commonly seen. Infant mortality, even in hospitals where UNRRA has provided all possible scientific aid, is still alarmingly high. There are children who, at the age of five, have still not walked a step. Doctors point out with inexorable logic that diseased minds are inseparable from diseased bodies. To meet such needs, UNRRA shipped what food supplies it could. Primary needs were for wheat and for fats and oils. At every stage, the program has been beset with difficulties. The shipping tie-up in the United States during December affected January imports. The universal shortage of fats and oils threatened reduction or even abolition of the fat components in the rations. World crisis induced an increasing disparity between scheduled and actual shipments. Thus, for the quarter food imports totaling $57,359,800 were earmarked. Actual shipments totaled only $37,000,000. March shipments of wheat reached only 170,000 tons. As a result the total cereal ration for the country has been reduced to half the minimum assessed by the Allied Commission. To prevent indefinite continuance of such conditions, UNRRA planned 695342—46----4 21 imports during the quarter of substantial quantities of agricultural-rehabilitation goods. Shipments of seed potatoes (10,000 tons during the quarter) brought partial relief. Prospects in agriculture, however, were clouded by drought conditions. In February it was reported that absence of rain might endanger the 1946 crop. March rain, however, gave prospect of crops 25 percent above 1945 but still 30 percent below pre-war. Delayed imports of rock phosphates and other fertilizers, it was also feared, would reduce crop yields in 1946. To restore industry, efforts were concentrated on imports of coal and fuel. The target set for the quarter involved shipments of 2,028,000 tons. Actual UNRRA shipments amounted to 1,673,800 tons. The Foreign Economic Administration shipped 622,000 additional tons in this period. Owing to continued shortage, distribution was limited to railroads, city lighting, hospitals, and bakeries. Industry got short measure, with the inevitable toll taken of the unemployed earlier referred to. Prospects of improvement are clouded by the strike situation that has developed since the quarter in the soft-coal fields of the United States. Plans were therefore made in March, to be effective April 1, to reduce coal consumption by 50 percent. Most serious, perhaps, in its over-all effects has been the effect of the above complex of needs on the nation’s health. In this dark picture, however, some consolation can be found in the cumulative effects of UNRRA’s health and welfare service. Reference has been made above to the health conditions found throughout the country. But such headway was made in 1945 that in the current quarter, UNRRA’s health activities were confined mainly to supervision and a large part of the staff has been withdrawn. With the aid of UNRRA’s supplies, real progress has been made in rehabilitating Italy’s 2,000-odd hospitals, and a program has been developed for placing about 40 hospital units. It is hoped that all medical supplies, of a total of about 3,000 tons, will have been distributed by the end of June. Distribution of penicillin continues and is now being made in 23 centers. During the quarter, 45 million units of insulin also have been distributed and a plan has been prepared for the distribution of 3,350,000 square meters of cotton material for hospital use, manufactured from 1,000 tons of raw materials imported for the purpose. In cooperation with the Rockefeller Foundation and the Italian Government, UNRRA has launched the biggest project ever undertaken to eradicate malaria. Some $3,000,000 are to be spent in an attempt to wipe out malaria completely throughout Sardinia. In Sicily, likewise, a malariacontrol program was begun in February and plans for other provinces were worked out during the quarter. By the end of February, supplementary food for children and nursing mothers was being distributed in all but four of the ninety provinces, providing for some 4,475,000 persons. Thus, in some measure the prevalent distress was being mitigated, but here, as elsewhere, the food crisis has complicated UNRRA’s task and even minimum relief needs have only partially been met. 22 Poland Poland’s recovery must inevitably be slow. But while, as in other countries, the food crisis has badly disrupted the planned relief program, at least one major gain during the quarter can be registered. Throughout 1945 transportation bottlenecks seriously limited the service rendered to consumers by the delivery of relief supplies. With the coming of the new year, however, things began to look up. Port facilities were rapidly improved and inland transportation began to move with reasonable expedition and on a greater scale than hitherto. As the result of reorganization the capacity for handling UNRRA goods at ports and out of warehouses was tripled by January. Inland transportation improved with shipments of locomotives and freight cars. UNRRA expected to ship about 75 locomotives during the quarter and freight cars at the rate of 300 a week. Outstanding was the receipt in January of 12 locomotives and 255 rail cars. Truck deliveries at this period were being made at the rate of close to 1,000 a week. Chart 6 In addition to railroad stock, invaluable help came with the dispatch in February of a mobile repair-shop train, comprising a carpenter shop for repairing box cars and coaches, a complete machine shop, a dynamo and electric plant for powering the machines, and large assortments of spare parts and heavy tools. The measure of the need may be judged from an estimate that 23,000 freight cars and 2,500 locomotives were at the time inoperative for lack of repair facilities. Meanwhile, more than two million tons of coal lay at Polish pitheads awaiting transfer to Polish homes and factories. 23 But while gains were made in this field, stark conditions obtained in almost every other. Shortage of supplies continued and, with respect to food, became progressively more serious. The cost of living continued to rise throughout the quarter. By February it had increased on food alone by 62 percent over December. Conditions, of course, varied throughout the country, but the situation in the Cracow area is not untypical. Here, “the grain situation is deplorable. Farm families are huddled in one hut as a general rule. The soil is not fertile. Some farms have less than two hectares of land. If a family is fortunate enough to have a cow, the milk is barely enough for its needs. Often the milk is sold in the open market to buy bread. Families are unable to meet even a portion of contingent requirements. There is no grain. There is a serious shortage of flour and bread which will get worse if no help is immediately forthcoming.*’ Further to illustrate conditions: holders of number 1 ration cards received for January only a quarter of the bread prescribed. For February no bread was available for card number 1 holders. By March the food situation had yet further deteriorated. Speaking before the UNRRA Council in March, the Polish representative asserted that “present indigenous wheat stocks constitute half the amount consumed by farmers alone before the war.” The degree of hardship occasioned by the food crisis may be judged from the fact that, in a country which before the war had grain surpluses, nearly half the Polish population is entitled to ration cards. UNRRA shipped all it could, but an ever-widening gap developed between plan and performance. Thus, while for January 35,000 tons of wheat were scheduled for shipment, actual shipments were 16,000 tons. In February 19,200 tons were shipped as against 35,000 tons planned; in March 30,000 tons against 35,000 tons. Shipments of rehabilitation supplies during the quarter amounted to some 96,000 tons for industry, of which the major part consisted of motor vehicles, railroad rolling stock, fuel oil, and repair equipment. Supplies for agriculture totaled some 67,000 tons, of which the main components were farm machinery; fertilizer, livestock, and fishing boats. But as against shortages and needs, a further net gain in the quarter can be claimed in a field of activity vital to the country’s future health and welfare. The extent of need may be gathered from a statement by the Polish Ministry of Health that in Warsaw 27 of every 100 infants born died before reaching the age of one year. The low standard of feeding in Poland has resulted in an average decrease of 30 percent in the weight of new-born babies. Infant mortality has gone up from 12.4 percent to 27 percent and in some places near the German border to 50 percent. In Warsaw, tuberculosis tests gave positive results in 84 percent of children, of whom 50 percent were active cases. Health conditions in Poland after the. war were the worst in Europe. Eighty percent of its hospitals were destroyed and the rest virtually stripped to the bare walls. Frightful housing conditions and short food supplies, 24 coupled with the vast migration of the population, threatened outbreaks of serious epidemics. It is to the lasting credit of UNRRA’s medical staff and of the Polish Ministry of Health that such outbreaks have been prevented on any major scale. Supplies of DDT powder are confirmed by UNRRA observers as being effectively distributed by local health authorities. The incidence of typhus fever during February was the lowest since the summer of 1945. An active immunization campaign has also been instituted against diphtheria. The flow of medical supplies to Poland has increased considerably during the quarter, amounting to some 2,000 tons. Outstanding has been the purchase from army supplies of 23 thousandbed hospitals to be set up throughout the country. Provision of clothing, textiles, and footwear (approximately 31,200 tons during the quarter) helped to alleviate hardship at the peak of the winter, but in the whole field of health and welfare the need continues to outstrip supplies. Two million children are still in need of clothing, and of over a million orphans, 25 petcent -are claimants of emergency relief; adults on public assistance number 3,380,000. Distress on such a scale is not easily disposed of. To assure the fair distribution of the supplies provided, the UNRRA mission during this quarter set up a staff of regional directors to observe the distribution in the six regions into which Poland has been divided. All the evidence shows that full and fair use is being made of the supplies provided, but shortages of essential goods continue to plague UNRRA. Lack of supplies means that they go inevitably to those most useful to the country’s reconstruction. Children and the aged fare less well. Such is the bitter choice of hard necessity. • Ukrainian Soviet Socialist Republic War left the Ukraine with 15 million persons without shelter. Before the war the Ukraine had over 90,000 tractors, 31,000 combines, and over 50,000 trucks and cars used in agriculture. Its livestock population exceeded 30 million head. War laid it in waste. A high percentage of its livestock was either slaughtered or transported elsewhere. Its farm machinery was likewise destroyed or confiscated. The sowing areas of the Ukraine are still far below pre-war levels. The health of its population has been disastrously affected by exposure and malnutrition. As partial contribution to the country’s recovery, UNRRA approved during the quarter a budget totaling 189 million dollars. Of this total sum over 109 million dollars is the amount for food; industrial and agricultural rehabilitation absorb some 58 million dollars; clothing and medical supplies over 20 million dollars. No bread grains are included in this program. The conditions which UNRRA’s mission found are described in a cable dispatched at quarter’s end. Bread grain supplies were sufficient for domestic needs and even for some exports, but supplies of Other essential 25 Chart 7 foodstuffs, especially meats and fats, were extremely short. The stores contained virtually nothing save UNRRA’s supplies. These, the cable report says, are “prominently displayed on shelves and in store windows with the brands and country of origin unmistakably marked on them. Customers express great satisfaction at the quality of all supplies.” The ration system is reported as “equitably and carefully administered”. Tractors and spare parts are items critically needed. None has been shipped during the last five months. Main items of supply actually shipped in the quarter were: Food ....................................................... 78,100 tons Clothing.................................................... 4,200 “ Medical supplies.................................................. 28 “ Agricultural-rehabilitation supplies........................ 8,200 “ Industrial-rehabilitation supplies.......................... 7, 500 “ Illustrative of the variety of needs are some of the goods listed on board the S.S. Brown Victory, which weighed anchor in New York Harbor on March 21: “Seeds, bonitos, fillets, composition rubber-soling sheets, rubber boots, wire rope, woolen trouser material, one jeep”. Or take a sample from the S.S. Jellicoe Victory sailing from New York Harbor March 14: “Oleomargarine, army rations, canned meat, tubs of cheese, jams, woolen blankets, bales of upper leather, dried salted hides, vegetable seeds, wheat grass seeds, medicaments.” Such are the variegated commodities which UNRRA provides. First reports from the UNRRA mission describe the devastation in the Ukraine and the efforts now being made to bring relief to the people. Many large cities were almost completely destroyed and every city of over 100,000 population has suffered destruction ranging from 30 percent to 100 percent. 26 Tremendous efforts are being made by the Ukrainian S. S. R. to rehabilitate agriculture, but the loss of great quantities of mechanized equipment has made this revival slow and difficult. One reason for the shortage of meat, for example, is the necessity of using even milch cows as beasts of burden to replace mechanized equipment destroyed in the battles which raged over the Ukraine. The mission—which incidentally is mainly American in composition— also reports that because of the preponderance of American goods in early shipments to the Ukraine the population has come to associate this relief with our country and that there is great appreciation among the people for the help of UNRRA and of this country. The mission further reports that it has been given the opportunity to travel throughout the country and to visit every facility or place requested. Everywhere the mission encountered the terrible scars of war and the scorched-earth policy. Today millions of people Eve in the rubble of bombed-out buildings and in primitive dugouts. Byelorussian Soviet Socialist Republic In Byelorussia, as in the Ukraine, war devastation was appalling. Ninety-two thousand villages were destroyed, all food-processing plants were blown up, over two million head of cattle, three million pigs, three million sheep and goats were confiscated. Areas under cultivation were reduced by half. Chart 8 Relief that would measure up to devastation on this scale was, and is, far beyond UNRRA’s resources. But provision has been made and a program amounting to $61,000,000 approved. Actual shipments in the quarter were as follows: 27 Food............................................................. 30,400 tons Industrial- and agricultural-rehabilitation supplies............ 7, 250 “ Clothing and medical supplies..................................... 950 “ The late arrival of UNRRA’s mission precludes further details on UNRRA’s developing program of relief. Y ugoslavia Shipments to Yugoslavia have been an important part of the UNRRA program. By January 31, 1946, over a million, tons of supplies had been shipped to the country. Much, indeed, has been done. Many a milepost has been passed along the road toward recovery, but the situation confronting UNRRA was equally impressive. Throughout the quarter food continued to be the country’s dominant preoccupation. As elsewhere, actual shipment of grain fell short of planned shipment. Speaking at UNRRA’s Council meeting, the Yugoslav representative thus described the country’s plight: Five million persons, he said, were wholly dependent on UNRRA for food; the average daily diet had been reduced to 1,500 calories. Fifty percent of its grain is being supplied in the form of wheat substitute. UNRRA’s shipments during the quarter were some 35 percent below the planned target. In January and February no fats whatsoever had been received. Workers, he said, were leaving mines and plants from sheer exhaustion. But while UNRRA struggled on the food front against terrible odds, it continued to make good in some respects the country’s urgent needs in other categories. Farmers received help with considerable consignments of agricultural machinery, tractors, and other agricultural implements. The country’s livestock was replenished with delivery during the quarter of 3,380 head of cattle and horses. Seed for spring planting was shipped to a total of 5,100 tons in the quarter. Rehabilitation of Yugoslavia’s relief industries continued a major problem, with shipments lagging behind the country’s requirements. During January, 10 locomotives and 70 gondola cars were shipped. Urgently needed, however, were repair parts for trucks previously brought in. The country’s two biggest locomotive- and car-repair shops had been systematically destroyed. However, makeshift arrangements were made to put them to some use. An eyewitness thus pays tribute to the efforts of the people: “It would seem unbelievable in places of such destruction that any work at all could be done. Most impressive is the almost super-human effort with which work is being turned out in demolished buildings, roofless, windowless, and with hardly any machinery.” Greater expedition in the delivery of supplies was assured during the quarter by arranging for the use of Salonika as a port of entry for supplies to the Federal State of Macedonia. With regard to health, the situation remains more or less in hand. There are sporadic but not alarming outbreaks of typhus, particularly in Bosnia- 28 Chart 9 Herzegovina. Here the population continues at a marginal level, as is suggested by the following account of an eyewitness: “One family was cooking its meal of maize porridge in the sump tray of a wrecked German Army truck. The badly ruined house of this family had no furniture. With the family living on the floor and eating in common from this cooking vessel, infection was inevitable.” Greatest danger to the country’s health is the precarious food supply. A nation’s health hangs in the balance. Shipments of medical supplies to meet this situation totaled 960 tons for the quarter. Although delayed and unbalanced deliveries and their consequent dislocation of the relief program are recognized, the extent of UNRRA’s services has been tremendous. As the result of UNRRA’s shipments, five million persons get bread each day. For three million the bread they bake from UNRRA wheat is their only source of grain. For the million in mountain areas the stockpiles brought in by UNRRA provided their sole means of subsistence. UNRRA blankets are keeping three hundred thousand people warm. Next to food, clothes, textiles, and footwear continue to be priorities of need. Agricultural supplies provided in 1946 should raise local food production from 25 to-30 percent above that of 1945. The production of timber, the country’s largest export before the war, had been reduced to 10 percent of the pre-war figure. By January 31, 1946 it was already back to nearly 25 percent. Progress, uneven and sporadic, still short of the country’s needs and of the peoples’ hopes, is being made. The food crisis has affected both UNRRA’s entire plan of operation and the prospect of the country’s recovery. But, though delayed, the ultimate fruition of UNRRA’s plan has been helped on by the achievements of a difficult quarter. 29 Chapter 4 DISPLACED PERSONS j UNRRA’s activities with displaced persons were on a world-wide scale’ covering operations in Europe and the Far East. The principal efforts of' UNRRA in this field were concentrated in Germany, where the great majority of displaced persons eligible for UNRRA assistance were living ini camps. With the advent of the new year attention was turned from, the immediate problems of keeping displaced persons alive throughout the winter months to the possibilities of a large repatriation movement in the spring and summer and to some of the longer-range aspects of the refugee problem. In preparation for the Fourth Council Session of UNRRA on March 15, 1946, a careful and thorough review of the entire situation was made. UNRRA’s programs for helping displaced persons had been developed with a view toward concentrating on getting people back to their homes and since V-E Day the military authorities in Germany had repatriated, with the assistance of UNRRA, close to six million displaced persons. With the coming of winter repatriation activities dropped off and only a trickle of persons moved homeward. The rest remained in camps. These camps received food and other necessary supplies from the occupying authorities and were staffed by UNRRA personnel. Over 700,000 displaced persons were being taken care of in UNRRA administered camps in the United States, British, and French zones in Germany, approximately 50,000 in Austria, and about 25,000 in Italy. Various estimates have been made as to the number of displaced persons who will elect to go home in the spring and summer but such estimates are at best mere guesses ranging from 300,000 to 400,000. UNRRA, therefore, has had to face the prospect of having 400,000 to 500,000 displaced persons remaining in camps at the end of the summer of 1946 and the occupying authorities are faced with the problem of continuing to furnish supplies for the persons remaining in these camps. At the UNRRA Fourth Council Session a new resolution relating to displaced persons was presented by the United States Delegate and adopted by the Council. This resolution continued the responsibilities of UNRRA for displaced persons with particular application to Germany and provided for review of the situation again at the Fifth Council Session planned for the summer of 1946. The resolution stressed the. importance of re-, 30 moving all existing handicaps to repatriation and called on UNRRA, the occupying authorities, and the governments whose nationals are in the camps to intensify their efforts to move displaced persons home. At the same time the resolution reiterated and emphasized the principle that no person, with the exception of proven criminals and collaborators, will be forced to return home. The resolution also urged the occupying authorities to screen out and remove from the camps all collaborators and other inéligibles who have been seeking shelter in the camps. UNRRA was directed to complete the registration of all displaced persons and to gather data as to their occupations and intentions regarding repatriation. The problem of disposition of displaced persons unwilling to return home and wishing immigration and resettlement opportunities is beyond the scope of UNRRA’s existing authority. However, the UNRRA Fourth Council Session called attention to the need for a definitive policy and program by the United Nations for dealing with these problems. As an instance of a first step in the direction of resettlement, the United States Government, acting under the President’s directive of December 22, 1945, opened a number of consulates in the United States zone in Germany, thus providing immigration opportunities for displaced persons within existing immigration quotas. The directive provided that priority be given to orphaned children. Quotas are allocated according to the birthplace of the individual. The quota for central Europeans, including Baltic peoples, is approximately 39,000 annually. Visas are to be issued each month at the rate of 10 percent of the yearly quota. Since the immigration laws of the United States specify that visas may not be issued to applicants likely to become public charges after admission to the United States, certificates of sponsorship will be required from relatives and friends, and, in the case of certain groups, corporate certificates will be sponsored by voluntary agencies working with UNRRA. In Germany, Austria, and Italy the largest groups of displaced persons unlikely to return to their countries of origin are, in the order listed: Poles; persons formerly resident in Esthonia, Latvia, and Lithuania, known as Baltic peoples; Jews, most of whom are Polish; and Yugoslavs. A special service rendered to displaced persons by UNRRA is carried on through the UNRRA Central Tracing Bureau in Germany which, in cooperation with national tracing bureaus in other countries, is helping displaced persons locate their friends and relatives within Germany and in other parts of the world. Many families have been reunited through the efforts of the UNRRA Central Tracing Bureau. At the end of February 1946 there were approximately 50,000 inquiries on hand for the tracing of individual displaced persons. The tracing Bureau is making extensive studies of death records from Nazi concentration camps, having checked more than 100,000 names of Flossenberg, and an additional 26,000 from the Buchenwald camp. 31 During the first quarter of 1946 the existing arrangements between UNRRA and the American and French authorities, respectively, in Germany were formalized by the signature of agreements. An agreement between UNRRA and the British authorities had been signed in the final quarter of 1945. These agreements provide that the occupying authorities would continue to furnish basic supplies for the care of displaced persons and physical facilities necessary to UNRRA operations, provide medical and dental care, enforce law and order among displaced persons, and furnish transportation for the actual repatriation of displaced persons. The agreements provide generally that UNRRA shall administer assembly centers, provide amenity supplies, make arrangements under which voluntary agencies take part in the displaced-persons program, operate a central tracing bureau, maintain records on displaced persons, and assist in coordinating plans with representatives of the United Nations for the repatriation of displaced persons. While in Germany UNRRA’s operations are strictly limited to displaced persons, in Austria and in Italy UNRRA’s displaced-persons operations became during the first quarter of 1946 integral parts of UNRRA’s over-all relief operations. In Austria and in Italy UNRRA will continue to provide personnel to operate assembly centers and arrange repatriation for displaced persons, but the imported supplies for displaced persons in these countries will be drawn from supplies brought into the countries by UNRRA and turned over to the Governments. In the Middle East approximately 8,000 Yugoslavs were repatriated during the quarter, leaving in UNRRA’s care slightly less than 1,000 Yugoslavs who apparently do not wish to return home. At El Shatt camp, the only remaining UNRRA camp open in the Middle East, 1,500 Greeks in transit from the Belgian Congo to Greece and 325 Czechoslovaks awaiting transportation home were being cared for by UNRRA. As a result of a resolution passed at the Fourth Council Session authorizing UNRRA to assist persecuted ex-enemy nationals found in territory never occupied by the enemy, UNRRA is planning to repatriate from Palestine to Austria an estimated 1,200 Austrian Jews. Negotiations have proceeded for the assumption by UNRRA of responsibility for Polish displaced persons in the Middle East, India, and the British colonial territories in Africa. The Polish Government has appointed a mission to visit these areas to arrange for repatriation of their nationals. UNRRA will assume financial responsibility for the care and repatriation of this group. The UNRRA fact-finding mission, which was sent to the Far East in October 1945, returned to Washington during the first quarter of 1946 and submitted its final report. This report emphasized the gravity of the situation with respect to 15,000 European displaced persons in Shanghai, most of whom were persecuted by the Nazis for racial or religious reasons and 32 who are not eager to return to their own countries, primarily Germany and Austria. During the quarter UNRRA undertook a program of care for this group, working with the Chinese Government and with representatives of the American Joint Distribution Committee. The Far Eastern Mission on Displaced Persons also reported that approximately 200,000 overseas Chinese had been displaced from their homes and wished to be repatriated. Consideration of this problem is being given by UNRRA in terms of the possibility of securing the required shipping for transporting this group and with respect to the financial burden involved in undertaking such an operation. During the quarter over 6,000 Chinese were repatriated from the Philippines to China by UNRRA. 33 Chapter 5 THE COUNCIL MEETING At the Fourth Session of the Council, which was held in Atlantic City from March 15 to 30, 11 new resolutions were passed. Those relating to the world food crisis and to the future welfare of displaced persons have been treated earier in this report. (See pages 4 and 30.) The United States, which was represented by Assistant Secretary of State William L. Clayton and by his alternate, C. Tyler Wood, introduced a resolution relating to the use of indigenous resources by occupying forces in countries receiving UNRRA assistance. The object of this resolution was to reduce the drain on UNRRA’s resources by obviating the necessity for importing into a country such as Austria foodstuffs and other supplies that the country itself could produce and which were being consumed by the occupying forces. By the terms of this resolution as finally adopted, the Council recommended to those of its members who maintained such forces that they direct these to abstain “from consuming locally produced foodstocks . . . fuel or other supplies which are normally included in UNRRA’s program or using land or other local resources which could be utilized for the production of supplies to meet 4he relief needs of the local population” and “from impeding in any way the equitable disposition of imported and indigenous relief supplies, or the use of land or local resources for the production of such supplies.” The resolution further provides that UNRRA shall establish programs for any such country on the assumption that the military forces of any member government will in fact observe the principles referred to above. Finally, if the Central Committee of the Council determines that any such military forces are not observing the recommendations of this resolution, UNRRA shall adjust its program, in so far as possible, to localize the burden of the deficit thereby created to areas occupied by those military forces. Two new countries, Turkey and Albania, applied for membership in UNRRA. Turkey was admitted by .a unanimous vote; Albania’s application was rejected on the grounds that she was still in a state of war with one of the United Nations—Greece—and that she was not living up to her international treaties and agreements. The refusal to grant her membership would not, however, in any way affect the relief program which UNRRA was undertaking for her. In response to a resolution passed by the United Nations instructing the Secretary-General to make arrangements with UNRRA whereby the latter would furnish reports on its work and on the progress made toward economic rehabilitation in the countries assisted by it, a resolution was passed providing for these reports as well as for the exchange of information and reports with the United Nations. In addition, the Council recommended that all member governments and the governments of countries receiving UNRRA aid cooperate in furnishing the necessary information for these purposes. In view of the fact that the International Sanitary Convention for Maritime Navigation, 1944, and the International Sanitary Convention for Aerial Navigation, 1944, expire on July 15, 1946, the Council passed a resolution recommending that these be extended by the signatory governments until such time as a new international health organization could be established. Pending the formation of the latter UNRRA would continue to carry out the functions assigned to it by these conventions, namely the preparation of emergency agreements and arrangements for the notification of epidemic diseases and for uniformity in quarantine regulations. Other resolutions passed dealt with the following matters: 1. The extension of aid to the Philippines. 2. The auditing of accounts of the Administration. 3. The addition of Australia, Brazil, and Yugoslavia to the membership of the Central Committee. The Council received with great regret the resignation of Director General Herbert Lehman, to whose services glowing tributes were paid by the representatives of member governments. The appointment of F. H. LaGuardia, nominated by unanimous vote of the Central Committee, was confirmed. As mentioned earlier, in view of the gravity of the food situation the Council decided to remain in session and to reconvene in Washington as soon as the Director General had completed consultations with the supplying countries and the Combined Food Boards. Simultaneously with the UNRRA Council Session, the United Nations Committee on UNRRA met at Atlantic City, under the chairmanship of Congressman Sol Bloom. This Committee, composed of Representatives of Canada, China, the Dominican Republic, France, Greece, New Zealand, Norway, Poland, the Union of Soviet Socialist Republics, the United Kingdom, and the United States, was charged by the General Assembly to urge member governments of UNRRA who have not yet made their second contribution to do so with the least possible delay and to urge members of the United Nations who have not yet joined UNRRA to do so. 35 Chapter 6 STATISTICAL DATA United States Contribution The United States contribution is the largest contribution to UNRRA funds, although it is matched by proportionate contributions of 31 other nations. Congress has authorized $2,700,000,000 for our participation in the work of UNRRA and has already appropriated and made available to UNRRA $2,100,000,000. This $2,100,000,000 equaled 70 percent of the total world funds which had been made available to UNRRA as of March 31, 1946. The $600,000,000 remaining unappropriated equals 86 percent of the world funds authorized but not appropriated. UNRRA is using more than 90 percent of the United States contribution in the United States for the purchase of our supplies and services. Less than 10 percent has been given to UNRRA in a dollar fund that can be expended abroad. By March 31, 1946, UNRRA had shipped 8,251,736 gross long tons of relief supplies to all recipient countries of which the United States contributed 5,917,785 tons, or 71.7 percent. These shipments were valued at $1,140,419,000, of which the United States share was valued at $750,563,000, or 65.8 percent. ( See table A-5. ) As of March 31, 1946 UNRRA had budgeted $1,893,000,000 for purchase of our supplies. Food had been allocated $910,000,000; clothing, textiles, and footwear, $291,000,000; agricultural-rehabilitation supplies, such as seeds and fertilizers, $200,000,000; industrial-rehabilitation supplies, such as transportation and fuel, $375,000,000; and medical and sanitation supplies $117,000,000. (See appendix A, table A-2.) In planning the purchase of these supplies UNRRA has made every possible use of its opportunities to acquire United States surpluses both abroad and in this country. As of March 31, 1946, UNRRA had committed $449,703,000 to Federal procurement agencies for the purchase of our surpluses. $213,000,000 worth of these surpluses will be acquired from overseas stock; $133,000,000 will be military food rations. To these funds already committed for procurement of surpluses, UNRRA has developed plans to add another $100,000,000 for purchase of surpluses during the next quarter. 36 Commitments by UNRRA for Procurement of U. S. Owned Surpluses Through March 31, 1946 [In thousands of dollars] Commodity division Total Domestic Overseas Total $449, 703 $236, 473 $213, 230 Food 133,100 107, 000 26,100 Clothing 69, 033 59, 033 10, 000 Medical and sanitation supplies . . . 57, 500 35, 000 22, 500 Agricultural-rehabilitation supplies. . 37, 002 7, 702 29, 300 Industrial-rehabilitation supplies . . 153, 068 27, 738 125, 330 By March 31, 1946 UNRRA had committed all of its available United States funds except $97,000,000. However, this high rate of commitment unfortunately was not reflected in shipments. The total value of shipments of United States supplies as of that date was estimated at $751,000,000. Of this, food accounted for $423,000,000; clothing, textiles, and footwear, $151,000,000; agricultural-rehabilitation supplies, $39,000,000; industrialrehabilitation supplies, $108,000,000; and medical and sanitation supplies, $30,000,000. This gap that existed between UNRRA’s commitments on the one hand and its shipments on the other illustrates again the supply crisis and reconversion difficulties already referred to in this report. The increased rate of shipments recently achieved is an encouraging indication that it will be possible to close the gap rapidly in the months ahead. Out of presently available United States funds UNRRA has set aside $180,000,000 to cover its ocean transportation costs. (See appendix A, table A-2.) This reserve is not intended to cover ocean shipping on all of the supplies already planned for procurement from available United States funds. The reserve has been pared down to free as large a portion as possible of available funds for the initiation during this quarter of procurement on.items which will need a long lead cycle and are to be shipped in the late summer and fall. The $180,000,000 is expected to carry UNRRA’s anticipated shipment schedule only a few months beyond the end of this quarter. At that time, in order that UNRRA may continue its shipments without canceling procurement already initiated and so that it may wind up its planned program in a business-like manner, UNRRA will require the appropriation of the remaining $600,000,000 authorized but not yet appropriated at the quarter’s end. In appendix A, tables A—1, A—2, and A-3 show the status of the United States contributions to UNRRA and the use of United States funds which have been made available. As shown in table A-3, $600,000,000 of the United States contribution to UNRRA remains in the category “authorized 37 but not yet paid,” $537,300,000 of it in non-convertible operating funds. Of the $2,100,000,000 which has been paid or made available by the United States, over $2,003,000,000 has been committed, leaving approximately $97,000,000 available for commitment. Table A—4 gives the estimated value at ship side of commodities shipped from the United States through March 31, 1946. In all $750,563,000 in commodities have been shipped from the United States, 65 percent being food shipments valued at $423,174,000, 20 percent being clothing, textiles, and footwear shipments valued at $151,137,000, and 14 percent being $107,781,000 in industrial-rehabilitation supplies and equipment. Over-All UNRRA Operations In appendix B, tables B-4 and B-5 show the status as of March 31, 1946 of contributions received by UNRRA from its member governments. During the quarter UNRRA’s 48 member governments had paid or given preliminary approval to nearly $3,671,000,000 in contributions and had actually made available a little more than $2,973,000,000. A little over $697,000,000 was due or in process. By far the major part of the contributions remaining due was the $600,000,000 authorized but not yet paid by the United States. Through the first quarter of 1946 UNRRA had committed nearly $2,628,000,000, leaving only $346,000,000 available for future commitment. Payment of the contributions authorized but not yet available would increase to $1,043,000,000 the funds UNRRA has available for commitment, and were each member government to make a second contribution equal to its first, another $96,000,000 would be added to UNRRA’s funds over and above the amounts which have been approved thus far. The situation in which only a small proportion of UNRRA’s funds remain available for future commitment at the end of the first quarter may be attributed to two factors—(1) that over $697,000,000 of authorized contributions, upon which fulfilment of UNRRA’s program depends, have not yet been made available; and (2) that total commitments over the last four months were greater than originally planned. Tables B-l and B-2 show estimated shipments to liberated areas from all sources by commodity. While shipments for the first quarter of 1946 did not quite meet expectations because of numerous difficulties in procuring supplies and equipment, particularly food, shipments for that quarter alone (3,820,000 gross long tons) -amounted to 86 percent of all previous UNRRA shipments. The greatest relative increase of the quarter occurred in industrial-rehabilitation shipments, which amounted to approximately 167 percent of all previous shipments. This was primarily due to the striking rise in shipments of fuels and petroleum products during the quarter, which amounted to 435 percent of all previous shipments. The quarterly industrial rehabilitation figure is especially noteworthy because, while earlier 38 shipment figures were based primarily on UNRRA’s taking over military surpluses, shipments for this quarter represent direct procurement by UNRRA. Shipments of food did not rise proportionately during the quarter, amounting to only 60 percent of total food shipments through December 31, 1945. Table B-3, which gives the value of supplies procured from operating funds through March 31, 1946, reflects the decline in the rate of supply procurement which has occurred during the first quarter of 1946. This is true of all supplies in general and of food in particular and may be attributed to the fact that very little remains of United States non-convertible funds. This means that while supplies will continue to become available for shipment for some time to come as a result of previous requisitioning, it will not be possible to continue to requisition supplies much longer. Table B-6 and B-7 contain statistics bearing on displaced-persons operations. During the quarter Germany continued to be the scene of UNRRA’s largest displaced-persons activities. By the end of March 5,763,400 persons had been repatriated, while 837,180 displaced persons were continuing to receive care in displaced-persons centers in Germany. Of this latter group 758,380 were being cared for in UNRRA centers, an increase of 80,970 during the quarter. This increase was due for the most part to the additional centers transferred from the military to UNRRA supervision during the quarter. As of the end of March, 51,420 displaced persons were receiving UNRRA care in Austria, 35,840 persons in Italy, and 2,810 in the Middle East. 39 APPENDIXES Appendix A—UNITED STATES CONTRIBUTION Table A-1 STATUS OF APPROPRIATIONS FOR THE UNITED STATES PARTICIPATION IN THE WORK OF UNRRA AS OF MARCH 31, 1946 Classification UNRRA program budget Allocations a Obligations Expenditures Supplies: Clothing, textiles, and footwear Food Agricultural-rehabilitation supplies Industrial-rehabilitation supplies Medical and sanitation supplies U.S. property located overseas Reserve for accessorial costs Unallotted allocations Total Services: Ocean transportation Relief and rehabilitation Administrative expenses Total $262, 414, 900 753, 527, 900 157, 351,000 209, 672, 000 87, 760, 000 273, 920,100 (b) $251, 889, 080.28 768,165, 989.76 123, 957, 609.70 177, 595, 515.09 53, 834, 483.52 234, 420,100.00 36, 837, 555.57 13, 932, 822.51 $214,092, 333.16 768,165, 989.76 75, 475, 899.31 91,477, 292.54 31,834, 915.72 234, 420,100.00 36, 831,033.78 $93, 975,217.84 170, 442, 218.27 26, 782, 680.86 19,163, 504.92 22, 335, 750.12 100, 802, 096.10 5, 348, 324.51 1, 744, 645, 900 1,660, 633,156.43 1,452, 297, 564.27 438, 849, 792.62 179, 822, 700 1,586, 313 5, 298, 000 158, 000, 000.00 1, 336, 313.00 8, 226, 395.57 111,766, 476.54 1,234, 666.31 3, 899, 367.48 28, 646, 563.65 1, 118, 080.78 3, 501,350.30 186, 707, 013 167, 562, 708.57 116, 900, 510.33 33, 265, 994.73 -u bo Funds transferred to UNRRA: Currency fund to finance purchases outside the U.S Other (administrative expenses, relief and rehabilitation services, etc.) 133, 000, 000 35, 647, 087 c143, 000, 000.00 30, 259, 247.00 c143, 000, 000.00 30,133, 247.00 ° 143, 000, 000.00 29,133, 247.00 Total . . 168,647,087 173, 259,247.00 173,133, 247.00 172,133, 247.00 Grand Total 2,100, 000, 000 2, 001, 455,112.00 1,742, 331,321.60 644, 249, 034.35 Note: The amounts shown as obligations are subject to possible adjustments upon the receipt of documents and reports not now available. a This column comprises allocations made to U.S. procuring and servicing agêncîes'and also funds reservêd forTater allocation. b Accessorial costs have been distributed to the supply programs in the UNRRA budget. « Includes $10,000,000 in process of return to Department of State. w Table A-2 PROGRAMMED USE OF THE $2,100,000,000 MADE AVAILABLE TO UNRRA BY THE UNITED STATES AS OF MARCH 31, 1946 Program and type of commodity Estimated cost Total Available Funds..................... . Supply programs—Total.................. . . . Food—Total.............................. $2,100, 000, 000 1, 892, 843, 900 909, 543, 900 Grains, cereals and preparations. Animal feeds................................ Meats and meat products....... Fish and products.............. Eggs and dairy products........ Vegetables, fruits, nuts and preparations . . Sugar and related products..... Soap oils, fats, waxes......... U.S. Army rations ............. Estimated U.S. supplies acquired in the Balkan area........................................ Other...................................... Clothing, textiles, and footwear—Total.......... Contributed clothing.......... Finished garments.............. Footwear.................................... Textiles and yarn............... Basic leather materials, shoe stock and hides.. Unmanufactured cotton fibers..... Unmanufactured wool fibers....... Estimated U.S. supplies acquired in Balkan, area........................................ Other........................................... Agricultural-rehabilitation supplies—Total ...... Seeds and plants........................... Fertilizers................................. Pesticides and agricultural chemicals . . . . Livestock................................... . Agricultural machinery............ Estimated U.S. supplies acquired in Balkan area................................. Other........................................... 223, 392, 900 9,192, 000 142,176, 000 14, 219, 000 208, 848, 000 61, 761, 000 22, 873, 000 44, 559, 000 100, 000, 000 32, 000, 000 50, 523, 000 291, 000, 000 17, 388, 000 32, 481, 000 22, 336, 000 52, 677, 000 10, 822, 000 98, 220, 000 22, 869, 000 10, 000, 000 24, 207, 000 200, 000, 000 29, 210, 000 6, 422, 000 1, 869, 000 31, 568, 000 84, 319, 000 4, 000, 000 42, 612, 000 44 Table' A-2—Continued PROGRAMMED USE OF THE 52,100,000,000 MADE AVAILABLE TO UNRRA BY THE UNITED STATES AS OF MARCH 31, 1946— Continued Program and type of commodity Industrial-rehabilitation supplies—Total............ Industrial machinery and equipment .... Motor vehicles................................. Other communications and transportation equipment ..................................... Hand tools...................................... Fuel, lubricants, petroleum and products . . Chemicals . ... ,.............................. Metals and basic metal products................ Estimated U.S. supplies acquired in Balkan area........................................ Other.......................................... Medical and sanitation supplies—Total ...... Unclassified . . ................................... Ocean transportation..................................... . . UNRRA administrative expenses ........... Mission operating expenses and displaced-persons operations . Estimated cost $375, 000, 000 102, 714, 000 73, 828, 000 58, 700, 000 2, 726, 000 72, 243, 000 5, 337, 000 17,511, 000 12, 000, 000 29, 941, 000 117, 000, 000 300, 000 179, 822, 700 9, 500, 000 17, 833, 400 45 Table A-3 STATUS OF UNITED STATES CONTRIBUTIONS TO UNRRA AS OF MARCH 31, 1946 Item Total Operating Administrative . .Total Non-convertible Convertible Contributions appropriated or in process—Total Less: In process Funds paid or available Less: Funds committed . . . ... Balance available for commitment . $2, 700, 000, 000 600, 000, 000 $2,687, 800, 000' '597, 300, 000 $2, 486, 800, 000 537, 300, 000 $201, 000, 000 60, 000, 000 $12, 200, 000 2, 700, 000 2,100, 000, 000 2, 003, 062, 700 2,090, 500, 000 1, 996, 062, 700 1, 949, 500, 000 1, 896, 062, 700 141, 000, 000 • 100, 000, 000 9, 500, 000 a7, 000, 000 96, 937, 300 94,437,300 53, 437, 300 41, 000, 000 2, 500, 000 “ Estimated from the viewpoint of UNRRA. Actually, however, commitments of these funds cannot be identified since operating allotments ($143,403,677) are made from the commingled pool of convertible operating funds ($234,675,933), and administrative expenditures ($17,346,594) are made from the commingled pool of administrative funds ($21,883,084). From the viewpoint of the U.S. Department of State, on the other hand, comparable commitments consist of any funds actually transferred to UNRRA, U.S. Public Health Service, U.S. Office of Defense Supplies, etc. Table A-4 ESTIMATED VALUE OF SUPPLIES SHIPPED FROM THE UNITED STATES, BY COMMODITY, CUMULATIVE THROUGH MARCH 31, 1946 [Subject to revision] Type of commodity F.A.S. Value a (In thousands of dollars) Total ; . . . . _ . $750, 563’ Food—Total 423, 174 Grains, cereals and preparations 122, 433 Animal feeds ............ 10, 480 Meats and meat products . . . . . 18, 984 Fish and products . 10, 885 Eggs and dairy products 82, 824 Vegetables, fruits, nuts and preparations 24, 996 Sugar and related products 4,353 Soap oils, fats, waxes 21,754 U.S. Army food ..'.... 77, 477 Estimated supplies bought from the military overseas. 47, 419 Other . . . 1, 569 Clothing’, textiles, and footwear—Total 151,137 Contributed clothing 13, 995 Finished garments and footwear 38,179 Textiles and yarn . . . . ' 18, 209 Basic leather materials, shoe stock and hides .... 2, 573 Unmanufactured cotton fibers 54, 210 Unmanufactured wool fibers. . 7, 843 Estimated supplies bought from the military .... 15, 753 Other 375 Agricultural rehabilitation supplies—Total 38, 759 Seeds and plants 4,601 Fertilizers \ . . . 1, 589 Pesticides and agricultural chemicals ....... 1,398 Livestock * 6, 199 Agricultural machinery 11,245 Estimated supplies bought from the military .... 8,168 Other 5, 559 47 Table A-4—Continued ESTIMATED VALUE OF SUPPLIES SHIPPED FROM THE UNITED STATES, BY COMMODITY, CUMULATIVE THROUGH MARCH 31, 1946—Continued [Subject to revision] Type of commodity F.A.S. Value® (In thousands of dollars) Industrial rehabilitation supplies—Total 107, 781 Industrial machinery and equipment 862 Motor vehicles 3, 528 Other communication and transportation equip- ment 5,163 Hand tools . 997 Fuel, lubricants, petroleum and products 22, 486 Chemicals 337 Metals and basic metal products ' 4,754 Estimated supplies bought from the military .... 67, 427 Other 2, 227 Medical and sanitation supplies ............ 29, 712 • Value of freightat ship side. 48 Table A-5 ESTIMATED SHIPMENTS TO LIBERATED AREAS FROM ALL SOURCES AND FROM THE UNITED STATES, BY COMMODITY, CUMULATIVE THROUGH MARCH 31, 1946a [In gross long tons] Type of commodity All sources United States Tons Percent of all sources Total . * 8, 251, 736 5, 917, 785 71.7 Foo&—Total . 4, 506, 404 3, 343, 521 74.2 Grains, cereals, and preparations . 2, 402, 704 1, 786, 298 74.3 Animal feeds . . 120, 876 110, 727 91.6 Meat and meat products .... 112, 686 50,107 44. 5 Fish and products . 129, 496 51, 783 40.0 Eggs and dairy products 272, 612 266, 040 97.6 Vegetables, fruits, nuts, and pre- parations. .....' 167, 942 143, 332 85.3 Sugar and related products . . . . 64, 696 31,613 48.9 Soap oils, fats, waxes 166, 088 81, 772 49.2 U. S. Army food^ 432, 969 432, 969 100.0 Estimated supplies bought from the military overseas . 598, 289 384, 765 64.3 Other 38, 046 4,115 10.8 Clothing, textiles, andfootwear—Total . . 295, 952 200, 755 67. 8 Contributed clothing 42, 369 34, 356 81.1 Finished garments and footwear . 28, 641 15, 246 53.2 Textiles and yarn 19, 468 8, 975 46.1 Basic leather materials, shoe stock and hides 8, 885 4, 093 46.1 Unmanufactured cotton fibers . . 115, 892 110, 633 95.5 Unmanufactured wool fibers . . . 52, 611 8, 000 15.2 Estimated supplies bought from the military 26, 288 19, 393 73.8 Other 1,798 59 3.3 •Basis of vessels that cleared from their ports of loading. 49 Table A-5—Continued ESTIMATED SHIPMENTS TO LIBERATED AREAS FROM ALL SOURCES AND FROM THE UNITED STATES, BY COMMODITY, CUMULATIVE THROUGH MARCH 31, 1946—Continued [In gross long tons] Type of commodity All sources United States Tons Percent of all sources Agricultural-rehabilitation supplies—Total. 609, 488 290, 057 47. 6 Seeds and plants 80, 360 37, 029 46. 1 Fertilizers 245, 260 91, 590 37. 3 Pesticides and agricultural chemi- cals 28, 365 1.3,432 47.4 Livestock . 14, 840 13, 292 89.6 Agricultural machinery 52, 561 27, 178 51.7 Estimated supplies bought from the military ......... 123, 352 83, 548 67.7 Other ,. . . 64, 750 23, 988 37.0 Industrial-rehabilitation supplies—Total . 2, 748, 520 1, 995, 273 72. 6- Industrial machinery and equip- * ment 5, 261 1,735 33.0 Motor vehicles 90, 278 10,137 11.2 Other communication and. trans- portation equipment 30, 470 29, 622 97.2 Hand tools 1,669 1,156 69. 3 Fuel, lubricants, petroleum and products 1, 819, 234 1, 406,107 77. 3- Chemicals 18, 251 3, 294 18. 0 Metals and basic metal products . 85, 679 40, 616 47.4 Estimated supplies bought from the military 637, 533 450, 661 70.7 Other 60, 145 51, 945 86.4 Medical and sanitation supplies 91, 372 88, 179 96. 5 50 Appendix B—OVER-ALL UNRRA OPERATIONS Table B-1 ESTIMATED SHIPMENTS TO LIBERATED AREAS FROM ALL SOURCES BY COUNTRY OF DESTINATION CUMULATIVE AND FIRST QUARTER 1946 [In gross long tons] “ Country of destination Cumulative through December 31, 1945 First Quarter 1946 Cumulative through March 31, 1946 January February March Total Tonnage shipped—Total 4, 431, 734 809, 027 1, 357, 967 1, 653, 008 3, 820, 002 8, 251, 736 Albania 82,134 3, 336 6, 954 2, 511 12, 801 94, 935 Austria 446 10, 683 15, 380 26, 509 26, 509 Byelorussian S.S.R 22, 226 14,T93 13, 245 li, 181 38, 619 60, 845 China 196, 500 122, 797 130, 512 207, 216 460, 525 657, 025 Czechoslovakia 407, 736 66, 511 102, 546 101, 255 270, 312 678, 048 Dodecanese Islands 1, 588 3, 712 2, 109 5, 821 7, 409 Finland . ... i 514 ' 679 L 193 1,193 Greece 2, ¿54, 141 . 187,232 117, 321 98, 389 402, 942 2, 457, 083 Hungary 4 4 4 Italy 134, ¿17 71, 402 W, ¿¿6 892, 007 1,673, 815 1, 807, 832 Philippines 9, 203 422 18 500 940 10,143 Poland . . . , 344, 545 120, 803 91,166 181, 509 393, 478 738, 023 * Ukrainian S.S.R. . . . . . . 44,136 37, 786 31, 295 28, 996 98, 077 142, 213 Yugoslavia 1, 124, 244 181, 740 139, 508 109, 478 430, 726 1, 554, 970 Other ~ . 11,264 2, 359 87 1,794 4,240 15, 504 “The value of total shipments by Mar. 31, 1946 was $1,140,417,300. ui —X Table B-2 ESTIMATED SHIPMENTS TO LIBERATED AREAS FROM ALL SOURCES, BY COMMODITY, CUMULATIVE THROUGH MARCH 31, 1946a [In gross long tons] Type of commodity Cumulative through December 1945 First quarter 1946 Cumulative through March 1946 Total 4, 431, 734 3, 820, 002 8, 251, 736 Food—Total 2, 811,787 1, 694, 617 4, 506, 404 Grains, cereals, and preparations 1, 434, 068 968, 636 2, 402, 704 Animal feeds 55, 375 65, 501 120, 876 Meats and meat products . . L 39,191 73, 495 112, 686 Fish and products 77, 803 51, 693 129, 496 Eggs and dairy products .... 120, 833 151,779 272, 612 Vegetables, fruits, nuts, and preparations . . 139, 713 28, 229 167, 942 Sugar and related products . . 56, 563 8,133 64, 696 Soap oils, fats, waxes ..... 139, 384 26, 704 166, 088 U. S. Army food . 162, 358" 270,611 432, 969 Estimated supplies bought from the military overseas 565, 350 32, 939 598, 289 Other 21,149 16, 897 38, 046 Clothing, textiles, andfootwear—Tot al . 187, 661 108, 291 295, 952 Contributed clothing 32,166 10, 203 42, 369 Finished garments and footwear. 21, 456 7,185 28, 641 Textiles and yarn 11,347 8,121 19, 468 Basic leather materials, shoe stock and hides 5, 457 3, 428 8, 885 Unmanufactured cotton fibers. . 69,163 46, 729 115, 892 Unmanufactured wool fibers . . • 30, 791 21, 820 52, 611 Estimated supplies bought from the military 16, 286 10, 002 26, 288 Other 995 803 1,798 • Based on vessels that cleared from their ports of loading. 52 Table B-2—Continued ESTIMATED SHIPMENTS TO LIBERATED AREAS FROM ALL SOUREGES, BY COMMODITY, CUMULATIVE THROUGH MARCH 31, 1946 a [In gross long tons] Type of commodity Cumulative through December 1945 First quarter 1946 Cumulative through March 1945 Agricultural rehabilitation sup plie s— Total 380, 578 228, 910 609, 488 Seeds and plants 36,107 44, 253 80, 360 Fertilizers 163, 999 81, 261 245, 260 Pesticides and agricultural chemicals 13, 551 14, 814 28, 365 Livestock 6, 893 7, 947 14, 840 Agricultural machinery .... 39, 653 12, 908 52, 561 Estimated supplies bought from the military 88, 321 35, 031 123, 352 Other 32, 054 32, 696 64, 750 Industrial rehabilitation supplies— Total 1,030, 625 1, 717, 895 2, 748, 520 Industrial machinery and equipment 2, 748 2, 513 5, 261 Motor vehicles 63, 663 26, 615 90,278 Other communication and transportation equipment 14, 950 15, 520 30, 470 Hand tools 1,282 387 ’ 1,669 Fuel, lubricants, petroleum and products 339, 665 1, 479, 569 1, 819, 234 Chemicals 12, 312 5, 939 18,251 Metals and basic metal products. 34, 883 50, 796 85, 679 Estimated supplies bought from the military 512, 815 124, 718 637, 533 Other ' 48, 307 11,838 60,145 Medical and sanitation 21,083 70, 289 91, 372 53 Table B-3 SUPPLIES (INCLUDING SUPPLIES UNDER PROCUREMENT) PURCHASED FROM ALL COUNTRIES WITH OPERATING FUNDS CUMULATIVE THROUGH MARCH 31, 1946 [In thousands of U.S. dollar equivalents] Country where purchased Total Commodity program (F.A.S, basis) Ocean transportation Food Clothing, textiles, and footwear Agricultural rehabilitation Industrial rehabili-tation Medical and sanitation Undistributed Total ...... ^2, 567, 593 $1, 016, 706 $430, 897 $224, 922 $494, 919 $122, 990 $7, 319" $269, 840 Argentina 2, 346 0 1, 803 543 0 0 0 0 Australia . . . 38, 869 9, 357 16, 560 6, 631 5,196 1,125 0 0 Brazil 26,174 10, 773 14, 180 700 280 241 0 0 Canada 181, 613 109, 905 11,380 ,9, 095 45, 525 2,105 0 3, 603 Chile 4,125 2, 664 0 1,461 0 0 0 0 Cuba 2, 000 2, 000 0 0 0 0 0 0 Dominican Republic . . . 1,171 1,137 0 34 0 0 0 0 Dutch Guiana 182 182 0 0 0 0 0 0 French North Africa . . . 1,814 0 0 1,814 0 0 0 0 Greenland 471 471 0 0 0 0 0 0 Guatemala . . . . . . . 16 0 0 0 16 0 0 0 Haiti 43 20 0 23 0 0 0 0 Iceland. . . 2, 235 2, 235 0 0 0 0 0 0 U7 India 21, 287 7, 844 3, 600 9, 569 60 214 0 0 Mexico 2,122 963 141 652 61 305 0 0 New Zealand 8, 401 1,420 4, 500 1, 631 819 31 0 0 Newfoundland 10, 433 10, 433 0 0 0 0 0 0 Nicaragua 383 383 0 0 0 0 0 0 Palestine 50 0 0 50 0 0 0 0 Paraguay _. 1,000 0 1,000 0 0 0 0 0 Peru. 1,918 1,918 0 0 0 0 0 0 Philippines 1,690 1,665 0 0 0 0 25 0 Turkey . . . ' 193 0 0 193 0 0 0 0 Union of South Africa . . 5, 984 1,008 572 923 3, 401 80 0 0 U.S.S.R 824 0 0 824 0 0 0 0 United Kingdom .... 359, 930 38, 433 92, 272 23, 213 93, 307 12, 565 7, 053 93, 087 United States 1, 885, 938 812, 827 280, 656 167, 566 345,174 106, 324 241 173,150 Uruguay 794 375 419 0 0 0 0 0 Venezuela 356 356 0 0 0 0 0 0 Czechoslovakia 210 210 0 0 0 0 0 0 Poland 1,050 0 0 0 1,050 0 0 0 Yugoslavia 30 0 0 0 30 0 0 0 Not specified by country . . . 3, 941 127 3, 814 0 0 0 0 0 South America 1,200 0 1,200 0 0 0 0 0 Other 2, 741 127 2, 614 0 0 0 0 0 UI UI Table B-4 OPERATING AND ADMINISTRATIVE CONTRIBUTIONS OF MEMBER GOVERNMENTS APPROPRIATED OR HAVING PRELIMINARY APPROVAL, BY COUNTRY, AS OF MARCH 31, 1946 [In U.Si dollar equivalents] Country Total Paid or available In process or due in 1946 Amount Percent Amount Percent Contributions—Total . $3, 670, 799, 021 $2, 973, 638, 423 81.30 $697,160, 598 19.0 Contributions of non-invaded countries (operating and administrative)—Total 3, 656, 465,110 2, 967, 328, 423 81.2 689,136, 687 18.8 Australia a 76, 800, 000 38, 400, 000 50.0 38, 400, 000 50.0 Bolivia . ... . b 108, 238 31, 746 29.3 76, 492 70.7 Brazil : b 30,195, 000 20, 000, 000 66.2 10,195, 000 33.8 Canada ...... a 138, 738, 738 138, 738, 738 1100. 0 0 0.0 Chile b 2,179, 312 0 0.0 2,179,312 100.0 Colombia b 2, 427, 312 1, 219, 907 50.3 1, 207, 405 49.7 Costa Rica. b 406, 500 97, 718 24.0 308, 782 76.0 Cuba . b 6, 061, 000 1, 235, 000 20.4 4, 826, 000 79.6 Dominican Republic a 1,400, 000 1, 400, 000 100.0 0 0.0 Ecuador . b 156, 500 0 0.0 156, 500 100.0 Egypt . . • b 4, 346, 833 70, 000 1.6 4, 276, 833 98.4 El Salvador ' b 135,250 8,750 6.5 126, 500 93.5 cn O' Guatemala Haiti Honduras b ° 15, 250 b 55, 250 b 115, 000 8, 750 48, 750 58, 750 (c) 88.2 51.1 6, 500 6, 500 56, 250 (c) 11.8 48.9 Iceland a b 1, 409,306 1, 402, 806 99.5 6, 500 0.5 India b 24, 562, 072 24, 042, 072 97.9 520, 000 2.1 Iran b 338,100 0 0.0 338,100 100.0 Iraq. . . . b 231, 250 17, 500 7.6 213, 750 92.4 Liberia . b 20, 250 18, 750 92.6 1, 500 7.4 Mexico b 3, 692, 500 1,148, 000 31.1 2, 544, 500 68.9 New Zealand a 16, 952, 000 8, 476, 000 50.0 8, 476, 000 50.0 Nicaragua b 135, 250 128, 750 95.2 6, 500 4.8 Panama b 415, 250 142, 083 34.2 273,167 65.8 Paraguay b 44, 949 18, 649 41.5 26, 300 58.5 Peru b 1, 032, 500 646, 538 62.6 385, 962 37.4 Turkey .......... i ... . (d) Union of South Africa b 18, 265, 000 4,130, 000 22.6 14,135, 000 77.4 United Kingdom a 624, 650, 000 624, 650, 000 100.0 0 0.0 United States a 2, 700, 000, 000 2,100, 000, 000 77.8 600, 000, 000 22.2 Uruguay b 546, 000 505, 000 92.5 41, 000 7.5 Venezuela b 1, 030, 500 684,166 66.4 346, 334 33.6 Contributions of invaded countries—Total®. . . 14, 333, 911 6, 310, 000 44.0 8, 023,911 56.0 Belgium , ■ 305, 000 175, 000 57.4 130,000 42.6 , Byelorussian S.S.R 65, 000 0 0.0 65, 000 100.0 China 1, 525, 000 875, 000 57.4 650, 000 42.6 Czechoslovakia 1 515, 000 1 385, 000 74.8 130, 000 25.2 Denmark *5,293,161 18, 750 0.4 * 5, 274,411 99.6 See footnotes at end of table. UI Table B-4—Continued OPERATING AND ADMINISTRATIVE CONTRIBUTIONS OF MEMBER GOVERNMENTS APPROPRIATED OR HAVING PRELIMINARY APPROVAL, BY COUNTRY, AS OF MARCH 31, 1946—Continued [In U.S. dollar equivalents] Country Total Paid or available In process or due in 1946 Amount Percent Amount Percent Ethiopia $15, 250 $8, 750 57.4 $6, 500 42.6 France 8 1, 300, 000 g 1, 300, 000 100.0 0 0.0 Greece 152, 500 87, 500 57.4 65, 000 42.6 Luxembourg 15, 250 8, 750 57.4 6, 500 42.6 Netherlands 457, 500 262, 500 57.4 195, 000 42.6 Norway 91, 500 52, 500 57.4 39, 000 42.6 Philippines 15, 250 8, 750 57.4 6, 500 42.6 Poland * 1, 355, 000 ‘ 1, 225, 000 90.4 130,000 9.6 Ukrainian S.S.R 195, 000 0 0.0 195, 000 100.0 U.S.S.R 2, 790, 000 1, 750, 000 62.7 1, 040, 000 37.3 Yugoslavia f 243, 500 1 152, 500 62.6 91, 000 37.4 a Includes both first and second contributions. b5 Council’s administrative allocation for 1946 included, pending Government’s legislative action. ° No operating contribution authorized as of March 31, 1946. ^’Amount of contribution not determined as of March 31, 1946. 8 Excludes’payments in^local currencies to defray local expenses of UNRRA missions, f Includesvalue of contributed 'supplies. « Includes advance’payment of $80,000, or CO Table B-5 STATUS OF UNRRA CONTRIBUTIONS FROM ALL MEMBER GOVERNMENTS AUTHORIZED OR IN PROCESS AS OF MARCH 31, 1946 (SUMMARY) [In U.S. dollar equivalents] Item Total Operating Administrative Total Non-Convertible Convertible Cdhtributions—Total Less: In process or due in 1946 . . Funds paid or available Less: Funds committed . . . . . Balance available for commitment . $3, 670, 799, 021 697, 160, 598 $3, 641, 660, 271 689, 904, 932 $3, 341, 980, 932 624, 901, 526 $299, 679, 339 65, 003, 406 $29,138, 750 7, 255, 666 2, 973, 638, 423 2, 627, 725, 727 2, 951, 755, 339 2, 610, 379,133 2, 717, 079, 406 2, 466, 975, 456 234, 675, 933 143, 403, 677 21, 883, 084 . 17,346,594 345, 912, 696 *341, 376, 206 250, 103, 950 91, 272, 256 4, 536, 490 CH o Table B-6 DISPLACED PERSONS REPATRIATED AND REMAINING IN GERMANY, BY NATIONALITY AND ZONE, AS OF MARCH 31, 1946 Nationality • Persons repatriated Residing in assembly centers All centers a UNRRA centers Total Change from December 31 Total as of March 31 Change from December 31 Total as of March 31 Change from December 31 Total . 5, 763, 400 95, 400 837, 180 — 1,120 758, 380 +80, 970 Belgian and Luxembourgeois . . 308, 600 1, 600 740 + 40 500 +210 Czechoslovak 137,000 1,000 2, 540 -560 2, 340 + 90 Danish 5, 000 0 90 -10 90 0 Dutch 305, 700 700 2, 200 —300 1,740 +760 Estonian 0 0 32, 090 +8, 090 31, 350 +8, 700 French 1, 562, 400 400 920 + 120 620 + 170 Greek 14, 000 0 1,010 +610 970 +710 Italian 590, 200 200 720 —380 560 — 150 Latvian 1,000 0 80, 310 + 10, 710 80, 040 + 14, 820 Lithuanian . 0 0 52, 440 + 3, 540 50, 850 + 6, 620 o o Norwegian 6, 000 0 70 — 30 70 -20 Polish 456, 800 57, 800 514, 320 —30, 480 469, 070 +41, 670 U.S.S.R 2, 038, 500 1, 500 6, 080 — 16, 620 5, 380 -15, 510 Yugoslav . . . 204, 400 400 20, 270 — 1, 630 13, 680 —4, 350 Ex-enemy 99,100 24,100 b26, 720 — 10, 280 9, 680 + 9, 680 Other and unclassified ..... 34, 700 7, 700 96, 660 +36, 060 91, 440 + 17, 570 • Includes all persons in assembly centers administered by UNRRA, voluntary agencies, and the military, but excludes displaced persons residing outside assembly centers. b Includes, but is not limited to, persons persecuted because of race, religion, or activities in favor of the United Nations. 2 Table B"B 7 DISPLACED PERSONS RECEIVING UNRRA CARE IN AUSTRIA, ITALY, AND MIDDLE EAST, BY NATIONALITY, AS OF MARCH 31, 1946 Nationality Number of displaced persons receiving UNRRA care Austria Italy a Middle East Total 51, 420 35, 840 2,810 Czechoslovak 420 1,310 330 Estonian 330 Greek 140 1,160 1, 540 Italian 60 Latvian 1,010 840 Lithuanian 270 Polish 13, 530 170 10, 480 470 U.S.S.R Western European . . . 990 330 Yugoslav 14, 670 8, 300 910 Ex-enemy 460 3, 980 20 Other and unclassified. . 18, 800 9, 540 10 •March 16, 1946. o 62