[The Defense Coordinator in Industrial Plants. Part I, the Protection of American Industry]
[From the U.S. Government Publishing Office, www.gpo.gov]

OCD Publication 3100
Parti
THE DEFENSE COORDINATOR IN INDUSTRIAL PLANTS
THE PROTECTION OF AMERICAN INDUSTRY
March 1944
U. S. OFFICE OF CIVILIAN DEFENSE Washington 25, D. C.
FOREWORD
Seven months prior to the Japanese attack on Pearl Harbor, President Roosevelt, in Executive Order 8757, recognized the need for mobilizing the home front in the defense of the Nation by creating the Office of Civilian Defense. By this order and its amendment (Executive Order 9134) issued on April 15, 1942, the Office of Civilian Defense undertook, through Federal agencies, State and local defense councils to plan and carry out programs to afford adequate protection of life and property against war hazards.
The subject of plant protection has been one of the principal interests of the Office from the beginning. An initial release on the subject was published prior to the war in August of 1941. This was followed in October of 1948 by a planning guide entitled, “Passive Protection for Industrial Plants.” The present series of 13-brief references is addressed to The Defense Coordinator in Industrial Plants and incorporates much of the experience gained by the Allies as a result of the war.
While the primary responsibility for Plant Protection rests upon management, the Office of Civilian Defense and other agencies of government are vitally concerned. Toward this end, the training program of Plant Protection has been organized at three main levels. (1) The training of the Coordinator is the responsibility - of the State with the help and advice of the Regional offices. (2) The training of the technical Chiefs of Services in plants is also the responsibility of the State assisted by local Fire, Medical, Engineering, and other specialists. (3) The training of volunteers is the responsibility of the Coordinator and his staff working in conjunction with the local Citizens Defense Corps.
As military strategy necessitates changing emphasis’ in production and protective measures, revised plans for protective organization and training techniques will be prepared. The strategy of protection of essential facilities at home must at all times keep pace with the changing military and civilian needs.
The technological nature of this war makes it essential for everyone concerned with industry to do everything he can to protect the means of production. Toward this end the present and subsequent parts of OCD Publication 3100 are addressed. The series has been prepared by the Training Section in cooperation with the Plant Protection Section and with the assistance of the other technical sections of the United States Office of Civilian Defense.
U. S. Grant, 3d,
Major General, U. S. Army,
Chief, Protection Branch.
20 December 1943.
NOTE; This manual is issued as a unit of the OCD Publication 3100 series. When assembled in a ring binder, the series is designed to serve as a guide for the Plant Defense Coordinator. Each unit of the series concludes with one or more selected references pertaining to the subject in question. Many of these titles have been selected from OCD and other governmental publications that may be obtained free or at snjall cost and inserted at the end of the unit to which they apply. The complete series, together with these references, will supply the Plant Defense Coordinator with assistanee in organizing and administering the protection program for his plant.
AMERICAN INDUSTRY PROTECTS PRODUCTION
THE SYMBOL OF
SUPERIOR
PROTECTION
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- Contents of Series Number 3100
THE DEFENSE COORDINATOR IN INDUSTRIAL PLANTS
Frontispiece: American Industry Protects Production
Foreword by Major General U. S. Grant, 3d
The Protection of American Industry
(Part I)
The Problem ©f Plant Protection
Policies in the Series for the Coordinator
The National Security Award
An Annotated Bibliography of General Interest
The Responsibilities of the Coordinator
(Part II)
Develop a Plan of Organization
Establish Liaison with Civil Authorities Train Staff and Other Personnel Administer the Program
Sabotage and Preventive Measures (Part
III)
The Nature of Espionage and Sabotage
Protective and Preventive Measures Against Sabotage
The Guard Force: Its Duties and Responsibilities
Nature and Effects of Overt Action Against Industry (Part IV)
Physical Protection Measures Employed by Industry (Part V)
Protective Lighting
Camouflage
Protective Construction
The Emergency Services in Plant Protection
The Industrial Fire Service (Part VI-A)
The Industrial Warden Service (Part
VI-B)
The Industrial Police Service (Part VI-C)
Emergency Medical Service in Industrial Plants (3061)
The Emergency Control System (Part VII)
The Plant Control Room
The Communications System
Problems of Organization and Administra-
tion (Part VIII)
Initial Policies
Protection Organization
The Program of Mutual Assistance
The Program of Training
Information and Publicity Control
Phases of Organization
The Prevention of Panic (Part IX)
The Resources of Plant Protection (Part X)
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THE PROTECTION OF AMERICAN INDUSTRY
The industrial front of America is a major part of our war offensive in a real and critical sense, because the success of our armed forces and, to a considerable extent of our Allies, depends upon their receiving the products of our enterprise.
The basic purpose of plant protection is to conserve manpower and property and to avoid interruption or delay in production. Maximum production and adequate protection are directly related. The extent of the protection program depends on the relative importance of the facility to the war effort, naturally on its exposure to enemy and other hazards, and on the availability of substitute resources. The method of the protection program involves owner-operator initiative, employee participation, and active liaison with all pertinent programs for civilian defense, including those of a military as well as a civilian nature.
Before the war, Plant Protection frequently involved isolated problems, as, for example, a guard force, fire prevention, or a safety program. The war, however, has established the need for a coordinated plan for anticipating any emergency. Such a plan is of general concern, and requires the use of employees having other primary duties in an organization, to carry out the necessary services of protection.
THE PROBLEM OF PLANT PROTECTION
The experiences of the war have defined this problem as follows: (1) minimizing the effects of air raids, (2) countering the work of subversive elements such as espionage and sabotage, (3) reducing the needless and costly losses of fire, (4) adopting and enforcing measures* to prevent the increased number of accidents, (5) being ready to meet the exigencies of natural disasters, and (6) because any plant is also part of a larger community, establishing lines of communication with the larger community and developing means of mutual assistance between the plant and the
larger community that will minimize the losses resulting from enemy action and other causes. Each of these is now introduced in turn:
The Apparent Bombing Strategy of This War.—Beyond the aerial and artillery bombing used for softening up and invading an enemy, this technological and three-dimensional type of warfare has established a new kind of destructive effort that is a major concern of Civilian Defense. This is the destruction of a nation’s industrial facilities and is well illustrated by “The Battle of Britain” film produced by the Army Special Services in their orientation series entitled “Why We Fight.” The means as well as the results of production are involved and such a tactic may well prove ultimately to have been the most important one employed by the belligerents. This fact should be a sober reminder of the practical significance of and need for the Plant Protection program.
Winston Churchill in an address before the Congress of the United States on May 19, 1943, has most eloquently referred to such strategy on the part of the Allies as follows:
It is our settled policy, the settled policy of our two staffs and war-making authorities, to make it impossible for Germany to carry on any form of war industry on a large or concentrated scale, either in Germany, in Italy or in the enemy-occupied countries. Wherever these centers exist or are developed, they will be destroyed and the munitions populations will be dispersed. If they don’t like what’s coming to them, let them disperse beforehand on their own. And this process will continue ceaselessly with ever increasing weight and intensity * * *
The Specter of Sabotage.—War brings with it the dangers of sabotage.. It is of little relative importance whether such acts are directed by the enemy or not. Their effect upon industry is the cause, regardless of the course. On November 19, 1943, John Edgar Hoover, Director of the Federal Bureau of Investigation advised the Office of Civilian Defense,
* * * that from January 1, 1940, to September 30, 1943, investigations were conducted concerning 12,132 cases of suspected sabotage. Of this number 1,198 were
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determined upon investigation to involve acts of deliberate damage * * *
Further evidence that the specter of sabotage exists, lies in the fact that since Pearl Harbor and up to June 30, 1943, the Bureau arrested 5,685 Germans, 5,234 Japanese, 3,490 Italians, and 23 persons of other nationalities. The remarkable success of American industry to produce on schedule during the trying months of this war may be attributed in no small part to its eternal vigilance. There is no good reason why this policy can be relaxed so long as a state of war and instability exists«
Fire Losses are Increasing in Industry.— Losses from fire for the first half of 1943 averaged more than $1,000,000 a day, 12 percent greater than the corresponding period in 1942, and 16 percent above 1941. In terms of dollars, this is an increase of more than 25 percent over a similar period in the last war but fortunately an actual decrease in terms of the resources destroyed. President Roosevelt in a proclamation on August 30, in behalf of Fire Prevention Week in October of 1943, said:
This Nation’s war program is menaced by an alarming increase in preventable fire losses. Since Pearl Harbor the destruction caused by fire in the United States has been comparable to the damage caused by all enemy bombing over England during the first 2 years of the war. The loss to this Nation is just as real as if the destruction had been wrought by enemy bombers over America, or by saboteurs.
These preventable fires are being measured in thousands of workers killed and disabled: vast destruction of critical raw materials, food, and other vital supplies for our armed forces and civilian population; the ruin of war plants, factories, homes, and machinery—in many cases for the duration of the war. Fires are bringing costly delays in the production and transportation of airplanes, ships, tanks, and guns—delays that mean a postponement of victory and the lives of many of our men on the fighting fronts * * *
The majority of fires in industry, according to the National Fire Protection Association, can be traced to four general causes: (1) open flames, or high temperatures produced by them, such as: stoves, furnaces, ovens, lamps, candles, gas jets, matches, smoking, heated pipes and surfaces, driers; (2) friction such as hot bearings, rubbing belts, grinding, picking, polishing, cutting, sawing, drilling; (3) electricity such as: electric sparks, arcs, heated resistances; and (4) chemical reactions such as: use of reagents, acids, oxidizing agents. •
The Fire Department or fire prevention bureaus, fire protection engineers and insurance companies should be consulted about improvements which might be made in manufacturing •or other business operations, processes, or precautions to assure the reduction of this most costly hazard in industry.
Accident Prevention—The toll of industrial accidents is appalling. Any program of Plant Protection is therefore vitally concerned with their reduction.
Preventable accidents now cost the equivalent of the output of 1,500,000 workers for a full year of 460,000,000 man-days. This astonishing loss would have supplied an army of 200,000 men, or a force comparable with the one that took Sicily. Such a loss is also equivalent to the effort that it takes to produce 20 battleships, 100 destroyers, ’9,000 bombers or 40,000 tanks. President Roosevelt in connection with Accident Prevention Week stated on July 14, 1943, that, “since Pearl Harbor accidents in our factories, on our streets and highways, on our farms, and in our homes, have killed and injured many more Americans than we thus far have lost in war operations.” Although this presents a startling condition, the situation is better than had been expected with the rapid expansion of industry, and is due to the vigorous attention that is being given to this problem.
Accidents are caused by a number of situations, among them the use of inexperienced labor, which, according to the National Safety Council, accounts for from 35 to 45 percent of the total. An example of this is found in the war plants employing up to 80 percent female labor, where none or only a few women were used before. This problem is therefore an acute one. Other causes include rapid expansion of capacity, abnormal labor turnover, conversion, speed-up, new materials, new processes, reduction of maintenance, congestion, noise, poor ventilation, inadequate light, fatigue induced by any one of a number of causes, and a host of other troublesome elements, including indifference.
The solution lies in employing constant vigilance. Answers are to be found in the improved selection and use of personnel, in education and training, in enforcement, in the wiser use of experienced personnel, in the breaking down of
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complex jobs into simpler components, in the use of automatic processes, in the reduction of noise, in the use of goggles and masks, in correcting elements that cause unnecessary fatigue, in the improvement of maintenance and other safety measures appropriate to the industry. Much has been said and done about accidents and safety but the problem remains one of the most critical of the war effort. Small plants in particular need to do more about the problem because their accident frequency is over a third higher than in large ones. The United States Department of Labor, The National Committee for the Conservation of Manpower in War Industries, The National Safety Council, the insurance companies, numerous trade associations, labor unions as well as State departments of labor, and State industrial commissions are ready With accident prevention programs. The OCD assist all these agencies in stimulating this program.
Meeting Emergencies Caused by Disaster.—-The existence of organized Civilian Defense during the period of the war has frequently and materially reduced the effects of natural and other disasters. In the same manner, Plant Protection organizations and the advance planning for coordinated action with the emergency services of the community, have usually played major roles in this as will be quickly appreciated by a review of typical cases.
1.	Airplane Crashes.—An airplane crashed into a packing plant in the State of Washington last February causing 31 deaths and 15 injured. The efficient work of thè Plant Protection organization and of the local Civilian Defense Corps were praised not only by the municipal fire chief, but also by Lt. Gen. J. L. De Witt, then Commanding General, of the Western Defense Command.
2.	Explosions.—A high pressure steam sterilizer exploded in a paper company in Virginia last April killing 5 persons and injuring 23. OCD supplied 35 units of blood plasma and mobilized 7 medical teams.
3.	Floods.—The sixth Regional Office of the OCD in Chicago and the Illinois State Council of Defense report the splendid work of protection units in the flooded areas of Illinois last May and June. More than 13,000 employees patrolled the Illinois River levee in
12 hour shifts. Sandbag walls were thrown up around all buildings and OCD 500-gallon Skid Mount and Trailer Units were spotted at points within the plants to remove seepage occurring through the levee. Reports from several of the industries benefited, reveal a service in protecting people and property to a maximum degree.
4.	Food Poisoning.—A severe epidemic of food poisoning involving some 200 employees occurred in a film industry in New York State last August. . The well organized Emergency Medical Service was on hand immediately with doctors, nurses, and ambulances. Bed space was located in nearby hospitals, doctors were alerted, and the most severe cases hospitalized within an hour.
5.	Hurricanes.—A tropical hurricane accompanied by 13 inches of rainfall within 24 hours would have caused even more damage in Louisiana and Texas last September had not over 25,000 trained members of protection units of OCD been available and on duty during the emergency.
These and other cases illustrate the everpresent need of protective organization in behalf of high-pressure war production that can be interrupted either by enemy action or by natural causes.
The Need for Mutual Assistance.—Plant Defense Coordinators can help each other by sharing their problems and successes in organization and training. Mutual assistance also concerns arrangements for sharing supplies, equipment, productive capacity, and even personnel in the event of interruptions or damage from enemy action or natural causes. There are also very natural and profitable relationships to be established with the Community Defense Corps and through it with the State, Regional, and National Offices of Civilian Defense. Security officers of the Service Commands, representatives of the Federal Bureau of Investigation and other Federal agencies have much to contribute to the development of a superior program of Plant Protection. Any industry is no more than a community of people and facilities within a larger community of personnel and resources. All are being devoted to achieving the successful culmination of the war. Therefore, the need for establishing and maintaining an intelligent program of mutual assistance at all times should be apparent.
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POLICIES IN THE SERIES FOR THE COORDINATOR
As a policy maker, the Coordinator will be particularly interested in an enumeration of those that have been included in this series:
Part II. The Responsibilities of the Coordinator is a thorough job analysis of the Defense Coordinator who may be the manager or other representative official in charge of the Plant Protection program. It analyzes the coordinator’s responsibilities under the headings of: developing a plan of organization, establishing liaison with civil authorities and other agencies, training staff and other personnel, and administering the program before, during, and following an emergency.
Part III. Sabotage and Preventive Measures is an examination of the nature, purposes, and methods of espionage and sabotage. Both physical and nonphysical measures for their prevention are reported with a full section on the recruitment, selection, and investigation of employees including their status during and following employment. The control of visitors and employees as well as members of the Civilian Defense Corps and other emergency services from outside, is fully reviewed. The concluding section analyzes the nature, the duties, and the responsibilities of the guard force. The British anti-espionage film, Next of Kin, has been found to be an excellent visual introduction to this part of the series for the Coordinator, his staff, and the employees of a plant.
Part IV. Nature and Effects of Overt Action Against Industry. Publication suspended.
Part V. Physical Protection Measures Employed by Industry is a statement of current essentials. At the start of the war, the natural impulse was to provide shelters and apply camouflage widely, but the shifting military situation, coupled with the scarcity of critical materials and manpower, have caused a more conservative view. The current policy as regards shelters, therefore, is to provide a maximum protection with a minimum expenditure of materials and man-hours, and to adopt a program of construction which could be put into effect when needed The current policy as regards camouflage is
entirely similar; namely, to adopt low visibility and vulnerability precautions, such as low tone colors in maintenance painting, sensible location and distribution of parking areas, conservation of trees in addition to planting that will reduce ground scars and earth piles, and, in new construction, to use care in the selection, dispersion, and design of industrial structures.
Part VI. The Emergency Services in Plant Protection is in five separately published parts as follows:
Part VI-A. The Industrial Fire Service identifies three kinds of fires: the industrial fire, the fire caused by enemy attack, and the fire caused by sabotage. The most basic of all policies in behalf of fire prevention involves good housekeeping and regular conscientious inspection by the men who are responsible for fighting the fires that may occur. Wartime fires have brought many new responsibilities to the Fire Chief, so the Coordinator is introduced to his characteristics, records, training program, alarm system, liaison responsibilities, and equipment.
Part VI-B. The Industrial Warden Service, presents the qualifications and method of selecting the Chief Warden, the functions and training of wardens and fire guards and concludes with a review of the wide liaison responsibilities inherent to this emergency service.
Part VI-C. The Industrial Police Service covers the war as well as related peactime hazards with which the plant police service is confronted. It includes the guarding of supplies and facilities, the control of all personnel, the prevention of espionage and sabotage, and the control of traffic.
Part VI-D. Emergency Medical Service in Industrial Plants was published prior to the 3100 series for the Coordinator by the Medical Division of the OCD as Publication 3061. It reports policies concerning the nature and requirements of the industrial medical service, the disaster operations plan recommended for use in an emergency, and a valuable summary of Wage and Hour rulings with reference to Plant Protection personnel.
Part VI-E. The Industrial Maintenance Service. Publication suspended.
Part VII. The Emergency Control System, is a presentation of the organization
IO
and operation of the all-important Control Room and the communications requirements of the plant.
Part VIII. Problems of Organization and Administration, is one of the most significant chapters of the series. It lists the factors that should influence policy in adapting the recommended plan of protection to an individual facility. A chart of organization and a description of how the plant should be organized to achieve superior protection is shown. The program of mutual assistance, of training, the control of information, and a time schedule of organization, conclude the statement.
Part IX. A Program for the Prevention of Panic. Publication suspended.
Part X. The Resources of Plant Protection. Publication suspended.
THE NATIONAL SECURITY AWARD 1
This is an award of the United States Office of Civilian Defense and is granted for excellence in protection and security measures. It is available to any manufacturing plant, industrial location, utility, or related facility which has taken “superior” action to secure the safety of its employees, physical property, and production schedules from air raids, sabotage, fire, or accident. More than 200,000 plants are concerned and will be interested to learn how they may qualify. It should be emphasized that this award may be earned by plants producing civilian consumer goods as well as war matériel.
Conditions of the Award.—To qualify for the National Security Award, aûy plant or individual facility must meet certain standards in accordance with its needs such as’: enrollment, training and organization of sufficient protection personnel as members of the U. S. Citizens Defense Corps; integration and coordination of protection and security measures with the local Citizens Defense Corps; issuance of emergency instructions to all employees on proper air raid and emergency warning signals, designation of shelter areas, and general excellence in observing regulations and directions concerning blackout, dimoqt, and other local defense ' requirements.
1 See also the National Security Award Fact Sheet: OCD Publication 5224 and Operations Letter No. 150 released March 31, 1944.
Procedure of Nomination and Review.— All facilities, including those assigned to the security inspection responsibility of the War and Navy Departments, are eligible for this Award, except those facilities that are wholly owned and operated by the United States Government. It will be made to various individual plants and not a company or corporation for all its establishments, except that this may be modified where the nature of the facility, such as a communication company, electric utility, or a railroad, makes it necessary to consider a different operating unit. The relative size of a facility is not a factor in granting the Award.
The Regional Directors of the U. S. Office of Civilian Defense are authorized to grant, in the name of the Director of the U. S. Office of Civilian Defense, with the concurrence of the appropriate State Defense Council, the recommendation of the Regional Security Officer, and upon approval of the Board of Review, the National Security Award to the facilities in their respective Regions, which, in their judgment, have achieved a superior degree of security and protection, except that facilities assigned to the security inspection responsibility of the War or Navy Department must have a satisfactory security status and be also approved by appropriate military or naval authorities.
The Insigne of the Award and Its Use.— The insigne is contained on a certificate signed by the Director of the U. S. Office of Civilian Defense. It is circular and may be printed in red, white, and blue. The 48 stars shown surrounding industry represent the determination of the States in collaboration with OCD to protect the means of production. The certificate indicates that the facility has been granted
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the Award for establishing superior means of security and protection. Facsimiles of the Certificate printed on small cards and a lapel bhtton of the insigne may be presented to qualified members of the protection organization in the plant or facility. The Award may be retained and displayed for as long as the superior standard of security and protection is maintained.
AN ANNOTATED BIBLIOGRAPHY OF GENERAL INTEREST
Participants in the training conferences for Coordinators have invariably taken an active interest in reviewing books and articles related to the subject of Plant Protection. The accompanying list supplements those more specialized references found at the end of each part of the handbook.
Architectural Forum, The. Civilian Defense Reference Number. January 1942.
Discussion of blackouts, camouflage, building protection, air raid shelters, civilian defense buildings. Illustrations and diagrams of construction and methods.
Arnold, Henry H. and Eaker, Ira C. Winged Warfare. New York, Harper & Bros., 1941, 265 pp.
Answers to some of the more prevalent questions on air power and air defense, the development of the Air Corps to an important weapon, types of planes, air tactics, aviation production and research.
Banse, Ewald. Germany prepares for War; a Nazi Theory of National Defense.
New York, Harcourt, Brace and Co., 1941, 375 pp.
Written in 1932 by one of the first German exponents of geopolitics and Nazi military aims. Sets forth the German plans for militarization and the invasion of England.
Baruch, Bernard M. American Industry in the War; a Report of the War Industries Board (March 1921). New York, Prentice-Hall, 1942, 498 pp.
Reprint of the report of the War Industries Board of World War I, plus Mr. Baruch’s own program for total mobilization of the nation as presented to the War Policies Commission, 1931 and current (1942) material on priorites and price fixing.
Borkin, Joseph and Welsh, Charles A. Germany's Master Plan; the Story of Industrial Offensive. New York, Duell, Sloan, and Pearce, 1943, 339 pp.
Analyzes the growth and activities of international cartels, and their effect on the war problem, how they led to Germany’s state of productive preparedness and to the American failure to expand industry prior to Pearl Harbor.
Calder, Peter Ritchie. Carry on London. London, English Universities Press, Ltd., 1941, 163 pp.
Concerned with the people and the things they did “because they thought they ought to” during the “Battle of Britain.” How people were sheltered, fed, protected and cared for —much of it before the government corrected or perfected its organization and plans.
Calder, Peter Ritchie. The Lesson of London. London, Seeker & Warburg, 1941, 127 pp.
The “ Battle of London” and the conditions and problems of housing, feeding, health, and sanitation which arose because of confusion of organization and authority.
Cantrol, Hadley. The Invasion from Mars; a Study in the Psychology of Panic, with the Complete Script of the Famous Orson Welles Broadcast. New York, Princeton University Press, 1940, 228 pp.
A study in the psychology of panic based on an analysis of the reactions to the Orson Welles Broadcast of “The War of the Worlds.’.’ A study in mass behavior and an attempt to determine the underlying psychological causes for the panic. Complete script of the broadcast included.
Daniell, Raymond. Civilians Must Fight. New York, Doubleday, Doran & Co., 1941, 322 pp.
Account of the life of the manager of the New York Times’ London Office during the first eighteen months of the war. An attempt to portray what civilian life is like in a country fighting for its existence against a ruthless aggressor.
DeSeversky, Alexander P. Victory Through Air Power. New York, Simon & Schuster, 1942, 354 pp.
Presentation of the argument for a separate air force and discussion of air power as the dominant offensive weapon in this war and the post-war world.
Dodd, Alvin E. and Rice, James O. How to Train Workers for War Industries. New York, Harper & Bros., 1942, 260 pp.
Combines information developed by the American Manufacturers Association on training techniques with the specific “how to do it” training information developed by the Training Within Industry Branch of the War Manpower Commission. Procedures outlined have been tested and are being followed in leading industrial organizations.
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Douhet, Giulio. The Command of the Air. New York, Coward-McCann,'Inc., 1942. 394 pp.
The basic work, first published in 1921, advocating an independent air force capable of obtaining command of the air, and, having that command, capable of directing its offensive against surface objectives such as the places of maintenance, concentration, and production with the intention of crushing the enemy’s material and moral resistance.
' Dupuy, R. Ernest and Carter, Hodding. Civilian Defense of the United Stades. \ New York, Farrar & Rhinehart, 1942, 296 pp.
Discussion of all the aspects of civilian defense and the position of the civilian in modern warfare.
Fraser, Cecil E. and Teele, Stanley F. Industry Goes to War; Readings on American Industrial Rearmament. New York, McGraw-Hill, 1941, 123 pp.
Reprints of articles which have appeared in various issues of the Harvard Business Review on the mobilization of industry for war and allied subjects.
Front Line; the Official Story of the Civil Defense of Britain. New York, Macmillan, 1943, 160 pp.
The official record of civil defense in Britain, issued for the British Information Service. Description of the types of attack by the Germans and of the functions and organization of the different defense groups. Excellent photographs.
Glover, C. W. Civil Defense; a Practical Manual Presenting with Working Drawings the Methods Required for Adequate Protection Against Aerial Attack. Brooklyn, Chemical Publishing Co., 1941, 794 pp.
American edition of a comprehensive British publication dealing with all phases of air raid protection. Chapter 15 is concerned with “Air Raid Protection in Factories.”
Great Britain Air Ministry. Bomber Command; the Air Ministry Account of Bomber Command's Offensive Against the Axis, September 1939-July 1941. London, H. M. Stationery Office, 1941, 124 pp.
The official story of the Bomber Command during the early days of the war; the strategy, technique, and prog-, ress of this part of the R. A. F. Chapters 14, “Attack on Nazi Industry,” and 15, “The Damage in Germany,” are of particular interest as the forerunner of the present concentrated attacks on German targets.
Great Britain Air Ministry. Bomber Command Continues¡dThe Air Ministry Account
of the Rising Offensive Against Germany, July 1941-June 1942. London, H. M. Stationery Office, 1942, 56 pp.
An “Interim report” continuing the story of the Bomber Command’s attack on Germany through the thousand plane raid on Cologne.
Great Britain Air Ministry. The First Great Air Battle in History, the Battle of Britain; an Air Ministry Record of the Great Days From August 8 to October 31, 1940. Garden City, N. Y., Garden City Publishing Co., 1941, 56 pp.
American edition of the official British account of the German “softening up” of England in preparation for invasion and the work of the R. A. F. in repelling the attack.
Great Britain Air Raid Precautions Department. Air Raid Precautions. Brooklyn, Chemical Publishing Co., 1941, 298 pp.
Reprint of a number of official British publications in the field of A. R. P.: Rescue, Decontamination, Warden’s Service, Structural Defense, Communications and Reporting, Gas Detection and Identification.
Landau, Henry. The Enemy Within; the Inside Story of German Sabotage in America. New York, G. P. Putnam’s Sons, 1937, 323 pp.
An account of German sabotage activities in the United States during the period between the outbreak of the World War in 1914 and the entrance of the United States into the war. Concentrates principally on the Black Tom and Kingsland cases and the case regarding them as presented for settlement before the Mixed Claims Commission.
Lindsay, George M. War on the Civil and Military Fronts. New York, Macmillan, 1942, 112 pp.
Discussion of military, industrial, and civilian defense features of modern war, particularly the lessons that have been learned by the British since 1939.
Matthews, Blayney F. The Specter of Sabotage. Los Angles, Lymanhouse, 1941, 256 pp.
General discussion of the operation of saboteurs and speculation on methods that will be used here. Presents a plan for industrial plants'7to reduce the threat of sabotage to a minimum. Emphasizes the importance of protective measures in the smaller “feeder” plants.
Michie, Allan A. The Air Offensive Against Germany. New York, Henry Holt, 1943, 152 pp.
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Statement by a reporter who had been through the “Battle of London,” of his convictions that we can win the war quickly by bombing Germany, and a plea that such be done. Feels that if we could knock out the 50 key German industrial cities the collapse of Germany would be inevitable and complete.
Mitchell, Kate L. Industrialization of the Western Pacific. New York, Institute of Pacific Relations, 1942, 322 pp.
Presentation in concise form of the available information on the industrial development and resources of the countries of the Western Pacific and India, and their place in the world economic structure.
Mitchell, Kate L. Japan's Industrial Strength. New York, Alfred A. Knopf, 1942, 140 pp.
Analysis of Japan’s industrial strength, completed under the auspices of the Institute of Pacific Relations just before the attack on Pearl Harbor. Covers trends of Japanese industry since the conquest of Manchuria and the effects of the Sino-Japanese war on Japan’s industrial structure.
National Industrial Conference Board. Protection of Plant and Personnel. New York, National Industrial Conference Board, Inc., 1942, 16 pp.
Proceedings of a meeting of the Conference Board held early in 1942, covering lessons from British experience, protection of structures, and checkmating the spy and saboteur.
Prentiss, Augustin M. Civil Air Defense; a Treatise on the Protection of the Civil Population Against Air Attack. New York, Whittlesey House, 1941, 344 pp.
Critical examination and analysis of the powers and limitations of modern air power and discussion of the various defensive measures that should be taken to cope with this danger. One of the most complete books available on the subject.
Riess, Curt. Total Espionage. New York, G. P. Putnam’s Sons, 1941, 318 pp.
The development, organization, and operation of total espionage necessitated by total war. Total espionage miist provide information on new tactical principles, potential armament, capacity for industrial mobilization, as well as actual military plans and activities.
Sayers, Michael and Kahn, Albert E. Sabotage! The Secret War Against America. New York, Harper & Bros., 1942, 266 pp.
Exposé of Axis physical and psychological sabotage methods, techniques, and activities against American industrial and military organization.
Strachey, Evelyn John: Digging for Mrs. Miller; Some Experiences of an Air-Raid Warden. New York, Random House, 1941, 150 pp.
Experiences of a British Air-Raid Warden during the “Blitz.”
Summers*, J. A. and Warren, Dean M. Light for Protection Against Sabotage. Cleveland, General Electric Company, n. d., 15 pp.
Principles of protective lighting; lighting of yards, fences, exteriors.
U. S. Office of Civilian Defense. Civilian Defense Manual on Legal Aspects of Civilian Protection. Washington, D. C. U. S. Government Printing Office, 1943, 242 pp. (OCD Publication 2701).
Prepared by the American Bar Association for the U. S. Office of Civilian Defense. Presentation of the legal problems that have been encountered in connection with civilian protection. Confined to the legal aspects of civilian effort as they relate to the protection and safety of the public, in terms, chiefly, of community values. Includes texts of model statutes and ordinances and other publications having legal authority.
National Fire Protection Association. Fire Defense. Edited by Horatio Bond. Boston, National Fire Protection Association, 1941, 221 pp.
A compilation of available material on air-set fires, bombs and sabotage, civilian defense, fire fighting and the safeguarding of industrial production for defense. Part III, Organization for Civilian Defense, covers various plans for fire protection. Part VI, Defense Production; discusses the principles of plant protection and private fire brigades.
U. S. War Department. The Background of Our War. New York, Farrar & Rhinehart, 1942, 279 pp.
History of the war from the invasion of Manchuria in 1931 to March 15, 1942. Recital of unvarnished facts written in non-technical language to permit an understanding of the global war by the citizen as well as the soldier.
Wachtel, Curt. Air Raid Defense {Civilian). Brooklyn, Chemical Publishing Co., 1941, 240 pp.
Planning and organization of air raid defense; Techniques of defense against gas, fire, and explosives; air raid defense activities of military character.
Wassey, Michael. Ordeal by Fire; the Story and Lesson of Fire Over Britain,
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and the Battle of the Flames. London, Seeker and-Warburg, 1941, 192 pp;
The story of the British fire fighters, giving information on training, uniforms, discipline, and their behavior during the “Battle of Britain.”
Watson, Goodwin, ed. Civilian Morale. New York, Reynal & Hitchcock, 1942, 463 pp.
Second yearbook of the Society of Psychological Study of Social Issues. “ Morale” is one of the most overworked words in the American vocabulary. Purpose of this book is to indicate what scientific investigation of morale has thus far demonstrated.
Wofe, Lawrence. Sabotage. London» Nicholson and Watson, 1942, 190 pp.
Sabotage activities of the underground in occupied Europe. Methods of industrial sabotage used to hamper the German War Effort. Author feels that sabotage on the Continent represents one of the main battlefronts
unless neutralized by “unintentional sabotage” such as strikes, black markets, carelessness, on the home fronts of the United States.
Zanetti, Joaquin Enrique. Fire from the Air; The ABC of Incendiaries. New York, Columbia University Press, 1942, 54 pp.
A study of the chemical composition of incendiary bombs, intended for civilian fire fighters.
Ziff, William B. Coming Battle of Germany. New York, Duell, Sloan and Pearce, 1942, 280 pp.
The picture of a new strategy for inter-continental air attack. Plan for “knocking out” Germany from the air, with the reasons why ■ the strategy recommended should be employed as well as how the plan should be carried out. Emphasizes importance of a carefully calculated strategy based on our technical resources and geographic facilities as well as volume of produc-tiom
U. S'. GOVERNMENT PRINTING-OFFICE: 1944
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