[Handbook for Air Raid Wardens] [From the U.S. Government Publishing Office, www.gpo.gov] A Handbook for AIR RAID WARDENS UNITED STATES OFFICE OF CIVILIAN DEFENSE Washington 25 9 U. C. This Book Belongs to: ■ Home Address________________________ Business Address_____________________________ Home Phone No________________________________ Business Phone No.___________________________ ----------------------Warden of Post No._____ City----------------------------------------- State________________________________;_______ In case of emergency, notify: Name^-_______________________________________ Address_________________________Phone________ Name_________________________________________ Address_________________________Phone________ A Handbook for AIR RAID WARDENS (Revised June 1943) OCD Publication 1001—4 PREPARED BY THE TRAINING SECTION U. S. OFFICE OF CIVILIAN DEFENSE United States Government Printing Office, Washington : 1943 For sale by the Superintendent of Documents, U. S. Government Printing Office, Washington, D. C Price 15c cents • Protection and patriotism are reciprocal. —John Calhoun, 1B1I, Your particular job as an Air Raid Warden on the civilians front—that of community protection—is a highly ijmportant one, requiring leadership, judgment, cool-headedness, confidence, and respect. As an Air Raid Warden you bring to the civilian defense program its most specific local application—projecting into every home and to every person in your own neighborhood the measures of protective precaution and protective action that will cancel much of the disaster and suffering resulting from enemy air attack. You are in this war—actively. Your interest and your sacrifice will speed victory in two ways. The alert, well-prepared community suffers least from enemy attack, and is a much less profitable target /or the enemy. What is your community? It is people like yourself, who live, work, play, and worship therein. It is your homes, schools, and churches. It is your factories, shops, and business establishments. It is your special contribution to your country. Yours to build, to govern, to enjoy—and to protect. IV CONTENTS CHAPTER PAGE Introduction_____________________________ IX I The Air Raid W ar dens Service. 1 The Chain of Command. J_______________________ 1 Building and Shelter, Area Wardens. _ 3 Wai* Plants__________...___;__r____ »3 The Warden’s Authority_______________ 4 Relationship to Other CDC ServicesT___________ 4 The Sector Post__________________________;____ 5 II The Warden9» Responsibilities_____________________________________ 8 Preparing for the Emergency.___________________ 8 Learning the Sector,_________________ 8 Contacting the Public_______________ 10 Household Report Forms_______._ 12 Schooling the Public________________ 13 Protective Sector Marking__________ 14 Keeping the Sector Records__________ 15 Action During Emergency______________________ 16 Regulating the Blackout____________ 16 Air Raid Action____________________ 18 If No Bombs Fall____________________ 20 If the Sector Is Attacked________________.____ 21 Incendiary Bombs__________________ 21 High Explosive Bombs________________ 21 Unexploded Bombs____________________ 22 • War Gas_________________________ 22 Damaged City Gas Mains______________ 23 Casualties_______________________ 23 The First Aid Pouch______._____ 24 Medical and Rescue Services____ 25 Casualty Information___________.. 26 Incident Officers__________________ 26 After Reporting an Incident. _______ 27 ' Preservation of Enemy Matériel_ 28 Looting, Arson, Sabotage.,__________ 28 The Warden’s Report_________________________ 29 The Control Center__________________ 29 The Report Procedure________________ 31 The Initial Report__________________ 32 The Supplementary Report____________ 32 V CHAPTER PAGE If The Warden9» Responsibilities—Continued. The Warden’s Report—Continued. Reporting of Fire Incidents_______ 33 Communications Facilities___-____34 Telephone or WERS Technique_____ 34 * Messengers________________________ 35 Final Incident Reports__________ 36 . Injuries to CDC Personnel____________________ 37 III Building and Shelter Area Wardens_______________________________________ 39 Building Wardens_____________________________ 39 Shelter Areas________________________________ 40 Selection and Preparation_______ 40 Marking of Shelter Areas________ 40 Assignment of Occupants. _______ 41 Shelter Area Building Personnel_ 41 Selection and Training of Personnel. 42 IV Supplementary Data_________________________ 44 Equipment___________________________________ 45 The Warden’s Equipment__________ 45 The Sector Post Equipment_______ 45 x Army Flash_______...________________ 46 U. S. Citizens Defense Corps_________j_______ 48 Fire Defense_________________________________ 54 Before Raids Come_______________ 55 When Raids Come________________ 56 Weapons for Fighting Fire Bombs_. 57 Unexploded Bomb Precautions__________________ 58 War Gas____________________..._______________ 60 The Gas Tight Room______________ 60 Protection and Treatment________ 61 “Blister Gases” and Decontamination__________________ 63 Chart of Chemical Warfare Agents. _ 64 The Warden’s Responsibilities______ 66 Electrical Hazards in Air Raids. ___ 68 Hazards From Escaping City Gas______ 72 Wafer Service in Air Raids._________ 75 Recognition and Prevention of Panic_ 77 Safeguarding Information____________ 81 VI CHAPTER PAGE V Sector Information_______________________________ 85 Sector Personnel______________________ 87 Nearby Sector Posts_________________ 88 Nearby Emergency Service Stations_____ 89 Public Shelter Areas_______________ 90 Gas Cleansing Facilities for Self-Aid__ 91 Hospitals___________________________ • 92 Doctors._____________________/________ 93 Clergymen____’________;_______________ 94 Drugstores____________________________ 95 Druggists’ Residences_________________ 96 Skilled Help in'Sector________________ 97 Handicapped Persons _________' _,_____ 98 Special Hazards___________________ 100 Water, Gas, Electric Main Cut-Offs.___ 102 Building Wardens_________,__________ 104 Building Managers__’.J_____________ 105 Building Janitors!__________________ 106 Plant Superintendents____2____________ 107 Available Phones____________________ 108 Map Symbols.______________________'____ no Map of Sector.______________________ 111 Warden’s Incident Report Form_______ 112 VII INTRODUCTION In total war, civilian defense is of vital importance—not alone to the civilian, but to the armed forces of the nation. If the enemy can cause sufficient suffering, loss of life, destruction of property, and demoralization of the civilian population, he has won a victory no less important than one on the field of battle, since such action will delay vital production of the' implements* food, transportation, and services so essential to our armed forces. Thus, civilian defense to minimize the effects of enemy action becomes an integral part of our war effort—of our national existence. That the danger of attack on the United States still exists is, of course, a matter of fact. As rapid development of air power—by the enemy as well as by the United Nations—is accelerated under war pressure, new conceptions of attack possibilities must replace those of a few years or even a few months ago. There need be no question that the means for making such air attacks are available—and there should be no doubt that the probability of attack increases as the enemy grows more desperate and as our production reaches such a stage as to make attack more profitable. The danger will not have passed—and the vital need for civilian defense will remain—until the enemy’s power to attack is destroyed. Civilian defense means not only defense of the civilian population, but defense by the civilian population, since neither the military nor our regular organized peacetime protective services can be expected to cope successfully with the unusual demands an air raid will place upon a community. It is to handle this situation that the Citizens Defense Corps has been created—an organization of volunteer services adequately trained to prepare the civilian population for war emergencies, and to actively engage in civilian defense work when emergencies actually arise. The Fire, Rescue, IX Police, Wardens, Medical, Public Works, Utilities, and Welfare services are included in the Citizens Defense Corps. One of the most important parts of the entire civilian defense organization is the Air Raid Wardens Service. The Warden brings directly into every home the principles of protection against enemy action that may make the difference between death or severe hardship, and survival. He is the most intimate contact of every citizen with the civilian defense program. Knowledge of the Sector and its people, combined with knowledge and application of protective action, is the Warden’s contribution to the protection of his community and nation. The extent to which any community is prepared for an air raid depends largely upon the Wardens’ success in gaining the public’s respect, confidence, and active cooperation. Upon the Wardens’ estimates of the situations, and their intelligible and accurate reporting of incidents during an air raid, will, to a great extent, depend the efficient activation of most other; civilian defense services. And the Wardens’ ability to handle raid and postraid responsibilities will determine to a large degree the length of time required for a community to return to normalcy after enemy attack. This handbook outlines the steps that should be taken by the Warden in preparing himself and his community for efficiently-handling wartime emergencies. It has been written in accordance with the most recent experience available at the time of publication, and is intended not only as a guide for newly enrolled Wardens and trainees, but also as an aid to experienced Wardens, to bring up to date their methods and activities in line with developments and experience since previous editions were published. X Chapter I THE AIR RAID WARDENS SERVICE A person is chosen as an Air Raid Warden because he is known to be a responsible, reliable individual, and is considered capable of supervising the vital precautionary measures and developing the readiness of action necessary for safeguarding his neighborhood against the effects of enemy air attack. He has the personal qualities needed to direct and safeguard the people entrusted to his care, and the good judgment necessary to supervise the protective measures and emergency action related to the property, both public and private, in his Sector. He should be able to impart his knowledge of protective methods and action to others, and should be willing to spend the time necessary to develop his Sector to a high point of protective efficiency. The duties of an Air Raid Warden require hard work, incessant training and practice, and a willingness to frequently sacrifice personal considerations to the well-being of the people under his care. The rewards are not those of glory, but those that come from the satisfaction of service to community and nation, through the protection of civilian lives and property. The Chain of Command For purposes of protection against air raids, the civilian population in each city or community should be divided into Sectors, each normally containing the homes of approximately 500 people. In rural or semi-rural communities, of course, there may necessarily be a smaller population withi^ the Sector area so the distance to be covered by Wardens will not be too great. 1 In the local plan of civilian defense, the Air Raid Wardens Service as a whole is set up as one of the services comprising the Citizens Defense Corps, and is headed by a Chief Air Raid Warden. The individual Sector includes a Sector Post, manned by a Senior Warden and several Post (or Deputy) Wardens. In larger cities, several Senior Wardens may be grouped under a Precinct Warden, while in smaller communities the.Senior Wardens report directly to the Chief Air Raid Warden. , In very large cities, it may be desirable to group the Precinct Wardens under Zone Wardens, who will report to the Chief Warden. Generally, the Precinct Warden’s area would correspond to the local police precinct or political division usually found in cities of the United States. However, it may be found more practical, in some communities, to arrange a geographical or other division, rather than adhere strictly to precinct boundaries, and to utilize the terms Division and Division Warden. Upon the proper signal or order for mobilization of civilian defense personnel, all Wardens report to their Sector Posts, of course. However, a schedule should be arranged so that at least one Warden will be immediately available at all times for each Post—at the Post itself if practicable, but on call and within-easy distance of the Post in any case. The duty or availability schedule or roster can be arranged for the convenience of the Wardens in each Sector—according to their working hours, home obligations, and other individual factors. Such schedules should be set up well in advance so there will be no question as to availability for duty. 2 The command of the Post will require a chain of authority, such as Senior Warden, Second Deputy (or Post) Warden, Third Deputy (or Post) Warden, etc., with the rank of command following that order. Obviously, the actual number of Wardens needed in a Sector depends upon the character of the Sector, and judgment should be based upon such factors as density of population, the various possible hazards, number and types of buildings and factories, and the general characteristics of the city. Building and Shelter Area Wardens. A complete explanation of the line of authority, responsibilities, and functions of Building and Shelter Area Wardens will be found in Chapter III of this handbook—“Building and Shelter Area Wardens.” War Plants. Internal defense organizations, which include Wardens and other defense personnel, have been or are being set up in industrial plants throughout the country, and military responsibility has been extended to many key plants. While generally they are part of the Citizens Defense Corps, and subject to the jurisdiction of the Commander, no direct line of authority extends to these particular protective organizations from the community Wardens Service. However, close cooperation should be maintained at all times. The Warden service in such organizations, although it is not directly under the supervision of the community Wardens Service, is analogous to the latter, and all possible assistance will be made available to it by the Chief Air Raid Warden of the community. 3 The Warden's Authority The Warden is actually a civilian war emergency officer, on whose training and intelligent action depends the safety of the people in his Sector during an air raid. The authority he can actually exercise will depend largely upon the degree of trust and confidence he has inspired in the people. It is to the extent that the residents of the Sector recognize the importance of the Warden’s function as related to their protection that he will secure their respect and cooperation. Limited police powers, for use only during war emergencies, have been granted to Wardens in some States. However, since laws and Ordinances vary widely between the various States and between local communities, it is not possible to include a complete discussion of these powers in this handbook. In general, the Warden should be given such powers as are compatible with the local laws and ordinances in force. The Defense Council or the Commander of the Citizens Defense Corps will have the cooperation of local legal authorities in determining these powers, and their recommendations should be followed. It is essential that each Warden observe all limitations on his powers so that complicating problems of authority will not arise. Relationship to Other CDC Services One of the first tasks the Warden should assign himself is that of becoming completely familiar with his local defense organization and its component units. In studying these, and in attending the meetings, training courses, practice exercises, etc., held by the local Defense Council, he will become acquainted with his active relationship to the various services. 4 Such thorough familiarity with each of the other services is essential for two reasons: first, so the Warden may more clearly explain the entire civilian defense organization to the people in his Sector and secure their complete understanding and cooperation; second, so the Warden may more efficiently observe, report, and coordinate his emergency action with all of these other protective services. In addition, the Warden should *be thoroughly familiar with the arm band insignia of the various civilian defense services and units, and with the official identification used by emergency vehicles so he can quickly recognize these during emergencies. On pages 48-53 of this handbook will be found a brief description of the functions of each of the various units in the Citizens Defense Corps. More complete information regarding each unit will, of course, be given the Warden during his training period. The Sector Post The Sector Post should be as centrally located as possible within the Sector, both from the standpoint of convenience for the Wardens and for easy accessibility to the public. The Post itself may be a readily accessible room on a lower level of a home or business building, or in a suitable basement space. In choosing a basement location, care should be taken to make Sure that there is no danger of flooding, that the level is above water, gas, and sewer mains, that" the walls and ceiling are of very strong construction so that as much support as possible is given against any part of the building that may collapse overhead during a raid. It is preferable to choose an occu pied building in order to eliminate the necessity of maintaining separate heating facilities during the colder months; and one with telephone facilities already installed, to avoid adding to priorities problems. The Post should be large enough to serve as a point of assembly, as needed, for all personnel assigned to the Sector. It should afford as complete protection as possible from bomb blast and flying splinters or masonry. It should be prepared for sealing against war gas, especially because it will usually be located on a lower, floor of the building, where gas would be especially dangerous. Adequate blackout provisions should, of course, be made. The telephone company should be advised that this is a .Civilian Defense Sector Post so that arrangements may be made to give the telephone priority, if necessary, in time of emergency. If stairs lead to the Post, they should be painted white so they will be more easily discernible during blackouts. Exits should be plentiful, with direct access to the outside, and windows should be securely reinforced and treated to prevent flying glass. The importance of a well-protected location for the Post cannot be overemphasized, since it must serve during an emergency as headquarters for the work of thp Sector personnel, and serious difficulties may be encountered if it is put out of commission. It is extremely important that the Post be plainly marked for the benefit of the public, and signs should be placed at various points within the Sector showing how to reach the Post. These signs should be standardized within a city—of a type approved by the Office of Civilian Defense— so they are immediately recognizable by anyone 6 who may be in the Sector at the time of an emergency. They should be very legible-7-heavy white letters on a black background, for example. Luminous signs, of a type approved by the Office of Civilian Defense, may be used to aid visibility during blackouts. The Sector Post should not be confused with the selected and prepared Shelter Areas, which are primarily set up to protect civilians, and which will be used in some cases to receive those removed from certain buildings or sections of the city in an emergency. An outline of suggested equipment for the Sector Post, and for each Warden, will be found on page 45 of this handbook. 537818°—43--------------2 7 Chapter II THE WARDEN’S RESPONSIBILITIES The Air Raid Warden Has a number of responsibilities which, for the sake of convenience, are treated in this order: (1) preparing for the emergency; (2) action during emergency; (3) if the Sector is attacked; (4) the report. Preparing for the Emergency Minutes, even seconds, often make a great difference in the effectiveness of a Warden’s action during an emergency. The first few minutes after a bomb falls are crucial—and will be most effectively used only if the Warden knows his Sector and his public thoroughly. Learning the Sector. Measures, must be taken in every Sector to assure a thorough knowledge of locations, facilities, people, and protective units. Under the direction of the Senior Warden, a large scale map should be secured or constructed, and hung on the wall of the Post, showing the location of the following: 1. All buildings, the character of each, and outside doors to streets and alleys; also the location of coal chutes, sidewalk elevators or stairways, freight delivery entrances, blind alleys, passageways, etc.; and, in cities, power, steam, or telephone tunnels or other subsurface passageways of possible use in the event of building collapse. (These should be indicated op the map in black.) 2. Fire hydrants, fire alarm boxes, auxiliary water storage, special fire-fighting equipment, fire stations. (Indicate in brown.) 3. Places of special danger, such as oil-storage 8 tanks, heavy voltage power lines, water and gas mains, filling stations, lumber yards, paint stores and warehouses, and other highly inflammable material concentrations; fire-trap houses, hazardous structures, etc. (Indicate in red.) 4. Emergency places of refuge, such as approved Shelter Areas, deep and well-protected vaults or cellars, subways, safe inside rooms, etc. (Indicate in blue.) 5. Casualty stations, hospitals, police stations, gas cleansing facilities for self-aid, and quarters of civilian defense services located within the Sector. (Indicate by standard symbols, see page 110.) Arrangements should be made by the local Defense Council or the Commander of the local Defense Corps to supply each Sector Post with a basic map of the Sector on which may be indicated the foregoing and any additional necessary information. Most city administrations have complete maps of the entire community, and these will form an excellent basis for the preparation of such individual Sector maps. Another source of such maps is the local fire insurance underwriter, who generally has available a map showing each building, with indications as to the type of construction, number of stories, etc.; location of the various utilities and fire hydrants; and containing much other helpful data. Arrangements may also be made to have such maps drawn by classes in the local schools as exercises and practical contributions to the civilian defense effort. For purposes of quick reference, it is urged that each Warden carefully sketch a corresponding map of his Sector—either in the space provided on page 111 of this handbook, or in some other convenient . 9 and portable form. While the Warden should commit to memory all of the points noted on his map, it will be dangerous for him to depend solely upon memory during the stress of an emergency. He should have his map ready for instant personal reference, and for use when he is called upon to aid an Incident Officer during emergency periods. Each Warden should also be familiar with the general physical characteristics of nearby neighborhoods, and with the city as a whole. . He should study the community’s plan of streets, bridges, utilities, and waterways to aid him in judging distances and operating problems of the community as related to his Sector. Contacting the Public. Much of the special protective training that is imparted to the Warden should be personally relayed to every person in the Sector—especially the actual preparatory measures that apply to every home. When the Warden calls upon householders, his manner should be friendly and sincere, but certainly not apologetic. His function should be characterized as a service to the home owner—in no sense a mere intrusion into his private business. This personal contact requires patience, tolerance and understanding, good judgment and diplomacy, and can be most successfully accomplished through courtesy. The Warden and Fire Guard should try to meet all members of each household in the Sector— talk with them, explain the “why” and “how” of blackouts, the proper selection and preparation of home Shelter Areas (see OCD Protection Series Circular No. 18, Air Raid Shelters in Homes), show them how to prepare against and deal 10 with incendiary bombs until help arrives (see pages 54-57), and outline the proper protection against and treatment of war gas (see pages 60-65). They should explain the necessity of refraining from use of the telephone during an air raid so that lines of communication can be kept free for vital military and defense operation messages, and should stress the importance of going to home or public Shelter Areas during an air raid, keeping away from glass doors, windows, etc., which may shatter and become serious hazards as a result of high explosive bomb blast. Information regarding water service in air raids (see page 75) should also be given to each resident of the Sector* The Warden and the Fire Guard should impress each resident with the importance of getting in touch With either of them or with the Sector Post, rather than attempting to call the fire department direct,, if a fire starts on his property during an air raid. They should explain that this is necessary, since calls direct from a householder will merely result |n delay, confusion, and. possible costly duplication. Each person in the Sector-should be given a clear understanding of his obligation to his family, his neighbors, and his community in observing closely the regulations regarding all of these protective measures. Sector residents should be encouraged to ask questions, and should receive correct, complete answers. They should never be confused by “guesses.” Extra copies of official informative booklets should be available at the Sector Post to be loaned upon request to people in the Sector who desire detailed information on various protective measures. 11 All of this, of course, need hot be done during one call. These contacts should be renewed occasionally so the Warden and Fire Guard may become better acquainted with the people in their care, and so they may continue to impart helpful current information on each visit. In brief, the purpose of such calls by the Warden and Fire Guard is threefold in nature: to observe the characteristics of the premises and type of occupancy so that emergency service may be more effectively rendered; to assist in the development of adequate precautionary measures; and to establish closer personal contact with people in the Sector, thus leading to a better understanding of, and cooperation with, protective measures and services. Household Report Forms. In many communities, information relative to buildings and occupants is assembled on uniform household report forms, individual copies being filled out in duplicate at each house or building by the Warden and the Fire Guard as they make their calls. These forms contain space for notations of name, address, business address, phone numbers; the number of adults and children regularly residing or working there; data regarding incapacitated persons and special care required for them; the religious denomination and name of clergyman of residents, in case of emergency; names, addresses, and phone numbers of relatives, close friends, and family physician to be notified in case of casualties; etc. In addition, space is provided for checking the protective knowledge and preparation, of each household: whether the family is thoroughly familiar with air raid signals, blackout regulations, 12 location of Sector Post, etc.; whether adequate blackout and Shelter Area arrangements have been made; whether- fire hazards have been eliminated, adequate fire equipment efficiently distributed, and entire family made familiar with incendiary bomb and fire defense methods. Frequently such forms contain a space for the Warden or Fire Guard to sketch the floor plan of the house or building so fire or rescue services may be more efficiently directed in time of emergency. The original copies of such report forms are filed at the Sector Post, and duplicate copies retained by the Wardens and Fire Guards for ready reference. Much of the data essential for the Warden can be entered in the ready reference forms in the back of this handbook—data regarding special hazards, handicapped persons, locations of emergency stations, addresses of persons skilled in various lines, locations of water, gas and electric cut-offs, etc. Both the household report forms and the record forms in the back of this handbook will be of real value to the Warden in time of emergency, and to a new Warden taking over in the Sector. However, neither the forms nor the records will be of real help to anyone unless they are kept strictly up to date at all times. Schooling the Public. The job of public education in protective measures must be a continuous one within each Sector, with the Wardens acting as neighborhood training directors. If desirable, other people within the Sector, who are particularly well equipped by nature and experience to assist with protective education and preparation, should be asked to 13 cooperate in this activity, working closely with the Wardens and other officially organized services. When a number of people in the Sector are interested in the actual protective activities, the over-all interest of the Sector in the entire subject will be considerably stimulated. However, care should be taken that special participation assignments are made only when there is actual work to be done, and that no one activity is overstaffed to the extent that for any one person it may appear inconsequential. Also, no work on matters of civilian protection that concern many people should be planned without discussion and coordination with the official organization, particularly the Chief Air Raid Warden and the Chief of Training of the local Citizens Defense Corps. Protective Sector Marking. It is important that every resident know exactly where his Warden is headquartered, so that he can always be reached on matters of protective defense as well as during the emergency itself. Signs pointing to the Post and designating the Ppst should be erected. Casualty Stations, public Shelter Areas, and any defense service quarters that may be located within the Sector should also be plainly marked. This marking should be of a type approved by the Office of Civilian Defense, and the signs should be periodically inspected for visibility and legibility. Included in the list of equipment recommended for the Sector Post (see page 45) are signs to be used for the rerouting of traffic—“Blocked Street,” “Do Not Enter,” or “Detour” signs, and others that will be useful if the neighborhood is the scene of an incident. The Senior Warden should make recommendations to the local Wardens administra 14 tion as to any permanent and emergency signs of a special nature that are needed in his particular Sector, and should discuss his recommendations with them before any signs are actually prepared so that standardization of all signs in the community can be achieved. Keeping the Sector Records. Records regarding the Sector staff, the Sector log, residents, buildings, public utilities, special hazards, protective installations, etc., constitute an important part of the Sector record work, and should be given constant attention. Careful, current records should be kept of all people in the Sector who are aged or infirm, blind, deaf, seriously*ill, mentally incompetent, or others who for some reason will need special assistance. Information regarding all young children and expectant mothers should also be recorded. The names, addresses, and telephone numbers of these people and their guardians or others assigned to help them during an emergency should be recorded, as well as information regarding the type of handling necessary in each case. Complete information should be available regarding doctors, trained nurses, druggists, clergymen, undertakers, veterinarians, plant superintendents, building managers and janitors, elec-tricians, engineers, plumbers, and any other people likely to be useful or necessary in time of emergency. If there are no such skilled persons in the Sector itself, those located nearby should be noted. At the back of this handbook will be found a section of record forms for noting such pertinent information regarding the Sector. Information on record at the Sector Post should correspond to 15 the listings in this book at all times, so that duplicate current records will be available in case of emergency. Any changes in the location or arrangement of the various utility service facilities, streets, buildings, etc., should be a matter of record at the Sector Post, and should be noted on Sector maps as well. While special hazards are noted on the Sector map, records should contain complete descriptive information regarding any location that might be of particular concern during an emergency. All such information, on the Sector map and in the Sector records, should be keyed in such a way that either source refers to the other. Complete information should be on record at the Post as to Sector personnel—personal statistics, hours assigned, temporary illness or absence from the city, and any special consideration that may affect the individual’s availability or potential service at any particular time. Action During Emergency To a very large extent, the effectiveness of the entire civilian defense organization depends upon the efficient discharge of the Warden’s duties during an emergency. These duties are many and varied—the Warden must know them thoroughly, and be prepared for action at all times. Regulating the Blackout. By expert navigation a bomber can generally approach to within a few miles of a target, using instruments alone. However, it is quite obvious that the elimination of lighted reference points for his local orientation and target identification will hinder the enemy. For this reason, blackout is an important measure in our national defense, and 16 the dissemination of information regarding blackout regulations, as well as their enforcement, become vital responsibilities of the Warden. Blackout begins with each individual illuminating unit, stationary or vehicular, and is complete only when every exposed light in the area concerned (except those permitted by the proper authorities) is extinguished or obscured in accordance with official requirements. The Warden has the responsibility for securing effective blackout in his Sector, and should keep constantly in mind the fact that ineffective blackout in any one Sector endangers the safety of a large surrounding area. The Warden must become thoroughly familiar with the prevailing air raid warning signal system, with the blackout regulations in force in his region, and with all ordinances and regulations enacted to ensure compliance. He should know what lighting is permitted on each air raid signal, the time limit for extinguishing or obscuring lights, the approved devices and methods of blacking out various types of lighting, officially permitted lights complying with War Department specifications, and should know when normal lighting may be resumed. This information should be passed along by the Warden to the people in his Sector so there will be complete understanding and cooperation on their part and violations during emergencies may be minimized. When the . blackout is ordered, the Warden should immediately investigate all violations and see that the lights are extinguished or properly obscured at once. Obviously, since there will be no time for discussion or argument during an emergency, the Warden and Auxiliary Policemen should make full use of whatever authority has been granted them by their local and State 17 laws to secure full compliance with regulations. Violations during test or actual blackouts should be reported to the proper authorities. If special switches have been provided for the extinguishment of outdoor lights, some one person must be definitely assigned to handle each such special switch, and the Warden should check to see that these assignments are carried out promptly. Air Raid Wardens and other civilian defense personnel whose work requires them to be out of doors during a blackout should wear something white* so they will be more clearly visible to others—white helmets, a white or luminous belt (possibly fitted with cross straps over the shoulders), etc. They should keep to the right on sidewalks, and cross streets only at intersections; and keep to the left, facing oncoming traffic, if walking on roadways. Air Raid Action, Since air raid warning signal systems vary in different parts of the country, it would be impracticable to describe the specific signals in this handbook. Each Warden should become thoroughly familiar with the signal system used in his community. He should know upon what signal members of the Citizens Defense Corps are to mobilize for action, upon what signal traffic is to stop and people are to take shelter, when normal traffic may be resumed, etc. When the signal calling for mobilization of the Citizens Defense Corps comes, each Warden should put on his arm band and helmet, go at once to his assigned post, and check the equipment that may be needed, making^ certain it is ready and in working order. 18 One Warden remains at the Post to receive and forward messages, while the others proceed with prearranged duties such as extinguishing or obscuring previously assigned street, traffic, or other special lights; patrol of the Sector; etc. Immediately after the public alarm indicating that'an air raid in the area is expected (red signal), it is particularly important to calm those who become excited and to assure them that they will be safer if they go quietly to their homes or to public Shelter Areas. Everyone except uniformed military, fire, and police personnel, Citizens Defense Corps members, and other essential civilian workers performing emergency services and identified by official Civilian Defense arm bands, is to take cover at once. They should not be permitted to stand in doorways, lobbies, etc., since high explosive blast waves may cause blast shock and may shatter glass doors, windows, and partitions with serious results. If people cannot quickly reach their homes, they should be directed to the nearest public Shelter Areas. All motorists, except those operating emergency vehicles such as fire apparatus, ambulances, etc., are to park their automobiles at the curb, in a double row if necessary, but in such a manner as to leave an ample passageway for the vehicles that must move. The areas near all fire hydrants, hospitals, fire stations, and all emergency stations are to be kept clear; and all street and alley intersections kept open. No one should abandon his vehicle until it has been properly parked, and the doors left unlocked so the car may be moved in case its location becomes hazardous or it hampers defense operations. Horses should be removed from wagons or other vehicles to a place of shelter, or, if no shelter is 19 immediately at hand, should be tied securely to lamp posts, telegraph poles, or other solid fixtures in as protected a spot as can be conveniently and quickly found. Dogs should be kept indoors. Such measures will,not only afford protection to these animals, but will reduce the possibility of their becoming excited and injuring persons. When blackout measures have been checked, people sent to their homes, to Shelter Areas, or into any nearby structure which might serve in the emergency, and vehicles have been properly parked, the Wardens on patrol should take cover in strong doorways or other spots away from glass doors and windows—in locations where there is at least partial protection, but where developments can still be observed. The Warden’s whistle is for use in drawing attention to his presence in an emergency. It should not be used excessively. If No Bombs Fall. If there is a raid on .the community, even though his own Sector is not directly hit, the Warden still has some very important duties to perform. Unless specifically ordered elsewhere by the Control Center, the Chief Warden, or other superior Warden authority, he must stay in his own Sector no matter what happens elsewhere. His Sector may be the object of a later bombardment, and its defense would be left without guidance if he were drawn from the neighborhood. The Warden must be constantly on the alert for war gas. It is stealthy, often hard to detect, and its presence will not be as clearly evident to the Warden as high explosive or incendiary bombs. He must keep the streets clear, prevent residents from leaving their homes and shelters or going to 20 the roofs of buildings to “watch.” Public curiosity during an air attack, even if the area affected seems distant, may result in casualties within the Sector as the attack suddenly shifts. The Warden also has other definite duties to perform ill connection with the. community defense operations, such as guiding Messengers and defense units through the Sector when they are on their way to other locations. If the Sector Is Attacked If his own Sector is attacked, the Warden has many highly essential duties and responsibilities. He should be so familiar with these that there will be no doubt or hesitation on his part in taking the right action at the right time. Incendiary Bombs. If the Sector is subjected to incendiary attack,, the Warden’s first duty is to ward all residents of premises directly endangered and to aid them and the Fire Guards in bringing the incendiary bombs and resultant fires under control. If such measures fail and the fire appears to be getting beyond control, the Warden should aid people in evacuating the endangered premises and report the fire immediately. Incendiary bombs have been developed that are designed to inflict casualties by being timed to explode during the burning of the bomb. The Warden should study the characteristics of the various types of bomb so he will be thoroughly familiar with them and will take the proper precautionary measures (see pages 54-55). High Explosive Bombs. If high explosive or demolition bombs are used, the Warden should reconnoiter immediately. 21 determining the exact location, thè extent of damage inflicted, and the extent to which people have been injured. If people are trapped in wreckage, if there are casualties, or if the bomb has started a fire that cannot be controlled by those on the' spot, the Warden should dispatch an initial report (see page 32) to the Control Center immediately, without waiting to make a complete survey of the incident. As soon thereafter as possible, he should complete his survey and make a supplementary report to the Control Center to secure whatever additional assistance may be required at the incident. Unexploded Bombs. If the Warden sees or is notified of a bomb which fails to explode immediately, he should investigate at once. It may be a dud, a time bomb, or a gas bomb. As he approaches the spot, he should be especially alert for the presence of gas. Upon determining the presence of an actual or suspected unexploded bomb, he should notify the Control Center immediately and follow the procedure outlined on pages 58—60 of this handbook. War Gas. If war gas is detected in the Sector, the Warden should immediately don his gas mask, sound the gas alarm (produced by a wooden rattle or clacker), and follow the rest of the prescribed procedure outlined on pages 66-68 of this handbook. If gas alarms are sounded in bordering Sectors, the Warden should determine at once in which direction the wind is blowing, move toward the wind up to the Sector boundary, and prepare to soilnd the alarm at the first suspicion that the gas 22 is spreading in his direction, but not before. It is important to avoid spreading the gas alarm any farther than is necessary. The Warden should be particularly alert for the placement of war gas through other means than gas bombs, for instance through spraying from low-flying planes. Damaged City Gas Mains. The danger resulting from broken city gas mains and gas service pipes is considerable, and may take several forms. Unignited escaping city gas .will be particularly dangerous if it seeps out within a building, especially if escape from the building has been blocked off or if there are injured or incapacitated people on the premises who cannot move out of the gas zone. Escaping £as also may accumulate in an enclosed area and then be. accidentally ignited, causing an explosion. If escape ing gas ignites and is near any inflammable substance there will, of course, be considerable danger of fire spreading. Hazards resulting from city gas main breaks should be reported to the Control Center. Information as to the handling of situations where gas mains or service pipes have been broken or damaged and gas is escaping is included on pages 72—75 of this handbook. Additional data will be found in Notes on City Gas for Air Raid Wardens, published by the Office of Civilian Defense. Casualties. While the Warden has been given training in first aid, he should not assume responsibility for injured persons beyond his competence to discharge this responsibility. He is expected to apply 23 537818°—43---3 only such urgent life saving aid as the control of arterial bleeding and then only when he is the sole trained person available to render this aid. If time and other duties allow, he is expected to tie identification tags to the ankle or wrist of surface casualties, giving when possible the information called for on the face of this tag and, in the case of unidentified casualties, the exact time and place at which the casualty is found. Tagging is a matter of first importance because conscious casualties may lose consciousness before Emergency Medical Service personnel arrives upon the scene. The Air Raid Warden must not, however, allow his attention to be diverted from his larger responsibilities by his quite natural desire to give assistance to the injured. The First Aid Pouch. The first aid pouch supplied to certain Wardens fits on the belt and contains two triangular bandages, two small Army (Carlisle type) first aid dressings (compresses with ties attached), one package of sterile gauze, one skin pencil, one indelible pencil, four safety pins, and one book of identification tags. The first aid dressings and sterile gauze are available for covering open wounds and applying pressure to bleeding wounds; the triangular bandages for improvising atourniquet when gross arterial bleeding requires such treatment, and for the variety of other uses to which they may be put when time permits. The skin pencil is for marking the forehead according to the approved code: U—urgent TK—tourniquet T—tetanus antitoxin given H—internal hemorrhage M—morphine 24 The indelible pencil is for filling out the identification tag, and the safety pins are for use with bandages. It is expeéted that the Warden will have little occasion to use these materials, but he will need them urgently when he needs them at all. Medical and Rescue Services'. When the Warden reports the presence of casualties, the Chief of Emergency Medical Service, or his deputy at the Control Center, will immediately dispatch the necessary services. If the Warden has reported persons trapped in wreckage, the Chief of Rescue Service will dispatch a Rescue Squad. On arrival at the scene, the physician on the Mobile Medical Team will, as incident physician, assume full responsibility for the care of casualties, and will summon, through the Control Center, any additional aid needed. Severe casualties will be sent .direct to hospitals. Minor casualties may be sent to Casualty Stations, which are established and equipped but manned only as’ needed. The Air Raid Warden should direct the incident physician to the known casualties, advise with him concerning establishment of a base of operations, assist him in establishing communication with the Control Center, and advise with him concerning the best ambulance loading points and the shortest available routes to Casualty Stations and hospitals. The Warden will be more familiar with the immediate neighborhood and the existing conditions than will the incident physician or the ambulance driver, and should make his knowledge freely and quickly available to them. 25 Casualty Information. The Warden should be thoroughly familiar with the Casualty Information service set up in his local community to keep an accurate record of the location of casualties at hospitals, Casualty Stations, etq., so that he may aid relatives and others in locating such injured persons. Incident Officers. At incidents where a number of units and considerable equipment may be concentrated, there is likely to be a certain amount of confusion unless someone properly coordinates all protective activity. To handle such situations, certain selected individuals from the various services (Warden, Fire, Police, etc.) will be designated as Incident Officers after they have satisfactorily completed a special training course to fit them for this task. The Incident Officer will be the representative of the Commander at the scene of an incident. His authority will not extend to the detailed direction of activities of any unit, since he will not be expected to be qualified with respect to all of the technical services. He will, however, have full authority to resolve any conflicts, to direct priority of work as between units, and to report progress and needs direct to the Control Center. As Incident Officer, he will establish and operate Incident Post, suitably marked, at or near the scene of the incident. All Wardens in the Sector or Sectors concerned with the incident will cooperate with the Incident Officer, making available to him all essential data regarding the nature of the incident, the number and type of units and equipment already on the scene, any road block 26 age affecting traffic to or from the scene, and any other information which may be helpful in giving him a complete picture of the situation. All reports to the Control Center, and all requests for additional services will be made through the Incident Officer, and all units and equipment responding to such requests will report to him upon arriving at the scene of the incident and when leaving. A system of assignment will be worked out so that, upon the occurrence of an incident, one Incident Officer and only one will take charge. A limited number of Incident Officers who have additional training will be located at Control Centers and Sub-Control Centers. They will be known as Senior Incident Officers, and will be dispatched to large or multiple incidents, taking over in the name of the Commander upon their arrival. One, and only one, Senior Incident Officer will be dispatched to or will function at any one incident. After Reporting an Incident. After the Warden has reported the essential information to the Control Center (see ‘‘The Warden’s Report,” pages 29-37 of this handbook), and while he is still awaiting the arrival of the services concerned, he should take whatever precautionary measures are necessary, such as blocking off streets, rerouting around the scene of any units that may be passing through the Sector, seeing that unauthorized persons do not enter the affected area, and directing any further evacuation or removal to Shelter Areas that may be necessary. It is extremely important that all Wardens in the Sector do not become involved in any one incident. One Warden should remain at the Post, and one or more Wardens should always be avail 27 able for duty as additional incidents occur. Work in the Sector should be arranged with this in mind. Preservation of Enemy Matériel. Most air raids will furnish information of value to the military services regarding matériel employed by the enemy. Such matériel includes gounded enemy planes; personal equipment, weapons, and projectiles dropped or lost by the enemy; fragments of projectiles; etc. The tendency to collect souvenirs, while' a natural one, may deprive the Armed Forces of vital information in cases involving enemy matériel, and therefore should be prevented. The Warden should take particular care to see that this is done. Such objects should be kept undisturbed, at the place and in the position found, for examination by the military authorities. The Warden should arrange to have the object guarded—either by himself, an Auxiliary Policeman, a regular policeman, or some other responsible person. He should then promptly report the finding of such an object to his Control Center, which will communicate with the nearest military authorities, who will send a representative to examine and take charge of the object reported. Looting, Arson, Sabotage. The danger of criminal action is particularly acute during an emergency, due to the preoccupation of the protective and police services with the vàrious incidents. If the Warden sees any unauthorized person moving about the Sector, he should request the person to go to his home or to the nearest public Shelter Area. If the person refuses or continues to loiter, the police should be 28 notified. If the person is actually engaged in a criminal act, he should be turned over to the police immediately. Fire that appears to have started through arson during an emergency should be reported at once, in the same manner as though it were the result of enemy bombing. The Warden should later report all pertinent facts to the Control Center, including data regarding any unauthorized person seen near the incident, so that proper police action may be taken. Other types of sabotage should be similarly handled. The danger of acts of looting, arson, and sabotage will be greatly minimized, of course, if no unauthorized person is permitted to move about during an emergency. The Warden9» Report When the civilian protection organization of a community goes into action, Wardens become the “eyes” of the Control Center. The reports they send are the primary means of knowing what is happening throughout the community, and are the bases of decisions to send out equipment and personnel. Thus, the Control Center, the report procedure, and the communications facilities of the community must be thoroughly familiar to each Warden. The Control Center. The primary purpose of a Control Center is to receive* reports of air raid damage from Wardens and other emergency and regular protective personnel, and to arrange for the dispatch of services needed at the scenes of incidents. It is actually a central clearing house for all reports and for the dispatching of services, thus speeding effective 29 action and eliminating duplication and consequent waste of time and equipment. The Controller, who is next in command after the Executive Officer on the staff of the Commander of the Citizens Defense Corps, coordinates all operations of the Control Center, including the dispatching of services required at incidents. Present at the Control Center are the Chiefs, or their representatives, of the various emergency services Fire, Rescue, Police, Wardens, Medical, Public Works, Utilities, and Welfare! Others present include the Senior Bomb Reconnaissance Agent, Senior Gas Officer, Senior Incident Officers, the Communications Officer, Map Plotting Officer, Records Officer, Chart Writef, one or more Panel Clerks, Telephonists, etc., depending upon the size of the community and the volume of traffic the Control Center may reasonably be expected to handle. The Commander of the local Citizens Defense Corps usually has his headquarters at a Control Center, and operates from there during emergencies. The Control Center is equipped with a map of the community, upon which is shown the location and type of incident as these are reported, and a panel on which is recorded the status of the services available and those dispatched. Forms and records necessary to receive and send messages, and to prepare for post-raid activity supervision, are also maintained. Additional data regarding the Control Center and its operations will be found in publications on this subject issued by the U. S. Office of Civilian Defense. 30 The Report Procedure. Minor incidents, such as very small fires already under control of those present at the scene, and exploded bombs which càuse no fire, casualties, or other serious damage, need not be reported immediately by the Warden., They should be noted, however, and included in the Warden’s final report after the raid. All incidents involving fire beyond control of those on the scene, persons trapped in wreckage, casualties, UXBs, war gas, fallen aircraft or other objects, road blockage, wires down, broken water mains, city gas escaping or on fire, broken sewers, underground cable exposed, or damage to transportation facilities, must be reported to the Control Center. To facilitate recording the message at the Control Center, a standard form should be followed (see “Warden’s Incident Report” on page 112 of this handbook). If making the report by telephone or War Emergency Radio Service, the Warden should always start with the words “air raid damage.” Next he should specify whether it is an “initial” or a “supplementary” report (see paragraphs below), then give the information regarding the incident in exactly the same order as shown on the Warden’s Incident Report. He should always close with the words “report ends.” By following this procedure and sequence, confusion can be avoided, since thè essential information can be quickly and efficiently recorded at the Control Center on a similar form. There are two types of report, the “initial” report and the “supplementary” report. 31 The Initial Report. Immediately upon encountering an incident where assistance is required, the Warden should make a quick survey, watching particularly for fire, persons trapped in wreckage, casualties, UXBs, war gas, or blocked roads, and dispatch an initial report immediately to the Control Center, by telephone, WE RS, or whatever other speedy means of communication may be available. Only those points observable from a quick survey of the incident need be given in an initial report, complete details can be given later in a supplementary report, after the needed services have been requested. The Supplementary Report. After dispatching an initial report, the Warden should make a complete survey of the incident, checking carefully for damage he may have missed in his first quick survey, and for any additional developments. This information should then be dispatched to the Control Center by a supplementary report. Supplementary reports always refer to an incident already reported., While there can be only one initial report on an incident, there can be any number of supplementary reports, as many as may be needed to keep the Control Center informed of developments, to request additional units or equipment, to report new information, etc. Spaces are provided on the report form (see page 112) for indicating various types of air raid damage. In addition, space is provided for “Remarks,” under which may be given such information as a change in the location of the Sector Post, the number and location of persons killed (to facilitate early removal of the bodies), loca 32 tion of places constituting immediate hazard as the result of raid damage, etc. Reporting of Fire Incidents. The method used for reporting incidents involving fire may vary from one community to another, and may not always be the same (direct to Control Center) as for other types of incidents. For example, in some communities the Warden will report a fire first to fire headquarters, then to the Control Center; in other communities he may report a fire first to the nearest fire station, then to the Control Center. In all cases, liowever, the fire must be reported to the Control Center, and should be reported there as soon as possible so Control Center officials* will have complete current information to enable them to dispatch additional services, determine need for reinforcements from other communities, and plan for post-raid activities. It should also be noted that in all cases the reporting agent will be either the Air Raid Warden or the Fire Guard. The general public should be discouraged and prevented from reporting fires by telephone or fire alarm box. They should be impressed with the necessity of notifying the local Air Raid Warden or Fire Guard so initial fire-fighting action may be taken at once, duplicate reporting avoided, and overloading of telephone service minimized during emergencies. The Warden should be thoroughly familiar with the plan adopted locally for reporting incidents involving fire. He should know whether such incidents are to be reported (1) only to the Control Center, (2) first to fire headquarters, then to Control Center, (3) first to nearest fire station, 33 then to Control Center. He should also know whether or not fire alarm boxes are to be used, and the local requirements in the event they are authorized. Communications Facilities. The means of communication available for transmitting reports will, of course, vary from community to community. They may include War Emergency Radio Service, police radio service, etc., in addition to telephone, Messenger, and other facilities. In all cases, the Warden should become thoroughly familiar with every type of communication facility available for making reports in his community. Whenever possible, all reports should be made by telephone or by War Emergency Radio Service facilities. If the Sector Post can be reached without undue delay, it is,preferable to make the report from there, since the Post phone receives priority on calls during air raids, and since duplication of reports from within the Sector can thus be minimized. However, if time would be wasted in reaching the Post, the nearest phone remaining in service should be used. ‘ In no case, though, should the Warden delay transmission of a message by going from one phone to another seeking a live one. Telephone or WERS Technique. When transmitting a message by telephone or through War Emergency Radio Service facilities, always speak quietly, clearly, slowly. Talk directly into the mouthpiece. Spell a street name out if there is the least danger of misunderstanding. Verify letters, when necessary, by indicating a readily understood word (say “ ‘E’ as 34 in Edward,” or “ ‘M’ as in Mary,” for example). Pronounce numerals distinctly. Wait after each item, to give the person recording the report an opportunity to repeat the information if this is necessary. Remember, accuracy on your part and complete understanding on the part of the person receiving the report are equally important in getting equipment and personnel to the right location promptly. Messengers. During an attack, telephones may be put out of commission, and War Emergency Radio Service or police radio facilities may not be available. Thus, it is essential that Messengers be on duty within each Sector. They should be stationed at the Sector Post and, if the Sector is fairly extensive in area, they should be available at other strategic points also. If the Sector includes public Shelter Areas, hospitals or large public buildings, Messengers should be assigned to these points, as the destruction of regular communications would seriously impair the handling of protective measures at such places. Messengers will be thoroughly familiar with the streets and roads throughout the city, and particularly within the Sector to which they may be assigned. Bicycles will generally be available for their use, and in some communities motorcycles and automobiles will be utilized. These will bear officially authorized emergency markings. When reports are transmitted by Messenger, they should be written, never oral, and should preferably be on the standard Warden’s Incident Report form. Writing should be clear, leaving no opportunity for misunderstanding or misinterpretation on the part of the recipient. 35 Final Incident Reports. In the case of very minor occurrences which are immediately brought under control by Wardens, Fire Guards, or others at the scene, the Control Center should not be notified until after the emergency has passed. However, each occurrence within the Sector should be carefully noted and fully reported after the raid, whether or not assistance from the' Control Center was requested or used. The final report should include all facts pertaining to the occurrence—the damage done, the measures taken by the various units, Sector staff, inhabitants, etc. If therç have been blackout or driving violations, if any unauthorized person has been seen moving within the Sector during the emergency, or if there have been any other violations of emergency regulations, complete information should be given in the final 'report, including names, addresses, license numbers, names and addresses of witnesses, etc., for further action by the proper authorities. • The information contained in the Warden’s final report is recorded in the log book at the Sector Post, and then filed permanently at the Control Center. The Senior Air Raid Warden of the Sector is responsible to his superior officer for the accuracy of the final report and for its transmittal to the Control Center. While the original incident report which is phoned or sent to thé Control Center should be brief and to the point, no detail, no matter how small, should be omitted in the final report. Seemingly unimportant information may often be of considerable value when a complete composite report of the entire attack is prepared by the 36 Control Center staff. Therefore, each Warden, Fire Guard, Messenger, and others within the Sector should be personally consulted by the Senior Warden to obtain all possible information before the final report is submitted. Injuries to CDC Personnel An allocation of Federal funds is available to provide temporary aid to duly enrolled or registered members of, or trainees for, the Citizens Defense Corps injured while in the performance of their duties, and to dependents of such members killed or injured under like circumstances. This program is known as the War Civilian Security Program, and is administered by the Federal Security Agency. The Personnel Officer of the local Citizens Defense Corps will certify as to the status of a claimant for relief under this program, and as to whether the injury or death was sustained in performance of official duties. Medical care should be obtained by or for the injured Citizens Defense Corps member immediately, without awaiting authorization, reports, or other formalities. The injured member or a responsible relative, friend, or superior officer must give notice of the injury to the Personnel Officer, naming the physician and hospital selected. This notice should be in writing and should be made, if possible, within 24 hours after the injury. An injured member should give notice of every injury, no matter how slight, whether or not he is immediately attended by a physician. By failure to place his injury on record officially within 24 hours, he may jeopardize any claim for medical care or cash benefits for which he might subsequently become 37 eligible. In every case, notice must be given within 7 days after the injury. The physician chosen by the injured member should notify the Personnel Officer within 48 hours after his first visit to the patient, indicating that he has been informed that the patient is a member of the Citizens Defense Corps injured in the performance of official duties, that the findings, in his judgment, are consistent with the history obtained, and that, subject to verification of the patient’s status and of the circumstances of the injury, he agrees to assume responsibility for the case. A detailed description of this program will be found in the booklet, General Statement of the War Civilian Security Program, a copy of which has been sent to each local Defense Corps Personnel Officer. 38 Chapter III BUILDING AND SHELTER AREA WARDENS In addition to the Wardens who handle protective measures for the community in general— for homes, smaller buildings, vehicular and pedestrian traffic, etc.—adequate provision for Wardens in large buildings and in Shelter Areas should be made. Building Wardens Any building which normally contains, either by day or by night, more than approximately 100 and less than. approximately 500 people should constitute a separate Warden Post in charge of a Building Warden. If the physical arrangement of the building makes it necessary, it may be subdivided and have Deputy Building Wardens also. All such Building and Deputy Building Wardens should be selected with care, and should be duly enrolled as members of the Citizens Defense Corps. Buildings housing more than approximately 500 people should constitute either several Warden Posts or, if the number housed or the extent of area of the building rnâkes this advisable, should constitute a separate Sector, Precinct, or other locally utilized and applicable area classification. The Building Warden concerns himself entirely with matters pertaining to the blackout and protection of his own building and the people within it, and reports to the next appropriate higher Warden authority having supervision of the area in which the building is located. For example, the Building Warden of one of a number of buildings located in à Sector would report to the Senior Sector Warden; the Building Warden of a build- 537818°—43----------4 39 ing constituting a Sector would report to the Precinct Warden; etc. Shelter Areas Since practically every buildiiig having a Building Warden will contain Shelter Areas for use of occupants, and frequently for the use of the general public as well, special provisions should be made for the safety of persons utilizing such Shelter Areas. Selection and Preparation. First, of course, the utmost care should be taken in selecting and preparing such Shelter Areas, in accordance with suggestions made by the U. S’. Office of Civilian Defense. (See Operations Letter No. 130 on Shelter Policy, Protection Series Circular No. 20 on Air Raid Shelter Areas in Existing Buildings, the booklet War Department Specification — Black-out of Buildings, and the section on War Gas in this handbook, pages 60-68). Wherever possible, separate Shelter Areas for regular occupants of the building and for the general public should be provided. Shelter Areas for the general public should preferably be those nearest the ground floor of the building, to minimize congestion in corridors, on stairways, etc. The capacity of each Shelter Area should be definitely determined,; according to available space, ventilation, toilet facilities, etc.; and adequate civilian defense personnel should be assigned and trained to enforce such capacity limitations.. Marking of Shelter Areas. Standard signs of a type approved by the Office of Civilian Defense should be used to direct the public to buildings containing Shelter Areas for 40 their use, and to designate such buildings and their entrances. Simple, direct routes for the general public and for regular occupants to follow within the building in going to and coming from Shelter Areas assigned to them should be selected with a view to eliminating two-way traffic in corridors and on stairways. Such routes should be plainly indicated by signs of a type approved by the Office of Civilian Defense, and definite plans should be made and rehearsed for quickly and efficiently moving traffic along these routes during emergencies. Assignment of Occupants. Regular occupants of the building should be assigned Shelter Areas which can be quickly and conveniently reached by normal, direct routes, and careful plans should be made and repeatedly rehearsed for their orderly return from Shelter Areas to offices, rooms, apartments, etc., after the emergency. For example, if a Shelter Area on one floor is used by occupants of floors above and below, in addition to those living or working on the same floor, exit upon the proper signal might be arranged as follow^: those from the floor above would leave the Shelter Area first, those from the floor below would leave next, and those from rooms on the same floor would leave last, thus reducing congestion in halls or corridors and- on stairways to a minimum. Shelter Area Building Personnel. In addition to the Building Warden, who will supervise all blackout and protective measures and action within the building, Deputy Building Wardens should be assigned as follows: Door Wardens for each entrance or exit of the building; 41 Floor Wardens for specific floors or areas within the building; and Shelter Wardens for each Shelter Area within the building. Door Wardens will be responsible for the orderly entrance or exit of the general public, for directing the public to other possible shelters (a list of such possible shelters should be posted for Door Wardens’ reference). Floor Wardens will be responsible for proper blackout of their assigned, floors or areas, for directing people to Shelter Areas; and for the maintenance of order among the general public and among building occupants in the corridors and on stairways within the building. Shelter Wardens (at least one for each 50 persons of Shelter Area capacity) will be responsible for the maintenance of orderly entrance and exit to and from, and for orderly conduct within, each Shelter Area of the building. Selection and Training of Personnel. Door, Floor, and Shelter Wardens should be carefully selected and duly enrolled as members of the Citizens Defense Corps. They should preferably be persons experienced in handling crowds—persons with a calm, confident, reassuring manner, able to act efficiently. under trying conditions. In addition to taking the regular training courses offered for Air Raid Wardens, they should become thoroughly familiar with the entire building in which they serve—with all corridors, stairways, exits, and communicationfacilities. Special instruction should be given them in methods of handling and reassuring crowds. Definite, efficient plans for handling all possible situations should be formulated and rehearsed—plans for the orderly removal of people 42 from one Shelter Area to another within the building, for the proper handling of hysterical persons, for securing assistance through the Control Center, etc. Practice drills should be conducted at least once each month for the first three months after Shelter Areas have been provided in a building, and at least quarterly thereafter (in addition to participation in all community-wide practice drills). All regular occupants of the building, as well as all Building, Floor, Door, and Shelter Wardens, should be required to participate in such practice drills. 43 Chapter IV SUPPLEMENTARY DATA The Warden’s training gives him a general working knowledge of several phases of civilian protection related to his work, such as handling of incendiaries, protection against war gas, and other activities. A brief treatment of these and other subjects follows in as condensed a form as possible, so that the Warden will always have this informa-• tion available for reference and public educational purposes. Separate publications have been issued on many of these subjects, and will, of course, provide considerably more information than is possible within the confines of this one handbook. These publications may be obtained through the local , Defense Council and should be part of the equipment of every Sector Post. 44 Equipment THE WARDEN’S EQUIPMENT Each Air Raid Warden should be equipped with: Regulation arm band Steel helmet (as available) Approved flashlight and extra batteries Warden’s whistle Identification card Gas mask (as available) Prescribed report forms Heavy work gloves THE SECTOR POST EQUIPMENT Each Post should be equipped with: Desk and sufficient chairs for all personnel Approved flashlights and extra batteries First-aid kit and supply of gas casualty treatment solutions Prescribed report forms Gas alarm devices Approved fire extinguishers for Post protection Set of instructions, handbooks, texts—a Post library Toilet facilities Rest cot Clock Approved lanterns and detour lights for incident blocking Long rope, stands, and signs for roping off and marking danger areas Detailed map of sector Telephone and other communication devices as adopted locally Log book for recording daily occurrences and progress Authorized fire fighting equipment supplies for use in Sector Sandbags; extra sand, bags, and shovels Typewriter and filing case Battery-operated radio Blankets Candles Heating device for preparing food Various signs for emergency use (Detour, Blocked Street, Do Not Enter, Danger— Unexploded Bomb, etc.) 45 When an observer sights or hears a plane or a group of planes, he picks up his telephone (1) and says “Army Flash.” The telephone company operator (2) at once connects him with the Filter Center serving the area (3) to which the observer reports the type of planes, number, height, direction of flight, etc. These reports are plotted on a map of the Filter Center area. When several reports agree, Tellers transmit the data to an Information Center (4), where developments over a larger area are plotted on a huge map. If it appears that the planes are not our own, an Army Air Corps officer orders interceptor planes into the air (5), and directs them to contact the enemy; another officer notes the districts that appear to be threatened and flashes a yellow, blue, , or red alarm, according to the degree of danger,, to the proper District Warning Centers (6). At this point, civilian defense takes over and telephones the warnings to Control Centers (7) within the Warning District. Here the local Citizens Defense Corps orders the alert and engages in the operation of civilian defense. 46 U, S, Citizens Defense Corps The United States Citizens Defense Corps consists of members of all protective and related services engaged in civilian defense who are eligible, trained, appointed, sworn and enrolled in accordance with Regulations No. 3 (as amended) of the United States Office of Civilian Defense. Each local Citizens Defense Corps operates as a unit under the general supervision of the State or local Defense Council, and is headed by a Commander, assisted by a staff which includes technical, administrative, and clerical personnel, and by the Chiefs of the Emergency Services: Fire, Rescue, Police, Wardens, Medical, Public Works, Utilities, and Welfare. Ordinarily, the regular municipal fire and police forces are integrated with the emergency auxiliary services, and the chiefs of the fire and police departments are the respective chiefs of thé Auxiliary Fire and Auxiliary Police services. A Citizens Defense. Corps may also be organized at the State level, to include State staff members and units operating on a State-wide basis. Each civilian defense worker should familiarize himself with his local organization, and with the insignia and duties of the various services and units comprising the U. S. Citizens Defense Corps. Illustrations of the insignia and a brief summary of the functions of each unit follow: Wardens train residents : ' f°r emerSencæs and become acquainted Physical features and residents of assigned territory; observe lights showing during a dimout or blackout and warn occupants of buildings; call attention of law enforcement authorities to 48 failures to comply with dimout or blackout rules and regulations, and request their cooperation in obtaining such compliance; direct persons in the streets to shelter; report to the Control Center any effects of enemy action such as fallen bombs, fires, or the suspected presence of war gas; sound gas alarm; assist in fighting incendiary bombs; assist victims in damaged buildings; render emergency field care to the injured; direct traffic in the absence of regular or Auxiliary Police, to facilitate movement of emergency vehicles; assist generally in essential passive defense activities in the event of air raids or other enemy action. Auxiliary Firemen assist regular fire-fighting forces; rescue persons from burning buildings. Auxiliary Police enforce emergency restrictions on lighting and prohibitions on trespassing; guard docks, buildings, bridges, and factories; assist in the • control of vehicular and pedestrian traffic and facilitate movement of emergency vehicles; patrol areas contaminated by war gas; prevent looting; and generally assist the regular police force. Bomb Reconnaissance Unit investigates reports of unexploded bombs, reports thereoil to the Control Center, and advises regarding proper precautionary measures to be taken at sites of unexploded bombs. 49 Chaplains minister to the religious and spiritual needs of persons suffering from the effects of air raids or other enemy action. Communications Unit includes three subdivisions, Wire Communications Group, Radio Group, and Messenger Group, and through these groups plans the development of communications facilities; designs, procures, installs, maintains, operates, or makes use of various systems of communication, including wire services, radio communication facilities and a message delivery service. Decontamination Unit effects chemical destruction or removal of war gases contaminating streets, walls, buildings, vehicles and machinery under technical direction of the Senior Gas Officer. Demolition and Clearance Unit removes rubble and debris from streets after air raids or other enemy action; destroys partially demolished or unsafe walls and buildings; mobilizes and operates heavy equipment needed in such , work; assists the local public works department in the event of air raids or other enemy action. Drivers Unit drives vehicles to assist other units of the Citizens Defense Corps. 50 Emergency Welfare Unit coordinates and utilizes all community welfare resources to insure to victims of air raid or other enemy action, emergency care such as food, clothing, shelter, counseling and guidance, assistance in obtaining living quarters, equipment and supplies; establishes a central registration and information service as a means of identification, reuniting of families and answering inquiries from relatives and friends; facilitates arrangements for securing financial assistance through other agencies, public or private. Fire Guards assist in educating the public in firè defense, including cautions regarding incendiaries; help eliminate fire hazards; make sure that reserve water supplies are plentiful and accessible at all times; assemble equipment suitable for fire fighting; select and man lookout posts; extinguish minor fires; take steps to control larger fires pending thè arrival of regular or auxiliary fire services. Gas Reconnaissance Unit verifies or disproves the presence of reported war gas; identifies chemical warfare agents; delimits areas contaminated by war gas; gives technical aid to Decontamination Unit; advises and assists other services in matters related to war gas. 51 Instructors give courses of training and instruction to trainees and members of the Defense Corps as prescribed from time to time by orders or instructions of the Director. Medical Unit provides field care, transportation, and emergency hospitalization for casualties; makes emergency provision for the dead; cleanses injured persons of war gases; and assists in the education of the public in self-aid. Nurses* Aides Unit assists nurses in hospitals, out-patient clinics, public health nursing activities, and Casualty Stations; serves on Mobile Medical Teams. • Rescue Unit rescues persons trapped by debris; renders necessary first aid; and, in connection with rescue operations, shores up, tunnels, and performs minor demolition work; and, where necessary in such rescue operations, pending arrival of Utility Repair Unit, shuts off broken gas, electric, and water lines. Road Repair Unit restores streets and highways as rapidly as possible after air raids or other enemy action; fills holes, smoothes road surfaces, temporarily repaves with available material, applies surface coatings, restores markings, assists street departments and public works departments following rough clearance by Demolition' and Clearance Unit. 52 Staff Unit commands or directs the units of the Citizens Defense Corps in the protective services engaged in civilian defense; assists the Commander, including technical, administrative, and clerical assistance. Utility Repair Unit repairs water, gas, electric, telephone,, telegraph, steam, sewer, and other utilities damaged by air raid or other enemy action. (Additional emergency utility workers are often members of the Civilian Defense Auxiliary Group). 53 Fire Defense Fire is one of the enemy’s most effective weapons. For Air Raid Wardens, defense against fire is concerned primarily with fires that may result from enemy air attacks. There are many types of fire bombs. Regardless of the type used, the chief objective is to start fire. Small bombs are used in large numbers for starting a great many fires in congested areas; conflagrations result unless the bombs and fires are dealt with quickly. Since the start of the war the enemy has introduced new and more destructive fire bombs. Explosive charges have been added to fire bombs to keep fire fighters at a distance until the bomb can start a fire. Phosphorus and solidified oil have been used alone and in combinatioh with each other. There is every reason to believe that the enemy will try to devise even more dangerous fire bombs. We must be prepared to deal with them, remembering always that the primary purpose of the fire bomb is to start a conflagration. 54 Before Raids Come. Steps can be taken now to lessen the danger of air raid fires. Everything that can be done to prevent the rapid spread of fire in buildings will minimize the effectiveness of air raids. People are urged to clean house—to remove from attics, cellars and closets such combustible, material as old newspapers and magazines, discarded furniture, clothing and junk. Neighbors are instructed in the use of first-aid fire-fighting appliances. Occupants of buildings are asked to keep reserve supplies of water available for use during air raids, and encouraged to keep it and their other air raid equipment in a conyenient place where it is always immediately available. . If control of a bomb seems doubtful, the Air Raid Warden or Fire Guard should report the fire according to pre-arranged local plans. 1. Learn NOW how to report fire by phone. 2. If fire alarm boxes are to be used in your community during air raids, NOW is the time to learn the location of the nearest box. 55 537818°—43---5 When Raids Come. Fighting fire bombs and small fires is the responsibility of the Fire Guards, but Air Raid Wardens may sometimes have to fight them, too, so learn where the equipment is available in your Sector and know how to use it effectively. Speed in attacking a fire bomb with a solid stream of water from the refuge of the best available cover is essential. Small fire bombs generally fall close together, so speed in attacking each one is vital. The solid stream of water has great range and wetting power, enabling the fire fighter to work at a safer distance. Cover is necessary because of the explosive charge in some fire bombs. Water is essential in fighting fires started by fire bombs. Keep a supply of at least ten (10) gallons of water on hand. Use a solid stream of water. Sand and special devices requiring close approach to the bomb are dangerous and should not be used. A brick wall is safe protection Before the explosion, seek against the fragments of a small protective cover. explosive fire bomb. 2. After the explosion, fight the remaining bomb and resulting fire using a solid stream. 56 Weapons for Fighting Fire Bombs. Theste are the appliances that should be depended on for fighting fire bombs and small fires This is the OCD 4-gallon pump tank extinguisher, which is essentially for use by the Fire Guards. The stirrup pump, which works like the ordinary bicycle pump, is what civilians should have for their home equipment. With water pressure, the garden hose is a most effective fire fighting weapon. It can also be used indoors connected to a faucet adapter which is a threaded device to be attached to the usual smooth type faucet. There are many fire extinguishers thak look like this and they will be found in’ many buildings. Read the label before operating! Their discharge time lasts about one minute. Until equipment such as that listed on this page can be brought to the scene, water can be thrown with a can or dipper from a bucket. By wetting surroundings in this way, the spread of fire may be prevented. 57 Unexploded Bomb Precautions Any person whd discovers, or suspects the presence of, an unexploded bomb should immediately notify the nearest Air Raid Warden or Auxiliary Policeman. । The Warden or officer should immediately report the incident to the Control Center, which will dispatch a member of the Bomb Reconnaissance Unit to verify the report and to take any action necessary in guarding against and removing the unexploded bomb. In the interval between the report and the arrival of the Bomb Reconnaissance Agent, it may be advisable to take initial precautionary measures so that an explosion of the bomb will not cause unnecessary loss of life. The Air Raid Warden has first responsibility for taking such precautions. If he has difficulty in enforcing them, he should apply for assistance to the nearest regular or Auxiliary Policeman. The nature of the safety precautions to be taken will vary according to the circumstances. The Air Raid Warden (or regular or Auxiliary Policeman if the Warden is not immediately available) must use good judgment in deciding each individual case. On the one hand, he should not unnecessarily expose people to danger by leaving them in locations where they might be injured if the bomb explodes; on the other hand, he should not needlessly idisrupt the war effort or expose people to danger by getting them outdoors while a raid is on. The following principles will serve as a guide, and should be applied according to the circumstances involved: 1. All unexploded bombs must be considered to 58 be time bombs, and to be highly dangerous, until proved otherwise. 2. In case of any unexploded bomb, initial safety precautions should include removal of all persons within a 50-yard radius of the bomb. 3. If the hole of entry of a buried unexploded bomb can be seen, it may give a clue to the probable size of the bomb itself. The bigger the hole, in general, the larger the bomb—and the greater the area of evacuation required for safety. A hole 26 inches across, or larger, calls for evacuation of all persons within a radius of 400 yards. Similarly, a parachute mine,found on the surface of the ground requires evacuation of all persons within 400 yards. 4. All traffic should be diverted from the radius of evacuation. / 5. Merely removing people from the area is not sufficient., especially in inclement weather or while a raid is on. It is important that shelter be found for them in other buildings at a safe distance from the bomb, and that the Control Center be notified of the removal so adequate emergency welfare assistance may be dispatched. People should not, however, be moved from one Zone (or other large subdivision) to another without express authority from the Control Center. 6. Holes less than 6 inches in diameter seldom mean an unexploded bomb. They are probably caused by an unexploded antiaircraft shell, and no initial evacuation is necessary. 7. Unexploded bombs lying on the surface of the ground are very dangerous, and should not be approached. The initial evacuation area should be 100 yards in radius. Within a radius of 200 • yards, no one should be in a direct line with the bomb unless there is a heavy wall between. 59 8, The Bomb Reconnaissance Agent may; upon his arrival, change any of the initial precautions taken by the Warden or officer. As previously mentioned, it may be advisable to take initial precautions in accordance with the above principles after reporting the incident and while awaiting the arrival of the Bomb Reconnaissance Agent. In addition, the Warden or officer will, if possible, rope off the area, placing signs reading: “Danger—Unexploded Bomb” at the limits of such area. As soon as the Bomb Reconnaissance Agent arrives, the Warden, regular police, and Auxiliary Police will cooperate with him in taking whatever additional measures are deemed essential. War Gas War gases, or chemical agents used to produce casualties, may be dropped in bombs or simple containers. ,The liquid vesicants or ’ “blister gases,” such as mustard and lewisite, may also be sprayed by airplanes. As this is written, war gases have not been used against the British or others trained to protect themselves. However, we must face the possibility that gas may be used against us, and should prepare accordingly. The Gas Tight Room. Every householder should be encouraged to prepare a gas tight room, which offers good protection against any probable concentration of war gas in a city. A room on one of the upper floors of the house should be used, since the strongest concentration of gas will be found near the ground. Any fair sized room ought to serve the average family, as it is not anticipated that * 60 the gas tight room would be occupied for an extended period of time. To seal cracks and small openings, gummed tape of various kinds may be used. Patching plaster or a mush made by soaking newspapers in water may be used for caulking larger openings. Pieces of wallboard, nails, and caulking material should be kept on hand to cover windows broken by the blast of high explosives. A blanket fastened tightly against the window frame will protect the room’s occupants against flying glass. Only one door should be used as an entrance or exit from suoh a room. It should be protected by a weighted blanket fastened over the doorway and fitted closely to the sides. It should be hung so that the door swings away from it so that a person can slip behind the blanket before the door is opened. Wetting the blanket makes it more effective. ' Necessary supplies and facilities should be stored in such a room for emergency use at any time—food, water, chairs, a battery-operated radio, flashlight, toilet facilities, etc. Protection and Treatment. To protect ourselves from most of the ill-effects of the war gases, all \ye need are a few simple remedies found in every American home and a few simple procedures which anyone can apply. Every citizen should master the information which follows: 1. Stay Indoors. A tightly closed room affords protection against gas. All windows and doors should be tightly shut, and cardboard, or blankets to be soaked with water, should be kept in readiness to cover and seal shattered windows. 61 Choose a room on an upper floor if possible; most-war gases are heavier than air, although they may be carried up with air currents. 2. If Caught Outdoors In A Gas Attack, Get Out Of The Area At Once. Look down and shield your eyes with,your arm. Do not worry about any brief vapor exposure to which you may be subjected. The danger from this source is not great. 3. Prompt Action Will Avoid Serious Effects. If you know or suspect that you have gotten any of the gas on your person or clothing, do pot go hunting for a Casualty Station or gas cleansing station and expect someone else to help you. Knock on the first door you come to and do whatever is necessary for yourself. Self-aid is the quickest and safest way. 4. This Is What You Should Do. This Routine Should Be Memorized So It Will Be Done Automatically In An Emergency: A. Remove shoes and outer clothing and drop them outside the house, in a covered can if available. Do not touch this clothing again except with sticks or gas-proof gloves. Do not cling to false modesty. To enter a house with contaminated clothing endangers everyone in it. B. Get to a bathroom, kitchen or laundry room as fast as possible. C. If your eyes have been exposed to liquid gas or spray, flush them immediately. Plain water out of a faucet, shower-head, canteen or douche bag will do, but a lukewarm dilute solution of bicarbonate of soda (heaping tablespoonful in a quart of water) is even better, if it is handy. Let anyone nearby help ybu. D. If drops of liquid blister gas have splashed the skin, you can prevent serious burns 62 by adequate cleansing. Promptly blot up the liquid with pieces of cleansing tissue, cloth, or a handkerchief, which should be disposed of carefully so that it cannot contaminate anyone else. Then sponge the skin briskly with laundry bleach containing sodium hypochlorite, if it is at hand, and rinse off under the shower or in a tub. A thorough bath with a vigorous lathering is the final step, which should never be omitted. Dry the skin by patting. Do not rub. Dress in whatever clean clothing you can get. If blisters develop, you should seek medical advice. . E. If your nose and throat feel irritated, snuff and gargle with a dilute solution of bicarbonate of soda. If your chest feels heavy and oppressed, if you have any trouble breathing or if smoking becomes distasteful, lie down immediately and stay perfectly still until you can be taken to a doctor. Do this even if you feel fine otherwise. 5. Remember: Cleanse Yourself Quickly And Calmly. Follow The Instructions Of Your Air Raid Warden. “Blister Gases” and Decontamination. As mentioned previously, lewisite and mustard gas are liquids in the normal state. They give off a dangerous vapor that acts as a war gas and, unless chemically neutralized, these liquids may persist for a week, contaminating the air for a considerable distance down wind. The liquid vesicants are very penetrating, and ordinary shoes or clothing offer little protection. Full protection against these chemical agents is afforded persons whose duties take them into contaminated areas by gas-proof clothing, covering the wearer from head to toe, and tightened at neck, wrists, and ankles. The greatest care must 63 Chemical Warfare Agents 64 65 be used in removing such clothing after exposure to lewisite or mustard. This may be done at cleansing stations designated for the use of personnel of the U. S. Citizens Defense Corps. Decontamination of streets, walls, and buildings is effected by a special unit, principally by means of chloride of lime (bleaching powder) freshly mixed with earth, or with water as a slurry or paste. This must be thoroughly worked into cracks and crevices and the resulting product flushed away. This work is done by the Decontamination Unit. The Warden’s Responsibilities Each Warden has certain definite duties and responsibilities to the people of his Sector in connection with gas protective measures—before, during, and after a gas attack. Duties Before Gas Attack. 1. The Warden should store and care for whatever personal protective equipment may be issued to him. 2. He should provide for a supply of water in the Sector Post for emergency cleansing. 3. He should advise residents of his Sector regarding gas detection and protection,. 4. He should be familiar with the gas protection plans of each household in his Sector., 5. He should maintain a list in his handbook (see form on page 91) and at the Sector Post of places other than homes having available emergency cleansing facilities which persons needing self-aid may use. 6. At sound of an air raid warning, the Warden should place in use, outside the Post, whatever gas detecting device may have been furnished him by the Gas Reconnaissance Agent. 66 Duties During Gas Attack 1. Immediately upon determining that gas has been used in his Sector, the Warden should don his gas mask and sound the gas warning produced by a wooden rattle or clacker. People should be kept indoors until the danger has passed. Wardens in adjoining Sectors should move upwind-and remain on the alert for signs of gas entering their areas. They should not sound a gas warning until they believe gas has actually reached their own Sectors, however. 2. Immediately thereafter, he should notify his Control Center, so a Gas Reconnaissance Agent may be dispatched to the Sector at once. 3. He should rope off contaminated areas as delineated by the Gas Reconnaissance Agent. 4. He should inform the Gas Reconnaissance Agent regarding the presence of people in buildings, and assist in the removal of persons from those buildings deemed unsafe for occupancy. 5. With the technical assistance of a Gas Reconnaissance Agent, he should advise people concerning methods of evading the gas. 6. He should assist contaminated persons in finding places in the Sector where they may administer self-aid. 7. At the earliest possible moment, after discharging the foregoing duties, he should make a regular complete report of the incident to the Control Center. 8. On advice of the Gas Reconnaissance Agent, he should notify householders when it is safe to leave their homes after a gas attack. 9. The Warden should cleanse himself thoroughly at the Sector Post or other suitable location when necessary. 67 Duties After Gas Attack 1. He should check on remaining available materials for protection against further attacks, and obtain necessary replacements. 2. He should assist the Laundry Officer or other delegated service officer in the collection of contaminated clothing and its distribution after decontamination. He should follow advice of the Gas Reconnaissance Agent in instructing civilians on the proper handling and decontamination of clothing contaminated with vapor. 3. He should assist persons returning to the Sector after it has been decontaminated. Electrical Hazards in Air Raids Electricity, properly controlled, is a powerful force for progress and production. However, when electric power lines have been damaged, electricity becomes a tremendously dangerous force. Because the performance of your duties as a member of the .Citizens Defense Corps may bring you into situations where electric cables or wires have fallen to, or near, the ground as the result of an air raid or other damage, it is imperative that you understand exactly what to do in such cases; The voltage, and consequent danger, of a wire cannot be judged by its size or general appearance. Even if it could, 4t should be remembered that a comparatively low voltage, under certain conditions, is sufficient to cause death. Always assume that any wire or cable is a “live” and dangerous one until it has been proved safe. Initial Precautions. Immediately upon encountering such a situation, a guard should be arranged to keep people 68 and traffic away from the area containing the fallen wires. The area should be roped off or barricaded if necessary. If possible, have the current shut off. As soon as possible, the Control Center should be notified of the incident. Until an experienced utility repair crew arrives on the scene and makes necessary repairs, no one should be allowed to touch or handle a fallen wire. No amateur electricians should be allowed to “try a hand” at such a time. Moving a “Live” Wire. If it should be necessary to move a wire to effect rescue work or to perform other emergency tasks, use a long dry stick, a dry board, a dry rope, or other material which will not conduct electricity. Use no metal whatever. Be especially careful in ydur selection of the object to be used—many materials commonly thought to be nonconductors will, under certain conditions, carry an electric current. For example, even apparently dry clothing may have a sufficient residue of salt from perspiration to conduct an electric current, or serve as a conductor. If necessary to move the wire, be very sure that the ¿round you stand on is perfectly dry. If at all possible, secure a large dry board and stand oil this while moving the wire with a nonconducting object. Never attempt to climb poles, towers, or other structures to investigate an electrical hazard. And never permit yourself or others to work around fallen wires while wearing a metal helmet. Metal helmets must be removed before any attempt is made to move, inspect, or repair electric wires. «9 Should Fire Guards or others be fighting a fire where such wires are located, remember—water is a conductor of electricity. Live wires in water or upon wet surfaces may energize the surrounding ground or pavement; thus it is extremely dangerous to use water under such conditions. If essential to continue the use of water in extinguishing a fire in such an area, it is necessary to keep people even farther away from the fallen wires than under ordinary conditions. In this connection, remember that a stream of water is a conductor. Standing on the ground and holding a wet hose from which a stream of water is playing on a live wire, you become a part of the circuit, and the entire voltage may flow through your bpdy. Rescue Work. Attempting to rescue a person from contact with a live wire is very dangerous. Do not touch any portion of the person’s body until he has been freed from contact with the wire—and dq not touch the wire with your hands or body. Do not attempt to cut the wire unless you have been trained and authorized to do such work, and have the proper equipment. Experience has shown that even the insulated coverings of wires afford little, if any, protection. Heavy rubber gloves may give some protection, but even these should not be depended upon. In some cases it may be possible to free a victim by pulling upon his clothing, but this is dangerous because of the possibility previously mentioned— that the clothing may conduct electricity because of a residue of salt from perspiration. The safest and most foolproof step is to have the current 70 shut off, if at all possible, before attempting a rescue- In any case of electrical shock, artificial respiration should be administered immediately after the victim has been removed from the live wire (using the prone pressure method described in the Red Cross First Aid. Text-Book and in the Office of Civilian Defense Handbook of First Aid). The victim should be given medical attention as soon as possible. Finally, it must be remembered that it is not possible to suggest any one method of rescue which is safe and foolproof under all circumstances. It is only through special training, the use of adequate equipment, and the exercise of great care that a rescuer may be assured of safety from electrical hazards. Summary. Briefly, the steps to follow in dealing with electrical hazards are": 1. Arrange to keep people away from the wire and surrounding area until the repair crew arrives, or the current can be shut off. 2. Notify the Control Center as soon as possible. 3. If a person is in contact with a live wire, try to have the current shut off before attempting a rescue. 4i Do not attempt to cut a wire unless you have received training, have been authorized to do Such work, and have the proper equipment. 5. If it is necessary to move a wire or a victim before the current is shut off, use an object of nonconducting material—do not touch the wire or person with your hands or body. 6. Be sure the ground you stand on is perfectly dry. 537818°—43----------6 ■ 1 7. Give artificial respiration immediately after the person has been freed from the wire; secure medical assistance as soon as possible. These suggestions are for the guidance of civilian defense workers who are not technically trained and who have not had previous experience in handling electric service facilities. Members of the Utility Repair Unit, of course, should be governed by safety codes developed by the industry. It is important that all civilian defense workers whose duties may in any way involve the handling of electrical hazards be given special training on this subject by a representative of the local electric industry. Hazards From Escaping City Gas The following recommendations will serve as a guide as to what should and should not be done where city (utility) gas is escaping from damaged mains, service pipes, or house piping. Street Main on Fire. Do not extinguish fire. Call your Control Center to notify the Fire Department to prevent spread of fire. Extinguishment of flames arid shutting off of gas mains must be done by fire department and gas company personnel who will be dispatched to the scene through the Control Center. There is little danger except from fire spreading to adjacent inflammable material. Unignited Gas Escaping From Street Main. Do not try to stop the escape of gas and DO NOT IGNITE the escaping gas. Guard against all possible sources of ignition, since pockets of a mixture of gas and air (perhaps explosive) may have formed in cavities, sewers, manholes, etc. 72 City gas is usually lighter than air and will dissipate rapidly in the open air. Be sure that no open flames are used in the vicinity and that no smoking is permitted. Strike no matches. Stop all traffic to prevent a passing car or trolley from striking a spark near the leak. Keep everyone away from the escaping gas— put up warning signs and rope off the area if necessary. Stay away yourself and, to avoid risk of being gassed, endeavor to keep “up wind” of the leak. Service Pipes Damaged or Broken. If the escaping gas makes a loud rushing noise, stay away. In other cases, broken service pipes up to 2 inches in diameter, whether the gas is ignited or not, may 'be controlled by Wardens or Rescue personnel before the arrival of the gas company unit. The simplest method of temporally stopping a small pipe is to seal it with moist clay, soap, or a wet rag. The moist clay is best applied with a spade or shovel, by throwing a shovelful over the leak. Or a large mass of the clay (about half a bucketful) may be thrown at or dropped over the leak. If this clay blows off, stay away and keep others away. If the escaping gas is burning, there is no danger except from the risk of fire spreading to adjacent inflammable material. No attempt should be made to extinguish the gas flame except by completely shutting off the flow or sealing the escape of gas. Incomplete sealing of the leak may result in the escape of unburned gas—a more serious hazard. 73 House Piping Damaged or Broken. Get the occupants out of the house. If possible, turn off the cock at the meter. If this is impossible, you may be able to shut off the flow of gas by temporarily stopping the broken pipe with soap, a wet rag, a wooden plug or moist clay. Escaping Qas Within Buildings. 1. Immediately evacuate all persons in the building or buildings, including any person who may be sleeping or ill, to a place free from gas fumes. Don’t expose yourself or others unnecessarily to a gaseous atmosphere. Use extreme care wherever there is escaping gas and guard against all possible sources of ignition. Never strike a match or even turn on an electric light or flashlight anywhere you notice an odor of gas. 2. Any persons rendered unconscious by gas should immediately be given artiñcial respiration at a safe distance from the leak. Other first aid and medical attention may also be required and should be secured if needed. 3. If shattered windows have not already provided ventilation, promptly ventilate the building by opening doors and windows. This applies particularly to basements and cellars in which the doors and windows should always be opened or, if necessary, broken from the outside. 4. The flow of gas should be brought under control after the above steps have been taken if it appears safe to do so. Points to Remember When Damage Has Occurred: 1. Never ignite a suspected leak or look for it with a match or open flame. 2. Any mixture having the smell of gas may be explosive. 74 3. Do not attempt to extinguish any gas flame except by stopping the flow of gas. 4. Ordinary war gas masks offer no protection against city gas and render its detection difficult. If wearing a gas mask, be doubly cautious if leaks of city gas are suspected. 5. Gas company personnel are equipped with special gas masks for protection against city gas when required. 6. If you do anything to gas equipment of any kind, be sure to tell the gas company representative what you have done as promptly as possible. Additional information on this subject will be found in Notes on City Gas for Air Raid Wardens, OCD Publication 1011. Water Service in Air Raids Since water mains and plumbing systems in general are vulnerable to bombing, it is important for the Warden to familiarize himself with precautionary measures in this field, and to make certain that every person in his Sector knows what to do. Local regulations, formulated according to local conditions, will probably be issued in most communities, and should supply all necessary data for the Warden and his public. However, in the absence of local regulations, the following suggestions may be used as the basis for water service information to be assimilated by the Warden and passed along to people in his Sector. What to do about water service in case of an air raid: 1. Keep available about one quart of drinking water for each person in the house in case of service interruption during a raid, and plenty (at 75 least 10 gallons) on hand at all times for fighting incendiary bombs. . 2. Do not fill bathtubs or other reserve containers with water during an air raid. This would reduce water pressure throughout the community, and would seriously affect the efficiency of the fire fighting services. 3. If water ‘service fails, turn off all water faucets so that when service is resumed water will not be wasted or allowed to damage property. 4. Leave the main water service valves alone. Only your water company employees, or authorized Defense Corps personnel, should touch these. 5. In case of an air raid, all persons should abide by health department instructions, which may call for the boiling of all water used for drinking or cooking if the municipal supply has become contaminated by sewage or other agents. 6. Local health authorities and water officials are the only reliable source of information regarding the condition of local water supply. Rumors should not be believed or repeated. 7. Do not telephone the water company during an alert or a raid. It is essential that phone lines be kept open for vital military and defense communication at such times. If a householder believes that property or health may be endangered unless the water company be reached, he should communicate with his Warden or other defense official, who will then contact the water company through the Control Center in case of real need. Private Water Sources. In case of actual or suspected use of war gas by the enemy, private water sources and supplies such as wells or cisterns, and water stored in tanks 76 (unless airtight) on the premises, should not be used until local health authorities or water officials have verified its purity. Recognition and Prevention of Panic Panic is a constant threat in wartime—especially during public alerts and actual air raids. When people are faced with a sudden and unexpected danger to life, possessions, or the security of their families, and when they feel helpless to avert the impending danger, panic may follow. The danger may be actual, or it may be wholly imaginary. In either case blind, unreasoning fear, augmented by crowd contagion—the similar fear of others nearby—may turn almost any group from thinking, considerate human beings into an unreasoning, instinct-ridden mob. Thorough recognition of panic danger is a prime responsibility of every civilian defense worker— especially of the Air Raid Warden, in whose hands rests much of the welfare of a specific section of the community in time of emergency. The fact that panic can usually be prevented is important to remember. Of equal importance is a full knowledge of proper preparation against panic, of the ability to recognize the initial stages of panic, and of the correct immediate action to take in its prevention. Complete treatments have been published on this subject, and the following obviously cannot cover the many factors concerned. These suggestions are given with the thought that they may help the Warden to use his basic good judgment in handling the danger of panic among the people with whose protection he is concerned. Proper preparation for panic is twofold: first, self-preparation by the individual Warden; second, preparation of the public. 77 Self - Prepara tion. The Warden should carefully plan exactly what he will do in any possible situation that • might arise in his Sector. He should remember that people whose nerves have been strained to the point of possible panic are strongly susceptible to suggestion. If responsible leadership does not assert itself at such a time, people are likely to follow any suggestion which may be put forth by an irrational or hysterical member of the group. Thus, it is up to the Warden to be fully prepared for any emergency—to visualize all possible panic situations in his Sector. He should familiarize himself thoroughly with all buildings in which a number of people normally work or live—with the hazards peculiar to each such building, with the locations and types of exits, with the extent of trained personnel available to assist him, etc. In each case, he should formulate a definite and efficient plan, and should repeatedly mentally rehearse his action until it becomes second nature. Public Preparation, The second important point in preparing against panic is that of educating and organizing the public. The Warden should see that everyone in his Sector knows about the Civilian Defense organization'—about the Wardens Service, the Auxiliary Police, the Fire Guards, the Emergency Medical Service, and the many other services provided to aid them. He should make sure they know about the provisions for emergency housing, food, and clothing for attack victims. A realization of these extensive provisions for their safety and welfare will go a long way toward relieving the public of fear, and consequently of the danger of panic, if 78 they, their loved ones, or their possessions should be endangered or harmed. Each family in the Sector should be encouraged to plan ahead for emergencies. Specific duties for each member of the family should be arranged so everyone will have something definite to do in a blackout—one person to turn out the lights, another to take care of pets, another to check the equipment of the Shelter Area, etc. And, for an incendiary bofnb emergency, similar specific duties should be arranged for each member—one to handle the hose, another to work the stirrup pump, another to bring water, another to notify the Warden or Fire Guard, etc. Have each family rehearse these actions so each member knows exactly what to do, and such action becomes a matter of habit. The person who is familiar with what may happen, who has duties to attend , to, and who has rehearsed his action in advance, has less to fear, and for him danger loses much of its impact—it js stripped of the element of complete surprise. Panic Prevention, If an emergency should arise before such preparation is completed, then panic prevention methods will have to be used as the occasion warrants. Panic must not be allowed to get under way. In this connection, it is important to know the nature of the first signs of panic. In general, these include: people start to gather in little groups; voices rise higher; faces become drawn and this i^ frequently accompanied by a rapid working of the jaws; eyes become fixed, glazed, bright; hearing becomes dulled; some start to scream hysterically; some start to run. Long before the situation reaches the point of 79 someone screaming or running, preventive measures should be taken. The Warden should assume control, displaying a calm, confident manner. He should reassure the people^ and should organize group action. This may consist of having the people march out of the danger area together in an orderly manner, getting them to sing together, or both.- Each person should be made to feel that he is a vital part of an organization, not merely part of a milling mob. Marching together, or singing together, imparts confidence. The rhythm joins individual members together, gives them the added confidence that comes from concerted action, minimizes irrational individual .action. Singing, in itself, links people together and replaces the urge to use the voice in shouting or screaming. Whenever possible, each person should be given something specific to do, and* made to feel that what he is doing is worth while. The busy person has neither time nor inclination to lose himself in panic. It is also well to praise an individual for his cool behavior during an emergency period. If individual persons should become hysterical, they should be reassured and lifted out of this dangerous condition. If time does not permit such measures, one or two apparently responsible people should be appointed to lead such hysterical persons away from the others in the vicinity, since one hysterical person is frequently sufficient to pull an entire crowd into panic. If the situation appears to be getting beyond control of the Warden, a Messenger or some other responsible person should be sent to summon regular or Auxiliary Police assistance. 80 Fear is Natural. Of particular importance—the Warden should not worry if he himself is frightened in an emergency. Everyone is frightened at one time or another—fear is an entirely natural reaction and can be used as a stimulating agent instead of becoming a paralyzing one. Merely because he may be frightened is no reason to doubt his ability. Someone must take charge in an emergency, and the Warden is the logical one, not only because of his responsibility but because of his training arid planning for just such an occasion. Safeguarding Information , • Members of the Citizens Defense Corps will frequently gain information not released to the general public—information which is withheld because it would be of value to the enemy. Such information may be gained in the course of the civilian defense worker’s training; while he is becoming familiar with local facilities and equipment; while he is familiarizing himself with his assigned area in the community; or during an actual attack by the enemy. Thus, it is important for each Citizens Defense Corps member to realize what information should be kept to himself, and the vital necessity for this action. Briefly, there are three types of information which should be guarded carefully: (1) military facts; (2) production facts; (3) defense facts. Such information should not be discussed with or disclosed to any unauthorized person—not even to a member of the defense worker’s own family. 81 Military Facts. Military information which the civilian defense worker may possibly learn and which should be held strictly confidential includes: data regarding the location or movement of troops, ships, cargoes, planes; data regarding the location of fortifications, military and naval installations, airfields, antiaircraft guns, searchlights, etc. Production Information. Production information which should be held strictly confidential includes: data regarding the number, kinds, and performance of war materials being produced; details regarding war production plants; the location of war materials storage depots; and the movement of such materials. In this connection, war materials include any article intended for use in operations of defense or offense. Defense Information. Defense information may be separated into two types—that regarding preparations made against enemy attack, and that regarding any actual attack made by the enemy. Information regarding preparation against attack which should be held strictly confidential includes: data regarding the location of plane observation posts, Filter Centers, Information Centers, District Warning Centers, Control Centers; specific number and types of equipment on hand; specific plans of operation for use in case of enemy attack. Information regarding an actual attack made by the enemy which should be held strictly confidential includes the following data: the location, nature, and extent of any attack damage; the number of planes involved or bombs dropped; the 82 use of forces, facilities, and equipment in coping with the attack; the effect of any attack on the morale of the civilian population and the functioning of government, industries, utilities, etc.; actions taken by civilian defense and military authorities. This includes all messages received and dispatched; summaries of air raid incidents, damages, and services dispatched; final reports, log books, operational status of control panels and incident maps; all other information available at the Control Center; all charts, maps, graphs, logs, records, reports, and other data prepared by any person, group or organization. Use of the telephone should be avoided in transmitting any information which might give an over-all picture of the damage inflicted during an attack, and no unauthorized photographs should be permitted of maps, control panels, scenes of incidents, etc. In General. In general, members of the Citizens Defense Corps—and all Americans, for that matter— should refrain from disclosing any information that might in any way be of value to the enemy. Each individual’s own common sense will suggest other types of information, in addition to the above mentioned, which should not be discussed with others. Unusual or persistent attempts by unauthorized persons to secure confidential information should be promptly reported to the nearest Field Office of the Federal Bureau of Investigation. A Vital War Measure. Such safeguarding of information is in no way intended to withhold the truth from the American 83 public. It is a vitally essential war measure intended to avoid giving any possible aid or comfort to the enemy. For example, in the case of an attack, enemy agents will be active in trying to learn the exact extent and nature of damage inflicted—not only so they may know how successful the attack was, but so they may know exactly what to do to make the next raid even more devastating. In all cases, when such information has ceased to be of any value to the enemy, it will of course be released to. the general public by the proper authorities. 84 Chapter V SECTOR INFORMATION Page Sector Personnel_______________________________ 87 Nearby Sector Posts______________________________ 88 Nearby Emergency Service Stations________________ 89 Public Shelter Areas___________________________ 90 Gas Cleansing Facilities for Self-Aid______'_____ 91 Hospitals___________________________________ 92 Doctors_______________________________________ 93 Clergymen_____________________________________ 94 Drugstores__________________________________ 95 Druggists’ Residences________________________.___ 96 Skilled Help in Sector__________________________ 97 Handicapped Persons________________________;_____ 98 ’ Special Hazards________________________________ 100 Water, Gas, Electric Main Cut-Offs______________ 102 Building Wardens________________________________ 104 Building Managers_____________________________ 105 Building Janitors_____________________________ 106 Plant Superintendents________________________ 107 Available Phones_____________________________ 108 Map Symbols________________________________ 110 Map of Sector_________________;_.________________111 Warden’s Incident Report Form___________________ 112 85 SECTOR PERSONNEL—Wardens» Fire Guards, Messengers» etc. Phones Name Address Res. Bus. — r ■ ' ** . • -■ -• • CH CO 00 00 1 co r 05 M NEARBY SECTOR POSTS Post No. District Address Senior Warden Phone I J 09 09 NEARBY EMERGENCY SERVICE STATIONS Service Address Person in charge Phone X -z • « • The various Emergency Services—Fire, Rescue, Police, .Wardens, Medical, Public Works, Utilities, and Welfare are coordinated by the Control Center, but some stations of these services may be located in the Warden’s Sector. Under no circumstances should the Warden communicate directly with such stations unless he finds it impossible to contact his Control Center by phone, radio, Messenger, or other form of communication, since direct individual Warden contacts would tend to overload communication lines and facilities, cause duplication, and make ineffective the entire Control System. 09 « PUBLIC SHELTER AREAS Address Type of shelter Capacity KISS • • © © GAS CLEANSING FACILITIES FOR SELF-AID Address Name Phone Capacity Wherever water is readily available, as for example in residential districts, citizens can best protect themselves by removing any gas contamination without delay at the first faucet they can reach. In business or commercial districts where bathing and washing facilities are rare, it is wise to list places having showers, like public baths,, gymnasiums, swimming pools, and “Y’s,” to which citizens may go. Under “Capacity” list the number of shower heads times six (assuming bath can be completed in ten minutes) per hour. 9 HOSPITALS Address Name Phone • • © DOCTORS Addresses Phones Office Residence Name Res. Office - * ■ ♦ At the time of emergency, the Warden should check to see whether doctors located in his Sector are available (some may be at defense emergency posts, others out on calls, etc.). He should also arrange to direct patients in doctors’ waiting rooms to the nearest Shelter Area. » » CLERGYMEN Church Clergyman’s Name Clergyman’s Address Phones Church Res. * 9 it DRUG STORES Address Name Open Phone • •• DRUGGISTS9 RESIDENCES Address Name Phone / <1 *' ft SKILLED HELP IN SECTOR (Plumbers, electricians, mechanics, engineers, building contractors, etc.) Phones Address Name Bus. Res. • •I HANDICAPPED PERSONS Phones 1. Address----------------------------- Name-------------------------------- Handicap----------------------------------------------- Special care---------------------- Person responsible--------------------------------- - - Address------------------ 2. Address----------------------------- Name ---------------------------------- Handicap----------------------------------------------- Special care------------------------ Person responsible---------------------------------- Address--------------------- ---------- 3. Address ________________________ Name--------------------------------------- Handicap----------------------------------------------- Special care------------------------ Person responsible--------,------------------------- Address-------------------------------- 4. Address-----------------------— - Name ------------------------------------- ---------- Handicap -------------______---t----------------------- Special care------------------------ Person responsible ,-------------------------------- Address--------------------- ---------- 89 5. Address________________¥_____________ Name____________________________________ __________ Handicap_______________________________________________ Special care__________________________ Person responsible___________________________________ Address__________-_______________2______ 6. Address___________________________ Name__________________________________________________ Handicap----------------------------------;__________;_ Special care__________________________ Person responsible__________________________________ _ _ Address______________;_______________ 7. Address________________________„_____ Name_______________________________i____ __________ Handicap _.x-------------- —--------z__________________ Special care_______________’__________ Person responsible_____________________________________ Address____________________ __________ 8. Address _____________________________ Name_______________________________________________1 Handicap_______________________________________________ Special care__________________________ Person responsible___________________________________ Address_________________________________ Adequate data should .be noted on this form to enable the Warden to make sure, at the first opportunity after an air raid alarm, that persons responsible are aiding handicapped people in his area; also for use in case evacuation becomes necessary, so Warden will know proper handling required for the handicapped. SPECIAL HAZARDS Location Type of structure Hazard details - S 9 * - List oil storage tanks, filling stations, coal yards, lumber yards, paint stores and warehouses, and other highly inflammable material stores and concentrations; firetrap houses; potentially hazardous structures; theaters, schools, churches, auditoriums, public buildings, hotels, etc. © WATER, GAS, ELECTRIC MAIN CUT-OFFS (Describe exact point, for ease in locating.) Water Gas © bi Electric Water, gas, or electricity should not be turned» off or tampered with by the Warden except in cases of emergency when it is found impossible to secure Utility Repair Unit or professional assistance, and when danger to life or property may result* from such connections remaining on. bt w 00 • oo 1 co 00 c BOWING WARDENS Phones Bldg, address Warden Warden’s home Bldg. Home M o * BUILDING MANAGERS (Buildings not having Wardens.) Bldg, address Manager Manager’s home Phones Bldg. Home • M © in BUILDING JANITORS (Buildings not having Wardens.) Phones Building address Janitor Janitor’s home Bldg. Home • ' © © PLANT SUPERINTENDENTS (Plants not having defense organization.) Plant address Superintendent Superintendent’s home Phones Plant Home © • • AVAILABLE PHONES —and location of War Emergency Radio Service Stations. Location Hours available Phone number © 99 9 x While it is advisable, whenever possible, to use the nearest available phone to report an incident, it should be ' remembered that in an air raid many private phones may be cut out. Thus, too much time should not be spent by the Warden going from one private phone to another seeking a live one. The Sector Post phone is given priority and, unless the Post or connecting lines have been hit, it is the one most likely to remain in service in the Sector. © © MAP SYMBOLS Standard Symbols for Maps. Use these standard symbols on all maps—they are intended to make clear the facts you and others will need to know in a hurry. Station hoealtel Fire Alarm Telephone Fire Hydrant Manhole ’StandrPIpe—exterior building connection for fire hose IfIII Sewer 6r•tinR• location of Pump Tank or Stirrup Pump Strut |lRht Cisterns or Water Reserves Street Car or Railroad Tracks p Police Station 'llH' Double Tracks Sector Warden Post Rescue Service Supply Depot Fire Guard Lookout Post Decontamination Unit Supply Depot Fire Guard Equipment Station Road Repair Supply Depot $ Air Raid Shelter Emergency Information and Service Center Gss^oof Raid Shelter nrx Officially Designated Emergency Food and Housing Center Entrance to Shelter 4^1^ Sandbags Gas Cleansing Facilities for Self Aid IM-1- S«ctor Limits eX» Casualty Station Location (circle* as 1 shown at right when station is canned) HIMI- Zone limita . , WERS or other Radio Communication Facilities f""T Incident Location—Show type of incident inside LJ unexploded bomb: G for site of war gas bomb. box: H for high explosive: I for- incendiary: u for Bomb Crater Jvz] Demolished Building (pet X over site of 1^1 structure) • • Roped-off Area lead Block Area contaminated by war gas (cross-hatch *n blue pencil if possible) * Symbol changed from one shown In previous edition of thia handbook. IIO MAP OF SECTOR Ill WARDEN’S INCIDENT REPORT FORM WARDEN’S INCIDENT REPORT Start your report with the words “Air raid damage«** State whether it is an “ ini tial ** or a “supplementary**report« If sending a written report» check the appropriate box below: INITIAL LU SUPPLEMENTARY 1 1 1 YOUR POST: YOUR INITIALS: 2 LOCATION OF INCIDENT: 3 TYPE OF INCIDENT: FALLEN HIGH i—I 1 i WAR | 1 | 1 AIRCRAFT |~1 EXPLOSIVE | 1 INCENDIARY 1 1 GAS 1 1 UXB 1 1 ETC. 1 1 4 IS THERE A FIRE? YES 1 1 NO 1 1 UNDER CONTROL 1 1 OUT OF CONTROL L 1 5 PERSONS TRAPPED IN WRECKAGE: i ।1 APPROX. YES 1 1 NO 1 1 NUMBER CASUALTIES: 1 1 | 1 APPROX. YES 1 I NO 1 1 NUMBER _ 6 ROADS BLOCKED: ON AT - - BETWEEN AND : . ì LOCATION OF UNEXPLODED BOMBS: 8 OTHER DAMAGE: WIRES DOWN 1 J GAS ESCAPING ।—1 GAS FIRE 1—1 SEWERS BROKEN D | 1 UNDERGROUND | 1 TRANSPORTATION DAMAGE [—] WATER MAINS BROKEN I 1 CABLE EXPOSED 1 1 . (SPECIFY BELOW) LJ 9 REMARKS: .. DATE: (Continue remarks on back of this form, if necessary) TIME REPORT TRANSMITTED: IF MAKING AN ORAL REPORT, CLOSE WITH THE WORDS ° REPORT ENDS'* , 112 MEMORANDUM 113 MEMORANDUM 114 MEMORANDUM 115 MEMORANDUM 116