[Industrial Health and Safety] [From the U.S. Government Publishing Office, www.gpo.gov] INDUSTRIAL HEALTH AND SAFETY SOME SUGGESTIONS TO ORGANIZED LABOR Prepared By The Industrial Health and Safety Section of the Plant and Community Facilities Services Division Office of Labor Production v. War Production Board 1 Social Security Building Washington, D. C. CONTENTS Page Statistics: The Indictment and the Challenge________________ 2 The Worker’s Stake in Industrial Safety_____________________ 2 The Worker’s Stake in Industrial Health_____________________ 3 Responsibilities of Management and Labor____________________ 4 The Need for Education in Safety and Health_________________ 4 How To Meet the Problem_____________________________________ 5 Establish an Effective Health and Safety Program____________ 5 Organization for Health and Safety in Plants________________ 6 Education in Safety Subjects for Union Personnel____________ 8 What Labor Unions Can Do____________________________________ 8 Conclusion__________________________________________________ 9 APPENDIX Industrial Safety Course Outlines___________t_______________ 10 Short List of Publications__________________________________ 11 National Committee for Conservation of Manpower in War Industries Regional Representatives_____________________________ 13 List of U. S. Office of Education Institutional Representatives. _ 13 National Advisory Committee to the Industrial Health and Safety Section__________________________________________________ 18 (ii) FOREWORD The urgent necessities of the war production program caused the spotlight of attention to be sharply focused upon the serious losses to production for war brought about by industrial accidents and diseases. .Despite the fact that from 1912 to the present date, the prevention of such accidents and diseases has engaged the serious efforts of an increasing number of sincere individuals and agencies, whose work has brought much improvement, the toll exacted today, when every lost production hour counts so much, is of such magnitude that every available source of service in this essential and humane work should be enrolled and fully utilized. While the primary responsibility for safety and health in industry falls directly upon management, the active, wholehearted cooperation of labor is essential, if the task of preventing industrial injuries and the losses they cause is to be at all successful. Labor’s share in the consequences of industrial injuries is much more than a money loss, substantial though that is. It is life or death; economic disaster and distress through permanent disability and loss or reduction of earning capacity because of an accident which, very possibly, need not have happened. Labor’s interest, therefore, in preventive activity should indeed be a lively one, yet it is this interest which has not yet been more than partly recognized, nor the important service labor can render to itself, to the war production program and to the Nation in this connection more than partly utilized. To help stimulate that interest and to promote that service, this pamphlet has been prepared by the Industrial Health and Safety Section, Office of Labor Production, War Production Board, with the approval of the National Advisory Committee to the Section, and we urge organized labor to give the matters contained herein careful consideration and to act favorably without delay. Joseph D. Keenan, Vice Chairman, Office of Labor Production. Robert L. Glenn, Acting Chief, Plant and Cornavu/nity Facilities Services Division, . Griffith Jones, Acting Chief, Industrial Health and Safety Section. (1) STATISTICS. THE INDICTMENT AND THE CHALLENGE The seriousness of the emergency and the urgent need for speedy action to cope with it can be appreciated by a glance at the following somewhat appalling—yet conservative—statistics. The number of persons, including agricultural workers, killed and injured on the job during 1942-43 (the 2 years following Pearl Harbor) was:1 36,500 killed. 212,300 permanently disabled. 4,432,'900 temporarily disabled. 4,681,700 total on the job casualties. Number of man-days lost through the above casualties: 119,800,000. For the first 6 months of 1944 in manufacturing alone there have been 377,000 disabling injuries; 1,500 deaths and 15,000 workers suffering a permanent disability. The estimated actual time loss is 7,540,000 man-days. Look at these figures, then think. How much more might have been added to war production output during those 30 war months had those deaths and injuries not occurred? The figures are an indictment and a challenge, and, bear this in mind, most industrial accidents and diseases are preventable! THE WORKERS’ STAKE IN INDUSTRIAL SAFETY Just as the soldier has the biggest stake in the way the war is conducted, so have the men and women in the production army the most obvious stake in safety. It is they whcf are killed. It is their limbs which are torn and mangled. It is they who get a compensation check instead of a full pay check, and there are some among them who get no check at all. It is their domestic life which is dislocated. It is to their dependents that the suffering is extended. If there were a film record of the accidents which took, the lives of the thousands of production line victims since Pearl Harbor, it would give a portrayal of human suffering equal to the horror of front line films. But if we think of this problem unemotionally, as a matter of money losses only, the workers’ stake is still an important one. The National Safety Council says “If all workers were covered by compensation laws, the National all-industry total of compensation and medical payments would be at least $325,000,000.” Compensation payments are less than 40 percent of wage loss which, for the year 1942, is estimated by the National Safety Council to be $620,000,000. 1 Source: Bureau of Labor Statistics, U. S. Department of Labor. (2) 3 The figures are conservative, but staggering enough to cause us to ponder. Which workers are going to be killed this year ? Which permanently disabled? Which are going to become burdens upon their dependents or on public or private charity ? Could it possibly be you instead of the other guy ? Is it not organized labor, then, which should be in the front line of action to stop such waste and suffering ? Please note we are not talking about all accidents—those which occur on the streets and highways, in public places, in the homes—the loss from sickness and nonindustrial accidents is 15 times greater than in industry—but only about those accidents and diseases which occur in industry; but a dead worker, a permanently disabled worker, is a loss just the same, wherever the accident happened. In this industrial field of action, union leadership has a part to play which should not be underestimated. It should be considered as a first on the order of business of each day. Leadership here carries through to the home, and has great effect upon the social and economic welfare of the Nation. The end result Can be a positive .contribution to human well-being. Everybody gains and the war production program shifts into higher gear. Hence, organized labor must bestir itself. It has a job to do. THE WORKERS* STAKE IN INDUSTRIAL HEALTH While the percentage of claims paid under Workmens’ Compensation for occupational diseases is low—1 percent to 3 percent—as compared with claims paid for industrial accidents, this comparison does not give the complete picture of their relative importance. Briefly stated, an occupational disease is an affliction due to a specific industrial health hazard. Dusts, fumes, gases, ores, acids,, solvents, when used, or created in the production processes, are among the specific sources of injury to the health of the workers. They may contaminate the workroom atmosphere, causing injury through inhalation, or, by contact with the skin, cause skin disease (dermatoses). Chemistry plays an increasingly important part in industry and almost daily new substances and new processes add unpredictable problems to those already existing in plants throughout the country. Unlike those plant exposures (hazards), likely to cause bodily injuries, that is, unguarded machinery, storage platforms minus guard rails, poorly piled parts and materials, broken stairs, inadequate lighting, and so on, the exposures likely to cause injury to health are not always obvious. Nor is their control for preventive purposes so simple. Much has to be learned by workers—and by management—about the hazards to health in industry, and many false notions erased. Fortunately, much has been done to limit the dangers to health. The continuous investigations carried on by an increasing army of industrial physicians, chemists, hygienists, and other scientific workers in the field of industrial diseases have led to a considerable body of literature on the subject. Much of this literature is available to the workers. Prepared by highly competent persons, it provides, in nontechnical language, reliable information about the sources of occupational diseases and the methods used to enable substances to be handled, prevent contamina 4 tion of workroom atmosphere, and processing to be engaged in without detriment to the workers. In the field of industrial health, the services rendered by the United States Public Health Service, Division of Industrial Hygiene, plus the activities of State and local bureaus of industrial hygiene, are of major importance. The literature available from these sources should be in every union library and read by every union member. The mere fact that the number of injuries from occupational diseases is lower than the number caused by industrial accidents is not a sufficient reason for ignorance and apathy. The stake of the workers is too important to permit their health to be placed in jeopardy through misinformation, ignorance, or lack of will to action. To organized labor belongs a place in the army of workers aiming to prevent accidents and diseases in industry. There is a real job to be done and organized labor should help do the job. RESPONSIBILITIES OF MANAGEMENT AND LABOR The responsibility for the establishment and effective application of a health and safety program in industrial plants rests squarely upon management. Formulation of the program may be delegated to specific personnel: the safety director, safety committee, etc., but this should not be a reason for management delegating its interest in the program or in the safety and health of the employees. Apathy and complacency are contagious. Where management itself has an attitude of “let George do it, I’m busy,” a healthy, cooperative, safety-minded attitude on the part of supervisory staff and workers can hardly be expected. Top management should demonstrate an active and continued interest in the safety program and its application at all times. Labor, too, has a parallel responsibility, the workers’ stake in accident and disease prevention being too great to be ignored. 'Without the ready, intelligent cooperation of every employee^ prevention work cannot succeed. Union leadership must recognize this and act to ensure that cooperation. Management, doing its part, has a right to expect nothing less. This is not a controversial matter, but one of mutual interest and mutual responsibility for cooperative action to serve a common end— the prevention of industrial accidents and diseases. This mutual interest, responsibility and action can best be expressed through active joint plant health and safety committees. THE NEED FOR EDUCATION IN SAFETY AND HEALTH Prevention of industrial accidents and diseases is much more than putting a guard over a belt and pulley or wearing a pair of safety goggles or a respirator. Industrial safety engineering, industrial hygiene, and industrial medicine have determined many standards for safety and health in industry. Nowadays it can be said that there is hardly a division of American industry for which some standards for the control of hazards do not exist. What is needed today is a greater will to apply known, tried, and proved methods of prevention, and an increasing body of persons, 5 including workers and union safety personnel, educated through available means, to do the applying. Newcomers into industry can, if properly trained, be used as a medium through which good safety practices can be directed. Training new workers is, therefore, of major importance. This should not be neglected or slipshod. Since the possibility of accidents and illness is always present in industry, it is particularly true of industry that “Eternal Vigilance is the Price of Safety.” That vigilamce is sharpest and most effective when it is hacked by sound understanding of the hazards of the job,' by the development of safe working environments, and by training workers to work safely rather than by merely telling them to do so. It is inspiring, humane work, and all who undertake it can render a service, the full value of which is immeasurable. HOW TO MEET THE PROBLEM Accidents and occupational diseases do not just happen. Analysis of cause invariably shows that the so-called “acts of God” have very human origins. Most injuries result from a combination of faulty mechanisms and unsafe personal practices. Both are correctable. An unsafe work place is an indictment and a challenge. Prevention of industrial accidents and diseases in a plant rests upon three essentials. These are: 1. A soundly planned safety and health program. 2. An efficient organization through which the program can be effected. 3. The continuous active interest of management, supervisory personnel, and the rank and file workers cooperating to make the program progressively successful. ESTABLISH AN EFFECTIVE HEALTH AND SAFETY PROGRAM The detailed content of a health and safety program in a plant will vary, of course, according to the type of product, processing, materials, the age, size, construction, and location of the plant, the number of employees, their sex, and any special features which may be present. Generally, however, the program should include: 1. In larger plants, a full-time safety director, physician and nurses, hired by management. In smaller plants, a qualified person with part-time responsibility for safety, and a visiting physician or industrial nurse should be part of the organization. 2. First aid facilities administered by qualified individuals available at all times when the plant is in operation. 3. Provision for regular, periodic, joint inspection of premises, equipment, processing, working practices, material storage and handling, fire prevention, lighting, sanitation and hygiene, safety devices, ventilation apparatus, and so on. 4. Accident investigation (for prevention rather than punitive purposes) and job analysis for safety, the records of which should be available to management and labor. 6 5. Education for health and safety—study courses, films, posters, campaigns—with special attention to safety training and health instruction for new employees. 6. Provision and use of adequate forms for reporting and recording purposes. Records should be kept of inspections, complaints, suggestions, accident investigations, accidents and illnesses—including off the job accidents and illnesses causing absence from work—compilation of in-plant accident and disease frequency and severity statistics, and committee activities. 7. Encouragement of worker suggestions for safety and health, and prompt acknowledgment and full consideration for such suggestions. * 8. Selection, installation and maintenance of safety devices, including personally worn apparatus and insistence upon their proper use. 9. Information and guidance about Workmen’s Compensation laws should be made available to employees, and State laws, codes, regulations and city ordinances concerning health and safety studied. The foregoing nine points should not be regarded as all inclusive, but as indicating basic matters which have to be considered when building the program. Nothing should be passed over as unimportant, and the means through which everyone can aid in making it a successful program should be well thought out. ORGANIZATION FOR HEALTH AND SAFETY IN PLANTS Just as industrial plants vary in size, structure, number of employees, kind of product, equipment, processing, etc., so will th© organization for health and safety vary from plant to plant. However, since the prevention of industrial accidents and diseases is a noncontroversial matter of mutual interest, the principle of joint committees representing labor and management is especially adaptable to this field and the following are some general principles upon which such committees can be built : 1. Labor and management will work together to prevent industrial accidents and diseases, and the losses m war production resulting therefrom. 2. Top management and responsible leaders of the workers will be represented on the committee in order to achieve speedy decisions and to secure effective application of the safety program. 3. The full cooperation of labor will be enlisted without in any way modifying management’s responsibilities or prerogatives. 4. All health and safety activities will be promoted jointly. 5. Labor and management shall each choose an equal number of representatives to serve. To ensure cooperation in unorganized plants, the employees should select their own representatives. 6. The joint committee on plant safety and health, being formed for a specific purpose, shall be separate from committees with other purposes, except that in plants where a 7 labor-management committee for production exists, the safety and health committee may be a subcommittee, and the leading management and labor representatives may be members of the committee for production. 7. The committee’s activities, conducted by both labor and management members, are considered valuable enough to the company to warrant the time taken from production and the money paid for salaries and wages. This covers both committee meetings and the work of individual members who carry out committee decisions. 8. Committee meetings shall be regular; inspections made jointly, inspection reports studied, and appropriate action jointly determined. Details as to number of representatives, how long each shall serve on committee, should be by agreement. The War Department, Army Service Forces, in its “Minimum Safety Program” recommends that “There should be a central safety committee in establishments having a total of more than 500 persons employed in all shifts. Establishments having less than 500 employees should have a central safety committee on assignment by executive of responsibilities for safety to qualified individuals.” “In establishments having more than 1,000 employees, the central committee should be supplemented by departmental safety committees for every shift. The duties of the latter will be similar to those of the central committee modified to meet the requirements of the respective department to which they apply.” “In occupations of high hazard,” says Bulletin No. 61, Division of Labor Standards—U. S. Department of Labor, “special knowledge and experience may be necessary.” The United Mine Workers Union, for example, requires safety committees to have had 15 years employment. Baldwin Locomotive has shop safety committees composed of a chairman and 2 members for the first 100 employees, and 1 member for each 50 additional employees. Full-time safety personnel can be limited according to the plant character. Where a full-time safety director is employed by the company, the leading worker representative may be effectively used as the assistant to the safety director. An efficient joint committee on plant health and safety should, as it proceeds to do its job, lessen the need for many full-time safety workers. The job of the joint committee does not begin and end when it meets. .The daily job of follow-up is most important. Securing cooperation, arousing enthusiasm, keeping it aroused, and demonstrating interest in ideas, suggestions, and criticism involves continuous planned contact with workers, supervisors, and executives. Just as many workers have given the production program a forward push by suggesting improvements in machines, tools, production methods, material substitutions, etc., so will it be found that from the minds of many workers ideas for safety will flow. The essential thing is to demonstrate that the committee is out to do a job; to earn the respect, the confidence and the cooperation of the people it exists to serve and protect. 629130—45---------2 8 EDUCATION IN SAFETY SUBJECTS FOR UNION PERSONNEL Under the direction of the National Committee for the Conservation of Manpower in War Industries and the United States Office of Education, a 64-hour course of 32 lessons of 2-hour duration each is available. 'It has been prepared by highly competent safety engineers of the U. S. Department of Labor—Division of Labor Standards, following consultations with other competent persons, including representatives of labor. The course is offered under the Engineering, Science, Management War Training Program. With the excellent accompanying textbooks, it constitutes an important weapon for use in a campaign which must go on. Information about this course can be obtained from the institutional representative of the U. S. Office of Education at the nearest university or college or technical institute (a list of these is attached), or through the regional representatives of the U. S. Department of Labor, National Committee for the Conservation of Manpower (a list is attached), or through the regional representative of the Office of Labor Production, War Production Board. The course is free, easy to study. Classes are held at conveniently located places, usually in the evenings. Union leaders should take steps to procure this education for their safety personnel, so that organized labor can commence to build within its ranks a body of persons with some understanding of the fundamentals of industrial accident prevention. Additional means of education which union leaders can promote are discussion groups led by trained safety men, forums, lectures, movies, and by attendance at safety council conventions and exhibitions. There should be a place for safety on every agenda, and a place for safety in every union paper. Informative literature is available, mostly for the asking. At the end of this pamphlet will be found a short list of such material and some addresses to which inquiries may be directed. WHAT LABOR UNIONS CAN DO 1. Union leaders should meet with management to secure the setting up of a joint committee for plant health and safety in each plant under their jurisdiction. 2. Select at the National, State and/or 'district and local union levels a member or committee to handle health and safety matters. In addition it is urged that at the National, State or district levels a full-time, competent, paid safety director be acquired in order that the program on health and safety may operate effectively and efficiently. Union funds should be allocated to enable the safety personnel to function adequately. * 3. Select panels of members in plants under their jurisdiction from which union representatives will be drawn to serve on joint committees for plant health and safety. 4. Arrange, to the greatest extent possible, that a representative of labor should accoihpany management representatives during inspections by Government agents, insurance company inspectors and others, and to receive copies of the reports of such persons. 9 5. Take immediate steps to promote training for industrial health and safety for union safety personnel. This can be commenced through the U. S. Department of Labor and the U. S. Office of Education who have set up study courses on industrial safety subjects. These study courses are arranged under the Engineering, Science, Management War Training Program through local universities, colleges, and other educational institutions. The courses are free. 6. Provide a place on the agenda of meetings for consideration of health and safety matters. 7. Initiate action to establish Joint Safety and Health Committees in all plants under contract to the union and creation of committees, representative of labor, management, and government, to coordinate safety and health activities in the area. In carrying through such activities, assistance can be obtained from the Office of Labor Production Regional and District Representatives; the Employee Utilization Division of the War Manpower Commission; and from the War Production Drive, where such committees are a part of the over-all Labor-Management Committees. 8. Regard the Industrial Health and Safety Section, Office of Labor Production (WPB) and the Regional and District OLP Representatives as always at the service of labor and ready to expedite action in emergency situations by appropriate means. CONCLUSION The problem is real, important, and pressing. It is a challenge to our intelligence, our earnestness, our sense of humanity. Labor union leaders must accept their share of the responsibility for promoting the health and safety of their union members in the places where those members labor. Each day the workers leave their homes, go into the mines, the factories, all the places of industry, capable and willing to perform tasks of production without which the program of production for war would be but wishful thinking. They go to work to produce, expecting, the task of the day well done, to return to their homes again, whole and happy, to prepare for the tasks of the morrow. But not all go home. Some will not produce again. They are dead. Others will not be back to produce. They will stay home always because they have been totally, permanently disabled, probably to become a burden upon their relatives or families, or dependent upon charity. They are useless, crippled or blind through an accident at work which, quite possibly, could have been prevented. Others will be absent from work for days, or weeks, or months, their skill denied its proper outlet, and the war effort denied their socially needed production. Can the Nation afford this? Can we allow this needless toll to hold back the war production program and retard victory ? There is only one answer. We must work together to the end that industrial accidents and diseases shall be prevented and thus aid in bringing the war to a speedy, victorious conclusion. APPENDIX 1 Federal Security Agency U. S. OFFICE OF EDUCATION Washington ENGINEERING, SCIENCE, AND MANAGEMENT WAR TRAINING Industrial Safety An intensive course offered as part of the ESMWT program of the U. S. Office of Education in cooperation with the U. S. Department of Labor and War Production Board. Purpose of course.—To increase the effectiveness of safety programs and to stimulate the developmeat and expansion of safety practices in war industries. Qualifications for admission.—High-school graduation or equivalent and member of safety committee or in a position, by virtue of his connection with labor, to stimulate action on the part of plant management or workers for the improvement of safe work conditions or practices in war industry. Length of course.—Two sessions of 2 hours each for 16 weeks. Outside preparation of 2 hours per week consisting of assigned reading or the preparation of special reports on safety problems. Outline of instruction Subject Approximate total hours Lecture Preparation Total Introduction to industrial safety— __ __ 2 1 3 Accident costs__ _ __ 2 2 4 Injury sources and causes_ __ _ __ 2 1 3 Appraising safety performance 2 1 3 Plant inspection _ _ _ _ _ 2 2 4 Job safety analysis 2 1 3 Accident investigation 2 1 3 Plant housekeeping _ _ _ _ _ _ 2 1 3 Maintenance _ _ _____ 1 1 2 Illumination. _ 1 1 2 Prevention of falls 2 1 3 Electrical hazards 1 1 2 Common explosion hazards 1 1 2 Fire prevention and protection ___l 2 2 4 Lay-out and arrangement 2 1 3 Machinery safety _ ■_ 6 3 9 Eye protection _ 2 1 3 Occupational disease _ 8 4 12 Other personal protective equipment. 2 1 3 First aid ___ ___ ______ 2 2 4 Safety organization 4 2 ‘ 6 Safety training 4 1 5 Arousing and maintaining interest in safety 4 2 6 State safety laws and codes 2 2 4 Workmen’s Compensation Act _ 2 2 4 Examination 2 1 3 Total. ± :_ 64 39 103 (10) 11 APPENDIX 2 SUGGESTED HEALTH AND SAFETY MATERIAL Headquarters should set up a library in order to maintain an up-to-date collection of materials on health and safety for the use of union personnel engaged In safety work and other interested members. Each local union should have at least the following publications: ^‘Manual of Industrial Hygiene”—William M. Gafafer, W. B. Saunders Co., Philadelphia. ■“Industrial Safety”—R. P. Blake and coauthors, Prentice Hall, Inc., 70 Fifth Avenue, New York City. “Handbook of Industrial Safety Standards”—National Conservation Bureau, New York City. “Applied Safety Engineering”—Berman and McCrone, McGraw Hill Publishing Co., New York City. FROM: 17. £. Public Health Service—J. G. Townsend, Medical Director, Division of Industrial Hygiene, National Institute of Health, Bethesda, Md. Outline of an Industrial Hygiene Program, Supplement No. 171. Workers’ Health Series (pamphlets). Activities of State and Local Industrial Hygiene Services in a War Year (reprint No. 2482). Clothing for Protection Against Occupational Skin Irritants (reprint No. 2383). FROM: 17. S. Department of Labor—Verne Zimmer, Director, Division of Labor Standards, Washington, D. C. Bulletin: No. 37. Protecting Eyes in Industry. No. 41. Occupation Hazards and Diagnostic Signs. No. 61. Joint Safety Committees at Work. No. 2. The Worker’s Safety and War Production. No. 3. Protecting Plant Manpower. No. 5. Control of Welding Hazards in Defense Industries. No. 6. Industrial Injury Frequency Rates. No. 7. Suggested Standards for Industrial Safeguards. (Available from the Superintendent of Documents, U. S. Government Printing Office, Washington 25, D. C., at 65 cents a copy.) No. 8. Reducing Casualties on the Production Front. No. 9. Safe Handling of Nitric Acid. No. 10. Safety Speeds Production. No. 11. A Guide to the Prevention of Weight-lifting Injuries. Industrial Health Series Nos. 1-20. The Worker’s Stake in Safety.' Standards for the Protection of Workers in Gas and Electric Welding. Safety Subjects. (Available from the Superintendent of Documents, Government Printing Office, Washington 25, D. C., at 20 cents a copy.) FROM: Bureau of Mines—Department of the Interior, Washington, D. C. Mine Inspection Reports. FROM: Bureau of Standards—Department of Commerce, Washington, D. O. Standards Reports. FROM: Army. Minimum Safety Program. FROM: Navy and Maritime Commission. Minimum Requirements for Safety and Health in Contract Shipyards. FROM: National Safety Council, 20 North Wacker Drive, Chicago, Ill. At least the headquarters in each important area should take out a Council membership and have a complete file of its publications dealing with industrial safety. Each local should have a list of the Council material and at least the following items: 12 Safe Practices Pamphlets: No. 1. Ladders. No. 2. Stairs, Stairways, Inclines, and Ramps. No. 5. Mechanical Power Transmission, Apparatus (Part I) Starting and stopping devices. No. 13. Grinding Wheels. No. 14. Goggles. No. 16. Protective Clothing. No. 18. Power Presses. No. 19. Exits, Fire Alarm, and Fire Drills. No. 20. Woodworking Machinery and Equipment. No. 24. Fire Extinguishment. No. 25. Acids and Caustics. No. 27. Industrial Sanitation (Drinking Water, Wash, and Locker Rooms and Toilet Facilities). No. 31. Fire Causes and Prevention. No. 32. Exhaust Systems. No. 34. Industrial Explosion Hazards (Gases, Vapors, Flammable Liquids, and Dusts). No. 39. Machine Shops. No. 40. Suggestion Systems. No. 41. Hand Tools. No. 42. Organizing a Complete Industrial Safety Program. No. 44. The Safe Use of Cutting Oils and Emulsions. No. 45. Industrial Housekeeping. No. 50. Practical Methods for Reducing Fatigue. No. 54. Handling Material (Hand and Truck). No. 56. Investigation of Industrial Accidents. No. 64. Respiratory Protective Equipment. No. 65. Teaching Safety to New Employees. "No. 67. Maintaining Interest in Safety. No. 70. Safe Practices for Maintenance and Repair Men. No. 72. Safety Committees. No. 74. Safety Contests. No. 75. Safety Inspections. No. 76. Portable Electric Hand Tools. No. 77. Safety Meeting. 'No. 80. Safety Rules—Their Formulation and Enforcement. No. 84. The Safety Man in Industry. No. 87. Safety in the Medium-Sized Plant. No. 93. Topics for Safety Meetings. No. 99. Falls of Workers—-Their Causes and Prevention. No. 103. Purchasing for Safety. No. 105. Electric Welding. Health Practices Pamphlets: No. 2. Physical Examinations in Industry. No. 3. Lead. No. 4. Industrial Dust. No. 7. Carbon Monoxide. No. 6. Industrial Eye Hazards. No. 9. Gases and Vapors. No. 10. Skin Affections. No. 14. Benzol. National Safety News (monthly magazine). FROM: Women’s Bureau—U. S. Department of Labor, Miss Frieda S. Miller, Director, Women’s Bureau, Room 1307, Labor Department Building. “Safeguarding Health of Women in War Work,” Labor Information Bulletin—April 1943. “Safety and Health Problems of Women in Industry,” Labor Information Bulletin—December 1942. “Recreation and Housing for Women War Workers,” Bulletin No. 190. “Lifting Heavy Weights in Defense Industries,” Special Bulletin No. 2. “Safety Clothing for Women in Industry,” Special Bulletin No. 3. “When You Hire Women,” Special Bulletin No. 14. “Washing and Toilet Facilities for Women in Industry,” Special Bulletin No. 4. 13 FROM: American Standards Association—29 West 39th Street, New York 18, N. Y. Headquarters should have a full set of the safety codes. Each local should have a list of them and at least the following codes: All 1942 Industrial Lighting. B7-1943 Use, Care, and Protection of Abrasive Wheels. B15-1927 Mechanical Power—Transmission Apparatus. Z2-1938 Protection of Heads, Eyes, and Respiratory Organs (NBS Handbook H24). Z4.1-1935 Industrial Sanitation in Manufacturing Establishments. Z4.2-1942 Drinking Fountains, Specifications for. Z16.1-1937 Method of Compiling Industrial Injury Rates. Z16.2-1941 Compiling Industrial Accident Causes. Part I—Selection of Accident Factors. Part II—Detailed Classification of Accident Factors. APPENDIX 3 Regional Representatives for the U. S. Department of Labor’s National Committee for the Conservation of Manpower in War Industries Information about and assistance toward securing facilities under the ESMWT program can also be obtained from the regional representatives of the above-named committee. For the purposes of this committee, the country is divided into nine regions. Below is listed the names and addresses of the representatives and the states embraced in each of the nine regions. NCCMWI regions do not exactly correspond with WPB regions. REGION I: Lewis E. McBrayne, 80 Federal Street, Boston, Mass.; Connecticut, Massachusetts, Maine, New Hampshire, Rhode Island, and Vermont. REGION II: E. G. Quesnel, 359 Madison Avenue, New York, N. Y.; Delaware, New Jersey, and New York. • REGION III: Walter W. Mathews, 1129 Walnut Street, Philadelphia, Pa.; Maryland, Pennsylvania, and Virginia. REGION IV: Carl L. Smith, 207-209 Republic Building, Cleveland, Ohio; Kentucky, Michigan, Ohio, and West Virginia. REGION V: William H. Ivey, Room 2225, Comer Building, Birmingham, Ala.; Alabama, Florida, Georgia, Mississippi, North Carolina, South Carolina, and Tennessee. REGION VI: Theodore O. Meisner, 104 South Michigan Boulevard, Chicago, Ill.; Illinois, Indiana, Minnesota, North Dakota, South Dakota, and Wisconsin. REGION VII: Charles A. Miller, 300 Keller Building, Houston, Tex.; Arkansas, Louisiana, New Mexico, Oklahoma, and Texas. REGION VIII: R. E. Donovan, Room, 1507, 200 Bush Street, San Francisco, Calif.; Arizona, California, Idaho, Montana, Nevada, Oregon, Utah, Washington, and Hawaii. REGION IX: Ralph E. Walter, 603 Electric Building, Omaha, Nebr.; Colorado, Iowa, Kansas, Missouri, Nebraska, and Wyoming. The above list should be checked from time to time with the U. S. Department of Labor for possible changes. APPENDIX 4 List of U. S. Office of Education “Institutional Representatives’’ and Approved Educational Institutions Implementing the Engineering, Science, Management, War Training Program, Which Includes the Course “Industrial Safety Subjects,” Prepared to Conform With W. P. B. Regions REGION I: Connecticut, Maine, Massachusetts, New Hampshire, and Rhode Island. Institutional representatives Educational institutions and their locations Professor Everett A. Teal__________University of Connecticut, Storrs, Conn. Professor Forrest R. Hughes________Yale University, New Haven, Conn. Mr. Horace A. Pratt________________University of Maine, Orono, Maine. Professor Chester L. Dawes_________Harvard University, Cambridge, Mass. 14 REGION I : Connecticut, Maine, Massachusetts, New Hampshire, and Rhode Island—Continued. Institutional representatives President Charles H. Eames_________ Professor Raymond D. Douglass______ Professor C. I. Gunness------------ Professor Albert E. Everett_____ Professor John A. Timm__________--- Dean Harry P. Burden______________ Dean Francis W. Roys_______________ Dean Frank W. Garran--------------- Dean Leon W. Hitchcock------------- Professor Frederick H. Tompkins____ Dean Asa S. Knowles________________ Educational institutions and their locations Lowell Textile Institute, Lowell, Mass. Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, Mass. Massachusetts State College, Amherst, Mass. Northeastern University, Boston, Mass. Simmons College, Boston, Mass. Tufts College, Medford, Mass. Worcester Polytechnic Institute, Worcester, Mass. Dartmouth College, Hanover, N. H. University of New Hampshire, Durham, N. H. Brown University, Providence, B. I. Rhode Island State College, Kingston, R. I. REGION II : New York and New Jersey. Professor William Allan----------- Professor A. R. Powers____________ Professor A. Dexter Hinckley------ Professor Louis M. Heil----------- Professor Walter L. Conwell_______ Dr. Carl V. Noll__________________ Professor Ernest L. Sargent_______ Professor Clarence J. Velz________ Dean Thorndike Saville____________ Professor Arthur W. Sherman_______ Professor E. J. Squire____________ Professor Kenneth E. Quier________ Professor Stanley B. Wiltse_______ Mr. John L. Worden________________ Dean Louis Mitchell--------------- Professor Mortimer F. Sayre------- Dean Lewis A. Froman_.____________ Professor J. L. Hill, Jr__________ Mr. Robert L. Vannete_____________ Professor Frank A. Heacock________ Professor Maurise A. Chaffee______ Mr. William J. Timberman, Jr______ Mr. W. Layton Hall________________ City College of the city of New York, New York, N. Y. Clarkson College of Technology, Potsdam, N. Y. Columbia University, New York, N. Y. The Cooper Union, Cooper Square, New York, N. Y. Cornell University, Ithaca, N. Y. Hunter College of the City of New York, N. Y. Long Island University, Brooklyn, N. Y. Manhattan College, New York, N. Y. New York University, New York, N. Y. Niagara University, Niagara Falls, N. Y. Polytechnic Institute of Brooklyn, Brooklyn, N. Y. Pratt Institute, Brooklyn, N. Y. Rensselaer Polytechnic Institute, Troy, N. Y. St Bonaventure College, St. Bonaventure, N. Y. Syracuse University, Syracuse, N. Y. Union College, Schenectady, N. Y. University of Buffalo, Buffalo, N. Y. University of Rochester, Rochester, N. Y. Newark College of Engineering, Newark, N. J. Princeton University, Princeton, N. J. Rutgers University, New Brunswick, N. J. Stevens Institute of Technology, Hoboken, N. J. University of Newark, Newark, N. J. REGION III : Delaware, Maryland, Pennsylvania, and Virginia. Professor Howard K. Preston_____ Dean W. B. Kouwenhouven_________ Mr. Clifford C. James___________ Professor Wilson P. Green_______ Mr. W. Layton Hall______________ Professor George A. Irland______ Professor Webster N. Jones______ Professor Wm. J. Stevens-_______ University of Delaware, Newark, Del. Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, Md. University of Baltimore, Baltimore, Md. University of Maryland, College Park, Md. University of Newark, Newark, N. J. Bucknell University, Lewisburg, Pa. Carnegie Institute of Technology, Pittsburgh, Pa. Drexel Institute of Technology, Philadelphia, Pa. 15 REGION III: Delaware, Maryland, Pennsylvania, and Virginia—Continued. Institutional representatives Educational institutions and their locations Professor Harold Fischer— __________Franklin and Marshall College, Lancaster, Pa. Professor C. S. Hoyt----------------Grove City College, Grove City, Pa. Professor L. H. Rittenhouse---------Haverford College, Haverford, Pa. Professor William S. Lohr___________Lafayette College, Easton, Pa. Dean A. C. Callen-------------------Lehigh University, Bethlehem, Pa. Mr. J. O. Keller--------------------Pennsylvania State College, State College, Pa. Professor Scott B. Lilly------------Swarthmore College, Swarthmore, Pa. Mr. Charles E. Metzger--------------Temple University, Philadelphia, Pa. Dr. Paul H. Musser------------------University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pa. Professor J. S. Lambie--------------University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pa. Dean J. Stanley Morehouse-----------Villanova College, Villanova, Pa. Dr. B. H. Turner--------------------Hampton Institute, Hampton, Va. Dr. George M. Modlin----------------University of Richmond, Richmond, Va. Professor Lawrence R. Quarles_______University of Virginia, Charlottsville, Va. Col. R. A. Marr, Jr-----------------Virginia Military Institute, Lexington, Va. Dean Earle B. Norris----------------Virginia Polytechnic Institute, Blacksburg} Va. Professor J. M. Hunter-------------- Virginia State College for Negroes, Ettrick, Va. Dean Thomas H. Henderson-------------- Virginia Union University, Richmond, Va. REGION IV: Alabama, Florida, Georgia, Mississippi, North Carolina, South Carolina, and Tennessee. Dean J. E. Hannum-------------------Alabama Polytechnic Institute, Auburn, Ala. Dr. E. H. Anderson------------------University of Alabama, Box 2054, Univer- sity, Ala. Professor N. C. Ebaugh--------------University of Florida, Gainesville, Fla. Professor B. T. Harvey--------------Atlanta University, Atlanta, Ga. Professor R. L. Sweigert------------Georgia School of Technology, Atlanta, Ga. Dean Lee H. Patterson---------------Mississippi State College, State College, Miss. Dean Lee J. Johnson-----------------University of Mississippi, University, Miss. Dean J. M. Marteena_________________Agricultural and Technical College, Greens- boro, Miss. Mr. Alfred S. Brower_________________Duke University, Durham, N. C. Professor W. H. Robinson------------North Carolina College for Negroes, Dur- ham, N. C. Mr. Edward W. Ruggles_______________North Carolina State College, Raleigh, N. C. Professor Russell M. Grumman________University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, N. C. Professor L. S. LeTellier___________The Citadel, Charleston, S. C. Dr. S. B. Earle---------------------Clemson' Agricultural College, Clemson, S. C. Professor D. M. Zimmerman___________Colored Normal, Agricultural, Industrial, and Mechanical College, Orangeburg, S. C. Professor Brant Bonner______________Furman University, Greenville, S. C. Mr. W. H. Ward----------------------; University of South Carolina, Columbia, S. C. Professor J. M. Henderson-----------Tennessee Polytechnic Institute, Cooke- ville, Tenn. Dean N. W. Dougherty----------------University of Tennessee, Knoxville, Tenn. Dean Fred J. Lewis------------------Vanderbilt University, Nashville, Tenn. REGION V: Kentucky, Ohio, Pennsylvania, West Virginia. Dean D. V. Terrell__________________University of Kentucky, Lexington, Ky. Professor John M. Houchens__________University of Louisville, Louisville, Ky. Mr. S. C. D. Lawson_________________Antioch College, Yellow Springs, Ohio. Professor Clyde A. McKeeman_________Case School of Applied Science, Cleveland, Ohio. 16 REGION V : Kentucky, Ohio, Pennsylvania, West Virginia—Continued. Institutional representatives Educational institutions and their locations Dr. Max B. Robinson_____________________Fenn College, Cleveland, Ohio. Dean C. W. Kreger_______________________Miami University, Oxford, Ohio. Dean John A. Needy______________________Ohio Northern University, Ada, Ohio. Professor Harry E. Nold__________:______Ohio State University, Columbus, Ohio. Professor Albert C. Gubitz______________Ohio University, Athens, Ohio. Mr. Leslie P. Hardy_________________— University of Akron, Akron, Ohio. Dean Robert D. Hynes____________________University of Cincinnati, Cincinnati, Ohio. Dean M. E. Hass_________________________University of Dayton, Dayton, Ohio. Dr. Wayne Dancer________________________University of Toledo, Toledo, Ohio. Dr. Webster G. Simon____________________Western Reserve University, Cleveland, Ohio. President Charles H. Wesley_____________Wilberforce University, Wilberforce, Ohio. Professor Paul J. Moore_________________West Virginia State College, Institute, W. Va. Dean R. P. Davis________________________West Virginia University, Morgantown, W. Va. REGION VI: Indiana, Wisconsin, Iowa, and Illinois. Professor R. S. Stainton____________— Bradley Polytechnic Institute, Peoria, Ill. Mr. W. D. Gilliland_____________________Central Y. M. O. A. College, Chicago, Ill. Dean Howard E. Egan_____________________ De Paul University, 64 E. Lake St., Chicago, Ill. Professor J. I. Yellott____,________Ulinois Institute of Technology, Chicago, Ill. Professor Merrill B. Garnet_________Northwestern University, Evanston, Ill. Mr. Reuben S. Frodin____________________University of Chicago, Chicago, Ill. Dean M. L. Enger________________________University of Illinois, Urbana, Ill. Professor Enock C. Dyrness--------------Wheaton College, Wheaton, Ill. Director James Poynton__________________Loyola University, 6525 Sheridan Rd., Chi- cago, Ill. Dean M. O. Ross_________________________Butler University, Indianapolis, Ind. Professor Stanley Pressler______________Indiana University, Bloomington, Ind. Professor C. W. Beese___________________Purdue University, Lafayette, Ind. Professor Carl Wischmeyer_______________Rose Polytechnic Institute, Terre Haute, Ind. Rev. James J. Leahy, C. S. C________University of Notre Dame, Notre Dame, Ind. Professor Roy L. Miller_____________Drake University, Des Moines, Iowa. Dean T. R. Agg__________________________Iowa State College of A. & M. Arts, Ames, Iowa. Dean F. M. Dawson__________________ State University of Iowa, Iowa City, Iowa. Professor John B. Schoen___________Marquette University, Milwaukee, Wis. Dean F. O. Holt____________________University of Wisconsin, Madison, Wis. REGION VII: Arkansas, Kansas, Missouri, Nebraska. Mr. Clyde A. VerBeck_______________ University of Arkansas, Fayetteville, Ark. Professor W. W. Carlson_________-___Kansas State College of Agriculture and Applied Science, Manhattan, Kans. Mr Guy V. Keeler________________________University of Kansas, Lawrence, Kans. Professor Albert A. Kildare-------------Lincoln University, Jefferson City, Mo. Professor E. W. Carlton_________________Missouri School of Mines and Metallurgy, Rolla, Mo. Dean R. Murray Cantwell_________________St. Louis University, St. Louis, Mo. Professor Harry Rubey___________________University of Missouri, Columbia, Mo. Professor Harry G. Hake_________________Washington University, St. Louis, Mo. Dean O. J. Ferguson_____________________University of Nebraska, Lincoln, Nebr. REGION VIII: Louisiana, Oklahoma, and Texas. Mr. Gerard Banks________________________Centenary College of Louisiana, Shreveport, La. Dean H. J. Nethken_________________Louisiana Polytechnic Institute, Ruston, La. Professor Marion B. Smith----------Louisiana State University, Baton Rouge, La. Professor H. T. Fleddermann--------Loyola University, New Orleans, La. Dean James M. Robert_______________Tulane University, New Orleans, La. 17 REGION VIII: Louisiana, Oklahoma, and Texas—Continued. Institutional representatives Educational institutions and their locations Professor C. I. Mason____________________Dillard University, New Orleans, La. Professor E. A. Miller___________________Langston University, Langston, Okla. Mr. Roy R. Tompkins______________________Oklahoma Agricultural and Mechanical Col- lege, Stillwater, Okla. Professor B. Claude Shinn----------------Oklahoma City University, Oklahoma City, Okla. Professor Lowell C. Brown___________=__________University of Oklahoma, Norman, Okla. Dean R. L. Langenheim__________________University, of Tulsa, Tulsa; Okla. Professor Howard W. Barlow__________Agricultural and Mechanical College of Texas, College Station, Tex. Dean L. Q. Campbell_________________ Hardin-Simmons University, Abilene, Tex. Dr. Monroe S. Carroll_______________Baylor University, Waco, Tex. Professor C. W. Heaps_______________Rice Institute, Houston, Tex. Dean E. H. Flath____________________Southern Methodist University, Dallas, Tex. Dr. C. K. Holsapple_________________ Texas Christian University, Fort Worth, Tex. Mr. W. A. Rasco__________________________Texas College of Arts and Industries, Kings- ville, Tex. Dr. O. V. Adams__________________________Texas Technological College, Lubbock, Tex. Dr. Eugene M. Thomas_____________________Texas College of Mines and Metallurgy, El Paso, Tex. Professor Robert A. White________________University of Houston, Houston, Tex. Professor C. R. Granberry___________________University of Texas, Austin, Tex. Mr. Virgil Henson________________________West Texas State Teachers College, Can- yon, Tex. REGION IX: Wyoming, Utah, Colorado, and New Mexico. Professor Ben H. Parker_________________Colorado School of Mines, Golden, Colo. Professor Joseph Pinsky_________________Colorado State College of Agriculture and Mechanic Arts, Fort Collins, Colo. Professor Roderick L. Downing___________University of Colorado, Boulder, Colo. Dean Clarence M. Knudson________________r. University of Denver, Denver, Colo. Dean M. E. Farris_______________________University of New Mexico, Albuquerque, N. Mex. Professor H. V. Hoyt____________________Brigham Young University, Provo, Utah. Dean A. LeRoy Taylor____________________University of Utah, Salt Lake City, Utah. Dean George D. Clyde____________________Utah State Agricultural College, Logan, Utah. Professor H. T. Pearson_________________University of Wyoming, Laramie, Wyo. REGION X : Arizona, California, Idaho, and Nevada. Dean G. M. Butler___________________University of Arizona, Tucson, Anz. Professor Franklin Thomas___________California Institute of Technology, Pasadena, Calif. Professor Eugene L. Grant___________Stanford University, Stanford University, Calif. Dean M. P. O’Brieii,________________University of California, Room 201, Cali- fornia Hall, Berkeley, Calif. Dean George L Sullivan______________University of Santa Clara, Santa Clara, Calif. Dean Robert E. Vivian_______________University of Southern California, Los An- geles, Calif. Professor J. Hugo Johnson___________University of Idaho, Moscow, Idaho. Professor S. W. Leifson_____________University of Nevada, Reno, Nev. REGION XI: Michigan. Dean C. C. Winn_____________________Detroit Institute of Technology, Detroit, Mich. Mr. Albert N. Macintosh_____________Michigan College of Mining and Technology, Houghton, Mich. Professor Lorin G. Miller___________Michigan State College, Lansing, Mich. Dean C. J. Freund___________________University of Detroit, Detroit, Mich. Dean Ivan C. Crawford_______________University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Mich. Dean Arthur A. Carr_________________Wayne University, Detroit, Mich. 18 REGION XII : Minnesota, Montana, North Dakota, and South Dakota. Institutional representatives Educational institutions and their locations Professor Burton J. Robertson_______University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, Minn. Mr. R. E. Gebbles___________________ Montana State College, Bozeman, Mont. Dr. A. S. Merrill___________________Montana State University, Missoula, Mont. Dean L. C. Harrington_______________University of North Dakota, Grand Forks, N. Dak. Professor H. B. Blodgett____________ South Dakota State College, Brooking, S. Dak. REGION XIII: Washington, Oregon, and Idaho. Professor J. Hugo Johnson___________University of Idaho, Moscow, Idaho. Dean R. H. Dearborn_________________ Oregon State College, Corvallis, Oreg. Dean R. D. Sloan __________________ State College of Washington, Pullman, Wash. Dean E. A. Loew_____________________University of Washington, Seattle, Wash. DISTRICT OF COLUMBIA: Professor Thomas J. MacKavanagh. Catholic University of America, Washington, D. C. Dean Frederick M. Feiker_________George Washington University, Washing- ton, D. C. Dean L. K. Downing__________________Howard University, Washington, D. C. HAWAII: President Gregg M. Sinclair_________University of Hawaii, Honolulu, Hawaii. APPENDIX 5 NATIONAL ADVISORY COMMITTEE TO THE INDUSTRIAL HEALTH AND SAFETY SECTION OFFICE OF LABOR PRODUCTION, WAR PRODUCTION BOARD Ned H. Dearborn, National Safety Council. Martin P. Durkin, American Federation of Labor. John W. Gibson, Congress of Industrial Organizations. Paul L. Hardesty, U. S. Chamber of Commerce. Harvey Saul, National Association of Manufacturers. Robert Watt, American Federation of Labor. Numerous publications on industrial health and safety are obtainable on request from state labor departments and health departments and by addressing the following other sources: War Production Board, Washington, D. C. Office of Labor Production—Joseph D. Keenan, Vice Chairman, Social Security Building. Robert L. Glenn, Chief Plant and Community Facilities Services Division, Office of Labor Production, 3644 Social Security Building. Griffith Jones, Acting Chief, Industrial Health and Safety Section, Plant and Community Facilities Services Division, 3648 Social Security Building. War Production Drive Division, Washington, D. C.: Tempo Building “E.” U. S. GOVERNMEN PRINTING OFFICE: 194S