    [Refrigerated Storage]
    [From the U.S. Government Publishing Office, www.gpo.gov]

    ﻿REFRIGERATED STORAGE
    A STUDY OF PROJECTED REQUIREMENTS FOR
    PUBLIC GENERAL REFRIGERATED WAREHOUSES BY
    DEFENSE TRANSPORT ADMINISTRATION WASHINGTON 25, D. C.
    REFRIGERATED STORAGE
    A LOOK AHEAD
    A Study of Projected Requirements for Public General Refrigerated Warehouses Prepared by The Warehousing and Storage Division
    DEFENSE TRANSPORT ADMINISTRATION
    Washington» D. C.
    May 1953
    ACKNOWLEDGEMENT
    This pamphlet and the conclusions resulting therefrom
    concerning public general refrigerated warehousing facilities are based on a study made by the Defense Transport Administration to determine projected future requirements of refrigerated storage space under existing and anticipated mobilization conditions«»
    We wish to acknowledge with appreciation the cooper-
    ation of the Production and Marketing Administration of the United States Department of Agriculture, the several trade associations of the frozen food and warehousing industries, the authors of books, publishers of magazines concerning the refrigeration of foods, and individual companies within the public refrigerated warehousing industry, whose assistance in the preparation of this report has been invaluable*
    Expressions of opinion on the part of those inter-
    ested in this study and its conclusions will be welcomed» Such comments will receive full consideration in mobilization plan
    ning for public refrigerated
    ousing operations
    Administrator
    May 18, 1953
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    TABLE OF CONTENTS
    Page
    Introduction	2
    Section I
    The Development of Refrigeration	2
    Section II
    Definitions and Assumptions	6
    Section III
    The Growth of Refrigerated Storage in the United States	9
    Section IV
    Projected Requirements	17
    Section V
    Capacity and Occupancy of Cooler Space	28
    Section VI
    Capacity and Occupancy of Freezer Space	llO
    ILLUSTRATIONS
    Charts
    Fig* A - Distribution of gross refrigerated storage space	10
    by type of operations, October 1, 1951
    Fig. B - Distribution of total gross refrigerated storage	11
    space by type of warehouse, 19^3 - 1951
    Fig. C	- Distribution of freezer and cooler space by type	12
    of warehouse, 19U3 - 1951
    Fig. D	- Relationship between reported occupancy and number	19
    of cubic feet of freezer space used to store 1,000 pounds of food
    Fig. E	- Comparison between annual production and total	21
    year-end freezer holdings of butter, fish, poultry, meat and eggs, 19h0 - 1951
    Fig. F	- Annual pack and total year-end holdings of frozen 22 fruits, juices and vegetables, 19^0 - 1951
    TABLE OF CONTENTS (cont’d)
    Charts	Page
    Fig, G - Year-end freezer stocks of all food items in	2h
    public, semiprivate and private warehouses, 193$ - 19^1
    Fig. H - Distribution of cooler storage space by type	30
    of warehouse, 1943 - 1951
    Fig. I - Percentage of occupancy of cooler storage space	35
    in public general refrigerated warehouses, 1946 - 1952
    Fig. J	- Total weight of cooler commodities in all types	36
    of warehouses at end of month, 1946 - 1952
    Fig. K	- Percentage of cooler occupancy in public general	38
    refrigerated warehouses, by region, compared with national average, 1950 - 1952
    Fig. L	- Percentage of occupancy of freezer storage space	4.7
    in public general refrigerated warehouses, 1946 - 1952
    Fig. m - Weights of commodities in freezer storage at end 49 of month, comparing 1946 with 1951 in all types of refrigerated warehouses
    Fig. N	- Total weight of freezer commodities in all types	51
    of warehouses at end of month, 1944 - 1952
    Fig. 0	- Percentage of freezer occupancy in public general	54
    refrigerated warehouses, by regions, compared with national average, 1950 - 1952
    Tables
    Table 1 - Space in public refrigerated warehouses convert- 14 ible between cooler and freezer temperatures
    Table 2 - Palletization of public general refrigerated	15
    warehouses
    Table 3 - Fork lift trucks in public general refrigerated	16
    warehouses
    TABLE OF CONTENTS (cont'd)
    Tables	Page
    Table H - Year-end freezer stocks of all food items in	25
    public, private and semiprivate refrigerated waréhouses, 1935 - 1952
    Table 5 - Comparison of per capita consumption of frozen	26
    fruits, juices and vegetables between 19U0 and 1950
    Table 6 - Distribution of cooler storage space by type of	31
    warehouse as of October, 19U3 - 1551
    Table 7 - Number of cubic feet of Cooler space available	32
    per person in the United States, èxcluding méat packing establishments, 19^1 - 1951
    Table 8 - Total gross cooler storage space in publié general 32 refrigerated warehouses and public apple houses, by regions, 19U3 - 1951
    Table 9 - Distribution of cooled, storage space betweén	33
    public general refrigerated warehouses and public apple houses, by regions, as of October 1, 1951
    Table 10 - Percentage of occupâncy of cooler storage space in 3I4. public general refrigerated warehouses, 19^6 - 1952
    Table 11 - Percentage of cooler occüpancy at end of month in 39 public general refrigerated waréhouses, by regions, 1950 - 1952
    Table 12 - Capacity of freezer storage space in public general UO refrigerated warehouses and public apple hbuses, 1939 - 1951
    Table 13 - Capacity of freezér storage space by type of	Ul
    facility, 19U - 1951
    Table 1U - Per capita gross cubic feet of freezer storage	b2
    space in public refrigerated warehouses, 1939 - 1951
    Table 15 - Gross freezer storage space in public general	h3
    refrigerated warehouses arid public apple houses, by region, 19U3 - 1951
    TABLE OF CONTENTS (cont’d)
    Tables
    Page
    Table 16 - Gross freezer storage space in public general	Ml
    refrigerated warehouses and public apple houses, by classification of space and by regions, as of October 1, 1951
    Table 17 * Highest reported occupancy of freezer storage	U5
    space in public general refrigerated warehouses, including apple houses, 19^1 * 1951
    Table 18 - Percentage of freezer space occupancy at end of U6 month in public general refrigerated warehouses, 19U6 - 1952
    Table 19 - Weights of commodities in freezer storage at	U8
    end of month, comparing 19h6 with 1951 in all types of refrigerated warehouses
    Table 20 - Total weight of freezer commodities in all types 50 of warehouses at end of month, 19Mi - 1952
    Table 21 - Percentage of freezer occupancy in public	53
    general refrigerated warehouses, by month, 1950 - 1952
    Table 22 - Occupancy of freezer space in public general	55
    refrigerated warehouses in selected cities, December 1951 to December 1952
    INTRODUCTION
    The Defense Transport Administration was established by Executive Order of the President under authority of the Defense Production Act of 19^0, as amended, and among other things, is charged with the responsibility for assuring the availability of adequate storage facilities.
    The various forms of storage can be divided into four basic types, general merchandise, refrigerated, bulk storage of liquids and bulk storage of grains and feeds. While the Defense Transport Administration is concerned with all these forms of storage, this study is limited to refrigerated storage, and more especially, to refrigerated storage facilities operated as public general refrigerated warehouses.
    It is the policy of DTA to encourage the public warehousing industry to develop with private capital as much of the storage space needed by the defense effort as is economically feasible, thus obviating the necessity of government construction and minimizing the need for allocation controls. It therefore becomes a matter of considerable importance to determine the requirements for refrigerated facilities to meet the needs of both the military and essential civilian economy. By reason of the long lead time required for the proper planning and construction of refrigerated warehouses, it was decided that a study should be made to project the requirements for such facilities through the end of 19^. It is hoped that the results of this study will assist the industry in formulating a program which will meet the demands of the defense activity and at the same time protect the requirement of the essential civilian economy. Particular attention has been given to those increased requirements resulting from the expansion of defense activity which could be a dominant influence on the future growth of the public refrigerated warehousing industry. The expected increased disposal income of consumers during the coming years, together with the anticipated continued heavy procurement of military items, should result in a continuing strong demand for frozen foods.
    SECTION I
    THE DEVELOPMENT OF REFRIGERATION
    The preservation of perishables by freezing dates back to prehistoric times when nature suddenly engulfed animals and plants
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    with ice. The woolly mammoths that have been found frozen in Siberia evidence the fact that meat can be preserved by freezing and retain its good quality and appearance for thousands of years. However, the practical application of this method of preservation had to wait many centuries until man was able to control temperatures within limited areas.
    History indicates that man-made cooling processes were known as far back as the ancient races of Egyptians, Greeks, Romans and East Indians. Porous clay vessels were filled with water and hung in the shade, and the water that passed through the porous walls was evaporated by the dry winds. The removal of heat by evaporation reduced the temperature of the remaining water in the vessel until it was cool, and this sometimes cooled sufficiently to form ice. But it was not until the beginning of the 19th century that natural ice was used for preserving food.
    During the early days of our country, the composition of the population was basically rural, and consequently the storage of food was usually localized to each family. Then communities began to develop and as they grew, villages became towns and towns became cities. This gradual division between rural and urban populations led to the development of larger farms which, by reason of improved farm methods, were capable of higher productivity. The formation of urban communities, together with the increase in the distance over which fresh farm products could be marketed due to improved transportation facilities, resulted in changed methods for the preservation and distribution of foods and the storage of seasonal surplus production. Today the preservatibn and warehousing of perishable foods are an important part of bur economy, and the health, welfare and well-being of an urban population would suffer if it were necessary to subsist without foods protected by refrigeration.
    The acceptance by the public of foods preserved by freezing was a slow process, and it is only within the past few years that frozen foods have come to be accepted. The fault was not that of the public but rather that of the food merchants. The industry got off to a bad start because of the use made of so-called ”cold storage”. The early application of refrigeration seemed to be for the purpose of preventing a total loss when the market could not absorb the available supply of fresh foods. All too often such foods
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    as fish and meats were held on the market as ’’fresh” until deterioration was well under way« This food was then placed in cold storage as a last resort to prevent total loss. Under the circumstances, the public looked upon cold storage foods with considerable suspicion. The industry did little to overcome these objections on the part of the public or try to correct its own weaknesses. Instead, frozen or refrigerated foods were defrosted and then passed off as fresh foods. This suspicion on the part of the public continued to exist until a comparatively few years ago. In fact, the ’’old timers” still to this day will have nothing to do with anything that is, or has been, frozen. This prejudice was well expressed by W. R. Woolrich in the Southern Power Journal, September 1928, when he said, ’’The first mental picture that springs before fully half of the American people when you introduce the subject of cold storage is that of some egg storage rooms from which specimens that are none too fresh are drawn at intervals that are none too frequent.”. However, the last decade, has brought almost universal acceptance of the preservation and freezing of foods of all kinds. With corrections in marketing practices; technological improvements in processing, distribution and salesmanship; and the increased use of mechanical refrigerators and freezer boxes in the home, frozen foods have changed from the category of ’’unusual” to commonplace items on the average American table.
    There are two basic types of food preservation by means of refrigeration. Cooler facilities, which are maintained between temperature^ of 29° and £0° Fahrenheit, are mainly for the purpose of retarding deterioration processes of fresh foods; and freezer facilities, maintained at temperatures as low as minus 20° Fahrenheit, to arrest such deterioration processes. Therefore, the freezing of foods permits long-term storage and preservation.
    Before the advent of frozen foods, methods of long-term preservation were limited to canning, cooking, salting, smoking and dehydration. The freezing method has resulted in a form of preservation, which for all practicable purposes, makes fresh food available during any season of the year and in locations far removed from the area of production. The production of concentrated orange juice, which rose from 12.2 million gallons during the 19h8-191i9 pack to an estimated 1^0.0 million gallons in 19^1-19^2, is in itself a striking example of the ever-increasing
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    importance of the distribution of frozen products. The availability of seafood to the lower income groups in the interior of the United States during all seasons of the year is an example of the advantages brought about by the freezing method of preservation.
    The military has recognized the advantages of frozen foods and, from an almost insignificant quantity purchased prior to World War II, the procurement of frozen foods to feed the men and women of the armed services has increased to very significant totals. The military first initiated the procurement of frozen foods in an effort to supply as much fresh meat to overseas troops as possible, by avoiding the relatively short life span of such meats shipped in normal cooling facilities afforded by most ocean vessels. Furthermore, the overseas supply of fresh fruits and vegetables was generally limited to the amount which could be purchased at the local markets in the areas in which the troops were stationed, and it was necessary to supplement that supply by the shipment of canned or dehydrated items from this country. Here again it was found that frozen fruits and vegetables could supplement the fruits and vegetables procured in the local areas, although the quantity which could be shipped was necessarily limited by the availability of refrigerated ship space and freezer storage facilities at destination.
    At the close of World War II military purchases of frozen fruits and vegetables dwindled and most of the frozen fruits and vegetables procured by the military in 19h.7, 19U8 and 19119 was resold through the commissaries for the use of the families of military and civilian personnel. However, in 19^0 Quartermaster Corps purchases of frozen foods rose to lili million pounds and increased to 92 million pounds in 19^1. For the calendar year 19^2 military purchases exceeded 200 million pounds, or more than 1100^ above 19^0 purchases.
    It is thus obvious the use of frozen foods has assumed such an important place in both the civilian economy and the military use that it has become an essential element in the national defense program. During the entire period of development, the public refrigerated warehouses have assumed an ever-increasing role in the freezing
    - £ -
    and distribution of frozen foods, and in 19^1 such public warehouses provided 169 million cubic feet, or 80$, of the total sharp freezer space (0° Fahrenheit and below) in the United States. This service is extremely important, not only to the civilian economy, but to the armed services as well« Even today, with military procurement of frozen foods at the highest level in history, almost complete reliance is placed on the public refrigerated warehousing industry for the handling and storage of such commodities.
    Notwithstanding the increase in the consumption of frozen foods, and more particularly frozen fruits, vegetables and concentrated juices, the total amount frozen is still exceptionally small when compared to the over-all amount of such fresh items consumed. But each year sees a continuing growth in the volume of frozen foods, and the extent of the growth is one of the present problems of this Administration and the industry. In considering that problem, three general objectives should be kept in minds (1) the present defense effort must be promoted by effective utilization of existing warehousing facilities; (2) refrigerated warehousing services, adequate to support a high level of economic activity, must be effectively maintained during the present emergency; and (3) refrigerated warehousing facilities should be sufficient to render adequate service during wartime.
    SECTION II
    DEFINITIONS AND ASSUMPTIONS
    For statistical purposes, refrigerated storage space is basically divided into two categories with respect to temperatures maintained. Storage space maintained above 29° Fahrenheit is referred to as ’’cooler“, and space maintained below 29° Fahrenheit is referred to as “freezer“. The “freezer” space is further divided into “normal freezer” (0° to 29° F) and “sharp freezer” (0° F and below)• While these divisions of space are made for statistical purposes, the accepted industry practices may vary somewhat. For example, shell eggs are considered as a cooler item, but will be held in temperatures of 29° F or slightly lower. Also, there are few items maintained at temperatures between 1£° to 29° F; and consequently, little space is maintained at that temperature range. Statistically, “sharp freezer” is any space held below 0° F, and the general application in the industry is space held at approximately
    - 6 -
    -20° F or lower. While this study is primarily concerned with projected requirements, the last two Sections, providing statistics concerning capacity and occupancy, are included as historical background and convenient reference» To some extent this information duplicates the publications issued by the United States Department of Agriculture and was largely obtained from that source.
    Refrigerated warehouses are also generally classified by type .of ownership or by particular speciality. The types of facilities used herein correspond substantially with those used by the United States Department of Agriculture and are defined as follows:
    Public General Refrigerated Warehouse
    Any artificially cooled warehouse, the operator of which is engaged in storing food commodities, requiring refrigeration, for others for pay.
    Private General Refrigerated Warehouse
    Any artificially cooled warehouse, the operator of which conducts a warehousing business to facilitate his main function as a producer, processor, or distributor but does not store commodities for others for pay.
    Semiprivate General Refrigerated Warehouse
    Any artificially cooled warehouse, the operator of which uses part of the space to care for the storage of his own commodities and in addition stores in his plant various food commodities for others for pay.
    Meat Packing Establishment
    Any plant engaged in processing dressed animals and animal products for food. For the purposes of this study, only that space which is used for the storage of products is included. 'Working space, chill rooms, and coolers used exclusively for hanging dressed carcasses prior to shipping are excluded.
    Apple House
    Any warehouse, public, private, and semiprivate, the owner and operator of which in engaged mainly or exclusively in the storage of apples or pears.
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    In any study to determine projected requirements it is necessary that certain basic assumptions be adopted in order to limit the number of factors which affect the results. Obviously, if any of the assumptions do not prove to be accurate, then the conclusions of this study will have to be modified accordingly. The following are the assumptions that have been adopted.
    1.	That a full-scale national emergency will not occur before the end of 1955.
    2.	That the Armed Services will not materially alter their present personnel strength.
    3.	That total national security expenditures and per capita income will remain at approximately the same level as 1951 and 1952.
    1|	. That the present pattern of marketing and distribution of commodities requiring refrigeratioh will not be materially altered.
    5«	That there will be no material change in the type of commodities to be stored in refrigerated space.
    6.	That further expansion of private and semiprivate refrigerated storage facilities will follow the present expansion ratio of public facilities•
    7.	That the present increased consumption trend of commodities requiring refrigeration will continue.
    Many of the tabulations and charts present statistics on the basis of geographic regions of the United States. For the purpose of avoiding confusion, the geographic regions adopted correspond with those used by the United States Department of Agriculture in its surveys of refrigerated storage facilities.
    New England: Maine, New Hampshire, Vermont, Massachusetts, Rhode Island, and Connecticut.
    Middle Atlantic: New York, New Jersey, and Pennsylvania.
    East North Central: Ohio, Indiana, Illinois, Michigan, and Wisconsin.
    West North Central: Minnesota, Iowa, Missouri, North Dakota, South Dakota, Nebraska, and Kansas.
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    South Atlantic:
    Delaware, Maryland, District of Columbia, Virginia, West Virginia, North Carolina, South Carolina, Georgia, and Florida.
    East South Central: Kentucky, Tennessee, Alabama, and Mississippi.
    West South Central: Arkansas, Louisiana, Oklahoma, and Texas.
    Mountain: Montana, Idaho, Wyoming, Colorado, New Mexico, Arizona, Utah, and Nevada.
    Pacific: Washington, Oregon, and California.
    SECTION III
    THE GROWTH OF REFRIGERATED STORAGE IN THE UNITED STATES
    Refrigerated storage started its major development about 1890 when mechanical refrigeration began to assume practical importance, and by October 19£1> a total of 711 million gross cubic feet of such space was available for the storage of perishables. Of this total, £2.7^ is located in public general refrigerated warehouses, 13-3^ in private and semi-private general warehouses, 13*8% in meat packing establishments, 7*1^ in public apple houses, and 13.1^ in private and semiprivate apple houses. Fig. A illustrates the distribution of refrigerated storage space by type of operation as of October 1, 19^1»
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    PUBLIC APPLE 50,168,000 CU. FT.
    7.1%
    FIGURE "A" DISTRIBUTION OF GROSS REFRIGERATED STORAGE SPACE IN THE UNITED STATES BY TYPE OF OPERATIONS AS OF OCTOBER 1,1951 INCLUDING "COOLER", "NORMAL FREEZER" AND "SHARP FREEZER" SPACE.
    From 1921 to 1927 approximately 20 million cubic feet of space per year were added. This increase was stepped up during 1928 and 1929, and by October of the latter year there was a total availability of 729 million cubic feet of refrigerated space. This rapid pace slackened from 1929 to 1931 to about 6 million cubic feet per year, and from 1931 to 1935 there was a net decrease of 30 million cubic feet. However, in 1936, the industry again started to expand and by October 19bl the total capacity rose to 766 million cubic feet. Following the 19hl survey made by the United States Department of Agriculture, the basic questionnaire was changed to reflect only space in meat packing plants used for storage and to eliminate space used for processing. This resulted in an apparent decrease in national total capacity, but there was no actual decrease in space operated. Fig.'B illustrates the growth of refrigerated space from 19U3 to 1951«
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    FIGURE "8" DISTRIBUTION OF TOTAL GROSS REFRIGERATED STORAGE SPACE BY TYPE OF WAREHOUSE OCTOBER I, 1943 TO OCTOBER I, 1951.
    As of October 1991, the total national capacity of refrigerated space stood at 711 million cubic feet. Of this total, 3OU million was "freezer” and almost hO7 million was "cooler" space.
    The refrigerated warehousing industry not only showed a continued increase in the amount of space operated, but there has been a decided shift in the distribution of this space according to temperature range. Prior to 1939, "freezer" space accounted for less than 29$ of the total refrigerated space, but as of October 1951, "freezer‘s space represents better than k0$ of the total, and more than two-thirds of this is maintained at below 0° Fahrenheit. Cooler space, on the other hand, has decreased since 19U3 by about 10$. Fig. C shows separate trends in "freezer" and "cooler" storage capacity from 19U3 to 1991 for all types of warehouses.
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    FIGURE “G"
    DISTRIBUTION OF FREEZER AND COOLER SPACE BY TYPE OF WAREHOUSE
    MILLIONS
    OF CUBIC FEET	0F CUBIC FEET
    1943 1945 1947 1949 1951	1943 1945 1947 1949 1951
    FREEZER STORAGE SPACE COOLER STORAGE SPACE
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    Convertible Space
    There is a considerable amount of refrigerated storage space capable of being maintained at either ’»cooler” or ’’freezer” temperatures., By a comparatively simple adjustment of the refrigeration equipment, the space is convertible from one type to the other. Table I shows, by regions, the amount of such convertible space in public general refrigerated warehouses, as well as such convertible space in public apple houses.
    Powered Materials Handling Equipment
    In recent years, the use of powered materials handling equipment in public refrigerated warehouses has been increasing at a rapid pace, but no formal survey was made prior to October 1951. In that year, this Administration requested the Department of Agri- ‘ culture to include certain additional questions in its biennial survey which would indicate the extent the industry had adopted powered materials handling methods. The purpose was to determine general factors concerning the average relationship between space operated and mechanical equipment employed. It was not intended to determine what an average.warehouse should have in order to be considered adequately mechanized, bub what equipment the industry actually had on the average for both a national and regional basis. Such a factor would be used by DTA as a claimant agency in order to estimate national requirements for maintenance, repair and operating supplies during an emergency. However, the allocation of such supplies under emergency conditions would be made on the basis of actual mechanization of the particular facility involved and not on the basis of average factors.
    While,it is recognized that the use of materials handling equipment is more closely related to volume of materials handled than to space operated, the factors established by the latter method are sufficient for planning and claimant purposes, and avoids the necessity of recurring reports from the industry on the number of tons handled.	.
    Table 2 shows, by regions, the amount of gross storage space that is either partially or fully palletized in public general refrigerated warehouses only.
    Table 3 shows, by regions, the number of fork lift trucks and the number per 100,000 cubic feet of gross space in the public general refrigerated warehouses that reported either partial or full palletization.
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    TABLE 1 - SPACE IN PUBLIC REFRIGERATED WAREHOUSES CONVERTIBLE BETWEEN «COOLER« AND «FREEZER« TEMPERATURES
    Region	Public General Refrigerated Warehouses			Public Apple Houses
    	No. Firms Report* ing	Gross Space Reported	Gross Space Convertible	No. Firms Reporting	Gross Space Reported	Gross Space Convertible
    TOTAL U. S.	603	ÇÔu. Ft.)	ÇCU. Ft. )		ICu. Ft.)	;cu. #t.)
    		370,687,321*	57,701,211		50,168,922	115,275
    New England	30	17,098,528	1,815,1*11*	7	715,1*11*	0
    Middle Atlantic	133	98,598,351	9,370,61*7	1*2	13,708,091*	23,000
    East North Central	86	77,012,582	8,188,288	21*	3,673,061	10,000
    West North Central	62	38,835,265	6,567,201	6	60^,014	0
    South Atlantic	78	32,91*5,355	2,961*,189	21*	15,971,191*	0
    East South Central	21*	11,1OU,263	2,1*32,1*28	Not Reported	Not Reported
    West South Central	té	23,217,887	10,11*7,833	2	168,276	0
    Mountain	21*	6,751,790	511*,723	1	8,500	0
    Pacific	121	65,123,303	15,700,1*88	35	15,319,369	82,275
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    TABLE 2 - PALLETIZATION OF PUBLIC GENERAL REFRIGERATED WAREHOUSES
    ® ® r-1 Md	nd $ ® rH t	-p	3\ *	I s	1A ca *	o CM *	CM U\ •X	Ox CA MD •X	CO CA _«x	¿0 XA •X	o co o «X	O\ p
    -p «H O o -P 2 3	& a h £	•	CM •x	ca MD *	o «A	o m O\ •*	m o	s *	vO O	co KO	v\	o •X
    o d In o	O d cu	o	rH	O	LA	Ox CA	Ox	CO	CA		CM	CA
    . 'd	® o d	•	C*“ o *	K 1A •x	«X	xO 1A CM «k	CM 1A H •X	•x	O O •X	co CA «X	CO CO CA •X	1A "LA O •X
    s ® •rl ® h 0« a,	co w co o Id CD	Pm • g	ca >o rl * §	 juices and vegetables almost parallel fluctuations in annual production rates.
    Thus there is an indication that the principal factor affecting the expansion of ’’freezer” space has been increased holdings of frozen fruits, juices and vegetables. While there have been some increases in the holdings of the other commodities, they have been minor when compared to increases in fruits, juices and vegetables. In 193^, the year-end holdings*of these latter items were relatively unimportant, and even in 19U1 ’such holdings represented only a little more than 20^ of total holdings. Today the year-end holdings of these same items represent about £0^ of the total.
    It therefore becomes apparent that the future expansion of ’’freezer” space will be related to increases in the packs of frozen fruits, juices and vegetables. This is further illustrated by Fig. G and Table which show the year-end ’’freezer” stocks in pounds of frozen food items in all types of warehouses.
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    FIGURE "G
    n
    YEAR END FREEZER STOCKS OF ALL FOOD ITEMS, ACTUAL AND ESTIMATED IN ALL PUBLIC, SEMI-PRIVATE AND PRIVATE WAREHOUSES
    1935 - 1951
    MILLIONS OF POUNDS
    MILLIONS OF POUNJJS “I 2,500
    2,000
    1,500
    1,000
    500
    o
    1935 1936 1937 1938 1939 1940	1941	1942 1943 1944 1945 1946 1947 1948 1949 1950 1951	1952
    - 24 -
    TABLE U - YEAR END FREEZER STOCKS OF ALL FOOD ITEMS, ACTUAL AND ESTIMATED, IN PUBLIC PRIVATE, AND SEMI-PRIVATE REFRIGERATED WAREHOUSES - 1935 THROUGH 1952 (Figures Expressed in Millions of Pounds)
    Year	1952	72	287	VX XO CM	vx		291	«n vx	1807		TT9		CO
    	Ox	CM	CM o	CM	ox VX m		§	Ox	CM xO co		CO		Q CXI CM
    	1950	O	CM CO CM	“in	Ox CM		§	vx CM	Ox		F		o CM
    	Ox Cx		Ox CM	co o	3 CM		Q O	r a net gain of "cooler" space to the extent of 2U million cubic feet. However, the reduction in "cooler" space in public general and meat packing warehouses resulted in a total over-all loss of 43 million cubic feet of "cooler" space between 19h3 and 19^1. Fig. H and Table 6 show the distribution of gross "cooler" storage space in all types of refrigerated warehouses from 191+3 to 19^1.
    The continuing need for "cooler" space is also illustrated by Fig. J on page 3U, which shows the number of pounds of commodities in "cooler" storage by month from 19U6 to 19^2 for all types of refrigerated warehouses.
    It would appear from Fig. H and Table 6 that public refrigerated warehouses have reduced their available capacity of "cooler" space while private and semiprivate refrigerated warehouses have increased such capacity. However, it cannot be concluded that present operators of public general facilities actually reduced the amount of "cooler" space they previously operated to any appreciable extent. A part of this shift is undoubtedly due to the fact that many private and semiprivate warehouses made space available during World War II for the storage of government commodities and thus reported the space during that period as "public" space. Following the termination of hostilities, this service was discontinued and the reporting of such space has shifted to. "private" or "semiprivate". Another factor that may have contributed to the apparent increase in private and semiprivate "cooler" space is the increased coverage obtained in later space surveys as against the earlier ones. However, it is not believed that the total effect of these two factors is of sufficient importance to materially distort the trend as reflected.
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    FIGURE "H"
    DISTRIBUTION OF COOLER STORAGE SPACE BY TYPE OF WAREHOUSE
    1943- 1951
    „C ^IPUU	MILLIONS
    OF CUBIC FEET	OF CUBIC FEET
    1943	1945	1947	1949	1951
    - 30 -
    TABLE 6 - DISTRIBUTION OF COOLER STORAGE SPACE BY TYPE OF WAREHOUSE AS OF OCTOBER 19h3 THROUGH 1951
    Type of Warehouse	Gross Cooler Storage Space (Millions of Cubic Feet)
    	19U3	19U5	191*7	191*9	1951
    Public General	18?	188	185	173	156
    Private and Semi-Private General	16	20	25	39	1*7
    Public, Private and SemiPrivate Apple Houses	119	115	127	139	137
    Meat Packing Es tablishment s	127	100	97	85	66
    TOTAL	UH9	1*23	U3U	h36	h06
    Notwithstanding the increase in the number of pounds of commodities in "cooler” storage, the per capita availability of "cooler” space has decreased from 2.39 cubic feet in 19hl to 2.22 cubic feet in 1951, and it therefore has not kept pace with the growing population of the United States. It would thus appear that the per capita consumption of commodities requiring "cooler" storage is down, and this is probably due to greater use of "freezer” items. Table 7 shows the biennial change in the per capita availability of cooler space from 19hl to 1951, excluding meat packing establishments.
    The change in availability of "cooler” space in public refrigerated warehouses has not been uniform in all geographical regions of the United States. For the purpose of comparison, Table 8 shows the biennial changes by region of "cooler” space in public refrigerated warehouses, public apple houses included, for the period 19^3 to 1951.
    - 31 -
    TABLE 7 - NUMBER OF CUBIC FEET OF “COOLER” REFRIGERATED STORAGE SPACE AVAILABLE PER PERSON IN THE UNITED STATES, EXCLUDING MEAT PACKING ESTABLISHMENTS, 19U - 19^1
    Type of Facility		Year
    	i9ia	191*3	191*5	191*7	191*9	1951
    Public General and Public Apple Houses	1.83	1.82	1.69	1.61	1.1*9	1.31*
    Private and Semi-Private General and Apple Houses	iti .56	.55	.62	.72	.87	.88
    TOTAL	2.39	2.37	2.31	2.33	2.36	2.22
    TABLE 8 - TOTAL ®OSS “COOLER” STORAGE SPACE IN PUBLIC GENERAL REFRIGERATED WAREHOUSES AND PUBLIC APPLE HOUSES
    BY REGIONS, 19U3 - 1951
    Region	YEAR (Thousands of Cubic Feet)	 .
    	19h3	191*5	191*7	19U9	1951
    ALL REGIONS	21*7,Ohl	237,232	n 232,332	221,721	201*,558
    New England	7,525	6,U5U	6,1UO	5,1*69	5,006
    Middle Atlantic	73,81*7	71,371	66,525	70,015	60,285
    East North Central	53,831*	56,625	55,055	1*3,679	1*2,071*
    West North Central	17,351* (	16,535	16,173	16,381	1U,U6O
    South Atlantic	29,182	<31,551	32,566	31,592	29,516
    East South Central	6,221*	5,557	5,517 . ,	5,871	h,711 , ,
    West South Central	9,857	9,ol»l*	9,028 V 2,699 y	7,689	7,703 y 2,189 y
    Mountain	2,898	2,852		2,1*55
    Pacific	1*6,320	37,21*3	38,629	38,570	38,611*
    1/ Includes a small amount of space in apple houses in the Mountain Region* 5/ Does not include the small amount of space included in Footnote 1/ above*
    - 32 -
    TABLE 9 - DISTRIBUTION OF "COOLER" STORAGE SPACE BETWEEN PUBLIC GENERAL REFRIGERATED WAREHOUSES AND PUBLIC APPLE HOUSES, BI REGIONS, AS OF OCTOBER 1, 1951
    Region	(Thoi Public General	GROSS SPACE isands of Cubic F Public Apple	eet) TOTAL
    ALL REGIONS	I56,iia	U8,1i17	2oli,558
    New England	11,298	708	5,oo6
    Middle Atlantic	117,175	13,110	60,285
    East North Central	38,li6li	3,610	ll2,O71i
    West North Central	13,855	60^	lh,h60
    South Atlantic	Ui,li02	15,nli	29,516
    East South Central	11,711	a»	ll, 711
    West South Central	7,538	165 V	7,703 V
    Mountain	2,189	- £/	2,189
    Pacific	23,509	15,105	38,61li
    1/ Includes a small amount of space in apple houses in the Mountain Region*
    2/ Does not include the small amount of space included in Footnote 1/ * above.
    - 33 -
    Occupancy of "Cooler” Space
    The occupancy of "cooler” storage space in public general refrigerated warehouses has remained comparatively low since before World War II* During the war there were a few times when the occupancy went above 80^ but this did not last for any prolonged period of time and, generally speaking, such occupancy has remained well below the 80% figure* Table 10 and Fig* I show the reported percentage of occupancy of "cooler" space in public general refrigerated warehouses.
    TABLE 10 - PERCENTAGE OF OCCUPANCY OF "COOLER" STORAGE SPACE IN PUBLIC GENERAL REFRIGERATED WAREHOUSES, 19b6 - 1952__________________________
    Month	Year (0ccuoanc.v exoressed in Percentage)
    	191»6	19117	19l»8	19b9	1950	1951	1952
    January	60	65	69	52	59	65	59
    February	62	62	65	b8	55	60	57
    March	67	61	59	b8	5b	60	59
    April	75	65	62	1*9	5b	59	59
    May	77	68	65	5o	56	62	61
    June	79	71»	67	52	60	65	63
    July	76	77	67	53	61	6b	63
    August	80	76	65	53	6b	65	63
    September	78	73	6b	6o	63	65	65
    October	80	76	6b	68	72	69	69
    November	77	78	59	67	71	66	68
    December	69	71»	5b	6b	67	63	6b
    Annual Average	73.3	70*8	63.3	55.3	61.3	63.6	62.5
    By comparing Fig. H with the percentage of occupancy figures in Table 10, it will be noted that the sharp decline in available ’’cooler" space in public general refrigerated warehouses (Fig. H), which started in corresponds with the low annual average occupancy in 19b9 (Table 10)* However, percentage figures do not always reveal the actual trend because of the variations in the amount of available space. Fig. J shows the number of pounds of commodities in "cooler" storage by month from 19b6 to 1952 for all types of warehouses.
    - 3b -
    FMAMJJASONDJFMAMJJASONDJFMAMJJASONDJFMAMJJASONDJFMAMJJASONDJFMAMJJASONDJFMAMJJASOND 1946	194?	1948	1949	1950	1951	1952
    FIGURE "I" PERCENTAGE OF OCCUPANCY OF COOLER STORAGE SPACE IN PUBLIC GENERAL REFRIGERATED WAREHOUSES
    1946 - 1952
    ,UUU J F M A M J J A S 0 N D J F M A M J J A S 0 N D J F M A M J J A S 0 N D J F M A M J J A S 0 N D J F M A M J J A S 0 N D J F M A M J J A S 0 N D J F M A M J J A S 0 N D ’
    1946	1947	1948	1949	1950	1951	1952
    TOTAL WEIGHT OF COOLER COMMODITIES IN ALL TYPES OF WAREHOUSES AT END OF MONTH, 1946 - 1952
    The storage pattern of ’’cooler” occupancy also varies among the various regions. For the purpose of comparison, the reported occupancy of such ’’cooler” space in public general refrigerated warehouses for each of the nine regions covering the years 19^0, 19^1 and 19^2 is shown in Fig. K and Table 11. The chart also shows the national average occupancy.
    Based upon the assumptions previously referred to and the occupancy trend of ’’cooler” space in public general refrigerated warehouses, it is concluded by this Administration that there is at present a sufficient reserve of ’’cooler” space in such public warehouses to absorb the initial impact of a full-scale emergency. Under these circumstances, no attempt has been made in this study to project long term future requirements for public general ’’cooler” storage space.
    - 37 -
    FIGURE "K"
    PERCENTAGE OF COOLER OCCUPANCY IN PUBLIC GENERAL REFRIGERATED WAREHOUSES, BY REGION, COMPARED WITH NATIONAL AVERAGE
    1950 - 1952
    - 38 -
    TABLE 11 - PERCENTAGE OF "COOLER" OCCUPANCY AT END OF MONTH TN PUBLIC GENERAL REFRIGERATED WAREHOUSES, BY REGIONS, 19^0 - 1952
    Tear and Month	CM Ox	Dec.	8	39	$	S	CO	¿9	Fi	OL	¿5	72
    		JÎOV.	s	CM	71	66	60	8	Ox	S	8	P
    		Oct.	s	co a#	CM	S	61	69	£	s	72	P
    		Sept.	x©	8	S	§	CM x©	CM X©	Ox 00	8	8	66
    		Aug.	S	9 “9	129	4—1	3-9	18	1U7
    1910	1112	1	1113	16	«è	16	159
    19115	163	3	166	20	1	21	187
    19117	1711	2	176	27	11	31	207
    19119	189	2	191	la	1	112	233
    1951	218	2	220	117	11	51	271
    — Does not include Meat Packing Establishments«
    The public refrigerated warehousemen have not only increased the total amount of available »freezer” space but, with respect to »sharpfreezer”, they have more than doubled the per capita, availability since 1939* The per capita amount of »normal freezer” space, however, has remained almost constant, which means that this classification of space has just about kept pace with the increasing population. Table Hi shows the per capita increase of ’’freezer” and »sharp freezer” space from 1939 to 1951 in public general refrigerated warehouses*
    - Ill -
    TABLE - PER CAPITA CROSS CUBIC FEET OF ’’FREEZER” STORAGE SPACE IN PUBLIC REFRIGERATED WAREHOUSES
    1939 - 1951
    Type of Space	TEAR (Cubic Feet Per Person)
    	1939	i9i»i	191*3	191*5	191*7	191*9	1951
    Normal Freezer (0° to 29° F. )	0.32	0.31*	0.U2	o.Ho	o.ia	0.38	0.33
    Sharp Freezer (0° F. and Below)	o.5o	0.63	0.63	0.79	0.81	0.90	1.10
    Since private and semiprivate facilities also show increases in ”sharp freezer” space, the per capita increase in "sharp freezer” space would indicate an increasing demand and consumption of foods which require temperatures below 0° Fahrenheit. This fact is further supported by an analysis of new construction in 19$2 of public general refrigerated warehouses. The facilities constructed in that year were almost entirely in the ’’freezer" category, and by far the greatest percentage was space that is either operated as, or can be converted to operation as, "sharp freezer”.
    It might also be of interest to note the distribution of this increase in "normal freezer" and "sharp freezer" space among the various geographical regions. Table 15 shows the biennial change, by region, of "normal freezer” and "sharp freezer" space in public general refrigerated warehouses and public apple houses from 19^3 to 1951. This Table includes figures for both public general warehouses and public apple houses. However, it should be noted that public apple houses maintain only a small amount of "freezer" space. This is illustrated by Table 16, which shows the distribution of "normal freezer" and "sharp freezer" storage space between public general refrigerated warehouses and public apple houses as of October 1, 1951*
    - U2 -
    TABLE 15 - GROSS FREEZER STORAGE SPACE IN PUBLIC GENERAL REFRIGERATED WAREHOUSES AND PUBLIC APPLE HOUSES, BY REGION, 19h3 - 1951
    		O -p o O Os o CM	co H * vs	3,106	10,632	8,192	3,180	6,683	1,676	2,136	238	vs CM ns * vs
    	vs os	Below 0° F.	169,388	12,680	o co *	Os •x o ns	o o co •x CM	co * CM	nS CO Os •x	13,787 2/	CMl v\ CM ns	O * sO CM
    	os	5 * o O Os O CM	57,239	co vs •X vs	ns ? a	Os Os VS •x	o CM * ns	vs C*«- * VS	n-CM co ^•x	CO A CM	J	Os CM •x rd
    Space ?eet)	"äs rd	Below 0° F.	sO Os CM •x ns rd	CM â * co	33,UU	30,000	co sO CM •x o CM	CM CM ns •X VS	VS 8 «X	SO CM rd	<*S CO VS «X m	VS OS
    ication of ross Cubic ]		o O O\ O CM	ns 75s •x CO VS	Os o •X ns	13,926	Os co •X CM	C*S ns CO •x CM	ns CO ns •x vs	 ns	§ Os •x	o o •X CM	m Os m •X <*S	rd	Os CM •x
    	(5s	H ©o » o	8*1’1*011	CO CO •x	29,156	30,739	Os H •x Os rd	o ns	CM ns OS •X CM	O •x JH-^H-*3Hhoprxopr-H H	XO VI H
    QxOxUXOx-^jVXprt'hoprpr'Qx OO Q\ Ox VX VX VX no O pr VX xo o	191*6	Other
    no io	no H H H H H H W H VxOOOOxOoprhoHHhoOx nohoooRI-’HVxOxhohovoH	1951
    -q	-O -4 O0Oxpr-C“pr-VXVXOx XO OOprioovxoo^'t’Wxopr -J no Ox ox xo ox pr- XO H	ho VX	xo Ox	TOTAL
    nonononononoHHHHHno WWMMWWWWWWVW ho ro H O O O oo -4 Ox ~V xo o ho OP*OxpTXn-4Pr—44S-OVX hOhOXOOxVX-4hoHVXO“4xo	1951
    prpr-prprprhohono	no	ho	ho	ho VX -4 xo -4 H -4 H xo	XO	O	P	no ho Ox pr VX H OOxo no	XO	VX	pr	VX	191*6	Percent Fruits, Juices and Vegetables to Total
    prprvxvxvxprprhovohoho ho P	*4	fx>	ho	O	Ox	W	OO SI so XO	*0 •	o	•	•	•	•	•	••••	• no	oo	ho	o	-4	ho	no	ho Ox h vx	O	to vx
    - 1*8 -
    FIGURE "M"
    WEIGHTS OF COMMODITIES IN FREEZER STORAGE AT END OF MONTH, COMPARING 1946 WITH 1951 IN ALL TYPES OF REFRIGERATED WAREHOUSES
    - 49 -
    A mare detailed tabulation of number of pounds of commodities in storage is given in Table 20, which reflects this data on a monthly basis from September 19hh through 1952. This tabulation also Includes all types of refrigerated facilities» including private, semiprivate and public warehouses. Fig. N is also included to graphically illustrate the tabulated figures.
    TABLE 20 - TOTAL WEIGHT OF FREEZER COMMODITIES IN ALL TYPES OF WAREHOUSES AT END OF MONTH, 19hh - 19#
    Month	YEAR AND WEIGHT (Millions of Pounds)
    	191*1*	191*5	191*6	191*7	191*8	191*9	1950	1951	1952
    January		1200	161x5	1801	1911*	1615	1831	2062	2333
    February		1055	1593	1692	1805	1520	1713	1871	2295
    March		977	1536	1603	1621*	1365	1595	1762	2251
    April		1009	H*h2	11*98	11*81	1282	151*0	1686	2216
    May		1127	11*1*7	11*91*	11*83	1279	1535	1775	2231
    June		1350	Hx81x	1570	1573	1379	161*9	191*5	2330
    July		1563	1656	1707	1621	11*67	1713	20h9	2288
    August		1611	1809	171*2	1588	11*99	1771*	2091*	2207
    September	16U8	1635	1726	1690	1506	1531*	1826	2066	2163
    October	1602	1657	171*6	1722	11*98	1592	1917	211*9	221*5
    November	11*76	161x5	1783	1779	151*7	1656	1955	2219	2266
    December	1387	161*9	1797	1936	161*7	1796	2039	2291	21x18

    SONDJFMAMJJASONDJFMAMJJASONDJFMAMJJASONDJFMAMJJASONDJFMAMJJASONDJFMAMJJASONDJFMAMJJASONDJFMAMJJASOND 1944	1945	1’946	1947	1948	1949	1950	1951	1952
    FIGURE "R" TOTAL WEIGHT OF FREEZER COMMODITIES IN ALL TYPES OF WAREHOUSES AT END OF MONTH, 1944 - 1952
    - 51 -
    A comparison of ’’freezer” occupancy with ’’cooler” space clearly indicates the substantially higher occupancy of ’’freezer” facilities. The peak occupancy for ”freezer” space occurred in February 19UU when an all-time high of $2% was recorded. However, it should be noted that due to increased availability of ’’freezer” space the volume of commodities in storage has increased by the end of 19^2 even though the percentage of occupancy was lower than in February l^UHo
    As of December 31, 19^1, which was the peak period for that year, the over-all occupancy for ’’freezer” space was 83%o However, seven of the nine regions reported an occupancy above the national average.
    The occupancy pattern of the different geographical regions differs, and for purposes of comparison, Table 21 shows the occupancy of ”freezer” space in public general refrigerated warehouses by region for the years 19f>0, 19^1 and 19^2.
    Figure 0 shows the occupancy for each region as compared with the national average.
    It should be noted that, with the exception of the West South Central Region, all regions recorded a peak occupancy of ’’freezer” space at some time during 19^2 of at least 8^. It is also of interest that within each regional area the occupancy rate of ’’freezer” space in the larger metropolitan areas was above the average for the region. This would indicate that the lower occupancy generally occurs in the smaller cities and in the rural areas. Thus, even though over-all occupancy figures might appear to indicate the availability of some space, such space may well be out of line with normal distribution channels and may not be usable without increasing the workload on the transportation system.
    Approximately of the total ”freezer” space in public general refrigerated warehouses is located in 18 cities. On December 31> 19^2, each of these cities, except Cleveland and Kansas City, showed an occupancy of 83^ or higher, and 9 cities showed occupancy of 90^ or over. Table 22 shows the 18 cities and their reported occupancy of ’’freezer” space, quarterly, from December 19^1 to December 19^2. .
    - £2 -
    TABLE 21 - PERCENTAGE OF FREEZER OCCUPANCY IN PUBLIC GENERAL REFRIGERATED WAREHOUSES BY MONTH, 1950 - 1952
    		 Year and Month		o >e	CO	xO	CM CO	£	co b-	o	CO CO	CM xO	CO	8
    		Nov.	co	us	CO	CM co	s	Ox xO	co co	V\	co	CM CO
    		Oct.	CD	CO	co	CM CO	CM	CM b-	co	Os	, b-co	CO
    		Sept,	co b-	£	CO	s	xO	CM	XO co	8	o GO	co
    		Aug.	co	p	co	CO	£	p	Ox co	 May		US	so	co	co co	o co		3	co	xO
    		Apr.		^2	£	co	&	co	co	CM xO	co	CM xO
    		Mar.		co	-2	CO	8x	œ	Ox XO	XO	co	°Q xO
    		Feb.	co	co	Os	xO co	st	co	co co	xO	Os	-3
    		S	co	co	CM CO	co	co	CO	CM Ox	•2	£	b-
    	Ox	Dec.	co	CM Ox	1A CO	GO	co	Ox co	&	3	Ox	8
    		Nov.	co	st	co	CO	co	g	s	xO	CM Ox	s
    		Oct.	CO	CM Ox	go	co	pi	co	Ox CO	to	XO co	co
    		Sept.	œ	&	co	Ox	R	Os	co	CM xO	CO	CO
    		Aug.	co	CM CO	S	co	xO b*	CM co	œ	XO	CM	p
    		July	XO	Q CO	o co	co	Q GO	co	GO	CM xO	Ox xO	o
    		June	p	o	p	£	co	o co	co co	sä	g	3
    		May	R	3	R	b-	co	co	S	xO	xO	SA
    		Apr.	Ox	ox	co		co	p	p	v\	OX XO	VS
    		Mar.	CM	£	p	xO	co	co	£	8	to
    		Feb.	£	GO	p	o CO		p	co	G	p	3
    		I Jan.	Q CO	CO co	CM CO	xO CO	s	GO	o GO	S	R	CM
    	0561	Dec.	co	b-co	CO	CO	co	8	co	8	GO CO	xO
    		Nov.	Ox		CO	Ox	b-	Ox xO	co	53	CO	Ox
    		o 	2—	co	CM b-	CO	£	%o	us	XO co	Ox	co	CO
    		Sept.	-2	xO	co	CM,	b-	R	co		o co	CM
    		Aug.	P	O b-	b-	xO	Q co	3	CO	co	co	xO
    		July	£	$	R	Ox	co	P	8	GO		\O
    		June	Ox	xO	3	CO xO	co	P	R	Ox	to	xO
    		May	3	to	xO	xO	CM CO	P	s	Ox	xO	US
    		Apr.	xO	b-xO	8	R	co	pi	Q GO	8	CM	Ox
    		Mar.		3		R	CM CO	CM	CO	us	CM	3
    		Feb.		8	CM	b-	CO	-2	Q co	co	CO	3
    		S 		w\	co	pl	R	co	£	CM co	co	o co
    Region			National Average	New England	Middle Atlantic	East North Central	' West North Central	South Atlantic	East South Central	West South Central	Mountain	Pacific
    - 53 -
    . L
    FICO HE "O'
    PERCENTAGE OF FREEZER OCCUPANCY IN PUBLIC GENERAL REFRIGERATED WAREHOUSES, BY REGION, COMPARED WITH NATIONAL AVERAGE
    1950 -1952
    - 54 -
    TABLE 22 - OCCUPANCY OF FREEZER SPACE IN PUBLIC GENERAL REFRIGERATED WAREHOUSES IN SELECTED CITIES
    Selected Cities	DATE AND PERCENTAGE OF OCCUPANCY
    	December 31, 1951	March 30, 1952	June 30, 1952	September 30, 1952	December 31, 1952
    New York	82	80	89	85	K 83^
    Philadelphia	87	85	87	86	90
    Pittsburgh	95	85	89	g	■
    Cleveland	93	83	77	91	78
    Chicago	78	86	78	70	8h
    Detroit	90	8U	89	92	87
    Milwaukee	y	y	89	85	y
    Minneapolis	93	96	91	81	93
    St. Louis	85	91*	93	59	88
    Kansas City	85	®85	87	65	79
    Norfolk	95	91	1*2	82	90
    Nashville	8U	1*0	91	86	86
    New Orleans	80	" 95	91*	85	90
    Seattle	88	7U	67	93	88
    Los Angeles	91*	86	8U	88	82
    San Francisco	96	97	97	98	91*
    San Jose	90	71*	81	87	91
    Modesto	92	y	62	61	85
    1/ Insufficient Returns.
    - 55 -
    Based upon the assumptions previously referred to and the occupancy trend of "freezer” space in public general refrigerated warehouses, it is concluded by the Defense Transport Administration that by the end of 1955 the requirement for such public "freezer" space will be 259 million gross cubic feet, which represents an expansion of approximately 30 million gross cubic feet over the amount in operation at the end of 1952.
    - 56 -