    [United States Government Manual]
    [June 01, 1999]
    [Pages 5-22]
    [From the U.S. Government Publishing Office, www.gpo.gov]

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    The Constitution of the United States

    We the People of the United States, in Order to form a more perfect
    Union, establish Justice, insure domestic Tranquility, provide for the
    common defence, promote the general Welfare, and secure the Blessings of
    Liberty to ourselves and our Posterity, do ordain and establish this
    Constitution for the United States of America.

    Article I

    Section 1. All legislative Powers herein granted shall be vested in a
    Congress of the United States, which shall consist of a Senate and House
    of Representatives.

    Section 2. The House of Representatives shall be composed of Members
    chosen every second Year by the People of the several States, and the
    Electors in each State shall have the Qualifications requisite for
    Electors of the most numerous Branch of the State Legislature.

        No Person shall be a Representative who shall not have attained to
    the Age of twenty five Years, and been seven Years a Citizen of the
    United States, and who shall not, when elected, be an Inhabitant of that
    State in which he shall be chosen.

        Representatives and direct Taxes shall be apportioned among the
    several States which may be included within this Union, according to
    their respective Numbers, which shall be determined by adding to the
    whole Number of free Persons, including those bound to Service for a
    Term of Years, and excluding Indians not taxed, three fifths of all
    other Persons. The actual Enumeration shall be made within three Years
    after the first Meeting of the Congress of the United States, and within
    every subsequent Term of ten Years, in such Manner as they shall by Law
    direct. The Number of Representatives shall not exceed one for every
    thirty Thousand, but each State shall have at Least one Representative;
    and until such enumerations shall be made, the State of New Hampshire
    shall be entitled to chuse three, Massachusetts eight, Rhode-Island and
    Providence Plantations one, Connecticut five, New-York six, New Jersey
    four, Pennsylvania eight, Delaware one, Maryland six, Virginia ten,
    North Carolina five, South Carolina five, and Georgia three.

        When vacancies happen in the Representation from any State, the
    Executive Authority thereof shall issue Writs of Election to fill such
    Vacancies.

        The House of Representatives shall chuse their speaker and other
    Officers; and shall have the sole Power of Impeachment.

    Section 3. The Senate of the United States shall be composed of two
    Senators from each State, chosen by the Legislature thereof, for six
    Years; and each Senator shall have one Vote.

        Immediately after they shall be assembled in Consequence of the
    first Election, they shall be divided as equally as may be into three
    Classes. The Seats of the

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    Senators of the first Class shall be vacated at the Expiration of the
    second Year, of the second Class at the Expiration of the fourth Year,
    and of the third Class at the Expiration of the sixth Year, so that one
    third may be chosen every second Year; and if Vacancies happen by
    Resignation, or otherwise, during the Recess of the Legislature of any
    State, the Executive thereof may make temporary Appointments until the
    next Meeting of the Legislature, which shall then fill such Vacancies.

        No Person shall be a Senator who shall not have attained to the Age
    of thirty Years, and been nine Years a Citizen of the United States, and
    who shall not, when elected, be an Inhabitant of that State for which he
    shall be chosen.

        The Vice President of the United States shall be President of the
    Senate, but shall have no Vote, unless they be equally divided.

        The Senate shall chuse their other Officers, and also a President
    pro tempore, in the Absence of the Vice President, or when he shall
    exercise the Office of President of the United States.

        The Senate shall have the sole Power to try all Impeachments. When
    sitting for that Purpose, they shall be on Oath or Affirmation. When the
    President of the United States is tried, the Chief Justice shall
    preside: And no Person shall be convicted without the concurrence of two
    thirds of the Members present. Judgment in Cases of Impeachment shall
    not extend further than to removal from Office, and disqualification to
    hold and enjoy any Office of honor, Trust or Profit under the United
    States: but the Party convicted shall nevertheless be liable and subject
    to Indictment, Trial, Judgment and Punishment, according to law.

    Section 4. The Times, Places and Manner of holding Elections for
    Senators and Representatives, shall be prescribed in each State by the
    Legislature thereof; but the Congress may at any time by Law make or
    alter such Regulations, except as to the Places of chusing Senators.

        The Congress shall assemble at least once in every Year, and such
    Meeting shall be on the first Monday in December, unless they shall by
    Law appoint a different Day.

    Section 5. Each House shall be the Judge of the Elections, Returns and
    Qualifications of its own Members, and a Majority of each shall
    constitute a Quorum to do business; but a smaller Number may adjourn
    from day to day, and may be authorized to compel the Attendance of
    absent Members, in such Manner, and under such Penalties as each House
    may provide.

        Each House may determine the Rules of its Proceedings, punish its
    Members for disorderly Behaviour, and, with the Concurrence of two
    thirds, expel a Member.

        Each House shall keep a Journal of its Proceedings, and from time to
    time publish the same, excepting such Parts as may in their Judgment
    require Secrecy; and the yeas and Nays of the Members of either House on
    any question shall, at the Desire of one fifth of those Present, be
    entered on the Journal.

        Neither House, during the Session of Congress, shall, without the
    Consent of the other, adjourn for more than three days, nor to any other
    place than that in which the two Houses shall be sitting.

    Section 6. The Senators and Representatives shall receive a Compensation
    for their Services, to be ascertained by Law, and paid out of the
    Treasury of the United States. They shall in all Cases, except Treason,
    Felony and Breach of the Peace, be privileged from Arrest during their
    Attendance at the Session of their respective Houses, and in going to
    and returning from the same; and for any Speech or Debate in either
    House, they shall not be questioned in any other Place.

        No Senator or Representative shall, during the Time for which he was
    elected, be appointed to any civil Office under the Authority of the
    United States, which shall have been created, or the Emoluments whereof
    shall have been encreased during

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    such time; and no Person holding any Office under the United States,
    shall be a Member of either House during his Continuance in Office.

    Section 7. All Bills for raising Revenue shall originate in the House of
    Representatives; but the Senate may propose or concur with Amendments as
    on other Bills.

        Every Bill which shall have passed the House of Representatives and
    the Senate, shall, before it become a Law, be presented to the President
    of the United States; If he approve he shall sign it, but if not he
    shall return it, with his Objections to that House in which it shall
    have originated, who shall enter the Objections at large on their
    Journal, and proceed to reconsider it. If after such Reconsideration two
    thirds of that House shall agree to pass the Bill, it shall be sent,
    together with the Objections, to the other House, by which it shall
    likewise be reconsidered, and if approved by two thirds of that House,
    it shall become a Law. But in all such Cases the Votes of both Houses
    shall be determined by yeas and Nays, and the Names of the Persons
    voting for and against the Bill shall be entered on the Journal of each
    House respectively. If any Bill shall not be returned by the President
    within ten Days (Sundays excepted) after it shall have been presented to
    him, the Same shall be a Law, in like Manner as if he had signed it,
    unless the Congress by their Adjournment prevent its Return, in which
    Case it shall not be a Law.

        Every Order, Resolution, or Vote to which the Concurrence of the
    Senate and House of Representatives may be necessary (except on a
    question of Adjournment) shall be presented to the President of the
    United States; and before the Same shall take Effect, shall be approved
    by him, or being disapproved by him, shall be repassed by two thirds of
    the Senate and House of Representatives, according to the Rules and
    Limitations prescribed in the Case of a Bill.

    Section 8. The Congress shall have Power To lay and collect Taxes,
    Duties, Imposts and Excises, to pay the Debts and provide for the common
    Defence and general Welfare of the United States; but all duties,
    Imposts and Excises shall be uniform throughout the United States;

        To borrow Money on the Credit of the United States;

        To regulate Commerce with foreign Nations, and among the several
    States, and with the Indian Tribes;

        To establish an uniform Rule of Naturalization, and uniform Laws on
    the subject of Bankruptcies throughout the United States;

        To coin Money, regulate the Value thereof, and of foreign Coin, and
    fix the Standard of Weights and Measures;

        To provide for the Punishment of counterfeiting the Securities and
    current Coin of the United States;

        To establish Post Offices and post Roads;

        To promote the Progress of Science and useful Arts, by securing for
    limited Times to Authors and Inventors exclusive Right to their
    respective Writings and Discoveries;

        To constitute Tribunals inferior to the supreme Court;

        To define and punish Piracies and Felonies committed on the high
    Seas, and Offences against the Law of Nations;

        To declare War, grant Letters of Marque and Reprisal, and make rules
    concerning Captures on Land and Water;

        To raise and support Armies, but no Appropriation of Money to that
    Use shall be for a longer Term than two Years;

        To provide and maintain a Navy;

        To make rules for the Government and Regulation of the land and
    naval Forces;

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        To provide for calling forth the Militia to execute the Laws of the
    Union, suppress Insurrections and repel Invasions;

        To provide for organizing, arming, and disciplining, the Militia,
    and for governing such Part of them as may be employed in the Service of
    the United States, reserving to the States respectively, the Appointment
    of the Officers, and the Authority of training the Militia according to
    the discipline prescribed by Congress;

        To exercise exclusive Legislation in all Cases whatsoever, over such
    District (not exceeding ten Miles square), as may, by Cession of
    particular States, and the Acceptance of Congress, become the Seat of
    the Government of the United States, and to exercise like Authority over
    all Places purchased by the Consent of the Legislature of the State in
    which the Same shall be for the Erection of Forts, Magazines, Arsenals,
    dock-Yards, and other needful Buildings;--And

        To make all Laws which shall be necessary and proper for carrying
    into Execution the foregoing Powers, and all other Powers vested by this
    Constitution in the Government of the United States, or in any
    Department or Officer thereof.

    Section 9. The Migration or Importation of such Persons as any of the
    States now existing shall think proper to admit, shall not be prohibited
    by the Congress prior to the Year one thousand eight hundred and eight,
    but a Tax or duty may be imposed on such Importation, not exceeding ten
    dollars for each Person.

        The Privilege of the Writ of Habeas Corpus shall not be suspended,
    unless when in Cases of Rebellion or Invasion the public Safety may
    require it.

        No Bill of Attainder or ex post facto Law shall be passed.

        No Capitation, or other direct, Tax shall be laid, unless in
    Proportion to the Census or Enumeration herein before directed to be
    taken.

        No Tax or Duty shall be laid on Articles exported from any State.

        No Preference shall be given by any Regulation of Commerce or
    Revenue to the Ports of one State over those of another: nor shall
    Vessels bound to, or from, one State, be obliged to enter, clear, or pay
    Duties in another.

        No money shall be drawn from the Treasury, but in Consequence of
    Appropriations made by Law; and a regular Statement and Account of the
    Receipts and Expenditures of all public Money shall be published from
    time to time.

        No Title of Nobility shall be granted by the United States: And no
    Person holding any Office of Profit or Trust under them, shall, without
    the Consent of the Congress, accept of any present, Emolument, Office,
    or Title, of any kind whatever, from any King, Prince, or foreign State.

    Section 10. No State shall enter into any Treaty, Alliance, or
    Confederation; grant Letters of Marque and Reprisal; coin Money; emit
    Bills of Credit; make any Thing but gold and silver Coin a Tender in
    Payment of Debts; pass any Bill of Attainder, ex post facto Law, or Law
    impairing the Obligation of Contracts, or grant any Title of Nobility.

        No State shall, without the Consent of the Congress, lay any Imposts
    or Duties on Imports or Exports, except what may be absolutely necessary
    for executing it's inspection Laws: and the net Produce of all Duties
    and Imposts, laid by any State on Imports or Exports, shall be for the
    Use of the Treasury of the United States; and all such Laws shall be
    subject to the Revision and Controul of the Congress.

        No State shall, without the Consent of Congress, lay any Duty of
    Tonnage, keep Troops, or Ships of War in time of Peace, enter into any
    Agreement or Compact with another State, or with a foreign Power, or
    engage in War, unless actually invaded, or in such imminent Danger as
    will not admit of delay.

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    Article II

    Section 1. The executive Power shall be vested in a President of the
    United States of America. He shall hold his Office during the Term of
    four Years, and, together with the Vice President, chosen for the same
    Term, be elected, as follows

        Each State shall appoint, in such Manner as the Legislature thereof
    may direct, a Number of Electors, equal to the whole Number of Senators
    and Representatives to which the State may be entitled in the Congress:
    but no Senator or Representative, or Person holding an Office of Trust
    or Profit under the United States, shall be appointed an Elector.

        The Electors shall meet in their respective States, and vote by
    Ballot for two Persons, of whom one at least shall not be an Inhabitant
    of the same State with themselves. And they shall make a List of all the
    Persons voted for, and of the Number of Votes for each; which List they
    shall sign and certify, and transmit sealed to the Seat of the
    Government of the United States, directed to the President of the
    Senate. The President of the Senate shall, in the Presence of the Senate
    and House of Representatives, open all the Certificates, and the Votes
    shall then be counted. The Person having the greatest Number of Votes
    shall be the President, if such Number be a Majority of the whole Number
    of Electors appointed; and if there be more than one who have such
    Majority, and have an equal Number of Votes, then the House of
    Representatives shall immediately chuse by Ballot one of them for
    President: and if no Person have a Majority, then from the five highest
    on the List the said House shall in like Manner chuse the President. But
    in chusing the President, the Votes shall be taken by States, the
    Representation from each State having one Vote; A quorum for this
    Purpose shall consist of a Member or Members from two thirds of the
    States, and a Majority of all the States shall be necessary to a Choice.
    In every Case, after the Choice of the President, the Person having the
    greatest Number of Votes of the Electors shall be the Vice President.
    But if there should remain two or more who have equal Votes, the Senate
    shall chuse from them by Ballot the Vice President.

        The Congress may determine the Time of chusing the Electors, and the
    Day on which they shall give their Votes; which Day shall be the same
    throughout the United States.

        No Person except a natural born Citizen, or a Citizen of the United
    States, at the time of the Adoption of this Constitution, shall be
    eligible to the Office of President; neither shall any Person be
    eligible to that Office who shall not have attained to the Age of thirty
    five Years, and been fourteen Years a Resident within the United States.

        In Case of the Removal of the President from Office, or of his
    Death, Resignation, or Inability to discharge the Powers and Duties of
    the said Office, the Same shall devolve on the Vice President, and the
    Congress may by Law provide for the Case of Removal, Death, Resignation
    or Inability, both of the President and Vice President, declaring what
    Officer shall then act as President, and such Officer shall act
    accordingly, until the Disability be removed, or a President shall be
    elected.

        The President shall, at stated Times, receive for his Services, a
    Compensation, which shall neither be encreased nor diminished during the
    Period for which he shall have been elected, and he shall not receive
    within that Period any other Emolument from the United States, or any of
    them.

        Before he enter on the Execution of his Office, he shall take the
    following Oath or Affirmation:--``I do solemnly swear (or affirm) that I
    will faithfully execute the Office of President of the United States,
    and will to the best of my Ability, preserve, protect and defend the
    Constitution of the United States.''

    Section 2. The President shall be Commander in Chief of the Army and
    Navy of the United States, and of the Militia of the several States,
    when called into the actual

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    Service of the United States; he may require the Opinion, in writing, of
    the principal Officer in each of the executive Departments, upon any
    Subject relating to the Duties of their respective Offices, and he shall
    have Power to grant Reprieves and Pardons for Offences against the
    United States, except in Cases of Impeachment.

        He shall have Power, by and with the Advice and Consent of the
    Senate, to make Treaties, provided two thirds of the Senators present
    concur; and he shall nominate, and by and with the Advice and Consent of
    the Senate, shall appoint Ambassadors, other public Ministers and
    Consuls, Judges of the supreme Court, and all other Officers of the
    United States, whose Appointments are not herein otherwise provided for,
    and which shall be established by Law: but the Congress may by Law vest
    the Appointment of such inferior Officers, as they think proper, in the
    President alone, in the Courts of Law, or in the Heads of Departments.

        The President shall have Power to fill up all Vacancies that may
    happen during the Recess of the Senate, by granting Commissions which
    shall expire at the End of their next Session.

    Section 3. He shall from time to time give to the Congress Information
    of the State of the Union, and recommend to their Consideration such
    Measures as he shall judge necessary and expedient; he may, on
    extraordinary Occasions, convene both Houses, or either of them, and in
    Case of Disagreement between them, with Respect to the Time of
    Adjournment, he may adjourn them to such Time as he shall think proper;
    he shall receive Ambassadors and other public Ministers; he shall take
    Care that the Laws be faithfully executed, and shall Commission all the
    Officers of the United States.

    Section 4. The President, Vice President and all civil Officers of the
    United States, shall be removed from Office on Impeachment for, and
    Conviction of, Treason, Bribery, or other High Crimes and Misdemeanors.

    Article III

    Section 1. The judicial Power of the United States, shall be vested in
    one supreme Court, and in such inferior Courts as the Congress may from
    time to time ordain and establish. The Judges, both of the supreme and
    inferior Courts, shall hold their Offices during good Behaviour, and
    shall, at stated Times, receive for their Services, a Compensation,
    which shall not be diminished during their Continuance in Office.

    Section 2. The judicial Power shall extend to all Cases, in Law and
    Equity, arising under this Constitution, the Laws of the United States,
    and Treaties made, or which shall be made, under their Authority;--to
    all Cases affecting Ambassadors, other public Ministers and Consuls;--to
    all Cases of admiralty and maritime Jurisdiction;--to Controversies to
    which the United States shall be a Party;--to Controversies between two
    or more States; between a State and Citizens of another State;--between
    Citizens of different States;--between Citizens of the same State
    claiming Lands under Grants of different States, and between a State, or
    the Citizens thereof, and foreign States, Citizens or Subjects.

        In all Cases affecting Ambassadors, other public Ministers and
    Consuls, and those in which a State shall be Party, the supreme Court
    shall have original Jurisdiction. In all the other Cases before
    mentioned, the supreme Court shall have appellate Jurisdiction, both as
    to Law and Fact, with such Exceptions, and under such Regulations as the
    Congress shall make.

        The Trial of all Crimes, except in Cases of Impeachment, shall be by
    Jury; and such Trial shall be held in the State where the said Crimes
    shall have been

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    committed; but when not committed within any State, the Trial shall be
    at such Place or Places as the Congress may by Law have directed.

    Section 3. Treason against the United States, shall consist only in
    levying War against them, or in adhering to their Enemies, giving them
    Aid and Comfort. No Person shall be convicted of Treason unless on the
    Testimony of two Witnesses to the same overt Act, or on Confession in
    open Court.

        The Congress shall have Power to declare the Punishment of Treason,
    but no Attainder of Treason shall work Corruption of Blood, or
    Forfeiture except during the Life of the Person attainted.

    Article IV

    Section 1. Full Faith and Credit shall be given in each State to the
    public Acts, Records, and judicial Proceedings of every other State. And
    the Congress may by general Laws prescribe the Manner in which such
    Acts, Records and Proceedings shall be proved, and the Effect thereof.

    Section 2. The Citizens of each State shall be entitled to all
    Privileges and Immunities of Citizens in the several States.

        A Person charged in any State with Treason, Felony, or other Crime,
    who shall flee from Justice, and be found in another State, shall on
    Demand of the executive Authority of the State from which he fled, be
    delivered up, to be removed to the State having Jurisdiction of the
    Crime.

        No person held to Service or Labour in one State, under the Laws
    thereof, escaping into another, shall, in Consequence of any Law or
    Regulation therein, be discharged from such Service or Labour, but shall
    be delivered up on Claim of the Party to whom such Service or Labour may
    be due.

    Section 3. New States may be admitted by the Congress into this Union;
    but no new State shall be formed or erected within the Jurisdiction of
    any other State; nor any State be formed by the Junction of two or more
    States, or Parts of States, without the Consent of the Legislatures of
    the States concerned as well as of the Congress.

        The Congress shall have Power to dispose of and make all needful
    Rules and Regulations respecting the Territory or other Property
    belonging to the United States; and nothing in this Constitution shall
    be so construed as to Prejudice any Claims of the United States, or of
    any particular State.

    Section 4. The United States shall guarantee to every State in this
    Union a Republican Form of Government, and shall protect each of them
    against Invasion; and on Application of the Legislature, or of the
    Executive (when the Legislature cannot be convened) against domestic
    Violence.

    Article V

    The Congress, whenever two thirds of both Houses shall deem it
    necessary, shall propose Amendments to this Constitution, or, on the
    Application of the Legislatures of two thirds of the several States,
    shall call a Convention for proposing Amendments, which, in either Case,
    shall be valid to all Intents and Purposes, as Part of this
    Constitution, when ratified by the Legislatures of three fourths of the
    several States, or by Conventions in three fourths thereof, as the one
    or the other Mode of Ratification may be proposed by the Congress;
    Provided that no Amendment which may be made prior to the Year One
    thousand eight hundred and eight shall in any Manner affect the first
    and fourth Clauses in the Ninth Section of

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    the first Article; and that no State, without its Consent, shall be
    deprived of its equal Suffrage in the Senate.

    Article VI

    All Debts contracted and Engagements entered into, before the Adoption
    of this Constitution, shall be as valid against the United States under
    this Constitution, as under the Confederation.

        This Constitution, and the Laws of the United States which shall be
    made in Pursuance thereof; and all Treaties made, or which shall be
    made, under the Authority of the United States, shall be the supreme Law
    of the Land; and the Judges in every State shall be bound thereby, any
    Thing in the Constitution or Laws of any State to the Contrary
    notwithstanding.

        The Senators and Representatives before mentioned, and the Members
    of the several State Legislatures, and all executive and judicial
    Officers, both of the United States and of the several States, shall be
    bound by Oath or Affirmation, to support this Constitution; but no
    religious Test shall ever be required as a Qualification to any Office
    or public Trust under the United States.

    Article VII

    The Ratification of the Conventions of nine States, shall be sufficient
    for the Establishment of this Constitution between the States so
    ratifying the Same.

                        done in Convention by the Unanimous Consent of the
                        States present the Seventeenth Day of September in
                        the Year of our Lord one thousand seven hundred and
                        Eighty seven and of the Independence of the United
                        States of America the Twelfth In witness whereof We
                        have hereunto subscribed our Names,

                              Go Washington--Presidt

                                                    and deputy from Virginia

                          New Hampshire  John Langdon
                                         Nicholas Gilman

                          Massachusetts  Nathaniel Gorham
                                         Rufus King

                            Connecticut  Wm Saml
                                         Johnson
                                         Roger Sherman

                               New York  Alexander Hamilton
                             New Jersey  Wil: Livingston
                                         David Brearley.
                                         Wm Paterson.
                                         Jona: Dayton

                       Pennsylvania \1\  B Franklin
    ---------------------------------------------------------------------------
        \1\ Spelled with one ``n'' on the original document.
    ---------------------------------------------------------------------------
                                         Thomas Mifflin
                                         Robt Morris
                                         Geo. Clymer
                                         Thos FitzSimons
                                         Jared Ingersoll

    [[Page 13]]

                                         James Wilson
                                         Gouv Morris

                               Delaware  Geo: Read
                                         Gunning Bedford jun
                                         John Dickinson
                                         Richard Bassett
                                         Jaco: Broom

                               Maryland  James McHenry
                                         Dan of St Thos
                                         Jenifer
                                         Danl Carroll

                               Virginia  John Blair--
                                         James Madison Jr.

                         North Carolina  Wm Blount
                                         Richd Dobbs Spaight.
                                         Hu Williamson

                         South Carolina  J. Rutledge
                                         Charles Cotesworth Pinckney
                                         Charles Pinckney
                                         Pierce Butler.

                                Georgia  William Few
                                         Abr Baldwin

    Amendments

    (The first 10 Amendments were ratified December 15, 1791, and form what
    is known as the Bill of Rights)

    Amendment 1

    Congress shall make no law respecting an establishment of religion, or
    prohibiting the free exercise thereof; or abridging the freedom of
    speech, or of the press; or the right of the people peaceably to
    assemble, and to petition the Government for a redress of grievances.

    Amendment 2

    A well regulated Militia, being necessary to the security of a free
    State, the right of the people to keep and bear Arms, shall not be
    infringed.

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    Amendment 3

    No Soldier shall, in time of peace be quartered in any house, without
    the consent of the Owner, nor in time of war, but in a manner to be
    prescribed by law.

    Amendment 4

    The right of the people to be secure in their persons, houses, papers,
    and effects, against unreasonable searches and seizures, shall not be
    violated, and no Warrants shall issue, but upon probable cause,
    supported by Oath or affirmation, and particularly describing the place
    to be searched, and the persons or things to be seized.

    Amendment 5

    No person shall be held to answer for a capital, or otherwise infamous
    crime, unless on a presentment or indictment of a Grand Jury, except in
    cases arising in the land or naval forces, or in the Militia, when in
    actual service in time of War or public danger; nor shall any person be
    subject for the same offence to be twice put in jeopardy of life or
    limb; nor shall be compelled in any criminal case to be a witness
    against himself, nor be deprived of life, liberty, or property, without
    due process of law; nor shall private property be taken for public use,
    without just compensation.

    Amendment 6

    In all criminal prosecutions, the accused shall enjoy the right to a
    speedy and public trial, by an impartial jury of the State and district
    wherein the crime shall have been committed, which district shall have
    been previously ascertained by law, and to be informed of the nature and
    cause of the accusation; to be confronted with the witnesses against
    him; to have compulsory process for obtaining witnesses in his favor,
    and to have the Assistance of Counsel for his defence.

    Amendment 7

    In Suits at common law, where the value in controversy shall exceed
    twenty dollars, the right of trial by jury shall be preserved, and no
    fact tried by a jury, shall be otherwise re-examined in any Court of the
    United States, than according to the rules of the common law.

    Amendment 8

    Excessive bail shall not be required, nor excessive fines imposed, nor
    cruel and unusual punishments inflicted.

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    Amendment 9

    The enumeration in the Constitution, of certain rights, shall not be
    construed to deny or disparage others retained by the people.

    Amendment 10

    The powers not delegated to the United States by the Constitution, nor
    prohibited by it to the States, are reserved to the States respectively,
    or to the people.

    Amendment 11

    (Ratified February 7, 1795)

    The Judicial power of the United States shall not be construed to extend
    to any suit in law or equity, commenced or prosecuted against one of the
    United States by Citizens of another State, or by Citizens or Subjects
    of any Foreign State.

    Amendment 12

    (Ratified July 27, 1804)

    The Electors shall meet in their respective states, and vote by ballot
    for President and Vice-President, one of whom, at least, shall not be an
    inhabitant of the same state with themselves; they shall name in their
    ballots the person voted for as President, and in distinct ballots the
    person voted for as Vice-President, and they shall make distinct lists
    of all persons voted for as President, and of all persons voted for as
    Vice-President, and of the number of votes for each, which lists they
    shall sign and certify, and transmit sealed to the seat of the
    government of the United States, directed to the President of the
    Senate;--The President of the Senate shall, in the presence of the
    Senate and House of Representatives, open all the certificates and the
    votes shall then be counted;--The person having the greatest number of
    votes for President, shall be the President, if such number be a
    majority of the whole number of Electors appointed; and if no person
    have such majority, then from the persons having the highest numbers not
    exceeding three on the list of those voted for as President, the House
    of Representatives shall choose immediately, by ballot, the President.
    But in choosing the President, the votes shall be taken by states, the
    representation from each state having one vote; a quorum for this
    purpose shall consist of a member or members from two-thirds of the
    states, and a majority of all the states shall be necessary to a choice.
    And if the House of Representatives shall not choose a President
    whenever the right of choice shall devolve upon them, before the fourth
    day of March next following, then the Vice-President shall act as
    President, as in the case of the death or other constitutional
    disability of the President.--The person having the greatest number of
    votes as Vice-President, shall be the Vice-President, if such number be
    a majority of the whole number of Electors appointed, and if no person
    have a majority, then from the two highest numbers on the list, the
    Senate shall choose the Vice-President; a quorum for the purpose shall
    consist of two-thirds of the whole number of Senators, and a majority of
    the whole number shall be necessary to a choice. But no person
    constitutionally ineligible to the office of President shall be eligible
    to that of Vice-President of the United States.

    [[Page 16]]

    Amendment 13

    (Ratified December 6, 1865)

    Section 1. Neither slavery nor involuntary servitude, except as a
    punishment for crime whereof the party shall have been duly convicted,
    shall exist within the United States, or any place subject to their
    jurisdiction.

    Section 2. Congress shall have power to enforce this article by
    appropriate legislation.

    Amendment 14

    (Ratified July 9, 1868)

    Section 1. All persons born or naturalized in the United States, and
    subject to the jurisdiction thereof, are citizens of the United States
    and of the State wherein they reside. No State shall make or enforce any
    law which shall abridge the privileges or immunities of citizens of the
    United States; nor shall any State deprive any person of life, liberty,
    or property, without due process of law; nor deny to any person within
    its jurisdiction the equal protection of the laws.

    Section 2. Representatives shall be apportioned among the several States
    according to their respective numbers, counting the whole number of
    persons in each State, excluding Indians not taxed. But when the right
    to vote at any election for the choice of electors for President and
    Vice President of the United States, Representatives in Congress, the
    Executive and Judicial officers of a State, or the members of the
    Legislature thereof, is denied to any of the male inhabitants of such
    State, being twenty-one years of age, and citizens of the United States,
    or in any way abridged, except for participation in rebellion, or other
    crime, the basis of representation therein shall be reduced in the
    proportion which the number of such male citizens shall bear to the
    whole number of male citizens twenty-one years of age in such State.

    Section 3. No person shall be a Senator or Representative in Congress,
    or elector of President and Vice President, or hold any office, civil or
    military, under the United States, or under any State, who, having
    previously taken an oath, as a member of Congress, or as an officer of
    the United States, or as a member of any State legislature, or as an
    executive or judicial officer of any State, to support the Constitution
    of the United States, shall have engaged in insurrection or rebellion
    against the same, or given aid or comfort to the enemies thereof. But
    Congress may by a vote of two-thirds of each House, remove such
    disability.

    Section 4. The validity of the public debt of the United States,
    authorized by law, including debts incurred for payment of pensions and
    bounties for services in suppressing insurrection or rebellion, shall
    not be questioned. But neither the United States nor any State shall
    assume or pay any debt or obligation incurred in aid of insurrection or
    rebellion against the United States, or any claim for the loss or
    emancipation of any slave; but all such debts, obligations and claims
    shall be held illegal and void.

    Section 5. The Congress shall have power to enforce, by appropriate
    legislation, the provisions of this article.

    [[Page 17]]

    Amendment 15

    (Ratified February 3, 1870)

    Section 1. The right of citizens of the United States to vote shall not
    be denied or abridged by the United States or by any State on account of
    race, color, or previous condition of servitude.

    Section 2. The Congress shall have power to enforce this article by
    appropriate legislation.

    Amendment 16

    (Ratified February 3, 1913)

    The Congress shall have power to lay and collect taxes on incomes, from
    whatever source derived, without apportionment among the several States,
    and without regard to any census or enumeration.

    Amendment 17

    (Ratified April 8, 1913)

    The Senate of the United States shall be composed of two Senators from
    each State, elected by the people thereof for six years; and each
    Senator shall have one vote. The electors in each State shall have the
    qualifications requisite for electors of the most numerous branch of the
    State legislatures.
        When vacancies happen in the representation of any State in the
    Senate, the executive authority of such State shall issue writs of
    election to fill such vacancies: Provided, That the legislature of any
    State may empower the executive thereof to make temporary appointments
    until the people fill the vacancies by election as the legislature may
    direct.

        This amendment shall not be so construed as to affect the election
    or term of any Senator chosen before it becomes valid as part of the
    Constitution.

    Amendment 18

    (Ratified January 16, 1919. Repealed December 5, 1933 by Amendment 21)

    Section 1. After one year from the ratification of this article the
    manufacture, sale, or transportation of intoxicating liquors within, the
    importation thereof into, or the exportation thereof from the United
    States and all territory subject to the jurisdiction thereof for
    beverage purposes is hereby prohibited.

    Section 2. The Congress and the several States shall have concurrent
    power to enforce this article by appropriate legislation.

    Section 3. This article shall be inoperative unless it shall have been
    ratified as an amendment to the Constitution by the legislatures of the
    several States as provided in the Constitution, within seven years from
    the date of the submission hereof to the States by the Congress.

    [[Page 18]]

    Amendment 19

    (Ratified August 18, 1920)

    The right of citizens of the United States to vote shall not be denied
    or abridged by the United States or by any State on account of sex.

      Congress shall have power to enforce this article by appropriate
    legislation.

    Amendment 20

    (Ratified January 23, 1933)

    Section 1. The terms of the President and Vice President shall end at
    noon on the 20th day of January, and the terms of Senators and
    Representatives at noon on the 3d day of January, of the years in which
    such terms would have ended if this article had not been ratified; and
    the terms of their successors shall then begin.

    Section 2. The Congress shall assemble at least once in every year, and
    such meeting shall begin at noon on the 3d day of January, unless they
    shall by law appoint a different day.

    Section 3. If, at the time fixed for the beginning of the term of the
    President, the President elect shall have died, the Vice President elect
    shall become President. If a President shall not have been chosen before
    the time fixed for the beginning of his term, or if the President elect
    shall have failed to qualify, then the Vice President elect shall act as
    President until a President shall have qualified; and the Congress may
    by law provide for the case wherein neither a President elect nor a Vice
    President elect shall have qualified, declaring who shall then act as
    President, or the manner in which one who is to act shall be selected,
    and such person shall act accordingly until a President or Vice
    President shall have qualified.

    Section 4. The Congress may by law provide for the case of the death of
    any of the persons from whom the House of Representatives may choose a
    President whenever the right of choice shall have devolved upon them,
    and for the case of the death of any of the persons from whom the Senate
    may choose a Vice President whenever the right of choice shall have
    devolved upon them.

    Section 5. Sections 1 and 2 shall take effect on the 15th day of October
    following the ratification of this article.

    Section 6. This article shall be inoperative unless it shall have been
    ratified as an amendment to the Constitution by the legislatures of
    three-fourths of the several States within seven years from the date of
    its submission.

    Amendment 21

    (Ratified December 5, 1933)

    Section 1. The eighteenth article of amendment to the Constitution of
    the United States is hereby repealed.

    Section 2. The transportation or importation into any State, Territory,
    or possession of the United States for delivery or use therein of
    intoxicating liquors, in violation of the laws thereof, is hereby
    prohibited.

    [[Page 19]]

    Section 3. This article shall be inoperative unless it shall have been
    ratified as an amendment to the Constitution by conventions in the
    several States, as provided in the Constitution, within seven years from
    the date of the submission hereof to the States by the Congress.

    Amendment 22

    (Ratified February 27, 1951)

    Section 1. No person shall be elected to the office of the President
    more than twice, and no person who has held the office of President, or
    acted as President, for more than two years of a term to which some
    other person was elected President shall be elected to the office of the
    President more than once. But this Article shall not apply to any person
    holding the office of President when this Article was proposed by the
    Congress, and shall not prevent any person who may be holding the office
    of President, or acting as President, during the term within which this
    Article becomes operative from holding the office of President or acting
    as President during the remainder of such term.

    Section 2. This article shall be inoperative unless it shall have been
    ratified as an amendment to the Constitution by the legislatures of
    three-fourths of the several States within seven years from the date of
    its submission to the States by the Congress.

    Amendment 23

    (Ratified March 29, 1961)

    Section 1. The District constituting the seat of Government of the
    United States shall appoint in such manner as the Congress may direct:
        A number of electors of President and Vice President equal to the
    whole number of Senators and Representatives in Congress to which the
    District would be entitled if it were a State, but in no event more than
    the least populous State; they shall be in addition to those appointed
    by the States, but they shall be considered, for the purposes of the
    election of President and Vice President, to be electors appointed by a
    State; and they shall meet in the District and perform such duties as
    provided by the twelfth article of amendment.

    Section 2. The Congress shall have power to enforce this article by
    appropriate legislation.

    Amendment 24

    (Ratified January 23, 1964)

    Section 1. The right of citizens of the United States to vote in any
    primary or other election for President or Vice President, for electors
    for President or Vice President, or for Senator or Representative in
    Congress, shall not be denied or abridged by the United States or any
    State by reason of failure to pay any poll tax or other tax.

    Section 2. The Congress shall have power to enforce this article by
    appropriate legislation.

    [[Page 20]]

    Amendment 25

    (Ratified February 10, 1967)

    Section 1. In case of the removal of the President from office or of his
    death or resignation, the Vice President shall become President.

    Section 2. Whenever there is a vacancy in the office of the Vice
    President, the President shall nominate a Vice President who shall take
    office upon confirmation by a majority vote of both Houses of Congress.

    Section 3. Whenever the President transmits to the President pro tempore
    of the Senate and the Speaker of the House of Representatives his
    written declaration that he is unable to discharge the powers and duties
    of his office, and until he transmits to them a written declaration to
    the contrary, such powers and duties shall be discharged by the Vice
    President as Acting President.

    Section 4. Whenever the Vice President and a majority of either the
    principal officers of the executive departments or of such other body as
    Congress may by law provide, transmit to the President pro tempore of
    the Senate and the Speaker of the House of Representatives their written
    declaration that the President is unable to discharge the powers and
    duties of his office, the Vice President shall immediately assume the
    powers and duties of the office as Acting President.

        Thereafter, when the President transmits to the President pro
    tempore of the Senate and the Speaker of the House of Representatives
    his written declaration that no inability exists, he shall resume the
    powers and duties of his office unless the Vice President and a majority
    of either the principal officers of the executive department or of such
    other body as Congress may by law provide, transmit within four days to
    the President pro tempore of the Senate and the Speaker of the House of
    Representatives their written declaration that the President is unable
    to discharge the powers and duties of his office. Thereupon Congress
    shall decide the issue, assembling within forty-eight hours for that
    purpose if not in session. If the Congress, within twenty-one days after
    receipt of the latter written declaration, or, if Congress is not in
    session, within twenty-one days after Congress is required to assemble,
    determines by two-thirds vote of both Houses that the President is
    unable to discharge the powers and duties of his office, the Vice
    President shall continue to discharge the same as Acting President;
    otherwise, the President shall resume the powers and duties of his
    office.

    Amendment 26

    (Ratified July 1, 1971)

    Section 1. The right of citizens of the United States, who are eighteen
    years of age or older, to vote shall not be denied or abridged by the
    United States or by any State on account of age.

    Section 2. The Congress shall have the power to enforce this article by
    appropriate legislation.

    [[Page 21]]

    Amendment 27

    (Ratified May 7, 1992)

    No law, varying the compensation for the services of the Senators and
    Representatives, shall take effect, until an election of Representatives
    shall have intervened.

    [[Page 22]]

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