Teacher Training: Over $1.5 Billion Federal Funds Invested in Many
Programs (Testimony, 05/05/99, GAO/T-HEHS-99-117).

Pursuant to a congressional request, GAO discussed its work concerning
federally funded teacher training programs, focusing on the: (1) number
of agencies and the programs they administer that support teacher
training, along with some general characteristics of these programs; and
(2) funding provided by these programs.

GAO noted that: (1) GAO's preliminary results indicate that 13 agencies
administer 87 programs, which support teacher training to varying
degrees; (2) the Department of Education administers the majority of
these programs; (3) the programs support training in a variety of ways,
including paying for training-related materials, such as books on
teaching strategies, and teachers' travel expenses associated with
attending conferences; (4) federal funding for teacher training is
estimated to exceed $1.5 billion during fiscal year 1999; (5)
Education's programs account for 87 percent of total funding; (6) over
$579 million will be provided by programs that agencies classified as
focusing exclusively on supporting teacher training; (7) over $945
million will be provided by programs that agencies classified as
supporting teacher training to a significant degree; (8) for example,
according to Education, teacher training is an important activity of the
title I program, but the program's primary purpose is broader--to
provide services to educationally disadvantaged children; (9) funding
estimates are generally unavailable for programs where teacher training
is an allowable but not a significant activity; (10) the number and
diverse nature of programs--as well as the number of agencies
responsible for administering them--create challenges in determining
whether the programs are achieving national goals; (11) coordination
among programs and agencies as well as the conduct of program
evaluations are essential, given the diversity of existing programs;
(12) the Government Performance and Results Act can provide a structured
approach to such coordination and evaluation activities and help measure
progress toward achieving national goals; and (13) agencies' annual
performance plans can provide important information on how agencies are
tracking and evaluating program results.

--------------------------- Indexing Terms -----------------------------

 REPORTNUM:  T-HEHS-99-117
     TITLE:  Teacher Training: Over $1.5 Billion Federal Funds Invested
	     in Many Programs
      DATE:  05/05/99
   SUBJECT:  Teacher education
	     Education or training costs
	     Teachers
	     Aid for education
	     Performance measures
	     Redundancy
	     Educational standards
IDENTIFIER:  GSA Catalog of Federal Domestic Assistance
	     Dept. of Education Eisenhower State Grant Program
	     NASA Aerospace Education Services Program
	     Dept. of Education Fund for the Improvement of Education
	     Program
	     EPA Environmental Education Grants Program
	     Dept. of Education Class-Size Reduction Program
	     Goals 2000
	     Dept. of Education Title I Program

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Cover
================================================================ COVER

Before the Subcommittee on Postsecondary Education, Training, and
Life-Long Learning, Committee on Education and the Workforce, House
of Representatives

For Release on Delivery
Expected at 10:30 a.m.
Wednesday, May 5, 1999

TEACHER TRAINING - OVER $1.5
BILLION FEDERAL FUNDS INVESTED IN
MANY PROGRAMS

Statement of Marnie S.  Shaul, Associate Director
Education, Workforce, and Income Security Issues
Health, Education, and Human Services Division

GAO/T-HEHS-99-117

GAO/HEHS-99-117T

(104961)

Abbreviations
=============================================================== ABBREV

  CFDA - Test
  EPA - Test
  NASA - Test

TEACHER TRAINING:  OVER $1.5
BILLION FEDERAL FUNDS INVESTED IN
MANY PROGRAMS
============================================================ Chapter 0

Mr.  Chairman and Members of the Subcommittee: 

We are pleased to be here today to discuss our ongoing work for the
Subcommittee concerning federally funded teacher training programs. 
Over the last few years, teacher training has been recognized as an
important component of education reform in the United States.  In
1994, the Congress passed the Goals 2000:  Educate America Act, which
established a national goal of providing teachers with access to
programs to continually improve their teaching skills.  To help
achieve this goal for the 3 million elementary and secondary school
teachers in the United States, an array of federal programs support
teacher training.  Some of these programs were established several
years ago, and others more recently.  In addition, the Administration
is proposing new teacher training programs in its fiscal year 2000
budget request.  In light of the role that teacher training has in
education reform, it is important to know whether current programs
are effectively configured to meet national goals and the extent to
which they are achieving these goals. 

Today, my testimony will focus on two main topics:  (1) the number of
agencies and the programs they administer that support teacher
training, along with some general characteristics of these programs,
and (2) the funding provided by these programs.  I will also discuss
some of the challenges posed by the number and diversity of programs
in determining whether they are achieving desired outcomes.  My
statement is based on our preliminary observations from a study that
we are conducting at your request. 

For this study, we reviewed programs listed in the Catalog of Federal
Domestic Assistance (CFDA) and sent a survey to agencies
administering programs that support training for elementary and
secondary school teachers.  Our survey was designed to classify
programs by the extent to which they supported teacher training and
obtain information on the types of training and amount of funding
they provided to support teacher training.  The Department of
Education is still reviewing funding data for a few programs included
in our review. 

In summary, our preliminary results indicate that 13 agencies
administer 87 programs that support teacher training to varying
degrees.  The Department of Education administers the majority of
these programs.  The programs support training in a variety of ways,
including paying for training-related materials, such as books on
teaching strategies, and teachers' travel expenses associated with
attending conferences. 

Federal funding for teacher training is estimated to exceed $1.5
billion during fiscal year 1999.  Education's programs account for
over 86 percent of total funding. 

  -- Over $579 million will be provided by programs that agencies
     classified as focusing exclusively on supporting teacher
     training. 

  -- About $933 million will be provided by programs that agencies
     classified as supporting teacher training to a significant
     degree.  For example, according to the Department, teacher
     training is an important activity of the title I program, but
     the program's primary purpose is broader--to provide services to
     educationally disadvantaged children. 

  -- Funding estimates are generally unavailable for programs where
     teacher training is an allowable but not a significant activity. 

The number and diverse nature of programs--as well as the number of
agencies responsible for administering them--create challenges in
determining whether the programs are achieving national goals. 
Coordination among programs and agencies as well as the conduct of
program evaluations are essential, given the diversity of existing
programs.  The Results Act can provide a structured approach to such
coordination and evaluation activities and help measure progress
toward achieving national goals.  For example, agencies' annual
performance plans can provide important information on how agencies
are tracking and evaluating program results.  We will be developing
information in this area as we continue with our review. 

   THIRTEEN AGENCIES ADMINISTER 87
   PROGRAMS THAT SUPPORT TEACHER
   TRAINING
---------------------------------------------------------- Chapter 0:1

Based on our survey, 13 agencies administer 87 programs that support
teacher training.  While some of these programs were created
specifically for the purpose of supporting teacher training, many
others support teacher training as a means of achieving other
purposes.  As a result, the extent to which the programs support
training varies.  We asked agencies to classify their programs into
three categories based on these differences:  (1) programs designed
exclusively to support teacher training, (2) programs that support a
significant amount of teacher training but also support other
activities, and (3) programs that allow teacher training but such
training is not significant compared to other program activities. 
Table 1 shows how agencies classified the 87 programs into these
three categories. 

                          Table 1
          
             Classification of 87 Programs That
             Support Teacher Training, Based on
                Amount of Training Provided

                                     Program
                       Program    supports a
                      supports   significant       Program
                      training     amount of        allows
Agency             exclusively      training      training
----------------  ------------  ------------  ------------
Department of                8            28            26
 Education
Department of                0             0             1
 Agriculture
Department of                0             0             2
 Interior
Department of                1             3             1
 Health and
 Human Services
National                     2             1             0
 Aeronautics and
 Space
 Administration
National Science             0             1             0
 Foundation
Corporation for              0             1             1
 National
 Service
Environmental                0             0             2
 Protection
 Agency
National                     0             0             2
 Endowment for
 the Arts
National                     0             2             0
 Endowment for
 the Humanities
United States                0             3             0
 Information
 Agency
James Madison                1             0             0
 Memorial
 Fellowship
 Foundation
United States                0             0             1
 Institute of
 Peace
==========================================================
Total                       12            39            36
----------------------------------------------------------
As shown in table 1, four agencies administer 12 programs that are
designed only, or exclusively, to support teacher training. 
Education administers eight of these programs, which includes the
Eisenhower State Grant program, the largest teacher training program. 
Under this program, most funds are allocated to school districts
through states, while 15 percent is provided competitively through
states to higher education institutions and nonprofit agencies.  All
of these fund are used to promote teacher training, primarily in math
and science. 

Seven agencies administer 39 programs that are designed to achieve
purposes other than just teacher training but support a significant
amount of teacher training, according to survey respondents.  These
programs include Education's title I program, which provides
financial support to states and school districts for programs
designed to address the needs of educationally disadvantaged
children, especially in high-poverty areas.  Title I funds may be
used for a variety of expenses to achieve program purposes, such as
employee salaries and computer equipment, as well as for teacher
training.  Another example of a program in this category is the
National Aeronautics and Space Administration's (NASA) Aerospace
Education Services Program.  The purpose of this program is to
increase public awareness and understanding of scientific research
and technological development.  As a part of this program, NASA funds
workshops for K-12 teachers intended to improve science teaching and
learning and thus help achieve program purposes. 

Finally, eight agencies administer 36 programs that allow teacher
training as an activity but do not provide a significant amount of
teacher training compared with other program activities.  Education,
for example, classified its Fund for the Improvement of Education
Program in this category.  Under this program, Education awards
grants on a competitive basis to support a wide variety of activities
intended to further education reform and improve teaching and
learning.  While the program may support teacher training, such
training is only one of many activities funded under the program. 
Another example of a program in this category is the Environmental
Protection Agency's (EPA) Environmental Education Grants Program. 
Under this program, EPA provides grants to educational institutions
and nonprofit organizations to address a wide range of environmental
issues.  These organizations can use funds to study and assess
specific environmental issues or problems.  Grantees may also provide
teacher training for K-12 teachers and other educators. 

Across all three categories, the majority of programs are designed to
support training for teachers who already teach (in-service training)
rather than those preparing to become teachers (preservice training). 
Our survey indicated that of the 87 programs, 78 percent primarily
support in-service training and 6 percent primarily support
preservice training; 16 percent support both in-service and
preservice training about equally.  Appendixes I through III identify
each agency's programs and the types of training supported, by
program category, respectively. 

In general, programs support teacher training by providing funds that
can pay for a variety of training-related expenses.  The most
frequently reported eligible use of funds was for materials, such as
books on teaching strategies (95 percent of programs), followed by
travel, such as transportation and accommodation costs for attending
conferences (93 percent of programs).  Other uses included direct
instruction, tuition, stipends, release time by paying for substitute
teachers, and graduate credit.  (See fig.  1.)

   Figure 1:  Percentage of
   Responses by Eligible Expense
   Category

   (See figure in printed
   edition.)

   OVER $1.5 BILLION WILL SUPPORT
   TEACHER TRAINING IN FISCAL YEAR
   1999
---------------------------------------------------------- Chapter 0:2

Agency officials estimate that at least $1.5 billion dollars will be
used to support teacher training in fiscal year 1999.  Education's
programs account for over 86 percent of total funding.  As figure 2
shows, programs that support teacher training exclusively account for
38 percent of total estimated funding.  Programs that support a
significant amount of teacher training account for over 61 percent of
total estimated funding, while programs that allow teacher training
account for less than 1 percent.  However, officials for many
programs--especially those that allow teacher training--were unable
to estimate the amount of funds used to support teacher training. 

   Figure 2:  Share of Estimated
   Fiscal Year 1999 Teacher
   Training Funding Contributed by
   Three Program Categories

   (See figure in printed
   edition.)

      EDUCATION PROVIDES NEARLY
      ALL THE FUNDING FOR PROGRAMS
      THAT EXCLUSIVELY SUPPORT
      TEACHER TRAINING
-------------------------------------------------------- Chapter 0:2.1

Funding for the 12 programs designed exclusively to support teacher
training totals over $579 million; Education's programs provide
nearly all of these funds.  Table 2 lists the number of programs and
funding levels that exclusively support teacher training, by agency. 

                          Table 2
          
            Number of Programs Administered and
           Estimated Funding Provided by Programs
              That Exclusively Support Teacher
                    Training, by Agency

                                   Estimated      Share of
                                 funding for         total
                     Number of       teacher   funding for
Agency                programs      training      category
----------------  ------------  ------------  ------------
Department of                8  $574,365,000          99.2
 Education
Department of                1     1,000,000           0.2
 Health and
 Human Services
National                     2     2,678,940           0.5
 Aeronautics and
 Space
 Administration
James Madison                1       978,400           0.2
 Memorial
 Fellowship
 Foundation
==========================================================
Total                       12  $579,022,340       100.1\a
----------------------------------------------------------
\a Total does not add due to rounding. 

Education's Eisenhower State Grant Program, funded at $355 million
for fiscal year 1999, accounts for over half of the total funding for
programs in this category.  Appendix I provides the funding levels
for each of the 12 programs in this category. 

      OVER HALF OF TOTAL ESTIMATED
      FUNDING IS PROVIDED BY
      PROGRAMS THAT SUPPORT
      TEACHER TRAINING TO A
      SIGNIFICANT EXTENT
-------------------------------------------------------- Chapter 0:2.2

Programs that support teacher training to a significant extent--but
are not designed exclusively to support teacher training--are
estimated to provide almost $933 million for training in fiscal year
1999.  As shown in table 3, Education's programs provide about 79
percent of this funding. 

                          Table 3
          
             Number of Programs and Funding for
            Programs That Provide a Significant
          Amount of Support for Teacher Training,
                         by Agency

                                                  Share of
                                   Estimated         total
                                 funding for   funding for
                     Number of       teacher       program
Agency                programs      training      category
----------------  ------------  ------------  ------------
Department of               28  $735,925,452          78.9
 Education
National Science           1\a   173,230,000          18.6
 Foundation
National                     2     7,236,000           0.8
 Endowment for
 the Humanities
Department of                3     5,552,303           0.6
 Health and
 Human Services
United States                3     4,547,528           0.5
 Information
 Agency
National                     1     3,324,500           0.4
 Aeronautics and
 Space
 Administration
Corporation for              1     3,180,000           0.3
 National
 Service
==========================================================
Total                       39  $932,995,783       100.1\b
----------------------------------------------------------
\a The National Science Foundation reported information on two
projects using a single survey because both projects are listed under
one program listing in CFDA. 

\b Total does not add due to rounding. 

Of the estimated $933 million in teacher training funding from
programs in this category, over 60 percent will be provided by four
Education programs:  title I ($191 million); Goals 2000 ($167
million); title VI, Innovative Education Program Strategies ($43
million); and the Class-Size Reduction Program ($180 million).\1

Total program funding and the proportion of program funds used for
teacher training varies considerably among these four programs.  For
example, the estimated $191 million of title I funds used to support
teacher training represents less than 3 percent of the nearly $8
billion program.  On the other hand, the estimated $167 million of
Goals 2000 funds used to support teacher training represents about 36
percent of this program's total funding of $491 million.  While
proportionally small, the amount of title I funds supporting teacher
training ($191 million) is significant compared to other programs,
including the $335 million Eisenhower State Grant program, the
largest program designed exclusively to support teacher training. 

Figure 3 shows the share of total estimated funding for this category
of programs contributed by each of these four programs and all other
programs. 

   Figure 3:  Proportion of
   Funding Provided by Four
   Education Programs of Total
   Funding for Programs That
   Provide a Significant Amount of
   Teacher Training Support,
   Fiscal Year 1999

   (See figure in printed
   edition.)

While these four programs contribute a significant amount of funds to
support teacher training, the programs provide states and localities
flexibility in how to use the funds, including whether to support
teacher training or other activities.  Consequently, overall funding
used to support teacher training can vary from year to year.  Under
the Goals 2000 program for example, states in aggregate used about 37
percent of their fiscal year 1995 funds (about $110 million) and
about 44 percent of their fiscal year 1996 funds (about $151 million)
to support teacher training.  In each of these 2 fiscal years, more
than a dozen states used most of their Goals 2000 funding to support
teacher training, while nearly as many states did not fund teacher
training at all.\2 Appendix II provides the funding levels of
programs that respondents classified in this program category. 

--------------------
\1 The Class-Size Reduction Program allows up to 15 percent of funds
to be used for teacher training.  The program received $1.2 billion
for fiscal year 1999, the only year it has been funded.  The
Administration is requesting additional funding for fiscal year 2000. 

\2 These data were obtained during a prior study that resulted in our
report Goals 2000:  Flexible Funding Supports State and Local
Education Reform (GAO/HEHS-99-10; Nov.  16, 1998). 

      MANY RESPONDENTS UNABLE TO
      ESTIMATE FUNDING AMOUNTS
      PROVIDED BY PROGRAMS THAT
      ALLOW BUT DO NOT
      SIGNIFICANTLY SUPPORT
      TEACHER TRAINING
-------------------------------------------------------- Chapter 0:2.3

Training-related funding estimates for programs that allow teacher
training but do not provide a significant amount of training were
generally unavailable.  Because teacher training is not a significant
focus of these programs, agency officials often do not collect such
detailed data.  Of the estimates provided by agency officials,
amounts ranged from $130,000 under the United States Institute of
Peace's International Peace and Conflict Management Research and
Education program to almost $5,000,000 under the Corporation for
National Service's Learn and Serve America Program--a school- and
community-based program.  Appendix III provides the funding levels,
if available, for each program in this category. 

   TRACKING PROGRESS TOWARD
   NATIONAL TEACHER TRAINING GOALS
   IS AS IMPORTANT AS IT IS
   CHALLENGING
---------------------------------------------------------- Chapter 0:3

As we have shown, during fiscal year 1999, the federal government
will invest over $1.5 billion in programs that provide or support
teacher training.  An investment of this magnitude makes it important
to know whether programs are achieving desired results.  However,
such a determination is not easy because of the number of agencies
and programs involved.  It is made even more difficult because a
significant portion of the federal investment is made through
programs that have objectives broader than only supporting teacher
training, such as Education's title I and Goals 2000 programs.  Such
programs may not be designed to measure performance in areas as
specific as teacher training. 

As part of our ongoing review, we plan to assess whether identified
federal programs are effectively configured to achieve national
goals.  One vehicle for doing this is by reviewing agencies' efforts
under the Government Performance and Results Act of 1993.  The act's
emphasis on results implies that federal programs contributing to the
same or similar outcomes should be closely coordinated, consolidated,
or streamlined, as appropriate, to ensure that goals are consistent
and that program efforts are mutually reinforcing. 

Annual performance plans, required under the act, are an appropriate
place for agencies to identify multiple programs--within and outside
the agency--that contribute to the same or similar goals and to
describe their coordination efforts so that goals are consistent and
program efforts are mutually reinforcing.  Through a preliminary
review of Education's fiscal year 2000 plan, we learned that the
Department--which administers a majority of the programs and the
funds that support teacher training--has taken steps to address this
issue internally.  For example, Education notes in its plan that it
has created a cross-office "professional development team" to share
information and strategies in an effort to coordinate the
Department's teacher training programs.  Education's plan also
describes efforts to coordinate with other federal agencies, such as
the National Science Foundation.  We will review in more detail
Education's and other agencies' efforts in this regard as we continue
our work. 

Other sources of information for assessing program effectiveness are
agencies' strategic plans required under the Results Act.  These
plans are to include descriptions of program evaluations used to
develop their plans and provide a schedule for future evaluations. 
Such evaluations can provide important information not only for
tracking agencies' progress toward achieving their performance goals
but also for identifying particularly effective program strategies or
best practices.  Based on our preliminary review of its plan and
evaluation activities, Education has also taken steps in this regard. 
For example, Education is currently funding a 3-year national
evaluation of its Eisenhower program that is expected to provide
information that could be used to measure its progress toward
achieving established performance goals.  The study is designed to
provide information such as (1) the types and quality of teacher
training provided under the program, (2) the characteristics of
teachers who participate in funded training, and (3) the contribution
such training makes toward teachers' instructional practices. 

In addition to providing information useful for managing the
Eisenhower program, such an evaluation, combined with others, could
be useful for informing an overall federal strategy.  Evaluation
results could be used to guide teacher training activities conducted
under other programs, where such program evaluations might not
normally be undertaken.  For example, Education recently reported
that few data are available concerning the quality of teacher
training activities funded under its title I, Innovative Education
Program Strategies (title VI), or Bilingual Education (title VII)
programs.  Given the size of the investment made in teacher training
through these programs--over $280 million during fiscal year 1999--it
is important to ensure that teacher training funded under these
programs use available resources effectively.  We will also be
reviewing these and similar issues as we proceed with our study. 

-------------------------------------------------------- Chapter 0:3.1

Mr.  Chairman, this concludes my prepared statement.  I would be
happy to answer any questions that you or other Members of the
Subcommittee may have. 

PROGRAMS CLASSIFIED BY AGENCIES AS
EXCLUSIVE TEACHER TRAINING
PROGRAMS, BY TYPE OF SERVICE
PROVIDED AND ESTIMATED FISCAL YEAR
1999 FUNDING
=========================================================== Appendix I

                                            Primary training type
                                   ----------------------------------------
CFDA
numb                                                           Both about         FY 1999
er    Agency program               Preservice    In-service    equally          funding\a
----  ---------------------------  ------------  ------------  ------------  ------------
Department of Education
-----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
84.1  Eisenhower Professional                    X                            $23,300,000
68    Development--Federal
      Activities

84.1  Bilingual Education--                                    X               50,000,000
95    Professional Development

84.2  Eisenhower Professional                    X                            335,000,000
81    Development--State Grants

84.2  Telecommunications                         X                              5,000,000
86    Demonstration Project for
      Mathematics

84.2  Indian Education--                                       X                1,865,000
99    Professional Development

84.3  Teacher Quality Enhancement  X                                           77,200,000
36    Grants

84.3  Preparing Tomorrow's         X                                           75,000,000
42    Teachers to Use Technology

84.9  National Writing Project                   X                              7,000,000
28

Department of Health and Human Services, National Institutes of Health
-----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
93.1  K-12 Teacher Enhancement                   X                              1,000,000
13    and Development

James Madison Memorial Fellowship Foundation
-----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
85.5  James Madison Memorial                                   X                978,400\b
00    Fellowship Program

National Aeronautics and Space Administration
-----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
None  NASA Educational Workshops                 X                              1,603,940

None  NASA Opportunity for         X                                            1,075,000
      Visionary Academics
-----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
\a Funding estimates are preliminary. 

\b Funding represents the amount estimated for teacher training;
program funding is derived from interest earned on U.S.  securities. 

PROGRAMS CLASSIFIED BY AGENCIES AS
PROGRAMS THAT PROVIDE SIGNIFICANT
TEACHER TRAINING, BY TYPE OF
SERVICE PROVIDED AND ESTIMATED
FISCAL YEAR 1999 FUNDING
========================================================== Appendix II

                              Primary training type         FY 1999 program funding\a
                           ----------------------------  --------------------------------
CFDA                                           Both                    Training
numb                       Preservi  In-       about          Total  obligation   Percent
er    Agency program       ce        service   equally      funding           s  of funds
----  -------------------  --------  --------  --------  ----------  ----------  --------
Corporation for National Service
-----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
94.0  Learn and Serve      X                             $10,750,00  $3,180,000     29.6%
05    America--Higher                                             0
      Education

Department of Education
-----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
84.0  Adult Education--              X                   365,000,00  36,500,000      10.0
02    State Grant Program                                         0

84.0  Civil Rights                   X                    7,334,000     Unknown        NA
04    Training and
      Advisory Services

84.0  Title I Grants to              X                   7,676,020,  191,000,00       2.5
10    Local Educational                                         000         0\b
      Agencies

84.0  Title I Program for            X                   40,311,000     Unknown        NA
13    Neglected and
      Delinquent Children

84.0  International:                 X                    2,325,430     930,172      40.0
21    Overseas Group
      Projects Abroad

84.0  Women's Educational            X                    3,000,000     Unknown        NA
83    Equity Act Program

84.1  Fund for the                             X         50,000,000     500,000       1.0
16    Improvement of
      Postsecondary
      Education

84.2  Star Schools                   X                   45,000,000  22,500,000      50.0
03

84.2  Javits Gifted and              X                    6,500,000     Unknown        NA
06    Talented Students
      Education Grant
      Program

84.2  Goals 2000--State              X                   461,000,00  166,950,00      36.2
76    and Local Education                                         0         0\c
      Systemic
      Improvement Grants
      (Goals 2000 State
      Grants)

84.2  Comprehensive                  X                   28,000,000     Unknown        NA
83    Regional Assistance
      Centers

84.2  Bilingual                      X                    9,818,043     Unknown        NA
89    Education--
      Program Enhancement
      Grants

84.2  Native Hawaiian                          X          4,800,000     500,000      10.4
97    Curriculum
      Development,
      Teacher Training
      and Recruitment

84.2  Innovative                     X                   375,000,00  42,800,000      11.4
98    Education Program                                           0          \b
      Strategies

84.3  Regional Technical             X                   10,000,000   8,500,000      85.0
02    Support and
      Professional
      Development
      Consortia

84.3  Technology                     X                   115,100,00     Unknown        NA
03    Innovation                                                  0
      Challenge Grants

84.3  International                  X                    7,000,000   4,200,000      60.0
04    Education Exchange

84.3  Technology Literacy            X                   425,000,00     Unknown        NA
18    Challenge Fund                                              0
      Grants

84.3  Eisenhower Regional            X                   15,000,000  11,800,000      78.7
19    Mathematics and
      Science Education
      Consortia

84.3  Alaska Native                            X          5,030,000     327,780       6.5
20    Educational
      Planning,
      Curriculum
      Development,
      Teacher Training
      and Recruitment
      Program

84.3  Special Education-                       X         35,200,000     Unknown        NA
23    -State Program
      Improvement Grants
      for Children With
      Disabilities

84.3  Special Education-   X                             82,139,000  68,000,000      82.8
25    -
      Personnel
      Preparation to
      Improve Services
      and Results for
      Children With
      Disabilities

84.3  Comprehensive                  X                   145,000,00     Unknown        NA
32    School Reform                                               0
      Demonstrations

84.3  Reading Excellence             X                   260,000,00     Unknown        NA
38                                                                0

84.3  Class-Size                     X                   1,200,000,  180,000,00      15.0
40    Reduction                                                 000           0

84.9  Civic Education                X                    7,500,000   1,417,500      18.9
29

None  Arts in Education              X                   10,500,000     Unknown        NA

None  Ellender                       X                    1,500,000           0         0
      Fellowships

Department of Health and Human Services, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention
-----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
93.8  Cooperative                    X                   49,422,582   5,166,933      10.5
65    Agreements to
      Support
      Comprehensive
      School Health
      Programs to Prevent
      the Spread of HIV
      and Other Important
      Health Problems

Department of Health and Human Services, National Institutes of Health
-----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
93.2  Drug Abuse Research            X                    1,958,989     Unknown        NA
79    Programs

93.9  Early Interventions                      X          2,154,334     385,370      17.9
38    for Children With
      Reading Problems

National Aeronautics and Space Administration
-----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
43.0  Aerospace Education            X                    6,649,000   3,324,500      50.0
01    Services Program

National Endowment for the Humanities
-----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
45.1  Promotion of the               X                    4,875,000   3,900,000      80.0
62    Humanities--
      Education
      Development and
      Demonstration

45.1  Promotion of the               X                    6,465,000   3,336,000      51.6
63    Humanities--
      Seminars and
      Institutes

National Science Foundation
-----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
47.0  Education and Human                      X         662,000,00  173,230,00      26.2
76    Resources                                                   0           0

United States Information Agency
-----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
82.0  Teacher Exchange--             X                    1,550,000     930,000      60.0
12    New Independent
      State Partners in
      Education

82.0  Educational                    X                    3,117,528   3,117,528   100.0\d
13    Exchange--
      Teacher From
      Secondary and
      Postsecondary
      Levels (Fulbright
      Programs)

82.0  Exchange--English                        X          1,007,848     500,000      49.6
34    Teaching Fellows
-----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Note:  "Unknown" denotes that survey respondents were unable to
estimate the amount of funding dedicated to teacher training; "NA"
denotes that a percent is not applicable. 

\a Funding estimates are preliminary. 

\b The source of these estimates is Education's 1999 report Federal
Education Legislation Enacted in 1994:  An Evaluation of
Implementation and Impact. 

\c This was the estimate provided in response to our survey. 
However, in its 1999 report, Education estimates that $187 million
will be used for teacher training. 

\d Although 100 percent of program funding is used to support teacher
training, at least 75 percent of funds are used for stipends to
assist foreign teachers with living expenses in the United States. 

PROGRAMS CLASSIFIED BY AGENCIES AS PROGRAMS THAT ALLOW TEACHER
TRAINING, BY TYPE OF SERVICE PROVIDED AND ESTIMATED FISCAL YEAR 1999
FUNDING

                              Primary training type         FY 1999 program funding\a
                           ----------------------------  --------------------------------
CFDA                                           Both                    Training
numb                       Preservi  In-       about          Total  obligation   Percent
er    Agency program       ce        service   equally      funding           s  of funds
----  -------------------  --------  --------  --------  ----------  ----------  --------
Corporation for National Service
-----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
94.0  Learn and Serve                X                   $32,250,00  $4,837,500     15.0%
04    America--School-                                            0
      and Community-
      Based Programs

Department of Agriculture, Food, and Nutrition Services
-----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
10.5  Team Nutrition                 X                    4,000,000     Unknown        NA
74    Grants

Department of Education
-----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
84.0  Migrant Education-             X                   346,189,00     Unknown        NA
11    -                                                           0
      Basic State Grant
      Program

84.0  International:                 X                    1,123,400     748,933      66.7
18    Overseas Seminars
      Abroad--
      Bilateral Projects

84.0  Special Education-             X                   4,310,700,     Unknown        NA
27    -                                                         000
      Grants to States

84.0  Vocational                               X         1,013,128,     Unknown        NA
48    Education--                                               950
      Basic Grants to
      States

84.0  Vocational                     X                   13,497,000   3,660,000      27.1
51    Education--
      National Activities

84.0  Indian Education--             X                   62,000,000     Unknown        NA
60    Grants to Local
      Educational
      Agencies

84.1  Migrant Education-             X                    8,500,000     Unknown        NA
44    -
      Coordination
      Program

84.1  Immigrant Education            X                   150,000,00     Unknown        NA
62                                                                0

84.1  Special Education              X                   373,985,00     Unknown        NA
73    Preschool Grants                                            0

84.1  Safe and Drug-Free             X                   125,000,00     Unknown        NA
84    Schools and                                                 0
      Communities--
      National Programs

84.1  Safe and Drug-Free             X                   441,000,00     Unknown        NA
86    Schools and                                                 0
      Communities--
      State Grants

84.1  Education for                            X         28,800,000     Unknown        NA
96    Homeless Children
      and Youth

84.2  Native Hawaiian                          X          2,000,000     200,000      10.0
10    Gifted and Talented

84.2  Even Start--State              X                   125,250,00     Unknown        NA
13    Educational                                                 0
      Agencies

84.2  Even Start--                   X                    4,050,000     Unknown        NA
14    Migrant Education

84.2  Fund for the                   X                   147,000,00     Unknown        NA
15    Improvement of                                              0
      Education

84.2  Language Resource              X                    2,450,000     Unknown        NA
29    Centers

84.2  Tech-Prep Education            X                   106,000,00     Unknown        NA
43                                                                0

84.2  National Institute                       X          6,000,000     Unknown        NA
57    for Literacy

84.2  Even Start--Indian             X                    2,025,000     Unknown        NA
58    Tribes and Tribal
      Organizations

84.2  Charter Schools                X                   100,000,00     Unknown        NA
82                                                                0

84.2  Bilingual                      X                   16,512,243     Unknown        NA
88    Education--
      Program Development
      and Implementation
      Grants

84.2  Bilingual                      X                   90,624,010     Unknown        NA
90    Education--
      Comprehensive
      School Grants
      Program

84.2  Bilingual                      X                   42,062,579     Unknown        NA
91    Education--
      Systemwide
      Improvement Grants

84.2  Foreign Language               X                    6,000,000     Unknown        NA
93    Assistance

84.9  School-to-Work                 X                   250,000,00   2,150,000       0.9
95    National Activities                                         0

Department of Health and Human Services, National Institutes of Health
-----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
93.3  Research                       X                    5,994,000     Unknown        NA
89    Infrastructure

Department of Interior, Bureau of Indian Affairs
-----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
15.0  Indian School                  X                   308,518,00     Unknown        NA
42    Equalization                                                0
      Program

15.0  Indian Child and               X                    5,513,000     Unknown        NA
43    Family Education

Environmental Protection Agency
-----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
66.9  Environmental                  X                    1,625,000     Unknown        NA
50    Education and
      Training Program

66.9  Environmental                  X                    2,470,000     575,000      23.3
51    Education Grants

National Endowment for the Arts
-----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
45.0  Promotion of the               X                   38,770,480     Unknown        NA
24    Arts--Grants
      to Organizations
      and Individuals

45.0  Promotion of the               X                   27,686,000     Unknown        NA
25    Arts--
      Partnership
      Agreements

United States Institute of Peace
-----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
91.0  International Peace            X                   13,506,000     130,000       1.0
01    and Conflict                                               \b
      Management--
      Research and
      Education
-----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Note:  "Unknown" denotes that survey respondents were unable to
estimate the amount of funding dedicated to teacher training; "NA"
denotes that a percent is not applicable. 

\a Funding estimates are preliminary. 

\b The Institute of Peace was unable to provide funding at the
program level.  The funding amount shown represents the total funding
for the agency. 

*** End of document. ***