Airline Deregulation: Changes in Airfares, Service Quality, and Barriers
to Entry (Letter Report, 03/04/99, GAO/RCED-99-92).

Pursuant to a congressional request, GAO reviewed and updated its
previous work on airfares and service and reexamined the effect that
certain barriers have had on these measures, focusing on: (1) how
airfares have changed since 1990 for travel to and from 171 airports
serving various U.S. communities; (2) how the quality of air service has
changed since 1978 for travel to and from these airports; and (3) the
extent to which certain barriers to entry--restrictive gate-leasing
arrangements, controls on the number of allowable takeoffs and landings
at some airports, and the limits on the distance that flights from some
airports can be--influence competition at affected airports.

GAO noted that: (1) overall, average airfares declined about 21 percent
in constant dollars from 1990 to the second quarter of 1998; (2) not all
airports realized a similar decreases in airfares; (3) airports serving
medium-large communities had the greatest average decrease in fares, and
airports serving small communities had the least average decline; (4)
average airfares declined at 168 of the 171 airports GAO examined, often
with the introduction of competing service from a low-fare carrier; (5)
on the other hand, since 1994, average airfares increased for passengers
traveling from 39 airports and generally for passengers making short
trips to or from airports serving medium-large and large communities;
(6) for passengers flying to or from airports in communities of similar
size on trips of similar distances in 1998, one passenger traveling from
one airport may have paid almost 3 times as much as a passenger
traveling from a different airport; (7) while GAO identified such
differences in fares, it should be noted that in developing this report,
GAO was unable to account for all factors that may have contributed to
them, such as the presence of low-cost competition on particular routes
or the extent to which travel on routes tended to reflect generally
lower-fare leisure travel or more costly business traffic; (8) the
overall quality of air service has improved for airports serving large
and medium-large communities, but indicators are mixed for airports in
small and medium-sized communities; (9) the quantity of the air service
available, as measured by the number of departures and available seats
has increased for most of the 171 airports GAO reviewed; (10) airports
in large and medium-large communities have experienced a substantial
increase in the amount of air service; (11) however, some airports have
less air service today than they did in 1978, when the industry was
deregulated; (12) other indicators of the quality of air service,
including those that measure the number of destinations served by
nonstop flights and the type of aircraft used, generally show that
quality has improved substantially for airports serving large and
medium-large communities; (13) for airports serving small and
medium-sized communities the results are mixed; (14) at the 10 airports
that, in 1996, GAO reported had restrained competition either because of
restrictive gate-leasing arrangements or limits on the number of
available takeoff and landing times, competition has changed little; and
(15) airfares at these 10 airports continue to be consistently higher
than airports of comparable size without constraints.

--------------------------- Indexing Terms -----------------------------

 REPORTNUM:  RCED-99-92
     TITLE:  Airline Deregulation: Changes in Airfares, Service Quality, 
             and Barriers to Entry
      DATE:  03/04/99
   SUBJECT:  Airline regulation
             Airports
             Restrictive trade practices
             Airline industry
             Competition
             Commercial aviation
             Comparative analysis
             Air transportation operations
IDENTIFIER:  Charlotte/Douglas International Airport (Charlotte, NC)
             Chicago-O'Hare International Airport (Chicago, IL)
             Greater Pittsburgh International Airport (Pittsburgh, PA)
             John F. Kennedy International Airport (NY)
             LaGuardia International Airport (New York, NY)
             Minneapolis-St. Paul International Airport (Minneapolis, MN)
             Newark International Airport (NJ)
             Ronald Reagan Washington National Airport (DC)
             Detroit Metropolitan Wayne County Airport (Detroit, MI)
             Cincinnati-Northern Kentucky International Airport
             
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Cover
================================================================ COVER


Report to Congressional Requesters

March 1999

AIRLINE DEREGULATION - CHANGES IN
AIRFARES, SERVICE QUALITY, AND
BARRIERS TO ENTRY

GAO/RCED-99-92

Airline Deregulation

(348139)


Abbreviations
=============================================================== ABBREV

  DOT - Department of Transportation
  GAO - General Accounting Office

Letter
=============================================================== LETTER


B-281926

March 4, 1999

The Honorable John McCain
Chairman, Committee on Commerce,
 Science, and Transportation
United States Senate

The Honorable Slade Gorton
Chairman, Subcommittee on Aviation
Committee on Commerce, Science,
 and Transportation
United States Senate

The Honorable William O.  Lipinski
Ranking Minority Member,
 Subcommittee on Aviation
Committee on Transportation and Infrastructure
House of Representatives

The Honorable Peter A.  DeFazio
House of Representatives

Over two decades have passed since the Congress deregulated the
airline industry.  The Airline Deregulation Act of 1978 phased out
the federal government's control over fares and service and allowed
market forces to determine the price, quantity, and quality of
domestic air service.  Since 1990, we have reported that, overall,
fares have declined and service has improved since deregulation but
that deregulation's benefits have not been evenly distributed
throughout U.S.  air service markets.\1 We have also reported that
some operating and marketing practices have created barriers to entry
for new airlines wishing to begin service and for established
airlines seeking to enter new markets.  We said that these barriers,
which contribute directly to higher fares in several key markets, had
begun to restrict entry to an extent not fully anticipated by the
Congress when it deregulated the industry. 

Concerned about these findings, you asked us to update our work on
fares and service and to reexamine the effect that certain barriers
have had on these measures of competition.  Specifically, you asked
us to determine (1) how airfares have changed since 1990 for travel
to and from 171 airports serving various U.S.  communities, (2) how
the quality of air service has changed since 1978 for travel to and
from these airports, and (3) the extent to which certain barriers to
entry--restrictive gate-leasing arrangements, controls on the number
of allowable takeoffs and landings at some airports, and the limits
on the distance that flights from some airports can be--influence
competition at affected airports. 

To determine how fares have changed at each of the 171 airports, we
analyzed data on airfares to and from those airports provided by the
airlines to the Department of Transportation (DOT).  To determine how
the quality of service at these airports has changed since 1978, we
examined several measures of qualityï¿½both quantitative indicators of
the amount of service available (i.e., the number of scheduled
departures and available seats) and qualitative indicators of the
type of service available (i.e., jet or turboprop, and nonstop or
connecting flights).  Finally, to determine whether certain airport
limitations that we had previously identified continued to restrict
competition, we spoke with airport and airline representatives and
analyzed fare information for those airports relative to others. 
Additional detailed information on our scope and methodology can be
found in appendix I. 


--------------------
\1 See the list of related products at the end of this report. 


   RESULTS IN BRIEF
------------------------------------------------------------ Letter :1

Overall, average airfares declined about 21 percent in constant
dollars from 1990 to the second quarter of 1998.\2 However, not all
airports realized similar decreases in airfares.  In general,
airports serving medium-large communities had the greatest average
decrease in fares, and airports serving small communities had the
least average decline.\3 Average airfares declined at 168 of the 171
airports we examined, often with the introduction of competing
service from a low-fare carrier.  On the other hand, since 1994,
average airfares increased for passengers traveling from 39 airports
and generally for passengers making short trips to or from airports
serving medium-large and large communities.  In addition, for
passengers flying to or from airports in communities of similar size
on trips of similar distances in 1998, one passenger traveling from
one airport may have paid almost 3 times as much as a passenger
traveling from a different airport.  While we identified such
differences in fares, we should note that in developing this report,
we were unable to account for all factors that may have contributed
to them, such as the presence of low-cost competition on particular
routes or the extent to which travel on routes tended to reflect
generally lower-fare leisure travel or more costly business traffic. 

The overall quality of air service--measured by both quantitative and
qualitative factors--has improved for airports serving large and
medium-large communities, but indicators are mixed for airports in
small and medium-sized communities.  In general, the quantity of the
air service available, as measured by the number of departures and
available seats, has increased for most of the 171 airports we
reviewed.  Airports in large and medium-large communities have
experienced a substantial increase in the amount of air service. 
However, some airports--particularly those serving small and
medium-sized communities in the upper Midwest and South--have less
air service today than they did in 1978, when the industry was
deregulated.  Other indicators of the quality of air service,
including those that measure the number of destinations served by
nonstop flights and the type of aircraft used, generally show that
quality has improved substantially for airports serving large and
medium-large communities.  For airports serving small and
medium-sized communities, on the other hand, the results are mixed. 

At the 10 airports that, in 1996, we reported had restrained
competition either because of restrictive gate-leasing arrangements
(ï¿½gate-constrainedï¿½) or limits on the number of available takeoff and
landing times (ï¿½slot-constrainedï¿½), competition has changed little. 
The six airports that we earlier characterized as being
gate-constrained--Charlotte, Cincinnati, Detroit, Minneapolis,
Newark, and Pittsburgh--continue to be served predominantly by one
airline.  At the four slot-constrained airportsï¿½Chicago O'Hare, New
York LaGuardia, New York Kennedy, and Reagan Washington
Nationalï¿½established airlines have expanded their slot holdings,
while the share held by airlines started after deregulation remains
low.  Airfares at these 10 airports continue to be consistently
higher than airports of comparable size without constraints. 
Additionally, the federal perimeter rule continues to prevent certain
airlines from gaining competitive entry into or access to Reagan
Washington National Airport. 


--------------------
\2 We measured changes in airfares using data reported by the
airlines on revenue yields per fared passenger mile.  Thus, we
excluded from our calculations passengers flying on free tickets. 
Throughout this report, we use the term airfare instead of yield. 

\3 We examined changes in airfares and the quality of service across
airports serving different sizes of communities.  Small communities
were those with populations in a metropolitan statistical area of
300,000 or less, medium-sized communities were in an area of 300,001
to 600,000, medium-large communities were in an area of 600,001 to
1.5 million, and large communities were in an area of more than 1.5
million. 


   BACKGROUND
------------------------------------------------------------ Letter :2

Before 1978, the former Civil Aeronautics Board regulated airlines,
controlling the fares they could charge and the routes they could
fly.  Concerned that these practices caused economic inefficiencies
and inhibited the growth of domestic air transportation, the Congress
deregulated the industry in 1978.  Deregulation was expected to
result in fares that more accurately reflected airlines' costs and,
overall, more vigorous competition throughout the nation. 

Since deregulation, numerous new airlines have started operations,
while established airlines have expanded into new markets.  Many new
airlines that began operations shortly after deregulation have
failed, as have some long-established carriers, such as Eastern and
Pan Am.  Nevertheless, a few airlines that were formed in the wake of
deregulation still operate, including America West and Midwest
Express.  In the early 1990s, over a decade after the industry was
deregulated, a second wave of new airlines emerged.  Airlines such as
Vanguard, Spirit, AirTran, and Frontier now compete with established
carriers in selected markets throughout the United States.  These new
entrants' cost structures tend to be lower than those of their
established competitors, permitting them to charge lower fares to a
variety of destinations.  In recent years, we have reported that
these airlines' ability to enter and compete in selected domestic
markets has resulted in lower fares and better service in these
markets.  However, we also found that many other communities have not
yet experienced vigorous competition and have not realized these fare
and service-quality benefits. 

In 1990, we reported that from 1979ï¿½the earliest year for which
reliable data on fares were availableï¿½through 1988, the average fare
per passenger mile, adjusted for inflation, declined by 9 percent at
airports serving small communities, 10 percent at airports serving
medium-sized communities, and 5 percent at airports serving large
communities.\4 In 1996, we reported that the average fare per
passenger mile, adjusted for inflation, continued to fall across all
sizes of communities but that regional variations were evident.\5 The
largest decreases in fares since deregulation occurred at airports
located in the West and Southwest, and increases in fares were noted
at airports located in the Southeast and in the Appalachian region. 
The quantity of service, as measured by the number of both departures
and available seats, had increased for all airport groups.  The
quality of service, as measured by factors such as the number of
destinations served nonstop and the type of aircraft used, showed
mixed results, especially for airports serving small and medium-sized
communities. 

In 1996, we also reported that three types of ï¿½operating barriersï¿½
discouraged entry by airlines at several major U.S.  airports.\6
First, from 1990 through 1996 a few established airlines had markedly
increased their combined control of takeoff and landing times (slots)
at airports in Chicago, New York, and Washington.  As a result,
little new entry had occurred at these airports during this period. 
Second, long-term, exclusive-use gate leases at six other major
airports prevented airlines that did not serve those airports from
securing the necessary facilities to begin service and compete on
equal terms with incumbent airlines.  Third, the federal perimeter
rule barring nonstop flights exceeding 1,250 miles exacerbated the
impact of slots by preventing airlines from gaining entry into Reagan
Washington National Airport. 


--------------------
\4 Airline Deregulation:  Trends in Airfares at Airports in Small and
Medium-Sized Communities (GAO/RCED-91-13, Nov.  8, 1990). 

\5 Airline Deregulation:  Changes in Airfares, Service, and Safety at
Small, Medium-Sized, and Large Communities (GAO/RCED-96-79, Apr.  19,
1996). 

\6 Airline Deregulation:  Barriers to Entry Continue to Limit
Competition in Several Key Domestic Markets (GAO/RCED-97-4, Oct.  18,
1996). 


   AIRFARES HAVE FALLEN FOR MOST
   COMMUNITIES SINCE 1990, BUT
   MANY HAVE EXPERIENCED RECENT
   FARE INCREASES
------------------------------------------------------------ Letter :3

For all sizes of communities, average airfares have continued the
decline noted in our 1996 report.  Average airfares (expressed in
constant dollars and in cents per mile) fell about 21 percent in
constant dollars from 1990 through the second quarter of 1998.\7

On average, airports serving medium-large communities had the
greatest decrease in fares, and airports serving small communities,
the smallest decline.  However, such averages conceal large
variations within the sizes of communities.  For example, for
passengers flying to or from airports in communities of similar size
on trips of similar distances in 1998, one passenger traveling from
one airport may have paid almost 3 times as much as a passenger
traveling from a different airport. 

Our review of changes in airfares from 1990 through the second
quarter of 1998 indicates that the trends of moderately decreasing
average airfares identified in our earlier reports continued at
airports serving most communities.  Of the 171 airports we examined
over the period, average airfares declined at 168.  At some airports,
the decrease was especially large.  For example, at 22 airports,
average fares declined by 30 percent or more in constant dollars.  At
many airports, the decline coincided with the introduction of
competing service, often from a low-fare carrier, which, in most
cases, was Southwest Airlines.  Figure 1 shows the cities in which
airfares have declined by the greatest percentage since 1990. 

   Figure 1:  Airports in Cities
   With Greatest Decrease in
   Average Airfares Since 1990

   (See figure in printed
   edition.)

   Source:  GAO's analysis of data
   from Data Base Products, Inc.

   (See figure in printed
   edition.)

At 3 of the 171 airports we examined, average airfares have increased
since 1990.  These airports serve Duluth, Minnesota (+2.3 percent);
Fargo, North Dakota (+0.8 percent); and Dallas, Texas (Love Field,
+7.4 percent).  At each of these airports, generally only a single
airline provided service.  Northwest Airlines dominates Duluth and
Fargo, and Southwest dominates Dallas Love Field.\8

We were not able to examine in detail each market to determine what
factors may have contributed to the decrease in average fares.  For
example, we were unable to account for differences at airports where
competition--and thus airfares--on individual routes may vary widely. 
On routes out of St.  Louis where low-cost airlines offer competing
service, fares may be considerably lower than on other routes from
the same airport where no such competition exists.  Whether the
overall average airfare for the airport may have increased or
decreased over time depends on the number of passengers flown on all
of those routes and the fares they paid.  Similarly, we were not able
to examine differences in the extent to which certain destinations
(such as Las Vegas or Orlando) tend to be more heavily dominated by
leisure travel than by business travel.  Leisure travel tends to be
more price-sensitive, and average airfares in those markets thus tend
to be lower than those where there is more business travel. 

Because some significant changes can occur over the span of nearly 9
years, we examined fare changes from 1990 through 1993 and then from
1994 through the second quarter of 1998.  Table 1 summarizes the
change in average airfares over the period for airports serving each
size of community, according to the length of the passengers' trips. 
Although average airfares decreased for most communities throughout
the period, since 1994 average airfares increased for certain
segments of the traveling publicï¿½mostly for passengers making short
trips to or from medium-large and large communities.\9



                                Table 1
                
                 Percent Change in Average Airfares by
                Community Size and Length of Trip, 1990-
                                   98

                                    Percent change in average airfares
                                    ----------------------------------
                        Length of
Community               trip         1990-1998   1990-1993   1994-1998
----------------------  ----------  ----------  ----------  ----------
Small                   Short            -22.9       -12.0        -1.2
                        Medium           -19.4        -5.7       -12.2
                        Long             -11.3        -4.7        -9.2
                        Average          -19.5        -8.2        -7.1
Medium                  Short            -27.3       -11.8        -8.6
                        Medium           -19.5        -0.2       -14.4
                        Long             -11.2        -0.5        -8.1
                        Average          -22.0        -5.2       -11.7
Medium-large            Short            -24.4        -9.8         1.9
                        Medium           -22.5         0.2       -15.1
                        Long             -17.4        -0.6       -14.5
                        Average          -22.2        -3.8        -8.7
Large                   Short            -28.2       -15.8         3.4
                        Medium           -20.4        -4.1        -9.0
                        Long             -11.2        -3.9        -4.1
                        Average          -21.0        -8.0        -4.0
----------------------------------------------------------------------
Source:  GAO's analysis of data from Data Base Products, Inc. 

For the 171 airports we examined, from 1994 through 1998 average
airfares decreased at 132 airports, suggesting that most
communitiesï¿½small, medium-sized, medium-large, and large--and
travelers from those communities have benefited from deregulation.\10
Average fares for passengers making certain trips to or from several
airports dropped by more than 50 percent over the period.  Average
fares for short- and long-haul trips from St.  Petersburg, Florida;
medium-haul trips from Dallas Love Field; and long-haul trips from
Mission, Texas, and Grand Junction, Colorado, decreased from 52 to 77
percent.  Fares in some of those markets appear to have been
influenced by the introduction of additional competition, especially
from low-cost airlines. 

During the same period, however, average fares increased at 39
airports--13 serving small communities, 4 serving medium-sized ones,
9 serving medium-large ones, and 13 serving large ones.  In most
cases, the control of a large percentage of the airports' passengers
by a single airline contributed to the increase in fares. 

  -- Of the 13 airports serving small communities, 12 were served by
     an individual airline that controlled at least 40 percent of the
     traffic. 

  -- Of the four airports serving medium-sized communities, three
     were dominated by an individual airline that carried more than
     40 percent of the traffic. 

  -- Of the nine airports serving medium-large communities, seven
     were dominated by an individual airline that carried more than
     40 percent of the traffic. 

  -- Of the 13 airports serving large communities, seven are hub
     facilities for major airlines. 

For example, the average fares for passengers making short trips to
or from Greensboro, North Carolina; Roanoke and Norfolk, Virginia;
Charleston, South Carolina; and Buffalo, New York, all increased by
30 percent or more from 1994 through 1998.  Low-cost airlines, such
as AirTran, American Trans Air, or Southwest, served none of the 17
airports at small or medium-sized communities in 1998.  For the 22
airports serving medium-large and large communities where average
airfares increased since 1994, individual low-cost airlines had
market shares in 1998 that exceeded 10 percent at only fourï¿½Houston
Hobby Field, Dallas Love Field, Cleveland Hopkins International
Airport, and Midland/Odessa, Texas.\11 At each of those airports, the
low-cost airline was Southwest.  Figure 2 shows the location of these
39 airports, most of which are in the East and Southeast. 

   Figure 2:  Airports Where
   Average Airfares Increased--in
   constant dollars--Since 1994

   (See figure in printed
   edition.)

   Source:  GAO's analysis of data
   from Data Base Products, Inc.

   (See figure in printed
   edition.)

For passengers flying to or from airports serving communities of
similar sizes on trips of similar distances, the fare at one airport
can cost almost 3 times as much per mile flown as the fare at a
different airport.  For example, passengers flying to or from Las
Vegas in 1998 paid, on average, 9 cents per mile, while passengers
flying to or from Charlotte paid 28 cents per mile.  Moreover,
passengers flying to or from airports serving small and medium-sized
communities in 1998 paid, on average, over 12 percent more than the
national average airfare.  Similarly, passengers flying to or from
airports serving large communities in 1998 paid, on average, over 8
percent more than the national average.\12 Appendix II summarizes the
changes in average airfares for each of the cities we examined during
this review. 


--------------------
\7 Data from the second quarter 1998 were the most current available
at the time of our work.  Throughout the remainder of this report,
references to 1998 fares should be interpreted as relating to the
latest four quarters of fare data available, beginning with the third
quarter of 1997 and ending with the second quarter of 1998. 
Additionally, all data in the report have been deflated into dollars
reflecting those last four quarters. 

\8 At Duluth, Northwest's share of 1997 passengers was 97.5 percent. 
Its share of Fargo's 1997 passengers was 92.5 percent.  Southwest
carried 100 percent of Dallas Love Field's 1997 passengers.  Nearly
all passengers at Dallas Love Field made short-haul trips.  While the
average fares for Love Field may have risen over time, they remain
below the averages for short trips from all large airports and are
significantly lower than the average fares associated with short
trips from either Duluth or Fargo.  These passenger shares do not
include passengers carried by small commuter airlines, which DOT does
not require to survey and report their passengers' itineraries and
fares.  Those small commuter airlines are usually not affiliated with
larger airlines through code-sharing. 

\9 For the purpose of this report, we defined short-haul trips as
being equal to or less than 750 miles, medium-haul trips as being
between 751 and 2,000 miles, and long-haul trips as being 2,001 miles
or greater.  Trips identified with a given airport may either
originate or end there. 

\10 DOT has pointed out that, even if an airport's ï¿½averageï¿½ fares
decreased during the period, not all fares to all markets may have
declined.  In particular, where little or no competition exists on a
given route (especially from a low-cost airline), fares may have
increased. 

\11 On the other hand, single established airlinesï¿½such as Delta,
United, and Northwestï¿½also had more than 40 percent of the market in
18 out of 46 airports where average fares decreased between 20.0 and
29.9 percent from 1990 through 1998.  Thus, the presence of a single
carrier with a large market share does not always mean that average
airfares will increase over time. 

\12 DOT's Domestic Airline Fares Consumer Report, First Quarter 1998
Passenger and Fare Information, Oct.  1998, provides more detailed
information on the dispersion of airfares for particular airports, by
airline.  For example, in the first quarter of 1998, American
Airlines flew 12,700 passengers between Chicago and White Plains, New
York, at an average fare of $317.  Eight percent of those passengers
paid between $51 and $75 dollars each way, while 14 percent paid
between $526 and $550 each way. 


   LARGE AND MEDIUM-LARGE
   COMMUNITIES HAVE MORE AND
   BETTER AIR SERVICE, BUT THE
   TRENDS FOR SMALL AND
   MEDIUM-SIZED COMMUNITIES ARE
   MIXED
------------------------------------------------------------ Letter :4

Our review of air service quality factors for scheduled airline
departures from May 1978 though May 1998 indicates that the overall
quality at most communities served by the airports we reviewed has
improved since deregulation.  However, the extent to which the
overall quality of air service has improved for the 171 airports that
we reviewed varies by the size of the community served.  In general,
airports serving larger communities have benefited from a greater
increase in the overall quality of air service--the number of
departures and seats, jet departures, and destinations served by
nonstops--than those serving smaller communities.  For example, 90
percent of airports serving large and medium-large communities had an
increase in both departures and available seats compared with 45
percent of the airports serving small and medium-sized communities. 

Assessing the trends in the overall quality of air service is
difficult because many factors contribute to the quality of service. 
This assessment requires, among other things, a subjective weighting
of the relative importance of each measure that is generally
considered a dimension of quality.  In assessing the overall quality
of air service received by each sized community included in our
study, we used four commonly accepted measures, including the number
of (1) departures, (2) available seats, (3) destinations served by
nonstop and one-stop flights, and (4) jet departures compared with
the number of turboprop departures.  (We used these same measures in
our earlier reports.) Nonstop service is generally considered to be
preferable to flights requiring a stop, and jet aircraft are
preferred over turboprop aircraft. 

Most communities served by the airports we reviewed had more
commercial departures in 1998 than they did in May 1978.  During this
period, departures increased at 139 of the 171 airports we reviewed. 
Increases were most likely to occur at airports serving larger
communities.  All airports at large communities, with the exception
of Reagan Washington National Airport (where the number of takeoff
and landings is restricted by federal law), and most airports serving
medium-large communities had an increase in departures.  In
comparison, 56 of the 84 airports in small and medium-sized
communities had an increase in departures. 

From 1978 through 1998, 118 of the 171 airports we reviewed had an
increase in the number of available seats, especially those airports
serving larger communities.  Overall, for airports in large and
medium-large communities, the number of available seats increased by
about 87 percent.  Every airport serving large communities and all
but 7 of the 42 airports in medium-large communities experienced an
increase.  For almost one-quarter of the airports serving large
communities, such as Phoenix's Sky Harbor Airport and Houston's Hobby
Airport, this increase exceeded 200 percent.  In contrast, slightly
less than half of the airports at small and medium-sized communities
in our review had an increase in seats, although about 67 percent had
an increase in departures.  To some extent this difference can be
attributed to the substitution of more frequent service from smaller
turboprops for fewer departures of larger jets.  Since 1978, the
airport serving Champaign, Illinois, for example, had a 66-percent
increase in the number of departures and a 34-percent decrease in the
number of seats.  During this same time period, jet service from this
airport was eliminated and replaced entirely with propeller aircraft. 

In addition, 27 of the 84 airports serving small and medium-sized
communities experienced a decline in both scheduled departures and
available seats.  These 27 airports were largely concentrated in the
upper Midwest--including Lincoln, Nebraska; Rochester, Minnesota; and
Bismarck, North Dakotaï¿½and the South--including Daytona Beach,
Florida; Montgomery, Alabama; and Shreveport, Louisiana.  Figure 3
summarizes the percent change in the number of scheduled departures
and number of available seats for each category of community.\13
Appendix III contains the information on the number of departures and
available seats for each of the 171 airports that we reviewed for May
1978 and May 1998. 

   Figure 3:  Comparison of
   Percent Change in Number of
   Scheduled Departures and
   Available Seats at Airports
   Serving Small, Medium-Sized,
   Medium-Large, and Large
   Communities, May 1978 Through
   May 1998

   (See figure in printed
   edition.)

Source:  GAO's analysis of airlines' schedule information provided by
DOT. 

Airports serving large and medium-large communities have been the
primary beneficiaries of increased nonstop flights.  Nonstop flights
increased for 71 percent of the airports serving large and
medium-large communities but only for 25 percent of the airports
serving small and medium-sized communities.  Of the 84 airports at
small and medium-sized communities that we reviewed, 37 experienced a
decline in both nonstop and one-stop service.  Only airports serving
medium-large communities experienced an increase in one-stop flights. 
Figure 4 summarizes the percent change in the total number of
destinations served by nonstop and one-stop flights by category of
community.  Appendix IV provides detailed information for each
community on the number of destinations served by nonstop and
one-stop flights for May 1978 through May 1998. 

   Figure 4:  Percent Change in
   the Number of Destinations
   Served by Nonstop and One-Stop
   Flights From Airports Serving
   Small, Medium-Sized,
   Medium-Large, and Large
   Communities, May 1978 Through
   May 1998

   (See figure in printed
   edition.)

Source:  GAO's analysis of airlines' schedule information provided by
DOT. 

Overall, all sizes of communities experienced an increase in the
number of turboprop departures, but primarily airports serving large
and medium-large communities benefited from an increase in the number
of jet departures.  Of these airports, 75 percent had an increase in
jet departures compared with 24 percent of the airports in small and
medium-sized communities.  Overall, the actual number of jet
departures increased by 72 percent at airports serving large
communities and by 57 percent at airports serving medium-large
communities but declined by 6 percent at airports serving
medium-sized communities and by 14 percent at airports serving small
communities.  Figure 5 summarizes the percent change in the number of
jet departures by size of community.  Appendix V provides detailed
information for each airport for May 1978 through May 1998. 

   Figure 5:  Percent Change in
   the Number of Jet and Turboprop
   Departures at Airports Serving
   Small, Medium-Sized,
   Medium-Large, and Large
   Communities, May 1978 Through
   May 1998

   (See figure in printed
   edition.)

Source:  GAO's analysis of airlines' schedule information provided by
DOT. 


--------------------
\13 All statistics referring to departures in this report are based
on the number of scheduled nonstop flights from each airport. 


   COMPETITION IN CERTAIN KEY
   AIRPORTS CONTINUES TO BE
   INHIBITED BY LACK OF ACCESS TO
   FACILITIES, SLOT CONTROLS, AND
   FEDERAL PERIMETER RULE
------------------------------------------------------------ Letter :5

In 1997, over 143 million passengers (23 percent of the total U.S. 
domestic enplanements that year) traveled through 10 key airports in
the east and upper Midwest.  In the past, we reported that
competition is constrained at these airports because of long-term
gate leases or limits on the number of available takeoff and landing
slots.\14 During our review, we found that the six airports we had
previously described as gate-constrainedï¿½Charlotte, Cincinnati,
Detroit, Minneapolis, Newark, and Pittsburghï¿½continue to be
predominantly served by one airline.  Airport officials and airline
representatives said that gates are available to airlines that do not
currently serve those airports.  However, few of those airlines
expressed interest in serving those markets because access to
facilities remains difficult and other factors, generally relating to
the size of the incumbent carrier and its associated market strength,
prevent them from entering at these airports.  At the four
slot-constrained airportsï¿½Chicago O'Hare, New York's LaGuardia and
Kennedy, and Reagan Washington Nationalï¿½established airlines hold the
majority of slots, while the share of slots held by airlines started
after deregulation remains low.  Finally, the federal perimeter rule,
which prohibits flights longer than 1,250 miles from Reagan
Washington National Airport, continues to deprive certain airlines
from serving that airport from some of their hub operations,
preventing millions of passengers in western states from gaining
nonstop access to the airport. 


--------------------
\14 Domestic Aviation:  Service Problems and Limited Competition
Continue in Some Markets (GAO/T-RCED-98-176, Apr.  23, 1998).  A gate
includes the holding room, jetway, and apron. 


      LONG-TERM, EXCLUSIVE-USE
      GATE LEASES PREDOMINATE AT
      SIX CONSTRAINED AIRPORTS,
      BUT OTHER FACTORS ALSO
      INHIBIT NEW COMPETITION
---------------------------------------------------------- Letter :5.1

Restrictive gate leases are a barrier to establishing new or expanded
service at some airports.  These leases permit an airline to hold
exclusive rights to use most of an airport's gates over a long period
of time, commonly 20 years.  Previously, we reported that such leases
made it more difficult for nonincumbents to secure necessary airport
facilities on equal terms with incumbent airlines.  Airlines
established after deregulation, especially new entrant airlines, said
access to facilities at some airports--Charlotte, Cincinnati,
Detroit, Minneapolis, Newark, and Pittsburgh--was difficult.  Airport
officials and one airline told us that other marketing factors--not
gate-leasing arrangements--acted as barriers to entry. 

As table 2 shows, the vast majority of gates at each of these
airports continue to be leased to one established airline.  Airport
officials at Charlotte, Cincinnati, and Minneapolis said that it is
in the best interest of the airports to lease gates over a long term
to maintain a stable stream of revenue.  For example, Cincinnati
airport officials said they depend on signatory airlines to pay their
debt obligations.\15 Delta Air Lines--which dominates the Cincinnati
airport and holds 50 of the airport's total 68 jet gates--financed
the construction of 43 of those gates. 



                                Table 2
                
                Airports Where Postderegulation Airlines
                Reported Difficulty Gaining Competitive
                    Access to Gates and the Leasing
                     Arrangements at Those Airports

                           Total       Gates  Major lease holders,
                          number       under  number of gates
                          of jet  exclusive-  operated, and date lease
Airport                    gates  use leases  expires
----------------------  --------  ----------  ------------------------
Charlotte                     46          44  37 gates leased to US
                                               Airways until 2016
Cincinnati                    68          68  50 gates leased to
                                               Delta; 8 of the leases
                                               expire in 2015 and 42
                                               expire in 2023
Detroit                       81          56  56 gates leased to
                                               Northwest until 2001\a
Minneapolis                   70          70  54 gates leased to
                                               Northwest; 22 of the
                                               leases expire in 2015
                                               and 32 convert to
                                               preferential use leases
                                               beginning in 1999\
Newark                        94          79  42 gates leased to
                                               Continental until 2018
Pittsburgh                    75          65  50 gates leased to US
                                               Airways until 2015
----------------------------------------------------------------------
\a Northwest also leases an additional six nonexclusive gates. 

Source:  GAO's presentation of the airports' data. 

Officials at each of the airports we visited said they have spoken
with or actively recruited nonincumbent airlines to provide new
service.  Airport officials and one airline official told us that
other factors, rather than restrictive gate leases, prevented
nonincumbents from providing service at their airports.  These
factors included the size of the incumbent carriers (coupled with
those airlines' marketing strengths, such as their frequent flyer
programs, corporate discounts, and arrangements with local travel
agents), the fear of perceived predatory conduct by the major
incumbent carrier, and a lack of adequate capitalization.  A
Charlotte airport official said that the term ï¿½gate-constrainedï¿½ no
longer applied, given their flexibility in making some gates
available for lease and the airport's willingness to discuss new
service with interested airlines. 

A limited number of gates are available for new service at three of
the airports we visited, although they may not be available at the
times or days that new airlines might prefer.  Airport officials at
Detroit, Minneapolis, and Newark said there are no gates available
now.  For the three airports that have available gates, however,
incumbent airlines tended to use them.  For example, Pittsburgh
airport officials said that they have a total of seven jet gates
available, but US Airways is the only airline that uses them at this
time.  In addition, Cincinnati airport officials said there are three
gates leased by US Airways that are not being used as fully as they
could be. 

Officials from airlines that started after deregulation told us that
access to facilities was difficult at some airports, including
Newark.  These airline officials cited a lack of cooperation by
airport officials in identifying available gates and the reluctance
of both the airports and incumbent airlines in offering leases or
subleases longer than on a short-term basis.\16


--------------------
\15 Signatory airlines have an agreement with an airport to help pay
debt obligations. 

\16 In 1998, DOT established a task force to study airports'
practices that may inhibit competition.  Its report is expected in
April 1999.  In accordance with the Omnibus Consolidated and
Emergency Supplemental Appropriations Act of 1999 (P.L.  105-277,
division C, title I, section 110(g)), the National Academy of
Sciences is studying DOT's proposed competition guidelines, which
would refine the definition of anticompetitive behavior by airlines. 
Its report is due in March 1999. 


      ESTABLISHED AIRLINES
      CONTINUE TO EXPAND THEIR
      SLOT HOLDINGS AT
      SLOT-CONSTRAINED AIRPORTS
---------------------------------------------------------- Letter :5.2

Major established airlines have expanded their holdings of domestic
air carrier takeoff and landing slots at three of the four
slot-constrained airportsï¿½Reagan Washington National, New York
Kennedy, and New York LaGuardia.  Only at Chicago O'Hare did the
level of slot concentration held by major established airlines
decrease slightly from 1996 to 1999.  By contrast, the share held by
airlines that started after deregulation remains low.  (See table 3.)
Our October 1996 report recommended that DOT redistribute some slots
to increase competition, taking into account the investments made by
those airlines at each of the slot-controlled airports.  DOT
subsequently began to use the authority that the Congress gave it in
1994 to allow additional slots at O'Hare, LaGuardia, and Kennedy.\17
Through January 1999, DOT granted 62 slot exemptions at O'Hare, 30 at
LaGuardia, and 6 at Kennedy.  DOT has also granted a total of 48
exemptions for Essential Air Service\18 and 19 for seasonal
international service. 



                                         Table 3
                         
                         Percentage of Domestic Air Carrier Slots
                                 Held by Selected Groups

Airport              Holding entity                    1986      1991      1996      1999
-------------------  ----------------------------  --------  --------  --------  --------
O'Hare               American and United                 66        83        87        84
                     Other established airlines          28        13         9        10
                     Financial institutions               0         3         2         3
                     Postderegulation airlines            6         1         1         3
Kennedy              Shawmut Bank, American, and         43        60        75        84
                      Delta\a
                     Other established airlines          49        18        13        14
                     Other financial institutions         0        19         6         1
                     Postderegulation airlines            9         3         7         1
LaGuardia            American, Delta, and US             27        43        64        70
                      Airways
                     Other established airlines          58        39        14        14
                     Financial institutions               0         7        20        10
                     Postderegulation airlines           15        12         2         6
Reagan Washington    American, Delta, and US             25        43        59        65
 National             Airways
                     Other established airlines          58        42        20        18
                     Financial institutions               0         7        19        14
                     Post deregulation airlines          17         8         3         3
-----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Note:  Numbers may not add to 100 percent because of rounding.  Some
airlines that held slots have gone bankrupt, and, as a result,
financial institutions have acquired slots. 

\a In 1999, First Security National Bank replaced Shawmut Bank. 
First Security National Bank holds those slots pursuant to a trust as
security for a loan to TWA, which uses some and leases others. 

Source:  GAO's analysis of data from the Federal Aviation
Administration. 


--------------------
\17 The Federal Aviation Reauthorization Act of 1994 (49 U.S.C.  sec. 
41714) created an exemption provision to allow additional slots for
new entrants at O'Hare, LaGuardia, and Kennedy when DOT "finds it to
be in the public interest and the circumstances to be exceptional."
The number of flights at Reagan Washington National Airport is
further limited by federal law to address local concerns about noise. 
As a result of these additional limits, the Congress chose not to
extend DOT's exemption authority to include Reagan Washington
National. 

\18 The Essential Air Service program ensures that small communities
having air service when the Airline Deregulation Act was passed will
continue to have a minimum level of service and provides that the
federal government subsidizes the airlines providing that service, if
necessary. 


      SPECIAL RULES AT LAGUARDIA
      AND REAGAN WASHINGTON
      NATIONAL AND EMERGING
      CAPACITY CONSTRAINTS
      ELSEWHERE EXACERBATE
      BARRIERS' IMPACTS
---------------------------------------------------------- Letter :5.3

The ability of certain nonincumbent airlines to begin service at New
York LaGuardia and Reagan Washington National airports is further
limited by rules that prohibit incoming and outgoing flights that
exceed a certain distance (commonly known as perimeter rules).  At
LaGuardia, under a rule established by the Port Authority of New York
and New Jersey, nonstop flights exceeding 1,500 miles are prohibited. 
At Reagan Washington National, federal law limits the number of
hourly operations and prohibits nonstop flights exceeding 1,250
miles.\19

The perimeter rules were originally designed to promote Kennedy and
Dulles airports as the designated long-haul airports for the New York
and Washington metropolitan areas, respectively, and to alleviate air
traffic congestion in those areas.  The practical effect, however,
has been to limit entry and exacerbate the impact of slots. 
Specifically, because of their proximity to Reagan Washington
National, each of the seven largest established carriers is able to
serve the airport from its principal hub.  By contrast, the rules
prevent the second largest airline started after
deregulation--America West--from serving LaGuardia and Reagan
Washington National from its hub in Phoenix and restrict other
airlines with hub operations in the West from serving either airport
on a nonstop basis.  Thus, for example, the 92 million passengers
that flew out of Los Angeles, Phoenix, Portland, Salt Lake City, San
Francisco, and Seattle airports in 1997 could not fly nonstop into
Reagan Washington National.  Officials with Delta Air Lines told us
that they would expand service from Salt Lake City to Reagan
Washington National if the perimeter rule was relaxed or abolished. 

We recognize that the communities where the airports are located will
be concerned with any proposals to grant additional slots because of
potential congestion, noise, and safety problems.  These are
sensitive issues, and, ultimately, any final decisions about them can
be best resolved through congressional deliberations. 


--------------------
\19 The Metropolitan Washington Airports Act of 1986 (49 U.S.C.  sec. 
49109).  The rule is also included in federal regulations (14 C.F.R. 
sec.  93.253). 


      AIRFARES AT CONSTRAINED
      AIRPORTS HIGHER THAN THOSE
      AT COMPARABLY SIZED
      COMMUNITY AIRPORTS
---------------------------------------------------------- Letter :5.4

Airfares at the six gate-constrained and four slot-constrained
airports were consistently higher than airfares at nonconstrained
airports that serve similar-sized communities, especially in short-
and medium-haul markets.  In other words, passengers pay a premium to
fly to and from these airports.  In 1998, overall weighted average
fares ranged from being 4 percent higher at Kennedy Airport to 83
percent higher at Pittsburgh International Airport compared with
fares at nonconstrained airports serving communities of comparable
size.  The greatest differences in airfares in 1998 were in
short-haul markets. 

The average airfares of short-haul markets in 1998 ranged from 29
percent higher in Kennedy to 120 percent higher at Pittsburgh.  In
medium-haul markets, airfares ranged from 15 percent lower at Detroit
to 63 percent higher at Charlotte.  In long-haul markets, airfares
ranged from 6 percent lower at Reagan Washington National to 42
percent higher at Charlotte.  Table 4 summarizes the differences in
average airfares between the 10 constrained airports and other
airports serving communities of comparable size for 1998. 



                                Table 4
                
                 Differences in Average Fares in Cents
                   per Passenger Mile for Constrained
                  Airports Relative to Fares at Other
                    Airports Serving Communities of
                         Comparable Size, 1998

                                                   Average
                                                 fares for
                                          1998  nonconstra     Percent
                        Length of      average        ined  difference
Community airport       trip             fares    airports          \a
----------------------  ----------  ----------  ----------  ----------
Charlotte               Short             39.1        24.7          58
                         Medium           19.6        12.0          63
                         Long             12.9         9.1          42
                         Overall          28.0        14.5          58
Cincinnati              Short             41.0        21.6          90
                         Medium           17.3        13.8          26
                         Long             13.8        11.3          23
                         Overall          25.6        14.7          65
Detroit-Wayne County    Short             31.4        21.6          46
                         Medium           11.7        13.8         -15
                         Long             12.0        11.3           7
                         Overall          17.4        14.7          20
Minneapolis             Short             36.2        21.6          68
                         Medium           18.8        13.8          37
                         Long              N/A        11.3         N/A
                         Overall          22.3        14.7          49
Newark                  Short             29.9        21.6          39
                         Medium           14.9        13.8           8
                         Long             11.6        11.3           3
                         Overall          16.6        14.7          20
Pittsburgh              Short             47.4        21.6         120
                         Medium           16.9        13.8          23
                         Long             12.9        11.3          15
                         Overall          25.8        14.7          83
Chicago O'Hare          Short             30.7        21.6          42
                         Medium           15.9        13.8          15
                         Long              N/A        11.3         N/A
                         Overall          20.4        14.7          29
New York LaGuardia      Short             38.3        21.6          78
                         Medium           17.2        13.8          25
                         Long             12.5        11.3          11
                         Overall          21.4        14.7          50
New York Kennedy        Short             27.8        21.6          29
                         Medium           12.0        13.8         -13
                         Long             11.9        11.3           5
                         Overall          12.5        14.7           4
Reagan Washington       Short             39.3        21.6          83
 National                Medium           15.8        13.8          15
                         Long             10.6        11.3          -6
                         Overall          21.9        14.7          55
----------------------------------------------------------------------
\a Overall percent differences represent weighted averages reflecting
passenger distributions at the nonconstrained airports. 

Source:  GAO's analysis of data from Data Base Products, Inc. 


   CONCLUSIONS
------------------------------------------------------------ Letter :6

Airfares have continued to decline for all sizes of communities since
deregulation, although average airfares have increased for certain
segments of the traveling public, especially since 1994.  Similarly,
the overall quality of air service has improved except for that in
some small and medium-sized communities.  Since deregulation, a
number of major airlines have dominated operations at 10 key airports
leading to constrained competition and higher airfares.  Slots and
the federal perimeter rule continue to exacerbate the impacts of
barriers by limiting the number of landings and takeoffs and
prohibiting incoming and outgoing flights that exceed a certain
distance at certain airports.  Thus, while deregulation continues to
benefit the majority of the nation's travelers, there remain some
communities where those benefits have not been realized. 


   AGENCY COMMENTS
------------------------------------------------------------ Letter :7

We provided DOT with copies of a draft of this report for its review
and comment.  We spoke with DOT officials from the Office of the
Secretary, including the Deputy Assistant Secretary for Aviation and
International Affairs.  DOT generally agreed with the information in
the report and provided a number of comments to clarify issues
addressed in the report; we incorporated these comments as
appropriate. 

As arranged with your offices, unless you publicly announce its
contents earlier, we plan no further distribution of this report
until 10 days after the date of this letter.  At that time, we will
send copies to the Secretary of Transportation; the Director, Office
of Management and Budget; and other interested parties.  We will send
copies to others upon request.  We conducted our work from November
1998 through February 1999 in accordance with generally accepted
government auditing standards. 

If you have any questions, please call me at (202) 512-2834.  Major
contributors to this report are listed in appendix VI of this report. 

John H.  Anderson, Jr.
Director, Transportation Issues


SCOPE AND METHODOLOGY
=========================================================== Appendix I

To analyze changes in airfares since 1990, we reviewed data on fares
covering the period 1990 through the second quarter of 1998 (the most
current information available at the time of our work).  To provide
consistent, comparable information in updating our prior report on
trends in airfares since deregulation at airports serving small,
medium-sized, and large communities, we reviewed data on the same 112
airports that we examined in our two prior reports.\20 We selected
those airports using the following criteria: 

  -- All of the airports were in metropolitan statistical areas or
     (1) an area that included at least one city with 50,000 or more
     inhabitants and (2) an area with an urbanized area as defined by
     the Census Bureau (with at least 50,000 inhabitants) and a total
     metropolitan population of at least 100,000 (75,000 in New
     England).  Small communities were those with populations in a
     metropolitan statistical area of 300,000 or less, medium-sized
     communities were those with populations of 300,001 to 600,000,
     and large communities were those with populations of 1.5 million
     or more.  In our prior reports, we used 1984 U.S.  Census data
     to provide information on community sizes midway between the
     years reviewed (1979, 1984, and 1988) for each airport location. 
     While keeping the same sample of airports for this report, we
     reviewed U.S.  Census data for 1996 to identify changes in
     communities' populations.  We did this to ensure that, had some
     populations changed significantly since our previous report, we
     would compare those communities with others of similar size. 

  -- Almost all of the airports were among those with the largest 175
     enplanements in the nation, as determined by the number of
     passenger enplanements in 1997.  This criterion was necessary
     because as an airport's rank falls, the number of tickets from
     that airport in the Department of Transportation's (DOT)
     "Passenger Origin-Destination Survey" declines.  A smaller
     number of tickets per route increases the potential for sampling
     error and may result in calculations that are not representative
     of the airport's overall traffic. 

  -- All of the airports were located within the 48 contiguous states
     because airports outside the contiguous states are often special
     cases.  Travel from airports located in Alaska, Hawaii, Puerto
     Rico, and the Virgin Islands is often for very short distances
     (between islands) and very long distances (between Alaska or
     Hawaii and the contiguous states) or may take the place of
     ground transportation (between cities in Alaska). 

In addition, we added several airports in communities that had not
been included in the previous reports.  In general, these are
airports that are also included within the largest 175 airports
located in the continental United States serving medium-large
communities with populations between 600,001 and 1.5 million.  We
excluded Orlando/Sanford airport because origin and destination data
from 1991 to 1998 were lacking, and we excluded North Las Vegas Field
because it had unusually high fares.  We added four other
cities--Albany, Huntington, Rochester, and Syracuse--following
discussions with the staffs of Representative William O.  Lipinski
and Representative Peter A.  DeFazio for further insight into fares
and service for airlines serving small and rural communities. 

We obtained the data on airfares from a private contractor, Data Base
Products, Inc., which gets its original data from DOT.  Data Base
Products, Inc., makes a number of revisions to the data submitted to
DOT by the airlines to correct for biases and obvious reporting
errors.  Data Base Products, Inc., also incorporates data from main
airlines' regional commuter partners, thereby providing a more
complete picture of passengers' true itineraries and costs.  To
enhance the comparability of the data, we converted the airfare
information into constant 1998 dollars.\21 Because the number of
passengers traveling on routes can change over time, examining fares
at two different times could reflect differences in the number of
travelers going to various destinations rather than fare changes. 
Therefore, as with our prior reports, we held the distribution of
passengers across distance categories constant at the level found
with the latest four quarters ending with the second quarter of 1998. 

To add to the information that we published in our previous reports,
we also calculated averages for travel of various distances to or
from these airports.  We believe that additional information provides
a greater context than the basic average fare.  We recognize that few
if any passengers may actually have paid an ï¿½average fareï¿½ in any one
market but believe that such averages provide insightful information
for analyzing broad trends in airfares over time. 

Because we analyzed data that were drawn from a statistical sampling
of tickets purchased, each estimate developed from the sample has a
measurable precision, or sampling error.  The sampling error is the
maximum amount by which the estimate obtained from a statistical
sample can be expected to differ from the true universe value.  We
did not calculate the sampling error for each airport's fare
estimates during this update because the sampling errors calculated
in the previous two reports were consistently small.  We believe that
the same approximate sampling errors would apply to the estimates
developed for this review. 

To analyze changes in the quality of air service for these same 171
airports, we obtained data on scheduled airline service from DOT's
Bureau of Transportation Statistics.  We used these data to analyze
changes from 1978 through 1998 in four measures of the quality of
service that we reported in the past.  Those measures are (1) the
total number of scheduled nonstop departures from each airport, (2)
the total number of seats available on those flights, (3) the number
of scheduled destinations served by nonstop and one-stop flights from
each airport, and (4) the number of scheduled jet and turboprop
departures at those airports.\22 To reduce ï¿½seasonalityï¿½ associated
with air travel (that is, to avoid having the data reflect higher
amounts of travel associated with summer vacations or reduced winter
travel), we used information from May 1978 and May 1998. 

Finally, to determine whether certain airport limitations that we had
previously identified continued to restrict competition, we visited
those airports to update our work concerning markets restricted by
gate, slot, or perimeter barriers to domestic airline markets. 
Specifically, we conducted interviews with representatives of
Charlotte-Douglas International Airport, Cincinnati-Northern Kentucky
International Airport, Detroit Wayne County Airport, Minneapolis-St. 
Paul International Airport, and Pittsburgh International Airport.  We
held a formal teleconference with officials representing Newark
International Airport.  We obtained additional information and
perspectives on barriers to entry from officials representing Access
Air, Continental Airlines, Delta Airlines, Eastwind Airlines, Legend
Airlines, Northwest Airlines, US Airways, Spirit Airlines, and
Vanguard Airlines.  To discuss the effect that the perimeter rule may
have on competition, we met with officials representing the
Washington Metropolitan Airport Authority, which oversees both Reagan
Washington National Airport and Washington Dulles International
Airport.  We also analyzed airfare data for these airports by
comparing their average fares against those for communities of
comparable size but excluding the other constrained airports. 
Because each airport has a different distribution of flight lengths,
we made comparisons within each of the three distance categories.  To
get an overall comparison for each of the 10 constrained airports, we
then took a weighted average of the comparisons within each distance
category.  The resulting percent differences are therefore adjusted
for distance as well as for particular passenger distributions at
each airport. 


--------------------
\20 Airline Deregulation:  Trends in Airfares at Airports in Small
and Medium-Sized Communities (GAO/RCED-91-13, Nov.  8, 1990) and
Airline Deregulation:  Changes in Airfares, Service, and Safety at
Small, Medium-Sized, and Large Communities (GAO/RCED-96-79, Apr.  19,
1996). 

\21 Because the most current data available at the time of our review
were for the second quarter of 1998, in recalculating fares into 1998
dollars, we actually used a deflator covering the four quarters from
the third quarter of 1997 through the second quarter of 1998. 

\22 Other indicators of service quality might include information
such as an airline's on-time performance.  While such information is
regularly reported by DOT, the DOT Inspector General has questioned
the reliability and validity of those data. 


CHANGES IN AVERAGE AIRFARES PER
PASSENGER MILE BY SIZE OF
COMMUNITY AND BY LENGTH OF TRIP,
1990--98
========================================================== Appendix II

                                                                          Cents per passenger mile (constant dollars)               cent change
                                                             ---------------------------------------------------------------------  ------------------
                         Length of
             State       trip              1990        1991      1992       1993      1994      1995      1996   1997-98   1990-98   1990-93   1994-98
-----------  ----------  ----------  ----------  ----------  --------  ---------  --------  --------  --------  --------  --------  --------  --------
Small-community
airports
------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Amarillo     TX          Short             18.1        18.4      17.9       18.3      17.8      18.6      19.2      18.9       4.5       1.2       6.4

                         Medium            17.6        17.0      15.3       16.8      17.1      16.8      15.0      14.4     -18.4      -4.7     -16.0

                         Long               N/A         N/A       N/A        N/A       N/A       N/A       N/A       N/A       N/A       N/A       N/A

                         Avg.              17.8        17.7      16.5       17.5      17.4      17.7      17.0      16.5      -7.3      -1.9      -5.1

Asheville    NC          Short             31.2        31.0      28.5       31.6      21.1      28.8      30.1      26.9     -13.7       1.3      27.6

                         Medium            19.0        17.9      15.6       17.4      15.9      18.0      19.1      16.8     -11.4      -8.6       5.7

                         Long              12.2        12.3      10.4       11.8      12.4      12.6      12.6      11.8      -3.1      -3.2      -5.0

                         Avg.              24.1        23.7      21.6       24.0      18.2      23.0      23.9      21.5     -10.9      -0.6      18.1

Bangor       ME          Short             47.8        40.1      37.2       36.4      33.6      34.9      36.8      29.9     -37.4     -23.9     -11.0

                         Medium            18.0        16.2      14.7       14.9      14.2      14.2      13.0      11.5     -36.2     -17.1     -19.1

                         Long              10.0         9.4       8.3        8.9       9.3       9.3       9.2       8.2     -18.2     -11.2     -12.1

                         Avg.              19.5        17.4      15.8       16.2      15.6      15.7      15.0      13.2     -32.3     -16.9     -15.2

Billings     MT          Short             34.0        29.6      26.9       28.0      26.6      25.8      28.3      27.0     -20.5     -17.6       1.5

                         Medium            16.4        15.1      12.8       14.2      14.8      14.8      14.9      14.3     -13.1     -13.9      -3.6

                         Long              11.4        10.8       9.2        9.5      10.2      10.4      10.0      10.0     -12.3     -16.4      -2.4

                         Avg.              20.3        18.3      16.0       17.3      17.5      17.2      17.9      17.2     -15.3     -14.8      -2.0

Binghamton   NY          Short             49.9        44.6      41.7       42.9      39.0      39.4      40.2      39.9     -20.1     -14.0       2.2

                         Medium            20.8        19.6      17.8       19.0      17.5      17.8      18.0      16.8     -19.1      -8.6      -4.1

                         Long              14.7        13.4      11.9       13.1      12.3      12.8      14.2      14.0      -4.7     -11.1      13.8

                         Avg.              23.1        21.9      20.0       21.1      20.2      20.2      21.1      20.7     -10.7      -8.7       2.3

Bismarck     ND          Short             35.8        34.2      31.9       30.9      28.4      28.0      29.6      29.3     -18.2     -13.7       3.3

                         Medium            15.4        15.1      12.9       13.6      14.3      14.2      14.5      15.0      -2.7     -12.0       4.8

                         Long               N/A         N/A       N/A        N/A       N/A       N/A       N/A       N/A       N/A       N/A       N/A

                         Avg.              19.1        18.5      16.2       16.5      16.7      16.5      17.1      17.7      -7.3     -13.5       5.5

Burlington   VT          Short             42.6        37.8      37.3       36.7      32.8      35.1      36.6      35.5     -16.8     -13.8       8.1

                         Medium            17.6        16.5      14.3       15.8      15.4      16.0      16.1      15.2     -13.6     -10.0      -1.5

                         Long              11.7        10.6       9.3       10.7      11.4      11.5      12.0      12.1       3.7      -8.3       6.5

                         Avg.              19.6        18.1      16.6       17.8      17.4      17.9      18.3      17.8      -9.0      -8.9       2.7

Cedar        IA          Short             44.8        39.3      35.3       35.9      35.4      35.1      37.0      35.7     -20.4     -19.9       0.7
Rapids

                         Medium            16.9        15.1      14.2       16.9      17.2      17.0      16.9      16.9       0.4       0.5      -1.8

                         Long               N/A         N/A       N/A        N/A       N/A       N/A       N/A       N/A       N/A       N/A       N/A

                         Avg.              22.8        20.3      18.7       21.4      21.5      21.2      21.6      21.5      -5.7      -6.2       0.1

Champaign    IL          Short             35.6        31.7      33.2       34.0      34.0      34.4      34.6      30.2     -15.3      -4.5     -11.4

                         Medium            16.0        16.0      14.9       16.9      16.4      16.7      15.6      12.7     -20.5       5.8     -22.5

                         Long               N/A         N/A       N/A        N/A       N/A       N/A       N/A       N/A       N/A       N/A       N/A

                         Avg.              21.0        20.5      19.8       21.7      21.2      21.6      20.8      18.1     -13.8       3.3     -14.7

Charleston   WV          Short             43.4        40.6      39.2       43.5      41.0      40.4      41.7      39.1      -9.8       0.4      -4.6

                         Medium            20.7        20.5      19.1       22.5      21.0      20.3      19.7      15.8     -24.0       8.6     -25.1

                         Long              12.9        12.0      11.1       12.3      13.5      12.8      12.8       9.5     -26.0      -4.3     -29.6

                         Avg.              26.9        25.8      24.5       27.9      27.0      26.1      26.5      23.4     -12.9       3.7     -13.3

Duluth       MN          Short             45.4        44.4      34.5       37.6      38.0      37.9      42.1      43.8      -3.4     -17.2      15.5

                         Medium            17.4        17.9      14.7       16.4      17.4      16.7      18.0      17.6       0.9      -5.8       1.2

                         Long               N/A         N/A       N/A        N/A       N/A       N/A       N/A       N/A       N/A       N/A       N/A

                         Avg.              21.3        21.5      17.6       19.6      20.6      20.1      21.7      21.8       2.3      -7.8       5.5

Elmira/      NY          Short             48.9        46.2      45.4       52.4      48.5      44.0      47.9      43.9     -10.2       7.3      -9.5
Corning

                         Medium            17.4        18.1      17.0       18.2      17.3      17.1      16.7      15.5     -11.1       4.8     -10.4

                         Long              13.5        12.5      11.8       12.0      12.7      12.8      13.7      13.2      -2.1     -11.1       4.1

                         Avg.              23.7        23.5      22.6       24.7      24.3      23.5      24.6      23.0      -3.0       4.2      -5.6

Erie         PA          Short             44.0        39.9      37.4       45.6      41.5      43.2      46.5      38.2     -13.2       3.7      -8.0

                         Medium            17.7        16.5      15.2       17.6      15.8      15.8      14.8      12.7     -28.2      -0.4     -19.5

                         Long              13.2        12.1      10.8       13.0      12.0      11.6      11.8      10.3     -22.1      -1.7     -14.2

                         Avg.              23.3        21.7      20.2       24.1      22.2      22.6      23.0      19.6     -15.7       3.6     -11.5

Evansville   IN          Short             46.0        43.0      39.0       40.6      39.3      40.2      37.1      35.5     -22.9     -11.9      -9.6

                         Medium            19.1        18.7      15.9       17.2      17.4      17.8      16.5      13.4     -30.2      -9.9     -23.0

                         Long               N/A         N/A       N/A        N/A       N/A       N/A       N/A       N/A       N/A       N/A       N/A

                         Avg.              29.1        28.2      25.0       26.7      26.5      26.5      24.4      22.6     -22.5      -8.5     -14.9

Fargo        ND          Short             40.6        38.5      31.7       33.3      29.3      29.5      33.4      33.0     -18.5     -17.8      12.8

                         Medium            14.8        15.2      12.3       13.5      14.4      14.4      15.1      16.2       9.2      -9.1      12.3

                         Long               N/A         N/A       N/A        N/A       N/A       N/A       N/A       N/A       N/A       N/A       N/A

                         Avg.              19.6        19.7      16.2       17.5      17.4      17.3      18.7      19.8       0.8     -10.7      13.7

Fayettevill  AR          Short             37.5        35.1      31.8       34.6      34.4      32.1      32.7      28.5     -24.0      -7.6     -17.1
e

                         Medium            20.7        20.5      17.6       20.3      20.2      19.6      18.8      16.8     -18.5      -1.8     -16.6

                         Long               N/A         N/A       N/A        N/A       N/A       N/A       N/A       N/A       N/A       N/A       N/A

                         Avg.              25.9        25.4      22.3       25.3      25.0      23.8      23.4      21.0     -18.8      -2.3     -16.0

Fayettevill  NC          Short             32.0        28.4      29.2       31.9      27.7      29.5      28.4      27.9     -12.8      -0.3       0.8
e

                         Medium            20.0        18.3      18.1       20.5      20.3      22.1      20.9      18.4      -8.2       2.5      -9.4

                         Long              11.0        11.1      10.6       12.1      12.7      13.1      12.0      11.1       1.4      10.8     -12.8

                         Avg.              22.0        20.2      20.3       22.7      21.1      22.6      21.5      20.3      -7.6       3.1      -3.8

Gainesville  FL          Short             32.2        35.4      34.2       36.5      30.4      35.0      36.2      29.4      -8.5      13.5      -3.3

                         Medium            17.5        20.3      18.9       20.9      17.3      19.4      20.4      16.1      -7.8      19.8      -6.8

                         Long              11.7        12.3      11.6       13.2      12.8      13.2      13.4      11.4      -2.7      12.0     -10.8

                         Avg.              20.2        22.8      21.7       23.8      20.2      22.3      23.1      18.9      -6.7      17.4      -6.6

Grand        CO          Short             31.2        29.6      28.2       25.3      22.3      32.0      28.4      25.0     -20.0     -18.7      11.7
Junction

                         Medium            17.6        15.9      13.9       14.6      15.3      16.3      17.2      15.4     -12.6     -16.7       0.2

                         Long              13.4        10.8       8.8       12.3      13.2       4.7      10.8       4.6     -66.1      -8.3     -65.4

                         Avg.              22.5        20.8      19.0       18.7      18.4      21.4      21.2      18.9     -16.0     -16.6       2.7

Great Falls  MT          Short             36.7        33.5      29.3       31.4      28.9      28.3      29.2      27.7     -24.4     -14.4      -4.0

                         Medium            15.7        14.7      13.4       14.3      15.1      15.0      15.0      14.1      -9.8      -8.9      -6.4

                         Long              10.5         9.8       7.9        8.7       9.9      10.0       9.3       8.8     -16.3     -17.0     -11.1

                         Avg.              18.3        17.1      15.4       16.5      16.7      16.5      16.7      15.9     -13.2      -9.7      -4.7

Green Bay    WI          Short             46.2        42.5      38.3       41.8      41.5      38.1      39.7      40.3     -12.8      -9.6      -2.9

                         Medium            16.0        16.5      15.1       16.0      16.8      15.1      15.0      13.6     -14.9       0.2     -19.2

                         Long               N/A         N/A       N/A        N/A       N/A       N/A       N/A       N/A       N/A       N/A       N/A

                         Avg.              21.4        21.0      19.2       20.6      21.3      19.4      19.7      18.8     -12.3      -3.7     -12.0

Lincoln      NE          Short             40.3        35.6      33.2       36.1      30.5      22.7      24.8      25.6     -36.4     -10.4     -16.0

                         Medium            17.3        16.9      15.1       17.2      15.5      13.6      14.1      13.4     -22.7      -0.8     -13.7

                         Long               N/A         N/A       N/A        N/A       N/A       N/A       N/A       N/A       N/A       N/A       N/A

                         Avg.              21.9        20.9      18.8       21.3      18.8      15.6      16.5      16.1     -26.3      -3.0     -14.1

Lubbock      TX          Short             17.8        17.5      17.7       18.2      18.0      18.3      18.2      18.2       2.5       2.6       1.1

                         Medium            16.0        15.4      14.7       16.0      15.8      15.1      13.6      12.4     -22.7      -0.1     -21.6

                         Long               N/A         N/A       N/A        N/A       N/A       N/A       N/A       N/A       N/A       N/A       N/A

                         Avg.              16.8        16.4      16.1       17.1      16.9      16.7      15.8      15.2      -9.7       1.3      -9.8

Manchester   NH          Short             42.4        39.3      37.3       39.6      34.1      37.3      36.9      34.3     -19.0      -6.4       0.7

                         Medium            17.3        17.2      17.2       19.3      16.3      17.3      15.6      14.8     -14.2      11.5      -9.2

                         Long              12.1        11.6      10.5       12.7      12.9      11.8      12.8      11.0      -9.2       5.4     -15.0

                         Avg.              19.8        19.2      18.6       20.7      18.7      19.4      18.8      17.4     -12.1       4.5      -6.7

Medford      OR          Short             40.4        34.6      30.9       34.5      33.7      28.5      28.3      23.6     -41.5     -14.5     -30.0

                         Medium            14.6        13.6      13.3       13.5      13.9      14.2      14.3      12.1     -16.9      -7.7     -12.6

                         Long              10.9        10.2       9.8       10.2       9.6       9.8      10.0       9.6     -11.5      -6.5       0.0

                         Avg.              21.5        19.4      18.2       19.4      19.1      17.5      17.6      15.4     -28.3     -10.0     -19.4

Midland/     TX          Short             19.1        19.0      18.0       18.3      17.6      18.3      19.1      19.6       2.3      -4.4      11.5
Odessa

                         Medium            15.4        15.4      14.5       15.2      14.3      13.7      13.2      12.3     -20.1      -1.4     -13.8

                         Long               N/A         N/A       N/A        N/A       N/A       N/A       N/A       N/A       N/A       N/A       N/A

                         Avg.              17.3        17.2      16.3       16.8      15.9      16.0      16.2      16.0      -7.8      -3.2       0.2

Missoula     MT          Short             36.2        32.1      31.3       31.4      30.9      28.5      30.5      26.4     -27.2     -13.4     -14.7

                         Medium            16.1        14.6      13.3       14.1      15.5      15.4      14.8      14.0     -12.9     -12.7      -9.6

                         Long              11.3        10.6       9.7       10.4      11.5      11.3      11.2      10.1     -10.6      -8.3     -11.7

                         Avg.              18.0        16.4      15.2       16.0      17.0      16.6      16.4      15.2     -15.7     -11.5     -10.7

Myrtle       SC          Short             27.3        25.3      22.6       25.1      20.4      22.8      21.0      17.9     -34.6      -8.1     -12.5
Beach

                         Medium            19.9        19.4      17.4       18.9      16.7      18.4      18.1      15.6     -21.7      -5.2      -6.6

                         Long              11.5        11.2      10.4       12.0      11.5      12.1      11.8      11.2      -2.4       4.0      -2.2

                         Avg.              23.7        22.2      20.0       22.2      18.6      20.6      19.3      16.6     -29.8      -6.3     -10.5

Pasco        WA          Short             47.8        42.2      39.3       38.0      30.4      29.7      28.3      24.5     -48.7     -20.6     -19.4

                         Medium            19.7        19.4      18.2       19.7      19.5      19.4      17.0      15.2     -23.1      -0.3     -22.2

                         Long              16.3        15.5      14.6       16.6      16.6      16.4      15.0      14.1     -13.1       2.3     -14.7

                         Avg.              22.8        21.9      20.7       21.8      20.7      20.4      18.5      16.7     -26.9      -4.5     -19.6

Portland     ME          Short             41.7        37.7      34.8       36.5      34.8      36.3      37.2      33.7     -19.1     -12.5      -3.1

                         Medium            19.0        17.7      15.3       16.7      16.5      16.5      15.8      14.8     -22.4     -12.5     -10.6

                         Long              10.9        10.5       9.3       10.2      10.7      10.7      10.8      10.4      -5.1      -6.6      -2.6

                         Avg.              19.7        18.3      16.3       17.5      17.5      17.6      17.4      16.4     -16.6     -10.9      -5.9

Rapid City   SD          Short             39.0        33.8      29.6       31.0      27.5      31.4      31.8      30.2     -22.6     -20.7      10.1

                         Medium            17.4        15.7      13.5       14.7      15.1      15.4      15.4      14.5     -16.4     -15.6      -3.8

                         Long               N/A         N/A       N/A        N/A       N/A       N/A       N/A       N/A       N/A       N/A       N/A

                         Avg.              20.7        18.5      16.1       17.3      17.3      17.7      18.0      17.2     -16.8     -16.4      -0.4

Reno         NV          Short             27.1        18.8      18.2       17.1      14.7      14.8      13.2      13.7     -49.4     -36.9      -7.0

                         Medium            14.2        13.1      11.5       11.6      12.1      10.6       9.6       8.8     -38.1     -18.4     -27.4

                         Long              11.3        10.4       9.4        9.7      10.3       9.6       9.9       8.7     -22.7     -13.7     -15.2

                         Avg.              18.0        14.5      13.3       12.9      12.5      11.8      10.9      10.4     -42.3     -28.1     -17.3

Roanoke      VA          Short             39.5        38.7      34.8       37.5      27.9      35.9      37.8      37.4      -5.4      -5.1      33.8

                         Medium            19.3        19.7      17.1       18.3      16.3      18.0      18.2      18.3      -5.1      -4.8      11.9

                         Long              12.1        12.8      11.4       12.8      12.5      12.2      12.8      13.0       7.6       5.6       4.0

                         Avg.              25.8        25.8      23.1       24.8      20.5      24.2      25.3      25.4      -1.6      -3.9      23.8

Rochester    MN          Short             43.9        39.7      34.3       36.4      37.6      36.9      41.6      35.8     -18.5     -17.1      -5.0

                         Medium            20.5        21.3      18.1       20.1      19.8      19.3      21.5      20.2      -1.6      -2.1       2.0

                         Long               N/A         N/A       N/A        N/A       N/A       N/A       N/A       N/A       N/A       N/A       N/A

                         Avg.              24.8        24.8      21.2       23.4      23.3      22.8      25.4      23.2      -6.2      -5.7      -0.4

Savannah     GA          Short             28.4        30.6      28.5       29.8      22.7      26.7      23.7      22.2     -22.1       4.9      -2.4

                         Medium            19.0        19.7      18.3       19.6      17.2      18.4      17.7      15.2     -20.1       2.8     -11.3

                         Long              12.2        13.0      11.5       13.2      13.1      13.5      12.6      11.5      -6.0       8.1     -12.6

                         Avg.              21.9        23.1      21.5       22.9      18.9      21.1      19.4      17.5     -20.0       4.8      -7.1

Sioux City   IA          Short             40.3        36.4      31.8       34.7      31.2      28.0      28.0      26.8     -33.5     -14.0     -14.3

                         Medium            15.9        17.2      14.3       16.7      16.2      12.5      13.6      13.2     -16.7       5.2     -18.1

                         Long               N/A         N/A       N/A        N/A       N/A       N/A       N/A       N/A       N/A       N/A       N/A

                         Avg.              21.0        21.6      18.3       20.7      19.6      16.0      16.9      16.5     -21.6      -1.6     -15.9

Sioux Falls  SD          Short             40.5        36.9      30.7       32.8      30.4      28.2      28.4      27.7     -31.7     -19.1      -9.0

                         Medium            16.2        15.9      12.8       14.7      14.5      14.7      13.0      12.1     -25.4      -9.3     -16.8

                         Long               N/A         N/A       N/A        N/A       N/A       N/A       N/A       N/A       N/A       N/A       N/A

                         Avg.              20.4        19.5      15.9       17.9      17.4      17.0      15.7      15.0     -26.4     -12.4     -13.5

South Bend   IN          Short             36.4        34.2      33.3       35.2      30.3      30.3      31.3      30.1     -17.2      -3.3      -0.5

                         Medium            15.3        14.4      14.2       15.6      14.2      14.2      12.9      11.4     -25.8       2.2     -20.1

                         Long               N/A         N/A       N/A        N/A       N/A       N/A       N/A       N/A       N/A       N/A       N/A

                         Avg.              20.7        19.4      19.0       20.7      18.5      18.5      17.7      16.4     -20.5       0.3     -11.3

Springfield  MO          Short             40.8        36.9      32.1       31.1      30.8      30.9      33.6      32.3     -20.7     -23.7       5.2

                         Medium            16.3        16.7      14.4       14.9      14.3      14.9      14.3      13.4     -17.9      -8.9      -6.2

                         Long               N/A         N/A       N/A        N/A       N/A       N/A       N/A       N/A       N/A       N/A       N/A

                         Avg.              21.8        21.6      18.6       19.0      18.3      18.7      19.0      18.4     -15.7     -12.8       0.5

Tallahassee  FL          Short             39.4        38.3      36.7       39.0      32.5      33.7      36.3      33.7     -14.4      -0.8       3.7

                         Medium            19.5        20.6      18.6       20.4      18.5      19.4      20.4      18.6      -4.8       4.6       0.7

                         Long              12.0        11.8      11.4       12.8      12.4      13.2      13.1      12.8       7.1       6.9       3.7

                         Avg.              27.9        27.8      26.3       28.3      24.5      25.2      26.9      25.0     -10.5       1.5       2.1

Valparaiso/  FL          Short             31.3        28.9      27.2       30.1      28.4      28.1      26.8      23.1     -26.2      -3.7     -18.7
Ft. Walton
Beach

                         Medium            19.8        19.3      17.6       19.1      17.7      17.2      17.0      15.2     -23.4      -3.5     -14.1

                         Long              13.6        13.1      11.9       13.4      13.5      12.4      12.3      11.7     -14.2      -1.0     -13.4

                         Avg.              23.0        21.9      20.2       22.3      20.9      20.4      19.7      17.4     -24.3      -3.0     -16.7

Wilmington   NC          Short             34.4        30.1      26.9       28.0      22.9      26.4      26.9      25.3     -26.4     -18.6      10.2

                         Medium            24.0        23.0      19.1       21.2      19.0      21.1      22.4      19.1     -20.2     -11.5       0.5

                         Long              12.8        13.1      11.8       13.6      13.2      13.3      13.1      11.8      -7.8       6.5     -10.8

                         Avg.              25.9        23.9      21.2       22.9      19.7      22.0      22.6      20.7     -20.3     -11.8       5.0




Medium-sized-community airports
------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Appleton     WI          Short             50.4        46.0      41.5       42.4      39.9      35.9      36.5      36.2     -28.1     -15.9      -9.2

                         Medium            22.1        22.1      20.1       21.3      20.2      19.0      17.6      15.6     -29.5      -3.8     -23.1

                         Long               N/A         N/A       N/A        N/A       N/A       N/A       N/A       N/A       N/A       N/A       N/A

                         Avg.              28.2        27.1      24.5       25.7      24.6      22.9      21.9      20.3     -28.0      -8.7     -17.5

Atlantic     NJ          Short             28.9        26.2      24.3       22.1      20.7      29.1      25.1      17.8     -38.2     -23.6     -14.0
City

                         Medium            15.2        16.0      16.2       13.3      12.0      11.5      10.9       9.1     -40.1     -12.7     -24.0

                         Long              11.4        11.3      10.5       11.9      10.7      10.5      12.2      10.9      -4.2       4.7       1.7

                         Avg.              17.9        17.9      17.7       15.4      14.3      16.1      14.8      11.6     -35.3     -14.1     -18.9

Augusta      GA          Short             37.9        34.1      31.4       34.1      35.4      33.7      33.8      32.9     -13.2     -10.1      -7.0

                         Medium            25.4        22.8      20.7       22.7      23.7      24.4      24.9      23.0      -9.3     -10.6      -2.7

                         Long              16.5        15.2      13.5       16.2      15.3      16.6      17.2      14.5     -12.6      -2.3      -5.2

                         Avg.              29.5        26.6      24.4       26.8      27.6      27.4      27.6      26.0     -12.0      -9.2      -5.8

Baton Rouge  LA          Short             30.9        30.4      28.2       29.2      26.2      28.7      26.3      23.4     -24.3      -5.5     -10.7

                         Medium            18.9        18.0      16.2       18.0      16.6      16.1      14.9      13.7     -27.5      -4.6     -17.5

                         Long              15.3        13.2      11.0       13.0      12.6      11.9      10.9       8.9     -42.0     -15.4     -29.3

                         Avg.              22.5        21.7      19.9       21.4      19.5      19.8      18.3      16.6     -26.2      -4.7     -14.7

Boise        ID          Short             36.4        33.5      32.5       27.0      20.6      18.6      16.6      16.8     -53.7     -25.7     -18.4

                         Medium            18.8        18.4      16.1       17.3      17.3      15.2      14.1      13.7     -27.0      -7.7     -20.8

                         Long              14.6        14.2      12.6       13.5      13.4      12.8      12.3      11.6     -20.6      -7.8     -13.2

                         Avg.              26.8        25.2      23.8       21.1      18.2      16.4      15.0      14.8     -44.7     -21.3     -18.8

Bristol/     TN          Short             37.8        36.2      31.5       36.0      35.3      34.0      35.1      32.7     -13.6      -4.7      -7.3
Kingsport

                         Medium            21.1        19.4      17.0       19.3      18.5      19.7      19.8      17.8     -15.7      -8.6      -4.1

                         Long              13.6        13.1      12.1       13.3      12.7      13.8      12.9      13.4      -2.1      -2.4       5.2

                         Avg.              28.6        27.2      23.9       27.2      26.6      26.4      26.8      25.0     -12.6      -4.9      -5.8

Charleston   SC          Short             29.8        30.2      29.5       29.6      21.0      28.5      26.9      27.4      -8.2      -0.7      30.5

                         Medium            20.3        20.4      18.8       21.1      16.4      19.2      19.2      18.2     -10.2       3.7      11.5

                         Long              12.1        12.5      11.8       13.2      12.9      12.2      12.7      12.6       4.4       9.3      -2.1

                         Avg.              22.8        23.1      22.2       23.3      17.7      22.0      21.3      21.3      -6.5       2.3      20.3

Chattanooga  TN          Short             39.8        36.9      32.3       35.5      35.8      35.7      33.7      26.6     -33.1     -10.9     -25.7

                         Medium            18.9        18.5      16.5       17.4      17.9      18.7      17.5      16.7     -11.7      -8.1      -6.5

                         Long              13.6        13.5      12.3       13.9      12.9      14.2      11.9      13.0      -4.4       1.9       1.1

                         Avg.              30.3        28.6      25.3       27.5      27.8      28.1      26.4      22.2     -26.5      -9.3     -20.0

Colorado     CO          Short             29.9        26.3      23.0       22.2      22.0      16.2      14.1      17.7     -40.8     -25.8     -19.5
Springs

                         Medium            18.2        16.5      14.7       16.3      15.7      13.7      11.5      12.9     -28.8     -10.3     -17.7

                         Long               N/A         N/A       N/A        N/A       N/A       N/A       N/A       N/A       N/A       N/A       N/A

                         Avg.              20.5        18.5      16.4       17.5      17.0      14.2      12.0      13.9     -32.0     -14.6     -18.2

Columbia     SC          Short             34.1        33.7      32.9       35.5      25.8      31.0      28.8      30.8      -9.6       4.2      19.2

                         Medium            20.5        20.3      19.2       20.8      18.9      21.8      21.2      20.8       1.6       1.8       9.8

                         Long              12.5        12.7      12.3       14.4      14.9      15.0      14.5      14.3      14.6      15.2      -4.0

                         Avg.              25.5        25.3      24.6       26.8      21.7      24.9      23.6      24.6      -3.6       5.0      13.8

Corpus       TX          Short             24.0        21.6      21.7       22.1      21.0      22.9      23.6      23.8      -1.1      -8.2      13.3
Christi

                         Medium            16.7        15.4      14.0       16.4      15.7      15.6      15.0      13.0     -22.5      -1.9     -17.7

                         Long               0.0        23.7      12.0       11.5       9.5      11.8       N/A      12.0       N/A       N/A      26.7

                         Avg.              18.7        17.1      16.1       18.0      17.2      17.6      17.5      16.1     -14.2      -4.0      -6.6

Daytona      FL          Short             26.1        28.4      25.9       29.1      23.5      26.4      22.5      19.3     -25.8      11.5     -17.6
Beach

                         Medium            14.0        16.1      15.6       16.3      14.0      14.6      12.3      12.4     -11.9      16.0     -11.6

                         Long              10.4        10.4       9.5       10.3      10.0      10.3      10.3       8.4     -19.5      -1.1     -16.4

                         Avg.              15.6        17.3      16.4       17.6      15.2      16.1      13.9      13.0     -16.7      12.4     -14.0

Des Moines   IA          Short             43.9        37.4      36.1       38.8      37.7      35.3      31.3      38.7     -11.9     -11.7       2.6

                         Medium            16.1        14.2      13.7       16.7      17.2      16.2      15.1      15.7      -2.5       3.3      -8.6

                         Long               N/A         N/A       N/A        N/A       N/A       N/A       N/A       N/A       N/A       N/A       N/A

                         Avg.              22.1        19.3      18.6       21.5      21.7      20.1      18.4      20.8      -5.7      -2.5      -4.3

Eugene       OR          Short             36.6        33.2      29.4       23.6      20.2      21.8      20.8      20.2     -44.9     -35.5       0.0

                         Medium            16.4        16.0      14.1       14.4      14.9      14.4      14.3      12.9     -21.3     -11.8     -13.7

                         Long              10.9        10.9       9.4       10.2      10.4      10.2      10.9      10.6      -2.8      -6.6       1.6

                         Avg.              19.1        18.2      16.4       14.9      14.7      14.8      14.8      14.0     -26.7     -22.1      -4.9

Flint        MI          Short             31.9        27.9      29.4       34.2      35.7      36.9      34.8      23.7     -25.8       7.2     -33.5

                         Medium            13.0        13.3      12.5       14.3      13.8      13.6      13.4      10.2     -21.5      10.0     -25.6

                         Long              12.6        11.1      10.0       13.0      11.9      13.1      13.5       9.4     -26.0       3.2     -21.7

                         Avg.              18.1        17.3      17.1       19.9      20.0      20.2      19.5      14.6     -19.5      10.1     -27.2

Fort Myers   FL          Short             29.1        30.2      29.5       29.4      22.2      24.0      21.9      20.7     -29.0       1.1      -6.8

                         Medium            13.3        14.3      14.6       14.5      13.0      12.6      11.7      11.6     -12.9       8.8     -11.0

                         Long               9.8        10.0       9.5        9.9       9.9       9.9       9.9       9.3      -5.5       1.3      -6.6

                         Avg.              13.8        14.8      15.0       14.9      13.2      13.0      12.1      11.9     -14.1       8.0     -10.5

Fort Wayne   IN          Short             43.3        39.9      35.4       37.2      33.5      33.4      34.3      34.8     -19.7     -14.2       3.7

                         Medium            15.9        15.8      14.2       15.8      13.8      14.2      14.1      13.4     -15.7      -0.4      -2.8

                         Long               N/A         N/A       N/A        N/A       N/A       N/A       N/A       N/A       N/A       N/A       N/A

                         Avg.              24.8        23.7      21.1       22.9      20.5      20.5      20.8      20.7     -16.3      -7.6       0.9

Gulfport     MS          Short             25.4        27.6      28.1       29.4      25.8      25.2      26.8      18.7     -26.5      15.7     -27.7

                         Medium            15.1        16.1      16.6       17.7      16.3      15.2      14.5      14.3      -5.3      17.2     -12.6

                         Long              10.7        11.0      10.8       11.7      11.8      11.4       9.6       9.2     -13.8       9.2     -22.2

                         Avg.              19.6        21.1      21.6       22.7      20.5      19.6      19.9      15.9     -18.7      16.0     -22.2

Harlingen    TX          Short             18.1        18.1      18.4       18.2      17.3      18.4      19.1      19.6       8.6       0.5      13.6

                         Medium            14.8        14.1      13.7       15.2      14.2      13.7      13.3      11.6     -21.4       2.5     -18.1

                         Long              11.3         8.8       9.0        7.1      16.1      17.2      10.0      10.9      -3.3     -37.2     -32.1

                         Avg.              16.1        15.7      15.6       16.4      15.4      15.6      15.7      14.9      -7.8       1.4      -3.8

Huntington   WV          Short             38.7        36.8      35.1       37.7      35.8      38.9      38.9      37.9      -1.9      -2.7       6.1

                         Medium            18.8        19.1      17.6       19.0      19.1      20.1      20.3      15.8     -15.9       1.2     -17.3

                         Long              12.8        12.1      12.3       13.7      14.3      13.8      12.9       8.9     -30.2       7.5     -37.6

                         Avg.              28.2        27.5      25.9       28.3      27.8      29.0      28.9      26.3      -6.8       0.5      -5.5

Huntsville   AL          Short             34.9        35.4      32.8       36.4      36.0      35.0      31.5      28.8     -17.5       4.3     -20.0

                         Medium            21.3        20.8      19.2       22.4      21.5      21.8      18.8      18.3     -14.1       5.3     -15.3

                         Long              15.7        15.4      14.5       16.3      15.3      15.6      13.0      11.3     -27.8       4.2     -25.8

                         Avg.              26.7        26.7      24.9       28.1      27.4      27.2      24.0      22.5     -15.7       5.3     -17.9

Jackson      MS          Short             37.2        35.2      31.9       36.7      37.5      34.5      29.5      23.9     -35.8      -1.3     -36.2

                         Medium            20.5        19.9      17.7       19.9      21.2      21.0      16.9      13.6     -33.7      -2.9     -35.7

                         Long               0.0        13.4      21.1       12.7      19.8       N/A      14.0      17.0       N/A       N/A     -14.4

                         Avg.              27.2        26.1      23.5       26.8      27.8      26.4      22.0      17.8     -34.7      -1.5     -36.1

Kalamazoo    MI          Short             41.0        37.6      34.4       37.5      35.8      36.6      38.1      38.6      -5.9      -8.4       7.6
County

                         Medium            15.5        15.1      13.9       15.2      14.9      14.8      14.8      14.4      -7.5      -1.9      -3.8

                         Long               N/A         N/A       N/A        N/A       N/A       N/A       N/A       N/A       N/A       N/A       N/A

                         Avg.              23.3        22.1      20.2       22.3      22.0      21.6      22.1      22.4      -3.9      -4.4       1.7

Lafayette    LA          Short             32.8        31.2      27.8       27.0      24.8      26.5      27.8      23.7     -27.8     -17.6      -4.7

                         Medium            15.4        14.9      13.7       15.1      14.4      14.1      14.1      12.1     -21.4      -1.7     -16.4

                         Long              14.7        12.9       9.7       12.8      12.3      13.0      10.7      10.3     -29.6     -12.7     -16.2

                         Avg.              19.9        19.3      17.6       18.5      17.4      17.4      17.9      15.5     -22.1      -7.3     -10.9

Lansing      MI          Short             34.0        31.0      30.0       31.7      30.0      29.6      31.1      29.0     -14.8      -6.7      -3.3

                         Medium            13.6        13.4      13.2       13.9      13.6      12.4      11.6      10.2     -25.4       2.5     -25.1

                         Long              12.6        12.0       9.8       11.5      12.0       9.8      10.2       9.7     -23.0      -8.2     -19.5

                         Avg.              18.3        17.4      16.7       17.9      17.4      16.2      16.0      14.6     -20.1      -2.3     -16.0

Lexington    KY          Short             41.7        38.1      33.9       38.1      34.4      34.8      31.2      29.0     -30.3      -8.5     -15.7

                         Medium            19.5        18.4      16.5       18.4      18.5      17.7      15.9      13.5     -30.6      -5.2     -27.2

                         Long              15.3        14.5      12.4       15.0      14.4      14.6      13.2       9.6     -36.9      -2.1     -33.2

                         Avg.              28.8        26.8      23.8       26.9      25.5      24.9      22.5      20.2     -29.8      -6.5     -20.7

Little Rock  AR          Short             25.3        23.4      22.6       23.4      21.5      21.6      21.4      21.2     -16.3      -7.5      -1.7

                         Medium            19.9        18.6      16.3       17.5      16.4      15.7      14.0      13.3     -33.2     -12.0     -19.1

                         Long               N/A         N/A       N/A        N/A       N/A       N/A       N/A       N/A       N/A       N/A       N/A

                         Avg.              22.1        20.6      19.0       20.0      18.6      18.2      17.1      16.6     -25.1      -9.7     -10.8

Madison      WI          Short             40.5        38.4      33.1       36.6      35.8      33.7      36.0      36.7      -9.4      -9.8       2.7

                         Medium            15.3        16.1      15.0       15.9      15.9      14.9      15.5      13.6     -11.5       3.6     -14.8

                         Long               N/A         N/A       N/A        N/A       N/A       N/A       N/A       N/A       N/A       N/A       N/A

                         Avg.              19.5        19.8      18.0       19.3      19.3      18.2      19.1      17.6      -9.9      -1.0      -9.1

McAllen/     TX          Short             20.7        20.1      22.5       23.5      21.0      20.4      21.6      21.3       2.8      13.4       1.5
Mission

                         Medium            15.3        15.6      14.9       17.5      16.0      15.3      15.0      13.8      -9.8      14.1     -13.5

                         Long              14.8        11.2       8.3       12.6      18.7      10.6      13.1       9.0     -39.0     -15.1     -51.6

                         Avg.              16.3        16.5      16.4       18.7      17.0      16.4      16.4      15.4      -5.6      14.3      -9.4

Melbourne    FL          Short             28.5        31.2      29.0       32.4      25.7      29.3      24.7      20.9     -26.7      13.7     -18.6

                         Medium            14.5        17.0      16.6       17.5      14.4      15.1      13.1      12.7     -11.9      21.0     -11.8

                         Long              11.3        11.7      10.9       13.0      11.4      11.3      11.6      11.4       0.6      14.3       0.2

                         Avg.              16.0        18.1      17.5       18.9      15.7      16.5      14.6      13.8     -13.9      18.2     -12.4

Mobile       AL          Short             33.8        34.4      33.2       38.0      35.6      39.0      29.6      26.8     -20.8      12.4     -24.8

                         Medium            19.4        20.2      19.0       22.0      19.5      21.8      17.5      16.1     -16.9      13.7     -17.2

                         Long              13.1        13.5      11.8       13.2      13.4      15.4      13.3      12.1      -8.0       0.9      -9.7

                         Avg.              23.8        24.5      23.4       26.8      24.6      27.2      21.3      19.4     -18.4      12.4     -20.9

Moline       IL          Short             45.6        40.4      36.5       39.0      38.0      37.1      37.3      36.2     -20.5     -14.4      -4.8

                         Medium            16.0        14.4      13.1       16.5      16.4      16.9      16.1      14.1     -11.7       3.6     -13.9

                         Long               N/A         N/A       N/A        N/A       N/A       N/A       N/A       N/A       N/A       N/A       N/A

                         Avg.              21.6        19.4      17.5       21.1      20.8      21.1      20.5      19.3     -10.7      -2.1      -7.3

Montgomery   AL          Short             37.1        33.3      30.7       32.9      33.9      34.0      30.6      26.8     -27.7     -11.4     -20.8

                         Medium            21.4        20.2      17.8       19.5      19.4      20.5      18.8      18.3     -14.6      -8.8      -5.8

                         Long              14.6        13.0      12.1       13.0      12.6      13.2      11.2      11.1     -24.1     -10.5     -12.5

                         Avg.              28.0        25.7      23.5       25.3      25.7      26.3      23.7      21.7     -22.7      -9.7     -15.8

Newburgh     NY          Short             31.5        33.1      31.7       34.6      28.1      31.4      32.5      29.4      -6.9       9.9       4.3

                         Medium            16.0        16.5      16.3       17.9      15.2      14.5      14.3      13.9     -13.7      11.5      -9.1

                         Long              11.8        10.7       9.8       11.6      10.5      10.6      11.7      10.1     -14.9      -1.7      -4.4

                         Avg.              17.1        16.8      16.2       18.0      15.6      15.6      16.0      14.9     -12.4       5.8      -4.1

Pensacola    FL          Short             32.4        29.2      29.6       33.0      27.2      31.1      28.8      26.2     -19.1       2.1      -3.8

                         Medium            16.6        16.5      15.8       17.3      16.0      16.2      14.8      14.0     -15.6       4.4     -12.4

                         Long              10.4        11.1       9.7       11.0      11.5      10.6      10.3       9.9      -5.5       5.1     -14.1

                         Avg.              20.3        19.5      19.1       21.0      18.7      19.7      18.2      17.1     -16.0       3.6      -8.9

Peoria       IL          Short             41.1        35.4      36.1       36.3      37.3      37.0      38.8      34.4     -16.2     -11.6      -7.9

                         Medium            16.8        16.8      14.9       16.7      16.5      16.9      17.3      13.2     -21.4      -0.7     -20.4

                         Long               N/A         N/A       N/A        N/A       N/A       N/A       N/A       N/A       N/A       N/A       N/A

                         Avg.              21.3        20.5      18.7       20.5      20.2      20.6      21.1      17.8     -16.3      -3.5     -11.7

Saginaw/     MI          Short             43.9        37.2      32.4       35.8      36.7      36.9      39.4      34.4     -21.6     -18.5      -6.2
Midland

                         Medium            16.2        15.9      13.7       14.3      14.3      14.7      14.2      12.0     -25.9     -11.6     -16.0

                         Long              15.0        14.3      11.7       12.6      14.3      14.0      13.2      12.8     -14.4     -15.6     -10.0

                         Avg.              23.1        21.0      18.2       19.6      20.1      20.3      20.6      18.0     -22.1     -14.9     -10.6

Santa        CA          Short             47.3        41.4      43.4       46.1      42.3      43.3      36.9      31.1     -34.2      -2.5     -26.3
Barbara

                         Medium            19.4        18.4      16.3       18.5      15.4      15.1      13.9      13.2     -31.7      -4.8     -14.1

                         Long              13.6        13.6      12.2       14.1      12.0      11.8      11.8      11.2     -18.0       3.4      -6.4

                         Avg.              21.1        19.8      18.7       20.5      18.0      17.5      16.2      15.0     -28.9      -3.1     -16.5

Sarasota     FL          Short             31.4        33.2      30.9       33.3      26.5      30.9      28.4      26.1     -16.7       6.1      -1.2

                         Medium            13.4        14.9      15.4       15.2      13.0      13.3      11.9      11.5     -14.5      13.4     -11.8

                         Long              10.0         9.9       9.3       10.0      10.0      10.1       9.9       8.0     -19.5      -0.2     -19.7

                         Avg.              14.1        15.5      15.8       15.7      13.5      14.0      12.6      12.0     -14.8      11.5     -11.4

Shreveport   LA          Short             36.3        34.2      29.9       31.6      29.8      30.8      29.1      24.9     -31.3     -12.8     -16.5

                         Medium            19.7        18.2      15.9       18.2      18.0      17.6      16.6      13.6     -31.0      -7.3     -24.5

                         Long               N/A         N/A       N/A        N/A       N/A       N/A       N/A       N/A       N/A       N/A       N/A

                         Avg.              23.7        22.2      19.5       21.7      21.2      21.0      20.0      16.8     -29.2      -8.5     -20.8

Spokane      WA          Short             43.5        40.6      35.5       23.7      19.2      17.0      16.5      15.6     -64.1     -45.4     -18.8

                         Medium            17.2        16.4      14.4       14.9      13.8      13.5      12.6      12.3     -28.4     -13.5     -11.0

                         Long              12.1        11.2      10.1       11.3      11.8      11.1      12.0      11.3      -6.8      -6.5      -3.9

                         Avg.              23.8        22.7      19.8       16.7      15.0      14.0      13.6      13.0     -45.1     -29.8     -13.0

Wichita      KS          Short             42.2        38.2      32.6       30.6      32.6      29.3      25.0      32.1     -23.9     -27.3      -1.7

                         Medium            17.4        16.8      14.5       16.6      17.6      17.0      16.4      16.2      -6.9      -4.8      -7.9

                         Long               N/A         N/A       N/A        N/A       N/A       N/A       N/A       N/A       N/A       N/A       N/A

                         Avg.              23.8        22.4      19.3       20.3      21.7      20.0      18.5      20.2     -15.2     -14.8      -6.9




Medium-large-community airports
------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Akron        OH          Short             40.0        38.9      36.2       40.2      32.8      40.1      40.2      29.5     -26.2       0.4      -9.9

                         Medium            14.0        15.1      15.2       17.2      14.9      15.9      13.2      11.3     -19.4      23.2     -24.4

                         Long              12.0        12.2      11.3       12.9      11.6      11.3      11.2      10.3     -14.2       7.7     -11.2

                         Avg.              20.4        20.7      19.9       22.3      19.1      21.3      20.0      16.5     -18.8       9.4     -13.5

Albany       NY          Short             44.7        42.6      40.4       41.9      34.0      38.2      41.0      40.4      -9.7      -6.2      18.7

                         Medium            15.3        16.5      15.5       16.9      15.1      15.3      15.3      14.3      -6.4      10.7      -5.2

                         Long              11.5        10.6       9.6       11.1      10.6      10.7      11.0      10.7      -6.8      -3.7       0.5

                         Avg.              18.8        19.2      18.0       19.5      17.4      18.2      18.8      18.2      -3.2       4.0       4.7

Albuquerque  NM          Short             17.2        16.8      17.3       17.4      16.4      16.8      15.5      16.9      -1.7       1.3       3.0

                         Medium            15.6        14.6      13.0       14.4      13.6      12.8      11.7      11.2     -28.2      -7.4     -17.7

                         Long              12.6        11.9      10.3       11.6      11.0      11.0      11.2      10.8     -14.2      -8.2      -1.2

                         Avg.              16.1        15.3      14.4       15.4      14.5      14.1      13.0      13.0     -19.1      -4.4     -10.1

Allentown    PA          Short             44.6        42.3      39.3       43.3      37.0      37.1      41.7      42.4      -4.8      -2.7      14.6

                         Medium            17.7        18.2      17.7       19.2      17.2      16.3      16.8      15.1     -15.1       7.9     -12.2

                         Long              12.5        11.8      11.2       12.6      11.3      11.1      13.0      13.1       5.5       1.0      16.4

                         Avg.              21.6        21.2      20.3       22.1      19.9      19.4      21.4      20.8      -3.8       2.4       4.6

Austin       TX          Short             24.9        24.6      25.1       24.9      24.1      24.1      24.6      25.0       0.4      -0.2       3.9

                         Medium            16.7        15.9      15.2       17.1      15.8      15.5      14.1      13.9     -16.2       2.8     -11.5

                         Long               N/A         N/A       N/A        N/A       N/A       N/A       N/A       N/A       N/A       N/A       N/A

                         Avg.              17.8        17.1      16.6       18.2      16.9      16.7      15.7      15.6     -12.3       2.6      -7.9

Bakersfield  CA          Short             45.4        40.3      41.0       46.3      39.2      41.9      39.7      32.7     -28.0       2.0     -16.6

                         Medium            19.0        18.5      16.2       19.5      17.0      18.0      17.4      14.5     -23.9       2.2     -15.1

                         Long              13.0        12.6      11.5       13.5      12.2      12.4      13.1      11.3     -13.5       4.0      -7.5

                         Avg.              21.0        20.1      18.6       21.3      19.1      19.3      18.9      16.1     -23.6       1.4     -15.8

Birmingham   AL          Short             28.7        28.6      28.1       29.4      26.6      24.5      23.6      22.8     -20.6       2.4     -14.5

                         Medium            17.5        18.0      16.8       18.3      17.8      16.6      16.2      15.3     -12.6       4.6     -13.8

                         Long              12.6        12.4      11.2       13.2      12.7      11.1      10.7      10.5     -16.1       4.9     -17.1

                         Avg.              23.0        23.1      22.3       23.7      22.0      20.3      19.6      18.8     -18.0       3.3     -14.4

Buffalo      NY          Short             41.8        40.7      38.4       38.0      28.8      37.4      40.0      37.9      -9.3      -9.1      31.5

                         Medium            13.2        14.7      13.9       14.7      13.4      13.9      12.8      11.6     -12.3      11.6     -13.9

                         Long              11.6        11.1       9.7       11.2      11.3      11.4      11.8      10.5      -9.5      -3.4      -7.0

                         Avg.              20.4        20.8      19.6       20.2      17.2      19.9      20.2      18.8      -8.0      -1.1       9.3

Charlotte/   NC          Short             42.1        42.5      41.1       42.1      31.4      40.7      40.7      39.1      -7.0       0.1      24.7
Douglas

                         Medium            23.0        22.3      19.7       21.3      19.3      20.3      19.6      19.6     -14.7      -7.2       1.8

                         Long              13.7        13.8      12.6       14.1      13.8      14.2      14.1      12.9      -5.8       2.7      -6.0

                         Avg.              30.3        30.3      28.8       30.0      24.2      29.3      29.2      28.0      -7.7      -0.9      15.6

Columbus     OH          Short             43.6        40.1      31.9       30.5      27.4      28.9      29.2      30.7     -29.5     -29.9      12.0

                         Medium            15.5        15.1      12.1       13.3      12.3      12.0      10.3      10.3     -33.7     -14.1     -16.3

                         Long              14.0        12.9       9.1       10.5       9.8       9.7       8.1       8.0     -43.0     -25.5     -18.5

                         Avg.              22.8        21.5      16.7       17.3      15.7      16.0      14.9      15.4     -32.5     -24.0      -2.3

Dayton       OH          Short             47.5        42.8      37.3       40.5      29.9      36.5      39.2      36.4     -23.4     -14.9      21.6

                         Medium            18.6        17.0      13.5       14.9      13.1      13.7      14.2      12.3     -33.8     -20.0      -5.8

                         Long              15.4        13.8      10.3       11.1       9.7      11.8      13.5      12.3     -20.0     -27.7      27.7

                         Avg.              27.0        24.6      20.7       22.7      18.4      20.9      22.1      20.3     -24.8     -15.8      10.3

El Paso      TX          Short             15.5        15.3      15.5       15.6      14.7      15.4      15.6      16.2       4.1       0.6      10.5

                         Medium            16.9        15.7      14.8       16.9      16.2      15.3      14.1      13.4     -20.8       0.2     -17.2

                         Long              16.7        15.3      13.4       15.6      15.2      15.8      15.8      13.0     -22.5      -6.9     -14.6

                         Avg.              16.3        15.5      15.1       16.3      15.5      15.4      14.8      14.6     -10.6       0.1      -5.9

Fort         FL          Short             30.9        32.9      31.9       29.2      20.0      25.6      20.6      19.6     -36.5      -5.4      -1.9
Lauderdale

                         Medium            13.9        15.3      15.3       14.9      12.9      13.0      11.8      11.7     -15.3       7.5      -9.1

                         Long               9.9         9.8       9.7       10.5      10.5       9.7       9.1       7.9     -20.3       6.8     -25.3

                         Avg.              15.0        16.3      16.2       15.7      13.2      13.9      12.2      11.9     -20.6       4.8     -10.1

Fresno       CA          Short             38.3        35.1      35.0       38.4      30.9      33.5      28.4      26.8     -30.1       0.1     -13.3

                         Medium            16.2        15.6      14.4       16.0      14.9      14.4      14.0      12.8     -20.8      -1.5     -14.0

                         Long              12.2        11.7      10.7       12.2      11.6      10.7      11.2      10.4     -14.1       0.0     -10.1

                         Avg.              19.6        18.7      17.9       18.6      17.1      17.0      16.1      15.1     -23.0      -5.5     -11.7

Grand        MI          Short             39.7        35.9      34.6       36.8      36.3      35.7      36.9      36.9      -7.1      -7.3       1.6
Rapids

                         Medium            14.2        14.4      13.3       14.0      13.4      13.6      13.1      12.7     -10.8      -1.3      -5.1

                         Long               N/A         N/A       N/A        N/A       N/A       N/A       N/A       N/A       N/A       N/A       N/A

                         Avg.              21.0        20.2      19.1       20.3      19.9      19.7      19.8      19.5      -7.1      -3.3      -1.6

Greensboro   NC          Short             38.2        37.9      34.6       34.1      22.3      33.3      36.3      33.6     -12.2     -10.7      50.5

                         Medium            20.0        19.2      17.1       18.9      17.0      17.2      18.3      17.0     -15.0      -5.4       0.2

                         Long              12.8        12.8      11.6       13.3      12.4      12.0      13.0      12.8      -0.5       3.6       2.8

                         Avg.              27.6        27.1      24.6       25.3      18.6      24.0      26.1      24.5     -11.2      -8.5      31.5

Greenville   SC          Short             34.1        35.3      35.0       37.0      26.7      34.5      32.8      33.5      -1.8       8.5      25.2

                         Medium            22.2        22.8      21.0       22.7      19.1      22.1      21.9      22.1      -0.6       2.2      15.5

                         Long              13.6        14.5      13.7       14.8      15.0      15.2      14.6      14.7       8.1       9.1      -2.3

                         Avg.              26.7        27.7      26.8       28.5      22.3      27.2      26.1      26.5      -0.7       6.7      19.0

Harrisburg   PA          Short             45.5        43.1      39.5       42.9      32.9      39.9      43.7      39.4     -13.5      -5.7      19.9

                         Medium            17.9        17.6      16.2       17.2      16.1      17.1      17.6      13.5     -24.7      -3.9     -16.3

                         Long              12.2        11.9      10.9       11.9      11.7      11.8      12.4       9.1     -25.2      -2.0     -22.0

                         Avg.              21.0        20.5      19.0       20.4      18.3      19.9      21.3      17.7     -16.0      -2.8      -3.4

Hartford/    CT          Short             42.9        40.9      38.4       41.3      39.8      37.1      39.1      38.5     -10.2      -3.6      -3.1
Bradley

                         Medium            18.2        18.5      17.3       18.7      16.8      16.2      15.7      15.6     -13.9       3.2      -6.7

                         Long              12.4        11.4      10.0       12.0      11.6      11.3      11.3      11.3      -9.3      -3.0      -3.0

                         Avg.              19.2        19.0      17.5       19.4      18.0      17.3      17.3      17.2     -10.6       0.7      -4.6

Indianapoli  IN          Short             36.6        34.0      33.3       34.2      28.1      29.4      30.9      30.4     -16.9      -6.5       8.1
s

                         Medium            15.4        14.3      13.8       14.3      12.4      11.7      10.5      10.1     -34.1      -6.8     -18.1

                         Long               N/A         N/A       N/A        N/A       N/A       N/A       N/A       N/A       N/A       N/A       N/A

                         Avg.              20.5        19.2      18.6       19.3      16.3      16.0      15.5      15.1     -26.3      -6.0      -7.6

Jacksonvill  FL          Short             34.6        34.7      32.5       33.4      24.0      28.0      25.7      21.6     -37.6      -3.4     -10.2
e

                         Medium            19.3        20.4      19.0       19.8      16.6      17.4      16.5      14.9     -22.9       3.0     -10.6

                         Long              11.8        12.3      10.8       12.5      12.0      11.5      11.4       9.6     -18.9       6.0     -20.1

                         Avg.              22.7        23.4      21.8       22.8      18.0      19.5      18.5      16.0     -29.5       0.2     -11.0

Knoxville    TN          Short             38.3        37.4      31.9       35.2      35.0      32.9      31.7      29.9     -21.9      -7.9     -14.8

                         Medium            20.0        19.6      17.2       18.5      19.1      18.3      17.3      16.7     -16.4      -7.2     -12.8

                         Long              14.3        14.4      12.2       13.9      13.8      14.0      13.2      13.9      -3.3      -3.2       0.1

                         Avg.              28.1        27.5      23.7       26.0      26.2      24.9      23.8      22.7     -18.9      -7.4     -13.1

Las Vegas    NV          Short             27.2        23.2      22.2       20.3      18.8      18.2      17.5      18.9     -30.7     -25.4       0.4

                         Medium            11.2        10.8      10.3       11.2      10.8       9.9       8.6       8.8     -21.7      -0.1     -18.7

                         Long               9.4         8.8       8.7        9.3       9.1       8.8       7.3       7.4     -20.9      -0.6     -18.1

                         Avg.              12.8        11.9      11.5       11.9      11.4      10.8       9.6       9.9     -23.1      -7.5     -13.4

Louisville   KY          Short             37.5        34.5      33.0       31.3      21.7      22.0      22.9      23.0     -38.7     -16.5       5.8

                         Medium            15.8        15.3      13.9       15.1      12.7      11.8      11.0      10.3     -35.3      -4.7     -19.0

                         Long              12.4         8.9      12.3       13.3      13.7       8.6      11.1      11.6      -6.2       7.0     -15.5

                         Avg.              26.4        24.5      23.1       22.7      17.0      16.6      16.6      16.3     -38.3     -14.1      -4.0

Memphis      TN          Short             44.8        40.8      36.9       39.3      33.9      33.0      32.7      31.3     -30.0     -12.3      -7.5

                         Medium            20.8        19.9      18.2       19.6      19.3      18.1      18.0      17.4     -16.3      -5.8      -9.5

                         Long               N/A         N/A       N/A        N/A       N/A       N/A       N/A       N/A       N/A       N/A       N/A

                         Avg.              30.7        28.5      26.0       28.0      25.5      24.4      24.3      23.3     -23.9      -8.8      -8.5

Nashville    TN          Short             32.7        33.2      31.4       34.1      29.6      26.2      24.8      23.0     -29.5       4.5     -22.1

                         Medium            16.8        16.7      14.9       17.0      15.7      13.9      11.4      11.1     -34.2       1.3     -29.7

                         Long              13.2        11.7      11.9       16.0      11.9      12.1       9.5       7.8     -41.0      21.5     -34.4

                         Avg.              23.9        24.0      22.2       24.6      21.8      19.4      17.4      16.4     -31.2       3.2     -24.9

New Orleans  LA          Short             22.7        22.8      22.6       22.7      18.9      20.5      19.7      19.1     -15.9       0.2       0.8

                         Medium            15.6        16.0      14.7       15.7      14.1      13.8      13.3      12.5     -20.1       0.8     -11.7

                         Long              12.4        12.1      10.5       11.6      11.4      10.5       9.7       8.3     -32.5      -6.0     -27.0

                         Avg.              17.5        17.8      16.8       17.6      15.4      15.6      15.0      14.2     -19.0       0.3      -7.9

Oklahoma     OK          Short             22.1        21.4      20.5       21.5      20.1      20.3      20.3      20.3      -8.1      -2.8       1.0
City

                         Medium            17.1        16.5      14.9       16.2      15.4      15.3      13.7      12.8     -25.0      -5.1     -17.0

                         Long               N/A         N/A       N/A        N/A       N/A       N/A       N/A       N/A       N/A       N/A       N/A

                         Avg.              18.4        17.8      16.4       17.6      16.7      16.7      15.6      14.9     -18.7      -4.1     -10.4

Omaha        NE          Short             42.4        35.8      34.4       37.7      31.4      23.3      23.1      22.7     -46.3     -11.1     -27.5

                         Medium            17.5        15.3      14.3       16.6      14.7      12.4      11.3      11.9     -32.2      -5.6     -18.8

                         Long               N/A         N/A       N/A        N/A       N/A       N/A       N/A       N/A       N/A       N/A       N/A

                         Avg.              22.9        19.8      18.8       21.2      18.3      14.8      13.8      14.2     -37.8      -7.4     -22.0

Orlando      FL          Short             31.6        32.7      31.9       33.3      23.1      25.4      21.0      20.0     -36.8       5.5     -13.5

                         Medium            14.9        16.0      15.9       15.6      13.8      13.5      11.8      11.3     -24.6       4.6     -18.7

                         Long              10.5        10.4       9.4       10.6      10.3      10.1       9.5       8.2     -22.2       0.8     -20.8

                         Avg.              15.4        16.2      15.9       16.0      13.9      13.8      12.1      11.4     -25.7       4.2     -18.0

Providence   RI          Short             42.9        42.2      41.1       41.5      32.7      39.7      38.2      28.5     -33.5      -3.3     -12.6

                         Medium            15.4        16.9      16.5       17.8      15.6      16.2      14.0      11.2     -27.0      15.6     -28.1

                         Long              11.2        10.5       9.6       11.4      10.8      11.0      10.5       7.1     -36.4       1.9     -34.0

                         Avg.              17.5        18.2      17.4       18.9      16.4      17.8      16.3      12.3     -29.7       8.0     -25.3

Raleigh/     NC          Short             39.8        39.7      36.7       39.7      30.7      29.8      29.7      30.7     -22.8      -0.3       0.2
Durham

                         Medium            22.2        21.1      18.7       21.4      19.8      19.5      18.6      17.5     -21.2      -3.5     -11.9

                         Long              13.2        13.2      11.7       13.6      13.0      13.1      12.6      12.3      -6.4       3.4      -5.5

                         Avg.              27.1        26.7      24.4       27.0      22.7      22.3      21.9      21.9     -19.1      -0.1      -3.5

Richmond     VA          Short             42.5        42.2      39.1       41.9      32.6      41.3      41.8      38.7      -8.9      -1.4      18.8

                         Medium            20.1        20.5      18.5       19.8      18.1      19.3      20.1      17.2     -14.2      -1.3      -4.7

                         Long              12.4        12.7      11.7       12.7      12.7      13.1      12.9      12.9       3.7       2.4       1.4

                         Avg.              26.8        26.8      24.8       26.5      22.4      26.3      26.8      24.7      -8.0      -1.1      10.1

Rochester    NY          Short             46.1        45.1      43.5       45.5      34.2      41.6      42.9      40.2     -12.8      -1.5      17.6

                         Medium            15.3        16.6      15.6       16.6      15.1      15.9      15.4      14.4      -5.9       8.2      -4.4

                         Long              14.0        12.5      12.0       13.3      12.5      13.0      13.6      13.2      -5.4      -5.1       5.9

                         Avg.              23.3        23.3      22.3       23.7      20.0      22.4      22.7      21.5      -7.5       1.7       7.6

Salt Lake    UT          Short             37.2        34.6      32.0       17.6      14.7      15.0      13.8      15.3     -58.9     -52.8       4.1
City

                         Medium            17.9        17.0      14.6       16.1      15.6      13.7      12.0      12.2     -32.2     -10.2     -22.1

                         Long              13.9        13.1      11.9       13.0      13.1      12.8      11.8      10.7     -22.8      -6.3     -18.5

                         Avg.              24.5        22.9      20.4       16.4      15.1      14.1      12.6      13.1     -46.3     -33.0     -13.0

San Antonio  TX          Short             20.7        20.1      20.3       21.0      20.6      20.6      20.3      21.6       4.5       1.7       4.8

                         Medium            15.5        14.5      13.9       15.7      14.6      14.6      12.7      12.8     -17.3       1.6     -12.4

                         Long              18.0        13.7      13.4       13.3      12.5      12.3      12.8      13.5     -24.9     -26.2       8.3

                         Avg.              16.2        15.4      14.8       16.5      15.5      15.5      13.9      14.2     -12.7       1.8      -8.6

Syracuse     NY          Short             49.9        46.3      45.0       46.3      41.8      42.3      43.2      42.0     -15.9      -7.2       0.6

                         Medium            17.5        17.3      15.5       16.5      16.4      15.7      15.3      14.0     -20.0      -5.5     -14.6

                         Long              12.2        11.0       9.8       10.8      10.9      10.4      10.8      10.2     -17.0     -11.7      -6.4

                         Avg.              21.6        20.7      19.3       20.5      19.8      19.4      19.6      18.5     -14.4      -5.3      -6.4

Toledo       OH          Short             37.7        33.5      32.8       37.9      36.9      37.6      37.7      34.0     -10.0       0.4      -8.0

                         Medium            14.4        14.5      14.3       16.0      15.2      13.3      12.1      11.0     -23.4      11.5     -27.6

                         Long              13.2        12.5      11.5       12.5      12.7      10.3      10.7       9.6     -27.2      -5.3     -24.0

                         Avg.              20.8        19.6      19.2       22.0      21.5      19.9      19.3      17.7     -15.2       5.7     -17.6

Tucson       AZ          Short             25.1        24.7      25.6       23.7      16.1      15.1      14.8      13.7     -45.5      -5.4     -15.1

                         Medium            15.3        15.1      13.1       14.6      14.3      13.6      13.0      12.7     -17.3      -4.7     -11.5

                         Long              11.3        10.9      10.3       11.4      11.2      10.9      11.3      11.6       2.7       1.2       3.2

                         Avg.              16.8        16.5      15.5       16.1      14.2      13.4      13.1      12.7     -24.2      -4.0     -10.3

Tulsa        OK          Short             23.0        22.3      21.4       22.1      21.1      21.3      21.5      21.4      -7.0      -3.8       1.6

                         Medium            17.3        16.9      14.7       16.0      15.4      15.3      13.4      12.6     -27.4      -7.4     -18.1

                         Long               N/A         N/A       N/A        N/A       N/A       N/A       N/A       N/A       N/A       N/A       N/A

                         Avg.              19.3        18.8      17.1       18.2      17.4      17.4      16.3      15.7     -18.3      -5.5      -9.4

West Palm    FL          Short             32.1        33.7      31.9       32.2      22.0      24.5      22.5      21.2     -33.9       0.3      -3.8
Beach

                         Medium            14.8        15.9      16.4       16.1      14.0      13.8      12.6      12.2     -17.2       8.9     -12.3

                         Long              11.0        11.1      10.4       11.6      11.3      10.8      10.6       8.8     -20.1       5.6     -22.4

                         Avg.              15.4        16.5      16.6       16.6      14.2      14.2      13.0      12.4     -19.5       7.5     -12.4

Wilkes-      PA          Short             41.5        42.8      39.9       41.7      36.5      37.0      40.6      36.9     -11.2       0.5       1.1
Barre/
Scranton

                         Medium            15.3        16.9      16.5       17.4      16.3      16.2      14.7      14.4      -6.4      13.6     -11.7

                         Long              11.2        11.1      10.5       10.9      11.4      11.1      11.4      10.6      -5.1      -2.4      -6.8

                         Avg.              18.5        19.2      18.4       19.6      18.9      18.7      18.8      17.8      -3.8       5.9      -5.6




Large-community
airports
------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Atlanta      GA          Short             39.2        39.3      35.6       34.9      26.2      26.5      24.4      24.0     -38.7     -10.8      -8.5

                         Medium            21.2        20.5      17.6       19.2      17.7      18.2      16.1      16.2     -23.3      -9.1      -8.2

                         Long              15.1        14.6      11.4       13.9      13.7      13.0      11.3      12.8     -15.4      -8.2      -7.1

                         Avg.              29.2        29.0      25.5       26.3      21.4      21.6      19.5      19.6     -32.7     -10.0      -8.1

Baltimore    MD          Short             44.1        41.3      39.0       32.4      20.6      23.1      24.3      22.4     -49.2     -26.6       8.8

                         Medium            18.0        17.9      17.0       17.8      14.6      14.0      12.8      11.7     -35.1      -0.9     -19.9

                         Long              12.4        11.0       9.6       11.0       9.9       9.2       8.9       7.7     -38.2     -11.3     -22.4

                         Avg.              21.2        20.0      18.7       18.3      14.1      14.3      14.0      12.6     -40.4     -13.7     -10.8

Boston       MA          Short             45.0        44.6      42.8       40.8      36.0      37.5      38.9      37.5     -16.5      -9.3       4.4

                         Medium            18.0        17.9      17.4       18.7      16.4      17.0      16.1      15.5     -13.8       4.1      -5.1

                         Long              12.1        10.7       9.7       11.0      11.3      11.1      11.1      11.4      -5.8      -8.7       1.0

                         Avg.              19.1        18.5      17.6       18.6      17.1      17.5      17.3      17.0     -11.1      -2.2      -0.5

Burbank      CA          Short             26.0        20.0      20.4       18.8      17.7      16.9      18.6      18.3     -29.5     -27.6       3.6

                         Medium            20.9        18.8      15.8       16.0      14.2      13.4      12.3      12.3     -41.0     -23.4     -13.3

                         Long              13.0        12.7      11.1       13.5      12.5      11.9      12.5      11.2     -13.8       3.8     -10.0

                         Avg.              23.0        19.0      17.9       17.3      16.0      15.2      15.7      15.5     -32.5     -24.8      -2.6

Chicago      IL          Short             27.7        25.5      20.7       19.2      17.3      17.4      18.1      18.6     -32.8     -30.6       7.5
Midway

                         Medium            13.2        11.7      11.5       11.3      10.4       9.8       9.0       9.1     -31.0     -14.6     -12.4

                         Long               N/A         N/A       N/A        N/A       N/A       N/A       N/A       N/A       N/A       N/A       N/A

                         Avg.              18.1        16.3      14.3       13.8      12.7      12.2      11.9      12.2     -32.6     -23.9      -3.9

Chicago      IL          Short             41.2        35.8      33.7       34.7      26.4      27.2      30.0      30.7     -25.5     -15.7      16.4
O'Hare

                         Medium            18.4        17.1      16.0       18.9      16.4      16.5      15.8      15.9     -13.8       2.5      -3.1

                         Long               N/A         N/A       N/A        N/A       N/A       N/A       N/A       N/A       N/A       N/A       N/A

                         Avg.              25.0        22.5      21.1       23.6      19.4      19.8      20.1      20.4     -18.5      -5.8       4.9

Cincinnati   OH          Short             51.9        46.6      42.1       45.8      39.3      41.9      39.8      41.0     -21.1     -11.9       4.3

                         Medium            21.3        19.8      17.6       19.8      18.3      19.5      16.8      17.3     -18.7      -7.4      -5.0

                         Long              16.7        15.8      13.3       16.1      14.3      15.8      14.5      13.8     -17.2      -3.8      -3.3

                         Avg.              31.4        28.7      25.6       28.3      25.7      27.0      24.4      25.6     -18.7     -10.0      -0.7

Cleveland    OH          Short             46.7        43.3      36.2       32.5      24.0      29.3      31.4      29.6     -36.6     -30.2      23.2

                         Medium            15.9        15.3      15.2       16.4      14.0      14.2      13.6      12.1     -23.9       3.7     -13.8

                         Long              14.1        13.1      11.5       13.1      10.8      11.4      11.2      10.0     -28.9      -7.2      -7.1

                         Avg.              24.9        23.5      20.8       20.6      16.3      18.2      18.4      17.0     -31.8     -17.1       3.8

Dallas Love  TX          Short             20.7        20.7      19.9       19.3      19.1      20.2      21.4      22.1       6.9      -6.9      15.5
Field

                         Medium             0.5         0.5       0.5        0.5      12.4       3.9       3.0       2.9     475.7      -6.3     -76.5

                         Long               N/A         N/A       N/A        N/A       N/A       N/A       N/A       N/A       N/A       N/A       N/A

                         Avg.              20.0        20.0      19.2       18.7      18.9      19.6      20.8      21.5       7.4      -6.7      13.5

Dallas-      TX          Short             31.1        30.0      28.4       30.0      26.8      24.1      25.1      22.7     -27.0      -3.8     -15.2
Fort Worth

                         Medium            24.5        22.5      19.9       23.8      22.4      21.9      21.7      20.0     -18.3      -3.0     -10.5

                         Long               N/A         N/A       N/A        N/A       N/A       N/A       N/A       N/A       N/A       N/A       N/A

                         Avg.              25.6        23.7      21.4       24.9      23.2      22.3      22.3      20.6     -19.8      -2.9     -11.3

Denver       CO          Short             38.2        33.9      29.9       30.2      23.8      21.0      22.1      20.8     -45.6     -20.8     -12.8

                         Medium            19.5        18.0      16.6       18.3      16.3      17.5      16.9      14.9     -23.3      -6.0      -8.2

                         Long               N/A         N/A       N/A        N/A       N/A       N/A       N/A       N/A       N/A       N/A       N/A

                         Avg.              22.2        20.3      18.6       20.1      17.5      18.0      17.7      15.9     -28.5      -9.6      -9.3

Detroit      MI          Short             37.5        35.5      35.2       36.9      34.4      34.3      35.7      31.4     -16.1      -1.6      -8.5
Wayne
County

                         Medium            14.5        14.5      14.3       15.6      14.7      13.5      12.9      11.7     -19.6       7.6     -20.3

                         Long              14.4        13.3      12.1       14.2      14.0      14.5      14.1      12.0     -16.2      -1.2     -14.0

                         Avg.              21.0        20.4      20.1       21.7      20.3      19.6      19.8      17.4     -16.9       3.6     -14.1

Houston      TX          Short             21.6        21.8      21.6       21.3      20.1      21.3      22.3      22.4       3.5      -1.5      11.4
Hobby

                         Medium            17.1        16.4      14.6       15.7      13.7      14.0      12.9      12.4     -27.4      -8.4      -9.5

                         Long               N/A         N/A       N/A        N/A       N/A       N/A       N/A       N/A       N/A       N/A       N/A

                         Avg.              18.8        18.4      17.3       17.8      16.1      16.7      16.5      16.3     -13.6      -5.3       0.9

Houston      TX          Short             27.4        27.3      27.3       28.0      23.7      25.8      26.5      24.6     -10.3       2.2       3.7
Intercontin
ental

                         Medium            21.7        20.9      18.7       21.3      18.8      18.5      18.5      17.0     -22.0      -2.3      -9.9

                         Long               N/A         N/A       N/A        N/A       N/A       N/A       N/A       N/A       N/A       N/A       N/A

                         Avg.              22.4        21.7      19.8       22.1      19.5      19.5      19.6      18.0     -19.8      -1.4      -7.6

Islip        NY          Short             44.4        40.0      38.3       40.5      32.8      37.0      36.7      38.9     -12.4      -8.9      18.8

                         Medium            15.1        15.6      14.9       15.3      13.0      12.8      12.5      13.1     -13.3       1.5       0.5

                         Long              10.8        10.1       9.2       10.8      10.4      10.0      11.3      10.3      -4.4       0.4      -1.0

                         Avg.              17.1        17.2      16.4       17.1      14.8      14.8      14.7      15.2     -11.4      -0.3       3.0

Kansas City  MO          Short             26.3        24.7      23.3       23.0      20.7      19.4      20.7      18.8     -28.7     -12.8      -9.2

                         Medium            15.0        14.8      14.6       14.7      13.0      13.1      11.5      11.5     -22.8      -1.8     -11.4

                         Long               N/A         N/A       N/A        N/A       N/A       N/A       N/A       N/A       N/A       N/A       N/A

                         Avg.              18.6        18.0      17.3       17.3      15.5      15.1      14.4      13.9     -25.5      -6.8     -10.7

Long Beach   CA          Short             24.0        17.1      20.6       20.5      18.6      17.3      17.8      15.9     -34.0     -14.6     -15.0

                         Medium            18.3        17.0      14.7       15.5      13.8      13.2      13.7      10.3     -43.4     -15.1     -25.1

                         Long              13.2        12.4      10.9       13.3      12.0      10.4      12.3      13.3       0.6       0.5      10.8

                         Avg.              18.6        16.7      15.2       16.0      14.3      13.5      14.1      11.2     -39.8     -14.1     -21.9

Los Angeles  CA          Short             24.6        19.8      21.1       19.7      17.3      17.2      17.3      18.0     -27.0     -19.8       3.8

                         Medium            15.9        15.1      13.4       15.0      13.7      13.4      12.1      12.0     -24.3      -5.8     -11.8

                         Long              12.9        11.9      10.9       12.7      12.1      11.6      11.9      11.1     -14.2      -1.4      -8.2

                         Avg.              15.4        14.0      13.0       14.4      13.3      12.9      12.6      12.2     -20.7      -6.7      -8.0

Miami        FL          Short             27.3        27.5      29.8       30.0      24.8      25.0      23.9      26.2      -4.3       9.6       5.6

                         Medium            14.1        15.2      15.7       15.7      13.7      13.9      13.2      13.2      -7.0      11.3      -4.0

                         Long               9.6         9.8       9.6       10.6      10.9      10.1       9.8       9.6       0.9      11.5     -11.3

                         Avg.              13.9        14.7      15.2       15.5      13.8      13.8      13.1      13.2      -4.7      11.5      -4.1

Milwaukee    WI          Short             37.9        35.9      32.0       32.6      27.6      31.1      33.2      33.6     -11.5     -14.0      21.6

                         Medium            14.9        15.1      13.4       14.1      12.7      12.2      12.1      11.8     -20.8      -5.6      -7.2

                         Long               N/A         N/A       N/A        N/A       N/A       N/A       N/A       N/A       N/A       N/A       N/A

                         Avg.              20.7        20.3      18.1       18.7      16.6      17.0      17.3      17.3     -16.4      -9.6       4.1

Minneapolis  MN          Short             48.8        43.2      38.9       40.8      39.0      34.9      37.6      36.2     -26.0     -16.5      -7.3

                         Medium            20.3        19.1      17.6       18.6      19.9      19.4      19.3      18.8      -7.1      -8.2      -5.2

                         Long               N/A         N/A       N/A        N/A       N/A       N/A       N/A       N/A       N/A       N/A       N/A

                         Avg.              25.7        23.7      21.8       23.0      23.7      22.4      22.9      22.3     -13.4     -10.5      -5.9

Monterey     CA          Short             41.0        35.2      33.8       37.3      31.1      33.7      32.1      29.7     -27.7      -9.0      -4.6

                         Medium            17.6        16.2      15.2       16.1      15.5      15.6      14.6      14.0     -20.7      -8.4     -10.0

                         Long              13.8        12.5      12.1       13.3      12.9      12.4      12.6      12.2     -11.6      -3.7      -5.1

                         Avg.              19.7        17.8      17.0       18.2      17.0      17.0      16.6      15.8     -20.1      -7.5      -7.5

New York     NY          Short             41.8        36.3      35.2       35.3      28.4      31.4      31.8      27.8     -33.5     -15.5      -2.3
Kennedy

                         Medium            14.8        15.0      15.0       14.7      12.8      12.8      11.9      12.0     -19.0      -0.8      -6.6

                         Long              13.9        11.9      11.2       13.1      12.5      11.8      12.7      11.9     -14.6      -5.9      -5.2

                         Avg.              15.0        13.4      12.8       14.2      13.2      12.8      13.3      12.5     -16.4      -5.4      -5.2

New York     NY          Short             42.6        40.2      37.7       37.7      30.5      34.5      38.6      38.3     -10.2     -11.6      25.5
LaGuardia

                         Medium            18.7        20.1      18.8       19.9      17.8      18.6      18.1      17.2      -8.3       6.1      -3.5

                         Long              11.9        11.2      10.4       12.2      11.6      10.8      11.6      12.5       5.0       2.6       7.0

                         Avg.              23.1        23.4      21.9       22.7      19.8      21.1      21.8      21.4      -7.6      -1.8       7.7

Newark       NJ          Short             42.6        40.2      36.8       31.7      23.8      29.2      29.6      29.9     -29.8     -25.7      25.9

                         Medium            18.1        18.7      17.2       17.5      15.5      16.3      15.5      14.9     -18.1      -3.5      -3.8

                         Long              12.6        11.4      10.1       12.1      11.3      11.1      11.6      11.6      -8.2      -4.6       2.8

                         Avg.              20.2        19.6      17.9       18.0      15.4      16.8      16.8      16.6     -18.0     -11.0       7.4

Norfolk      VA          Short             34.8        33.0      32.7       32.3      22.6      30.9      29.2      29.5     -15.2      -7.2      30.7

                         Medium            18.5        18.3      16.4       18.0      16.4      17.2      16.3      15.1     -18.5      -2.7      -8.1

                         Long              11.0        10.9      10.0       11.3      10.9      10.6      10.6       9.7     -12.1       2.7     -11.5

                         Avg.              20.5        19.9      19.0       19.8      16.3      19.0      18.3      17.8     -13.6      -3.5       9.1

Oakland      CA          Short             21.6        17.1      17.9       15.3      13.5      12.9      13.6      14.5     -32.9     -29.2       7.2

                         Medium            16.6        15.2      13.4       15.1      13.8      13.6      12.8      12.6     -23.9      -8.8      -8.7

                         Long              13.0        12.8      10.8       12.3      12.0      11.5      10.4      10.1     -22.4      -5.4     -15.7

                         Avg.              18.3        15.6      15.1       14.6      13.3      12.8      12.7      13.0     -28.9     -20.4      -1.8

Ontario      CA          Short             20.5        17.1      17.6       17.2      15.9      15.2      15.7      16.4     -20.3     -16.3       2.7

                         Medium            16.9        15.2      13.3       14.2      13.3      12.7      11.7      11.5     -32.1     -15.9     -13.5

                         Long              12.2        11.3      10.0       11.6      11.0      10.7      10.8       9.4     -22.8      -5.5     -14.4

                         Avg.              16.7        14.7      13.5       14.3      13.4      12.8      12.5      12.2     -27.0     -14.4      -8.9

Palm         CA          Short             34.9        33.3      34.5       38.4      27.9      32.4      27.4      26.3     -24.5      10.0      -5.8
Springs

                         Medium            18.2        17.2      15.3       16.2      14.8      15.0      14.3      12.8     -29.7     -10.9     -13.4

                         Long              15.1        13.9      12.6       13.6      12.7      12.2      12.2      12.1     -20.0     -10.3      -4.6

                         Avg.              18.6        17.5      16.1       17.0      15.2      15.4      14.7      13.7     -26.4      -8.8     -10.0

Philadelphi  PA          Short             39.7        40.7      41.1       41.1      31.9      33.6      36.4      36.5      -8.2       3.4      14.5
a

                         Medium            18.5        18.9      18.5       20.0      17.8      18.0      17.1      17.0      -8.3       8.1      -4.8

                         Long              13.0        11.8      10.9       12.7      11.5      11.4      11.9      12.2      -6.0      -2.5       6.0

                         Avg.              21.1        21.0      20.6       22.0      18.9      19.1      19.6      19.8      -6.3       4.2       4.9

Phoenix      AZ          Short             18.1        16.3      16.9       16.5      15.1      15.4      15.6      15.7     -13.3      -9.0       3.8

                         Medium            13.6        13.0      12.4       13.5      12.9      12.0      10.9      11.1     -18.4      -1.0     -14.3

                         Long              11.5        10.8      10.3       11.8      11.5      11.2      10.8      10.9      -5.5       2.4      -5.7

                         Avg.              14.1        13.2      12.9       13.8      13.1      12.5      11.8      12.0     -14.9      -2.2      -8.8

Pittsburgh   PA          Short             48.4        48.6      48.4       49.2      45.3      45.9      46.1      47.4      -2.0       1.6       4.7

                         Medium            17.5        17.8      16.7       17.9      17.6      17.6      16.3      16.9      -3.1       2.6      -3.7

                         Long              13.5        13.0      11.3       12.6      13.0      12.3      13.3      12.9      -3.9      -6.4      -0.2

                         Avg.              26.0        26.1      25.2       26.4      25.4      25.3      25.2      25.8      -1.0       1.2       1.6

Portland     OR          Short             41.7        38.2      34.5       23.3      18.3      16.3      15.6      16.3     -60.8     -44.0     -10.6

                         Medium            18.5        17.3      14.3       14.7      14.2      13.0      11.9      11.9     -35.8     -20.4     -16.6

                         Long              11.8        11.4      10.1       11.6      11.2      11.4      11.2      10.5     -10.4      -1.4      -5.8

                         Avg.              19.5        18.5      16.0       15.0      13.9      13.0      12.3      12.2     -37.7     -23.2     -12.4

Sacramento   CA          Short             33.4        21.1      18.4       17.7      15.2      13.8      13.5      13.9     -58.2     -46.9      -8.6

                         Medium            16.7        15.4      12.9       14.3      13.8      13.1      12.5      12.6     -24.4     -14.2      -8.3

                         Long              12.6        11.5      10.0       11.2      11.3      10.9      10.9      10.0     -20.1     -10.9     -10.9

                         Avg.              21.2        16.1      13.9       14.5      13.5      12.7      12.3      12.2     -42.2     -31.7      -9.1

San Diego    CA          Short             18.6        15.6      16.0       15.7      14.2      14.3      14.5      14.5     -21.9     -15.2       2.0

                         Medium            15.9        14.9      12.7       13.7      12.9      12.4      11.4      11.5     -27.7     -14.1     -10.5

                         Long              12.8        11.7      10.2       11.7      11.5      10.9      11.3      10.6     -17.6      -8.3      -8.2

                         Avg.              15.2        13.8      12.3       13.3      12.6      12.2      11.9      11.7     -23.0     -12.3      -7.1

San          CA          Short             26.7        20.4      23.3       21.9      17.9      17.0      17.2      17.4     -34.7     -17.9      -2.6
Francisco

                         Medium            16.4        15.2      13.0       15.1      14.0      13.6      12.8      12.8     -21.5      -8.0      -8.1

                         Long              12.9        12.0      10.7       12.8      12.3      12.0      13.1      12.7      -1.6      -1.2       3.4

                         Avg.              15.6        13.9      12.9       14.5      13.5      13.1      13.5      13.4     -14.3      -6.7      -1.0

San Jose     CA          Short             29.8        26.2      26.8       19.6      15.0      14.6      14.0      14.9     -49.9     -34.2      -0.5

                         Medium            19.6        18.1      15.0       17.8      16.0      16.1      15.0      15.1     -23.0      -9.2      -5.7

                         Long              14.0        13.1      11.4       13.7      13.2      13.3      13.5      12.6     -10.2      -2.6      -4.9

                         Avg.              20.9        18.9      17.5       16.9      14.7      14.6      14.2      14.1     -32.3     -18.9      -3.7

Santa Ana    CA          Short             32.3        23.6      26.3       24.8      20.8      20.9      21.3      19.5     -39.6     -23.3      -6.1

                         Medium            19.7        17.8      15.2       16.7      15.7      15.6      15.6      15.3     -22.3     -15.3      -2.3

                         Long              13.6        12.0      11.5       13.4      13.2      12.5      13.6      12.7      -6.7      -1.1      -3.6

                         Avg.              20.1        17.1      16.2       17.3      15.9      15.7      16.1      15.3     -24.1     -14.2      -3.9

Seattle      WA          Short             35.9        32.8      28.8       19.8      16.0      14.1      13.5      14.4     -59.9     -44.8     -10.1

                         Medium            17.9        16.6      13.7       14.1      13.2      12.3      11.2      11.5     -35.9     -21.5     -13.4

                         Long              12.0        11.3       9.8       11.2      11.2      11.0      10.8      10.3     -14.6      -6.6      -8.1

                         Avg.              18.0        16.8      14.3       13.8      12.9      12.1      11.4      11.4     -36.4     -23.4     -11.1

St. Louis    MO          Short             34.8        30.9      28.3       28.2      25.5      25.1      26.8      25.8     -25.9     -18.8       0.9

                         Medium            20.8        19.0      15.8       17.3      16.1      15.6      15.5      15.6     -24.8     -16.9      -3.1

                         Long               N/A         N/A       N/A        N/A       N/A       N/A       N/A       N/A       N/A       N/A       N/A

                         Avg.              25.6        23.2      20.1       21.1      19.4      18.9      19.4      19.2     -24.8     -17.5      -0.8

St.          FL          Short              N/A        82.2      59.6       22.3      40.3      24.1      18.8       9.2       N/A       N/A     -77.1
Petersburg/
Clearwater

                         Medium             N/A        12.2      13.6       12.3      10.6      10.8       9.8      10.5       N/A       N/A      -0.8

                         Long               N/A         3.0       4.6        N/A      27.3       7.8       7.4       6.7       N/A       N/A     -75.6

                         Avg.              13.3        12.8      14.1       12.5      12.2      11.1       9.9      10.3     -22.3      -5.8     -15.5

Tampa        FL          Short             33.8        36.0      35.0       34.4      22.8      27.9      22.8      21.7     -35.8       1.7      -4.8

                         Medium            15.1        16.5      16.3       16.3      14.0      14.2      12.3      12.2     -19.4       7.6     -13.0

                         Long              10.7        11.0       9.6       11.0      10.7      10.3       9.9       8.6     -20.1       2.4     -19.8

                         Avg.              16.7        18.0      17.6       17.7      14.6      15.3      13.2      12.9     -23.1       5.7     -12.1

Washington   VA          Short             43.4        41.6      40.2       41.3      33.1      29.9      29.5      26.3     -39.3      -4.9     -20.4
Dulles

                         Medium            19.1        18.6      17.2       18.4      17.0      16.0      16.3      14.8     -22.8      -3.7     -12.8

                         Long              14.9        13.6      11.6       14.1      13.7      13.5      14.4      14.5      -2.6      -5.1       6.1

                         Avg.              20.5        19.4      17.7       19.5      17.8      16.9      17.4      16.5     -19.8      -4.9      -7.6

Washington   DC          Short             41.4        40.1      38.3       39.8      35.0      38.0      40.1      39.3      -5.1      -4.0      12.3
Reagon
National

                         Medium            18.9        19.0      18.1       19.4      18.0      17.3      16.9      15.8     -16.4       2.5     -12.2

                         Long              12.5        11.4      10.1       11.5      11.3      10.7      10.8      10.6     -15.3      -8.0      -6.0

                         Avg.              24.4        23.8      22.5       23.9      21.8      22.2      22.7      21.9     -10.3      -1.8       0.3

White        NY          Short             49.3        43.2      40.4       41.6      40.0      40.6      40.5      41.9     -14.9     -15.6       4.9
Plains

                         Medium            22.0        21.3      20.5       21.4      18.9      20.7      21.7      22.5       2.4      -2.6      19.0

                         Long              14.4        13.6      11.5       13.5      13.4      12.5      14.0      15.3       5.9      -6.2      14.1

                         Avg.              28.7        26.6      25.0       26.8      25.5      25.9      26.7      28.2      -1.8      -6.7      10.5
------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------

NUMBER OF SCHEDULED DEPARTURES AND
AVAILABLE SEATS AT AIRPORTS
SERVING SMALL, MEDIUM-SIZED,
MEDIUM-LARGE, AND LARGE
COMMUNITIES, MAY 1978 THROUGH MAY
1998
========================================================= Appendix III

                                                                        Percent
                                                                         change
                            Total       Total       Total       Total        in   Percent
                       departures  departures  seats, May  seats, May  departur    change
             State     , May 1978  , May 1998        1998        1998        es  in seats
-----------  --------  ----------  ----------  ----------  ----------  --------  --------
Small-community
airports
-----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Amarillo     TX               705         720      72,113      61,305         2       -15
Asheville    NC               774         660      62,184      39,894       -15       -36
Bangor       ME               579       1,665      33,800      61,794       188        83
Billings     MT               836         843      78,386      54,790         1       -30
Binghamton   NY             1,051         806      29,527      25,275       -23       -14
Bismarck     ND               461         298      44,043      15,637       -35       -64
Burlington   VT               700       2,512      37,982      93,668       259       147
Cedar        IA               716       1,081      65,283      72,159        51        11
 Rapids
Champaign    IL               422         700      33,860      22,282        66       -34
Charleston   WV               871       1,163      68,712      53,563        34       -22
Duluth       MN               457         295      44,384      19,995       -35       -55
Elmira/      NY               371         506      18,821      19,892        36         6
 Corning
Erie         PA               321         445      28,393      21,102        39       -26
Evansville   IN               592       1,405      48,739      42,644       137       -13
Fargo        ND               514         343      54,488      25,138       -33       -54
Fayettevill  NC               488         477      51,051      25,456        -2       -50
 e
Fayettevill  AR               711       1,252      24,209      42,988        76        78
 e
Gainesville  FL               328         603      28,856      19,746        84       -32
Grand        CO               360         547      24,166      18,641        52       -23
 Junction
Great Falls  MT               395         434      43,004      39,965        10        -7
Green Bay    WI               987         772      86,360      48,244       -22       -44
Lincoln      NB               967         467      78,326      33,331       -52       -57
Lubbock      TX             1,082       1,041     107,235      90,853        -4       -15
Manchester   NH               619       1,342      19,146      92,876       117       385
Medford      OR               304         852      22,613      40,888       180        81
Midland/     TX               909         817      94,077      78,152       -10       -17
 Odessa
Missoula     MT               248         664      29,698      48,571       168        64
Myrtle       SC               410         950      27,701      78,707       132       184
 Beach
Pasco        WA               846       1,163      32,778      52,960        37        62
Portland     ME               861       2,838      52,248     136,851       230       162
Rapid City   SD               457         404      43,349      21,426       -12       -51
Reno         NV             1,681       3,792     160,709     499,716       126       211
Roanoke      VA             1,255       1,214     111,098      56,428        -3       -49
Rochester    MN               739         415      68,063      32,275       -44       -53
Savannah     GA               616         846      66,650      86,374        37        30
Sioux City   IA               616         475      47,304      17,370       -23       -63
Sioux Falls  SD               908         688      66,762      43,654       -24       -35
South Bend   IN             1,006       1,344      54,173      69,263        34        28
Springfield  MO               569         994      54,934      46,222        75       -16
Tallahassee  FL               653       1,422      56,840      63,942       118        12
Valparaiso/  FL               337         597      29,980      35,360        77        18
 Ft. Walton
 Beach
Wilmington   NC               391         685      31,711      35,873        75        13
Overall for                28,113      40,537   2,233,756   2,485,270        44        11
 small-
 community
 airports

Medium-sized-community airports
-----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Appleton     WI               482         883       9,158      44,954        83       391
Atlantic     NJ               360         629       6,499      42,789        75       558
 City
Augusta      GA               627         522      62,507      38,719       -17       -38
Baton Rouge  LA               711       1,035      67,079      70,507        46         5
Boise        ID               978       2,727      90,470     242,693       179       168
Bristol/     TN               778         664      65,104      38,123       -15       -41
 Kingsport
Charleston   SC             1,120       1,095     112,485      94,839        -2       -16
Chattanooga  TN               763         683      80,509      38,568       -10       -52
Colorado     CO             1,065       1,766      73,277     186,536        66       155
 Springs
Columbia     SC             1,558         781     106,355      76,512       -50       -28
Corpus       TX               838       1,020      59,072      69,061        22        17
 Christi
Daytona      FL               635         277      76,357      37,195       -56       -51
 Beach
Des Moines   IA             1,520       1,617     147,194     108,303         6       -26
Eugene       OR               587       1,363      41,245      67,468       132        64
Flint        MI               441         696      39,272      32,887        58       -16
Fort Myers   FL               507       1,960      48,429     190,784       287       294
Fort Wayne   IN               800       1,201      62,971      59,831        50        -5
Gulfport     MS               325         569      26,540      25,930        75        -2
Harlingen    TX               318         596      31,436      59,123        87        88
Huntington   WV               426         425      35,229      12,806         0       -64
Huntsville   AL               712         842      65,033      78,339        18        20
Jackson      MS             1,215       1,309     113,010     117,752         8         4
Kalamazoo    MI               480       1,025      36,277      52,022       114        43
 County
Lafayette    LA               610         891      29,136      33,362        46        15
Lansing      MI               728       1,153      66,351      49,300        58       -26
Lexington    KY               709       1,350      72,153      82,268        90        14
Little Rock  AR             1,466       2,121     132,555     177,085        45        34
Madison      WI             1,234       1,243     117,461      85,588         1       -27
McAllen/     TX               178         286      16,020      31,655        61        98
 Mission
Melbourne    FL               372         215      44,082      30,530       -42       -31
Mobile       AL               852         607      84,355      63,190       -29       -25
Moline       IL               983         827      88,926      59,580       -16       -33
Montgomery   AL               531         379      52,121      31,170       -29       -40
Newburgh     NY                 0         857           0      54,773       N/A       N/A
Pensacola    FL               364       1,187      43,955      89,188       226       103
Peoria       IL               863         802      77,697      41,381        -7       -47
Saginaw/     MI               503         662      49,878      43,059        32       -14
 Midland
Santa        CA               782       2,446      36,912      88,500       213       140
 Barbara
Sarasota     FL               778         881      78,830      86,242        13         9
Shreveport   LA             1,399       1,174     135,214      63,210       -16       -53
Spokane      WA             1,687       2,860     148,598     300,224        70       102
Wichita      KS             1,347       1,517     131,413      96,118        13       -27
Overall for                32,632      45,143   2,861,165   3,292,164        38        15
 medium-
 sized-
 community
 airports

Medium-large-community airports
-----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Akron        OH               766       1,090      61,088      50,572        42       -17
Albany       NY             1,941       3,065     117,418     173,690        58        48
Albuquerque  NM             2,168       4,282     200,058     443,629        98       122
Allentown    PA               880       1,187      60,860      84,256        35        38
Austin       TX             1,512       3,461     146,326     414,032       129       183
Bakersfield  CA               398       1,370      30,571      43,047       244        41
Birmingham   AL             1,770       2,075     175,142     226,199        17        29
Buffalo      NY             3,086       2,744     299,482     224,757       -11       -25
Charlotte/   NC             3,540      15,178     308,204   1,436,896       329       366
 Douglas
Columbus     OH             2,334       4,696     248,703     520,759       101       109
Dayton       OH             2,179       2,359     235,098     159,943         8       -32
El Paso      TX             1,587       2,195     169,580     282,128        38        66
Fort         FL             2,689       5,004     353,887     578,505        86        63
 Lauderdale
Fresno       CA             1,114       3,444      93,867     106,258       209        13
Grand        MI             1,176       1,968      94,329     134,860        67        43
 Rapids
Greensboro   NC             1,340       2,213     135,975     201,463        65        48
Greenville   SC               724       1,265      69,483     103,822        75        49
Harrisburg   PA             1,217       1,643      56,397     106,016        35        88
Hartford/    CT             2,737       3,553     320,057     342,279        30         7
 Bradley
Indianapoli  IN             3,939       4,792     330,779     456,392        22        38
 s
Jacksonvill  FL             1,715       3,025     204,573     293,506        76        43
 e
Knoxville    TN               999       1,528     100,017     124,945        53        25
Las Vegas    NV             4,781      13,500     504,280   1,826,692       182       262
Louisville   KY             2,828       2,668     272,373     275,718        -6         1
Memphis      TN             5,342       7,969     483,828     658,474        49        36
Nashville    TN             2,868       5,226     279,701     560,310        82       100
New Orleans  LA             4,631       5,076     516,729     593,731        10        15
Oklahoma     OK             2,407       2,268     253,587     242,298        -6        -4
 City
Omaha        NE             2,104       2,256     200,549     241,512         7        20
Orlando      FL             3,259      12,423     458,350   1,413,471       281       208
Providence   RI             1,842       3,140      98,512     257,246        70       161
Raleigh/     NC             1,601       5,469     138,201     486,360       242       252
 Durham
Richmond     VA             1,501       2,236     129,535     184,243        49        42
Rochester    NY             1,816       3,215     181,054     207,688        77        15
Salt Lake    UT             3,492      10,303     314,987   1,210,458       195       284
 City
San Antonio  TX             2,695       3,199     282,891     417,671        19        48
Syracuse     NY             1,700       3,021     145,968     175,230        78        20
Toledo       OH               647         916      68,924      49,839        42       -28
Tucson       AZ             1,630       2,054     167,022     261,957        26        57
Tulsa        OK             2,214       2,458     246,915     237,166        11        -4
West Palm    FL             1,216       2,780     147,473     305,020       129       107
 Beach
Wilkes-      PA               637         653      39,811      31,841         3       -20
 Barre/
 Scranton
Overall for                89,022     162,967   8,742,584  16,144,879        83        85
 medium-
 large-
 community
 airports

Large-community
airports
-----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Atlanta      GA            20,397      31,924   2,572,539   4,094,744        57        59
Baltimore    MD             4,168       8,777     322,465     884,812       111       174
Boston       MA            10,023      22,148     915,009   1,653,201       121        81
Burbank      CA             1,275       2,609     163,101     338,249       105       107
Chicago      IL                85       6,324       7,480     741,974     7,340     9,819
 Midway
Chicago      IL            26,772      31,976   3,163,510   3,849,401        19        22
 O'Hare
Cincinnati   OH             3,435      15,447     344,081   1,375,822       350       300
Cleveland    OH             5,253      10,332     562,089     767,565        97        37
Dallas       TX            15,117      31,701   1,628,184   3,323,882       110       104
Dallas Love  TX             1,862       3,915     166,948     513,735       110       208
 Field
Denver       CO            12,105      16,853   1,237,883   1,944,368        39        57
Detroit      MI             7,088      17,750     848,386   1,916,902       150       126
 Wayne
 County
Houston      TX             1,457       5,588     135,080     657,592       284       387
 Hobby
Houston      TX             7,772      14,877     819,662   1,561,581        91        91
 Interconti
 nental
Islip        NY               404       1,959      24,336      77,957       385       220
Kansas City  MO             5,976       7,662     531,124     736,827        28        39
Long Beach   CA               194         389      31,862      50,679       101        59
Los Angeles  CA            15,467      35,257   2,123,927   3,381,406       128        59
Miami        FL             6,620      10,358     851,673   1,030,243        56        21
Milwaukee    WI             3,400       5,471     320,652     404,198        61        26
Minneapolis  MN             5,944      16,780     690,937   1,799,370       182       160
Monterey     CA               405       1,892      41,343      59,847       367        45
New York     NY             6,445      11,435     911,941     940,871        77         3
 Kennedy
New York     NY            10,495      13,200   1,098,284   1,394,262        26        27
 LaGuardia
Newark       NJ             5,889      15,761     672,297   1,728,139       168       157
Norfolk      VA             1,622       2,626     168,755     198,858        62        18
Oakland      CA             2,344       5,372     244,169     704,633       129       189
Ontario      CA             1,611       3,830     120,454     453,183       138       276
Palm         CA               604       2,214      45,483      95,196       267       109
 Springs
Pheonix      AZ             4,217      20,370     470,034   2,546,605       383       442
Philadelphi  PA             9,782      16,263     810,920   1,428,831        66        76
 a
Pittsburgh   PA            10,260      16,575     830,352   1,323,877        62        59
Portland     OR             4,106      11,807     449,211   1,124,122       188       150
Sacramento   CA             2,042       4,962     216,231     504,975       143       134
San Diego    CA             3,699      10,747     479,575   1,045,002       191       118
San          CA            10,804      17,392   1,423,889   2,158,729        61        52
 Francisco
San Jose     CA             2,471       5,879     278,682     748,220       138       168
Santa Ana    CA             2,087       4,207     154,840     543,495       102       251
Seattle      WA             5,931      21,324     641,926   2,259,434       260       252
St. Louis    MO             8,855      19,582     875,540   1,972,206       121       125
St.          FL                 9         159         252      25,956     1,667    10,200
 Petersburg/
 Clearwater
Tampa        FL             5,803       8,452     673,911     800,753        46        19
Washington   VA             2,281      11,283     302,089     772,834       395       156
 Dulles
Washington   DC            10,524      10,489     989,939   1,109,516         0        12
 Reagan
 National
White        NY               571       1,858      17,686      81,125       225       359
 Plains
Overall for               267,671     535,776  29,378,731  55,125,177       100        88
 large-
 community
 airports
-----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------

NUMBER OF DESTINATIONS FOR NONSTOP
AND ONE-STOP FLIGHTS AT AIRPORTS
SERVING SMALL, MEDIUM-SIZED,
MEDIUM-LARGE, AND LARGE
COMMUNITIES, MAY 1978 THROUGH MAY
1998
========================================================== Appendix IV

                                      Nonstops,     Nonstops,    One-stops,    One-stops,
                     State             May 1978      May 1998      May 1978      May 1998
-------------------  ------------  ------------  ------------  ------------  ------------
Small-community airports
-----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Amarillo             TX                      10             5            10             9
Asheville            NC                      13             5            10             6
Bangor               ME                       6             5             9             3
Billings             MT                      16            13            16            15
Binghamton           NY                      14            11             6             7
Bismarck             ND                       8             3            10             3
Burlington           VT                      12            18            13            16
Cedar Rapids         IA                      11             6            13            20
Champaign            IL                       6             6             4             3
Charleston           WV                      15            10            15             5
Duluth               MN                       6             3             8             4
Elmira/Corning       NY                       5             8             8             5
Erie                 PA                       6             5             5             7
Evansville           IN                      10            10             9             2
Fargo                ND                       6             2             7             4
Fayetteville         NC                       9             2             5             3
Fayetteville         AR                       6             5             7             4
Gainesville          FL                       4             6             4             3
Grand Junction       CO                       7             5             8             1
Great Falls          MT                       5             8             8             5
Green Bay            WI                      11             5            11            11
Lincoln              NB                      12             6            13            12
Lubbock              TX                      11             7            10             7
Manchester           NH                       6            10             3             7
Medford              OR                       7             3             7             3
Midland/Odessa       TX                       9             8             9            11
Missoula             MT                       6             8             6             5
Myrtle Beach         SC                       7            12             6            11
Pasco                WA                      12             7            10             3
Portland             ME                       9            13            11            22
Rapid City           SD                       8             4             8             5
Reno                 NV                      14            22            16            31
Roanoke              VA                      19            12            15             8
Rochester            MN                       8             4            10             8
Savannah             GA                       6             5            10            13
Sioux City           IA                      10             3             8             2
Sioux Falls          SD                      16             7            14            12
South Bend           IN                      11             8             9             9
Springfield          MO                       9             8             8            10
Tallahassee          FL                       9             8            11             7
Valparaiso/Ft.       FL                       7             5             5             5
 Walton Beach
Wilmington           NC                       7             4             6             6
Average for small-                          9.3           7.3           9.1           7.9
 community airports
Medium-sized-
 community airports
Appleton             WI                       2             8             0             4
Atlantic City        NJ                       3            12             2             0
Augusta              GA                       6             3             7             3
Baton Rouge          LA                      10             9            10            10
Boise                ID                      16            14            15            21
Bristol/Kingsport    TN                      15             5            13             1
Charleston           SC                      10             9            16            19
Chattanooga          TN                       9             4            10             2
Colorado Springs     CO                       6            14             5            34
Columbia             SC                      18             6            15            10
Corpus Christi       TX                       6             4            10             3
Daytona Beach        FL                       6             2            11             5
Des Moines           IA                      14            14            17            24
Eugene               OR                       8             5             8             5
Flint                MI                       6             5             6             7
Fort Myers           FL                       4            24             9            24
Fort Wayne           IN                       8            10             7             3
Gulfport             MS                       4             5             5             1
Harlingen            TX                       5             5             3             2
Huntington           WV                       7             4             6             1
Huntsville           AL                      13             8            11            13
Jackson              MS                      14            14            19            14
Kalamazoo County     MI                       4             7             6             5
Lafayette            LA                       7             4             5             2
Lansing              MI                       7             8            10            11
Lexington            KY                      11            11            10             6
Little Rock          AR                      15            18            18            24
Madison              WI                      14             9            15            19
McAllen/Mission      TX                       3             2             3             8
Melbourne            FL                       4             1             9             5
Mobile               AL                       7             6            12             8
Moline               IL                      15             7            13             3
Montgomery           AL                       8             5            13             2
Newburgh             NY                       0            10             0             8
Pensacola            FL                       6            12             8            15
Peoria               IL                      12             5             8             4
Saginaw/Midland      MI                       8             5             6            13
Santa Barbara        CA                       6             6             9             4
Sarasota             FL                       7            13            11             8
Shreveport           LA                      18             8            19             9
Spokane              WA                      21            16            24            30
Wichita              KS                      15            13            25            21
Average for medium-                         9.0           8.3          10.2           9.8
 sized-community
 airports
Medium-large
 community airports
Akron                OH                      10            10            10             6
Albany               NY                      20            29            18            26
Albuquerque          NM                      24            35            23            45
Allentown            PA                      10            13            11            13
Austin               TX                      11            32            16            45
Bakersfield          CA                       7             4             4             1
Birmingham           AL                      21            22            20            23
Buffalo              NY                      26            23            27            35
Charlotte/Douglas    NC                      37            94            28            28
Columbus             OH                      24            35            30            41
Dayton               OH                      19            19            23            27
El Paso              TX                      14            17            16            26
Fort Lauderdale      FL                      21            35            32            41
Fresno               CA                      12            11             9             8
Grand Rapids         MI                      14            13            14            25
Greensboro           NC                      16            20            22            32
Greenville           SC                      11            12            10            13
Harrisburg           PA                      11            15             3            10
Hartford/Bradley     CT                      23            31            33            36
Indianapolis         IN                      35            41            39            54
Jacksonville         FL                      21            28            19            35
Knoxville            TN                      18            13            15            15
Las Vegas            NV                      42            62            40            48
Louisville           KY                      31            25            30            38
Memphis              TN                      47            74            54            30
Nashville            TN                      29            43            34            45
New Orleans          LA                      43            40            52            53
Oklahoma City        OK                      23            16            33            29
Omaha                NE                      19            21            31            35
Orlando              FL                      27            75            30            50
Providence           RI                      11            26            16            33
Raleigh/Durham       NC                      23            39            23            37
Richmond             VA                      20            19            21            26
Rochester            NY                      15            25            19            27
Salt Lake City       UT                      37            87            42            53
San Antonio          TX                      21            21            29            42
Syracuse             NY                      18            25            25            24
Toledo               OH                      11             7            12             3
Tucson               AZ                      11            13            25            31
Tulsa                OK                      19            15            34            27
West Palm Beach      FL                      14            24            19            32
Wilkes-Barre/        PA                       7             8             7             6
 Scranton
Average for medium-                        20.8          29.0          23.8          29.9
 large-community
 airports
Large-community
 airports
Atlanta              GA                     106           127            99            68
Baltimore            MD                      37            59            35            47
Boston               MA                      64            73            77            67
Burbank              CA                      11            10             6            20
Chicago Midway       IL                       1            40             2            34
Chicago O'Hare       IL                     135           123           155            73
Cincinnati           OH                      37           100            36            31
Cleveland            OH                      49            69            49            47
Dallas               TX                      83           116            88            71
Dallas Love Field    TX                      10            13             4             4
Denver               CO                      96           101           105            60
Detroit Wayne        MI                      59            98            73            62
 County
Houston Hobby        TX                       8            28             4            37
Houston              TX                      48            86            53            42
 Intercontinental
Islip                NY                       7            10             4             6
Kansas City          MO                      46            49            58            56
Long Beach           CA                       3             3             3             7
Los Angeles          CA                      70            67            96            62
Miami                FL                      43            47            61            32
Milwaukee            WI                      30            45            38            46
Minneapolis          MN                      54           108            68            94
Monterey             CA                       3             2             6             4
New York Kennedy     NY                      55            45            57            18
New York LaGuardia   NY                      74            60            90            59
Newark               NJ                      46            73            63            47
Norfolk              VA                      22            22            19            23
Oakland              CA                      22            20            17            31
Ontario              CA                      14            18            20            36
Palm Springs         CA                      10             9             9             8
Pheonix              AZ                      32            76            48            63
Philadelphia         PA                      62            87            59            58
Pittsburgh           PA                      68           109            53            36
Portland             OR                      38            43            47            55
Sacramento           CA                      21            22            22            32
San Diego            CA                      26            35            40            50
San Francisco        CA                      68            59            77            46
San Jose             CA                      23            24            22            43
Santa Ana            CA                      14            24             8            37
Seattle              WA                      38            68            54            69
St. Louis            MO                      67            98            73            49
St. Petersburg/      FL                       1             4             0             2
 Clearwater
Tampa                FL                      41            49            38            42
Washington Dulles    VA                      30            71            18            40
Washington Reagan    DC                      71            60            90            47
 National
White Plains         NY                       9            17             8            18
Average for large-                         41.2          54.8          45.6          41.8
 community airports
-----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------

NUMBER OF SCHEDULED JET AND NONJET
DEPARTURES AT AIRPORTS SERVING
SMALL, MEDIUM-SIZED, MEDIUM-LARGE,
AND LARGE COMMUNITIES, MAY 1978
THROUGH MAY 1998
=========================================================== Appendix V

                                            Jet           Jet        Nonjet        Nonjet
                                    departures,   departures,   departures,   departures,
                     State             May 1978      May 1978      May 1978      May 1998
-------------------  ------------  ------------  ------------  ------------  ------------
Small-community
 airports
Amarillo             TX                     643           412            62           308
Asheville            NC                     461           352           313           308
Bangor               ME                     240            93           339         1,572
Billings             MT                     620           453           216           390
Binghamton           NY                      93            87           958           719
Bismarck             ND                     309           115           152           183
Burlington           VT                     302           281           398         2,231
Cedar Rapids         IA                     627           628            89           453
Champaign            IL                     302             0           120           700
Charleston           WV                     542           322           329           841
Duluth               MN                     368           145            89           150
Elmira/Corning       NY                      62           114           309           392
Erie                 PA                     275           118            46           327
Evansville           IN                     519            82            73         1,323
Fargo                ND                     398           204           116           139
Fayetteville         NC                     426           121            62           356
Fayetteville         AR                       0             0           711         1,252
Gainesville          FL                     236           124            92           479
Grand Junction       CO                     140            80           220           467
Great Falls          MT                     372           368            23            66
Green Bay            WI                     670           251           317           521
Lincoln              NB                     600           236           367           231
Lubbock              TX                     974           609           108           432
Manchester           NH                     178           656           441           686
Medford              OR                     217           123            87           729
Midland/Odessa       TX                     836           540            73           277
Missoula             MT                     248           432             0           232
Myrtle Beach         SC                     155           774           255           176
Pasco                WA                     248           156           598         1,007
Portland             ME                     333           635           528         2,203
Rapid City           SD                     372           211            85           193
Reno                 NV                    1619          3643            62           149
Roanoke              VA                     732           363           523           851
Rochester            MN                     561           265           178           150
Savannah             GA                     461           722           155           124
Sioux City           IA                     368            54           248           421
Sioux Falls          SD                     393           320           515           368
South Bend           IN                     403           347           603           997
Springfield          MO                     538           205            31           789
Tallahassee          FL                     607           398            46         1,024
Valparaiso/Ft.       FL                     337           268             0           329
 Walton Beach
Wilmington           NC                     182           183           209           502
Overall for small-                       17,967        15,490        10,146        25,047
 community airports

Medium-sized-community airports
-----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Appleton             WI                       0           372           482           511
Atlantic City        NJ                       0           310           360           319
Augusta              GA                     407           180           220           342
Baton Rouge          LA                     596           394           115           641
Boise                ID                     806         2,155           172           572
Bristol/Kingsport    TN                     507           327           271           337
Charleston           SC                     848           664           272           431
Chattanooga          TN                     763           236             0           447
Colorado Springs     CO                     453         1,390           612           376
Columbia             SC                     744           604           814           177
Corpus Christi       TX                     503           384           335           636
Daytona Beach        FL                     635           277             0             0
Des Moines           IA                   1,354           935           166           682
Eugene               OR                     403           272           184         1,091
Flint                MI                     310           200           131           496
Fort Myers           FL                     341         1,253           166           707
Fort Wayne           IN                     527           239           273           962
Gulfport             MS                     325           182             0           387
Harlingen            TX                     318           348             0           248
Huntington           WV                     240            31           186           394
Huntsville           AL                     712           643             0           199
Jackson              MS                   1,038           828           177           481
Kalamazoo County     MI                     217           265           263           760
Lafayette            LA                     271            31           339           860
Lansing              MI                     523           207           205           946
Lexington            KY                     620           658            89           692
Little Rock          AR                   1,084         1,275           382           846
Madison              WI                   1,037           609           197           634
McAllen/Mission      TX                     178           261             0            25
Melbourne            FL                     372           215             0             0
Mobile               AL                     852           457             0           150
Moline               IL                     805           418           178           409
Montgomery           AL                     531           153             0           226
Newburgh             NY                       0           426             0           431
Pensacola            FL                     364           552             0           635
Peoria               IL                     770            62            93           740
Saginaw/Midland      MI                     430           366            73           296
Santa Barbara        CA                     275           268           507         2,178
Sarasota             FL                     620           526           158           355
Shreveport           LA                   1,185           329           214           845
Spokane              WA                   1,240         2,498           447           362
Wichita              KS                   1,015           895           332           622
Overall for medium-                      24,219        22,695         8,413        22,448
 sized-community
 airports

Medium-large-community airports
-----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Akron                OH                     620           235           146           855
Albany               NY                   1,180           966           761         2,099
Albuquerque          NM                   1,666         3,183           502         1,099
Allentown            PA                     461           621           419           566
Austin               TX                   1,323         3,113           189           348
Bakersfield          CA                     279            30           119         1,340
Birmingham           AL                   1,685         1,798            85           277
Buffalo              NY                   2,832         1,581           254         1,163
Charlotte/Douglas    NC                   2,545        10,649           995         4,529
Columbus             OH                   2,272         3,720            62           976
Dayton               OH                   2,148         1,223            31         1,136
El Paso              TX                   1,367         2,195           220             0
Fort Lauderdale      FL                   2,569         3,916           120         1,088
Fresno               CA                     625           241           489         3,203
Grand Rapids         MI                     701           846           475         1,122
Greensboro           NC                   1,158         1,669           182           544
Greenville           SC                     631           907            93           358
Harrisburg           PA                     360           719           857           924
Hartford/Bradley     CT                   2,532         2,406           205         1,147
Indianapolis         IN                   3,050         3,354           889         1,438
Jacksonville         FL                   1,715         2,145             0           880
Knoxville            TN                     875         1,094           124           434
Las Vegas            NV                   4,030        12,849           751           651
Louisville           KY                   2,416         2,321           412           347
Memphis              TN                   4,456         4,603           886         3,366
Nashville            TN                   2,621         4,553           247           673
New Orleans          LA                   4,022         4,439           609           637
Oklahoma City        OK                   2,057         1,753           350           515
Omaha                NE                   1,582         1,903           522           353
Orlando              FL                   3,259         9,339             0         3,084
Providence           RI                     925         1,743           917         1,397
Raleigh/Durham       NC                   1,081         4,138           520         1,331
Richmond             VA                     937         1,362           564           874
Rochester            NY                   1,816         1,319             0         1,896
Salt Lake City       UT                   2,871         8,473           621         1,830
San Antonio          TX                   2,273         3,168           422            31
Syracuse             NY                   1,360           990           340         2,031
Toledo               OH                     647           269             0           647
Tucson               AZ                   1,453         2,054           177             0
Tulsa                OK                   2,025         1,648           189           810
West Palm Beach      FL                   1,216         1,911             0           869
Wilkes-Barre/        PA                     279           271           358           382
 Scranton
Overall for medium-                      73,920       115,717        15,102        47,250
 large-community
 airports
Large-community
 airports
Atlanta              GA                  19,209        26,576         1,188         5,348
Baltimore            MD                   2,713         5,756         1,455         3,021
Boston               MA                   6,600         9,185         3,423        12,963
Burbank              CA                   1,190         2,609            85             0
Chicago Midway       IL                      85         5,505             0           819
Chicago O'Hare       IL                  22,204        25,282         4,568         6,694
Cincinnati           OH                   2,957        12,677           478         2,770
Cleveland            OH                   4,891         6,062           362         4,270
Dallas               TX                  12,274        20,987         2,843        10,714
Dallas Love Field    TX                   1,619         3,915           243             0
Denver               CO                   8,951        12,980         3,154         3,873
Detroit Wayne        MI                   5,843        13,969         1,245         3,781
 County
Houston Hobby        TX                   1,345         4,910           112           678
Houston              TX                   5,992        11,438         1,780         3,439
 Intercontinental
Islip                NY                     278           248           126         1,711
Kansas City          MO                   4,069         5,653         1,907         2,009
Long Beach           CA                     194           389             0             0
Los Angeles          CA                  12,607        18,697         2,860        16,560
Miami                FL                   6,198         5,618           422         4,740
Milwaukee            WI                   2,538         3,236           862         2,235
Minneapolis          MN                   5,014        12,891           930         3,889
Monterey             CA                     405            61             0         1,831
New York Kennedy     NY                   5,302         3,952         1,143         7,483
New York LaGuardia   NY                   9,114         9,502         1,381         3,698
Newark               NJ                   4,712        11,700         1,177         4,061
Norfolk              VA                   1,440         1,323           182         1,303
Oakland              CA                   1,794         5,310           550            62
Ontario              CA                     953         3,339           658           491
Palm Springs         CA                     341           342           263         1,872
Pheonix              AZ                   3,754        18,592           463         1,778
Philadelphia         PA                   5,585        10,170         4,197         6,093
Pittsburgh           PA                   7,408         9,458         2,852         7,117
Portland             OR                   3,265         7,145           841         4,662
Sacramento           CA                   1,682         3,589           360         1,373
San Diego            CA                   3,288         6,544           411         4,203
San Francisco        CA                   9,309        13,344         1,495         4,048
San Jose             CA                   1,980         5,383           491           496
Santa Ana            CA                   1,213         3,495           874           712
Seattle              WA                   4,126        14,535         1,805         6,789
St. Louis            MO                   7,354        15,028         1,501         4,554
St. Petersburg/      FL                       0           159             9             0
 Clearwater
Tampa                FL                   5,374         5,025           429         3,427
Washington Dulles    VA                   2,081         4,627           200         6,656
Washington Reagan    DC                   7,952         7,885         2,572         2,604
 National
White Plains         NY                     108           464           463         1,394
Overall for large-                      215,311       369,555        52,360       166,221
 community airports
-----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------

MAJOR CONTRIBUTORS TO THIS REPORT
========================================================== Appendix VI

RESOURCES, COMMUNITY, AND ECONOMIC
DEVELOPMENT DIVISION, WASHINGTON,
D.C. 

Sonja Bensen
Aaron Casey
Tina Kinney
Steven Martin
Sara Ann Moessbauer
Robert White

OFFICE OF THE CHIEF ECONOMIST

Joseph Kile

OFFICE OF THE GENERAL COUNSEL

David Hooper




RELATED GAO PRODUCTS
============================================================ Chapter 0

Aviation Competition:  Effects on Consumers From Domestic Airline
Alliances Vary (GAO/RCED-99-37, Jan.  15, 1999). 

Aviation Competition:  Proposed Domestic Airline Alliances Raise
Serious Issues (GAO/T-RCED-98-215, June 4, 1998). 

Domestic Aviation:  Service Problems and Limited Competition Continue
in Some Markets (GAO/T-RCED-98-176, Apr.  23, 1998). 

Aviation Competition:  International Aviation Alliances and the
Influence of Airline Marketing Practices (GAO/T-RCED-98-131, Mar. 
19.  1998). 

Airline Competition:  Barriers to Entry Continue in Some Domestic
Markets (GAO/T-RCED-98-112, Mar.  5, 1998). 

Domestic Aviation:  Barriers Continue to Limit Competition
(GAO/T-RCED-98-32, Oct.  28, 1997). 

Airline Deregulation:  Addressing the Air Service Problems of Some
Communities (GAO/T-RCED-97-187, June 25, 1997). 

International Aviation:  Competition Issues in the U.S.-U.K.  Market
(GAO/T-RCED-97-103, June 4, 1997). 

Domestic Aviation:  Barriers to Entry Continue to Limit Benefits of
Airline Deregulation (GAO/T-RCED-97-120, May 13, 1997). 

Airline Deregulation:  Barriers to Entry Continue to Limit
Competition in Several Key Domestic Markets (GAO/RCED-97-4, Oct.  18,
1996). 

Domestic Aviation:  Changes in Airfares, Service, and Safety Since
Airline Deregulation (GAO/T-RCED-96-126, Apr.  25, 1996). 

Airline Deregulation:  Changes in Airfares, Service, and Safety at
Small, Medium-Sized, and Large Communities (GAO/RCED-96-79, Apr.  19,
1996). 

International Aviation:  Airline Alliances Produce Benefits, but
Effect on Competition Is Uncertain (GAO/RCED-95-99, Apr.  6, 1995). 

Airline Competition:  Higher Fares and Less Competition Continue at
Concentrated Airports (GAO/RCED-93-171, July 15, 1993). 

Computer Reservation Systems:  Action Needed to Better Monitor the
CRS Industry and Eliminate CRS Biases (GAO/RCED-92-130, Mar.  20,
1992). 

Airline Competition:  Effects of Airline Market Concentration and
Barriers to Entry on Airfares (GAO/RCED-91-101, Apr.  26, 1991). 

Airline Deregulation:  Trends in Airfares at Airports in Small and
Medium-Sized Communities (GAO/RCED-91-13, Nov.  8, 1990). 

Airline Competition:  Industry Operating and Marketing Practices
Limit Market Entry (GAO/RCED-90-147, Aug.  29, 1990). 

Airline Competition:  Higher Fares and Reduced Competition at
Concentrated Airports (GAO/RCED-90-102, July 11, 1990). 

Airline Deregulation:  Barriers to Competition in the Airline
Industry (GAO/T-RCED-89-65, Sept.  20, 1989). 

Airline Competition:  Fare and Service Changes at St.  Louis Since
the TWA-Ozark Merger (GAO/RCED-88-217BR, Sept.  21, 1988). 

Competition in the Airline Computerized Reservation Systems
(GAO/T-RCED-88-62, Sept.  14, 1988). 

Airline Competition:  Impact of Computerized Reservation Systems
(GAO/RCED-86-74, May 9, 1986). 

Airline Takeoff and Landing Slots:  Department of Transportation's
Slot Allocation Rule (GAO/RCED-86-92, Jan.  31, 1986). 

Deregulation:  Increased Competition Is Making Airlines More
Efficient and Responsive to Consumers (GAO/RCED-86-26, Nov.  6,
1985). 


*** End of document. ***