Dairy Industry: Information on Marketing Channels and Prices for Fluid
Milk (Letter Report, 03/16/98, GAO/RCED-98-70).

Pursuant to a congressional request, GAO reviewed aspects of milk
marketing and pricing in the United States, focusing on: (1) the
entities that handle fluid market from the time it leaves the farm to
the time it is sold to the consumer, including regional variations; (2)
Bureau of Labor Statistics' price indexes at farm, processor, and retail
levels of milk, processed dairy products, and cheese for December 1990
through September 1997; (3) Agricultural Marketing Service's data or
dairy cooperatives' announced Class 1 prices and retail milk prices for
28 cities for January 1991 through September 1997; and (4) results of
the Economic Research Service's study of changes in retail prices for
dairy products and eight other food groups.

GAO noted that: (1) the majority of milk used to produce fluid milk in
the United States passes from the farm to dairy cooperatives; (2)
however, most of the milk for fluid use is not processed by dairy
cooperatives but is sold to retail food chains, companies that own
multiple bottling plants, and independent bottlers that process it into
fluid milk for sale to consumers; (3) each entity that is involved in
the processing and marketing of fluid milk adds value to the product and
receives a portion of the spread between the farm and retail fluid milk
prices; (4) consequently, the number and types of entities that make up
a particular pathway and their related market share may have a
significant effect on the amount of the farm-to-retail price spread that
can be attributed to any one entity or group of entities; (5) GAO found
that these factors differ in each of the seven milk-producing regions of
the United States; (6) GAO found that the Bureau of Labor Statistics'
price indexes for all uses of milk and at all levels rose overall from
September 1991 through September 1997; (7) the percent increases in the
retail-level price indexes for whole milk, processed dairy products, and
cheese were substantially higher than the percent increases in the
farm-level price indexes for milk used for fluid and manufactured
products for this period of time; (8) however, during this period of
time, the farm-level price indexes were relatively more volatile than
their retail-level counterparts; (9) in addition, the Agricultural
Marketing Service's data show that from 1991 through the first 9 months
of 1997, the average difference between the retail price and the
announced cooperative price for a gallon of milk in 28 cities increased
from $1.12 to $1.30, on the basis of nominal prices that have not been
adjusted for inflation; (10) GAO also found that the average price
spread varied significantly across the 28 cities during this period;
(11) information from the Economic Research Service shows that from 1990
through 1996, all foods in the Department of Agriculture market basket,
including dairy products, experienced retail price increases; and (12)
while the retail price for dairy products increased by 12.3 percent
during this period, the retail price increase for other products in this
market basket ranged from 8.8 to 39.3 percent.

--------------------------- Indexing Terms -----------------------------

 REPORTNUM:  RCED-98-70
     TITLE:  Dairy Industry: Information on Marketing Channels and 
             Prices for Fluid Milk
      DATE:  03/16/98
   SUBJECT:  Dairy products
             Dairy industry
             Agricultural production
             Price indexes
             Statistical data

             
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Cover
================================================================ COVER


Report to Congressional Requesters

March 1998

DAIRY INDUSTRY - INFORMATION ON
MARKETING CHANNELS AND PRICES FOR
FLUID MILK

GAO/RCED-98-70

Marketing and Pricing of Fluid Milk

(150122)


Abbreviations
=============================================================== ABBREV

  AMS - Agricultural Marketing Service
  BLS - Bureau of Labor Statistics
  ERS - Economic Research Service
  GAO - General Accounting Office
  USDA - U.S.  Department of Agriculture

Letter
=============================================================== LETTER


B-279068

March 16, 1998

The Honorable James M.  Jeffords
The Honorable Patrick J.  Leahy
United States Senate

About 6 billion gallons of the approximately 18 billion gallons of
milk produced by U.S.  dairy farms each year is processed into fluid
drinking milk (fluid milk).  Fluid milk moves from the farm to the
retail store via a variety of pathways, and a number of entities are
involved in its processing and/or marketing.  These entities include
dairy cooperative organizations, retail food chains that have their
own dairy-processing operations, firms with multiple bottling plants,
and firms with a single bottling plant. 

In August 1997, you requested that we examine certain aspects of milk
marketing and pricing in the United States.  This report (1) provides
information on the entities that handle fluid milk from the time it
leaves the farm to the time it is sold to the consumer, including
regional variations, and (2) updates our August 1991 report on prices
for dairy and other food products at various market levels nationally
and in certain urban markets across the country.\1

Specifically, this report provides updated information on (1) the
Bureau of Labor Statistics' price indexes at farm, processor, and
retail levels for milk, processed dairy products, and cheese for
December 1990 through September 1997, (2) the Agricultural Marketing
Service's data for dairy cooperatives' announced Class I prices and
retail milk prices for 28 cities for January 1991 through September
1997, and (3) the results of the Economic Research Service's study of
changes in retail prices for dairy products and eight other food
groups.  A subsequent report will examine issues relating to the
spread between farm- and retail-level prices for fluid milk, as well
as the major factors believed to influence the price of milk as it
moves from the farm to the consumer. 

In summary, we found the following: 

  -- The majority of the milk used to produce fluid milk in the
     United States passes from the farm to dairy cooperatives. 
     However, most of the milk for fluid use is not processed by
     dairy cooperatives but is sold to retail food chains, companies
     that own multiple bottling plants, and independent bottlers that
     process it into fluid milk for sale to consumers.  Each entity
     that is involved in the processing and marketing of fluid milk
     adds value to the product and receives a portion of the spread
     between the farm and retail fluid milk prices.  Consequently,
     the number and types of entities that make up a particular
     pathway and their related market share may have a significant
     effect on the amount of the farm-to-retail price spread that can
     be attributed to any one entity or group of entities.  We found
     that these factors differ in each of the seven milk-producing
     regions of the United States. 

  -- In updating our 1991 report, we found that the Bureau of Labor
     Statistics' price indexes for all uses of milk (fluid and
     manufactured) and at all levels (farm, processor, and retail)
     rose overall from September 1991 through September 1997.  The
     percent increases in the retail-level price indexes for whole
     milk, processed dairy products, and cheese (13.7, 13.4, and 10.1
     percent, respectively) were substantially higher than the
     percent increases in the farm-level price indexes for milk used
     for fluid and manufactured products (1.6 and 1 percent,
     respectively) for this period of time.  However, during this
     period of time, the farm-level price indexes were relatively
     more volatile than their retail-level counterparts.  In
     addition, the Agricultural Marketing Service's data show that
     from 1991 through the first 9 months of 1997, the average
     difference (price spread) between the retail price and the
     announced cooperative price for a gallon of milk in 28 cities
     increased from $1.12 to $1.30, on the basis of nominal prices
     that have not been adjusted for inflation.  (See fig.  III.1.)
     (The percent increase in the price spread has been slightly more
     than the rate of inflation for this period, implying a slight
     increase in the inflation-adjusted price spread.) We also found
     that the average price spread varied significantly across the 28
     cities during this period.  For example, in 1997, the average
     price spread ranged from a high of $1.97 per gallon in Seattle,
     Washington, to a low of $0.51 in Cincinnati, Ohio.  (See table
     III.1.) Finally, information from the Economic Research Service
     shows that from 1990 through 1996, all foods in the U.S. 
     Department of Agriculture's (USDA) "market basket," including
     dairy products, experienced retail price increases.  While the
     retail prices for dairy products increased by 12.3 percent
     during this period, the retail price increase for other products
     in this market basket ranged from 8.8 to 39.3 percent.  (See
     table IV.1.) (During this period, the increase in the general
     price level for the whole economy was 17.7 percent.) Also, in
     1996, the farm-to-retail price spread for dairy products
     increased by 2.3 percent--a level smaller than the 3.2-percent
     increase in the price spread for all the foods in the market
     basket.  (See table IV.2.)

This report is divided into four appendixes.  Appendix I describes
the way that milk moves from the farm to the consumer in different
regions, differences in the number of processing plants and their
sizes, and the relative market shares of the fluid milk
processors/distributors in each region.  Appendix II reports changes
to farm-, processor-, and retail-level price indexes for milk,
processed dairy products, and cheese from December 1990 through
September 1997.  Appendix III presents information on announced
cooperative and retail milk prices in 28 cities from January 1991
through September 1997.  Appendix IV compares the changes in retail
prices and the difference between farm and retail prices for dairy
and eight other food products from 1991 through 1996. 


--------------------
\1 Federal Dairy Programs:  Information on Farm and Retail Milk
Prices (GAO/RCED-91-187FS, Aug.  28, 1991). 


   AGENCY COMMENTS
------------------------------------------------------------ Letter :1

We discussed a draft of this report with the Deputy Administrator for
Dairy Programs, Agricultural Marketing Service; the Chief of the
Animal Products Branch, Commercial Agriculture Division, Economic
Research Service; and six other officials from USDA.  These officials
generally agreed with the information provided in our report.  The
officials suggested that we recognize the rapid concentration (e.g.,
through mergers) that has occurred with both the cooperative and
proprietary sides of the fluid milk-processing industry since the
time the Agricultural Marketing Service collected data on the
industry's structure.  We have added this qualifying information to
the scope and methodology section of the report.  They also suggested
minor technical revisions to our draft, and where appropriate, we
have incorporated these revisions into the report.  We also shared a
draft copy of this report's appendix II with the Chief of the Food
Section, Division of Consumer Prices and Price Indexes, at the
Department of Labor's Bureau of Labor Statistics.  This official
agreed with our presentation of the Bureau's data but also suggested
some minor technical revisions to the draft.  Where appropriate,
these revisions have also been incorporated into the report. 


   SCOPE AND METHODOLOGY
------------------------------------------------------------ Letter :2

To determine what entities are involved in the marketing of milk from
the dairy farm to the consumer, we obtained information from
recognized dairy authorities within USDA and academia.  In addition,
we relied extensively on data collected by USDA's Agricultural
Marketing Service in October 1996 and reported in October 1997. 
However, during the past year, rapid concentration in the fluid
milk-processing industry has occurred, including acquisitions and
mergers by industry's major proprietary dairy firms and cooperatives. 
The information in our report does not reflect these recent changes
because little information is currently available on how this
restructuring has affected the industry. 

To update our 1991 report, we obtained price index information from
the Department of Labor's Bureau of Labor Statistics, announced
cooperative and retail price information from USDA's Agricultural
Marketing Service, and additional information from the Economic
Research Service.  Although we ensured that the data we obtained were
comparable to the data presented in our 1991 report, we did not
verify the accuracy of the price information obtained from the
agencies' databases.  We conducted our review from August 1997
through January 1998 in accordance with generally accepted government
auditing standards. 


---------------------------------------------------------- Letter :2.1

As arranged with your offices, unless you publicly announce its
contents earlier, we will make no further distribution of this report
until 30 days after the date of this letter.  At that time, we will
send copies to the Senate Committee on Agriculture, Nutrition, and
Forestry; the House Committee on Agriculture; other appropriate
congressional committees; interested Members of Congress; the
Secretaries of Agriculture and Labor; the Director, Office of
Management and Budget; and other interested parties.  We will also
make copies available to others upon request. 

Please contact me at (202) 512-5138, should you or your staff have
any questions.  Major contributors to this report are listed in
appendix V. 

Robert A.  Robinson
Director, Food and
 Agriculture Issues


THE PATHS THAT FLUID MILK FOLLOWS
FROM THE FARM TO THE CONSUMER
=========================================================== Appendix I

About 6 billion of the approximately 18 billion gallons of milk
produced by U.S.  dairy farms each year is processed into fluid
drinking milk (fluid milk).  Fluid milk moves from the farm to the
retail store via a variety of pathways.  The principal entities
involved in processing and/or marketing fluid milk in the United
States are dairy cooperative organizations, retail food chains that
have their own dairy-processing operations, and proprietary firms
with multiple bottling plants (multiple-plant bottlers) or a single
bottling plant (single-plant bottlers).  This appendix provides
information on the most predominant pathways that milk follows from
the farm to the consumer, including regional variations, and also
provides information on the differences in the number of processing
plants and their sizes and on the relative market shares of the fluid
milk processors/distributors in each region. 


   PREDOMINANT MILK-MARKETING
   PATHWAYS AND REGIONAL
   VARIATIONS
--------------------------------------------------------- Appendix I:1

While some dairy farmers may sell unprocessed milk directly to
processors or, in some instances, process fluid milk themselves for
direct sale to consumers, the majority of all the milk produced in
the United States is marketed by dairy cooperatives.  These
cooperatives (1) sell or arrange the sale of unprocessed milk to
retail food chains, multiple-plant bottlers, and/or single-plant
bottlers that process it into fluid milk and/or (2) process and
distribute fluid milk to retail outlets for subsequent consumer sale. 

Each entity that is involved in the processing and marketing of fluid
milk adds value to the product and receives a portion of the spread
between the farm and retail fluid milk prices.  Consequently, the
number and types of entities that make up a particular pathway and
their related market share may have a significant effect on the
amount of the farm and retail price spread that can be attributed to
any one entity or group of entities.  Figure I.1 shows some of the
more predominant marketing routes for fluid milk in the United
States. 

   Figure I.1:  Predominant
   Marketing Pathways for Milk
   From the Farm to the Consumer

   (See figure in printed
   edition.)

Source:  GAO's analysis of industry data and Agricultural Marketing
Service federal order data for October 1996. 

While dairy cooperatives handle the majority of all the unprocessed
milk marketed in the United States, the entities that process,
bottle, and sell the majority of the fluid milk to consumers in each
region may vary.  For example, while most of the milk produced in the
North Atlantic Region flows from dairy farms to cooperatives, the
majority is then resold to single-plant bottlers, which process,
bottle, and distribute fluid milk to retailers.  On the other hand,
dairy cooperatives themselves process most of the milk in the West
North Central Region and distribute fluid milk to retail outlets. 

To determine regional variations in the pathways that milk follows
from the farm to the consumer and the different entities involved in
each pathway, we used the regions defined by the Agricultural
Marketing Service (AMS) under the Federal Milk Marketing Order
Program.\1 AMS groups fluid milk distribution areas under the federal
milk marketing order system into seven regions.  These regions are
the North Atlantic, Southeastern, East North Central, West North
Central, West South Central, Mountain, and Pacific regions.  AMS does
not include California in its Pacific region because California has
its own state milk marketing program and is not regulated under the
federal program.  However, we have included California milk
production totals in figure I.2 because it is the largest dairy
producing state in the country.  In 1996, the total milk production
for California was about 3 billion gallons.  According to a
California state dairy official, about 723 million gallons, or 24
percent, of the state's total milk production was processed into
fluid milk.  Figure I.2 shows the seven regions and the fluid milk
distribution totals and market share by plant ownership type for each
region.\2

   Figure I.2:  Fluid Milk
   Distribution and Market Share
   by Plant Ownership Type,
   October 1996

   (See figure in printed
   edition.)

Notes:  Federal milk marketing orders do not conform geographically
to state boundaries.  To help display the data in a more meaningful
manner, we chose to use state boundaries for the various regions.  As
a result, some regions may include data from a neighboring region. 
Also, AMS' data do not include milk distribution information for
areas not regulated under the federal orders or those under state
orders. 

Plants operated under joint arrangements (e.g., cooperatives with
other cooperatives or proprietary firms) were included in the
category represented by the majority owner.  In those instances where
the joint ownership was split equally, the plant was categorized by
the owner with daily plant management responsibility. 

For some regions, the total percentages may add up to greater than
100 percent because of rounding. 

\a We have modified the AMS data shown in the map to include milk
distribution data for California even though California is not under
a federal order.  We chose to include California because it is the
largest dairy-producing state in the nation. 

\b Cooperative plant data for all regions except the East North
Central and West North Central are restricted due to data
confidentiality.  Cooperative plant data have been included in the
Multiple Plant firm category for the regions with data restrictions. 

Source:  Illustration in AMS study entitled Market Structure of the
United States Dairy Industry, a Federal Milk Marketing Order Study,
Market Administrator's Office, AMS (Tulsa, Oklahoma:  Oct.  1997) as
modified by GAO. 

Information regarding predominant regional market pathways, as well
as the relative market shares of processing/distributing entities in
each region, is presented below.  We summarized and/or extracted much
of this information from a recent study of the U.S.  dairy industry
market structure performed by AMS' Market Administrator's Office in
Tulsa, Oklahoma.\3


--------------------
\1 Federal milk marketing orders establish minimum prices for
unprocessed milk.  Handlers regulated under the federal milk
marketing orders, process about 75 percent of the total fluid milk
products produced in the United States. 

\2 In its 1996 report, AMS grouped the Mountain and Pacific regions
together in order to overcome restrictions placed on distributing
plants' data. 

\3 Market Structure of the United States Dairy Industry, a Federal
Milk Marketing Order Study, Market Administrator's Office, AMS
(Tulsa, Oklahoma:  Oct.  1997). 


      NORTH ATLANTIC REGION
------------------------------------------------------- Appendix I:1.1

Most of the unprocessed milk produced in the North Atlantic Region
passes from the dairy farm to the dairy cooperatives.  These
cooperatives sell or arrange for the sale of milk to single- and
multiple-plant bottlers.  The bottlers process the milk and sell the
bottled product to retail outlets which, in turn, sell the milk to
consumers.  Some milk is also processed by the
manufacturing/processing cooperatives themselves and is sold by them
to retail food chains and other retail outlets for subsequent sale to
consumers. 

In another marketing pathway for unprocessed milk, dairy farmers in
the region "sidestep" dairy cooperatives and sell their milk directly
to single- and multiple-plant bottlers, which process and sell fluid
milk to retail outlets.  Lesser amounts of unprocessed milk also pass
from the farm to cooperatives and then to plants owned by retail food
chains and/or pass directly from the farm to plants owned by retail
food chains.  The retail food chain plants process and bottle the
milk and sell it in their stores.  A small number of dairy farms in
the region process and bottle their own fluid milk, which they sell
directly to consumers. 

According to AMS, small single-plant bottlers are the most prevalent
type of dairy- processing plant in the North Atlantic Region,
followed by larger multiple-plant bottlers, retail food chain plants,
and cooperatives.  Although single-plant bottlers still process and
distribute most of the fluid milk produced in the region, from
October 1993 through October 1996, the number of single-plant
bottlers decreased from 58 to 46.  Although the average size of the
remaining single-plant bottlers increased by almost 9 percent, their
fluid milk market share fell from about 60 to approximately 51
percent for the period.  The number of multiple-plant bottlers in the
region increased from 10 to 13 over the same period, and the market
share of multiple-plant bottlers and cooperatives combined grew from
about 23 to approximately 31 percent of the regional distribution of
fluid milk.\4 The average plant size for this category also grew by
over 6 percent for the period.  Retail food chain plants are third in
the region's market share.  The number of retail food chain plants
decreased from 12 to 11 from October 1993 through October 1996.  The
average size of plants for this category increased by almost 19
percent, and their regional market share increased from about 17 to
about 18 percent. 


--------------------
\4 AMS reports that because there is only one bottling cooperative in
this region, the data for the cooperative and multiple-plant bottler
classifications were combined in order to protect the data's
confidentiality. 


      SOUTHEASTERN REGION
------------------------------------------------------- Appendix I:1.2

As in the North Atlantic Region, the majority of unprocessed milk
produced in the Southeastern Region moves from the farm to dairy
cooperatives.  The cooperatives, in turn, sell this milk to
multiple-plant bottlers and retail food chain plants, which process
it into fluid milk for sale to consumers.  Some fluid milk is also
processed by the cooperatives themselves and sold to retail food
chains and other retail outlets, who then sell the product to
consumers.  Alternatively, some unprocessed milk passes directly from
the farm to multiple- and single-plant bottlers that process and sell
fluid milk to retail outlets for subsequent sale.  Lesser amounts of
milk also pass from the farm to plants owned by retail food chains
that process and bottle fluid milk to sell in their stores.  A small
number of dairy farm operations in the region also process and bottle
their own fluid milk for direct sale to consumers. 

AMS reported that plants in the multiple-plant bottlers and
cooperative categories are the most prevalent types in the
Southeastern Region, followed by generally larger retail food chain
plants.\5 Single-plant bottlers are the smallest in size and numbers
in the region.  Multiple-plant bottlers and cooperatives process most
of the fluid milk bottled and distributed in the region.  From
October 1993 through October 1996, the average plant's size in this
category increased by about 18 percent, although the number of plants
decreased from 45 to 42.  The market share for multiple-plant
bottlers and cooperatives in the region also increased from about 54
to more than 57 percent for this period.  The market share for retail
food chain plants grew from about 25 to almost 28 percent from
October 1993 through October 1996, as did the number of plants--from
15 to 18.  The average size of plants for this category decreased by
about 5 percent over the period.  From October 1993 through October
1996, the average size of single-plant bottlers in the region grew by
almost 60 percent, and the average market share for this category
declined from about 21 to about 15 percent because the number of
plants decreased from 29 to 13 over the period. 


--------------------
\5 Cooperative plants' data for the Southeastern Region were combined
with data for multiple plant bottlers in order to protect the data's
confidentiality. 


      EAST NORTH CENTRAL REGION
------------------------------------------------------- Appendix I:1.3

The majority of unprocessed milk produced in the East North Central
Region moves from the farm to dairy cooperatives.  The cooperatives
sell this milk to multiple- and single-plant bottlers, which process
and distribute fluid milk to retail outlets for sale to consumers. 
The cooperatives also process and bottle fluid milk themselves and
sell it to retail outlets, which in turn, sell it to consumers. 
Dairy farms also sell unprocessed milk directly to multiple- and
single-plant bottlers.  In parts of this region, smaller amounts of
milk also pass (1) from the farm to cooperatives, to processing
plants owned by retail food chains and (2) from the farm directly to
plants owned by retail food chains.  The retail food chains then
process and bottle fluid milk for sale in their stores.  A small
number of dairy farm operations in the region also process and bottle
their own fluid milk and distribute it to retail outlets. 

AMS' data show that multiple-plant bottlers have the largest average
size of any plants in the East North Central Region and process and
distribute most of the fluid milk produced there.  From October 1993
through October 1996, the average plant's size for this category grew
by over 5 percent, and the market share increased from about 40 to
about 41 percent.  Single-plant bottlers are the smallest in average
plant size in the region but are the most prevalent type of plant and
have the next highest regional market share.  From October 1993
through October 1996, the average size of single-plant bottlers in
the region grew by over 19 percent, but their market share dropped
from almost 29 to about 25 percent owing to a decrease in plant
numbers--from 50 to 38 over the period.  Cooperatives are third in
regional market share and have the second largest average plant size
in the region.  From October 1993 through October 1996, the average
size of cooperative plants increased by over 11 percent and their
market share grew from about 17 to 20 percent.  The number of
cooperative plants also increased from 13 to 14 over the period. 
Retail food chain plants are the third largest in average size in the
region, increasing by about 7 percent over the period.  From October
1993 through October 1996, the number of retail food chain plants in
the region decreased from 11 to 10, and their market share dropped
from slightly over to just under 14 percent. 


      WEST NORTH CENTRAL REGION
------------------------------------------------------- Appendix I:1.4

Most of the unprocessed milk produced in the West North Central
Region moves from the farm to dairy cooperatives.  Dairy cooperatives
sell this milk to multiple- and single-plant bottlers, which process
and distribute fluid milk to retail outlets for subsequent consumer
sale.  In addition, farms sell unprocessed milk directly to multiple-
and single-plant bottlers, which in turn, process and sell fluid milk
to retail outlets for consumer sale. 

AMS' data show that cooperative plants are the most prevalent types
of plant in the West North Central Region, have the second largest
average plant size, and process and distribute most of the fluid milk
bottled there.  From October 1993 through October 1996, the number of
cooperative plants in the region decreased from 14 to 13, but the
average plant size increased by over 13 percent.  The cooperative
plant's market share has remained relatively steady at about 51
percent.  Multiple- and single-plant bottlers in the region number
six each.  Multiple-plant bottlers are first in average regional
plant size and second highest in regional market share, although
their market share dropped from about 32 to about 31 percent from
October 1993 through October 1996.  Over the same period, the number
of single-plant bottlers dropped from nine to six, but the average
plant's size grew by almost 63 percent.  The market share for
single-plant bottlers in the region also increased slightly--from
over 17 to just over 18 percent for the period.  According to AMS, no
retail food chain plants are in the region. 


      WEST SOUTH CENTRAL REGION
------------------------------------------------------- Appendix I:1.5

Most unprocessed milk produced in the West South Central Region moves
from dairy farms to dairy cooperatives.  Dairy cooperatives sell this
milk to multiple- and single-plant bottlers, which process fluid milk
and sell it to retail outlets for subsequent consumer sale.  The
cooperatives themselves also process and distribute fluid milk to
retail outlets (including retail food chains) for resale. 
Unprocessed milk also travels from the dairy farm, to dairy
cooperatives, and then to plants owned by retail food chains, where
it is processed into fluid milk, bottled, and sold to consumers. 
Finally, dairy farms sell unprocessed milk directly to plants owned
by retail food chains.  The retail food chain plants process and
bottle the milk and sell it in their stores. 

AMS' data show that multiple-plant bottlers and cooperatives combined
are the most prevalent plant types in the West South Central
Region,\6 have the largest average size, and process and distribute
most of the fluid milk marketed there.  From October 1993 through
October 1996, the number of cooperative plants in the region
increased from 4 to 5, and the number of multiple-plant bottlers
decreased from 15 to 11.  The average plant's size for multiple-plant
bottlers and cooperatives, combined, increased by over 27 percent,
and their market share rose from about 63 to about 66 percent during
the period.  Retail food chains have the second highest number of
plants in the region and are second in average regional plant size
and market share.  From October 1993 through October 1996, the number
of these plants in the region decreased from nine to eight.  Although
the average plant's size increased by slightly over 5 percent, these
plants' market share decreased from about 34 to about 31 percent for
the period.  Independent bottling plants are third in numbers and
average plant size in the region.  Although plant numbers remained
unchanged at four, from October 1993 through October 1996, there was
a decrease of about 2 percent in the average plant's size, while
these plants' regional market share remained relatively constant at
about 4 percent. 


--------------------
\6 According to AMS, the cooperative plants in this region are all
under one joint ownership entity; therefore, cooperative data were
combined with data for multiple-plant bottlers in order to protect
the data's confidentiality. 


      MOUNTAIN AND PACIFIC REGIONS
------------------------------------------------------- Appendix I:1.6

For the Mountain and Pacific Regions,\7 separate information is
presented below for the dominant market routes followed by
unprocessed and processed milk on its way from the farm to the
consumer.  However, combined information is presented on the market
shares, number of plants, and size of plants for the
processing/distributing plant types within these regions because the
AMS study,\8 which was our primary source for these data, combined
this information in order to protect the data's confidentiality. 

In the Mountain Region, most unprocessed milk proceeds from the dairy
farm, to cooperatives, to processing plants owned by retail food
chains.  The processed and bottled fluid milk is then sold by the
retail food chains in their stores.  Cooperatives also sell
unprocessed milk to multiple- and single-plant bottlers, which then
process the milk and sell fluid milk to retail outlets for subsequent
sale.  Finally, milk moves from the farm directly to multiple- and
single-plant bottlers, and from there, it is sold as fluid milk to
retail outlets that sell the product to consumers. 

In the Pacific Region, most unprocessed milk goes from the farm to
dairy cooperatives, which sell it to retail food chains.  The retail
food chains then process the milk and sell it to consumers.  In
addition, some unprocessed milk travels from the farm to cooperatives
and is sold to multiple- and single-plant bottlers, which process and
sell fluid milk to retail outlets for consumer sale.  Some dairy
farms also sell unprocessed milk directly to multiple- and
single-plant bottlers, which process and sell fluid milk to retail
outlets for subsequent consumer sale.  Finally, some dairy farm
operations process and bottle fluid milk themselves for direct sale
to consumers. 

According to AMS' data, multiple-plant bottlers and cooperatives,
combined, have the second largest number of plants in the combined
Mountain/Pacific Region,\9 are second largest in average plant size,
but process and distribute most of the fluid milk produced there. 
From October 1993 through October 1996, the number of multiple-plant
bottlers in the combined regions decreased from 13 to 12, and the
number of cooperative plants decreased from 7 to 6.  The average
plant's size for multiple-plant bottlers and cooperatives, combined,
increased by over 21 percent, and their combined market share rose
from about 36 to about 38 percent during the period.  Single-plant
bottlers are the most prevalent type of plant in the combined
Mountain/Pacific Region, are third in average plant size, and have
the second largest regional market share.  From October 1993 through
October 1996, the number of single-plant bottlers in the combined
region decreased from 31 to 28.  Although the average plant's size
increased by about 3 percent, the market share for single-plant
bottlers decreased from about 36 to about 32 percent during the
period.  Retail food chain plants in the combined region rank third
in plant numbers, first in average plant size, and third in market
share.  From October 1993 through October 1996, the number of retail
food chain plants held constant at 11.  The average plant's size
increased by almost 11 percent, and the market share in the combined
region rose from about 29 to almost 31 percent. 


--------------------
\7 This section does not include data for California because the
state does not participate in the Federal Milk Marketing Order
Program and is not included by AMS in the Mountain and Pacific
Regions.  However, California state officials told us that 60 percent
of the 723 million gallons of milk (434 million gallons) is processed
into fluid milk by retail food chains and is sold at their own retail
outlets. 

\8 Market Structure of the United States Dairy Industry, a Federal
Milk Marketing Order Study, Market Administrator's Office, AMS
(Tulsa, Oklahoma:  Oct.  1997). 

\9 AMS states that the cooperatives' data in this combined region
include two ownership entities and that multiple plant bottlers and
cooperatives' data were combined to protect the data's
confidentiality. 


CHANGES IN THE BUREAU OF LABOR
STATISTICS' PRICE INDEXES FOR
SELECTED DAIRY PRODUCTS, DECEMBER
1990 THROUGH SEPTEMBER 1997
========================================================== Appendix II

This appendix discusses the changes in the Bureau of Labor
Statistics' (BLS) price indexes for milk, processed dairy products,
and cheese at the farm, dairy processor, and retail levels.  It
presents information on the changes in the indexes on a quarterly
basis from December 1990 through September 1997. 

BLS collects price data for milk, processed dairy products, and
cheese as part of its regular programs to calculate the consumer
price and producer price indexes.  These data are collected through
the systematic sampling of the prices paid by consumers for
consumption items and the prices received by producers.  The
farm-level price indexes for fluid and manufacturing-use milk are
based on a value of 100, which equaled the average prices of fluid
and manufacturing-use milk in 1982.\1 The processor-level price index
for fluid milk is based on a value of 100, which equaled the average
price of this product in December 1982, and the processor-level price
index for cheese is based on a value of 100, which equaled the
average price of this product in June 1981.  The retail-level price
indexes for whole milk, processed dairy products, and cheese are
based on a value of 100, which equaled the average of prices
collected during the period 1982 through 1984. 

The price indexes at all levels--farm, processor, and retail--and for
all uses of milk generally rose from September 1991 through September
1997.  From September 1991 through September 1997, the farm-level
price indexes for fluid use and manufacturing use milk increased by
1.6 and 1 percent, respectively; the processor-level price indexes
for fluid milk and cheese increased by 9 and 8.3 percent,
respectively, and the unadjusted retail-level price indexes for whole
milk, processed dairy products, and cheese increased by 13.7, 13.4,
and 10.1 percent, respectively.  While all the indexes were higher in
September 1997 than in September 1991, they were substantially lower
than the peaks reached in 1996.  This recent decline was greatest at
the farm level, where the price index for fluid-use milk declined
from 120.1 in September 1996 to 95.7 in September 1997.  The
farm-level price index for milk used for manufacturing declined from
120.6 to 97.3 during the same period.  Also, for the period September
1991 through September 1997, the retail-level price indexes for whole
milk, processed dairy products, and cheese were substantially less
volatile than the farm-level indexes for milk used for these
products.  Table II.1 presents BLS' data on price indexes at the
farm, processor, and retail levels for selected dairy products
quarterly from December 1990 through September 1997. 



                                        Table II.1
                         
                             Price Indexes of Selected Dairy
                             Products, December 1990 Through
                                      September 1997

                     Farm level milk      Processor level            Retail level
                   --------------------  ------------------  ----------------------------
                                                                       Processe
                      Fluid  Manufactur     Fluid               Whole         d
Year      Month         use         ing      milk    Cheese      milk  products    Cheese
--------  -------  --------  ----------  --------  --------  --------  --------  --------
1990      Decembe      86.7        81.6     119.0     106.1     126.0     128.4     132.7
           r
1991      March        83.9        79.6     117.4     105.6     122.1     128.3     132.4
          June         85.5        83.9     116.8     107.0     121.5     127.3     131.1
          Septemb      94.2        96.3     119.4     114.3     122.2     129.1     133.8
           er
          Decembe     100.4        96.4     124.2     115.1     125.5     130.2     135.1
           r
1992      March        92.1        87.8     122.4     108.9     125.6     130.2     135.2
          June         98.4        98.3     122.0     115.7     125.2     130.3     134.9
          Septemb     100.1        97.8     125.9     115.9     128.2     131.0     136.0
           er
          Decembe      93.1        90.0     124.2     111.1     127.8     130.4     135.4
           r
1993      March        90.0        87.6     120.5     109.4     126.0     131.3     135.5
          June         97.1        95.3     124.8     116.3     128.5     131.1     136.3
          Septemb      94.4        94.6     123.1     115.1     128.9     129.9     134.6
           er
          Decembe      99.2        98.1     126.6     115.9     130.6     129.8     134.6
           r
1994      March        99.7        99.1     127.3     116.5     131.3     131.7     136.9
          June         95.0        88.5     129.4     111.3     132.5     131.7     136.0
          Septemb      95.3        94.7     124.0     114.4     129.3     132.4     136.9
           er
          Decembe      94.2        90.3     127.6     112.0     131.1     131.8     136.0
           r
1995      March        93.2        92.7     123.2     114.0     130.5     133.1     137.0
          June         90.4        88.9     123.0     112.3     130.6     132.9     136.9
          Septemb      94.4        95.2     123.5     117.7     130.1     134.0     137.8
           er
          Decembe     101.9       101.9     128.6     121.3     133.7     136.2     139.0
           r
1996      March       100.4        99.5     129.4     119.8     136.2     136.7     139.9
          June        108.5       108.1     133.0     124.0     139.5     139.5     141.6
          Septemb     120.1       120.6     140.2     134.7     143.7     148.5     149.4
           er
          Decembe     103.6        92.8     142.9     118.7     148.3     147.9     150.1
           r
1997      March        99.2        96.9     133.9     119.4     143.8     147.0     148.1
          June         91.7        85.6     132.6     114.7     141.6     145.2     147.1
          Septemb   95.7(P)     97.3(P)  130.2(P)  123.8(P)     139.0     146.4     147.3
           er
-----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Legend

P = Preliminary data subject to revision

Note:  Price indexes have not been seasonally adjusted. 

Source:  BLS' Consumer Price Index and Producer Price Index data. 

Figures II.1 through II.5 show the changes in the farm-level price
index for fluid milk, the retail-level price index for whole milk,
the farm-level price index for milk used for processed dairy products
and cheese, the retail-level price index for processed dairy
products, and the retail-level price index for cheese for the period
December 1990 through September 1997. 

   Figure II.1:  Trends in the
   Farm-Level Price Index for
   Fluid Milk, December 1990
   Through September 1997

   (See figure in printed
   edition.)

Note:  Price indexes have not been seasonally adjusted. 

Source:  BLS. 

   Figure II.2:  Trends in the
   Retail-Level Price Index for
   Whole Milk, December 1990
   Through September 1997

   (See figure in printed
   edition.)

Note:  Price indexes have not been seasonally adjusted. 

Source:  BLS. 

   Figure II.3:  Trends in the
   Farm-Level Price Index for Milk
   Used for Processed Dairy
   Products and Cheese, December
   1990 Through September 1997

   (See figure in printed
   edition.)

Note:  Price indexes have not been seasonally adjusted. 

Source:  BLS. 

   Figure II.4:  Trends in the
   Retail-Level Price Index for
   Processed Dairy Products,
   December 1990 Through September
   1997

   (See figure in printed
   edition.)

Note:  Price indexes have not been seasonally adjusted. 

Source:  BLS. 

   Figure II.5:  Trends in the
   Retail-Level Price Index for
   Cheese, December 1990 Through
   September 1997

   (See figure in printed
   edition.)

Note:  Price indexes have not been seasonally adjusted. 

Source:  BLS. 


--------------------
\1 For the purpose of this report, the farm-level price index
represents the price measures used by BLS for its crude materials
index, which are derived from free on board plant- level prices. 


PRICES ANNOUNCED BY DAIRY
COOPERATIVES AND RETAIL PRICES FOR
MILK IN SELECTED CITIES, JANUARY
1991 THROUGH SEPTEMBER 1997
========================================================= Appendix III

This appendix discusses our analysis of the data from AMS on the
prices announced by dairy cooperatives to the handlers that buy their
milk and the retail prices for milk in selected cities from January
1991 through September 1997.  This appendix provides information on
(1) the difference (price spread) between the average annual retail
and announced cooperative prices for a gallon of whole milk in 28
cities for the period January 1991 through September 1997, (2) the
annual percent change in the price spread for a gallon of milk in
each of the 28 cities for the period January 1991 through September
1997, and (3) the retail and cooperative prices for a gallon of whole
milk in 28 cities for the period January 1991 through September 1997. 
(This appendix does not provide information on the price spread
between farm and retail milk prices.  Information on farm-to-retail
milk price spreads will be provided in a subsequent report.)

The announced cooperative price is the Class I milk price announced
by the major cooperative in each of the city markets.  The announced
cooperative price does not apply to all Class I sales in these city
markets and is not necessarily the price actually received for all of
the fluid milk sold by the major cooperative.  The announced
cooperative prices have not been verified as actually having been
paid by handlers. 

The retail price data were collected by federal milk marketing order
administrators who surveyed one outlet in each of the largest and
second largest food retailing chains and the largest convenience
chain store in these cities.  The surveys were conducted during the
first 10 days of each month, and the same stores were surveyed each
month.  The price represents that of the most common brand of whole
milk sold in each store. 

The data in this appendix are for those cities for which AMS had
monthly data for both retail prices and announced cooperative prices
for milk.  From January 1991 through December 1992, AMS collected
these data for 29 cities; from January 1993 through September 1997,
data were available for only 28 cities.  These data have not been
adjusted for inflation. 


   PRICE SPREAD FOR A GALLON OF
   MILK IN SELECTED CITIES
------------------------------------------------------- Appendix III:1

According to our analysis, the average difference (price spread)
between the retail price and the cooperative announced price for a
gallon of milk in 28 cities increased from $1.12 in 1991 to $1.30 in
1997.\1 (This is the nominal price spread increase not adjusted for
inflation.  The percent increase in the price spread--16 percent--has
been slightly more than the rate of inflation--15 percent--for 1991
through 1997, which implies a slight increase in the
inflation-adjusted price spread.  We used the gross domestic product
price index to adjust these numbers for inflation.) Figure III.1
shows the average annual retail and cooperative prices for 28 cities
for the period January 1991 through September 1997.  However, this
price spread varied significantly across the 28 cities during this
period as shown in table III.1.  For example, in 1991, the average
price spread ranged from a high of $1.54 per gallon in Seattle,
Washington, to a low of $0.86 in Louisville, Kentucky, and in 1997,
ranged from a high of $1.97 per gallon in Seattle, Washington, to a
low of $0.51 in Cincinnati, Ohio. 

   Figure III.1:  Average Annual
   Retail and Cooperative Prices
   per Gallon of Whole Milk for 28
   Cities, January 1991 Through
   September 1997

   (See figure in printed
   edition.)

Source:  AMS. 



                                       Table III.1
                         
                         Average Annual Difference Between Retail
                          and Announced Cooperative Prices for a
                            Gallon of Whole Milk, January 1991
                                  Through September 1997

City                     1991      1992      1993      1994      1995      1996    1997\a
-------------------  --------  --------  --------  --------  --------  --------  --------
Atlanta, Ga.            $0.94     $0.86     $0.85     $0.68     $0.82     $0.83     $1.20
Baltimore, Md.           1.14      1.20      1.26      1.25      1.35      1.33      1.34
Boston, Mass.            1.05      1.06      1.17      1.12      1.01      0.89      1.06
Carbondale, Ill.         0.99      0.91      0.80      0.76      1.00      0.94      1.12
Chicago, Ill.            1.18      1.24      1.28      1.34      1.41      1.38      1.55
Cincinnati, Ohio         0.87      0.81      0.96      1.10      1.14      1.12      0.51
Cleveland, Ohio          1.21      1.14      1.16      1.19      1.29      0.87      1.22
Dallas, Tex.             1.19      1.03      0.92      0.94      1.00      0.97      1.27
Denver, Colo.            1.30      1.28      1.45      1.76      1.81      1.40      1.62
Detroit, Mich.           1.05      1.03      0.95      1.06      1.14      0.99      1.33
Hartford, Conn.          1.08      1.04      1.15      1.08      1.08      0.93      1.12
Houston, Tex.            1.45      1.22      1.12      0.91      1.09      1.04      1.17
Indianapolis, Ind.       0.98      1.03      1.16      1.15      1.23      1.25      1.45
Kansas City, Mo.         1.07      1.06      1.15      1.22      1.25      1.21      1.44
Louisville, Ky.          0.86      0.84      0.79      0.76      0.81      0.98      1.20
Miami, Fla.              1.38      1.21      1.19      1.11      1.16      1.25      1.35
Milwaukee, Wis.          1.13      1.13      1.18      1.24      1.19      1.17      1.31
Minneapolis, Minn.       1.37      1.42      1.56      1.58      1.61      1.57      1.67
Nashville, Tenn.         0.84      0.79        \b        \b        \b        \b        \b
New Orleans, La.         1.02      0.98      1.10      1.05      0.93      1.01      1.27
Oklahoma City,           1.30      1.06      1.05      1.13      1.03      1.00      1.27
 Okla.
Omaha, Nebr.             1.07      1.06      1.23      1.34      1.37      1.34      1.36
Philadelphia, Pa.        0.90      0.98      1.05      1.14      1.15      1.06      1.14
Phoenix, Ariz.           1.20      1.22      1.31      1.32      1.39      1.06      1.23
Pittsburgh, Pa.          0.99      1.07      1.08      1.11      1.10      1.18      1.24
St. Louis, Mo.           1.18      1.25      0.96      0.92      1.13      1.25      1.36
Salt Lake City,          0.93      1.06      1.20      0.99      0.96      0.94      1.28
 Utah
Seattle, Wash.           1.54      1.71      1.70      1.73      1.75      1.85      1.97
Washington, D.C.         1.06      1.14      1.17      1.23      1.25      1.13      1.24
-----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
\a Data for a full year were not available. 

\b Comparable data were not available. 

Source:  AMS. 


--------------------
\1 These are the simple unweighted averages for the annual price
spread across the 28 cities.  Also, for this report, we did not
adjust the announced cooperative Class I price by using the butterfat
differential. 


   CHANGE IN THE PERCENTAGE OF THE
   AVERAGE ANNUAL PRICE SPREAD FOR
   MILK IN SELECTED CITIES
------------------------------------------------------- Appendix III:2

Our analysis of the change in the percentage of the average annual
price spread for a gallon of whole milk shows that the largest
increase in percentages in any year since 1991 occurred in 15 of the
28 cities in 1997.\2 For 1997, the increase in the price spread
ranged from a low of 1 percent in Omaha, Nebraska to a high of 44
percent in Atlanta, Georgia.  Table III.2 shows the change in the
percentage of the average annual price spread for a gallon of whole
milk for 28 cities for the period January 1991 through September
1997. 



                                       Table III.2
                         
                         Change in the Average Annual Difference
                         Between Retail and Announced Cooperative
                         Prices for a Gallon of Whole Milk Shown
                           in Percentages, January 1991 Through
                                      September 1997

                                                   Percent
                     --------------------------------------------------------------------
City                     1991      1992      1993      1994      1995      1996    1997\a
-------------------  --------  --------  --------  --------  --------  --------  --------
Atlanta, Ga.               18        -8        -2       -20        21         2        44
Baltimore, Md.             12         5         5        -1         8        -2         0
Boston, Mass.               9         1        10        -5        -9       -12        20
Carbondale, Ill.           26        -8       -12        -5        32        -6        18
Chicago, Ill.              21         5         4         5         5        -2        13
Cincinnati, Ohio            5        -7        19        14         3        -2       -54
Cleveland, Ohio            15        -5         2         2         8       -33        41
Dallas, Tex.              -12       -13       -10         2         6        -3        31
Denver, Colo.              12        -1        13        21         3       -22        15
Detroit, Mich.              8        -2        -7        11         8       -14        35
Hartford, Conn.             9        -4        10        -6         0       -14        21
Houston, Tex.              -4       -16        -8       -19        20        -4        12
Indianapolis, Ind.         -7         5        12         0         7         1        16
Kansas City, Mo.           -4        -1         8         6         3        -3        18
Louisville, Ky.             5        -3        -6        -3         7        20        22
Miami, Fla.                 7       -12        -2        -7         4         7         8
Milwaukee, Wis.            10         0         5         5        -4        -2        12
Minneapolis, Minn.          8         4         0         1         2        -3         7
Nashville, Tenn.           11        -5        \b        \b        \b        \b        \b
New Orleans, La.            1        -4        12        -4       -12         8        26
Oklahoma City,              0       -18        -1         7        -9        -3        28
 Okla.
Omaha, Nebr.               -3        -1        16         9         2        -2         1
Philadelphia, Pa.           1         8         8         8         1        -7         7
Phoenix, Ariz.             24         2         7         1         5       -24        16
Pittsburgh, Pa.             1         8         1         2        -1         7         5
St. Louis, Mo.            -20         6       -23        -4        23        10         9
Salt Lake City,           -17        13        13       -17        -3        -2        36
 Utah
Seattle, Wash.             17        11         0         2         1         6         6
Washington, D.C.            4         8         3         5         2        -9         9
-----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
\a Data for the full year were not available. 

\b Comparable data were not available. 

Source:  AMS. 


--------------------
\2 Comparable data were not available for Nashville, Tennessee, for
1993 through 1997. 


   DATA ON RETAIL AND COOPERATIVE
   ANNOUNCED MILK PRICES IN
   SELECTED CITIES
------------------------------------------------------- Appendix III:3

Tables III.3 through III.9 present data for January 1991 through
September 1997 on the retail and announced cooperative prices for a
gallon of whole milk for each of the cities for which we obtained
data.  The announced cooperative price does not apply to all Class I
sales in these city markets and is not necessarily the price actually
received for all of the fluid milk sold by the major cooperative.  In
addition, according to AMS officials, about 23 percent of the fluid
milk sold nationwide is by producers that are not members of dairy
cooperatives. 



                                       Table III.3
                         
                           Comparison of Retail Milk Prices per
                         Gallon and Announced Cooperative Class I
                               Milk Prices per Gallon, 1991

                                                1991
           ------------------------------------------------------------------------------
                                                           Sept                    Averag
City       Jan.  Feb.  Mar.  Apr.   May  June  July  Aug.     .  Oct.  Nov.  Dec.       e
---------  ----  ----  ----  ----  ----  ----  ----  ----  ----  ----  ----  ----  ------
Atlanta,
 Ga.
Retail     $2.2  $2.2  $2.2  $2.2  $2.1  $2.0  $2.1  $2.2  $2.2  $2.1  $2.2  $2.3   $2.22
              9     9     9     2     5     5     8     2     2     5     8     5
Cooperati  1.27  1.26  1.22  1.21  1.21  1.21  1.23  1.32  1.32  1.36  1.40  1.45    1.29
 ve
Differenc  $1.0  $1.0  $1.0  $1.0  $0.9  $0.8  $0.9  $0.9  $0.9  $0.7  $0.8  $0.9   $0.94
 e            2     3     7     1     4     4     5     0     0     9     8     0
Baltimore
 , Md.
Retail     $2.4  $2.4  $2.4  $2.4  $2.4  $2.4  $2.4  $2.4  $2.3  $2.5  $2.5  $2.5   $2.45
              3     4     0     0     4     4     4     4     8     0     0     7
Cooperati  1.28  1.27  1.27  1.26  1.26  1.26  1.25  1.28  1.32  1.36  1.41  1.45    1.31
 ve
Differenc  $1.1  $1.1  $1.1  $1.1  $1.1  $1.1  $1.1  $1.1  $1.0  $1.1  $1.0  $1.1   $1.14
 e            5     7     3     4     8     8     9     6     6     4     9     2
Boston,
 Mass.
Retail     $2.3  $2.3  $2.3  $2.3  $2.3  $2.2  $2.3  $2.3  $2.3  $2.3  $2.3  $2.4   $2.37
              9     8     8     8     6     9     1     7     8     8     9     4
Cooperati  1.27  1.25  1.24  1.22  1.22  1.33  1.34  1.38  1.39  1.38  1.38  1.42    1.32
 ve
Differenc  $1.1  $1.1  $1.1  $1.1  $1.1  $0.9  $0.9  $0.9  $0.9  $1.0  $1.0  $1.0   $1.05
 e            2     3     4     6     4     6     7     9     9     0     1     2
Carbondal
 e, Ill.
Retail     $2.2  $2.2  $2.2  $2.1  $2.1  $2.2  $2.1  $2.2  $2.2  $2.2  $2.2  $2.2   $2.23
              8     4     1     7     8     4     6     3     6     3     6     8
Cooperati  1.21  1.21  1.21  1.21  1.17  1.17  1.19  1.22  1.27  1.27  1.35  1.41    1.24
 ve
Differenc  $1.0  $1.0  $1.0  $0.9  $1.0  $1.0  $0.9  $1.0  $0.9  $0.9  $0.9  $0.8   $0.99
 e            7     3     0     6     1     7     7     1     9     6     1     7
Chicago,
 Ill.
Retail     $2.4  $2.4  $2.4  $2.3  $2.4  $2.4  $2.4  $2.4  $2.4  $2.5  $2.4  $2.4   $2.45
              4     4     9     6     2     2     2     6     6     6     6     6
Cooperati  1.24  1.22  1.22  1.21  1.21  1.21  1.22  1.25  1.30  1.34  1.38  1.44    1.27
 ve
Differenc  $1.2  $1.2  $1.2  $1.1  $1.2  $1.2  $1.2  $1.2  $1.1  $1.2  $1.0  $1.0   $1.18
 e            0     2     7     5     1     1     0     1     6     2     8     2
Cincinnat
 i, Ohio
Retail     $2.1  $2.1  $2.0  $1.9  $1.9  $1.9  $2.0  $2.1  $2.1  $2.1  $2.1  $2.0   $2.08
              3     2     9     9     9     9     4     6     2     2     2     9
Cooperati  1.19  1.19  1.18  1.13  1.13  1.13  1.15  1.20  1.24  1.28  1.33  1.37    1.21
 ve
Differenc  $0.9  $0.9  $0.9  $0.8  $0.8  $0.8  $0.8  $0.9  $0.8  $0.8  $0.7  $0.7   $0.87
 e            4     3     1     6     6     6     9     6     8     4     9     2
Cleveland
 , Ohio
Retail     $2.3  $2.3  $2.3  $2.3  $2.3  $2.3  $2.3  $2.3  $2.4  $2.4  $2.4  $2.5   $2.41
              9     6     6     6     6     6     6     9     4     7     9     2
Cooperati  1.18  1.18  1.18  1.13  1.13  1.13  1.14  1.18  1.22  1.26  1.31  1.35    1.20
 ve
Differenc  $1.2  $1.1  $1.1  $1.2  $1.2  $1.2  $1.2  $1.2  $1.2  $1.2  $1.1  $1.1   $1.21
 e            1     8     8     3     3     3     2     1     2     1     8     7
Dallas,
 Tex.
Retail     $2.4  $2.2  $2.3  $2.4  $2.4  $2.4  $2.4  $2.4  $2.4  $2.4  $2.4  $2.3   $2.42
              2     2     2     6     6     6     6     2     6     9     9     9
Cooperati  1.20  1.19  1.19  1.18  1.18  1.18  1.19  1.23  1.26  1.30  1.35  1.38    1.23
 ve
Differenc  $1.2  $1.0  $1.1  $1.2  $1.2  $1.2  $1.2  $1.1  $1.2  $1.1  $1.1  $1.0   $1.19
 e            2     3     3     8     8     8     7     9     0     9     4     1
Denver,
 Colo.
Retail     $2.5  $2.5  $2.5  $2.5  $2.5  $2.5  $2.5  $2.5  $2.5  $2.5  $2.5  $2.6   $2.54
              2     2     2     2     2     2     1     1     4     8     8     3
Cooperati  1.20  1.20  1.20  1.19  1.18  1.19  1.20  1.23  1.27  1.31  1.36  1.40    1.24
 ve
Differenc  $1.3  $1.3  $1.3  $1.3  $1.3  $1.3  $1.3  $1.2  $1.2  $1.2  $1.2  $1.2   $1.30
 e            2     2     2     3     4     3     1     8     7     7     2     3
Detroit,
 Mich.
Retail     $2.3  $2.2  $2.1  $2.2  $2.2  $2.2  $2.1  $2.1  $2.3  $2.3  $2.1  $2.2   $2.23
              1     7     3     7     7     7     1     1     4     1     9     3
Cooperati  1.17  1.15  1.15  1.12  1.12  1.12  1.12  1.17  1.20  1.25  1.29  1.33    1.18
 ve
Differenc  $1.1  $1.1  $0.9  $1.1  $1.1  $1.1  $0.9  $0.9  $1.1  $1.0  $0.9  $0.9   $1.05
 e            4     2     8     5     5     5     9     4     4     6     0     0
Hartford,
 Conn.
Retail     $2.4  $2.4  $2.3  $2.3  $2.3  $2.3  $2.4  $2.4  $2.4  $2.3  $2.3  $2.4   $2.39
              2     1     9     8     8     5     1     1     0     8     8     1
Cooperati  1.26  1.24  1.23  1.21  1.22  1.32  1.34  1.38  1.39  1.38  1.37  1.41    1.31
 ve
Differenc  $1.1  $1.1  $1.1  $1.1  $1.1  $1.0  $1.0  $1.0  $1.0  $1.0  $1.0  $1.0   $1.08
 e            6     7     6     7     6     3     7     3     1     0     1     0
Houston,
 Tex.
Retail     $2.8  $2.8  $2.8  $2.6  $2.5  $2.6  $2.6  $2.7  $2.7  $2.7  $2.7  $2.7   $2.73
              1     1     1     6     9     9     9     2     6     9     2     2
Cooperati  1.24  1.24  1.24  1.23  1.22  1.22  1.24  1.27  1.30  1.35  1.39  1.42    1.28
 ve
Differenc  $1.5  $1.5  $1.5  $1.4  $1.3  $1.4  $1.4  $1.4  $1.4  $1.4  $1.3  $1.3   $1.45
 e            7     7     7     3     7     7     5     5     6     4     3     0
Indianapo
 lis,
 Ind.
Retail     $2.2  $2.1  $2.1  $2.1  $2.1  $2.1  $2.1  $2.2  $2.2  $2.2  $2.2  $2.3   $2.19
              2     2     2     2     2     2     2     2     2     6     9     2
Cooperati  1.17  1.17  1.17  1.15  1.15  1.15  1.17  1.20  1.23  1.28  1.32  1.36    1.21
 ve
Differenc  $1.0  $0.9  $0.9  $0.9  $0.9  $0.9  $0.9  $1.0  $0.9  $0.9  $0.9  $0.9   $0.98
 e            5     5     5     7     7     7     5     2     9     8     7     6
Kansas
 City,
 Mo.
Retail     $2.3  $2.3  $2.2  $2.2  $2.2  $2.2  $2.2  $2.1  $2.2  $2.3  $2.3  $2.4   $2.26
              1     0     2     2     2     0     2     6     0     1     7     0
Cooperati  1.12  1.12  1.12  1.12  1.12  1.12  1.14  1.18  1.24  1.29  1.34  1.38    1.19
 ve
Differenc  $1.1  $1.1  $1.1  $1.1  $1.1  $1.0  $1.0  $0.9  $0.9  $1.0  $1.0  $1.0   $1.07
 e            9     8     0     0     0     8     8     8     6     2     3     2
Louisvill
 e, Ky.
Retail     $2.0  $2.0  $2.0  $2.0  $2.0  $2.0  $2.0  $2.0  $2.0  $2.0  $2.0  $2.0   $2.05
              4     4     4     4     4     4     5     5     5     5     5     5
Cooperati  1.13  1.13  1.17  1.15  1.12  1.12  1.14  1.16  1.20  1.24  1.28  1.33    1.18
 ve
Differenc  $0.9  $0.9  $0.8  $0.8  $0.9  $0.9  $0.9  $0.8  $0.8  $0.8  $0.7  $0.7   $0.86
 e            1     1     7     9     2     2     1     9     5     1     7     2
Miami,
 Fla.
Retail     $2.8  $2.8  $2.8  $2.8  $2.8  $2.8  $2.8  $2.8  $2.8  $2.9  $2.9  $2.9   $2.87
              5     5     5     5     5     5     5     5     8     2     2     2
Cooperati  1.43  1.43  1.43  1.43  1.43  1.43  1.43  1.53  1.53  1.57  1.61  1.66    1.49
 ve
Differenc  $1.4  $1.4  $1.4  $1.4  $1.4  $1.4  $1.4  $1.3  $1.3  $1.3  $1.3  $1.2   $1.38
 e            2     2     2     2     2     2     2     2     5     5     1     6
Milwaukee
 , Wis.
Retail     $2.3  $2.3  $2.3  $2.3  $2.3  $2.3  $2.3  $2.3  $2.5  $2.5  $2.4  $2.5   $2.39
              0     0     0     2     0     0     1     8     0     7     8     6
Cooperati  1.21  1.19  1.19  1.18  1.18  1.21  1.22  1.25  1.29  1.33  1.38  1.43    1.25
 ve
Differenc  $1.0  $1.1  $1.1  $1.1  $1.1  $1.0  $1.0  $1.1  $1.2  $1.2  $1.1  $1.1   $1.13
 e            9     1     1     4     2     9     9     3     1     4     0     3
Minneapol
 is,
 Minn.
Retail     $2.4  $2.4  $2.4  $2.4  $2.4  $2.4  $2.4  $2.4  $2.5  $2.5  $2.5  $2.6   $2.46
              0     0     0     0     0     0     2     4     0     2     6     2
Cooperati  1.02  1.02  1.02  1.02  1.02  1.02  1.04  1.08  1.14  1.19  1.23  1.28    1.09
 ve
Differenc  $1.3  $1.3  $1.3  $1.3  $1.3  $1.3  $1.3  $1.3  $1.3  $1.3  $1.3  $1.3   $1.37
 e            8     8     8     8     8     8     8     6     6     3     3     4
Nashville
 , Tenn.
Retail     $2.0  $2.0  $2.0  $2.0  $2.0  $2.0  $2.0  $2.0  $2.1  $2.1  $2.1  $2.1   $2.05
              2     2     2     2     2     2     2     2     2     2     2     2
Cooperati  1.17  1.16  1.18  1.17  1.16  1.16  1.17  1.20  1.24  1.28  1.33  1.37    1.22
 ve
Differenc  $0.8  $0.8  $0.8  $0.8  $0.8  $0.8  $0.8  $0.8  $0.8  $0.8  $0.7  $0.7   $0.84
 e            5     6     4     5     6     6     5     2     8     4     9     5
New
 Orleans,
 La.
Retail     $2.3  $2.3  $2.3  $2.3  $2.2  $2.2  $2.2  $2.2  $2.2  $2.2  $2.2  $2.2   $2.30
              6     6     6     2     8     8     6     9     9     8     8     9
Cooperati  1.24  1.24  1.23  1.22  1.22  1.22  1.27  1.30  1.31  1.35  1.39  1.44    1.29
 ve
Differenc  $1.1  $1.1  $1.1  $1.1  $1.0  $1.0  $0.9  $0.9  $0.9  $0.9  $0.8  $0.8   $1.02
 e            2     2     3     0     6     6     9     9     8     3     9     5
Oklahoma
 City,
 Okla.
Retail     $2.6  $2.5  $2.5  $2.5  $2.3  $2.4  $2.4  $2.4  $2.4  $2.4  $2.5  $2.5   $2.49
              0     7     5     1     7     6     6     5     4     9     0     1
Cooperati  1.15  1.15  1.15  1.14  1.13  1.13  1.15  1.18  1.22  1.26  1.31  1.35    1.19
 ve
Differenc  $1.4  $1.4  $1.4  $1.3  $1.2  $1.3  $1.3  $1.2  $1.2  $1.2  $1.1  $1.1   $1.30
 e            5     2     0     7     4     3     1     7     2     3     9     6
Omaha,
 Nebr.
Retail     $2.2  $2.2  $2.2  $2.2  $2.2  $2.2  $2.2  $2.1  $2.1  $2.2  $2.3  $2.4   $2.24
              6     6     2     2     2     1     3     1     3     8     5     3
Cooperati  1.11  1.10  1.10  1.10  1.10  1.10  1.12  1.16  1.23  1.27  1.32  1.36    1.17
 ve
Differenc  $1.1  $1.1  $1.1  $1.1  $1.1  $1.1  $1.1  $0.9  $0.9  $1.0  $1.0  $1.0   $1.07
 e            5     6     2     2     2     1     1     5     0     1     3     7
Philadelp
 hia, Pa.
Retail     $2.2  $2.1  $2.1  $2.1  $2.1  $2.1  $2.1  $2.1  $2.1  $2.3  $2.3  $2.3   $2.21
              9     9     5     4     2     2     2     4     8     1     2     8
Cooperati  1.28  1.27  1.27  1.26  1.26  1.26  1.25  1.28  1.32  1.36  1.40  1.45    1.30
 ve
Differenc  $1.0  $0.9  $0.8  $0.8  $0.8  $0.8  $0.8  $0.8  $0.8  $0.9  $0.9  $0.9   $0.90
 e            1     2     8     8     6     6     7     6     6     5     2     3
Phoenix,
 Ariz.
Retail     $2.3  $2.3  $2.3  $2.2  $2.3  $2.3  $2.3  $2.3  $2.3  $2.3  $2.3  $2.4   $2.34
              1     1     1     8     1     1     1     1     8     9     9     2
Cooperati  1.10  1.09  1.09  1.08  1.08  1.08  1.10  1.13  1.16  1.21  1.25  1.29    1.14
 ve
Differenc  $1.2  $1.2  $1.2  $1.2  $1.2  $1.2  $1.2  $1.1  $1.2  $1.1  $1.1  $1.1   $1.20
 e            1     2     2     0     3     3     1     8     2     8     4     3
Pittsburg
 h, Pa.
Retail     $2.1  $2.1  $2.1  $2.1  $2.1  $2.1  $2.1  $2.1  $2.2  $2.2  $2.3  $2.4   $2.21
              8     7     6     6     6     6     4     8     4     6     4     0
Cooperati  1.19  1.19  1.18  1.17  1.17  1.17  1.16  1.19  1.23  1.27  1.32  1.36    1.22
 ve
Differenc  $0.9  $0.9  $0.9  $0.9  $0.9  $0.9  $0.9  $0.9  $1.0  $0.9  $1.0  $1.0   $0.99
 e            9     8     8     9     9     9     8     9     1     9     2     4
St.
 Louis,
 Mo.
Retail     $2.4  $2.3  $2.3  $2.3  $2.3  $2.3  $2.3  $2.4  $2.4  $2.4  $2.5  $2.6   $2.42
              0     6     3     6     6     6     5     2     8     8     6     1
Cooperati  1.21  1.21  1.21  1.21  1.17  1.17  1.19  1.22  1.27  1.27  1.35  1.41    1.24
 ve
Differenc  $1.1  $1.1  $1.1  $1.1  $1.1  $1.1  $1.1  $1.2  $1.2  $1.2  $1.2  $1.2   $1.18
 e            9     5     2     5     9     9     6     0     1     1     1     0
Salt Lake
 City,
 Utah
Retail     $2.0  $1.9  $1.9  $1.9  $1.9  $1.9  $1.9  $2.0  $2.0  $2.1  $2.1  $2.1   $2.03
              5     9     9     8     5     4     4     5     5     3     3     8
Cooperati  1.06  1.05  1.05  1.04  1.04  1.04  1.06  1.09  1.12  1.17  1.21  1.25    1.10
 ve
Differenc  $0.9  $0.9  $0.9  $0.9  $0.9  $0.9  $0.8  $0.9  $0.9  $0.9  $0.9  $0.9   $0.93
 e            9     4     4     4     1     0     8     6     3     6     2     3
Seattle,
 Wash.
Retail     $2.7  $2.7  $2.6  $2.6  $2.6  $2.6  $2.6  $2.6  $2.6  $2.6  $2.6  $2.6   $2.66
              5     5     4     9     1     3     3     3     3     3     7     7
Cooperati  1.08  1.08  1.08  1.07  1.06  1.07  1.08  1.11  1.15  1.19  1.24  1.28    1.12
 ve
Differenc  $1.6  $1.6  $1.5  $1.6  $1.5  $1.5  $1.5  $1.5  $1.4  $1.4  $1.4  $1.3   $1.54
 e            7     7     6     2     5     6     5     2     8     4     3     9
Washingto
 n, D.C.
Retail     $2.3  $2.3  $2.3  $2.3  $2.3  $2.3  $2.3  $2.3  $2.2  $2.4  $2.3  $2.5   $2.36
              4     4     4     4     4     4     5     8     6     8     4     1
Cooperati  1.28  1.27  1.27  1.26  1.26  1.26  1.25  1.28  1.32  1.36  1.41  1.45    1.31
 ve
Differenc  $1.0  $1.0  $1.0  $1.0  $1.0  $1.0  $1.1  $1.1  $0.9  $1.1  $0.9  $1.0   $1.06
 e            6     7     7     8     8     8     0     0     4     2     3     6
-----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Note:  Cooperative prices per gallon of milk were calculated by
dividing the prices per hundredweight of milk by the number of
gallons in a hundredweight.  Calculations of price differences and
averages were made by using the unrounded results of the calculations
for the cooperative price per gallon.  In this table, cooperative
prices, price differences, and their averages have been rounded to
two decimal places.  Calculations of the average prices using the
rounded monthly prices shown in this table may result in slightly
different averages. 

Source:  AMS. 



                                       Table III.4
                         
                           Comparison of Retail Milk Prices per
                         Gallon and Announced Cooperative Class I
                               Milk Prices per Gallon, 1992

                                                1992
           ------------------------------------------------------------------------------
                                                           Sept                    Averag
City       Jan.  Feb.  Mar.  Apr.   May  June  July  Aug.     .  Oct.  Nov.  Dec.       e
---------  ----  ----  ----  ----  ----  ----  ----  ----  ----  ----  ----  ----  ------
Atlanta,
 Ga.
Retail     $2.3  $2.3  $2.3  $2.2  $2.3  $2.2  $2.1  $2.1  $2.2  $2.2  $2.2  $2.2   $2.25
              8     2     5     5     5     5     2     2     2     2     2     2
Cooperati  1.45  1.39  1.36  1.34  1.34  1.34  1.39  1.42  1.44  1.43  1.41  1.39    1.39
 ve
Differenc  $0.9  $0.9  $0.9  $0.9  $1.0  $0.9  $0.7  $0.7  $0.7  $0.7  $0.8  $0.8   $0.86
 e            3     3     9     1     1     1     3     0     8     9     1     3
Baltimore
 , Md.
Retail     $2.5  $2.5  $2.5  $2.5  $2.5  $2.5  $2.6  $2.6  $2.6  $2.6  $2.6  $2.5   $2.60
              8     7     6     6     6     7     0     6     7     7     6     9
Cooperati  1.45  1.41  1.40  1.36  1.34  1.38  1.39  1.42  1.43  1.43  1.41  1.39    1.40
 ve
Differenc  $1.1  $1.1  $1.1  $1.2  $1.2  $1.1  $1.2  $1.2  $1.2  $1.2  $1.2  $1.2   $1.20
 e            3     6     6     0     2     9     1     4     4     4     5     0
Boston,
 Mass.
Retail     $2.4  $2.3  $2.4  $2.3  $2.3  $2.4  $2.4  $2.5  $2.4  $2.4  $2.4  $2.4   $2.43
              3     5     1     7     7     3     7     0     9     6     6     5
Cooperati  1.42  1.39  1.35  1.30  1.28  1.32  1.37  1.41  1.41  1.41  1.38  1.36    1.37
 ve
Differenc  $1.0  $0.9  $1.0  $1.0  $1.0  $1.1  $1.1  $1.0  $1.0  $1.0  $1.0  $1.0   $1.06
 e            1     6     6     7     9     1     0     9     8     5     8     9
Carbondal
 e, Ill.
Retail     $2.2  $2.2  $2.2  $2.2  $2.3  $2.2  $2.1  $2.3  $2.3  $2.2  $2.2  $2.2   $2.27
              6     6     6     6     0     6     3     9     0     8     8     8
Cooperati  1.41  1.38  1.37  1.30  1.30  1.32  1.32  1.41  1.41  1.41  1.39  1.37    1.37
 ve
Differenc  $0.8  $0.8  $0.8  $0.9  $1.0  $0.9  $0.8  $0.9  $0.8  $0.8  $0.8  $0.9   $0.91
 e            5     8     9     6     0     4     1     8     9     7     9     1
Chicago,
 Ill.
Retail     $2.5  $2.7  $2.7  $2.5  $2.5  $2.5  $2.5  $2.6  $2.6  $2.6  $2.7  $2.7   $2.64
              9     2     1     8     2     2     8     3     3     3     4     8
Cooperati  1.43  1.40  1.36  1.33  1.31  1.35  1.40  1.44  1.46  1.47  1.44  1.42    1.40
 ve
Differenc  $1.1  $1.3  $1.3  $1.2  $1.2  $1.1  $1.1  $1.1  $1.1  $1.1  $1.3  $1.3   $1.24
 e            6     2     5     5     1     7     8     9     7     6     0     6
Cincinnat
 i, Ohio
Retail     $2.0  $2.0  $2.0  $2.0  $2.1  $2.1  $2.1  $2.1  $2.1  $2.1  $2.1  $2.1   $2.14
              9     9     9     9     6     6     6     9     9     6     6     6
Cooperati  1.37  1.33  1.30  1.26  1.24  1.28  1.33  1.36  1.40  1.39  1.37  1.35    1.33
 ve
Differenc  $0.7  $0.7  $0.7  $0.8  $0.9  $0.8  $0.8  $0.8  $0.7  $0.7  $0.7  $0.8   $0.81
 e            2     6     9     3     2     8     3     3     9     7     9     1
Cleveland
 , Ohio
Retail     $2.4  $2.4  $2.4  $2.4  $2.4  $2.4  $2.4  $2.4  $2.4  $2.4  $2.4  $2.4   $2.45
              7     7     7     5     1     4     2     2     7     6     6     6
Cooperati  1.35  1.32  1.28  1.24  1.22  1.26  1.29  1.33  1.38  1.37  1.35  1.33    1.31
 ve
Differenc  $1.1  $1.1  $1.1  $1.2  $1.1  $1.1  $1.1  $1.0  $1.0  $1.0  $1.1  $1.1   $1.14
 e            2     5     9     1     9     8     3     9     9     9     1     3
Dallas,
 Tex.
Retail     $2.3  $2.3  $2.3  $2.3  $2.1  $2.5  $2.3  $2.2  $2.3  $2.3  $2.3  $2.3   $2.37
              9     9     9     9     6     2     6     9     9     9     9     9
Cooperati  1.38  1.34  1.32  1.28  1.26  1.30  1.35  1.39  1.40  1.39  1.36  1.34    1.34
 ve
Differenc  $1.0  $1.0  $1.0  $1.1  $0.9  $1.2  $1.0  $0.9  $0.9  $1.0  $1.0  $1.0   $1.03
 e            1     5     7     1     0     2     1     0     9     0     3     5
Denver,
 Colo.
Retail     $2.6  $2.6  $2.6  $2.6  $2.6  $2.5  $2.5  $2.6  $2.7  $2.7  $2.7  $2.6   $2.63
              3     3     0     0     0     6     6     2     2     2     2     5
Cooperati  1.40  1.36  1.33  1.29  1.27  1.31  1.36  1.39  1.40  1.40  1.38  1.33    1.35
 ve
Differenc  $1.2  $1.2  $1.2  $1.3  $1.3  $1.2  $1.2  $1.2  $1.3  $1.3  $1.3  $1.3   $1.28
 e            3     7     7     1     3     5     0     3     2     2     4     2
Detroit,
 Mich.
Retail     $2.0  $2.2  $2.1  $2.3  $2.2  $2.2  $2.3  $2.2  $2.3  $2.2  $2.3  $2.3   $2.27
              6     3     9     6     2     2     6     6     6     3     6     6
Cooperati  1.33  1.30  1.26  1.22  1.20  1.14  1.20  1.23  1.24  1.24  1.23  1.26    1.24
 ve
Differenc  $0.7  $0.9  $0.9  $1.1  $1.0  $1.0  $1.1  $1.0  $1.1  $0.9  $1.1  $1.1   $1.03
 e            3     3     3     4     2     8     6     3     2     9     3     0
Hartford,
 Conn.
Retail     $2.4  $2.3  $2.3  $2.3  $2.3  $2.4  $2.4  $2.4  $2.4  $2.4  $2.4  $2.4   $2.40
              0     7     7     7     7     1     1     1     0     0     4     6
Cooperati  1.41  1.38  1.34  1.29  1.27  1.31  1.37  1.40  1.40  1.40  1.38  1.36    1.36
 ve
Differenc  $0.9  $0.9  $1.0  $1.0  $1.1  $1.1  $1.0  $1.0  $1.0  $1.0  $1.0  $1.1   $1.04
 e            9     9     3     8     0     0     4     1     0     0     6     0
Houston,
 Tex.
Retail     $2.8  $2.8  $2.8  $2.8  $2.5  $2.4  $2.4  $2.4  $2.4  $2.5  $2.5  $2.6   $2.61
              4     2     2     6     5     1     2     2     9     2     0     4
Cooperati  1.42  1.39  1.37  1.33  1.31  1.35  1.40  1.43  1.44  1.44  1.41  1.39    1.39
 ve
Differenc  $1.4  $1.4  $1.4  $1.5  $1.2  $1.0  $1.0  $0.9  $1.0  $1.0  $1.0  $1.2   $1.22
 e            2     3     5     3     4     6     2     9     5     8     9     5
Indianapo
 lis,
 Ind.
Retail     $2.3  $2.1  $2.3  $2.3  $2.2  $2.3  $2.3  $2.3  $2.4  $2.4  $2.4  $2.4   $2.36
              6     9     6     2     9     2     6     8     2     2     2     2
Cooperati  1.36  1.33  1.30  1.26  1.24  1.28  1.33  1.36  1.38  1.38  1.35  1.33    1.33
 ve
Differenc  $1.0  $0.8  $1.0  $1.0  $1.0  $1.0  $1.0  $1.0  $1.0  $1.0  $1.0  $1.0   $1.03
 e            0     6     6     6     5     4     3     2     4     4     7     9
Kansas
 City,
 Mo.
Retail     $2.4  $2.4  $2.4  $2.4  $2.4  $2.3  $2.3  $2.3  $2.3  $2.3  $2.3  $2.3   $2.39
              4     3     4     3     3     1     4     6     9     7     7     9
Cooperati  1.38  1.34  1.29  1.26  1.25  1.28  1.33  1.37  1.37  1.37  1.35  1.34    1.33
 ve
Differenc  $1.0  $1.0  $1.1  $1.1  $1.1  $1.0  $1.0  $0.9  $1.0  $1.0  $1.0  $1.0   $1.06
 e            6     9     5     7     8     3     1     9     2     0     2     5
Louisvill
 e, Ky.
Retail     $2.1  $2.1  $2.1  $2.1  $2.1  $2.1  $2.1  $2.1  $2.1  $2.1  $2.1  $2.0   $2.12
              2     2     2     2     2     2     2     2     2     2     2     9
Cooperati  1.32  1.29  1.26  1.21  1.19  1.24  1.29  1.32  1.33  1.33  1.31  1.29    1.28
 ve
Differenc  $0.8  $0.8  $0.8  $0.9  $0.9  $0.8  $0.8  $0.8  $0.7  $0.7  $0.8  $0.8   $0.84
 e            0     3     6     1     3     8     3     0     9     9     1     0
Miami,
 Fla.
Retail     $2.8  $2.8  $2.8  $2.8  $2.8  $2.7  $2.7  $2.7  $2.6  $2.6  $2.7  $2.6   $2.78
              8     8     8     8     8     2     4     6     9     9     1     4
Cooperati  1.65  1.62  1.59  1.55  1.53  1.53  1.57  1.57  1.58  1.56  1.54  1.52    1.57
 ve
Differenc  $1.2  $1.2  $1.2  $1.3  $1.3  $1.1  $1.1  $1.1  $1.1  $1.1  $1.1  $1.1   $1.21
 e            3     6     9     3     5     9     7     9     1     3     7     2
Milwaukee
 , Wis.
Retail     $2.5  $2.5  $2.5  $2.5  $2.4  $2.4  $2.5  $2.5  $2.5  $2.5  $2.5  $2.5   $2.52
              2     2     0     1     6     9     2     6     8     0     6     3
Cooperati  1.42  1.39  1.36  1.32  1.30  1.34  1.40  1.43  1.45  1.46  1.43  1.41    1.39
 ve
Differenc  $1.1  $1.1  $1.1  $1.1  $1.1  $1.1  $1.1  $1.1  $1.1  $1.0  $1.1  $1.1   $1.13
 e            0     3     4     9     6     5     2     3     3     4     3     2
Minneapol
 is,
 Minn.
Retail     $2.6  $2.5  $2.5  $2.5  $2.5  $2.6  $2.6  $2.7  $2.7  $2.7  $2.7  $2.7   $2.65
              2     9     6     6     6     0     8     1     3     3     3     2
Cooperati  1.28  1.23  1.18  1.15  1.14  1.18  1.23  1.27  1.29  1.29  1.26  1.25    1.23
 ve
Differenc  $1.3  $1.3  $1.3  $1.4  $1.4  $1.4  $1.4  $1.4  $1.4  $1.4  $1.4  $1.4   $1.42
 e            4     6     8     1     2     2     5     4     4     4     7     7
Nashville
 , Tenn.
Retail     $2.1  $2.1  $2.1  $2.1  $2.1  $2.1  $2.1  $2.1  $2.1  $2.1  $2.1  $2.1   $2.12
              2     2     2     2     2     2     2     2     2     2     2     2
Cooperati  1.37  1.33  1.30  1.26  1.24  1.28  1.33  1.37  1.38  1.37  1.35  1.33    1.33
 ve
Differenc  $0.7  $0.7  $0.8  $0.8  $0.8  $0.8  $0.7  $0.7  $0.7  $0.7  $0.7  $0.7   $0.79
 e            5     9     2     6     8     4     9     5     4     5     7     9
New
 Orleans,
 La.
Retail     $2.3  $2.3  $2.3  $2.3  $2.3  $2.3  $2.3  $2.4  $2.4  $2.4  $2.4  $2.4   $2.37
              3     4     4     2     2     2     2     4     4     4     4     4
Cooperati  1.43  1.40  1.37  1.33  1.31  1.35  1.40  1.43  1.44  1.44  1.42  1.40    1.39
 ve
Differenc  $0.9  $0.9  $0.9  $0.9  $1.0  $0.9  $0.9  $1.0  $1.0  $1.0  $1.0  $1.0   $0.98
 e            0     4     7     9     1     7     2     1     0     0     2     4
Oklahoma
 City,
 Okla.
Retail     $2.5  $2.5  $2.5  $2.5  $2.1  $2.1  $2.2  $2.3  $2.3  $2.3  $2.4  $2.4   $2.38
              1     1     1     1     4     5     1     3     7     8     6     6
Cooperati  1.35  1.35  1.29  1.25  1.23  1.28  1.33  1.36  1.37  1.37  1.34  1.32    1.32
 ve
Differenc  $1.1  $1.1  $1.2  $1.2  $0.9  $0.8  $0.8  $0.9  $1.0  $1.0  $1.1  $1.1   $1.06
 e            6     6     2     6     1     7     8     7     0     1     2     4
Omaha,
 Nebr.
Retail     $2.4  $2.4  $2.4  $2.3  $2.0  $2.2  $2.2  $2.4  $2.4  $2.4  $2.4  $2.4   $2.37
              2     2     2     8     6     2     1     3     6     9     9     9
Cooperati  1.36  1.32  1.27  1.23  1.22  1.26  1.32  1.36  1.37  1.37  1.35  1.33    1.31
 ve
Differenc  $1.0  $1.1  $1.1  $1.1  $0.8  $0.9  $0.8  $1.0  $1.0  $1.1  $1.1  $1.1   $1.06
 e            6     0     5     5     4     6     9     7     9     2     4     6
Philadelp
 hia, Pa.
Retail     $2.3  $2.2  $2.3  $2.4  $2.3  $2.3  $2.3  $2.3  $2.3  $2.4  $2.4  $2.4   $2.38
              7     9     3     1     7     8     5     7     8     0     4     4
Cooperati  1.45  1.41  1.40  1.36  1.34  1.38  1.39  1.42  1.43  1.43  1.41  1.39    1.40
 ve
Differenc  $0.9  $0.8  $0.9  $1.0  $1.0  $1.0  $0.9  $0.9  $0.9  $0.9  $1.0  $1.0   $0.98
 e            2     8     3     5     3     0     6     5     5     7     3     5
Phoenix,
 Ariz.
Retail     $2.4  $2.4  $2.4  $2.4  $2.4  $2.4  $2.4  $2.4  $2.4  $2.4  $2.4  $2.5   $2.47
              9     6     6     6     6     6     6     6     3     3     8     4
Cooperati  1.29  1.26  1.22  1.18  1.16  1.20  1.25  1.29  1.30  1.29  1.27  1.25    1.25
 ve
Differenc  $1.2  $1.2  $1.2  $1.2  $1.3  $1.2  $1.2  $1.1  $1.1  $1.1  $1.2  $1.2   $1.22
 e            0     0     4     8     0     6     1     7     3     4     1     9
Pittsburg
 h, Pa.
Retail     $2.4  $2.3  $2.4  $2.3  $2.3  $2.3  $2.3  $2.4  $2.4  $2.4  $2.4  $2.4   $2.40
              0     8     1     5     1     9     9     3     5     5     1     1
Cooperati  1.36  1.35  1.31  1.27  1.25  1.29  1.30  1.33  1.38  1.37  1.35  1.33    1.32
 ve
Differenc  $1.0  $1.0  $1.1  $1.0  $1.0  $1.1  $1.0  $1.1  $1.0  $1.0  $1.0  $1.0   $1.07
 e            4     3     0     8     6     0     9     0     7     8     6     8
St.
 Louis,
 Mo.
Retail     $2.6  $2.6  $2.6  $2.6  $2.6  $2.6  $2.7  $2.8  $2.8  $2.8  $2.2  $2.3   $2.62
              1     1     1     1     0     6     3     0     0     0     8     2
Cooperati  1.41  1.38  1.37  1.30  1.30  1.32  1.32  1.41  1.41  1.41  1.39  1.37    1.37
 ve
Differenc  $1.2  $1.2  $1.2  $1.3  $1.3  $1.3  $1.4  $1.3  $1.3  $1.3  $0.8  $0.9   $1.25
 e            0     3     4     1     0     4     1     9     9     9     9     5
Salt Lake
 City,
 Utah
Retail     $2.1  $2.1  $2.1  $2.1  $2.1  $2.2  $2.2  $2.2  $2.3  $2.4  $2.4  $2.4   $2.26
              8     6     6     6     6     3     7     9     3     1     1     1
Cooperati  1.25  1.22  1.18  1.14  1.12  1.16  1.21  1.25  1.26  1.25  1.23  1.21    1.21
 ve
Differenc  $0.9  $0.9  $0.9  $1.0  $1.0  $1.0  $1.0  $1.0  $1.0  $1.1  $1.1  $1.2   $1.06
 e            3     4     8     2     4     7     6     4     7     6     8     0
Seattle,
 Wash.
Retail     $2.8  $2.8  $2.8  $3.0  $2.8  $2.8  $2.9  $3.0  $3.0  $3.0  $2.9  $2.9   $2.94
              8     8     8     0     6     6     1     1     1     1     8     8
Cooperati  1.28  1.24  1.21  1.17  1.15  1.19  1.24  1.27  1.28  1.28  1.26  1.24    1.23
 ve
Differenc  $1.6  $1.6  $1.6  $1.8  $1.7  $1.6  $1.6  $1.7  $1.7  $1.7  $1.7  $1.7   $1.71
 e            0     4     7     3     1     7     7     4     3     3     2     4
Washingto
 n, D.C.
Retail     $2.3  $2.5  $2.5  $2.5  $2.5  $2.4  $2.5  $2.4  $2.6  $2.6  $2.6  $2.6   $2.54
              5     1     3     2     2     4     9     4     4     6     5     6
Cooperati  1.45  1.41  1.40  1.36  1.34  1.38  1.39  1.42  1.43  1.43  1.41  1.39    1.40
 ve
Differenc  $0.9  $1.1  $1.1  $1.1  $1.1  $1.0  $1.2  $1.0  $1.2  $1.2  $1.2  $1.2   $1.14
 e            0     0     3     6     8     6     0     2     1     3     4     7
-----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Note:  Cooperative prices per gallon of milk were calculated by
dividing the prices per hundredweight of milk by the number of
gallons in a hundredweight.  Calculations of price differences and
averages were made by using the unrounded results of the calculations
for the cooperative price per gallon.  In this table, cooperative
prices, price differences, and their averages have been rounded to
two decimal places.  Calculations of the average prices using the
rounded monthly prices shown in this table may result in slightly
different averages. 

Source:  AMS. 



                                       Table III.5
                         
                           Comparison of Retail Milk Prices per
                         Gallon and Announced Cooperative Class I
                               Milk Prices per Gallon, 1993

                                                1993
           ------------------------------------------------------------------------------
                                                           Sept                    Averag
City       Jan.  Feb.  Mar.  Apr.   May  June  July  Aug.     .  Oct.  Nov.  Dec.       e
---------  ----  ----  ----  ----  ----  ----  ----  ----  ----  ----  ----  ----  ------
Atlanta,
 Ga.
Retail     $2.2  $2.1  $2.1  $2.1  $2.0  $2.1  $2.2  $2.1  $2.2  $2.2  $2.2  $2.2   $2.20
              2     8     8     8     8     8     2     2     5     5     5     5
Cooperati  1.37  1.33  1.29  1.28  1.30  1.40  1.43  1.39  1.32  1.30  1.37  1.41    1.35
 ve
Differenc  $0.8  $0.8  $0.8  $0.9  $0.7  $0.7  $0.7  $0.7  $0.9  $0.9  $0.8  $0.8   $0.85
 e            5     5     9     0     8     8     9     3     3     5     8     4
Baltimore
 , Md.
Retail     $2.6  $2.6  $2.6  $2.5  $2.5  $2.6  $2.6  $2.6  $2.5  $2.5  $2.6  $2.6   $2.62
              5     4     0     9     9     2     7     0     9     9     0     4
Cooperati  1.37  1.33  1.29  1.27  1.30  1.40  1.43  1.39  1.33  1.31  1.37  1.42    1.35
 ve
Differenc  $1.2  $1.3  $1.3  $1.3  $1.2  $1.2  $1.2  $1.2  $1.2  $1.2  $1.2  $1.2   $1.26
 e            8     1     1     2     9     2     4     1     6     8     3     2
Boston,
 Mass.
Retail     $2.4  $2.4  $2.4  $2.4  $2.3  $2.5  $2.5  $2.5  $2.5  $2.5  $2.5  $2.5   $2.49
              5     6     5     1     9     1     4     3     3     1     6     8
Cooperati  1.35  1.29  1.26  1.24  1.27  1.36  1.40  1.35  1.30  1.28  1.34  1.39    1.32
 ve
Differenc  $1.1  $1.1  $1.1  $1.1  $1.1  $1.1  $1.1  $1.1  $1.2  $1.2  $1.2  $1.1   $1.17
 e            0     7     9     7     2     5     4     8     3     3     2     9
Carbondal
 e, Ill.
Retail     $2.2  $2.1  $2.2  $2.1  $2.2  $2.2  $2.2  $2.1  $2.0  $1.9  $1.9  $2.0   $2.14
              8     4     4     1     0     1     3     4     8     6     6     8
Cooperati  1.35  1.30  1.27  1.26  1.28  1.38  1.41  1.37  1.32  1.30  1.36  1.41    1.33
 ve
Differenc  $0.9  $0.8  $0.9  $0.8  $0.9  $0.8  $0.8  $0.7  $0.7  $0.6  $0.6  $0.6   $0.80
 e            3     4     7     5     2     3     2     7     6     6     0     7
Chicago,
 Ill.
Retail     $2.7  $2.6  $2.6  $2.6  $2.6  $2.6  $2.6  $2.6  $2.6  $2.6  $2.6  $2.7   $2.66
              4     6     2     2     2     4     6     6     6     6     6     2
Cooperati  1.40  1.36  1.32  1.32  1.34  1.43  1.43  1.40  1.36  1.35  1.40  1.44    1.38
 ve
Differenc  $1.3  $1.3  $1.3  $1.3  $1.2  $1.2  $1.2  $1.2  $1.3  $1.3  $1.2  $1.2   $1.28
 e            4     0     0     0     8     1     3     6     0     1     6     8
Cincinnat
 i, Ohio
Retail     $2.1  $2.1  $2.1  $2.1  $2.1  $2.1  $2.2  $2.2  $2.2  $2.2  $2.2  $2.3   $2.25
              9     9     9     9     9     9     9     9     9     9     9     9
Cooperati  1.34  1.30  1.26  1.25  1.27  1.37  1.40  1.35  1.19  1.17  1.23  1.28    1.28
 ve
Differenc  $0.8  $0.8  $0.9  $0.9  $0.9  $0.8  $0.8  $0.9  $1.1  $1.1  $1.0  $1.1   $0.96
 e            5     9     3     4     2     2     9     4     0     2     6     1
Cleveland
 , Ohio
Retail     $2.3  $2.3  $2.4  $2.4  $2.3  $2.4  $2.4  $2.4  $2.4  $2.4  $2.5  $2.5   $2.42
              4     4     0     0     4     6     6     2     2     6     1     1
Cooperati  1.32  1.28  1.24  1.23  1.25  1.35  1.38  1.28  1.17  1.15  1.21  1.26    1.26
 ve
Differenc  $1.0  $1.0  $1.1  $1.1  $1.0  $1.1  $1.0  $1.1  $1.2  $1.3  $1.3  $1.2   $1.16
 e            2     6     6     7     9     1     8     4     5     1     0     5
Dallas,
 Tex.
Retail     $2.1  $2.1  $2.1  $2.1  $2.1  $2.3  $2.3  $2.3  $2.2  $2.2  $2.3  $2.3   $2.23
              2     2     2     2     2     2     2     2     8     8     2     2
Cooperati  1.32  1.28  1.24  1.23  1.25  1.35  1.38  1.34  1.29  1.27  1.33  1.38    1.31
 ve
Differenc  $0.8  $0.8  $0.8  $0.8  $0.8  $0.9  $0.9  $0.9  $0.9  $1.0  $0.9  $0.9   $0.92
 e            0     4     8     9     7     7     4     8     9     1     9     4
Denver,
 Colo.
Retail     $2.6  $2.6  $2.5  $2.5  $2.6  $2.8  $2.8  $2.8  $2.8  $2.8  $2.8  $2.8   $2.75
              5     5     5     5     4     4     4     4     4     4     4     6
Cooperati  1.31  1.27  1.23  1.22  1.24  1.34  1.37  1.33  1.28  1.26  1.32  1.37    1.30
 ve
Differenc  $1.3  $1.3  $1.3  $1.3  $1.4  $1.5  $1.4  $1.5  $1.5  $1.5  $1.5  $1.4   $1.45
 e            4     8     2     3     0     0     7     1     6     8     2     9
Detroit,
 Mich.
Retail     $2.4  $2.3  $2.0  $2.0  $2.0  $2.0  $2.1  $2.1  $2.1  $2.2  $2.2  $2.2   $2.20
              3     6     6     6     9     6     9     9     9     3     6     6
Cooperati  1.26  1.22  1.18  1.17  1.19  1.29  1.32  1.28  1.23  1.21  1.27  1.32    1.24
 ve
Differenc  $1.1  $1.1  $0.8  $0.8  $0.9  $0.7  $0.8  $0.9  $0.9  $1.0  $0.9  $0.9   $0.95
 e            7     4     8     9     0     7     7     1     6     2     9     4
Hartford,
 Conn.
Retail     $2.4  $2.4  $2.4  $2.4  $2.3  $2.4  $2.5  $2.5  $2.4  $2.4  $2.4  $2.4   $2.46
              6     6     5     5     9     7     1     0     9     1     7     6
Cooperati  1.34  1.29  1.25  1.23  1.26  1.36  1.39  1.35  1.29  1.27  1.33  1.38    1.31
 ve
Differenc  $1.1  $1.1  $1.2  $1.2  $1.1  $1.1  $1.1  $1.1  $1.2  $1.1  $1.1  $1.0   $1.15
 e            2     7     0     2     3     1     2     5     0     4     4     8
Houston,
 Tex.
Retail     $2.6  $2.6  $2.4  $2.4  $2.4  $2.4  $2.5  $2.5  $2.3  $2.3  $2.3  $2.3   $2.47
              4     4     2     2     2     9     2     2     9     9     9     9
Cooperati  1.37  1.33  1.29  1.28  1.30  1.40  1.43  1.39  1.33  1.31  1.38  1.42    1.35
 ve
Differenc  $1.2  $1.3  $1.1  $1.1  $1.1  $1.0  $1.0  $1.1  $1.0  $1.0  $1.0  $0.9   $1.12
 e            7     1     3     4     2     9     9     3     6     8     1     7
Indianapo
 lis,
 Ind.
Retail     $2.4  $2.4  $2.4  $2.4  $2.4  $2.4  $2.5  $2.5  $2.4  $2.4  $2.4  $2.4   $2.45
              2     2     2     2     2     8     0     0     8     1     6     8
Cooperati  1.32  1.27  1.23  1.22  1.25  1.34  1.37  1.33  1.28  1.25  1.31  1.36    1.30
 ve
Differenc  $1.1  $1.1  $1.1  $1.2  $1.1  $1.1  $1.1  $1.1  $1.2  $1.1  $1.1  $1.1   $1.16
 e            0     5     9     0     7     4     3     7     0     6     5     2
Kansas
 City,
 Mo.
Retail     $2.3  $2.4  $2.4  $2.3  $2.3  $2.4  $2.4  $2.4  $2.4  $2.4  $2.4  $2.4   $2.41
              9     0     0     7     7     2     3     3     3     1     3     7
Cooperati  1.31  1.27  1.23  1.23  1.24  1.34  1.33  1.29  1.25  1.16  1.22  1.27    1.26
 ve
Differenc  $1.0  $1.1  $1.1  $1.1  $1.1  $1.0  $1.1  $1.1  $1.1  $1.2  $1.2  $1.2   $1.15
 e            8     3     7     4     3     8     0     4     8     5     1     0
Louisvill
 e, Ky.
Retail     $2.0  $2.0  $2.0  $2.0  $2.0  $2.1  $2.0  $2.0  $2.0  $2.0  $2.0  $2.0   $2.03
              6     6     1     1     4     1     2     2     2     2     2     2
Cooperati  1.27  1.23  1.19  1.17  1.20  1.29  1.33  1.28  1.22  1.20  1.26  1.31    1.25
 ve
Differenc  $0.7  $0.8  $0.8  $0.8  $0.8  $0.8  $0.6  $0.7  $0.8  $0.8  $0.7  $0.7   $0.79
 e            9     3     2     4     4     2     9     4     0     2     6     1
Miami,
 Fla.
Retail     $2.5  $2.5  $2.5  $2.5  $2.6  $2.7  $2.7  $2.7  $2.7  $2.7  $2.7  $2.7   $2.67
              8     8     8     8     5     2     2     5     5     2     2     4
Cooperati  1.50  1.46  1.42  1.41  1.43  1.53  1.56  1.52  1.47  1.47  1.51  1.56    1.49
 ve
Differenc  $1.0  $1.1  $1.1  $1.1  $1.2  $1.1  $1.1  $1.2  $1.2  $1.2  $1.2  $1.1   $1.19
 e            8     2     6     7     2     9     6     3     8     5     1     8
Milwaukee
 , Wis.
Retail     $2.5  $2.4  $2.4  $2.4  $2.4  $2.5  $2.5  $2.5  $2.5  $2.5  $2.6  $2.6   $2.55
              1     9     9     9     9     8     8     8     7     5     3     6
Cooperati  1.39  1.35  1.32  1.32  1.33  1.42  1.42  1.39  1.35  1.34  1.39  1.44    1.37
 ve
Differenc  $1.1  $1.1  $1.1  $1.1  $1.1  $1.1  $1.1  $1.1  $1.2  $1.2  $1.2  $1.2   $1.18
 e            2     4     7     7     6     6     6     9     2     1     4     2
Minneapol
 is,
 Minn.
Retail     $2.7  $2.7  $2.6  $2.6  $2.8  $2.7  $2.8  $2.7  $2.8  $2.8  $2.7  $2.8   $2.77
              2     0     6     6     0     8     0     8     4     7     7     1
Cooperati  1.22  1.18  1.14  1.14  1.15  1.25  1.26  1.23  1.18  1.18  1.23  1.28    1.20
 ve
Differenc  $1.5  $1.5  $1.5  $1.5  $1.6  $1.5  $1.5  $1.5  $1.6  $1.6  $1.5  $1.5   $1.56
 e            0     2     2     2     5     3     4     5     6     9     4     3
New
 Orleans,
 La.
Retail     $2.4  $2.4  $2.4  $2.4  $2.4  $2.4  $2.5  $2.5  $2.5  $2.5  $2.5  $2.5   $2.46
              4     0     0     0     0     7     0     1     1     1     1     1
Cooperati  1.38  1.34  1.30  1.28  1.31  1.41  1.44  1.40  1.34  1.32  1.38  1.43    1.36
 ve
Differenc  $1.0  $1.0  $1.1  $1.1  $1.0  $1.0  $1.0  $1.1  $1.1  $1.1  $1.1  $1.0   $1.10
 e            6     6     0     2     9     6     6     1     7     9     3     8
Oklahoma
 City,
 Okla.
Retail     $2.3  $2.3  $2.2  $2.2  $2.2  $2.3  $2.3  $2.3  $2.3  $2.3  $2.4  $2.4   $2.34
              1     1     9     9     9     4     4     4     4     4     1     5
Cooperati  1.30  1.26  1.22  1.21  1.23  1.33  1.37  1.32  1.27  1.24  1.31  1.36    1.28
 ve
Differenc  $1.0  $1.0  $1.0  $1.0  $1.0  $1.0  $0.9  $1.0  $1.0  $1.1  $1.1  $1.0   $1.05
 e            1     5     7     8     6     1     7     2     7     0     0     9
Omaha,
 Nebr.
Retail     $2.4  $2.4  $2.4  $2.3  $2.4  $2.5  $2.5  $2.6  $2.6  $2.5  $2.6  $2.6   $2.51
              6     3     0     8     0     1     5     0     0     6     1     5
Cooperati  1.31  1.27  1.23  1.22  1.24  1.33  1.33  1.29  1.25  1.25  1.29  1.34    1.28
 ve
Differenc  $1.1  $1.1  $1.1  $1.1  $1.1  $1.1  $1.2  $1.3  $1.3  $1.3  $1.3  $1.3   $1.23
 e            5     6     7     6     6     8     2     1     5     1     2     1
Philadelp
 hia, Pa.
Retail     $2.3  $2.3  $2.3  $2.3  $2.3  $2.5  $2.4  $2.4  $2.4  $2.4  $2.3  $2.4   $2.40
              5     5     3     9     9     0     3     3     1     6     8     1
Cooperati  1.37  1.33  1.29  1.28  1.30  1.40  1.43  1.39  1.33  1.31  1.37  1.42    1.35
 ve
Differenc  $0.9  $1.0  $1.0  $1.1  $1.0  $1.1  $1.0  $1.0  $1.0  $1.1  $1.0  $0.9   $1.05
 e            8     2     4     1     9     0     0     4     8     5     1     9
Phoenix,
 Ariz.
Retail     $2.5  $2.5  $2.5  $2.5  $2.5  $2.5  $2.5  $2.5  $2.5  $2.5  $2.5  $2.5   $2.52
              0     0     0     0     0     4     4     4     4     4     4     4
Cooperati  1.23  1.19  1.15  1.14  1.16  1.26  1.29  1.25  1.20  1.18  1.24  1.29    1.22
 ve
Differenc  $1.2  $1.3  $1.3  $1.3  $1.3  $1.2  $1.2  $1.2  $1.3  $1.3  $1.3  $1.2   $1.31
 e            7     1     5     6     4     8     5     9     4     6     0     5
Pittsburg
 h, Pa.
Retail     $2.3  $2.3  $2.2  $2.2  $2.2  $2.3  $2.4  $2.3  $2.3  $2.2  $2.3  $2.4   $2.34
              7     3     5     3     5     7     3     9     8     9     7     3
Cooperati  1.32  1.28  1.24  1.23  1.25  1.35  1.38  1.28  1.17  1.15  1.21  1.26    1.26
 ve
Differenc  $1.0  $1.0  $1.0  $1.0  $1.0  $1.0  $1.0  $1.1  $1.2  $1.1  $1.1  $1.1   $1.08
 e            5     5     1     0     0     2     5     1     1     4     6     7
St.
 Louis,
 Mo.
Retail     $2.2  $2.2  $2.2  $2.2  $2.1  $2.3  $2.3  $2.3  $2.2  $2.2  $2.3  $2.3   $2.29
              9     6     9     6     9     1     0     3     9     9     6     6
Cooperati  1.35  1.30  1.27  1.26  1.28  1.38  1.41  1.37  1.32  1.30  1.36  1.41    1.33
 ve
Differenc  $0.9  $0.9  $1.0  $1.0  $0.9  $0.9  $0.8  $0.9  $0.9  $0.9  $1.0  $0.9   $0.96
 e            4     6     2     0     1     3     9     6     7     9     0     5
Salt Lake
 City,
 Utah
Retail     $2.4  $2.4  $2.3  $2.3  $2.3  $2.4  $2.4  $2.3  $2.3  $2.3  $2.3  $2.3   $2.37
              1     1     7     7     7     5     1     5     3     3     3     3
Cooperati  1.19  1.15  1.11  1.10  1.12  1.22  1.25  1.21  1.16  1.14  1.20  1.25    1.18
 ve
Differenc  $1.2  $1.2  $1.2  $1.2  $1.2  $1.2  $1.1  $1.1  $1.1  $1.1  $1.1  $1.0   $1.20
 e            2     6     6     7     5     3     6     4     7     9     3     8
Seattle,
 Wash.
Retail     $2.9  $2.9  $2.9  $2.8  $2.8  $2.8  $2.8  $2.9  $2.9  $2.9  $2.9  $2.9   $2.90
              4     4     4     2     2     2     5     0     0     5     5     5
Cooperati  1.22  1.18  1.14  1.13  1.15  1.25  1.28  1.24  1.18  1.16  1.23  1.27    1.20
 ve
Differenc  $1.7  $1.7  $1.8  $1.6  $1.6  $1.5  $1.5  $1.6  $1.7  $1.7  $1.7  $1.6   $1.70
 e            2     6     0     9     7     7     7     6     2     9     2     8
Washingto
 n, D.C.
Retail     $2.6  $2.5  $2.5  $2.4  $2.3  $2.5  $2.3  $2.5  $2.5  $2.5  $2.5  $2.5   $2.52
              2     8     0     9     9     2     9     4     6     6     8     6
Cooperati  1.37  1.33  1.29  1.27  1.30  1.40  1.43  1.39  1.33  1.31  1.37  1.42    1.35
 ve
Differenc  $1.2  $1.2  $1.2  $1.2  $1.0  $1.1  $0.9  $1.1  $1.2  $1.2  $1.2  $1.1   $1.17
 e            5     5     1     2     9     2     6     5     3     5     1     4
-----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Note:  Cooperative prices per gallon of milk were calculated by
dividing the prices per hundredweight of milk by the number of
gallons in a hundredweight.  Calculations of price differences and
averages were made by using the unrounded results of the calculations
for the cooperative price per gallon.  In this table, cooperative
prices, price differences, and their averages have been rounded to
two decimal places.  Calculations of the average prices using the
rounded monthly prices shown in this table may result in slightly
different averages. 

Source:  AMS. 



                                       Table III.6
                         
                           Comparison of Retail Milk Prices per
                         Gallon and Announced Cooperative Class I
                               Milk Prices per Gallon, 1994

                                                1994
           ------------------------------------------------------------------------------
                                                           Sept                    Averag
City       Jan.  Feb.  Mar.  Apr.   May  June  July  Aug.     .  Oct.  Nov.  Dec.       e
---------  ----  ----  ----  ----  ----  ----  ----  ----  ----  ----  ----  ----  ------
Atlanta,
 Ga.
Retail     $1.9  $1.9  $1.9  $1.9  $2.0  $2.0  $2.0  $2.0  $2.0  $2.0  $2.0  $2.0   $2.04
              8     8     8     8     2     8     8     8     8     8     8     8
Cooperati  1.44  1.42  1.41  1.41  1.43  1.45  1.29  1.27  1.27  1.30  1.33  1.35    1.36
 ve
Differenc  $0.5  $0.5  $0.5  $0.5  $0.5  $0.6  $0.7  $0.8  $0.8  $0.7  $0.7  $0.7   $0.68
 e            4     6     7     7     9     3     9     1     1     8     5     3
Baltimore
 , Md.
Retail     $2.7  $2.6  $2.6  $2.6  $2.6  $2.7  $2.6  $2.6  $2.5  $2.6  $2.6  $2.6   $2.65
              0     8     4     4     4     0     6     0     9     1     3     6
Cooperati  1.45  1.43  1.41  1.41  1.45  1.47  1.33  1.31  1.32  1.35  1.38  1.40    1.39
 ve
Differenc  $1.2  $1.2  $1.2  $1.2  $1.1  $1.2  $1.3  $1.2  $1.2  $1.2  $1.2  $1.2   $1.25
 e            5     5     3     3     9     3     3     9     7     6     5     6
Boston,
 Mass.
Retail     $2.5  $2.5  $2.5  $2.4  $2.5  $2.5  $2.5  $2.4  $2.4  $2.4  $2.4  $2.4   $2.48
              8     3     1     3     1     3     5     1     1     5     5     5
Cooperati  1.42  1.40  1.39  1.39  1.42  1.44  1.31  1.29  1.30  1.33  1.36  1.38    1.37
 ve
Differenc  $1.1  $1.1  $1.1  $1.0  $1.0  $1.0  $1.2  $1.1  $1.1  $1.1  $1.0  $1.0   $1.12
 e            6     3     2     4     9     9     4     2     1     2     9     7
Carbondal
 e, Ill.
Retail     $1.9  $2.0  $2.0  $2.0  $2.1  $2.2  $2.1  $2.1  $2.2  $2.1  $2.2  $2.2   $2.14
              6     8     8     8     4     1     4     4     1     6     4     4
Cooperati  1.43  1.41  1.41  1.41  1.40  1.43  1.28  1.30  1.32  1.34  1.37  1.39    1.38
 ve
Differenc  $0.5  $0.6  $0.6  $0.6  $0.7  $0.7  $0.8  $0.8  $0.8  $0.8  $0.8  $0.8   $0.76
 e            3     7     7     7     4     8     6     4     9     2     7     5
Chicago,
 Ill.
Retail     $2.7  $2.7  $2.7  $2.7  $2.7  $2.7  $2.7  $2.6  $2.6  $2.6  $2.6  $2.6   $2.72
              6     6     6     6     6     6     2     9     6     6     6     9
Cooperati  1.48  1.45  1.43  1.43  1.46  1.47  1.36  1.25  1.26  1.30  1.32  1.35    1.38
 ve
Differenc  $1.2  $1.3  $1.3  $1.3  $1.3  $1.2  $1.3  $1.4  $1.4  $1.3  $1.3  $1.3   $1.34
 e            8     1     3     3     0     9     6     4     0     6     4     4
Cincinnat
 i, Ohio
Retail     $2.3  $2.3  $2.3  $2.3  $2.3  $2.3  $2.1  $2.3  $2.3  $2.3  $2.3  $2.3   $2.37
              9     9     9     9     9     9     9     9     9     9     9     9
Cooperati  1.30  1.28  1.28  1.28  1.32  1.34  1.25  1.20  1.21  1.24  1.26  1.29    1.27
 ve
Differenc  $1.0  $1.1  $1.1  $1.1  $1.0  $1.0  $0.9  $1.1  $1.1  $1.1  $1.1  $1.1   $1.10
 e            9     1     1     1     7     5     4     9     8     5     3     0
Cleveland
 , Ohio
Retail     $2.3  $2.4  $2.4  $2.4  $2.4  $2.4  $2.4  $2.4  $2.4  $2.4  $2.4  $2.4   $2.44
              8     4     2     1     3     5     5     5     5     5     7     6
Cooperati  1.30  1.27  1.26  1.26  1.30  1.30  1.19  1.18  1.19  1.22  1.25  1.27    1.25
 ve
Differenc  $1.0  $1.1  $1.1  $1.1  $1.1  $1.1  $1.2  $1.2  $1.2  $1.2  $1.2  $1.1   $1.19
 e            8     7     6     5     3     5     6     7     6     3     2     9
Dallas,
 Tex.
Retail     $2.3  $2.2  $2.2  $2.2  $2.2  $2.2  $2.2  $2.2  $2.2  $2.2  $2.3  $2.3   $2.28
              2     2     5     5     5     8     8     8     8     8     2     2
Cooperati  1.40  1.38  1.37  1.37  1.38  1.40  1.27  1.25  1.27  1.29  1.32  1.34    1.34
 ve
Differenc  $0.9  $0.8  $0.8  $0.8  $0.8  $0.8  $1.0  $1.0  $1.0  $0.9  $1.0  $0.9   $0.94
 e            2     4     8     8     7     8     1     3     1     9     0     8
Denver,
 Colo.
Retail     $3.0  $3.0  $3.0  $3.0  $3.0  $3.1  $3.1  $3.1  $3.1  $3.1  $3.1  $3.1   $3.10
              0     9     9     9     9     2     2     2     2     2     2     2
Cooperati  1.39  1.37  1.36  1.36  1.39  1.41  1.29  1.26  1.28  1.30  1.33  1.35    1.34
 ve
Differenc  $1.6  $1.7  $1.7  $1.7  $1.7  $1.7  $1.8  $1.8  $1.8  $1.8  $1.7  $1.7   $1.76
 e            1     2     3     3     0     1     3     6     4     2     9     7
Detroit,
 Mich.
Retail     $2.2  $2.2  $2.2  $2.3  $2.3  $2.3  $2.3  $2.3  $2.3  $2.3  $2.3  $2.3   $2.35
              9     9     9     2     6     6     6     9     9     9     9     9
Cooperati  1.34  1.32  1.31  1.31  1.34  1.36  1.27  1.21  1.23  1.25  1.28  1.30    1.29
 ve
Differenc  $0.9  $0.9  $0.9  $1.0  $1.0  $1.0  $1.0  $1.1  $1.1  $1.1  $1.1  $1.0   $1.06
 e            5     7     8     1     2     0     9     8     6     4     1     9
Hartford,
 Conn.
Retail     $2.4  $2.4  $2.4  $2.4  $2.4  $2.4  $2.4  $2.4  $2.4  $2.4  $2.4  $2.4   $2.44
              6     3     5     4     4     3     4     2     2     3     4     5
Cooperati  1.41  1.39  1.38  1.38  1.41  1.43  1.30  1.28  1.29  1.32  1.35  1.37    1.36
 ve
Differenc  $1.0  $1.0  $1.0  $1.0  $1.0  $1.0  $1.1  $1.1  $1.1  $1.1  $1.0  $1.0   $1.08
 e            5     4     7     6     3     0     4     4     3     1     9     8
Houston,
 Tex.
Retail     $2.2  $2.2  $2.2  $2.3  $2.3  $2.2  $2.3  $2.3  $2.2  $2.3  $2.3  $2.2   $2.29
              5     5     5     0     0     8     0     0     8     6     6     8
Cooperati  1.45  1.43  1.42  1.42  1.43  1.45  1.32  1.30  1.31  1.34  1.37  1.39    1.38
 ve
Differenc  $0.8  $0.8  $0.8  $0.8  $0.8  $0.8  $0.9  $1.0  $0.9  $1.0  $0.9  $0.8   $0.91
 e            0     2     3     8     7     3     8     0     7     2     9     9
Indianapo
 lis,
 Ind.
Retail     $2.4  $2.4  $2.4  $2.4  $2.4  $2.4  $2.4  $2.4  $2.4  $2.4  $2.4  $2.4   $2.49
              9     9     9     9     9     9     9     9     9     9     9     9
Cooperati  1.38  1.36  1.37  1.37  1.40  1.42  1.29  1.25  1.27  1.29  1.32  1.33    1.34
 ve
Differenc  $1.1  $1.1  $1.1  $1.1  $1.0  $1.0  $1.2  $1.2  $1.2  $1.2  $1.1  $1.1   $1.15
 e            1     3     2     2     9     7     0     4     2     0     7     6
Kansas
 City,
 Mo.
Retail     $2.4  $2.5  $2.5  $2.5  $2.5  $2.4  $2.4  $2.4  $2.4  $2.4  $2.4  $2.4   $2.47
              7     0     0     0     0     9     7     4     5     5     5     6
Cooperati  1.30  1.28  1.28  1.28  1.31  1.33  1.19  1.17  1.18  1.21  1.23  1.26    1.25
 ve
Differenc  $1.1  $1.2  $1.2  $1.2  $1.1  $1.1  $1.2  $1.2  $1.2  $1.2  $1.2  $1.2   $1.22
 e            7     2     2     2     9     6     8     7     7     4     2     0
Louisvill
 e, Ky.
Retail     $2.0  $2.0  $2.0  $2.0  $2.0  $2.0  $2.0  $2.0  $2.0  $2.0  $2.0  $2.0   $2.03
              2     2     2     2     2     9     2     2     2     2     2     6
Cooperati  1.33  1.31  1.30  1.30  1.34  1.35  1.18  1.16  1.18  1.20  1.25  1.27    1.27
 ve
Differenc  $0.6  $0.7  $0.7  $0.7  $0.6  $0.7  $0.8  $0.8  $0.8  $0.8  $0.7  $0.7   $0.76
 e            9     1     2     2     8     4     4     6     4     2     7     9
Miami,
 Fla.
Retail     $2.6  $2.6  $2.6  $2.6  $2.6  $2.6  $2.5  $2.5  $2.5  $2.5  $2.5  $2.6   $2.63
              8     8     8     8     8     8     6     6     6     6     6     2
Cooperati  1.58  1.56  1.55  1.56  1.59  1.60  1.44  1.42  1.43  1.45  1.48  1.50    1.51
 ve
Differenc  $1.1  $1.1  $1.1  $1.1  $1.0  $1.0  $1.1  $1.1  $1.1  $1.1  $1.0  $1.1   $1.11
 e            0     2     3     2     9     8     2     4     3     1     8     2
Milwaukee
 , Wis.
Retail     $2.6  $2.6  $2.6  $2.6  $2.6  $2.6  $2.6  $2.5  $2.5  $2.5  $2.5  $2.5   $2.61
              7     6     6     6     8     8     1     2     2     6     6     7
Cooperati  1.47  1.44  1.42  1.42  1.46  1.46  1.35  1.25  1.26  1.29  1.31  1.34    1.37
 ve
Differenc  $1.2  $1.2  $1.2  $1.2  $1.2  $1.2  $1.2  $1.2  $1.2  $1.2  $1.2  $1.2   $1.24
 e            0     2     4     4     2     2     6     7     6     7     5     3
Minneapol
 is,
 Minn.
Retail     $2.8  $2.8  $2.8  $2.8  $2.8  $2.8  $2.8  $2.6  $2.7  $2.7  $2.7  $2.7   $2.80
              5     6     6     6     6     2     2     9     1     4     8     9
Cooperati  1.29  1.27  1.26  1.26  1.26  1.26  1.15  1.13  1.14  1.17  1.20  1.22    1.22
 ve
Differenc  $1.5  $1.5  $1.6  $1.6  $1.6  $1.5  $1.6  $1.5  $1.5  $1.5  $1.5  $1.5   $1.58
 e            6     9     0     0     0     6     7     6     7     7     8     7
New
 Orleans,
 La.
Retail     $2.5  $2.5  $2.5  $2.5  $2.5  $2.5  $2.5  $2.5  $2.2  $2.2  $2.2  $2.3   $2.45
              1     1     1     1     2     2     2     2     9     9     9     7
Cooperati  1.46  1.44  1.43  1.43  1.44  1.46  1.33  1.31  1.31  1.34  1.37  1.39    1.39
 ve
Differenc  $1.0  $1.0  $1.0  $1.0  $1.0  $1.0  $1.1  $1.2  $0.9  $0.9  $0.9  $0.9   $1.05
 e            5     7     8     8     8     6     9     1     8     5     2     8
Oklahoma
 City,
 Okla.
Retail     $2.4  $2.4  $2.4  $2.4  $2.4  $2.4  $2.4  $2.4  $2.4  $2.4  $2.4  $2.4   $2.44
              5     3     3     3     6     8     8     3     3     3     3     3
Cooperati  1.39  1.36  1.36  1.36  1.39  1.37  1.24  1.22  1.23  1.26  1.29  1.31    1.32
 ve
Differenc  $1.0  $1.0  $1.0  $1.0  $1.0  $1.1  $1.2  $1.2  $1.2  $1.1  $1.1  $1.1   $1.13
 e            6     7     7     7     7     1     4     1     0     7     4     2
Omaha,
 Nebr.
Retail     $2.6  $2.6  $2.6  $2.6  $2.6  $2.6  $2.6  $2.5  $2.5  $2.5  $2.5  $2.6   $2.62
              6     8     8     5     3     5     0     8     9     7     8     2
Cooperati  1.36  1.34  1.33  1.33  1.33  1.33  1.21  1.19  1.21  1.23  1.26  1.26    1.28
 ve
Differenc  $1.3  $1.3  $1.3  $1.3  $1.3  $1.3  $1.3  $1.3  $1.3  $1.3  $1.3  $1.3   $1.34
 e            0     4     5     2     0     2     9     9     8     4     2     6
Philadelp
 hia, Pa.
Retail     $2.4  $2.4  $2.4  $2.5  $2.5  $2.5  $2.5  $2.5  $2.4  $2.6  $2.6  $2.6   $2.53
              3     4     5     5     1     9     2     3     8     3     4     3
Cooperati  1.45  1.43  1.42  1.42  1.45  1.47  1.34  1.32  1.33  1.36  1.39  1.41    1.40
 ve
Differenc  $0.9  $1.0  $1.0  $1.1  $1.0  $1.1  $1.1  $1.2  $1.1  $1.2  $1.2  $1.2   $1.14
 e            8     1     3     3     6     2     8     1     5     7     5     2
Phoenix,
 Ariz.
Retail     $2.5  $2.5  $2.5  $2.5  $2.5  $2.5  $2.5  $2.5  $2.5  $2.5  $2.5  $2.6   $2.59
              4     8     8     8     8     8     8     8     8     8     7     9
Cooperati  1.31  1.29  1.28  1.28  1.31  1.33  1.21  1.18  1.20  1.23  1.25  1.27    1.26
 ve
Differenc  $1.2  $1.2  $1.3  $1.3  $1.2  $1.2  $1.3  $1.4  $1.3  $1.3  $1.3  $1.4   $1.32
 e            3     9     0     0     7     5     7     0     8     5     2     2
Pittsburg
 h, Pa.
Retail     $2.4  $2.4  $2.4  $2.5  $2.4  $2.5  $2.3  $2.3  $2.3  $2.3  $2.3  $2.3   $2.41
              5     3     3     5     7     1     5     1     1     3     7     9
Cooperati  1.35  1.33  1.32  1.32  1.35  1.37  1.24  1.22  1.23  1.26  1.29  1.31    1.30
 ve
Differenc  $1.1  $1.1  $1.1  $1.2  $1.1  $1.1  $1.1  $1.0  $1.0  $1.0  $1.0  $1.0   $1.11
 e            0     0     1     3     2     4     1     9     8     7     8     8
St.
 Louis,
 Mo.
Retail     $2.2  $2.2  $2.2  $2.2  $2.3  $2.3  $2.3  $2.2  $2.2  $2.2  $2.3  $2.3   $2.30
              9     6     6     6     9     9     6     4     4     8     3     1
Cooperati  1.43  1.41  1.41  1.41  1.40  1.43  1.28  1.30  1.32  1.34  1.37  1.39    1.38
 ve
Differenc  $0.8  $0.8  $0.8  $0.8  $0.9  $0.9  $1.0  $0.9  $0.9  $0.9  $0.9  $0.9   $0.92
 e            6     5     5     5     9     6     8     4     2     4     6     2
Salt Lake
 City,
 Utah
Retail     $2.2  $2.2  $2.2  $2.2  $2.2  $2.2  $2.2  $2.2  $2.2  $2.2  $2.2  $2.2   $2.21
              2     2     2     2     2     2     2     0     0     0     0     0
Cooperati  1.27  1.25  1.24  1.24  1.27  1.29  1.17  1.14  1.16  1.18  1.21  1.23    1.22
 ve
Differenc  $0.9  $0.9  $0.9  $0.9  $0.9  $0.9  $1.0  $1.0  $1.0  $1.0  $0.9  $0.9   $0.99
 e            5     7     8     8     5     3     5     6     4     2     9     7
Seattle,
 Wash.
Retail     $2.9  $2.9  $2.9  $2.9  $3.0  $3.0  $2.9  $2.9  $2.9  $2.9  $2.9  $2.9   $2.98
              9     9     9     9     2     2     9     2     2     6     6     6
Cooperati  1.30  1.28  1.27  1.27  1.30  1.32  1.19  1.17  1.18  1.21  1.24  1.26    1.25
 ve
Differenc  $1.6  $1.7  $1.7  $1.7  $1.7  $1.7  $1.8  $1.7  $1.7  $1.7  $1.7  $1.7   $1.73
 e            9     1     2     2     2     0     0     5     4     5     2     0
Washingto
 n, D.C.
Retail     $2.6  $2.6  $2.6  $2.6  $2.6  $2.6  $2.6  $2.6  $2.6  $2.6  $2.6  $2.6   $2.62
              2     2     2     2     4     6     5     1     0     0     0     1
Cooperati  1.45  1.43  1.41  1.41  1.45  1.47  1.33  1.31  1.32  1.35  1.38  1.40    1.39
 ve
Differenc  $1.1  $1.1  $1.2  $1.2  $1.1  $1.1  $1.3  $1.3  $1.2  $1.2  $1.2  $1.2   $1.23
 e            7     9     1     1     9     9     2     0     8     5     2     1
-----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Note:  Cooperative prices per gallon of milk were calculated by
dividing the prices per hundredweight of milk by the number of
gallons in a hundredweight.  Calculations of price differences and
averages were made by using the unrounded results of the calculations
for the cooperative price per gallon.  In this table, cooperative
prices, price differences, and their averages have been rounded to
two decimal places.  Calculations of the average prices using the
rounded monthly prices shown in this table may result in slightly
different averages. 

Source:  AMS. 



                                       Table III.7
                         
                           Comparison of Retail Milk Prices per
                         Gallon and Announced Cooperative Class I
                               Milk Prices per Gallon, 1995

                                                1995
           ------------------------------------------------------------------------------
                                                           Sept                    Averag
City       Jan.  Feb.  Mar.  Apr.   May  June  July  Aug.     .  Oct.  Nov.  Dec.       e
---------  ----  ----  ----  ----  ----  ----  ----  ----  ----  ----  ----  ----  ------
Atlanta,
 Ga.
Retail     $2.0  $2.0  $2.0  $2.0  $2.0  $2.0  $2.0  $2.0  $2.0  $2.0  $2.1  $2.1   $2.09
              8     8     8     8     8     8     9     8     9     9     5     5
Cooperati  1.31  1.27  1.24  1.28  1.29  1.22  1.22  1.25  1.24  1.29  1.33  1.36    1.28
 ve
Differenc  $0.7  $0.8  $0.8  $0.8  $0.7  $0.8  $0.8  $0.8  $0.8  $0.8  $0.8  $0.7   $0.82
 e            7     1     4     0     9     6     7     3     5     0     2     9
Baltimore
 , Md.
Retail     $2.7  $2.6  $2.7  $2.7  $2.7  $2.6  $2.5  $2.6  $2.6  $2.7  $2.7  $2.7   $2.69
              2     8     0     1     1     7     7     9     9     0     2     5
Cooperati  1.36  1.32  1.32  1.36  1.36  1.30  1.30  1.32  1.31  1.34  1.38  1.43    1.34
 ve
Differenc  $1.3  $1.3  $1.3  $1.3  $1.3  $1.3  $1.2  $1.3  $1.3  $1.3  $1.3  $1.3   $1.35
 e            6     6     8     5     5     7     7     7     8     6     4     2
Boston,
 Mass.
Retail     $2.4  $2.4  $2.3  $2.3  $2.3  $2.3  $2.2  $2.3  $2.3  $2.3  $2.3  $2.3   $2.35
              5     1     8     6     6     6     5     4     3     3     3     3
Cooperati  1.34  1.32  1.32  1.36  1.36  1.30  1.30  1.32  1.31  1.33  1.38  1.43    1.34
 ve
Differenc  $1.1  $1.0  $1.0  $1.0  $1.0  $1.0  $0.9  $1.0  $1.0  $1.0  $0.9  $0.9   $1.01
 e            1     9     6     0     0     6     5     2     2     0     5     0
Carbondal
 e, Ill.
Retail     $2.2  $2.2  $2.2  $2.2  $2.2  $2.2  $2.2  $2.2  $2.2  $2.2  $2.2  $2.2   $2.26
              8     9     1     8     8     8     1     1     8     8     8     8
Cooperati  1.28  1.23  1.23  1.27  1.28  1.21  1.21  1.24  1.23  1.26  1.31  1.35    1.26
 ve
Differenc  $1.0  $1.0  $0.9  $1.0  $1.0  $1.0  $1.0  $0.9  $1.0  $1.0  $0.9  $0.9   $1.00
 e            0     6     8     1     0     7     0     7     5     2     7     3
Chicago,
 Ill.
Retail     $2.6  $2.6  $2.6  $2.6  $2.6  $2.6  $2.6  $2.6  $2.6  $2.6  $2.6  $2.6   $2.68
              9     9     9     9     9     9     9     6     6     6     6     9
Cooperati  1.30  1.27  1.26  1.30  1.31  1.26  1.25  1.22  1.22  1.24  1.29  1.34    1.27
 ve
Differenc  $1.3  $1.4  $1.4  $1.3  $1.3  $1.4  $1.4  $1.4  $1.4  $1.4  $1.3  $1.3   $1.41
 e            9     2     3     9     8     3     4     4     4     2     7     5
Cincinnat
 i, Ohio
Retail     $2.3  $2.3  $2.4  $2.1  $2.3  $2.3  $2.3  $2.3  $2.2  $2.3  $2.4  $2.4   $2.37
              9     9     2     7     9     9     9     9     2     9     2     6
Cooperati  1.25  1.21  1.20  1.24  1.25  1.19  1.18  1.21  1.19  1.23  1.28  1.32    1.23
 ve
Differenc  $1.1  $1.1  $1.2  $0.9  $1.1  $1.2  $1.2  $1.1  $1.0  $1.1  $1.1  $1.1   $1.14
 e            4     8     2     3     4     0     1     8     3     6     4     4
Cleveland
 , Ohio
Retail     $2.4  $2.4  $2.4  $2.4  $2.4  $2.5  $2.5  $2.5  $2.5  $2.5  $2.5  $2.5   $2.50
              6     6     6     7     9     0     1     1     3     3     5     6
Cooperati  1.23  1.19  1.19  1.23  1.23  1.17  1.17  1.19  1.18  1.22  1.26  1.30    1.21
 ve
Differenc  $1.2  $1.2  $1.2  $1.2  $1.2  $1.3  $1.3  $1.3  $1.3  $1.3  $1.2  $1.2   $1.29
 e            3     7     7     4     6     3     4     2     5     1     9     6
Dallas,
 Tex.
Retail     $2.2  $2.2  $2.2  $2.2  $2.2  $2.3  $2.2  $2.2  $2.2  $2.2  $2.2  $2.3   $2.28
              7     7     7     7     7     1     8     8     8     8     5     6
Cooperati  1.30  1.27  1.26  1.30  1.31  1.24  1.24  1.27  1.25  1.28  1.33  1.37    1.29
 ve
Differenc  $0.9  $1.0  $1.0  $0.9  $0.9  $1.0  $1.0  $1.0  $1.0  $1.0  $0.9  $0.9   $1.00
 e            7     0     1     7     6     7     4     1     3     0     2     9
Denver,
 Colo.
Retail     $3.0  $3.0  $3.0  $3.0  $3.0  $3.1  $3.1  $3.1  $3.1  $3.1  $3.1  $3.1   $3.10
              0     9     9     9     9     2     2     2     2     2     2     2
Cooperati  1.32  1.27  1.27  1.31  1.32  1.26  1.25  1.28  1.26  1.29  1.33  1.38    1.29
 ve
Differenc  $1.6  $1.8  $1.8  $1.7  $1.7  $1.8  $1.8  $1.8  $1.8  $1.8  $1.7  $1.7   $1.81
 e            8     2     2     8     7     6     7     4     6     3     9     4
Detroit,
 Mich.
Retail     $2.3  $2.3  $2.3  $2.3  $2.3  $2.3  $2.3  $2.3  $2.3  $2.3  $2.3  $2.1   $2.37
              9     9     9     9     9     9     9     9     9     9     9     9
Cooperati  1.26  1.22  1.21  1.24  1.24  1.19  1.18  1.21  1.20  1.22  1.26  1.31    1.23
 ve
Differenc  $1.1  $1.1  $1.1  $1.1  $1.1  $1.2  $1.2  $1.1  $1.1  $1.1  $1.1  $0.8   $1.14
 e            3     7     8     5     5     0     1     8     9     7     3     8
Hartford,
 Conn.
Retail     $2.4  $2.4  $2.4  $2.4  $2.4  $2.4  $2.4  $2.4  $2.3  $2.3  $2.3  $2.3   $2.41
              5     3     2     3     1     1     1     1     9     9     9     8
Cooperati  1.33  1.31  1.31  1.35  1.36  1.29  1.29  1.31  1.30  1.33  1.37  1.42    1.33
 ve
Differenc  $1.1  $1.1  $1.1  $1.0  $1.0  $1.1  $1.1  $1.1  $1.0  $1.0  $1.0  $0.9   $1.08
 e            2     2     1     8     5     2     2     0     9     6     2     6
Houston,
 Tex.
Retail     $2.3  $2.3  $2.3  $2.3  $2.3  $2.3  $2.3  $2.3  $2.4  $2.4  $2.5  $2.5   $2.42
              9     9     9     9     9     9     9     9     6     6     2     2
Cooperati  1.35  1.31  1.31  1.34  1.36  1.29  1.29  1.31  1.30  1.33  1.37  1.42    1.33
 ve
Differenc  $1.0  $1.0  $1.0  $1.0  $1.0  $1.1  $1.1  $1.0  $1.1  $1.1  $1.1  $1.1   $1.09
 e            4     8     8     5     3     0     0     8     6     3     5     0
Indianapo
 lis,
 Ind.
Retail     $2.4  $2.4  $2.4  $2.4  $2.4  $2.4  $2.4  $2.4  $2.4  $2.4  $2.5  $2.5   $2.48
              9     9     9     9     9     2     2     2     6     8     1     4
Cooperati  1.26  1.22  1.23  1.25  1.27  1.20  1.20  1.22  1.20  1.25  1.28  1.34    1.24
 ve
Differenc  $1.2  $1.2  $1.2  $1.2  $1.2  $1.2  $1.2  $1.2  $1.2  $1.2  $1.2  $1.2   $1.23
 e            3     7     6     4     2     2     2     0     6     3     3     0
Kansas
 City,
 Mo.
Retail     $2.4  $2.4  $2.4  $2.4  $2.4  $2.4  $2.4  $2.4  $2.4  $2.4  $2.4  $2.4   $2.46
              5     5     9     8     9     5     5     4     4     3     3     8
Cooperati  1.22  1.18  1.18  1.21  1.22  1.16  1.16  1.18  1.18  1.21  1.25  1.30    1.20
 ve
Differenc  $1.2  $1.2  $1.3  $1.2  $1.2  $1.2  $1.2  $1.2  $1.2  $1.2  $1.1  $1.1   $1.25
 e            3     7     1     7     7     9     9     6     6     2     8     8
Louisvill
 e, Ky.
Retail     $2.0  $2.0  $2.0  $2.0  $2.0  $2.0  $2.0  $2.0  $2.0  $2.0  $2.0  $2.0   $2.03
              2     2     2     2     2     9     2     2     2     2     2     6
Cooperati  1.24  1.19  1.19  1.23  1.24  1.18  1.17  1.20  1.18  1.21  1.25  1.30    1.21
 ve
Differenc  $0.7  $0.8  $0.8  $0.7  $0.7  $0.9  $0.8  $0.8  $0.8  $0.8  $0.7  $0.7   $0.81
 e            8     3     3     9     8     1     5     2     4     1     7     6
Miami,
 Fla.
Retail     $2.6  $2.5  $2.5  $2.6  $2.6  $2.6  $2.6  $2.6  $2.6  $2.6  $2.7  $2.7   $2.63
              0     9     9     2     2     2     2     2     2     2     2     7
Cooperati  1.46  1.42  1.42  1.45  1.46  1.46  1.46  1.49  1.45  1.49  1.54  1.57    1.47
 ve
Differenc  $1.1  $1.1  $1.1  $1.1  $1.1  $1.1  $1.1  $1.1  $1.1  $1.1  $1.1  $1.2   $1.16
 e            4     7     7     7     6     6     6     3     7     3     8     0
Milwaukee
 , Wis.
Retail     $2.5  $2.5  $2.4  $2.4  $2.4  $2.2  $2.4  $2.3  $2.4  $2.3  $2.5  $2.5   $2.45
              2     0     8     7     8     9     6     0     8     0     4     6
Cooperati  1.29  1.26  1.25  1.29  1.31  1.25  1.24  1.21  1.21  1.24  1.28  1.33    1.26
 ve
Differenc  $1.2  $1.2  $1.2  $1.1  $1.1  $1.0  $1.2  $1.0  $1.2  $1.0  $1.2  $1.2   $1.19
 e            3     4     3     8     7     4     2     9     7     6     6     3
Minneapol
 is,
 Minn.
Retail     $2.7  $2.7  $2.7  $2.7  $2.7  $2.7  $2.7  $2.7  $2.7  $2.8  $2.8  $2.8   $2.77
              5     4     2     6     7     5     5     7     7     0     3     3
Cooperati  1.17  1.13  1.13  1.17  1.18  1.11  1.11  1.14  1.13  1.16  1.21  1.25    1.16
 ve
Differenc  $1.5  $1.6  $1.5  $1.5  $1.5  $1.6  $1.6  $1.6  $1.6  $1.6  $1.6  $1.5   $1.61
 e            8     1     9     9     9     4     4     3     4     4     2     8
New
 Orleans,
 La.
Retail     $2.3  $2.2  $2.2  $2.2  $2.2  $2.3  $2.2  $2.2  $2.2  $2.3  $2.3  $2.3   $2.26
              2     0     0     7     7     1     0     0     0     0     2     2
Cooperati  1.35  1.31  1.31  1.34  1.35  1.29  1.27  1.30  1.28  1.34  1.38  1.40    1.33
 ve
Differenc  $0.9  $0.8  $0.8  $0.9  $0.9  $1.0  $0.9  $0.9  $0.9  $0.9  $0.9  $0.9   $0.93
 e            7     9     9     3     2     2     3     0     2     6     4     2
Oklahoma
 City,
 Okla.
Retail     $2.2  $2.3  $2.2  $2.2  $2.3  $2.3  $2.2  $2.2  $2.2  $2.2  $2.3  $2.3   $2.28
              6     2     4     8     2     2     4     1     8     8     1     1
Cooperati  1.27  1.23  1.23  1.27  1.28  1.21  1.21  1.23  1.22  1.25  1.29  1.34    1.25
 ve
Differenc  $0.9  $1.0  $1.0  $1.0  $1.0  $1.1  $1.0  $0.9  $1.0  $1.0  $1.0  $0.9   $1.03
 e            9     9     1     1     4     1     3     8     6     3     2     7
Omaha,
 Nebr.
Retail     $2.6  $2.5  $2.5  $2.5  $2.5  $2.5  $2.4  $2.5  $2.5  $2.5  $2.6  $2.6   $2.58
              1     6     4     7     7     4     9     5     8     9     3     7
Cooperati  1.22  1.18  1.18  1.22  1.22  1.16  1.16  1.18  1.18  1.21  1.25  1.30    1.21
 ve
Differenc  $1.3  $1.3  $1.3  $1.3  $1.3  $1.3  $1.3  $1.3  $1.4  $1.3  $1.3  $1.3   $1.37
 e            9     8     6     5     5     8     3     7     0     8     8     7
Philadelp
 hia, Pa.
Retail     $2.5  $2.4  $2.4  $2.4  $2.4  $2.4  $2.4  $2.4  $2.4  $2.5  $2.5  $2.4   $2.49
              0     9     7     8     9     7     6     7     6     4     7     8
Cooperati  1.37  1.33  1.33  1.37  1.37  1.31  1.31  1.33  1.30  1.33  1.37  1.42    1.34
 ve
Differenc  $1.1  $1.1  $1.1  $1.1  $1.1  $1.1  $1.1  $1.1  $1.1  $1.2  $1.2  $1.0   $1.15
 e            3     6     4     1     2     6     5     4     6     1     0     6
Phoenix,
 Ariz.
Retail     $2.7  $2.7  $2.7  $2.7  $2.7  $2.7  $2.7  $2.5  $2.4  $2.3  $2.3  $2.3   $2.61
              5     5     5     5     5     5     5     8     5     1     3     8
Cooperati  1.24  1.20  1.19  1.23  1.24  1.18  1.17  1.20  1.18  1.21  1.26  1.30    1.22
 ve
Differenc  $1.5  $1.5  $1.5  $1.5  $1.5  $1.5  $1.5  $1.3  $1.2  $1.1  $1.0  $1.0   $1.39
 e            1     5     6     2     1     7     8     8     7     0     7     8
Pittsburg
 h, Pa.
Retail     $2.3  $2.2  $2.2  $2.3  $2.3  $2.2  $2.2  $2.3  $2.2  $2.3  $2.4  $2.4   $2.34
              5     9     9     5     5     9     7     8     7     8     3     7
Cooperati  1.27  1.23  1.23  1.27  1.28  1.21  1.21  1.21  1.19  1.22  1.26  1.31    1.24
 ve
Differenc  $1.0  $1.0  $1.0  $1.0  $1.0  $1.0  $1.0  $1.1  $1.0  $1.1  $1.1  $1.1   $1.10
 e            8     6     6     8     7     8     6     7     8     6     7     6
St.
 Louis,
 Mo.
Retail     $2.3  $2.3  $2.3  $2.3  $2.4  $2.3  $2.4  $2.4  $2.3  $2.4  $2.4  $2.4   $2.39
              3     6     3     9     2     8     0     0     8     0     4     8
Cooperati  1.28  1.23  1.23  1.27  1.28  1.21  1.21  1.24  1.23  1.26  1.31  1.35    1.26
 ve
Differenc  $1.0  $1.1  $1.1  $1.1  $1.1  $1.1  $1.1  $1.1  $1.1  $1.1  $1.1  $1.1   $1.13
 e            5     3     0     2     4     7     9     6     5     4     3     3
Salt Lake
 City,
 Utah
Retail     $2.2  $2.2  $2.2  $2.2  $2.2  $2.0  $2.0  $2.0  $2.0  $2.0  $2.0  $2.0   $2.14
              0     0     3     6     6     8     8     8     6     6     6     6
Cooperati  1.20  1.15  1.15  1.19  1.20  1.14  1.13  1.16  1.14  1.17  1.21  1.26    1.18
 ve
Differenc  $1.0  $1.0  $1.0  $1.0  $1.0  $0.9  $0.9  $0.9  $0.9  $0.8  $0.8  $0.8   $0.96
 e            0     5     8     7     6     4     5     2     2     9     5     0
Seattle,
 Wash.
Retail     $2.9  $2.9  $2.9  $2.9  $2.9  $2.9  $2.9  $2.9  $2.9  $2.9  $2.9  $2.9   $2.95
              6     2     2     2     6     2     6     6     6     6     6     6
Cooperati  1.22  1.18  1.18  1.22  1.22  1.16  1.16  1.18  1.17  1.20  1.24  1.29    1.20
 ve
Differenc  $1.7  $1.7  $1.7  $1.7  $1.7  $1.7  $1.8  $1.7  $1.7  $1.7  $1.7  $1.6   $1.75
 e            4     4     4     0     4     6     0     8     9     6     2     7
Washingto
 n, D.C.
Retail     $2.6  $2.6  $2.5  $2.5  $2.5  $2.5  $2.5  $2.5  $2.5  $2.5  $2.6  $2.6   $2.59
              1     1     8     8     9     9     7     7     8     8     0     2
Cooperati  1.36  1.32  1.32  1.36  1.36  1.30  1.30  1.32  1.31  1.34  1.38  1.43    1.34
 ve
Differenc  $1.2  $1.2  $1.2  $1.2  $1.2  $1.2  $1.2  $1.2  $1.2  $1.2  $1.2  $1.1   $1.25
 e            5     9     6     2     3     9     7     5     7     4     2     9
-----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Note:  Cooperative prices per gallon of milk were calculated by
dividing the prices per hundredweight of milk by the number of
gallons in a hundredweight.  Calculations of price differences and
averages were made by using the unrounded results of the calculations
for the cooperative price per gallon.  In this table, cooperative
prices, price differences, and their averages have been rounded to
two decimal places.  Calculations of the average prices using the
rounded monthly prices shown in this table may result in slightly
different averages. 

Source:  AMS. 



                                       Table III.8
                         
                           Comparison of Retail Milk Prices Per
                         Gallon and Announced Cooperative Class I
                               Milk Prices per Gallon, 1996

                                                1996
           ------------------------------------------------------------------------------
                                                           Sept                    Averag
City       Jan.  Feb.  Mar.  Apr.   May  June  July  Aug.     .  Oct.  Nov.  Dec.       e
---------  ----  ----  ----  ----  ----  ----  ----  ----  ----  ----  ----  ----  ------
Atlanta,
 Ga.
Retail     $2.1  $2.1  $2.1  $2.1  $2.2  $2.3  $2.4  $2.4  $2.5  $2.5  $2.5  $2.5   $2.36
              8     8     8     8     6     6     2     2     2     2     2     6
Cooperati  1.40  1.40  1.39  1.38  1.39  1.51  1.58  1.61  1.66  1.70  1.70  1.59    1.53
 ve
Differenc  $0.7  $0.7  $0.7  $0.8  $0.8  $0.8  $0.8  $0.8  $0.8  $0.8  $0.8  $0.9   $0.83
 e            8     8     9     0     7     5     4     1     6     2     2     7
Baltimore
 , Md.
Retail     $2.8  $2.7  $2.8  $2.7  $2.7  $2.7  $2.8  $2.8  $2.8  $2.8  $2.8  $2.9   $2.83
              0     9     2     9     6     9     5     3     5     8     8     4
Cooperati  1.43  1.44  1.42  1.41  1.42  1.45  1.51  1.52  1.57  1.61  1.67  1.57    1.50
 ve
Differenc  $1.3  $1.3  $1.4  $1.3  $1.3  $1.3  $1.3  $1.3  $1.2  $1.2  $1.2  $1.3   $1.33
 e            7     5     0     8     4     4     4     1     8     7     1     7
Boston,
 Mass.
Retail     $2.3  $2.3  $2.4  $2.4  $2.3  $2.4  $2.4  $2.3  $2.3  $2.4  $2.4  $2.4   $2.40
              7     8     1     0     9     1     3     8     9     3     5     1
Cooperati  1.45  1.45  1.44  1.42  1.43  1.47  1.53  1.54  1.59  1.63  1.66  1.59    1.52
 ve
Differenc  $0.9  $0.9  $0.9  $0.9  $0.9  $0.9  $0.9  $0.8  $0.8  $0.8  $0.7  $0.8   $0.89
 e            2     3     7     8     6     4     0     4     0     0     9     2
Carbondal
 e, Ill.
Retail     $2.4  $2.2  $2.3  $2.3  $2.3  $2.3  $2.4  $2.4  $2.4  $2.4  $2.5  $2.6   $2.41
              0     8     4     1     1     4     1     1     4     8     1     4
Cooperati  1.37  1.38  1.36  1.36  1.37  1.41  1.46  1.48  1.54  1.60  1.64  1.55    1.46
 ve
Differenc  $1.0  $0.9  $0.9  $0.9  $0.9  $0.9  $0.9  $0.9  $0.9  $0.8  $0.8  $1.0   $0.94
 e            3     0     8     5     4     3     5     3     0     8     7     9
Chicago,
 Ill.
Retail     $2.6  $2.6  $2.6  $2.7  $2.7  $2.8  $2.8  $2.8  $2.8  $2.8  $2.9  $2.9   $2.82
              9     9     9     6     6     2     9     9     6     9     6     9
Cooperati  1.37  1.37  1.35  1.34  1.35  1.39  1.45  1.46  1.52  1.59  1.62  1.54    1.45
 ve
Differenc  $1.3  $1.3  $1.3  $1.4  $1.4  $1.4  $1.4  $1.4  $1.3  $1.3  $1.3  $1.4   $1.38
 e            2     2     4     2     1     3     4     3     4     0     4     5
Cincinnat
 i, Ohio
Retail     $2.4  $2.4  $2.4  $2.4  $2.4  $2.5  $2.6  $2.5  $2.5  $2.5  $2.5  $2.6   $2.55
              9     9     9     9     9     6     1     9     9     9     9     6
Cooperati  1.34  1.34  1.33  1.32  1.33  1.40  1.46  1.47  1.53  1.57  1.61  1.50    1.43
 ve
Differenc  $1.1  $1.1  $1.1  $1.1  $1.1  $1.1  $1.1  $1.1  $1.0  $1.0  $0.9  $1.1   $1.12
 e            5     5     6     7     6     6     5     2     6     2     8     6
Cleveland
 , Ohio
Retail     $2.2  $2.2  $2.2  $2.1  $2.1  $2.2  $2.3  $2.3  $2.3  $2.3  $2.3  $2.4   $2.28
              1     2     3     9     9     2     0     3     2     2     5     4
Cooperati  1.32  1.33  1.31  1.30  1.31  1.38  1.42  1.45  1.51  1.55  1.59  1.48    1.41
 ve
Differenc  $0.8  $0.8  $0.9  $0.8  $0.8  $0.8  $0.8  $0.8  $0.8  $0.7  $0.7  $0.9   $0.87
 e            9     9     2     9     8     4     8     8     1     7     6     6
Dallas,
 Tex.
Retail     $2.3  $2.2  $2.2  $2.2  $2.3  $2.5  $2.5  $2.5  $2.5  $2.5  $2.5  $2.5   $2.45
              9     8     8     8     2     4     4     4     6     6     6     9
Cooperati  1.40  1.40  1.38  1.37  1.38  1.50  1.51  1.52  1.56  1.60  1.64  1.53    1.48
 ve
Differenc  $0.9  $0.8  $0.9  $0.9  $0.9  $1.0  $1.0  $1.0  $1.0  $0.9  $0.9  $1.0   $0.97
 e            9     8     0     1     4     4     3     2     0     6     2     6
Denver,
 Colo.
Retail     $3.1  $3.1  $3.1  $2.9  $2.7  $2.7  $2.6  $2.6  $2.6  $2.6  $2.8  $2.8   $2.85
              6     6     6     1     2     2     6     6     6     6     6     6
Cooperati  1.40  1.41  1.39  1.38  1.39  1.42  1.48  1.44  1.49  1.53  1.57  1.46    1.45
 ve
Differenc  $1.7  $1.7  $1.7  $1.5  $1.3  $1.3  $1.1  $1.2  $1.1  $1.1  $1.2  $1.4   $1.40
 e            6     5     7     3     3     0     8     2     7     3     9     0
Detroit,
 Mich.
Retail     $2.2  $2.2  $2.2  $2.3  $2.3  $2.4  $2.4  $2.4  $2.4  $2.5  $2.4  $2.5   $2.39
              3     6     9     1     1     4     4     4     4     2     9     6
Cooperati  1.34  1.34  1.33  1.31  1.32  1.35  1.41  1.43  1.49  1.52  1.57  1.47    1.41
 ve
Differenc  $0.8  $0.9  $0.9  $1.0  $0.9  $1.0  $1.0  $1.0  $0.9  $1.0  $0.9  $1.0   $0.99
 e            9     2     6     0     9     9     3     1     5     0     2     9
Hartford,
 Conn.
Retail     $2.3  $2.4  $2.4  $2.4  $2.4  $2.4  $2.4  $2.4  $2.4  $2.4  $2.5  $2.5   $2.44
              8     0     1     0     0     2     4     6     5     6     0     0
Cooperati  1.44  1.44  1.43  1.42  1.42  1.46  1.52  1.53  1.58  1.62  1.65  1.58    1.51
 ve
Differenc  $0.9  $0.9  $0.9  $0.9  $0.9  $0.9  $0.9  $0.9  $0.8  $0.8  $0.8  $0.9   $0.93
 e            4     6     8     8     8     6     2     3     7     4     5     2
Houston,
 Tex.
Retail     $2.5  $2.6  $2.4  $2.4  $2.4  $2.6  $2.5  $2.5  $2.5  $2.5  $2.6  $2.6   $2.57
              6     2     9     9     9     2     9     9     9     9     2     2
Cooperati  1.44  1.45  1.43  1.42  1.42  1.54  1.56  1.57  1.61  1.65  1.69  1.58    1.53
 ve
Differenc  $1.1  $1.1  $1.0  $1.0  $1.0  $1.0  $1.0  $1.0  $0.9  $0.9  $0.9  $1.0   $1.04
 e            2     7     6     7     7     8     3     2     8     4     3     4
Indianapo
 lis,
 Ind.
Retail     $2.5  $2.5  $2.5  $2.5  $2.5  $2.6  $2.6  $2.7  $2.7  $2.7  $2.8  $2.8   $2.68
              2     9     6     9     6     2     8     2     6     9     9     9
Cooperati  1.36  1.36  1.35  1.33  1.36  1.39  1.45  1.46  1.51  1.56  1.60  1.49    1.43
 ve
Differenc  $1.1  $1.2  $1.2  $1.2  $1.2  $1.2  $1.2  $1.2  $1.2  $1.2  $1.2  $1.4   $1.25
 e            6     3     1     6     0     3     3     6     5     3     9     0
Kansas
 City,
 Mo.
Retail     $2.4  $2.5  $2.5  $2.5  $2.5  $2.6  $2.6  $2.6  $2.6  $2.7  $2.8  $2.8   $2.64
              9     1     2     2     3     1     3     7     9     8     5     5
Cooperati  1.32  1.32  1.34  1.33  1.35  1.39  1.44  1.46  1.51  1.54  1.59  1.49    1.42
 ve
Differenc  $1.1  $1.1  $1.1  $1.1  $1.1  $1.2  $1.1  $1.2  $1.1  $1.2  $1.2  $1.3   $1.21
 e            7     9     8     9     8     2     9     1     8     4     6     6
Louisvill
 e, Ky.
Retail     $2.2  $2.2  $2.2  $2.2  $2.3  $2.3  $2.3  $2.3  $2.4  $2.6  $2.6  $2.6   $2.41
              9     9     9     9     1     2     9     9     6     2     6     6
Cooperati  1.32  1.33  1.32  1.31  1.32  1.48  1.54  1.47  1.51  1.55  1.58  1.47    1.43
 ve
Differenc  $0.9  $0.9  $0.9  $0.9  $0.9  $0.8  $0.8  $0.9  $0.9  $1.0  $1.0  $1.1   $0.98
 e            7     6     7     8     9     4     5     2     5     7     8     9
Miami,
 Fla.
Retail     $2.8  $2.8  $2.8  $2.8  $2.8  $3.0  $3.0  $3.0  $3.0  $3.1  $3.1  $3.1   $2.97
              0     1     4     5     5     4     6     4     6     0     0     0
Cooperati  1.60  1.60  1.58  1.57  1.58  1.70  1.76  1.82  1.86  1.90  1.90  1.83    1.72
 ve
Differenc  $1.2  $1.2  $1.2  $1.2  $1.2  $1.3  $1.3  $1.2  $1.2  $1.2  $1.2  $1.2   $1.25
 e            0     1     6     8     7     4     0     2     0     0     0     7
Milwaukee
 , Wis.
Retail     $2.5  $2.5  $2.5  $2.3  $2.6  $2.6  $2.6  $2.6  $2.6  $2.7  $2.6  $2.6   $2.61
              7     1     9     2     0     2     7     1     6     4     9     8
Cooperati  1.36  1.36  1.35  1.34  1.35  1.38  1.44  1.45  1.51  1.58  1.61  1.53    1.44
 ve
Differenc  $1.2  $1.1  $1.2  $0.9  $1.2  $1.2  $1.2  $1.1  $1.1  $1.1  $1.0  $1.1   $1.17
 e            1     5     4     8     5     4     3     6     5     6     8     5
Minneapol
 is,
 Minn.
Retail     $2.8  $2.9  $2.9  $2.9  $2.9  $2.9  $2.9  $2.9  $3.0  $2.9  $2.9  $2.9   $2.95
              8     0     0     3     4     6     2     9     1     8     8     5
Cooperati  1.27  1.28  1.28  1.27  1.29  1.34  1.39  1.41  1.47  1.51  1.56  1.45    1.38
 ve
Differenc  $1.6  $1.6  $1.6  $1.6  $1.6  $1.6  $1.5  $1.5  $1.5  $1.4  $1.4  $1.5   $1.57
 e            1     2     2     6     5     2     3     8     4     7     2     0
New
 Orleans,
 La.
Retail     $2.3  $2.3  $2.3  $2.3  $2.3  $2.4  $2.6  $2.6  $2.6  $2.6  $2.7  $2.5   $2.53
              2     7     7     7     8     9     5     9     9     9     1     8
Cooperati  1.45  1.45  1.42  1.40  1.42  1.54  1.52  1.55  1.60  1.65  1.65  1.57    1.52
 ve
Differenc  $0.8  $0.9  $0.9  $0.9  $0.9  $0.9  $1.1  $1.1  $1.0  $1.0  $1.0  $1.0   $1.01
 e            7     2     5     7     6     5     3     4     9     4     6     1
Oklahoma
 City,
 Okla.
Retail     $2.3  $2.3  $2.3  $2.3  $2.3  $2.3  $2.4  $2.5  $2.5  $2.5  $2.5  $2.6   $2.45
              1     1     1     4     4     9     9     4     6     6     8     4
Cooperati  1.36  1.36  1.35  1.34  1.34  1.47  1.48  1.49  1.54  1.57  1.61  1.51    1.45
 ve
Differenc  $0.9  $0.9  $0.9  $1.0  $1.0  $0.9  $1.0  $1.0  $1.0  $0.9  $0.9  $1.1   $1.00
 e            5     5     6     0     0     2     1     5     2     9     7     3
Omaha,
 Nebr.
Retail     $2.7  $2.7  $2.6  $2.6  $2.6  $2.7  $2.7  $2.7  $2.8  $2.8  $2.8  $2.8   $2.75
              0     0     6     7     8     2     5     5     0     3     5     9
Cooperati  1.32  1.33  1.33  1.31  1.34  1.37  1.43  1.44  1.49  1.53  1.58  1.47    1.41
 ve
Differenc  $1.3  $1.3  $1.3  $1.3  $1.3  $1.3  $1.3  $1.3  $1.3  $1.3  $1.2  $1.4   $1.34
 e            8     7     3     6     4     5     2     1     1     0     7     2
Philadelp
 hia, Pa.
Retail     $2.4  $2.4  $2.5  $2.5  $2.5  $2.5  $2.5  $2.5  $2.6  $2.6  $2.6  $2.6   $2.57
              9     9     3     2     2     2     4     6     0     5     9     9
Cooperati  1.43  1.44  1.42  1.41  1.42  1.45  1.51  1.52  1.57  1.61  1.67  1.57    1.50
 ve
Differenc  $1.0  $1.0  $1.1  $1.1  $1.1  $1.0  $1.0  $1.0  $1.0  $1.0  $1.0  $1.1   $1.06
 e            6     5     1     1     0     7     3     4     3     4     2     2
Phoenix,
 Ariz.
Retail     $2.4  $2.4  $2.4  $2.4  $2.4  $2.4  $2.4  $2.4  $2.4  $2.4  $2.4  $2.4   $2.44
              1     1     1     1     1     5     8     8     8     8     5     5
Cooperati  1.32  1.33  1.31  1.30  1.31  1.34  1.40  1.41  1.46  1.50  1.54  1.43    1.39
 ve
Differenc  $1.0  $1.0  $1.1  $1.1  $1.1  $1.1  $1.0  $1.0  $1.0  $0.9  $0.9  $1.0   $1.06
 e            9     8     0     1     0     1     8     7     2     8     1     2
Pittsburg
 h, Pa.
Retail     $2.4  $2.5  $2.4  $2.4  $2.4  $2.5  $2.5  $2.5  $2.6  $2.6  $2.7  $2.6   $2.57
              8     0     8     8     8     3     8     9     3     8     4     9
Cooperati  1.32  1.33  1.31  1.30  1.31  1.34  1.40  1.41  1.46  1.50  1.56  1.46    1.39
 ve
Differenc  $1.1  $1.1  $1.1  $1.1  $1.1  $1.1  $1.1  $1.1  $1.1  $1.1  $1.1  $1.2   $1.18
 e            6     7     7     8     7     9     8     8     7     8     8     3
St.
 Louis,
 Mo.
Retail     $2.5  $2.5  $2.5  $2.5  $2.5  $2.6  $2.7  $2.7  $2.7  $2.8  $2.9  $2.9   $2.71
              3     8     8     8     8     9     2     2     8     8     4     4
Cooperati  1.37  1.38  1.36  1.36  1.37  1.41  1.46  1.48  1.54  1.60  1.64  1.55    1.46
 ve
Differenc  $1.1  $1.2  $1.2  $1.2  $1.2  $1.2  $1.2  $1.2  $1.2  $1.2  $1.3  $1.3   $1.25
 e            6     0     2     2     1     8     6     4     4     8     0     9
Salt Lake
 City,
 Utah
Retail     $2.1  $2.1  $2.1  $2.1  $2.2  $2.2  $2.3  $2.4  $2.4  $2.3  $2.4  $2.3   $2.29
              6     6     6     8     3     8     4     0     0     6     2     6
Cooperati  1.28  1.29  1.27  1.26  1.27  1.30  1.36  1.37  1.42  1.46  1.50  1.39    1.35
 ve
Differenc  $0.8  $0.8  $0.8  $0.9  $0.9  $0.9  $0.9  $1.0  $0.9  $0.9  $0.9  $0.9   $0.94
 e            8     7     9     2     6     8     8     3     8     0     2     7
Seattle,
 Wash.
Retail     $2.9  $3.0  $3.0  $3.1  $3.1  $3.1  $3.2  $3.2  $3.3  $3.3  $3.3  $3.3   $3.22
              9     9     9     6     6     9     6     9     2     2     9     2
Cooperati  1.31  1.31  1.30  1.28  1.28  1.31  1.37  1.39  1.44  1.47  1.51  1.40    1.37
 ve
Differenc  $1.6  $1.7  $1.7  $1.8  $1.8  $1.8  $1.8  $1.9  $1.8  $1.8  $1.8  $1.9   $1.85
 e            8     8     9     8     8     8     9     0     8     5     8     2
Washingto
 n, D.C.
Retail     $2.5  $2.6  $2.6  $2.5  $2.6  $2.6  $2.6  $2.6  $2.6  $2.6  $2.7  $2.7   $2.63
              6     0     0     9     0     4     4     5     5     6     0     2
Cooperati  1.43  1.44  1.42  1.41  1.42  1.45  1.51  1.52  1.57  1.61  1.67  1.57    1.50
 ve
Differenc  $1.1  $1.1  $1.1  $1.1  $1.1  $1.1  $1.1  $1.1  $1.0  $1.0  $1.0  $1.1   $1.13
 e            3     6     8     8     8     9     3     3     8     5     3     5
-----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Note:  Cooperative prices per gallon of milk were calculated by
dividing the prices per hundredweight of milk by the number of
gallons in a hundredweight.  Calculations of price differences and
averages were made by using the unrounded results of the calculations
for the cooperative price per gallon.  In this table, cooperative
prices, price differences, and their averages have been rounded to
two decimal places.  Calculations of the average prices using the
rounded monthly prices shown in this table may result in slightly
different averages. 

Source:  AMS. 



                                       Table III.9
                         
                           Comparison of Retail Milk Prices per
                         Gallon and Announced Cooperative Class I
                         Milk Prices per Gallon, January Through
                                      September 1997

                                                1997
           ------------------------------------------------------------------------------
                                                                                   Averag
City         Jan.    Feb.    Mar.    Apr.     May    June    July    Aug.   Sept.       e
---------  ------  ------  ------  ------  ------  ------  ------  ------  ------  ------
Atlanta,
 Ga.
Retail      $2.59   $2.52   $2.52   $2.56   $2.56   $2.56   $2.56   $2.56   $2.59   $2.56
Cooperati    1.44    1.42    1.42    1.41    1.41    1.32    1.26    1.28    1.29    1.36
 ve
Differenc   $1.15   $1.10   $1.10   $1.15   $1.15   $1.24   $1.30   $1.28   $1.30   $1.20
 e
Baltimore
 , Md.
Retail      $2.87   $2.78   $2.69   $2.69   $2.69   $2.61   $2.59   $2.59   $2.59   $2.68
Cooperati    1.35    1.33    1.38    1.42    1.42    1.33    1.27    1.27    1.28    1.34
 ve
Differenc   $1.52   $1.45   $1.31   $1.27   $1.27   $1.28   $1.32   $1.32   $1.31   $1.34
 e
Boston,
 Mass.
Retail      $2.42   $2.45   $2.45   $2.45   $2.45   $2.44   $2.64   $2.63   $2.63   $2.51
Cooperati    1.37    1.35    1.40    1.45    1.45    1.36  1.55\a  1.54\a  1.52\a    1.44
 ve
Differenc   $1.05   $1.10   $1.05   $1.00   $1.00   $1.08   $1.09   $1.09   $1.11   $1.06
 e
Carbondal
 e, Ill.
Retail      $2.61   $2.49   $2.49   $2.49   $2.49   $2.42   $2.42   $2.39   $2.39   $2.47
Cooperati    1.38    1.36    1.38    1.43    1.43    1.34    1.27    1.27    1.27    1.35
 ve
Differenc   $1.23   $1.13   $1.11   $1.06   $1.06   $1.08   $1.15   $1.12   $1.12   $1.12
 e
Chicago,
 Ill.
Retail      $2.92   $2.86   $2.82   $2.82   $2.82   $2.82   $2.86   $2.86   $2.86   $2.85
Cooperati    1.33    1.30    1.32    1.38    1.37    1.29    1.23    1.23    1.23    1.30
 ve
Differenc   $1.59   $1.56   $1.50   $1.44   $1.45   $1.53   $1.63   $1.63   $1.63   $1.55
 e
Cincinnat
 i, Ohio
Retail      $2.62   $2.59   $1.99   $1.89   $1.76   $1.32   $1.32   $1.32   $1.52   $1.81
Cooperati    1.31    1.29    1.34    1.37    1.36    1.30    1.23    1.27    1.28    1.30
 ve
Differenc   $1.31   $1.30   $0.65   $0.52   $0.40   $0.02   $0.09   $0.05   $0.24   $0.51
 e
Cleveland
 , Ohio
Retail      $2.43   $2.43   $2.43   $2.53   $2.53   $2.53   $2.53   $2.53   $2.60   $2.50
Cooperati    1.28    1.26    1.31    1.35    1.35    1.28    1.22    1.26    1.27    1.29
 ve
Differenc   $1.15   $1.17   $1.12   $1.18   $1.18   $1.25   $1.31   $1.27   $1.33   $1.22
 e
Dallas,
 Tex.
Retail      $2.59   $2.59   $2.59   $2.59   $2.62   $2.62   $2.62   $2.41   $2.48   $2.57
Cooperati    1.35    1.32    1.35    1.36    1.37    1.28    1.21    1.22    1.23    1.30
 ve
Differenc   $1.24   $1.27   $1.24   $1.23   $1.25   $1.34   $1.41   $1.19   $1.25   $1.27
 e
Denver,
 Colo.
Retail      $2.82   $2.82   $2.82   $2.86   $2.86   $2.86   $2.86   $2.86   $2.92   $2.85
Cooperati    1.25    1.22    1.27    1.32    1.32    1.23    1.17    1.17    1.18    1.24
 ve
Differenc   $1.57   $1.60   $1.55   $1.54   $1.54   $1.63   $1.69   $1.69   $1.74   $1.62
 e
Detroit,
 Mich.
Retail      $2.56   $2.59   $2.59   $2.59   $2.59   $2.59   $2.59   $2.65   $2.65   $2.60
Cooperati    1.32    1.27    1.27    1.32    1.32    1.25    1.22    1.21    1.21    1.27
 ve
Differenc   $1.24   $1.32   $1.32   $1.27   $1.27   $1.34   $1.37   $1.44   $1.44   $1.33
 e
Hartford,
 Conn.
Retail      $2.51   $2.49   $2.49   $2.49   $2.49   $2.49   $2.68   $2.68   $2.68   $2.56
Cooperati    1.37    1.34    1.39    1.44    1.44    1.35  1.55\a  1.53\a  1.51\a    1.44
 ve
Differenc   $1.14   $1.15   $1.10   $1.05   $1.05   $1.14   $1.13   $1.15   $1.17   $1.12
 e
Houston,
 Tex.
Retail      $2.59   $2.56   $2.49   $2.36   $2.52   $2.52   $2.52   $2.52   $2.52   $2.51
Cooperati    1.39    1.37    1.39    1.41    1.41    1.32    1.26    1.26    1.27    1.34
 ve
Differenc   $1.20   $1.19   $1.10   $0.95   $1.11   $1.20   $1.26   $1.26   $1.25   $1.17
 e
Indianapo
 lis,
 Ind.
Retail      $2.79   $2.82   $2.79   $2.79   $2.79   $2.79   $2.76   $2.42    2.79   $2.75
Cooperati    1.31    1.29    1.34    1.38    1.38    1.29    1.24    1.25    1.26    1.30
 ve
Differenc   $1.48   $1.53   $1.45   $1.41   $1.41   $1.50   $1.52   $1.17   $1.53   $1.45
 e
Kansas
 City,
 Mo.
Retail      $2.85   $2.81   $2.77   $2.77   $2.76   $2.71   $2.65   $2.61   $2.60   $2.73
Cooperati    1.32    1.29    1.32    1.36    1.36    1.27    1.21    1.23    1.23    1.29
 ve
Differenc   $1.53   $1.52   $1.45   $1.41   $1.40   $1.44   $1.44   $1.38   $1.37   $1.44
 e
Louisvill
 e, Ky.
Retail      $2.69   $2.59   $2.52   $2.56   $2.56   $2.46   $2.32   $2.32   $2.19   $2.47
Cooperati    1.29    1.26    1.32    1.36    1.36    1.27    1.18    1.19    1.20    1.27
 ve
Differenc   $1.40   $1.33   $1.20   $1.20   $1.20   $1.19   $1.14   $1.13   $0.99   $1.20
 e
Miami,
 Fla.
Retail      $3.03   $2.96   $2.96   $2.94   $2.92   $2.92   $2.92   $2.92   $2.92   $2.94
Cooperati    1.66    1.66    1.63    1.63    1.60    1.60    1.52    1.52    1.56    1.60
 ve
Differenc   $1.37   $1.30   $1.33   $1.31   $1.32   $1.32   $1.40   $1.40   $1.36   $1.35
 e
Milwaukee
 , Wis.
Retail      $2.68   $2.55   $2.65   $2.61   $2.61   $2.58   $2.58   $2.58   $2.58   $2.60
Cooperati    1.32    1.30    1.31    1.37    1.36    1.29    1.22    1.22    1.22    1.29
 ve
Differenc   $1.36   $1.25   $1.34   $1.24   $1.25   $1.29   $1.36   $1.36   $1.36   $1.31
 e
Minneapol
 is,
 Minn.
Retail      $2.95   $2.92   $2.92   $2.95   $2.95   $2.90   $2.84   $2.86   $2.87   $2.91
Cooperati    1.28    1.26    1.26    1.30    1.30    1.21    1.15    1.17    1.17    1.23
 ve
Differenc   $1.67   $1.66   $1.66   $1.65   $1.65   $1.69   $1.69   $1.69   $1.70   $1.67
 e
New
 Orleans,
 La.
Retail      $2.61   $2.63   $2.61   $2.61   $2.61   $2.63   $2.63   $2.63   $2.63   $2.62
Cooperati    1.42    1.41    1.42    1.42    1.43    1.32    1.26    1.26    1.27    1.36
 ve
Differenc   $1.19   $1.22   $1.19   $1.19   $1.18   $1.31   $1.37   $1.37   $1.36   $1.27
 e
Oklahoma
 City,
 Okla.
Retail      $2.36   $2.54   $2.58   $2.62   $2.57   $2.62   $2.55   $2.55   $2.49   $2.54
Cooperati    1.31    1.29    1.34    1.33    1.33    1.24    1.20    1.18    1.19    1.27
 ve
Differenc   $1.05   $1.25   $1.24   $1.29   $1.24   $1.38   $1.35   $1.37   $1.30   $1.27
 e
Omaha,
 Nebr.
Retail      $2.89   $2.69   $2.62   $2.64   $2.64   $2.62   $2.57   $2.50   $2.51   $2.63
Cooperati    1.30    1.28    1.30    1.35    1.35    1.26    1.19    1.21    1.21    1.27
 ve
Differenc   $1.59   $1.41   $1.32   $1.29   $1.29   $1.36   $1.38   $1.29   $1.30   $1.36
 e
Philadelp
 hia, Pa.
Retail      $2.59   $2.47   $2.47   $2.54   $2.53   $2.51   $2.46   $2.39   $2.41   $2.49
Cooperati    1.35    1.33    1.38    1.42    1.43    1.34    1.27    1.28    1.29    1.34
 ve
Differenc   $1.24   $1.14   $1.09   $1.12   $1.10   $1.17   $1.19   $1.11   $1.12   $1.14
 e
Phoenix,
 Ariz.
Retail      $2.79   $2.22   $2.22   $2.49   $2.46   $2.42   $2.42   $2.42   $2.47   $2.43
Cooperati    1.21    1.19    1.24    1.29    1.29    1.20    1.14    1.14    1.15    1.21
 ve
Differenc   $1.58   $1.03   $0.98   $1.20   $1.17   $1.22   $1.28   $1.28   $1.32   $1.23
 e
Pittsburg
 h, Pa.
Retail      $2.48   $2.46   $2.52   $2.55   $2.55   $2.45   $2.40   $2.41   $2.43   $2.47
Cooperati    1.24    1.22    1.27    1.31    1.29    1.22    1.16    1.16    1.17    1.23
 ve
Differenc   $1.24   $1.24   $1.25   $1.24   $1.26   $1.23   $1.24   $1.25   $1.26   $1.24
 e
St.
 Louis,
 Mo.
Retail      $2.91   $2.71   $2.72   $2.69   $2.69   $2.62   $2.62   $2.72   $2.69   $2.71
Cooperati    1.38    1.36    1.38    1.43    1.43    1.34    1.27    1.27    1.27    1.35
 ve
Differenc   $1.53   $1.35   $1.34   $1.26   $1.26   $1.28   $1.35   $1.45   $1.42   $1.36
 e
Salt Lake
 City,
 Utah
Retail      $2.56   $2.46   $2.46   $2.39   $2.42   $2.42   $2.42   $2.42   $2.42   $2.44
Cooperati    1.17    1.15    1.20    1.25    1.25    1.16    1.10    1.10    1.11    1.17
 ve
Differenc   $1.39   $1.31   $1.26   $1.14   $1.17   $1.26   $1.32   $1.32   $1.31   $1.28
 e
Seattle,
 Wash.
Retail      $3.16   $3.16   $3.16   $3.19   $3.16   $3.16   $3.12   $3.12   $3.12   $3.15
Cooperati    1.19    1.16    1.22    1.26    1.26    1.17    1.12    1.12    1.13    1.18
 ve
Differenc   $1.97   $2.00   $1.94   $1.93   $1.90   $1.99   $2.00   $2.00   $1.99   $1.97
 e
Washingto
 n, D.C.
Retail      $2.66   $2.59   $2.58   $2.59   $2.59   $2.61   $2.58   $2.52   $2.51   $2.58
Cooperati    1.35    1.33    1.38    1.42    1.42    1.33    1.27    1.27    1.28    1.34
 ve
Differenc   $1.31   $1.26   $1.20   $1.17   $1.17   $1.28   $1.31   $1.25   $1.23   $1.24
 e
-----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Legend

CWT = hundredweight

Note:  Cooperative prices per gallon of milk were calculated by
dividing the prices per hundredweight of milk by the number of
gallons in a hundredweight.  Calculations of price differences and
averages were made using the unrounded results of the calculations
for the cooperative price per gallon.  In this table, cooperative
prices, price differences, and their averages have been rounded to
two decimal places.  Calculations of the average prices using the
rounded monthly prices shown in this table may result in slightly
different averages. 

\a The cooperative prices for Boston and Hartford for July, August,
and September include the obligation for the Northeast Dairy Compact. 
The Northeast Dairy Compact established a Class I price level of
$16.94/CWT for July through December 1997.  The Compact obligation
was $16.94 less the federal order price at zone 1 (Boston).  Compact
obligations are over and above the cooperatives' announced price
levels.  Therefore, the effective Class I price levels were $3.00
higher in July, $2.96 higher in August, and $2.84 higher in September
per hundredweight than the announced cooperative prices.  For
example, for Boston, the effective Class I price in July was $15.07
plus $3.00 = $18.07/CWT.  This is equivalent to $1.55 per gallon. 

Source:  AMS. 


COMPARISON OF RETAIL PRICES AND
PRICE SPREADS FOR USDA'S MARKET
BASKET OF FOODS, 1990 THROUGH 1996
========================================================== Appendix IV

This appendix compares changes in (1) retail prices and (2)
farm-to-retail price spreads for a market basket of dairy products
and eight other food groups for the period from 1990 through 1996. 
The market basket of foods contains the average quantities of food
originating primarily on U.S.  farms that are purchased for
consumption at home.  The market basket excludes seafood and
nonalcoholic beverages.  For our analysis we relied on information
that was reported by the U.S.  Department of Agriculture's (USDA)
Economic Research Service (ERS).  ERS uses information collected by
the Bureau of Labor Statistics on farm and retail prices for a market
basket of foods.  ERS reports on the average change in retail prices
for the foods in its market basket as well as changes in the farm to
retail price spreads for these foods. 


   CHANGES IN RETAIL PRICES FOR
   FOOD GROUPS IN THE MARKET
   BASKET
-------------------------------------------------------- Appendix IV:1

ERS reported that from 1990 through 1996, dairy as well as other food
products in the market basket experienced retail price increases. 
During this period, retail prices for dairy products increased by
12.3 percent.  Retail prices for processed fruits and vegetables,
meat, and fats and oils rose less than they did for dairy products,
and increases ranged from 8.8 to 11.3 percent.  On the other hand,
retail prices for poultry, eggs, cereal and bakery products, fresh
vegetables, and fresh fruits increased more than they did for dairy
products, and increases ranged from 14.5 to 39.3 percent.  During
this period of time the general price level for the whole economy
grew by 17.7 percent.  Table IV.1 shows the annual change, as a
percent, in retail prices for dairy and the eight other food groups
in USDA's market basket for the period from 1990 through 1996. 



                                        Table IV.1
                         
                            Annual Change in Retail Prices for
                               Various Food Groups Shown in
                           Percentages, from 1990 Through 1996

                                                                                      Net
                                                                                  change,
Food group               1991      1992      1993      1994      1995    1996\a   1990-96
-------------------  --------  --------  --------  --------  --------  --------  --------
Dairy                    -1.1       2.7       0.7       1.8       0.8       7.0      12.3
Meat                      3.1      -1.4       3.0       0.6       0.1       3.4       9.0
Poultry                  -0.8      -0.1       4.2       3.4       1.4       6.2      15.0
Eggs                     -2.3     -10.6       8.1      -2.4       5.4      17.9      14.5
Fats and oils             4.3      -1.4       0.2       2.7       2.8       2.3      11.3
Fresh fruits             14.6      -5.2       3.3       6.6       8.7       7.1      39.3
Fresh vegetables          2.2       2.3       6.6       2.3      12.1      -2.0      25.3
Processed fruits         -1.9       2.7      -1.6       2.3       2.2       5.0       8.8
 and vegetables
Cereal and bakery         4.1       3.9       3.4       4.9       2.0       3.9      24.3
 products
-----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
\a 1996 figures are preliminary. 

Source:  As reported by ERS. 


   CHANGES IN THE FARM-TO-RETAIL
   PRICE SPREAD FOR FOOD GROUPS IN
   THE MARKET BASKET
-------------------------------------------------------- Appendix IV:2

According to ERS, the farm-to-retail price spread for dairy products
increased by 2.3 percent in 1996 and was less than the increase in
the price spread for most other food groups in USDA's market basket. 
This is consistent with the general trend of the past decade. 
According to ERS, the price spread for all of the foods in USDA's
market basket, including dairy, increased about 3.2 percent in 1996. 
The price spread between retail and farm prices represents the cost
of processing, wholesaling, and retailing food products.  According
to ERS, the higher prices of most inputs (i.e., energy, labor, and
packaging) were one factor responsible for the increase in the price
spread.  The price of inputs used in processing, wholesaling, and
retailing foods increased by an average of about 1.4 percent in 1996,
as measured by an ERS food-marketing cost index.  A 5.8-percent rise
in the energy component and a 2.6-percent rise in the labor component
contributed most to the increase.  A 3.8-percent decline in the price
of packaging materials helped moderate the rise in the overall index. 
Table IV.2 shows the annual change in the percentage of the price
spread for dairy and eight other food groups in the market basket
from 1990 through 1996. 



                                        Table IV.2
                         
                           Annual Change in the Farm to Retail
                           Price Spread for Various Food Groups
                         Shown in Percentages, from 1990 Through
                                           1996

                                                                                      Net
                                                                                   change
Food group               1991      1992      1993      1994      1995    1996\a   1990-96
-------------------  --------  --------  --------  --------  --------  --------  --------
Dairy                     5.3       0.8       2.6       2.0       2.5       2.3      16.5
Meat                     10.8       1.2       3.4       7.9       1.4       1.5      28.8
Poultry                   2.4      -1.2       2.0       3.9       3.0       2.8      13.5
Eggs                      2.9       3.6       2.8       1.0       2.2      10.5      25.0
Fats and oils             8.1      -0.6      -3.6      -1.2       4.8       5.5      13.2
Fresh fruits              8.5       3.8       1.5      11.7       7.4       6.1      45.5
Fresh vegetables          7.2       0.2       7.1       5.5      12.6       1.2      38.3
Processed fruits          2.9       1.9       2.9       1.5       1.1       6.2      17.6
 and vegetables
Cereal and bakery         5.0       3.4       3.8       3.5       2.4       3.0      23.0
 products
-----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
\a 1996 figures are preliminary. 

Source:  As reported by ERS. 


MAJOR CONTRIBUTORS TO THIS REPORT
=========================================================== Appendix V

Anu K.  Mittal, Assistant Director
Dale A.  Wolden
James L.  Dishmon, Jr.
Michael J.  Rahl
Jay L.  Scott
Sheldon H.  Wood, Jr. 


*** End of document. ***