Land Ownership: Information on the Acreage, Management, and Use of
Federal and Other Lands (Letter Report, 03/13/96, GAO/RCED-96-40).

Pursuant to a congressional request, GAO reviewed the federal
government's ownership, management, use, and regulation of lands in the
United States, focusing on: (1) changes in the ownership of lands
managed by the four major land management agencies from June 1964
through September 1994; (2) changes in the number of acres managed for
conservation; (3) nonfederal acreage that is subject to federal rights
of use such as easements and leases; (4) acreage held in trust for
Native Americans; (5) acreage owned by 13 selected western states; and
(6) acreage transferred by three nonprofit organizations.

GAO found that: (1) between June 1964 and September 1994, the acreage
managed by the four major land management agencies decreased from 700.8
million acres to about 622.8 million acres; (2) the Bureau of Land
Management transferred significant acreage to the other agencies,
Alaska, and Native Alaskans; (3) the Fish and Wildlife Service, the
National Park Service, and the Forest Service increased the total acres
that they manage; (4) about 43.7 percent of the acreage these agencies
manage are for conservation purposes; (5) as of September 1994, the
federal government had rights-of-use through leases, agreements,
permits, and easements to over 3 million acres of nonfederal land,
usually to support the management of adjacent federal lands; (6) in
1995, the federal government held about 52.3 million acres in 33 states
in trust for Native Americans; (7) as of September 1994, the 13 western
states owned about 141.9 million acres; and (8) between 1964 and
September 1994, three nonprofit organizations transferred about 3.2
million acres to other public and private entities through sales,
donations, and exchanges.

--------------------------- Indexing Terms -----------------------------

 REPORTNUM:  RCED-96-40
     TITLE:  Land Ownership: Information on the Acreage, Management, and 
             Use of Federal and Other Lands
      DATE:  03/13/96
   SUBJECT:  Land management
             Public lands
             Land transfers
             Non-profit organizations
             State governments
             Wildlife conservation
             Property rights procurement
             Native Americans
             National parks
             National forests
IDENTIFIER:  Alaska
             Arizona
             California
             Colorado
             Idaho
             Montana
             Nevada
             New Mexico
             Oregon
             Texas
             Utah
             Washington
             Wyoming
             
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Cover
================================================================ COVER


Report to Congressional Requesters

March 1996

LAND OWNERSHIP - INFORMATION ON
THE ACREAGE, MANAGEMENT, AND USE
OF FEDERAL AND OTHER LANDS

GAO/RCED-96-40

Acreage, Management, and Use of Federal and Other Lands

(140101)


Abbreviations
=============================================================== ABBREV


Letter
=============================================================== LETTER


B-270582

March 13, 1996

The Honorable Don Young
Chairman, Committee on Resources
House of Representatives

The Honorable Richard Pombo
House of Representatives

Over the years, the Congress has discussed the federal government's
ownership, management, and use of lands in the United States, as well
as the effects of federal (primarily environmental) regulations on
the use of both public and nonfederal lands.  In response to your
request for information on these topics, we reported to you in
January 1995 on changes in the amount of federally owned land and in
the acreage managed for conservation.\1

As you requested, this report updates our earlier work through
September 1994 with the latest data available.  Specifically, it
provides information on changes in (1) the ownership of the lands
managed by the four primary federal land management agencies--the
U.S.  Department of Agriculture's Forest Service and the Department
of the Interior's Bureau of Land Management, Fish and Wildlife
Service, and National Park Service--from June 1964 through September
1994 and (2) the number of acres managed for conservation.  This
report also includes information on the (1) nonfederal acreage that
is subject to federal rights-of-use such as easements and leases, (2)
acreage held in trust for Indians, (3) acreage owned by 13 selected
western states,\2 and (4) acreage involved in the land transactions
of three nonprofit organizations--the Nature Conservancy, The
Conservation Fund, and The Trust for Public Land.\3 Appendix I
contains, among other things, supplemental information on (1) the
means by which the four federal agencies acquired acreage and their
plans for acquiring additional acreage, (2) federal acreage where
hunting is not allowed, and (3) nonfederal acreage affected by
selected environmental regulations. 


--------------------
\1 Federal Lands:  Information on Land Owned and on Acreage With
Conservation Restrictions (GAO/RCED-95-73FS, Jan.  30, 1995). 

\2 We selected 12 western states--Alaska, Arizona, California,
Colorado, Idaho, Montana, Nevada, New Mexico, Oregon, Utah,
Washington, and Wyoming--because the federal government owns at least
25 percent of the acreage in each of these states.  In addition, you
asked us to include Texas. 

\3 We selected these three organizations because they were the
nonprofit organizations that transferred the most acreage to one or
more of the four federal land management agencies during the 1990s. 


   RESULTS IN BRIEF
------------------------------------------------------------ Letter :1

Data from the four major federal land management agencies show that
the total acreage under their management decreased from about 700.8
million acres to about 622.8 million acres between June 1964 and
September 1994.  Of the 622.8 million acres, about 272 million acres
(43.7 percent) were managed primarily for conservation and thus had
some limitations on their use. 

Information on the acreage subject to federal rights-of-use, held in
trust for Indians, owned by states, and involved in the land
transactions of selected nonprofit organizations showed the
following: 

  As of September 1994, the federal government had obtained
     rights-of-use for about 3 million acres of nonfederal land. 

  The federal government held about 52.3 million acres in trust for
     individual Indians and Indian tribes in 1995. 

  Thirteen western states collectively owned about 142 million acres. 

  The three nonprofit organizations transferred (by selling,
     donating, or exchanging) about 3.2 million acres to other public
     and private entities between 1964 and September 1994. 


   BACKGROUND
------------------------------------------------------------ Letter :2

The federal government owns about 30 percent of the nation's total
surface area (about 650 million acres).  Four major federal land
management agencies--the Forest Service, Bureau of Land Management,
Fish and Wildlife Service, and National Park Service--are responsible
for managing about 95 percent of these lands.  The Department of
Defense manages most of the remainder. 

Each of the four major federal land management agencies manages its
lands and the resources they contain on the basis of its mission and
responsibilities.  The Forest Service and the Bureau of Land
Management manage lands for a variety of uses, including recreation,
timber harvesting, livestock grazing, oil and gas production, mining,
and wilderness protection.  The Fish and Wildlife Service manages
lands primarily to conserve and protect fish and wildlife and their
habitat, although other uses, such as hunting and fishing, are
allowed when they are compatible with the primary purposes for which
the lands are managed.  The National Park Service manages lands to
conserve, preserve, protect, and interpret the nation's natural,
cultural, and historic resources. 


   FEDERAL ACREAGE AND ACREAGE
   MANAGED FOR CONSERVATION
------------------------------------------------------------ Letter :3

The acreage managed by the four major federal land management
agencies decreased by 78 million acres, from about 700.8 million
acres to about 622.8 million acres, between June 30, 1964, and
September 30, 1994.  The change in the total number of acres managed
by the four land management agencies during this 30-year period is
shown in figure 1. 

   Figure 1:  Acreage Managed by
   the Four Federal Agencies,
   Fiscal Years 1964 and 1994

   (See figure in printed
   edition.)

As we reported earlier, the overall decrease in the number of acres
managed during this period occurred because a significant number of
the acres managed by the Bureau of Land Management were transferred
to other federal land management agencies, to Alaska, and to Native
Alaskans.  The number of acres managed by the Forest Service, Fish
and Wildlife Service, and National Park Service increased, while the
number of acres managed by the Bureau of Land Management decreased. 
In total, the acreage managed by the four agencies as of September
30, 1994, represented about 26.6 percent of the nation's acreage. 

The acreage managed by these agencies increased over the 30-year
period in 46 states and decreased in 4 states.  Figure 2 shows the
percentage change in the acreage managed by the four agencies, by
state, between mid-1964 and September 30, 1994.  Appendix I provides
data on the acreage managed by each of the four agencies, by state,
as of mid-1964 and September 30, 1994. 

   Figure 2:  Change in the
   Percentage of Federal Acres
   Managed by the Four Federal
   Agencies Between June 1964 and
   September 1994

   (See figure in printed
   edition.)

Over the period, the number of acres managed by the four agencies
primarily for conservation increased from about 66 million acres to
about 272 million acres.  This total includes all of the lands
managed by the Fish and Wildlife Service and National Park Service,
as well as portions of the lands managed by the Forest Service and
Bureau of Land Management.  Table 1 provides information on the
number of acres and the percentage of federal acreage managed for
conservation as of June 30, 1964, and September 30, 1994.  Tables I.3
through I.5 in appendix I provide more detailed information on the
federal acreage managed for conservation. 



                                         Table 1
                         
                          Number and Percentage of Acres Managed
                           for Conservation by the Four Federal
                           Agencies, Fiscal Years 1964 and 1994

                                      Bureau of      Fish and
                           Forest          Land      Wildlife      National
                          Service    Management       Service  Park Service         Total
-------------------  ------------  ------------  ------------  ------------  ============
1964
-----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Total acreage         186,274,576   464,346,607    22,650,737    27,493,836   700,765,756
 managed
Conservation           16,018,661           628    22,650,737    27,493,836    66,163,862
 acreage
Percent managed
 for conservation            8.60            \a        100.00        100.00          9.44

1994
-----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Total acreage         191,573,857   267,102,376    87,487,290    76,588,003   622,751,526
 managed
Conservation           49,893,688    58,165,321    87,487,290    76,588,003   272,134,302
 acreage
Percent managed for
 conservation               26.04         21.78        100.00        100.00         43.70
-----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
\a Less than 0.005 percent. 

Source:  GAO's analysis of data provided by the departments of
Agriculture and the Interior. 


   ACREAGE INCLUDED IN FEDERAL
   RIGHTS-OF-USE, HELD IN TRUST
   FOR INDIANS, OWNED BY STATES,
   AND INVOLVED IN NONPROFITS'
   LAND TRANSACTIONS
------------------------------------------------------------ Letter :4

As of September 30, 1994, the four federal agencies had obtained
rights-of-use to over 3 million acres of nonfederal land through
leases, agreements, permits, and easements.  Generally, these
rights-of-use are obtained from owners of nonfederal lands to support
the management of adjacent federal lands.  For example, easements can
be obtained to provide members of the public with access to federal
lands.  Table 2 summarizes the acreage associated with the various
rights-of-use obtained by these agencies.  Tables I.9 through I.12 in
appendix I provide details on the number of acres to which each
agency has obtained rights-of-use in each state. 



                                Table 2
                
                  Nonfederal Acres for Which the Four
                Federal Agencies Had Rights-of-Use as of
                           September 30, 1994


                                Agreemen            Easement
Acreage                 Leases        ts   Permits         s     Total
--------------------  --------  --------  --------  --------  --------
Number of acres
                       171,244   642,200    66,965  2,120,29  3,000,70
                                                           1         0
Percentage of acres
                           5.7      21.4       2.2      70.7     100.0
----------------------------------------------------------------------
Source:  GAO's analysis of data provided by the departments of
Agriculture and the Interior. 

In addition, other lands are held in trust for Indians, are owned by
states, and have been acquired and subsequently transferred to others
by nonprofit organizations, as the following data show: 

  Lands held in trust by the federal government for individual
     Indians and Indian tribes totaled about 52.3 million acres in
     1995.  These lands were located in 33 states.  Table II.1 in
     appendix II provides data on the number of acres held in trust
     in each of the 33 states where Indian lands are located. 

  Thirteen western states collectively owned about 141.9 million
     acres as of September 30, 1994.  Table III.1 in appendix III
     shows the acreage owned by each of the 13 states. 

Collectively, from July 1964 through September 1994, three nonprofit
organizations--the Nature Conservancy, The Conservation Fund, and The
Trust for Public Land--transferred about 3.2 million acres to others
from their holdings through sales, donations, and exchanges.  Table 3
shows the acreage involved in each organization's land transactions. 
More detailed information on the land transactions of these
organizations is contained in appendix IV. 



                                         Table 3
                         
                               Acreage Involved in the Land
                          Transactions of Three Major Nonprofit
                         Organizations Between July 1, 1964, and
                                    September 30, 1994


                                                                    Acres
Nonprofit organization      Acres on hand  Acres acquired     transferred   Acres on hand
-------------------------  --------------  --------------  --------------  --------------
The Nature Conservancy             69,424       3,051,730       2,495,366         625,788
The Conservation Fund                 0\a       159,804\a          85,282          74,522
The Trust for Public Land             0\b       606,883\b         585,205          21,678
-----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
\a The Conservation Fund was incorporated on March 8, 1985; it had no
acres on hand at that time. 

\b The Trust for Public Land was incorporated on May 5, 1972; it had
no acres on hand at that time. 


   AGENCIES' COMMENTS AND OUR
   EVALUATION
------------------------------------------------------------ Letter :5

The Department of the Interior's Bureau of Land Management, Fish and
Wildlife Service, National Park Service, and Bureau of Indian Affairs
and the U.S.  Department of Agriculture's Forest Service provided
oral comments on a draft of this report.  Generally, the agencies
agreed that the information provided in the report was accurate.  On
the basis of their comments, we incorporated technical corrections
and clarifying information into this report where appropriate. 

Fish and Wildlife Service officials told us that the vast majority of
the increase in that agency's acreage from 1964 to 1994 resulted from
additions to the national wildlife refuge system in Alaska.  These
lands were transferred from the Bureau of Land Management upon
enactment of the Alaska National Interest Lands Conservation Act.  We
refer in appendix I to two major land transfers from the Bureau of
Land Management to the Fish and Wildlife Service that expanded the
national wildlife refuge system in Alaska. 

The Chief of the National Park Service's Land Resources Division
commented that the Service does not increase the acreage of the
National Park System; that is done by the Congress or by presidential
proclamation.  We have included this information in appendix I. 


---------------------------------------------------------- Letter :5.1

We performed our work from February 1995 through February 1996 in
accordance with generally accepted government auditing standards.  We
did not independently verify the data provided by the various
agencies, states, and organizations.  A complete discussion of our
objectives, scope, and methodology is contained in appendix V. 

As requested, unless you publicly announce its contents earlier, we
plan no further distribution of this report until 30 days after the
date of this letter.  At that time, we will make copies available to
interested congressional committees and Members of Congress; the
Secretaries of Agriculture and the Interior; Interior's Assistant
Secretary, Indian Affairs; the Chief of the Forest Service; the
Directors of the Bureau of Land Management, Fish and Wildlife
Service, and National Park Service; the Director, Office of
Management and Budget; and other interested parties.  We will also
provide copies to others upon request. 

Please call me at (202) 512-3841 if you or your staff have any
questions about this report.  Major contributors to this report are
listed in appendix VI. 

Victor S.  Rezendes
Director, Energy, Resources,
 and Science Issues


CHANGES IN ACREAGE AND USE OF
LANDS MANAGED BY FOUR FEDERAL
AGENCIES
=========================================================== Appendix I

This appendix provides information on changes in federal land
ownership and on the percentage of each state's acreage managed by
the four major federal land management agencies.  In addition, it
provides information on the federal acreage managed for conservation,
acreage acquired by the four agencies between June 30, 1964, and
September 30, 1994, and acreage the agencies plan to acquire in
future years.  It also provides information on the federal acreage
where hunting and other activities are not allowed, nonfederal
acreage for which the agencies have obtained rights-of-use, and
nonfederal acreage affected by selected environmental regulations. 


   CHANGES IN FEDERAL LAND
   OWNERSHIP
--------------------------------------------------------- Appendix I:1

The acreage managed by the four federal land management agencies
decreased by 78 million acres during the 30-year period.  Table I.1
shows the changes in the acreage managed by the four federal
agencies. 



                                                                                      Table I.1
                                                                       
                                                                        Changes in the Federal Acreage Managed
                                                                       by the Four Federal Agencies, by State,
                                                                              Fiscal Years 1964 and 1994



                                                                                 Increase
                                            Increase                          (decrease)\                              Increase                               Increase  Total change
State                   1964        1994  (decrease)        1964        1994            a        1964          1994  (decrease)        1964          1994   (decrease)    in acreage
----------------  ----------  ----------  ----------  ----------  ----------  -----------  ----------  ------------  ----------  ----------  ------------  -----------  ------------
Alabama              631,542     662,755      31,213       1,971     110,963      108,992       9,047        16,392       7,345       9,169        11,501        2,332       149,882
Alaska            20,741,964  22,053,445   1,311,481  288,541,18  88,296,012  (200,245,17  18,634,685    76,321,982  57,687,297   7,797,255    52,203,556   44,406,301  (96,840,097)
                                                               8                       6)
Arizona           11,410,808  11,250,006   (160,802)  13,034,217  14,257,940    1,223,723       6,977     1,673,906   1,666,929   2,474,249     2,692,176      217,927     2,947,777
Arkansas           2,423,425   2,551,017     127,592       2,074     291,166      289,092     123,899       300,899     177,000       7,915       102,983       95,068       688,752
California        19,970,522  20,625,419     654,897  15,616,779  17,301,768    1,684,989      58,188       242,034     183,846   4,496,680     4,844,421      347,741     2,871,473
Colorado          14,330,694  14,495,948     165,254   8,311,968   8,303,010      (8,958)      19,937        63,910      43,973     566,654       592,247       25,593       225,862
Connecticut                0          24          24           0           0            0           0           342         342         972         6,393        5,421         5,787
Delaware                   0           0           0           0           0            0      15,193        23,968       8,775           0             0            0         8,775
Florida            1,075,089   1,136,990      61,901       1,423      25,277       23,854     106,955       241,905     134,950   1,535,610     2,441,712      906,102     1,126,807
Georgia              786,784     864,063      77,279           0           0            0     377,787       471,750      93,963      35,038        57,593       22,555       193,797
Hawaii                     0           1           1           0           0            0     256,183       288,008      31,825     239,368       256,453       17,085        48,911
Idaho             20,345,861  20,447,140     101,279  12,310,977  11,845,472    (465,505)      17,969        47,061      29,092      58,444        99,915       41,471     (293,663)
Illinois             211,554     272,492      60,938           0         227          227      50,593        69,770      19,177          91           142           51        80,393
Indiana              125,890     193,036      67,146           0           0            0         111         8,030       7,919       3,283        13,110        9,827        84,892
Iowa                     360           0       (360)           0         378          378      26,028        39,570      13,542       1,374         1,663          289        13,849
Kansas               107,114     108,175       1,061       1,297           9      (1,288)      15,073        28,774      13,701          39           468          429        13,903
Kentucky             460,693     684,454     223,761           0           0            0      61,438         2,154    (59,284)      62,909        94,097       31,188       195,665
Louisiana            591,637     603,288      11,651       7,288     309,611      302,323     229,217       443,570     214,353       2,396        12,365        9,969       538,296
Maine                 50,023      53,040       3,017           0           0            0      22,701        44,772      22,071      41,932        71,404       29,472        54,560
Maryland                   0           0           0           0           0            0      19,425        40,162      20,737      41,146        58,831       17,685        38,422
Massachusetts          1,651           0     (1,651)           0           0            0       8,117        12,225       4,108      35,537        53,355       17,818        20,275
Michigan           2,579,834   2,853,950     274,116       5,946      74,854       68,908     102,045       113,003      10,958     597,901       689,684       91,783       445,765
Minnesota          2,770,352   2,826,931      56,579      40,732     151,255      110,523     212,544       426,237     213,693      95,463       233,417      137,954       518,749
Mississippi        1,134,006   1,155,613      21,607       2,227      57,211       54,984      56,980       194,904     137,924      24,638       102,653       78,015       292,530
Missouri           1,372,081   1,490,087     118,006         323       2,321        1,998      39,392        47,356       7,964      12,321        66,125       53,804       181,772
Montana           16,637,813  16,868,073     230,260   8,262,282   8,075,850    (186,432)     114,287       607,513     493,226   1,064,411     1,221,819      157,408       694,462
Nebraska             339,716     352,133      12,417       6,058       7,493        1,435     138,813       162,963      24,150       2,373         5,556        3,183        41,185
Nevada             5,058,500   5,813,980     755,480  47,194,741  47,959,301      764,560     222,612     2,294,898   2,072,286     647,201       777,902      130,701     3,723,027
New Hampshire        678,104     723,296      45,192           0           0            0          40         3,042       3,002       1,786         9,657        7,871        56,065
New Jersey                 0           0           0           0           0            0      17,046        55,769      38,723      15,006        48,453       33,447        72,170
New Mexico         9,086,505   9,326,582     240,077  13,826,454  12,890,539    (935,915)      85,600       326,581     240,981     251,607       384,025      132,418     (322,439)
New York              13,747      13,750           3           0           0            0      12,690        23,602      10,912      20,087        49,311       29,224        40,139
North Carolina     1,125,196   1,240,781     115,585           0           0            0      96,549       401,238     304,689     347,317       369,053       21,736       442,010
North Dakota       1,104,850   1,105,779         929      77,070      61,377     (15,693)     225,457       459,871     234,414      70,450        72,351        1,901       221,551
Ohio                 110,852     220,020     109,168           0           0            0       2,669         7,772       5,103       8,560        26,579       18,019       132,290
Oklahoma             271,403     301,757      30,354      29,124       2,327     (26,797)      79,654        99,011      19,357       7,901         9,880        1,979        24,893
Oregon            15,465,016  15,661,441     196,425  15,617,181  15,726,434      109,253     451,015       530,116      79,101     166,760       195,371       28,611       413,390
Pennsylvania         471,620     513,229      41,609           0           0            0       4,258         9,960       5,702      24,064        65,616       41,552        88,863
Rhode Island               0           0           0           0           0            0          26         1,494       1,468           0             5            5         1,473
South Carolina       587,164     611,269      24,105           0           0            0     136,571       109,724    (26,847)       4,442        26,598       22,156        19,414
South Dakota       1,988,290   2,011,887      23,597     280,473     279,085      (1,388)      40,644       192,032     151,388     144,540       154,345        9,805       183,402
Tennessee            598,837     631,713      32,876           0           0            0       1,958        45,004      43,046     258,463       346,744       88,281       164,203
Texas                775,296     754,979    (20,317)           0           0            0     117,416       384,833     267,417     853,680     1,172,471      318,791       565,891
Utah               7,946,494   8,109,316     162,822  23,472,577  22,167,464  (1,305,113)      97,303       100,953       3,650   1,509,075     2,090,120      581,045     (557,596)
Vermont              232,469     354,256     121,787           0           0            0       4,252         6,427       2,175       2,517         9,770        7,253       131,215
Virginia           1,453,853   1,650,526     196,673           0           0            0      16,685       117,642     100,957     289,173       322,160       32,987       330,617
Washington         9,688,321   9,171,108   (517,213)     259,170     352,332       93,162     107,716       136,050      28,334   1,238,676     1,943,567      704,891       309,174
West Virginia        905,647   1,032,135     126,488           0           0            0         215         2,100       1,885       8,087        51,166       43,079       171,452
Wisconsin          1,469,215   1,519,364      50,149         181     160,167      159,986     166,650       188,405      21,755      73,992       135,744       61,752       293,642
Wyoming            9,143,784   9,258,609     114,825  17,442,886  18,392,533      949,647      40,127        57,606      17,479   2,343,284     2,393,476       50,192     1,132,143
====================================================================================================================================================================================
Total             186,274,57  191,573,85   5,299,281  464,346,60  267,102,37  (197,244,23  22,650,737    87,487,290  64,836,553  27,493,836    76,588,003   49,094,167  (78,014,230)
                           6           7                       7           6           1)
------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Note:The information shown on the acreage managed by the four federal
land management agencies is as of the following dates:  for 1964, as
of June 30, 1964; for 1994, as of September 30, 1994. 

\a According to Bureau of Land Management officials, the Bureau's 1.1
million acre increase from 1964 to 1994 for 11 eastern states
(Alabama, Arkansas, Florida, Illinois, Iowa, Louisiana, Michigan,
Minnesota, Mississippi, Missouri, and Wisconsin) did not result from
land acquisitions but reflected the addition in 1986 of withdrawn
public lands that had not been previously inventoried and accounted
for by the Bureau. 

Source:  GAO's analysis of data provided by the departments of
Agriculture and the Interior. 

As table I.1 shows, during the 30-year period, three of the
agencies--the Forest Service, Fish and Wildlife Service, and National
Park Service--increased the number of federal acres that they
managed:  the Forest Service by over 5 million acres, the Fish and
Wildlife Service by about 65 million acres, and the National Park
Service by about 49 million acres.  According to Fish and Wildlife
Service and Park Service officials, these increases occurred
primarily as the result of congressional authorization or executive
order.  The Bureau of Land Management decreased its holdings by 197
million acres during the period, primarily because a significant
portion of the over 113 million acres transferred to the state of
Alaska and to Native Alaskans was under its management.  In addition,
two major transfers of land to the Fish and Wildlife Service--12
million acres in 1979 and about 37 million acres in 1980--expanded
the national wildlife refuge system.  In 1979, the Bureau of Land
Management also transferred about 41 million acres of land to the
National Park Service to expand existing, or create new, national
parks, monuments, and preserves. 

During the 30-year period, the number of acres managed by the four
federal agencies increased in 46 states and decreased in 4 states. 
As table I.1 shows, for five states--Arizona, California, Florida,
Nevada, and Wyoming--the amount of federally managed land increased
by at least 1 million acres during the 30-year period.  The amount of
federally managed land decreased during this period in Alaska, Idaho,
New Mexico, and Utah. 


   PERCENTAGE OF EACH STATE'S
   ACREAGE MANAGED BY THE FOUR
   FEDERAL AGENCIES
--------------------------------------------------------- Appendix I:2

As of September 30, 1994, the four federal agencies managed about
622.8 million acres, or 26.6 percent of the 2.3 billion-acre surface
area of the United States.  Table I.2 shows the percentage and amount
of each state's acreage managed by the four federal agencies.



                                        Table I.2
                         
                            Percentage of Each State's Acreage
                         Managed by the Four Federal Agencies as
                                  of September 30, 1994


                                                                                    Total
                                                                                  federal
                                       Bureau                      The four       acreage
                    Total             of Land  Fish and  National   federal    managed by
               acreage of    Forest  Manageme  Wildlife      Park  agencies      the four
State             state\a   Service        nt   Service   Service        \b      agencies
-------------  ----------  --------  --------  --------  --------  --------  ------------
Alabama        33,431,680      1.98      0.33      0.05      0.03      2.40       801,611
Alaska         393,747,20      5.60     22.42     19.38     13.26     60.67   238,874,995
                        0
Arizona        72,963,840     15.42     19.54      2.29      3.69     40.94    29,874,028
Arkansas       34,036,480      7.49      0.86      0.88      0.30      9.54     3,246,065
California     101,676,16     20.29     17.02      0.24      4.76     42.30    43,013,642
                        0
Colorado       66,624,000     21.76     12.46      0.10      0.89     35.21    23,455,115
Connecticut     3,548,160       0\c         0      0.01      0.18      0.19         6,759
Delaware        1,534,080         0         0      1.56         0      1.56        23,968
Florida        38,392,320      2.96      0.07      0.63      6.36     10.02     3,845,884
Georgia        37,745,280      2.29         0      1.25      0.15      3.69     1,393,406
Hawaii          4,133,760       0\c         0      6.97      6.20     13.17       544,462
Idaho          53,487,360     38.23     22.15      0.09      0.19     60.65    32,439,588
Illinois       36,059,520      0.76       0\c      0.19       0\c      0.95       342,631
                       \d
Indiana        23,158,400      0.83         0      0.03      0.06      0.92       214,176
                       \d
Iowa           36,016,640         0       0\c      0.11       0\c      0.12        41,611
Kansas         52,660,480      0.21       0\c      0.05       0\c      0.26       137,426
Kentucky       25,863,040      2.65         0      0.01      0.36      3.02       780,705
Louisiana      31,776,000      1.90      0.97      1.40      0.04      4.31     1,368,834
Maine          21,594,240      0.25         0      0.21      0.33      0.78       169,216
Maryland        7,870,080         0         0      0.51      0.75      1.26        98,993
Massachusetts   5,914,240         0         0      0.21      0.90      1.11        65,580
Michigan       37,448,320      7.62      0.20      0.30      1.84      9.96     3,731,491
                       \d
Minnesota      54,014,080      5.23      0.28      0.79      0.43      6.73     3,637,840
                       \d
Mississippi    30,903,040      3.74      0.19      0.63      0.33      4.89     1,510,381
Missouri       44,613,760      3.34      0.01      0.11      0.15      3.60     1,605,889
Montana        94,109,440     17.92      8.58      0.65      1.30     28.45    26,773,255
Nebraska       49,522,560      0.71      0.02      0.33      0.01      1.07       528,145
Nevada         70,762,880      8.22     67.77      3.24      1.10     80.33    56,846,081
New Hampshire   5,941,120     12.17         0      0.05      0.16     12.39       735,995
New Jersey      5,257,600         0         0      1.06      0.92      1.98       104,222
New Mexico     77,822,720     11.98     16.56      0.42      0.49     29.46    22,927,727
New York       32,056,320      0.04         0      0.07      0.15      0.27        86,663
                       \d
North          33,710,080      3.68         0      1.19      1.09      5.97     2,011,072
 Carolina
North Dakota   45,250,560      2.44      0.14      1.02      0.16      3.76     1,699,378
Ohio           26,450,560      0.83         0      0.03      0.10      0.96       254,371
                       \d
Oklahoma       44,737,920      0.67      0.01      0.22      0.02      0.92       412,975
Oregon         62,139,520     25.20     25.31      0.85      0.31     51.68    32,113,362
Pennsylvania   28,806,400      1.78         0      0.03      0.23      2.04       588,805
                       \d
Rhode Island      787,840         0         0      0.19       0\c      0.19         1,499
South          19,960,960      3.06         0      0.55      0.13      3.75       747,591
 Carolina
South Dakota   49,357,440      4.08      0.57      0.39      0.31      5.34     2,637,349
Tennessee      26,972,800      2.34         0      0.17      1.29      3.79     1,023,461
Texas          171,057,28      0.44         0      0.22      0.69      1.35     2,312,283
                        0
Utah           54,338,560     14.92     40.80      0.19      3.85     59.75    32,467,853
Vermont         6,153,600      5.76         0      0.10      0.16      6.02       370,453
Virginia       27,088,640      6.09         0      0.43      1.19      7.72     2,090,328
Washington     45,207,680     20.29      0.78      0.30      4.30     25.67    11,603,057
West Virginia  15,508,480      6.66         0      0.01      0.33      7.00     1,085,401
Wisconsin      35,932,800      4.23      0.45      0.52      0.38      5.58     2,003,680
                       \d
Wyoming        62,604,160     14.79     29.38      0.09      3.82     48.08    30,102,224
=========================================================================================
Total          2,340,750,      8.18     11.41      3.74      3.27     26.60   622,751,526
                      080
-----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
\a This information, provided by the Bureau of Census, Department of
Commerce, reflects data from the 1990 Census. 

\b Percentages may not add because of rounding. 

\c Although the agency managed land in this state, the amount managed
is less than 0.005 percent of the state's acreage. 

\d The total acreage shown for this state does not include the Great
Lakes water area. 

Source:  GAO's analysis of data provided by the departments of
Agriculture and the Interior. 

Figure I.1 shows the percentage of the acreage within each state
managed by the four agencies. 

   Figure I.1:  Percentage of Each
   State's Acreage Managed by the
   Four Federal Agencies,
   September 30, 1994

   (See figure in printed
   edition.)

As table I.2 and figure I.1 show, the percentage of each state's
acreage managed by the four federal agencies varies widely.  For
example, the agencies manage less than 5 percent of the land in 26
states but over 50 percent in 5 states.  Over 80 percent of Nevada's
acreage is managed by the four agencies. 


   ACREAGE MANAGED FOR
   CONSERVATION
--------------------------------------------------------- Appendix I:3

Of the 622.8 million acres managed by the four agencies as of
September 30, 1994, over 272 million acres were managed primarily for
conservation.  Lands managed for conservation include, among other
things, national parks, national wildlife refuges, wilderness and
wilderness study areas, wild and scenic rivers, and areas of critical
environmental concern.  Table I.3 shows the number of acres and the
percentage of land managed by the four agencies for conservation, by
state, as of September 30, 1994. 



                               Table I.3
                
                 Number and Percentage of Acres Managed
                  for Conservation by the Four Federal
                Agencies, by State, as of September 30,
                                  1994

                                                            Percentage
                                                 Acreage    of acreage
                                   Acreage   managed for   managed for
State                              managed  conservation  conservation
----------------------------  ------------  ------------  ------------
Alabama                            801,611        69,784          8.71
Alaska                         238,874,995   150,786,546         63.12
Arizona                         29,874,028     8,899,060         29.79
Arkansas                         3,246,065       678,515         20.90
California                      43,013,642    33,361,904         77.56
Colorado                        23,455,115     5,792,946         24.70
Connecticut                          6,759         6,735         99.64
Delaware                            23,968        23,968        100.00
Florida                          3,845,884     2,855,276         74.24
Georgia                          1,393,406       701,655         50.36
Hawaii                             544,462       544,461         99.99
Idaho                           32,439,588     9,674,341         29.82
Illinois                           342,631       100,845         29.43
Indiana                            214,176        34,163         15.95
Iowa                                41,611        41,233         99.09
Kansas                             137,426        29,242         21.28
Kentucky                           780,705       138,885         17.79
Louisiana                        1,368,834       548,495         40.07
Maine                              169,216       128,176         75.75
Maryland                            98,993        98,993        100.00
Massachusetts                       65,580        65,580        100.00
Michigan                         3,731,491     1,043,729         27.97
Minnesota                        3,637,840     1,473,570         40.51
Mississippi                      1,510,381       310,061         20.53
Missouri                         1,605,889       182,946         11.39
Montana                         26,773,255     7,431,305         27.76
Nebraska                           528,145       183,613         34.77
Nevada                          56,846,081     9,847,651         17.32
New Hampshire                      735,995       117,911         16.02
New Jersey                         104,222       104,222        100.00
New Mexico                      22,927,727     4,106,669         17.91
New York                            86,663        72,913         84.13
North Carolina                   2,011,072     1,007,677         50.11
North Dakota                     1,699,378       532,974         31.36
Ohio                               254,371        34,428         13.53
Oklahoma                           412,975       149,523         36.21
Oregon                          32,113,362     7,101,101         22.11
Pennsylvania                       588,805       114,377         19.43
Rhode Island                         1,499         1,499        100.00
South Carolina                     747,591       212,409         28.41
South Dakota                     2,637,349       443,525         16.82
Tennessee                        1,023,461       468,909         45.82
Texas                            2,312,283     1,596,157         69.03
Utah                            32,467,853     7,403,484         22.80
Vermont                            370,453       112,308         30.32
Virginia                         2,090,328       676,997         32.39
Washington                      11,603,057     4,793,971         41.32
West Virginia                    1,085,401       192,041         17.69
Wisconsin                        2,003,680       369,804         18.46
Wyoming                         30,102,224     7,467,725         24.81
======================================================================
Total                          622,751,526   272,134,302         43.70
----------------------------------------------------------------------
Source:  GAO's analysis of data from the departments of Agriculture
and the Interior. 

The number of acres managed for conservation shown in table I.3
includes all of the lands managed by the Fish and Wildlife Service
and National Park Service as well as portions of the lands managed by
the Forest Service and Bureau of Land Management.  Tables I.4 and I.5
show the category and number of acres managed by the Forest Service
and Bureau of Land Management, respectively, for conservation, as of
September 30, 1994. 



                               Table I.4
                
                   Forest Service Acreage Managed for
                 Conservation as of September 30, 1994

Conservation category                                    Acres managed
------------------------------------------------------  --------------
Wilderness                                                  34,587,437
Wilderness study area                                        6,638,310
Wild and scenic river                                          618,283
Research natural area                                          299,568
National monument                                            3,404,244
National primitive area                                        173,762
National recreation area                                     2,675,274
National game refuge                                         1,218,953
National scenic-research area                                    6,630
Other\a                                                        271,227
======================================================================
Total                                                       49,893,688
----------------------------------------------------------------------
\a "Other" includes archeological, botanical, geological, and
national historic areas. 

Source:  Forest Service. 



                               Table I.5
                
                   Bureau of Land Management Acreage
                Managed for Conservation as of September
                                30, 1994

Conservation category                                    Acres managed
------------------------------------------------------  --------------
Wilderness                                                   1,653,529
Wilderness study area                                       26,554,685
Wild, scenic, and recreation river                             829,448
Area of critical environmental concern                       9,960,843
Research natural area                                          326,449
National conservation area                                  14,323,431
National natural or historic landmark                          599,042
National recreation area                                     1,000,000
National scenic-research area                                1,365,280
Other\a                                                      1,552,614
======================================================================
Total\b                                                     58,165,321
----------------------------------------------------------------------
\a "Other" includes national scenic and historic trails, national
recreation trails, and national outstanding natural areas. 

\b Bureau officials told us that some acres may be counted in more
than one conservation category, but they could not readily determine
the extent of the double counting. 

Source:  Bureau of Land Management. 


   LANDS ACQUIRED BY THE FOUR
   FEDERAL AGENCIES
--------------------------------------------------------- Appendix I:4

Table I.6 shows, for the four agencies, the various means they used
for acquiring lands\1 from nonfederal parties and the corresponding
number of acres they acquired from June 30, 1964, through September
30, 1994. 



                                        Table I.6
                         
                         Means by Which the Four Federal Agencies
                         Acquired Acreage From Nonfederal Parties
                                    From 1964 to 1994


                                      Bureau of      Fish and
                           Forest          Land      Wildlife      National
Means used                Service    Management       Service  Park Service         Total
-------------------  ------------  ------------  ------------  ------------  ------------
Purchase                1,479,348       297,080     1,998,247     1,303,292     5,077,967
Gift or donation          522,326        14,646       586,377       631,747     1,755,096
Exchange                2,179,643       724,402       256,576        90,708     3,251,329
Other\a                   105,138        35,822        34,976       601,279       777,215
=========================================================================================
Total                   4,286,455     1,071,950     2,876,176     2,627,026    10,861,607
-----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Note:  Totals may not add because of rounding. 

\a "Other" includes acreage acquired through condemnation and
takings. 

As table I.6 shows, the lands acquired by the four agencies through
purchase accounted for nearly half of all the acres acquired during
the 30-year period. 

As of September 30, 1994, the four agencies planned to acquire about
11.8 million acres in future years.  Table I.7 shows the acreage, by
state, that the four agencies planned to acquire in subsequent years. 



                                    Table I.7
                     
                         Acquisitions Planned by the Four
                     Agencies, by State, in Subsequent Years

                         Bureau of      Fish and
              Forest          Land      Wildlife   National Park
State        Service    Management       Service         Service           Total
------  ------------  ------------  ------------  --------------  --------------
Alabam        62,508             0         5,811               0          68,319
 a
Alaska       230,160             0        26,500              20         256,680
Arizon        63,739        27,937        30,923          20,964         143,563
 a
Arkans        95,277             0        78,207             314         173,798
 as
Califo       377,702       847,095       205,066         102,278       1,532,141
 rnia
Colora       155,031        69,134        21,890           6,026         252,081
 do
Connec             0             0           900             535           1,435
 ticut
Delawa             0             0         2,992               0           2,992
 re
Florid        27,096             0        45,863          50,107         123,066
 a
Georgi        98,201             0         5,499           2,219         105,919
 a
Hawaii             0             0       118,470             445         118,915
Idaho        122,663        68,656             0           6,023         197,342
Illino        56,766             0        84,870              75         141,711
 is
Indian        45,132             0        20,862           1,046          67,040
 a
Iowa               0             0       147,967               0         147,967
Kansas           814             0             0               0             814
Kentuc       141,725             0             0               0         141,725
 ky
Louisi        42,134             0       149,948             194         192,276
 ana
Maine          4,025             0        17,181           3,989          25,195
Maryla             0             0         5,600           4,734          10,334
 nd
Massac             0             0         3,994           1,017           5,011
 huset
 ts
Michig       204,134             0        65,930           3,855         273,919
 an
Minnes       263,987             0       497,221           1,718         762,926
 ota
Missis       115,430             0        46,207             694         162,331
 sippi
Missou       157,002             0             0             958         157,960
 ri
Montan       223,865        49,273       344,515           2,168         619,821
 a
Nebras         9,035             0       114,110              14         123,159
 ka
Nevada        46,133         1,397        22,606             284          70,420
New           10,176             0         8,180              85          18,441
 Hamps
 hire
New                0             0        45,245             207          45,452
 Jersey
New          104,012         7,598        10,890           5,525         128,025
 Mexico
New                0             0        18,259             616          18,875
 York
North        192,459             0        37,377           2,678         232,514
 Carol
 ina
North              0             0     2,197,510             855       2,198,365
 Dakota
Ohio          61,415             0        16,000           1,571          78,986
Oklaho        16,318             0        10,118              26          26,462
 ma
Oregon       184,712        88,608       106,322           2,805         382,447
Pennsy        22,970             0           396           2,427          25,793
 lvania
Rhode              0             0         1,229               0           1,229
 Island
South         76,425             0        12,017               0          88,442
 Carol
 ina
South         35,214             0     1,147,627           1,503       1,184,344
 Dakota
Tennes        58,051             0        23,170          10,393          91,614
 see
Texas        123,949             0       217,546          28,652         370,147
Utah         109,042        16,890        48,329           5,195         179,456
Vermon        46,124             0        17,215           1,579          64,918
 t
Virgin       157,252             0             0           9,760         167,012
 ia
Washin        89,662        36,920       126,703           7,701         260,986
 gton
West          83,723             0        30,460          23,586         137,769
 Virgi
 nia
Wiscon        50,361             0        48,688               0          99,049
 sin
Wyomin        44,493        49,801        25,395           1,748         121,437
 g
================================================================================
Total      4,008,917     1,263,309     6,211,808         316,589      11,800,623
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Source:  The departments of Agriculture and the Interior. 

According to agency officials, the planned acquisitions include land
to be acquired by the agencies as new areas (such as refuges),
additions to existing areas, or privately owned lands (inholdings)
within areas that the agencies manage. 

Data provided by the Forest Service and the National Park Service
showed inholdings of approximately 40 million acres and about 4.3
million acres, respectively.  According to Forest Service and
National Park Service officials, their agencies do not plan to
acquire all of the inholdings.  For example, Forest Service officials
told us that their plans are to acquire about 10 percent of the
inholdings within the National Forest System.  The Bureau of Land
Management and Fish and Wildlife Service could not provide us with
information on the total acreage of the inholdings within their areas
in a useable format in the requested time frame.  However, like the
Forest Service and National Park Service, Bureau and Fish and
Wildlife Service officials told us that their agencies do not plan to
acquire all of the inholdings. 


--------------------
\1 Acquired lands are lands that were obtained by the four agencies
through purchase, condemnation, taking, gift, donation, or exchange. 
Exchanges are transactions where the federal government acquires land
for other land, timber, or other products.  Acquired lands do not
include transfers of land from other federal agencies. 


   FEDERAL ACREAGE WHERE HUNTING
   AND OTHER ACTIVITIES ARE NOT
   ALLOWED
--------------------------------------------------------- Appendix I:5

The four federal agencies did not allow hunting on 57.5 million of
the acres they managed as of September 30, 1994.  Included in this
total are over 50.6 million acres managed by the National Park
Service, about 4.6 million acres managed by the Fish and Wildlife
Service, and almost 2 million acres managed by the Forest Service. 
Table I.8 shows, by state, the number of acres managed by the Forest
Service, Bureau of Land Management, and National Park Service where
hunting is not allowed.  The Fish and Wildlife Service could not
provide the number of acres, by state, where hunting is not allowed. 



                                        Table I.8
                         
                             Acreage Managed by Three Federal
                          Agencies Where Hunting Is Not Allowed,
                                         by State


                                                                               Percentage
                                                                               of acreage
                                                                      Total       managed
                            Bureau of    National                   acreage         where
                   Forest        Land        Park                managed by    hunting is
State             Service  Management     Service       Total  the agencies   not allowed
-------------  ----------  ----------  ----------  ----------  ------------  ------------
Alabama                 0           0       6,332       6,332       785,219          0.81
Alaska          1,816,587           0  31,972,862  33,789,449   162,553,013         20.79
Arizona            25,750      23,500   1,719,607   1,768,857    28,200,122          6.27
Arkansas                0           0       9,571       9,571     2,945,166          0.32
California         58,000           0   4,467,503   4,525,503    42,771,608         10.58
Colorado           18,820           0     591,202     610,022    23,391,205          2.61
Connecticut             0           0       5,330       5,330         6,417         83.06
Delaware                0           0           0           0             0             0
Florida            22,885           0   1,682,707   1,705,592     3,603,979         47.33
Georgia                 0           0      22,065      22,065       921,656          2.39
Hawaii                  0           0     235,408     235,408       256,454         91.79
Idaho               1,200         116      94,994      96,310    32,392,527          0.30
Illinois                0           0          12          12       272,861             0
Indiana                 0           0       9,851       9,851       206,146          4.78
Iowa                    0           0       1,663       1,663         2,041         81.48
Kansas                  0           0         429         429       108,652          0.39
Kentucky                0           0      62,852      62,852       778,551          8.07
Louisiana               0           0           0           0       925,264             0
Maine                   0           0      63,337      63,337       124,444         50.90
Maryland                0           0      28,649      28,649        58,831         48.70
Massachusetts           0           0       5,481       5,481        53,355         10.27
Michigan                0           0     539,282     539,282     3,618,488         14.90
Minnesota               0           0     133,118     133,118     3,211,603          4.14
Mississippi             0           0      32,415      32,415     1,315,477          2.46
Missouri                0           0       2,061       2,061     1,558,533          0.13
Montana            26,500           0   1,183,433   1,209,933    26,165,742          4.62
Nebraska                0           0       5,371       5,371       365,182          1.47
Nevada                  0      28,000     187,993     215,993    54,551,183          0.40
New Hampshire           0           0       9,449       9,449       732,953          1.29
New Jersey              0           0       2,809       2,809        48,453          5.80
New Mexico         14,667     151,272     372,928     538,867    22,601,146          2.38
New York                0           0      10,789      10,789        63,061         17.11
North                   0           0     324,017     324,017     1,609,834         20.13
 Carolina
North Dakota            0           0      71,383      71,383     1,239,507          5.76
Ohio                    0           0      17,504      17,504       246,599          7.10
Oklahoma                0           0           0           0       313,964             0
Oregon                  0      13,868     194,476     208,344    31,583,246          0.66
Pennsylvania            0           0      22,026      22,026       578,845          3.81
Rhode Island            0           0           5           5             5        100.00
South                   0           0      26,240      26,240       637,867          4.11
 Carolina
South Dakota            0           0     141,302     141,302     2,445,317          5.78
Tennessee               0           0     266,779     266,779       978,457         27.27
Texas               1,420           0     854,086     855,506     1,927,450         44.39
Utah                    0           0     875,232     875,232    32,366,900          2.70
Vermont                 0           0       7,258       7,258       364,026          1.99
Virginia                0           0     304,293     304,293     1,972,686         15.43
Washington              0           0   1,755,830   1,755,830    11,467,007         15.31
West Virginia           0           0       2,748       2,748     1,083,301          0.25
Wisconsin               0           0           0           0     1,815,275             0
Wyoming                 0           0   2,337,506   2,337,506    30,044,618          7.78
=========================================================================================
Total           1,985,829     216,756  50,660,188  52,862,773   535,264,236          9.88
-----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Note:  Acreage totals may not add because of rounding. 

Source:  GAO's analysis of data provided by the departments of
Agriculture and the Interior. 

As part of our work, we also requested the four agencies to provide
data on the number of acres that had various limitations on use, such
as restrictions on oil and gas development, mineral development,
livestock grazing, and timber harvesting.  Fish and Wildlife Service
and National Park Service officials told us that these activities are
generally not allowed on the lands these agencies manage.  However,
officials from both agencies indicated that some or all of these
activities may be allowed in specific locations if required by
legislative mandates, if rights to conduct these activities existed
before the lands were acquired by the federal agency, or if the
activities are determined to be compatible with the primary purpose
for which the lands are managed. 

Forest Service and the Bureau of Land Management officials told us
that restrictions on the use of the lands they manage are identified
in specific land management plans.  Such restrictions vary by area
and are continuously changing as land management plans are revised
and updated.  Our review of the data provided by these agencies
indicated that as of September 30, 1994,

  mineral development was not allowed on about 2.6 million acres
     managed by the Forest Service and

  oil and gas development was not allowed on 77.3 million acres,
     mineral development was not allowed on 90.5 million acres, and
     grazing was not allowed on 20.6 million acres of Bureau of Land
     Management lands that were not managed for conservation. 

Agency officials pointed out that more than one of these activities
may be prohibited on the same lands. 


   RIGHTS-OF-USE ON NONFEDERAL
   LAND
--------------------------------------------------------- Appendix I:6

In addition to managing federal lands, the four federal agencies had
rights-of-use for 3 million acres of nonfederal land as of September
30, 1994.  These rights-of-use were obtained through easements,
leases, agreements, and permits.  Tables I.9 through I.12 show, for
each of the four agencies, the number of acres included in the
various rights-of-use, by state. 



                               Table I.9
                
                 Nonfederal Acres for Which the Forest
                    Service Had Rights-of-Use as of
                           September 30, 1994


State\a                              Easements      Leases       Total
----------------------------------  ----------  ----------  ----------
Alaska                                       0         250         250
Arizona                                    942           2         944
Arkansas                                     0           1           1
California                               5,446          95       5,541
Colorado                                     0       6,869       6,869
Florida                                      0           1           1
Georgia                                      0       4,355       4,355
Idaho                                   20,559          36      20,595
Illinois                                   116           0         116
Kentucky                                     0          18          18
Maine                                    1,272       3,800       5,072
Michigan                                25,708           5      25,713
Minnesota                                    0         103         103
Missouri                                    12           2          14
Montana                                  1,954           4       1,958
Nebraska                                     0           2           2
Nevada                                   1,325           0       1,325
New Hampshire                              275          10         285
New Jersey                                   0         590         590
New Mexico                               2,153          27       2,180
New York                                   141           0         141
North Carolina                               0          11          11
Ohio                                         0         570         570
Oregon                                   1,024          34       1,058
South Dakota                                 0           8           8
Tennessee                                    7           1           8
Vermont                                  2,281          12       2,293
Virginia                                   186           2         188
Washington                               1,351          29       1,380
West Virginia                              172           3         175
Wisconsin                                   21           0          21
Wyoming                                      0           7           7
======================================================================
Total                                   64,945      16,847      81,793
----------------------------------------------------------------------
Note:  Totals may not add because of rounding. 

\a Information is presented only for those states where the Forest
Service has obtained total rights-of-use for one or more acres of
land. 

Source:  Forest Service. 



                               Table I.10
                
                Nonfederal Acres for Which the Bureau of
                Land Management Had Rights-of-Use as of
                           September 30, 1994


                                Easement            Agreemen
State\a                                s    Leases        ts     Total
------------------------------  --------  --------  --------  --------
Arizona                              274        21         0       295
Colorado                           1,110        15         0     1,125
Idaho                              4,002         0         0     4,002
Montana                           16,763         0         0    16,763
Nevada                               286        18         2       306
New Mexico                         2,786         0         0     2,786
North Dakota                       1,989         0         0     1,989
Oregon                             5,702       335         0     6,037
South Dakota                       7,698         0         0     7,698
Utah                                 605         0         0       605
Washington                            32         0         0        32
Wyoming                            5,042         0         0     5,042
======================================================================
Total                             46,289       389         2    46,680
----------------------------------------------------------------------
\a Information is presented only for those states where the Bureau of
Land Management obtained total rights-of-use for one or more acres of
land. 

Source:  Bureau of Land Management. 



                                        Table I.11
                         
                         Nonfederal Acres for Which the Fish and
                         Wildlife Service Had Rights-of-Use as of
                                    September 30, 1994


State\a                 Easements       Permits        Leases    Agreements         Total
-------------------  ------------  ------------  ------------  ------------  ------------
Alabama                       667             0           578             0         1,245
Alaska                          0            17             4             5            26
Arizona                         1             0         1,575             0         1,576
Arkansas                      629             0           233             0           862
California                 67,161           206        18,126           551        86,044
Colorado                      299             0         2,557             0         2,856
Delaware                      857             0             0             0           857
Florida                     2,744             0         7,673       537,124       547,541
Georgia                     3,583             0            20           490         4,093
Hawaii                        735             0           163            61           959
Idaho                          50            19             0        13,004        13,073
Illinois                      697             0             0        26,754        27,451
Indiana                       253             0             0             0           253
Iowa                          764             2             0         6,499         7,265
Kansas                          6             0             0             0             6
Louisiana                   5,277             0         2,523         1,280         9,080
Maine                         608             0             0             2           610
Maryland                       68             0             0             0            68
Massachusetts                  23             0             0           620           643
Michigan                    2,673         1,775             0            12         4,460
Minnesota                  62,004           155         7,006            24        69,189
Mississippi                 5,690             0           900           667         7,257
Missouri                      768             0             0        12,075        12,843
Montana                    51,305           246         5,843         4,564        61,958
Nebraska                    1,039             0             0             0         1,039
Nevada                      1,019        63,544             0             0        64,563
New Hampshire                   6             0             0             0             6
New Jersey                  2,414             0             0             0         2,414
New Mexico                    266             0           500             0           766
New York                    1,513             0            17             0         1,530
North Carolina              4,190             0         4,057             0         8,247
North Dakota              901,835             0           217             0       902,052
Ohio                            7            67           591             0           665
Oklahoma                      521           130            59           125           835
Oregon                        318             0           878        34,277        35,473
South Carolina                683             0        72,974           682        74,339
South Dakota              618,814           130             0             0       618,944
Tennessee                   2,036             0        13,235             0        15,271
Texas                      35,514             1         5,214         2,320        43,049
Utah                          399             0         3,846             0         4,245
Vermont                        71             0             0             0            71
Virginia                      734             0             0            25           759
Washington                  3,670           672         3,726         1,036         9,104
Wisconsin                   1,330             0           233             0         1,563
Wyoming                     3,146             0             0             0         3,146
Total                   1,786,388        66,965       152,749       642,198     2,648,300
-----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Note:  Acreage totals may not add because of rounding. 

\a Information is presented only for those states where Fish and
Wildlife Service has obtained total rights-of-use for one or more
acres of land. 

Source:  Fish and Wildlife Service. 



                               Table I.12
                
                 Nonfederal Acres to Which the National
                  Park Service Had Rights-of-Use as of
                           September 30, 1994


State\a                          Easements        Leases         Total
----------------------------  ------------  ------------  ------------
Alabama                                202             0           202
Alaska                              12,439            10        12,449
Arizona                                162             0           162
Arkansas                             3,201             0         3,201
California                             162             1           163
Colorado                             5,511             0         5,511
Connecticut                            711             0           711
Florida                              1,330             0         1,330
Georgia                                 24             1            25
Hawaii                                   1         1,247         1,248
Idaho                                  445             0           445
Indiana                                485             0           485
Kansas                                 269             0           269
Kentucky                               137             0           137
Maine                                5,990             0         5,990
Maryland                             5,731             0         5,731
Massachusetts                          699             1           700
Michigan                             1,026             0         1,026
Minnesota                            3,064             0         3,064
Mississippi                          5,262             0         5,262
Missouri                             9,547             0         9,547
Montana                              1,114             0         1,114
Nebraska                               491             0           491
New Hampshire                          756             0           756
New Jersey                              35             0            35
New Mexico                               5             0             5
New York                             3,802             0         3,802
North Carolina                      12,218             0        12,218
North Dakota                           258             0           258
Ohio                                 1,305             0         1,305
Oklahoma                                 9             0             9
Oregon                                 379             0           379
Pennsylvania                         1,886             0         1,886
South Carolina                          31             0            31
South Dakota                       122,327             0       122,327
Tennessee                            1,521             0         1,521
Texas                                   76             0            76
Utah                                 1,279             0         1,279
Vermont                              1,080             0         1,080
Virginia                             4,492             0         4,492
Washington                           1,420             0         1,420
Wisconsin                           10,274             0        10,274
West Virginia                          390             0           390
Wyoming                              1,124             0         1,124
======================================================================
Total                              222,669         1,259       223,928
----------------------------------------------------------------------
Note:  Totals may not add because of rounding. 

\a Information is presented only for those states where the National
Park Service has obtained total rights-of-use for one or more acres
of land. 

Source:  National Park Service. 


   NONFEDERAL ACREAGE AFFECTED BY
   SELECTED ENVIRONMENTAL
   REGULATIONS
--------------------------------------------------------- Appendix I:7

Officials from the U.S.  Army Corps of Engineers, Environmental
Protection Agency, and Fish and Wildlife Service, the primary
agencies responsible for implementing regulations under the Clean
Water Act and the Endangered Species Act, told us that their
respective agencies did not maintain information on the number of
privately owned acres whose uses may be limited by the regulations
implementing these acts.  In general, however, privately owned land
containing a wetland or habitat considered essential to the survival
of a protected species could be subject, under these regulations, to
prohibitions against certain actions that would modify the wetland or
habitat.  For example, designating critical habitat for a protected
species under the Endangered Species Act would identify lands
containing habitat that may require special management or protection. 
On the basis of the regulations establishing critical habitat, about
1.1 million acres of privately owned land had been included in the
critical habitat designations for 31 species.  Nearly all of this
acreage had been designated as critical habitat for the desert
tortoise. 


ACREAGE HELD IN TRUST FOR
INDIVIDUAL INDIANS AND INDIAN
TRIBES
========================================================== Appendix II

The federal government holds 52.3 million acres in trust for
individual Indians and Indian tribes in 33 states.  Table II.1 shows
the number of acres held in each state for this purpose. 



                               Table II.1
                
                  Acreage Held in Trust for Individual
                Indians and Indian Tribes, by State, in
                                  1995

State                                                  Number of acres
--------------------------------------------------  ------------------
Alabama                                                          1,683
Alaska                                                         215,837
Arizona                                                     18,843,819
California                                                     548,738
Colorado                                                     1,076,890
Connecticut                                                      2,086
Florida                                                        164,546
Idaho                                                          836,758
Iowa                                                             3,408
Kansas                                                          30,327
Louisiana                                                        2,279
Maine                                                          219,053
Massachusetts                                                      493
Michigan                                                        21,248
Minnesota                                                      763,444
Mississippi                                                     20,528
Montana                                                      5,286,101
Nebraska                                                        65,890
Nevada                                                         934,956
New Mexico                                                   7,650,579
New York                                                        52,918
North Carolina                                                  56,736
North Dakota                                                   854,332
Oklahoma                                                       467,534
Oregon                                                         785,740
Rhode Island                                                     2,532
South Carolina                                                     630
South Dakota                                                 5,015,326
Texas                                                              125
Utah                                                         3,720,076
Washington                                                   2,616,094
Wisconsin                                                      214,193
Wyoming                                                      1,812,611
======================================================================
Total                                                       52,287,510
----------------------------------------------------------------------
Note:  This acreage includes federal trust, tribal/restricted fee,
and/or government lands.  Federal trust lands are those whose title
is held by the United States in trust for individual Indians or
Indian tribes.  Tribal/restricted fee lands are those whose title is
held by individual Indians or tribes.  Government lands consist of a
small amount of acreage owned by the United States for special uses
such as federal schools and hospitals for Native Americans and for
administrative offices. 

The amount of acreage was provided as of November 7, 1995, for
Alabama, Connecticut, Florida, Louisiana, Maine, Massachusetts,
Mississippi, New York, North Carolina, Rhode Island, and South
Carolina.  The amount of acreage for the remaining states was as of
September 15, 1995. 

Source:  Bureau of Indian Affairs. 


LANDS OWNED BY 13 WESTERN STATES
========================================================= Appendix III

Table III.1 shows the acreage owned within each state's border by
each of the 13 western states in our review. 



                              Table III.1
                
                Acreage Owned by 13 Western States as of
                           September 30, 1994

                                                         Acreage owned
State                                                   by the state\a
--------------------------------------------------  ------------------
Alaska                                                      89,383,753
Arizona                                                      9,617,660
California                                                   2,362,396
Colorado                                                     3,405,638
Idaho                                                        2,958,397
Montana                                                      5,769,677
Nevada                                                         246,065
New Mexico                                                   9,800,156
Oregon                                                       1,876,325
Texas                                                        3,154,943
Utah                                                         5,721,929
Washington                                                   3,764,900
Wyoming                                                      3,873,971
======================================================================
Total                                                      141,935,810
----------------------------------------------------------------------
\a We did not include the submerged acreage reported by the coastal
states in these numbers. 

Source:  Officials from the respective states. 


LANDS ACQUIRED BY THREE NONPROFIT
ORGANIZATIONS
========================================================== Appendix IV

Generally, the three nonprofit organizations in our review acquire
parcels of land for conservation and then sell, donate, or exchange
the parcels to entities such as federal, state, and local
governments.  Tables IV.1 to IV.3 show the amount of acreage
acquired, transferred, and owned by these organizations--the Nature
Conservancy, The Conservation Fund, and The Trust for Public Land. 



                                        Table IV.1
                         
                           Acreage Transactions for the Nature
                           Conservancy, by State, From July 1,
                             1964, Through September 30,1994


                     Acres
           Acres  acquired
           owned   between                                                          Acres
           as of    7/1/64   Federal     State       Local                       owned as
            7/1/    and 9/  governme  governme  government  Conservation  Other     of 9/
State         64     30/94        nt       nts           s      entities      s     30/94
--------  ------  --------  --------  --------  ----------  ------------  -----  --------

Alabama    1,433     3,575     1,472     1,599         200             0      0     1,737
Alaska         0    44,611        51    43,574           0           986      0         0
Arizona        0    19,527     6,901       310          80         4,832      0     7,404
Arkansas       0    47,340    20,773    24,938           0           306      0     1,323
Californ   1,419   291,443   159,411    40,929       2,061        10,679      0    79,782
 ia
Colorado       0    37,662     6,822    19,705       2,554         1,616      0     6,965
Connecti     563    13,974       274     1,415         164         5,113      0     7,571
 cut
Delaware       0     1,779         0       579           0           532      0       668
Florida        0   269,085    80,654   128,468      15,843        15,863      0    28,257
Georgia       72   113,050    38,427    65,283         311         2,292  3,865     2,944
Hawaii         0    21,851    20,233         0           0           236      0     1,382
Idaho          0    31,839    18,218     3,387           0         1,422      0     8,812
Illinois     235    22,909     6,376     8,741       1,296         2,046      0     4,685
Indiana       55    21,167       660    10,913       1,299         1,761      0     6,589
Iowa          42     2,887       248       484         820             7      0     1,370
Kansas         0    21,255       726     3,750           0           480      0    16,299
Kentucky     379    14,731     3,566     6,721           0           315      0     4,508
Louisian       0    53,636    28,962     2,719          89        11,081      0    10,785
 a
Maine        404    35,074     8,563     5,183         462           471      0    20,799
Maryland     123    18,393     2,642     7,865          14           388      0     7,607
Massachu      74     4,688       238     2,159         396           827      0     1,142
 setts
Michigan       0    47,909    14,282    18,095       3,691           184      0    11,657
Minnesot     160    66,110     9,527    32,638       2,943         4,256      0    16,906
 a
Mississi       0    65,198    22,383    41,637           0           110      0     1,068
 ppi
Missouri     220   112,733     8,134    97,605          83           411      0     6,720
Montana        0   118,222    14,131    85,285           8           642    240    17,916
Nebraska  58,146    10,939       602     1,461           0         1,919      0    65,103
Nevada         0    23,972    18,538     3,576          51         1,552      0       255
New
 Hampshi     400     6,764       851         0         316           833    113     5,051
 re
New            0    17,434     4,963     8,817         296            62      0     3,296
 Jersey
New            0   475,927   227,854    20,208           0       202,389  25,10       371
 Mexico                                                                       5
New York   2,522    89,778       504    66,065       3,594         1,631      0    20,506
North          0   160,257    75,582    54,374         458         4,908      0    24,935
 Carolina
North          0     6,519         0     1,860           3           899      0     3,757
 Dakota
Ohio         744    22,754     1,037     3,927       4,093         3,449      0    10,992
Oklahoma       0    32,120    10,743    11,332          82            82      0     9,881
Oregon        22    60,764    21,131     2,238         243            24      0    37,150
Pennsylv     478    13,927        57     8,088       2,054           486      0     3,720
 ania
Rhode          0     3,503        22     2,413         155           441      0       472
 Island
South          0    58,416     2,861    39,308           0         5,037    484    10,726
 Carolina
South         62    11,264         0        13           0         1,980      0     9,333
 Dakota
Tennesse       0    39,298    18,881    18,541           0         1,149      0       727
 e
Texas          0   252,158   164,299     9,391       9,338        13,642      0    55,488
Utah           0    31,579    13,606    14,809           0           462      0     2,702
Vermont        0    79,172    27,117    34,498       1,531         6,765      0     9,261
Virginia   1,116    78,672    20,787    12,881         373           835    631    44,281
Washingt      63    13,850     1,520     4,693       1,399            68      0     6,234
 on
West         257    17,148    14,106       779         735           209      0     1,576
 Virginia
Wisconsi     435    26,611     1,595    10,943         286         1,536      0    12,686
 n
Wyoming        0    18,256     5,826         0           0            40      0    12,390
=========================================================================================
Total     69,424  3,051,73  1,106,15   984,197      57,321       317,254  30,43   625,788
                         0         6                                          8
-----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Source:  the Nature Conservancy. 



                                        Table IV.2
                         
                               Acreage Transactions for The
                         Conservation Fund, by State, From March
                           8, 1985, Through September 30, 1994


                     Acres
                  acquired
                between 3/                     State       Local  Conservati  Acres owned
               8/85 and 9/       Federal  government  government          on     as of 9/
State                30/94    government           s           s    entities        30/94
------------  ------------  ------------  ----------  ----------  ----------  -----------
Alabama              2,659         1,330         270           0           0        1,059
Arizona                646           646           0           0           0            0
Arkansas                 1             1           0           0           0            0
California              96             0           0          59           0           37
Colorado             4,497         4,497           0           0           0            0
Georgia                550           550           0           0           0            0
Idaho              121,652        63,838         814           0           0       57,000
Kentucky             1,100         1,100           0           0           0            0
Louisiana            4,256             0         256           0           0        4,000
Maine                  169           169           0           0           0            0
Maryland             5,185         1,292       2,557           0           0        1,336
Mississippi              5             0           0           0           5            0
New Jersey             389             0         389           0           0            0
New Mexico             166           166           0           0           0            0
North                  957           957           0           0           0            0
 Carolina
Oregon               9,656           156           0           0           0        9,500
Pennsylvania             7             0           0           0           0            7
Tennessee              873           125          26           0           0          722
Texas                  266             0           0           0           0          266
Vermont              5,131         3,861         710           0           0          560
Virginia               928           511         397           0           0           20
West                   615           110          50           0         440           15
 Virginia
=========================================================================================
Total              159,804        79,309       5,469          59         445       74,522
-----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Note:  The Conservation Fund was incorporated on March 8, 1985; it
had no acres on hand as of that date. 

Source:  The Conservation Fund. 



                                        Table IV.3
                         
                          Acreage Transactions for The Trust for
                         Public Land, by State, From May 5, 1972,
                                Through September 30, 1994


               Acres
            acquired                                                                Acres
          between 5/                   State                Conservati           owned as
            5/72 and     Federal  government         Local          on           of 9/30/
State        9/30/94  government           s   governments    entities  Others         94
--------  ----------  ----------  ----------  ------------  ----------  ------  ---------
Alabama        1,058           0           0         1,058           0       0          0
Alaska           435         435           0             0           0       0          0
Arizona        1,809       1,531           0           277           0       1          0
Arkansas      11,536      11,536           0             0           0       0          0
Californ     128,207      80,631      29,765         5,910       4,465     682      6,754
 ia
Colorado      49,408      21,642      15,880         3,415       5,192     422      2,857
Connecti         861           2         533           282           0      37          7
 cut
Florida      100,399      11,076      25,617        10,585         130  50,968      2,023
                                                                            \a
Georgia        5,250       5,241           0             0           3       0          6
Hawaii           399         399           0             0           0       0          0
Idaho          3,336       3,217           0            34           0      85          0
Illinois       1,267       1,248           0            19           0       0          0
Kansas             2           2           0             0           0       0          0
Kentucky       1,305       1,305           0             0           0       0          0
Louisian         948         948           0             0           0       0          0
 a
Maine             65           0           0            65           0       0          0
Maryland       1,372         234         753           304          13      40         28
Massachu       2,732          58       1,294           786         372     181         41
 setts
Michigan      48,892      48,657           0           235           0       0          0
Minnesot      20,226      11,517       1,314           272         300       0      6,823
 a
Mississi          79          79           0             0           0       0          0
 ppi
Missouri         752         752           0             0           0       0          0
Montana        1,151       1,126           0             0          25       0          0
Nevada         9,689       9,386           0           303           0       0          0
New
 Hampshi       1,167       1,167           0             0           0       0          0
 re
New            5,272       1,035       2,613         1,569           1      50          4
 Jersey
New            3,926       3,484         297           137           8       0          0
 Mexico
New York      26,633         433      21,295         3,414         307     452        732
North          3,028       2,996           0             8          24       0          0
 Carolina
Ohio           3,482       3,354          44            69          15       0          0
Oklahoma       4,088       4,088           0             0           0       0          0
Oregon        32,798      31,793         243           557           0     176         29
Pennsylv         707         704           0             3           0       0          0
 ania
Rhode            145           0           0           142           3       0          0
 Island
South          4,203       4,203           0             0           0       0          0
 Carolina
Tennesse      12,792         592      12,200             0           0       0          0
 e
Texas         13,713       4,910       6,688         1,997           0       0        118
Utah             533         533           0             0           0       0          0
Vermont          384         325           0             0           5       0         54
Virginia       1,728       1,380         348             0           0       0          0
Washingt      27,714      14,086      10,665         1,649         329     166        819
 on
West          63,912      62,527           0             2           0       0      1,383
 Virginia
Wisconsi       9,480       8,431         200           849           0       0          0
 n
=========================================================================================
Total        606,883     357,063     129,749        33,941      11,192  53,260     21,678
-----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Note:  The Trust for Public Land was incorporated on May 5, 1972; it
had no acres on hand as of that date. 

\a These acres were transferred to a regional water management
district within Florida. 

Source:  The Trust for Public Land. 

As tables IV.1 to IV.3 show, the three nonprofit organizations
transferred about 3.2 million acres to federal, state, or local
governments or to other conservation organizations or individuals
through sales, donations, or exchanges during the 30-year period. 


OBJECTIVES, SCOPE AND METHODOLOGY
=========================================================== Appendix V

The Chairman of the House Committee on Resources and Representative
Richard Pombo asked us to obtain information on the

  changes in federal land ownership and the number of acres with
     limitations on their use;

  means by which the federal government acquires land, and the
     acreage it plans to acquire;

  federal acreage where hunting and other activities are not allowed;

  number of privately owned acres subject to federal regulatory
     control; and

  number of nonfederal acres to which the federal government has
     obtained rights-of-use, such as easements. 

In addition, the Committee asked us to obtain information on the
acreage

  held in trust for individual Indians and Indian tribes,

  owned by 13 western states, and

  involved in the land transactions of nonprofit organizations. 

To fulfill these objectives, we interviewed officials and obtained
and reviewed relevant documents and other data from five
agencies--the U.S.  Department of Agriculture's Forest Service and
the Department of the Interior's Bureau of Land Management, Fish and
Wildlife Service, National Park Service, and Bureau of Indian
Affairs.  We also obtained computerized data files from the agencies
and agencies' reports on the lands they managed.  As agreed with the
requesters' offices, we did not verify the completeness, accuracy,
and reliability of the data maintained in the agencies' databases. 
Such verification would require a significant investment of time and
resources because the database contained an immense volume of data. 
We did, however, take steps to reconcile inconsistencies in the data
contained in the agencies' computerized data files and printed
reports.  We interviewed senior-level land management officials at
each of these agencies' headquarters as well as at selected field
locations. 

We were unable to identify credible sources of data on how much
private property is subject to federal regulatory controls.  Hence,
we limited our review to information on the extent to which wetland
determinations under the Clean Water Act and critical habitat
designations under the Endangered Species Act have affected private
lands.  The results of this work are limited because data were
unavailable. 

To determine the number of acres owned by the states, we identified
12 western states--Alaska, Arizona, California, Colorado, Idaho,
Montana, Nevada, New Mexico, Oregon, Utah, Washington, and
Wyoming--where the federal government owns at least 25 percent of the
state's acreage.  In addition, we were asked to include Texas.  We
sent a survey to the official in each state who was responsible for
managing the state's land.  When the data were not centrally located,
we contacted other state officials within these states for
information on acreage.  State officials in most of the states said
that the number of acres was estimated or derived from the best
available data. 

We obtained information on the acreage that three nonprofit
conservation organizations--the Nature Conservancy, The Conservation
Fund, and The Trust for Public Lands--had acquired and transferred to
federal, state, and/or local governments and others.  We selected
these organizations because they were the nonprofit organizations
that had transferred the most acreage to one or more of the four
federal land management agencies during the 1990s. 

We attempted to use the statistics published by the General Services
Administration on the acreage managed by each federal agency\1 but
found that these data were not current or reliable. 

This report does not include information on U.S.  territories,
insular possessions, or the District of Columbia. 


--------------------
\1 See the General Service Administration's report entitled Summary
Report of Real Property Owned by the United States Throughout the
World, as of September 30, 1992 (Sept.  1994). 


MAJOR CONTRIBUTORS TO THIS REPORT
========================================================== Appendix VI

ENERGY, RESOURCES, AND SCIENCE
STAFF

Lloyd L.  Adams
Sherry L.  Casas
Paul O.  Grace
Ronald J.  Johnson
Cynthia S.  Rasmussen
Ned L.  Smith
William J.  Temmler
Arthur D.  Trapp
Felicia A.  Turner


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