National Parks: Information on the Condition of Civil War Monuments at
Selected Sites (Fact Sheet, 02/01/95, GAO/RCED-95-80FS).
National Park Service records show that 98 percent of the 2,510
monuments at the 11 Civil War battlefield parks GAO reviewed are in good
or fair condition, meaning that they need little or no repair. The
remaining two percent--54 monuments--are in poor shape, with statuary
and pedestals suffering from the following problems: broken or missing
parts, chips and cracks, and wear and erosion. The most common causes
of these problems are weathering and vandalism. Other causes include
erosion, structural deficiencies, and neglect. Park officials estimate
the cost to repair 34 of the monuments at $2,403,000. Cost estimates
were not provided for the other 20 monuments because officials were
unsure what work was needed or how much it would run.
--------------------------- Indexing Terms -----------------------------
REPORTNUM: RCED-95-80FS
TITLE: National Parks: Information on the Condition of Civil War
Monuments at Selected Sites
DATE: 02/01/95
SUBJECT: National parks
Repair costs
Precipitation (weather)
Facility repairs
Federal property management
Historic preservation
National historic sites
Maintenance (upkeep)
Larceny
IDENTIFIER: Antietam National Battlefield (MD)
Chickamauga and Chattanooga National Military Park (GA)
Fort Pulaski National Monument (GA)
Gettysburg National Military Park (PA)
Harpers Ferry National Historical Park (WV)
Kennesaw Mountain National Battlefield Park (GA)
Manassas National Battlefield Park (VA)
Monocacy National Battlefield (MD)
Shiloh National Military Park (TN)
Stones River National Battlefield (TN)
Vicksburg National Military Park (MS)
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Cover
================================================================ COVER
Fact Sheet for the Honorable
Trent Lott, U.S. Senate
February 1995
NATIONAL PARKS - INFORMATION ON
THE CONDITION OF CIVIL WAR
MONUMENTS AT SELECTED SITES
GAO/RCED-95-80FS
Condition of Civil War Monuments at Selected Sites
Abbreviations
=============================================================== ABBREV
GAO - General Accounting Office
LCS - List of Classified Structures
NPS - National Park Service
Letter
=============================================================== LETTER
B-259918
February 1, 1995
The Honorable Trent Lott
United States Senate
Dear Senator Lott:
In response to your request and subsequent agreements with your
office, we collected information on the condition of monuments at
Civil War battlefield park sites managed by the National Park Service
(NPS). Concerned about whether NPS was properly maintaining the
monuments at these locations, you asked us to provide you with
information on (1) the overall condition of the monuments and (2)
cost estimates, if available, for repairing the monuments in poor
condition. As you previously requested, we provided you on November
15, 1994, with an interim report on the status of the monuments at
Vicksburg National Military Park. This fact sheet presents the
information we obtained for all of the sites in our review, including
the Vicksburg site.
As agreed with your office, our work covered the sites for which NPS
had readily available and reasonably up-to-date information. NPS had
such information for 11 of its 20 Civil War battlefield park sites.
Section 1 lists all 20 of the sites and identifies the 11 that are
included in our review.
In summary, NPS' records indicate that there are 2,510 monuments at
the 11 sites included in this fact sheet. Of these, according to NPS
data, 2,456 monuments--or 98 percent--are in good or fair condition,
meaning that they need no or limited repair and rehabilitation. The
remaining 54--or 2 percent--are in poor condition and need
substantial repair.
The 54 monuments in poor condition generally have one or more of the
following problems: broken or missing parts and pieces; chips,
fractures, or cracks in the base or statuary; and wear or erosion of
the base, bronzes, or stone inscriptions.\1 The most common causes of
these problems are weather and vandalism. Other causes include
erosion, structural deficiencies, and neglect.
Park officials provided cost estimates to repair 34--or 63
percent--of the 54 monuments in poor condition. The total cost to
repair these monuments was about $2,403,000. Cost estimates were not
provided for 20 of the monuments--or 37 percent--either because
officials were uncertain of the correct "fix" or did not know how
much the repairs would cost. Cost estimates for repairing individual
monuments ranged from $500 to over $1,000,000; the majority--or 56
percent--were under $10,000, and the rest, except for one $1 million
estimate, ranged between $10,000 and $280,000.
Section 2 provides details about the condition of the monuments and
the costs of repairing those in poor condition for the 11 sites
included in this fact sheet.
--------------------
\1 The monuments in good or fair condition may also exhibit some of
these problems but not to the extent warranting designation of their
condition as poor.
SCOPE AND METHODOLOGY
------------------------------------------------------------ Letter :1
The information provided in this fact sheet is based primarily on
data obtained from a centralized NPS data base called the List of
Classified Structures (LCS). NPS uses this data base to inventory
and track the condition of historic structures. Among other things,
the data base identifies all historic structures, including
monuments, in all NPS units and categorizes their condition as good,
fair, poor, or unknown. (See app. I for NPS' definitions of these
terms.) NPS headquarters officials provided us with LCS data updated
as of 1991 or later for monuments at the 11 Civil War battlefield
park sites discussed in this fact sheet.\2 The LCS data base also
contains estimates of repair costs for some monuments.
We discussed the LCS data with regional NPS officials and with
officials at each of the 11 sites to determine whether any changes
were needed to either the number or the condition of the monuments.
For eight sites, we obtained this information by telephone and fax.
We visited three sites--Gettysburg National Military Park, Manassas
National Battlefield Park, and Vicksburg National Military Park--to
discuss the data and observe the condition of the monuments in these
parks, particularly of those identified as being in poor condition.
Officials at the sites generally agreed with the accuracy of the LCS
data but did suggest revisions in some cases. If the information
from a site differed from the LCS data, we used the site's data,
since site personnel have first-hand information about the current
condition of their monuments. We also used the site's repair cost
estimate if it differed from an LCS estimate.
Our audit work was conducted from October through December 1994. We
did not independently verify the total number of monuments at a site,
their condition, or the estimated costs to repair them. We discussed
a draft of this fact sheet with responsible agency officials,
including the Chief of the Park Historic Architecture Division, who
generally agreed with its contents. We incorporated the changes
suggested by these officials where appropriate.
--------------------
\2 The monuments discussed in this fact sheet do not include cemetery
headstones and certain types of cast iron tablets and plaques,
hundreds or thousands of which may be at some parks.
---------------------------------------------------------- Letter :1.1
As arranged with your office, unless you publicly announce its
contents earlier, we plan no further distribution of this fact sheet
until 7 days after the date of this letter. At that time, we will
send copies to the Secretary of the Interior, the Assistant Secretary
for Fish and Wildlife and Parks, and the Director of the National
Park Service. We will make copies available to others on request.
Should you have questions about this fact sheet or need more
information, please call me at (202) 512-7756. Major contributors to
this fact sheet are listed in appendix II.
Sincerely yours,
James Duffus III
Director, Natural Resources
Management Issues
NATIONAL PARK SERVICE CIVIL WAR
BATTLEFIELD PARK SITES
============================================================ Chapter 1
Battlefield park Not included in
sites Included in review review
------------------ ------------------ --------------------
Antietam National X
Battlefield
Brices Cross Roads X
National
Battlefield Site
Chickamauga and X
Chattanooga
National
Military Park
Fort Donelson X
National
Battlefield
Fort Pulaski X
National Monument
Fort Sumter X
National Monument
Fredericksburg and X
Spotsylvania
County
Battlefields
Memorial National
Military Park
Gettysburg X
National Military
Park
Harpers Ferry X
National
Historical Park
Kennesaw Mountain X
National
Battlefield Park
Manassas National X
Battlefield Park
Monocacy National X
Battlefield
Pea Ridge National X
Military Park
Petersburg X
National
Battlefield
Richmond National X
Battlefield Park
Shiloh National X
Military Park
Stones River X
National
Battlefield
Tupelo National X
Battlefield
Vicksburg National X
Military Park
Wilson's Creek X
National
Battlefield
============================================================
Total = 20 11 9
------------------------------------------------------------
DATA ON INDIVIDUAL SITES
============================================================ Chapter 2
We obtained information on the condition of Civil War monuments at 11
sites in the National Park Service (NPS). These 11 sites have a
total of 2,510 monuments, of which 2,456--or 98 percent--are in good
or fair condition and 54--or 2 percent--are in poor condition and
need substantial repair, according to NPS officials. The 54
monuments are located in 7 of the 11 sites; 4 sites have no monuments
in poor condition. The number of monuments in poor condition at a
site ranges from 1 to 22 and represents from less than 1 percent to
33 percent of the total number of monuments at a site. However, the
two sites with the highest percentage of monuments in poor
condition--Monocacy Battlefield with 20 percent and Harpers Ferry
National Historical Park with 33 percent--have only five and three
monuments, respectively, and each has only one monument in poor
condition. The site with the highest number of monuments in poor
condition--Gettysburg National Military Park--has 895 monuments, of
which 22--or only 2 percent--are in poor condition. Estimates of the
costs to repair the monuments in poor condition were obtained for 63
percent of the 54 monuments and total about $2,403,000.
The remainder of this section presents information for each of the 11
sites, including the names of the monuments in poor condition; the
repair cost estimates, if available; the primary cause of the problem
requiring repair; and a description of the
ANTIETAM NATIONAL BATTLEFIELD
Location: Sharpsburg, Maryland
Table 2.1
Condition of Civil War Monuments at
Antietam
of
monu of
ment tota
Condition of monuments s l
------------------------------------------------ ==== ----
Good/Fair 97 94
Poor 6 6
============================================================
Total 103 100
------------------------------------------------------------
Table 2.2
Monuments in Poor Condition at Antietam
Repair
Name of cost Primary cause
monument estimate of problem Required repair
--------------- --------- --------------- ---------------
Maj. Gen. $ 500 Neglect Clean and
Mansfield repaint
cannon marker
Maj. Gen. 500 Weather Clean and
Richardson repaint
cannon marker
Brig. Gen. 500 Vandalism Clean and
Branch repaint
cannon marker
Brig. Gen. 500 Weather Clean and
Starke repaint
cannon marker
Brig. Gen. 500 Neglect Clean and
Anderson repaint
cannon marker
Brig. Gen. 500 Vandalism Clean and
Rodman repaint
cannon marker
============================================================
Total $3,000
------------------------------------------------------------
The six cannon marker monuments consist of inverted bronze 12-pounder
cannon tubes mounted in a base formed by various field-size stones.
The monuments have not had any attention for 14 years and need to be
stripped of old paint and repainted. No other monuments
CHICKAMAUGA AND CHATTANOOGA NATIONAL MILITARY PARK
Location: Fort Oglethorpe, Georgia
Table 2.3
Condition of Civil War Monuments at
Chickamauga and Chattanooga
of
monu of
ment tota
Condition of monuments s l
------------------------------------------------ ==== ----
Good/Fair 656 97
Poor 20 3
============================================================
Total 676 100
------------------------------------------------------------
Table 2.4
Monuments in Poor Condition at
Chickamauga and Chattanooga
Name of Repair cost Primary cause
monument estimate of problem Required repair
------------- ------------- ------------- ---------------
9th Michigan \a Vandalism Repair and
Infantry reattach broken
central top
figure
Battery D, $25,000 Vandalism Replace all
1st stolen bronze
Michigan work
Light
Artillery
Lytle shell \a Vandalism Replace
numerous
original cannon
balls
33rd Ohio 500 Mowing Repair chip
Regiment accident caused by mower
tablet marker
38th Ohio 500 Mowing Repair chip
Regiment accident caused by mower
tablet marker
Co. F, 2nd \a Weather \b
U.S.
Missouri
Light
Artillery
marker
Battery D, \a Weather \b
1st
Missouri
Light
Artillery
marker
2nd U.S. \a Weather \b
Missouri
Infantry
Regiment
marker
3rd U.S. \a Weather \b
Missouri
Infantry
Regiment
marker
6th U.S. \a Weather \b
Missouri
Infantry
Regiment
marker
8th U.S. \a Weather \b
Missouri
Infantry
Regiment
marker
10th U.S. \a Weather \b
Missouri
Infantry
Regiment
marker
12th U.S. \a Weather \b
Missouri
Infantry
Regiment
marker
15th U.S. \a Weather \b
Missouri
Infantry
Regiment
marker
17th U.S. \a Weather \b
Missouri
Infantry
Regiment
marker
26th U.S. \a Weather \b
Missouri
Infantry
Regiment
marker
31st U.S. \a Weather \b
Missouri
Infantry
Regiment
marker
32nd U.S. \a Weather \b
Missouri
Infantry
Regiment
marker
Barrett's \a Weather \b
C.S.A.\c
Missouri
Battery
marker
Bledsoe's \a Weather \b
C.S.A.\c
Missouri
Battery
marker
============================================================
Total $26,000
(3 of 20)
------------------------------------------------------------
\a Not available.
\b Replace eroded marble and engrave inscription on new stone.
However, this repair poses a dilemma: If the original stone is
replaced with the same kind of stone at the same angle, the problem
will recur. And if a different kind of stone or a different angle is
used, the monument's historical integrity will be destroyed.
Therefore, the Park Historian is uncertain how this monument should
be repaired.
\c C.S.A. = Confederate States of America.
Park officials stressed that although only 20 monuments at
Chickamauga and Chattanooga are classified as being in poor
condition, almost every monument in this--the oldest--national
military park has been affected by vandalism and/or weather. Many
monuments are missing statuary, plaques, state seals, and/or pieces,
such as rifles or bayonets. Many have also been chipped by lawn
mowers. However, except in the 20 cases listed above, these effects
have not been severe enough to warrant classifying the
FORT PULASKI NATIONAL MONUMENT
Location: Savannah, Georgia
Table 2.5
Condition of Civil War Monuments at Fort
Pulaski
of
monu of
ment tota
Condition of monuments s l
------------------------------------------------ ==== ----
Good/Fair 1 100
Poor 0 0
============================================================
Total 1 100
------------------------------------------------------------
GETTYSBURG NATIONAL MILITARY PARK
Location: Gettysburg, Pennsylvania
Table 2.6
Condition of Civil War Monuments at
Gettysburg
of
monu of
ment tota
Condition of monuments s l
------------------------------------------------ ==== ----
Good/Fair 873 98
Poor 22 2
============================================================
Total 895 100
------------------------------------------------------------
Table 2.7
Monuments in Poor Condition at
Gettysburg
Name of Repair cost Primary cause
monument estimate of problem Required repair
------------- ------------- ------------- ---------------
Maj. Gen. $ 7,000 Animal/pest Take apart,
John infestation clean, and
Reynolds reassemble to
equestrian find cause of
statue mineral
leaching
Maj. Gen. 84,500 Structural Repair cracked
John deterioration and tilted
Sedgewick plaza around
statue base
Gen. 35,000 Structural Dismantle and
Longstreet's deterioration reset to
C.S.A.\a eliminate
headquarters spreading
marker fracture in
base
1st and 2nd 2,000 Weather Reset tilted
U.S. marker
Cavalry left
flank marker
New York 190,000 Weather Reset large
State bronze cap on
statue and
repair bronze
staff
20th New 5,000 Inappropriate Repair missing
York preservation and yellowed
(Ulster epoxy
Guard)
58th New 4,800 Weather Reset top
York layers of stone
Infantry
78th and 30,000 Vandalism Repair broken
102nd New granite arm,
York Infantry hand, and rifle
4th Ohio 130,000 Structural Repair
Infantry deterioration structural
failure
55th Ohio 280,000 Weather Replace (in
Infantry kind) eroded
sandstone and
return left
flank marker
1st Maryland 6,000 Vandalism Repair horse's
Cavalry broken head and
ear
1st Maryland 4,000 Vandalism Recast face to
(Eastern repair
Shore) soldier's
broken nose
Purnell 12,000 Weather Repair severe
Legion, fractures
Co. A,
Maryland
Cavalry
1st 60,000 Pollution Replace (in
Minnesota kind) fractured
Infantry marble urn
Battery B, 200,000 Erosion Replace (in
1st kind) eroded
Pennsylvania marble and
Artillery limestone
Battery E, 23,000 Erosion Take apart and
1st reassemble to
Pennsylvania relieve stress
Artillery on side
fracture
18th 6,000 Vandalism Repair granite
Pennsylvania horse's broken
Cavalry head and ear
21st 5,000 Erosion Clear trees and
Pennsylvania perform needed
Cavalry masonry work
27th 75,000 Erosion Shore up
Pennsylvania leaning
Infantry monument
Pennsylvania 28,000 Vandalism Replace (in
monument kind) destroyed
marble bench
bench
13th Vermont 3,000 Erosion Reset capital
Infantry (top) stone
Co. F, 1st 175,000 Weather Repair eagle
U.S. and column
Sharpshooters toppled in
storm
============================================================
Total $1,365,300
------------------------------------------------------------
\a C.S.A. = Confederate States of America.
Gettysburg developed a monument preservation program in 1990. The
park competes for yearly regional cyclic repair/rehabilitation funds
for this program. According to park officials, because the park is
not sure of receiving this money every year, it cannot hire permanent
staff to do the work and has not been able to maintain its
preservation schedule. The park estimates that it needs an
additional $226,000 in base funding annually to run the program
properly. Also, the park recently adopted a policy that any new
monuments erected must come with a lifetime endowment for
HARPERS FERRY NATIONAL HISTORICAL PARK
Location: Harpers Ferry, West Virginia
Table 2.8
Condition of Civil War Monuments at
Harpers Ferry
of
monu of
ment tota
Condition of monuments s l
------------------------------------------------ ==== ----
Good/Fair 2 67
Poor 1 33
============================================================
Total 3 100
------------------------------------------------------------
Table 2.9
Monuments in Poor Condition at Harpers
Ferry
Name of Repair cost Primary cause
monument estimate of problem Required repair
------------- ------------- ------------- ---------------
John Brown $5,000 Weather Repair cracks
in obelisk and
foundation
============================================================
Total $5,000
------------------------------------------------------------
This monument is located within the park's boundaries but is
privately owned. The park may be acquiring the monument shortly.
The park intends to relocate this monument to another site once NPS
KENNESAW MOUNTAIN NATIONAL BATTLEFIELD PARK
Location: Marietta, Georgia
Table 2.10
Condition of Civil War Monuments at
Kennesaw Mountain
of
monu of
ment tota
Condition of monuments s l
------------------------------------------------ ==== ----
Good/Fair 8 100
Poor 0 0
============================================================
Total 8 100
------------------------------------------------------------
MANASSAS NATIONAL BATTLEFIELD PARK
Location: Manassas, Virginia
Table 2.11
Condition of Civil War Monuments at
Manassas
of
monu of
ment tota
Condition of monuments s l
------------------------------------------------ ==== ----
Good/Fair 15 88
Poor 2 12
============================================================
Total 17 100
------------------------------------------------------------
Table 2.12
Monuments in Poor Condition at Manassas
Name of Repair cost Primary cause
monument estimate of problem Required repair
------------- ------------- ------------- ---------------
Bartow base \a Structural Cannot be
deterioration repaired (see
below)
George Stoval \a Weather Remove from
encasement and
repair chips
============================================================
Total \a
------------------------------------------------------------
\a Not available.
The Bartow monument is believed to be the first Civil War monument.
It was actually erected during the war, but the top did not survive
the war. All that remains is the base. Because no one knows what
was there, the monument cannot be repaired.
The Stoval monument is chipped, has worn inscriptions, and has been
vandalized extensively. It has actually been moved by vandals and/or
visitors and was once found in a stream. As a result, it
MONOCACY NATIONAL BATTLEFIELD
Location: Sharpsburg, Maryland
Table 2.13
Condition of Civil War Monuments at
Monocacy
of
monu of
ment tota
Condition of monuments s l
------------------------------------------------ ==== ----
Good/Fair 4 80
Poor 1 20
============================================================
Total 5 100
------------------------------------------------------------
Table 2.14
Monuments in Poor Condition at Monocacy
Name of Repair cost Primary cause
monument estimate of problem Required repair
------------- ------------- ------------- ---------------
14th New \a Vandalism Replace missing
Jersey pieces and
Regiment recarve
inscriptions
============================================================
Total \a
------------------------------------------------------------
\a Not available.
Only two of the five monuments in this park are owned by NPS. The
other three are owned by the state organizations that erected them.
The 14th New Jersey Regiment monument is not owned by NPS. NPS
cannot repair this or the other two privately owned monuments because
it has not been able to negotiate maintenance agreements
SHILOH NATIONAL MILITARY PARK
Location: Shiloh, Tennessee
Table 2.15
Condition of Civil War Monuments at
Shiloh
of
monu of
ment tota
Condition of monuments s l
------------------------------------------------ ==== ----
Good/Fair 153 100
Poor 0 0
============================================================
Total 153 100
------------------------------------------------------------
Park officials indicated that although none of the monuments at
Shiloh is classified as being in poor condition, many of the
monuments have been vandalized and are missing such items as rifles
and cannonballs, which the park cannot afford to replace without
STONES RIVER NATIONAL BATTLEFIELD
Location: Murfreesboro, Tennessee
Table 2.16
Condition of Civil War Monuments at
Stones River
of
monu of
ment tota
Condition of monuments s l
------------------------------------------------ ==== ----
Good/Fair 9 100
Poor 0 0
============================================================
Total 9 100
------------------------------------------------------------
Although a park official agreed that no monument at Stones River is
classifiable as being in poor condition, he indicated that weather
has substantially eroded the stone inscriptions on at least two
monuments. He also indicated that vandalism, particularly of
VICKSBURG NATIONAL MILITARY PARK
Location: Vicksburg, Mississippi
Table 2.17
Condition of Civil War Monuments at
Vicksburg
of
monu of
ment tota
Condition of monuments s l
------------------------------------------------ ==== ----
Good/Fair 638 100
Poor 2 <1
============================================================
Total 640 100
------------------------------------------------------------
Table 2.18
Monuments in Poor Condition at Vicksburg
Name of Repair cost Primary cause
monument estimate of problem Required repair
------------- ------------- ------------- ---------------
19th, 20th, $3,200 Vandalism Replace four
34th, to 4,000 bronze tablets
38th Iowa
Infantry
Mississippi 1,000,000 Weather Repair and
State restore large
bronze panels
============================================================
Total $1,003,200
to 1,004,000
------------------------------------------------------------
The 19th, 20th, 34th, 38th Iowa Infantry monument has been missing
all four of its bronze tablets for at least 15 years. Park staff
have not replaced them partly because they have lacked funds and
partly because this monument is isolated and is not seen by the
public. The Mississippi State monument has severe problems with its
bronze work and requires substantial repair and restoration. We
provided more detail about these monuments in our letter to Senator
Lott dated November 15, 1994 (GAO/RCED-95-55R).
Park officials told us that about one-third of the park's monuments
and plaques are located on city property outside the park. Although
park officials have the right of access, access is difficult, if not
impossible, in some cases because of the heavy growth of vegetation.
Some of the monuments are toppled, some have missing pieces, and
others need cleaning and other preservation work. Because of funding
limitations, the park has prioritized its repair schedule to address,
first, monuments seen in the park and, second, monuments outside the
park that are easily visible.
THE NATIONAL PARK SERVICE'S TERMS
FOR DEFINING THE CONDITION OF
HISTORIC STRUCTURES
=========================================================== Appendix I
GOOD:
----------------------------------------------------- Appendix I:0.0.1
The structure and significant features are intact, structurally
sound, and performing their intended purpose. The structure and
significant features need no repair or rehabilitation but only
routine or preventive maintenance.
FAIR:
----------------------------------------------------- Appendix I:0.0.2
There are early signs of wear, failure, or deterioration through the
structure, and its features are generally sound and performing their
intended purpose; or there is failure of a significant feature of the
structure.
POOR:
----------------------------------------------------- Appendix I:0.0.3
The significant features are no longer performing their intended
purpose; or significant features are missing; or deterioration or
damage affects more than 25 percent of the structure; or the
structure or significant features show signs of imminent failure or
breakdown.
UNKNOWN:
----------------------------------------------------- Appendix I:0.0.4
Not enough information is available to make a determination.
Source: National Park Service.
MAJOR CONTRIBUTORS TO THIS FACT
SHEET
========================================================== Appendix II
RESOURCES, COMMUNITY, AND ECONOMIC
DEVELOPMENT DIVISION, WASHINGTON,
D.C.
Cliff Fowler
H. Cheryl Rusten
Ned H. Woodward