National Wildlife Refuge System: Contributions Being Made to Endangered
Species Recovery (Letter Report, 11/14/94, GAO/RCED-95-7).
Of the nearly 900 species listed under the Endangered Species Act, one
quarter can be found on national wildlife refuges. These listed species
include plants, birds, and mammals. Although a significant portion of
the current habitat for 94 listed species is on 66 wildlife refuges,
many other listed species use refuge lands on a temporary basis for
breeding or migratory rest stops. Refuges and refuge staff contribute
to the protection and the recovery of listed species in several ways.
First, the refuges themselves represent about 91 million acres of secure
habitat, including more than 310,000 acres that have been acquired by
the Service specifically for the protection of listed species. Second,
refuge staff are taking steps to protect and recover listed species.
Third, refuge staff, by identifying specific actions that can help a
species recover, help to develop recovery plans that the Fish and
Wildlife Service requires for listed species. Funding limitations
constrain efforts to manage wildlife refuges. Two 1993 Interior
Department reports found that available funding was not enough to meet
established objectives for refuges because the level of funding has not
kept pace with the rising costs of managing existing refuges.
--------------------------- Indexing Terms -----------------------------
REPORTNUM: RCED-95-7
TITLE: National Wildlife Refuge System: Contributions Being Made
to Endangered Species Recovery
DATE: 11/14/94
SUBJECT: Wildlife management
Wildlife conservation
Endangered species
Environmental engineering
Wilderness areas
Waterfowl
Environmental policies
Public lands
Land management
Migratory birds
IDENTIFIER: National Wildlife Refuge System
Harris Neck National Wildlife Refuge (GA)
Salinas River National Wildlife Refuge (CA)
Pelican Island National Wildlife Refuge (FL)
Ash Meadows National Wildlife Refuge (NV)
Antioch Dunes National Wildlife Refuge (CA)
Blackbeard Island National Wildlife Refuge (GA)
Wassaw National Wildlife Refuge (GA)
Merritt Island National Wildlife Refuge (FL)
Kealia Pond (HI)
Okefenokee National Wildlife Refuge (GA)
Hakalau Forest National Wildlife Refuge (HI)
Blackwater National Wildlife Refuge (MD)
San Francisco Bay National Wildlife Refuge (CA)
Moapa Valley National Wildlife Refuge (NV)
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Cover
================================================================ COVER
Report to Congressional Requesters
November 1994
NATIONAL WILDLIFE REFUGE SYSTEM -
CONTRIBUTIONS BEING MADE TO
ENDANGERED SPECIES RECOVERY
GAO/RCED-95-7
Refuges Making Contributions to Species Recovery
Abbreviations
=============================================================== ABBREV
ESA - Endangered Species Act
FWS - U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service
GAO - General Accounting Office
NWR - National Wildlife Refuge
Letter
=============================================================== LETTER
B-257403
November 14, 1994
The Honorable Gerry E. Studds
Chairman
The Honorable Jack Fields
Ranking Minority Member
Committee on Merchant Marine and Fisheries
House of Representatives
The Honorable Jim Saxton
Ranking Minority Member, Subcommittee on
Environment and Natural Resources
Committee on Merchant Marine and Fisheries
House of Representatives
The National Wildlife Refuge System was established to help conserve
the nation's wildlife resources. To assist in your consideration of
potential legislation affecting the purposes of the system and its
management by the Department of the Interior's Fish and Wildlife
Service, you asked that we obtain information on how and the extent
to which wildlife refuges contribute to the recovery of species
listed as threatened or endangered under the Endangered Species Act.
In response, this report discusses the extent to which listed\1
species and their habitat occur on refuges and how refuges and refuge
staff contribute to the conservation and recovery of listed species.
It also discusses how funding limitations constrain the contribution
that wildlife refuges make to the recovery of listed species.
--------------------
\1 The term "listed" is used to refer to species designated under the
Endangered Species Act as endangered or threatened.
RESULTS IN BRIEF
------------------------------------------------------------ Letter :1
Of the almost 900 species listed under the Endangered Species Act,
215 (24 percent) occur and/or have habitat on national wildlife
refuges. These listed species represent a diversity of wildlife,
including 58 plant, 54 bird, and 40 mammalian species. While a
significant portion of the current habitat for 94 listed species is
located on 66 wildlife refuges, many other listed species use refuge
lands on a temporary basis for breeding or migratory rest-stops.
Refuges and refuge staff contribute to the protection and recovery of
listed species in a number of ways. First, the refuges themselves
represent about 91 million acres of secure habitat, including over
310,000 acres that have been acquired by the Service specifically for
the protection of listed species. Second, refuge staff are taking
actions to protect and recover listed species. For example, staff at
the Harris Neck National Wildlife Refuge have created wood stork
nesting areas, and staff at the Salinas River National Wildlife
Refuge are protecting snowy plovers' nests from predators. And
third, refuge staff participate in the development of recovery plans
that the Service requires for listed species by identifying specific
actions that can contribute to species recovery.
Funding limitations constrain efforts to manage wildlife refuges.
Two 1993 Department of the Interior reports found that available
funding was not sufficient to meet established objectives for refuges
because the level of funding has not kept pace with the increasing
costs of managing new or existing refuges. At 14 of the 15 locations
we visited, refuge managers and staff said that funding constraints
limited their ability to enhance habitat and to facilitate the
recovery of listed species.
BACKGROUND
------------------------------------------------------------ Letter :2
The National Wildlife Refuge System comprises the only federal lands
managed primarily for the benefit of wildlife. The refuge system
consists primarily of National Wildlife Refuges (NWR) and Waterfowl
Production Areas and Coordination Areas. The first national wildlife
refuge, Florida's Pelican Island, was established by President
Roosevelt in 1903 to protect the dwindling population of wading birds
in Florida. As of July 1994, the system included 499 refuges in all
50 states and several U.S. territories and accounted for over 91
million acres. (See fig. 1.)
Figure 1: General Location of
Units in the National Wildlife
Refuge System
(See figure in printed
edition.)
Source: Fish and Wildlife
Service.
(See figure in printed
edition.)
The Fish and Wildlife Services' (FWS) Division of Refuges provides
overall direction for the management and operation of the National
Wildlife Refuge System. Day-to-day refuge activities are the
responsibility of the managers of the individual refuges. Because
the refuges have been created under many different authorities, such
as the Endangered Species Act (ESA) and the Migratory Bird
Conservation Act, and by administrative orders, not all refuges have
the same specific purpose or can be managed in the same way.
The ESA was enacted in 1973 to protect plants and animals whose
survival is in jeopardy. The ESA's goal is to restore listed species
so that they can live in self- sustaining populations without the
act's protection. As of April 1994, according to FWS, 888 domestic
species have been listed as endangered (in danger of extinction) or
threatened (likely to become endangered in the foreseeable future).
The ESA directs FWS to emphasize the protection of listed species in
its acquisition of refuge lands and in its operation of all refuges.
Under the ESA, the protection, recovery, and enhancement of listed
species are to receive priority consideration in the management of
the refuges.
FWS' Division of Endangered Species provides overall guidance in the
implementation of the ESA.\2 FWS' regions are generally responsible
for implementing the act. Among other things, the act requires FWS
to develop and implement recovery plans for all listed species,
unless such a plan would not benefit the species. Recovery plans
identify the problems threatening the species and the actions
necessary to reverse the decline of a species and ensure its
long-term survival. Recovery plans serve as blueprints for private,
federal, and state interagency cooperation in taking recovery
actions.
--------------------
\2 FWS is generally responsible for protecting freshwater and land
species. The Department of Commerce's National Marine Fisheries
Service is responsible for protecting most marine species.
LISTED SPECIES OFTEN OCCUR ON
WILDLIFE REFUGES
------------------------------------------------------------ Letter :3
Of all the listed species, 215,\3 or 24 percent, occur on wildlife
refuges.\4 (See app. I for the listed species that occur on
refuges.) Figure 2 shows the types of listed species found on
refuges. As the figure shows, more than two-thirds of the species
are plants, birds, and mammals.
Figure 2: Types of Listed
Species That Occur on Wildlife
Refuges
(See figure in printed
edition.)
Note 1: Percentages have been rounded.
Note 2: The total number of species is 215.
Note 3: "Other" includes amphibians (2), clams (6), crustaceans (1),
insects (7), and snails (1).
Source: FWS.
Some refuges represent a significant portion of a listed species'
habitat. According to FWS regional refuge officials, 66
refuges--encompassing a total of 26.7 million acres, including 22.6
million acres on two Alaska refuges--provide a significant portion of
the habitat for 94 listed species. For example, Ash Meadows NWR in
Nevada has 12 listed plants and animals that exist only at the
refuge--the largest number of listed native species at one location
in the United States. In addition, Antioch Dunes NWR in California
contains virtually the entire remaining populations of three listed
species--the Lange's metalmark butterfly, the Antioch Dunes
evening-primrose, and the Contra Costa wallflower. (App. II lists
the refuges that provide a significant portion of a listed species'
habitat and the specific species that occur at these refuges.)
Some listed species use the refuges on a temporary basis for
migratory, breeding, and wintering habitat. As previously shown in
figure 1, the refuges are often located along the primary north-south
routes used by migratory birds. Migratory birds use the refuges as
temporary rest-stops along their migration routes. The listed wood
stork, for example, migrates in the spring from southern Florida to
Harris Neck NWR in Georgia to nest in the refuge's freshwater
impoundments. In addition, several refuges provide breeding habitat
for listed species. The Blackbeard Island and Wassaw refuges in
Georgia and the Merritt Island NWR in Florida, for example, provide
beach habitat for the listed loggerhead sea turtle to lay its eggs.
--------------------
\3 Includes species that have been proposed for listing in the
Federal Register.
\4 FWS estimates that an additional 360 candidate species-- species
that may warrant protection but are not currently listed under the
act--also occur on refuges.
WILDLIFE REFUGES CONTRIBUTE TO
THE RECOVERY OF LISTED SPECIES
------------------------------------------------------------ Letter :4
Wildlife refuges and refuge staff contribute to the recovery of
listed species in a variety of ways. Foremost, refuges provide
secure habitat, which is often identified as a key component in the
recovery of listed species. In addition, refuge staff carry out, as
part of their refuge management activities, specific actions to
facilitate the recovery of listed species. Refuge staff also
participate in the development and review of recovery plans for
listed species.
REFUGES PROVIDE SECURE
HABITAT
---------------------------------------------------------- Letter :4.1
One of the primary efforts for the recovery of listed species is to
stabilize or reverse the deterioration of their habitat. Refuges
contribute to the recovery of listed species by providing secure
habitat. Our review of 120 recovery plans for listed species
occurring on refuges disclosed that 80 percent of the plans
identified securing habitat as an action needed to achieve species
recovery.
As of March 1994, the refuge system included about 91 million acres
of wildlife habitat. FWS has acquired over 310,000 acres to create
55 new refuges specifically for the protection of listed species.
FWS' policy requires that a species recovery plan be prepared before
lands are acquired for listed species. For example, the recovery
plan for four Hawaiian waterbirds called for FWS to secure and manage
a number of ponds and marshes that two or more of the waterbirds are
known to use. One specific area described in the recovery plan,
Kealia Pond, was subsequently acquired by FWS in 1992. However,
overall we could not readily determine whether the acquisitions of
lands for the 55 new refuges had been identified as needed
acquisitions in species recovery plans. (App. III lists the refuges
specifically established for listed species.)
According to FWS' data,\5 listed species found on refuges, and
specifically on refuges established to protect listed species, appear
to have a more favorable recovery status than listed species that do
not occur on refuges. Table 1 provides an overview of FWS' data on
the recovery status of listed species. This information was compiled
on the basis of the knowledge and judgments of FWS staff and others
familiar with the species.
Table 1
Recovery Status of Listed Species, as of
September 30, 1992
Listed
species that
Listed Listed occur on
species that species that endangered
do not occur occur on all species
Listed species on refuges refuges refuges\a
recovery status (percent) (percent) (percent)
--------------- ------------- ------------- -------------
Improving 6 19 25
Stable 26 36 43
Declining 34 30 18
Unknown\\b 33 13 12
Extinct\c 2 3 2
Total\d 100 100 100
============================================================
Total number of
species 523 188 65
------------------------------------------------------------
\a These species constitute a subset of those that occur on all
refuges.
\b Unknown = those species for which additional survey work is
required to determine their current status.
\c Extinct = those species that are believed to be extinct in the
wild.
\d Percentages have been rounded.
Source: FWS.
As the table shows, a greater proportion of the listed species that
occur on refuges have a recovery status determined by FWS to be
improving or stable than the listed species not found on refuges.
According to FWS' guidance, species whose recovery is improving are
those species known to be increasing in number and/ or for which
threats to their continued existence are lessening in the wild.
Species whose recovery is stable are those known to have stable
numbers over the recent past and for which threats have remained
relatively constant or diminished in the wild. Declining species are
those species known to be decreasing in number and/or for which
threats to their continued existence are increasing in the wild.
--------------------
\5 The latest data from FWS are contained in Report to Congress:
Endangered and Threatened Species Recovery Program, draft, Department
of the Interior, U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service (Dec. 1992).
REFUGE STAFF IMPLEMENT
SPECIES RECOVERY PROJECTS
---------------------------------------------------------- Letter :4.2
Refuge staff carry out a variety of activities that contribute to the
recovery of listed species. According to FWS' Refuges 2003: Draft
Environmental Impact Statement,\6 a total of 356 refuges had habitat
management programs under way that directly benefited listed species.
Refuge staff at the 15 refuges we visited were carrying out a number
of specific actions in support of the protection and recovery of
listed species. Such actions generally involved efforts to monitor
the status of listed species' populations at the refuges and carry
out projects designed to restore and manage the habitats and the
breeding areas of listed species. Examples of specific actions being
taken included the following:
Carrying out prescribed burning of vegetation at the Okefenokee NWR
(Georgia). Among other things, such burning helps restore and
facilitate the growth of longleaf pine trees--the primary habitat for
the listed red-cockaded woodpecker.
Enclosing nesting areas at the Salinas River NWR (California). The
enclosures protect the listed western snowy plover's nests and chicks
from predation by red foxes.
Undertaking protective actions at the Hakalau Forest NWR (Hawaii).
Specifically, to protect and assist in the recovery of five listed
forest birds, the refuge manager has restricted public use, fenced
off the forest to keep out wild pigs and cattle, and created new
nesting habitat for the listed birds by protecting indigenous plants
and eliminating nonnative/exotic plants.
Developing artificial nesting structures for wood storks at the
Harris Neck NWR (Georgia). According to the refuge biologist, each
structure at the refuge was occupied by up to three nests for these
birds in both 1993 and 1994.
Providing economic incentives to protect habitat and provide a food
source for the listed bald eagle at Blackwater NWR (Maryland).
Specifically, refuge management pays muskrat trappers to kill a
rodent (the nutria) that is destroying the refuge wetlands. The
carcasses are then left for bald eagles to eat.
Managing vegetation growth to provide feeding pastures for the listed
Columbian white-tailed deer at the Julia Butler Hansen Refuge for
Columbian White-tailed Deer (Oregon and Washington). The vegetation
in the deer's feeding pastures is kept short by allowing cattle to
graze on portions of refuge lands under cooperative agreements with
local farmers.
--------------------
\6 Refuges 2003: Draft Environmental Impact Statement, Department of
the Interior, U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service (Jan. 15, 1993).
REFUGE STAFF CONTRIBUTE TO
SPECIES RECOVERY PLANS
---------------------------------------------------------- Letter :4.3
Refuge staff also participate on teams tasked with developing
recovery plans for listed species. While the responsibility for
developing and implementing the plans rests with FWS' regional
offices, recovery teams often include species experts from federal
and state agencies (including the refuges), conservation
organizations, and universities. For example, a biologist at the San
Francisco Bay NWR is helping develop a revised recovery plan\7 for
the salt marsh harvest mouse, the California clapper rail (a species
of bird), and other coastal California wetlands species. On the
basis of their knowledge of the listed species, refuge staff are also
asked to comment on draft recovery plans developed by others. For
example, refuge staff at the Moapa Valley NWR in Nevada were asked to
review the draft recovery plan for the Moapa dace (a species of fish)
developed by a recovery team made up of representatives from a
variety of organizations, including the Department of the Interior's
Bureau of Reclamation; the University of Nevada, Las Vegas; and the
Nevada Division of Wildlife.
Refuge staff at the locations we visited told us they use the
recovery plans to guide their activities to protect listed species.
They also told us that recovery plans are good reference tools and
help outline the management actions necessary for species recovery.
They noted, however, that recovery plans have their
limitations--plans can become outdated quickly and that refuges often
lack the funding necessary to undertake all of the prescribed
recovery tasks.
--------------------
\7 The original recovery plan was approved by FWS in 1984.
FUNDING LIMITATIONS CONSTRAIN
THE CONTRIBUTION WILDLIFE
REFUGES MAKE TO SPECIES
RECOVERY
------------------------------------------------------------ Letter :5
While refuge staff have taken some actions to protect and aid the
recovery of listed species on their refuges, we found that efforts
were at times not undertaken. According to refuge managers and
staff, their ability to contribute to species recovery efforts are
constrained by the level of available funding. Two 1993 Interior
reports discussed overall concerns about refuge funding and concluded
that refuge funding was inadequate to meet the missions of refuges.
In its Refuges 2003: Draft Environmental Impact Statement, FWS
reported that the refuge system's current annual funding is less than
half the amount needed to fully meet established objectives. From
October 1, 1988, through fiscal year 1993, appropriations for the
Division of Refuges increased from $117.4 million to $157.5 million
per year. If the current level of annual funding continues,
according to FWS, funding will be inadequate to address the existing
backlog of major refuge maintenance projects or the programs and
construction projects necessary for any expanded wildlife or public
use activities. In addition, FWS stated that recent increases in
refuge funding have not been sufficient to address the rising costs
of basic needs, such as utilities, fuel, travel, and training.
In August 1993, Interior's Inspector General reported that "refuges
were not adequately maintained because Service funding requests for
refuge maintenance have not been adequate to meet even the minimal
needs of sustaining the refuges."\8 According to the Inspector
General, the maintenance backlog totaled $323 million as of 1992.
The Inspector General also reported that "new refuges have been
acquired with increased Service responsibilities, but additional
sufficient funding was not obtained to manage the new refuges."
Between 1988 and 1992, according to the Inspector General, $17.2
million was necessary to begin operations at the 43 new refuges
acquired during this period. However, only $4.7 million was
appropriated for all new and expanded refuges. This appropriation
level for refuge funding resulted in a $12.5 million deficit,
according to the Inspector General, some of which contributed
directly to the maintenance backlog. In response to the Inspector
General's findings, FWS has agreed to develop a plan to reduce
refuges' maintenance backlogs and to report on efforts to ensure
consideration of the operations and maintenance costs in all future
acquisitions.
The budget resources are insufficient to undertake all of the efforts
necessary to recover listed species, according to refuge managers.
In general, refuge operations and maintenance budgets are earmarked
for items such as salaries, utilities, and specific maintenance
projects. As a consequence, many efforts to recover listed species
are not being carried out. At 14 of the 15 locations we visited,
refuge managers and staff said funding constraints limited their
ability to fully implement recovery actions for listed species and
other protection efforts. For example, refuge staff at the Savannah
Coastal Refuge Complex in Georgia explained that they have enough
resources to conduct only one survey of the bald eagle population per
year, rather than the three they feel are necessary to adequately
monitor the eagle's status. A biologist at the San Francisco Bay
Refuge Complex reported that no money is available to conduct genetic
studies on the listed salt marsh harvest mouse, even though such
studies are called for in the species recovery plan.
--------------------
\8 Survey Report: Maintenance of Wildlife Refuges, U.S. Fish and
Wildlife Service, Department of the Interior, Office of Inspector
General, Rept. No. 93-I-1477 (Aug. 1993).
AGENCY COMMENTS
------------------------------------------------------------ Letter :6
In commenting on a draft of this report, the Assistant Secretary for
Fish and Wildlife and Parks, Department of the Interior, generally
concurred with the findings (app. IV contains Interior's comments).
In particular, the Assistant Secretary stated that funding
limitations constrain the National Wildlife Refuge System's ability
to fully protect and recover endangered species; however, in light of
other budgetary priorities, refuges have been funded at the highest
affordable level. The Assistant Secretary also provided a number of
comments that were technical in nature. In response, we revised the
report, where appropriate, to refer to all components of the National
Wildlife Refuge System rather than just the refuges and made other
editorial changes.
SCOPE AND METHODOLOGY
------------------------------------------------------------ Letter :7
We conducted our work between May 1993 and July 1994 in accordance
with generally accepted government auditing standards. To obtain
information on FWS' policies and procedures for refuges and
implementation of the ESA, we reviewed relevant FWS documents,
including the May 1990 Policy and Guidelines for Planning and
Coordinating Recovery of Endangered and Threatened Species; the
Refuge Manual; Refuges 2003: Draft Environmental Impact Statement;
the 1990 and draft 1992 Report to Congress: Endangered and
Threatened Species Recovery Program; and 120 species recovery plans.
We also interviewed officials at the Division of Refuges and Division
of Endangered Species at FWS headquarters and at the FWS Portland
regional office. In addition, we visited and met with officials from
15 refuges--including refuges created specifically for listed species
and those that were created for other purposes--to determine how each
refuge contributed to recovery efforts for listed species. The 15
refuges included, in California, Antioch Dunes, San Francisco Bay,
and San Pablo Bay; in Georgia, Harris Neck and Okefenokee; in Hawaii,
Hanalei, Huleia, James C. Campbell, Kilauea Point, and Pearl Harbor;
in Maryland, Blackwater; in Maryland and Virgina, Chincoteague; in
Nevada, Ash Meadows, Moapa Valley; and in Oregon and Washington,
Julia B. Hansen Columbian White-tailed Deer.
---------------------------------------------------------- Letter :7.1
As agreed with your offices, unless you publicly announce its
contents earlier, we plan no further distribution of this report
until 30 days from the date of this letter. At that time, we will
send copies to the Secretary of the Interior; the Assistant
Secretary, Fish and Wildlife and Parks; and the Director of the Fish
and Wildlife Service. We will also make copies available to others
on request.
Please call me at (202) 512-7756 if you or your staff have any
questions. Major contributors to this report are listed in appendix
V.
James Duffus III
Director, Natural Resources
Management Issues
LISTED SPECIES THAT OCCUR ON
WILDLIFE REFUGES
=========================================================== Appendix I
As of April 1994, the number of listed animal and plant species
occuring on wildlife refuges totaled 215. As of June 30, 1994,
recovery plans had been approved for 157 of these species (as
indicated by an asterisk).
AMPHIBIANS
------------------------------------------------------- Appendix I:0.1
*Salamander, Santa Cruz long-toed
*Toad, Wyoming
BIRDS
------------------------------------------------------- Appendix I:0.2
*Akepa, Hawaii
*Akiapolaau
*Blackbird, yellow-shouldered
*Bobwhite, masked (quail)
*Broadbill, Guam
*Caracara, Audubon's crested
*Condor, California
*Coot, Hawaiian
*Crane, Mississippi sandhill
*Crane, whooping
*Creeper, Hawaii
*Crow, Mariana
Curlew, Eskimo
*Duck, Hawaiian
*Duck, Laysan
*Eagle, bald
Eider, spectacled
*Falcon, American peregrine
*Falcon, Arctic peregrine
*Falcon, northern aplomado
*Finch, Laysan
*Finch, Nihoa1 Flycatcher, southwestern willow
*Goose, Aleutian Canada
*Goose, Hawaiian (nene)
*Hawk, Hawaiian
*Jay, Florida scrub
*Kingfisher, Guam Micronesian
*Kite, Everglade snail
*Millerbird, Nilhoa
*Moorhen (gallilnule), Hawaiian common
*Moorhen, Mariana common
Murrelet, marbled
*'O'u (honeycreeper)
Owl, northern spotted
*Pelican, brown
*Plover, piping
Plover, western snowy (Pacific coastal)
*Prairie chicken, Attwater's greater
*Rail, California clapper
*Rail, light-footed clapper
*Rail, Yuma clapper
*Stilt, Hawaiian
*Stork, wood
*Swiftlet, Vanikoro
*Tern, California least
*Tern, least (interior)
*Tern, roseate
*Vireo, black-capped
Vireo, least Bell's
*Warbler, golden-cheeked
*Warbler, Kirtland's
*White-eyed, bridled
*Woodpecker, red-cockaded
CLAMS
------------------------------------------------------- Appendix I:0.3
*Fanshell
*Mussel, ring pink (golf stick pearly)
*Pearly mussel, Higgin's eye
*Pearly mussel (pimple back), orange-footed
*Pearly mussel, pink mucket
*Pigtoe, rough
CRUSTACEAN
------------------------------------------------------- Appendix I:0.4
Cambarus aculabrum (crayfish with no common name)
FISHES
------------------------------------------------------- Appendix I:0.5
Catfish, Yaqui
*Cavefish, Ozark
*Chub, bonytail
*Chub, humpback
Chub, Oregon
Chub, Yaqui
*Dace, Ash Meadows speckled
*Dace, Moapa
*Darter, watercress
*Gambusia, Pecos
*Madtom, Neosho
Madtom, Pygmy
Minnow, Rio Grande Silvery
*Poolfish (killifish), Pahrump
*Pupfish, Ash Meadows amargosa
*Pupfish, Devils Hole
*Pupfish, Warm Springs
Shiner, beautiful
*Shiner, Pecos bluntnose
*Squawfish, Colorado
Sturgeon, Gulf
*Sturgeon, pallid
Sturgeon, shortnose
*Sucker, Lost River
Sucker, razorback
*Sucker, short-nose
*Topminnow, Gila (including Yaqui)
INSECTS
------------------------------------------------------- Appendix I:0.6
*Beetle, American burying
*Beetle, Valley elderberry longhorn
Butterfly, Karner blue
*Butterfly, Lange's metalmark
*Butterfly, Schaus swallowtail
*Butterfly, Smith's blue
*Naucorid, Ash Meadows
MAMMALS
------------------------------------------------------- Appendix I:0.7
*Bat, gray
Bat, Hawaiian hoary
*Bat, Indiana
Bat, lesser (Sanborn's) long-nosed
*Bat, Little Mariana fruit
*Bat, Mariana fruit
*Bat, Ozark big-eared
*Bear, grizzly
Bear, Louisiana black
*Cougar, eastern
*Deer, Columbian white-tailed
*Deer, key
*Fox, San Joaquin kit
Jaguar
*Jaguarundi
*Manatee, West Indian (Florida)
*Mouse, Alabama beach
Mouse, Key Largo cotton
*Mouse, salt marsh harvest
*Mouse, southeastern beach
*Ocelot
*Panther, Florida
*Pronghorn, Sonoran
*Rabbit, Lower Keys
Rat, rice (silver rice)
Rat, Tipton kangaroo
*Sea-lion, Steller (northern)
*Seal, Hawaiian monk
Shrew, Dismal Swamp southeastern
*Squirrel, Delmarva Peninsula fox
Whale, blue
Whale, bowhead
Whale, finback
Whale, gray
*Whale, humpback
*Whale, right
Whale, sei
*Wolf, gray
*Wolf, red
Woodrat, Key Largo
REPTILES
------------------------------------------------------- Appendix I:0.8
*Anole, Culebra Island giant
*Crocodile, American
*Lizard, blunt-nosed leopard
*Lizard, Coachella Valley fringe-toed
*Lizard, St. Croix ground
*Skink, blue-tailed mole
*Snake, Atlantic salt marsh
*Snake, eastern indigo
Snake, giant garter
Snake, northern copperbelly water
*Tortoise, desert
*Tortoise, gopher
*Turtle, green sea
*Turtle, hawksbill sea
*Turtle, Kemp's (Atlantic) ridley sea
*Turtle, leatherback sea
*Turtle, loggerhead sea
*Turtle, Plymouth red-bellied
*Turtle, ringed sawback
SNAIL
------------------------------------------------------- Appendix I:0.9
*Snail, Iowa Pleistocence
PLANTS
------------------------------------------------------ Appendix I:0.10
Amaranthus brownii, Brown's pigweed
Amaranthus pumilus, Seabeach amaranth
*Asimina tetramera, Four-petal pawpaw
*Lomatium bradshwaii, Bradshaw's desert-parsley
*Oxypolis canbyi, Canby's dropwort
Fritchardia renota, Loulo
Asclepias meadii, Mead's milkweed
*Phyllitis scolopendrium var. americana, American hart's-tongue
fern
*Polystichum aleuticum, Aleutian shield-fern
*Boltonia decurrens, Decurrent false aster
*Enceliopsis nudicaulis var. corrugata, Ash Meadows sunray
*Grindelia fraxinopratensis, Ash Meadows gumplant
*Hymenoxys aculis var. glabra, Lakeside daisy
*Thymophylla tephroleuca, Ashy dogweed
*Erysimum capitatum var. angustatum, Contra Costa wallflower
*Cereus eriophorus var. fragrans, Fragrant prickly-apple
*Cereus robinii, Key tree-cactus
Corphantha sneedii var. robustispina, Pima pineapple cactus
*Coryphantha sneedi var. sneedii, Sneed pincushion cactus
*Echinocereus fendleri var. kuenzleri, Kuenzler hedgehog cactus
*Sclerocactus glaucus, Uinta Basin hookless cactus
Harrisia portorricensis, Higo chumbo
Clermontia peleana peleana, 'oha wai
Clermontia pyrularia, 'oha wai
Howellia aquatilus, Water howellia
Schiedea verticillata, Whorled schiedea
*Nitrophila mohavensis, Amargosa niterwort
Tumamoca macdougalii, Tumamoc globe-berry
Mariscus pennatiformis ssp. bryanii, no common name
*Chamaesyce bargeri (=Euphorbia garberi), Garber's spurge
Aeschynomene virginica, Sensitive joint-vetch
*Apios priceana, Price's potato-bean
*Astragalus phoenix, Ash Meadow milk-vetch
*Lespedeza leptosyachya, Prairie bush-clover
Serianthes nelsonii, Hayun lagu
Sesbania tomentosa (no common name)
Stahlia monosperma, Cobana negra
*Trifolium stoloniferum, Running buffalo clover
*Frankenia johnstonii, Johnston's frankenia
*Centaurium namophilum, Spring-loving centaury
Iris lacutris, Dwarf Lake Iris
*Hedeoma todsenii, Todsen's pennyroyal
*Helonias bullata, Swamp pink
*Mentzelia leucophylla, Ash Meadow's blazing star
Sidalcea nelsoniana, Nelson's checker-mallow
Eugenia woodburyana (no common name)
*Oenothera deltoides ssp. howellii, Antioch Dunes evening-primrose
Platanthera leucophaea, Eastern prairie fringed orchid
Platanthera praeclara, Western prairie fringed orchid
*Peperomia wheeleri, Wheeler's Peperomia
Aristida chasae (no common name)
Chorizante pungens var. pungens, Monterey spineflower
*Aconitum noveboracense, Northern wild monkshood
*Ivesia kingii var. eremica, Ash Meadows ivesia
*Agalinis acuta, Sandplain gerardia
*Cordylanthus maritimus ssp. maritimus, Salt marsh bird's-beak
*Penstemon haydenii, Blowout penstemon
Schwalbea americana, American chaffseed
Source: FWS.
WILDLIFE REFUGES THAT PROVIDE A
SIGNIFICANT PORTION OF A LISTED
SPECIES' HABITAT, AS OF FEBRUARY
1994
========================================================== Appendix II
State Refuge Species
-------------------- ------------------ ------------------
Alaska Alaska Maritime Aleutian Canada
goose, Aleutian
shield-fern
Yukon Delta Spectacled eider
Alabama Bon Secour Alabama beach
mouse
Watercress Darter Watercress darter
Arkansas Logan Cave Ozark cavefish,
Gray bat, Indiana
bat, Cambarus
aculabrum
(crayfish with no
common name)
Arizona Buenos Aires Masked bob-white
quail
Cabeza Prieta Sonoran pronghorn
San Bernardino Yaqui topminnow,
Yaqui chub, Yaqui
catfish, Beautiful
shiner
California Antioch Dunes Lange's metalmark
butterfly, Contra
Costa wallflower,
Antioch Dunes
evening primrose
Clear Lake Lost River and
short-nosed
suckers
Coachella Valley Coachella Valley
fringed-toed
lizard
Ellicott Slough Santa Cruz long-
toed salamander
Hopper Mountain California condor
Salton Sea Yuma clapper rail
San Francisco Bay California clapper
rail
Seal Beach Light-footed
clapper rail,
California least
tern
Tijuana Slough Light-footed
clapper rail,
California least
tern
Florida Archie Carr Loggerhead, green,
leatherback, and
hawksbill sea
turtles
A.R.M. Loxahatchee Everglade snail
kite
Crocodile Lake American
crocodile, Key
Largo cotton
mouse, Key Largo
woodrat
Crystal River West Indian
manatee
Florida Panther Florida panther
Great White Heron Rice (silver rice)
rat
Hobe Sound Loggerhead and
green sea turtles
Key West Schaus swallowtail
butterfly
Merritt Island West Indian
manatee,
loggerhead,
hawksbill,
leatherback and
green sea turtles,
Florida scrub jay
National Key Deer Key deer, Lower
Keys rabbit, rice
(silver rice) rat,
Key tree cactus
St. Marks Red-cockaded
woodpecker
Georgia Piedmont Red-cockaded
woodpecker
Guam Guam Little Mariana
fruit bat, Mariana
fruit bat, Guam
broadbill, Mariana
Crow, Guam
Micronesian
kingfisher,
Bridled white-eye
Hawaii Hanalei Hawaiian stilt,
Hawaiian coot,
Hawaiian moorhen,
Hawaiian duck
Hawaiian Islands Nihoa finch,
Laysan duck,
Laysan finch,
Hawaiian monk seal
Huleia Hawaiian stilt,
Hawaiian coot,
Hawaiian moorhen,
Hawaiian duck
James C. Campbell Hawaiian stilt,
Hawaiian coot,
Hawaiian moorhen,
Hawaiian duck
Kealia Pond Hawaiian stilt,
Hawaiian coot,
Hawaiian moorhen,
Hawaiian duck
Pearl Harbor Hawaiian stilt,
Hawaiian coot,
Hawaiian moorhen,
Hawaiian duck
Insular Possession Midway Atoll Short-tailed
albatross
Iowa Driftless Area Iowa pleistocene
snail, Northern
wild monkshood
Louisiana Atchafalaya Louisiana black
bear
Delta Loggerhead, Kemp's
ridley, and
leatherback sea
turtles
Tensas Louisiana black
bear
Maryland Blackwater Delmarva
Penninsula fox
squirrel
Chincoteague (also Delmarva
in Virginia) Penninsula fox
squirrel
Michigan Kirkland's Warbler Kirkland's warbler
Mississippi Mississippi Mississippi
Sandhill Crane sandhill crane
Noxubee Red-cockaded
woodpecker
Montana Charles M. Russell Black-footed
ferret (to be
reintroduced)
Nevada Ash Meadows Devil's Hole
pupfish, Warm
Springs pupfish,
Ash Meadows
amargosa pupfish,
Ash Meadows
speckled dace, Ash
Meadows naucorid,
Ash Meadows
blazing-star,
Amargosa
niterwort, Ash
Meadows milk-
vetch, Ash Meadows
sunray, spring-
loving centaury,
Ash Meadows
gumplant, Ash
Meadows invesia
Moapa Valley Moapa dace
North Carolina Alligator River Red wolf
Pocosin Lakes Red wolf
Oklahoma Oklahoma Bat Caves Gray bat, Ozark
big-eared bat
Wichita Mountains Black-capped vireo
Oregon Julia Butler Columbian white-
Hansen Refuge for tailed deer
Columbian White-
tailed Deer (also
in Washington)
Puerto Rico Culebra Hawksbill and
leatherback sea
turtles, Wheeler's
Peperonia, Roseate
tern
South Carolina Cape Romain Loggerhead sea
turtle
Carolina Sandhills Red-cockaded
woodpecker
Texas Aransas Whooping crane
Attwater Prairie Attwater prairie
Chicken chicken
Balcones Black-capped
Canyonlands vireo, golden-
cheeked warbler
Laguna Atascosa Ocelot, jaguarundi
Lower Rio Grande Jaguarundi
Virgin Islands Green Cay St. Croix ground
lizard
Sandy Point Leatherback,
hawksbill, and
green sea turtles
Virginia Chincoteague (also Delmarva
in Maryland) Penninsula fox
squirrel
Washington Julia Butler Columbian white-
Hansen Refuge for tailed deer
Columbian White-
tailed Deer (also
in Oregon)
Wisconsin Necedah Karner blue
butterfly
Wyoming Mortenson Lake Wyoming toad
------------------------------------------------------------
Source: FWS.
WILDLIFE REFUGES ESTABLISHED FOR
LISTED SPECIES AS OF MAY 24, 1994
========================================================= Appendix III
Acreag
State Refuge Primary species e
-------------- ---------------- ------------------ ------
Alabama Blowing Wind Indiana bat, gray 264
Cave bat
Fern Cave Indiana bat, gray 199
bat
Watercress Watercress darter 7
Darter
Arkansas Logan Cave Ozark cavefish 124
Arizona Buenos Aires Masked bobwhite 113,94
quail 0
Leslie Canyon Gila (Yaqui) 1,240
topminnow, Yaqui
chub, Peregrine
falcon
San Bernardino Gila (Yaqui) 2,369
topminnow, Yaqui
chub, Yaqui
catfish, beautiful
shiner
California Antioch Dunes Lange's metalmark 55
butterfly, Antioch
Dunes evening-
primrose, Contra
Costa wallflower
Bitter Creek California condor 14,054
Blue Ridge California condor 897
Castle Rock Aleutian Canada 14
goose
Coachella Valley Coachella Valley 3,276
fringe-toed lizard
Ellicott Slough Santa Cruz long- 127
toed salamander
Hopper Mountain California condor 2,471
Sacramento River Valley elderberry 6,458
longhorn beetle,
bald eagle, least
bell's vireo
San Francisco California clapper 21,200
Bay rail, California
least tern, salt
marsh harvest
mouse
San Joaquin Aleutian Canada 1,638
River goose
Seal Beach Light-footed 911
clapper rail,
California least
tern
Sweetwater Marsh Light-footed 316
clapper rail
Tijuana Slough Light-footed 1,023
clapper rail
Florida Archie Carr Loggerhead and 51
green sea turtles
Crocodile Lake American crocodile 6,560
Crystal River West Indian 66
manatee
Florida Panther Florida panther 23,379
Hobe Sound Loggerhead and 980
green sea turtles
National Key Key deer 8,196
Deer
St. Johns Dusky seaside 6,255
sparrow (extinct)
Hawaii Hakalau Forest Akepa, akiapolaau, 16,515
'o'u, Hawaiian
hawk, Hawaiian
creeper
Hanalei Hawaiian stilt, 917
Hawaiian coot,
Hawaiian moorhen,
Hawaiian duck
Huleia Hawaiian stilt, 241
Hawaiian coot,
Hawaiian moorhen,
Hawaiian duck
James C. Hawaiian stilt, 166
Campbell Hawaiian coot,
Hawaiian moorhen,
Hawaiian duck
Kakahaia Hawaiian stilt, 45
Hawaiian coot
Kealia Pond Hawaiian stilt, 691
Hawaiian coot
Pearl Harbor Hawaiian stilt 61
Iowa Driftless Area Iowa pleistocene 507
snail
Massachusetts Massasoit Plymouth red- 184
bellied turtle
Michigan Kirtland's Kirtland's warbler 6,530
Warbler
Mississippi Mississippi Mississippi 19,308
Sandhill Crane sandhill crane
Missouri Ozark Cavefish Ozark cavefish 40
Pilot Knob Indiana bat 90
Nebraska Karl E. Mundt Bald eagle 19
Nevada Ash Meadows Devil's hole 13,231
pupfish, Warm
Springs pupfish,
Ash Meadows
amargosa pupfish,
Ash Meadows
speckled dace, Ash
Meadows naucorid,
Ash Meadows
blazing star,
Amargosa
niterwort, Ash
Meadows milk-
vetch, Ash Meadows
sunray, spring-
loving centaury,
Ash Meadows
gumplant, Ash
Meadows ivesia
Moapa Valley Moapa dace 32
Oklahoma Oklahoma Bat Ozark big-eared 658
Caves bat, gray bat
Oregon Bear Valley Bald eagle 4,178
Julia Butler Columbian white- 1,978
Hansen Refuge tailed deer
for Columbian
White-tailed
Deer (also in
Washington)
Nestucca Bay Aleutian Canada 399
goose
South Dakota Karl E. Mundt Bald eagle 1,044
Texas Attwater Prairie Attwater prairie 7,984
Chicken chicken
Balcones Black-capped 7,905
Canyonlands vireo, golden-
cheeked warbler
Virginia James River Bald eagle 4,147
Mason Neck Bald eagle 2,276
Virgin Islands Green Cay St. Croix ground 14
lizard
Sandy Point Leatherback sea 327
turtle
Washington Julia B. Hansen Columbian white- 2,777
Refuge for tailed deer
Columbian White-
tailed Deer
(also in Oregon)
Wyoming Mortenson Lake Wyoming toad 1,776
============================================================
Total acreage 310,11
0
------------------------------------------------------------
Note: This list does not include refuges which were originally
established for other purposes and later added specific lands for
listed species.
Source: FWS.
(See figure in printed edition.)Appendix IV
COMMENTS FROM THE DEPARTMENT OF
THE INTERIOR
========================================================= Appendix III
(See figure in printed edition.)
MAJOR CONTRIBUTORS TO THIS REPORT
=========================================================== Appendix V
RESOURCES, COMMUNITY, AND ECONOMIC
DEVELOPMENT DIVISION, WASHINGTON,
D.C.
Deborah Eichhorn
Paul Grace
Kathleen Johnson
FAR EAST OFFICE
Kim Gianopoulos