Nuclear Nonproliferation: Information on Nuclear Exports Controlled by
U.S.-EURATOM Agreement (Letter Report, 06/16/95, GAO/RCED-95-168).

Pursuant to a congressional request, GAO provided information on the
United States-European Atomic Energy Community (EURATOM) agreement,
focusing on the: (1) amount of U.S. nuclear exports to EURATOM and Japan
and U.S.-origin nuclear materials transferred from Japan to EURATOM; (2)
value of U.S. nuclear exports to EURATOM and Japan; and (3) nuclear
industry's views on the potential impact on nuclear commerce if the
U.S.-EURATOM agreement is not renewed.

GAO found that: (1) from 1980 through 1994, the United States exported
about 32.6 million kilograms (kgs) of nuclear materials to EURATOM and
11 million kgs to Japan, and Japan transferred about 4.7 million kgs of
U.S.-origin nuclear materials to EURATOM for reprocessing; (2) various
forms of uranium constituted the majority of the nuclear material
exports and enriched uranium constituted the majority of the U.S.-origin
material transferred to EURATOM; (3) Japan also transferred about 37,187
kgs of U.S.-origin plutonium to EURATOM from 1980 through 1994; (4) no
nuclear power reactors were exported to EURATOM or Japan during this
period, but reactor equipment and components were exported to EURATOM
and Japan under general license agreements; (5) U.S. nuclear materials
exported from 1989 through August 1994 were worth about $1.1 billion for
EURATOM countries and $4 billion for Japan; (6) for fiscal years 1989
through 1993, U.S. enrichment services worth $168 million and $1.6
billion were charged to EURATOM and Japan, respectively; (7) the U.S.
nuclear industry believes that if the U.S.-EURATOM agreement expires,
EURATOM and Japan would seek other non-U.S. suppliers of nuclear
materials and services and the industry would be substantially weakened;
and (8) the expiration of the agreement could seriously affect the
future of the U.S. Enrichment Corporation's uranium enrichment services,
since it would jeopardize $630 million in current contracts and $1.8
billion in potential new contracts.

--------------------------- Indexing Terms -----------------------------

 REPORTNUM:  RCED-95-168
     TITLE:  Nuclear Nonproliferation: Information on Nuclear Exports 
             Controlled by U.S.-EURATOM Agreement
      DATE:  06/16/95
   SUBJECT:  International trade
             Nuclear energy
             Exporting
             International agreements
             Export regulation
             Uranium
             Nuclear reactors
             Energy industry
             Nuclear proliferation
             International cooperation
IDENTIFIER:  Japan
             
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Cover
================================================================ COVER


Report to the Committee on Governmental Affairs, U.S.  Senate

June 1995

NUCLEAR NONPROLIFERATION -
INFORMATION ON NUCLEAR EXPORTS
CONTROLLED BY U.S.-EURATOM
AGREEMENT

GAO/RCED-95-168

Nuclear Nonproliferation


Abbreviations
=============================================================== ABBREV

  DOE - Department of Energy
  EIA - Energy Information Administration
  EURATOM - European Atomic Energy Community
  FY - fiscal year
  HEU - highly enriched uranium
  kgs - kilograms
  LEU - low-enriched uranium
  NMMSS - Nuclear Materials Management and
  Safeguards System
  NRC - Nuclear Regulatory Commission
  USEC - United States Enrichment Corporation
  EXODUSA -

Letter
=============================================================== LETTER


B-261275

June 16, 1995

The Honorable William V.  Roth, Jr.
Chairman
The Honorable John Glenn
Ranking Minority Member
Committee on Governmental Affairs
United States Senate

The Agreement for Cooperation Between the United States of America
and the European Atomic Energy Community Concerning Peaceful Uses of
Atomic Energy (U.S.-EURATOM agreement) expires on December 31, 1995. 
The U.S.-EURATOM agreement controls the exports of certain nuclear
materials--specifically, enriched uranium, natural and depleted
uranium with specific nuclear uses, plutonium, thorium, and nuclear
reactors and their major components and parts--between the United
States and 15 western European countries.\1 If a new agreement is not
concluded before the expiration date, the export of these U.S. 
nuclear materials and components to EURATOM would be prohibited.  In
addition, the expiration of the U.S.-EURATOM agreement would also
prohibit Japan from transferring U.S.-origin nuclear materials to
EURATOM because U.S.-origin nuclear materials cannot be transferred
to countries that do not have in place an agreement for cooperation
with the United States. 

This report responds to your request for information on (1) the
amount of U.S.  nuclear exports to EURATOM and Japan and U.S.-origin
nuclear materials transferred from Japan to EURATOM, (2) the value of
U.S.  nuclear exports to EURATOM and Japan, and (3) the nuclear
industry's views on the potential impact on nuclear commerce with
EURATOM and Japan if the U.S.-EURATOM agreement is not renewed. 


--------------------
\1 EURATOM is composed of 15 countries:  Austria, Belgium, Denmark,
Finland, France, Germany, Greece, Ireland, Italy, Luxembourg, the
Netherlands, Portugal, Spain, Sweden, and the United Kingdom.  These
countries are treated as a single entity for the purposes of trade in
and the transfer of nuclear materials to the United States.  Because
Austria, Finland, and Sweden joined EURATOM in 1995, they are not
included in the data on nuclear exports presented in this report. 


   RESULTS IN BRIEF
------------------------------------------------------------ Letter :1

From 1980 through 1994, the United States exported about 32.6 million
kilograms (kgs) and about 11 million kgs of nuclear materials to
EURATOM and Japan, respectively, and Japan transferred about 4.7
million kgs of U.S.-origin nuclear materials to EURATOM.  Depleted,
natural, and enriched uranium constituted the largest amounts of
nuclear materials exported to EURATOM and Japan.  Depleted uranium is
very dense and can be used in high-impact projectiles and as a
shielding material against radiation.  Both natural and enriched
uranium are used for fuel in nuclear power reactors.  Enriched
uranium constituted the largest amount--totaling about 4.5 million
kgs--of U.S.-origin nuclear material transferred from Japan to
EURATOM during 1980 through 1994.  Japan also transferred a total of
37,187 kgs of U.S.-origin plutonium to EURATOM during this period. 
According to a Nuclear Regulatory Commission (NRC) official, no
nuclear power reactors were exported to EURATOM or Japan from 1980
through 1994.  However, NRC issued licenses for the export of four
major reactor components for use in research and nuclear power
reactors to EURATOM in 1986, 1991, and 1992.  The United States has
also exported nuclear reactor equipment and components to Japan
annually from 1980 through 1994 under NRC's general licenses. 

The U.S.  Department of Commerce has valued U.S.  nuclear materials
exported from 1989 through August 1994 at about $1.1 billion for
EURATOM countries and about $4 billion for Japan.  For fiscal years
1989 through 1993, the value of U.S.  enrichment services charged to
EURATOM and Japan was $168 million and $1.6 billion, respectively. 
According to U.S.  nuclear industry officials, technical and
engineering services related to exported nuclear materials, such as
uranium mining, enrichment, and fuel fabrication, should be factored
into the value of U.S.  nuclear exports. 

According to United States Enrichment Corporation officials, if the
U.S.-EURATOM agreement expires, the future of the Corporation's
uranium enrichment services could be seriously affected.  Corporation
officials estimated that contracts with EURATOM worth approximately
$160 million would terminate and that other contracts worth about
$470 million would be in jeopardy if the agreement expires. 
Furthermore, another $1.8 billion in potential new contracts with
EURATOM and Japan could be lost. 


   BACKGROUND
------------------------------------------------------------ Letter :2

EURATOM, a group of 15 western European countries in the European
Union, was established in 1957 to promote and facilitate the growth
of nuclear industries through the research and development of nuclear
energy in the Union, to ensure a supply of nuclear materials, and to
foster progress in the peaceful uses of nuclear energy.  Figure 1
shows EURATOM's 15 member countries. 

   Figure 1:  Map of EURATOM
   Member Countries

   (See figure in printed
   edition.)

The U.S.-EURATOM agreement was signed in 1958.  According to a State
Department official, the agreement has served as the basis for
substantial and historic peaceful nuclear cooperation and trade
between the United States and the EURATOM countries for nearly 40
years.  Negotiations are currently under way to try to secure a new
U.S.-EURATOM agreement before the present agreement expires at the
end of 1995.  According to a State Department official, if a new
agreement is not concluded prior to the expiration date, significant
nuclear commerce between the two parties must be suspended. 
According to a Department of Energy (DOE) official, the existing
U.S.-EURATOM agreement prohibits the EURATOM countries from using
U.S.-origin nuclear materials or equipment for nuclear weapons or for
other military purposes, and it requires that EURATOM safeguards or
controls be applied to U.S.-origin materials in a EURATOM country. 
These safeguards are augmented by full-scope International Atomic
Energy Agency safeguards in the EURATOM states that do not have
nuclear weapons.  The EURATOM nations are required to obtain U.S. 
consent before transferring U.S.-origin nuclear materials or
equipment to a third party outside of the European Union.  However,
the agreement does not contain any other U.S.  consent rights and
therefore differs significantly from other U.S.  nuclear cooperation
agreements, which contain U.S.  consent rights over the use
(including reprocessing) of U.S.-origin nuclear materials. 


   QUANTITIES OF U.S.  NUCLEAR
   MATERIALS EXPORTED TO EURATOM
   AND JAPAN FROM 1980-94
------------------------------------------------------------ Letter :3

The largest amount of U.S.  nuclear materials exported to EURATOM and
Japan during the last 15 years was made up of depleted, natural, and
enriched uranium.  Table 1 shows the total amount of U.S.  nuclear
materials exported to EURATOM from 1980 through 1994 that are
controlled by the agreement.  Table 2 summarizes the total amount of
nuclear materials exported to Japan during the same period.  (App.  I
contains detailed information on U.S.  exports to EURATOM and Japan.)



                           Table 1
           
              Summary of U.S. Nuclear Materials
                 Exported to EURATOM, 1980-94

                        (In kilograms)

Nuclear material                                    Quantity
----------------------------------------------  ------------
Depleted uranium                                14,649,985.0
                                                          00
Natural uranium                                 11,886,101.0
                                                          00
Enriched uranium                                6,049,307.00
                                                           0
Thorium                                            3,188.000
Uranium-233                                            0.062
Plutonium                                             32.800
Plutonium-242                                          0.094
Plutonium-238                                          0.099
------------------------------------------------------------


                           Table 2
           
              Summary of U.S. Nuclear Materials
                  Exported to Japan, 1980-94

                        (In kilograms)

Nuclear material                                    Quantity
----------------------------------------------  ------------
Enriched uranium                                10,031,810.0
                                                          00
Natural uranium                                  917,621.000
Depleted uranium                                   7,937.000
Thorium                                            2,705.000
Uranium-233                                            0.056
Plutonium                                              2.420
Plutonium-242                                          0.007
Plutonium-238                                          0.019
------------------------------------------------------------

   QUANTITIES OF U.S.-ORIGIN
   NUCLEAR MATERIALS TRANSFERRED
   FROM JAPAN TO EURATOM FROM
   1980-94
------------------------------------------------------------ Letter :4

Japan uses enriched and natural uranium as fuel for nuclear power
reactors.  The used or spent fuel is transferred to EURATOM for
reprocessing, which chemically separates the depleted uranium and
plutonium.  Enriched uranium, totaling 4,542,383 kgs, constituted the
largest amount of U.S.-origin nuclear materials transferred from
Japan to EURATOM.  From 1980 through 1994, Japan transferred to
EURATOM between 115,651 kgs and 404,935 kgs annually of enriched
uranium.  Japan also exported about 37,187 kgs of plutonium to
EURATOM during this period.  Table 3 summarizes the total amount of
U.S.-origin nuclear materials Japan transferred to EURATOM during the
period.  (App.  I contains information on the amount of U.S.-origin
nuclear materials Japan transferred to EURATOM annually during this
period.)



                           Table 3
           
           Summary of U.S.-Origin Nuclear Materials
           Transferred From Japan to EURATOM, 1980-
                              94

                        (In kilograms)

Nuclear material                                    Quantity
----------------------------------------------  ------------
Enriched uranium                                4,542,383.00
                                                           0
Depleted uranium                                  98,178.000
Plutonium                                         37,187.000
------------------------------------------------------------

   EXPORTS OF REACTORS AND REACTOR
   COMPONENTS
------------------------------------------------------------ Letter :5

According to NRC officials, no nuclear power reactors were exported
to EURATOM or Japan from 1980 through 1994.  However, NRC issued
licenses for the export of four major reactor components for use in
research and nuclear power reactors to EURATOM in 1986, 1991, and
1992.  In addition, nuclear reactor equipment and components have
been exported by the United States to Japan annually between 1980 and
1994 under NRC's general licenses. 


   DOLLAR VALUE OF U.S.  NUCLEAR
   EXPORTS TO EURATOM AND JAPAN
   FROM 1989 THROUGH AUGUST 1994
------------------------------------------------------------ Letter :6

We obtained the dollar values of the uranium and plutonium exports
from the Department of Commerce's National Trade Data Base.  However,
this data base excludes the cost of loading the merchandise aboard
the exporting carrier and also excludes freight, insurance, and any
other charges or transportation costs beyond the port of exportation. 
The reliability of the data also depends on the accuracy of reporting
by shippers on their export declarations.  According to the
Department of Commerce's data base, the dollar value of U.S.  exports
to EURATOM countries of uranium (natural, enriched, and depleted) and
plutonium in 1989 through August 1994 was about $1.1 billion.  The
value of these U.S.  exports to Japan for the same period was about
$4 billion.  (App.  II contains detailed information on the dollar
value of U.S.  exports to EURATOM and Japan.)


      U.S.  URANIUM ENRICHMENT
      SERVICES
---------------------------------------------------------- Letter :6.1

According to U.S.  nuclear industry officials, the services related
to exported nuclear materials, such as uranium mining, enrichment,
and fuel fabrication, should be factored into the value of U.S. 
nuclear exports.  In the past, DOE provided uranium enrichment
services to EURATOM and Japan.  In 1993, uranium enrichment services
were transferred to the U.S.  Enrichment Corporation (USEC), a
government-owned corporation, which was created to operate the
U.S.-owned uranium enrichment plants and to market enrichment
services.  We contacted DOE and USEC to obtain the amount billed to
EURATOM and Japan for enrichment services from 1989 through 1994. 
According to information from DOE, EURATOM was billed a total of
$167,527,507 for enrichment services in fiscal years 1989 through
1993.  Japan was billed a total of $1,593,567,205 for the same
period.  DOE's billings under EURATOM and Japanese contracts, by
fiscal year (FY), are shown in figure 2. 

   Figure 2:  DOE's Revenues for
   Uranium Enrichment Services for
   FYs 1989-93

   (See figure in printed
   edition.)

Note:  DOE's uranium enrichment services were transferred to USEC
after FY 1993. 

Source:  DOE's Oak Ridge Operations Office. 

The amounts billed by DOE included the cost of enriching the uranium
delivered to the enrichment plant and of packaging and handling the
services at the enrichment plant.  The enriched uranium is delivered
to the customer at the enrichment plant, but its cost does not
include any subsequent services, such as fabricating reactor fuel
assemblies.  According to USEC, the amount billed under Japanese
contracts for the period from 1989 through 1994 was $350 million to
$400 million per year. 


   U.S.  NUCLEAR INDUSTRY'S VIEWS
   ON POTENTIAL IMPACT OF
   NONRENEWAL OF AGREEMENT ON
   NUCLEAR COMMERCE WITH EURATOM
   AND JAPAN
------------------------------------------------------------ Letter :7

Industry representatives anticipate that if the U.S.-EURATOM
agreement is allowed to expire, EURATOM and Japan would turn to other
suppliers of nuclear products and services outside the United States. 
U.S.  participation in the European nuclear markets would be greatly
reduced.  In addition, because Japan also exports U.S.-origin spent
fuel to EURATOM for reprocessing, Japan would be less likely to
purchase uranium fuel sources from the United States in the future. 
The absence of a U.S.-EURATOM agreement would prohibit Japan from
transferring this U.S.-origin spent fuel for reprocessing in any
EURATOM country. 

Furthermore, these industry representatives point out that part of
nuclear commerce includes relationships with the customers and the
guarantee of reliable supply and services to them.  A break in any of
these ties, such as a failure to renew the U.S.-EURATOM agreement,
would weaken the U.S.  nuclear industry substantially, because the
industry needs both its domestic and foreign markets.  U.S.  nuclear
industry representatives stated that the nuclear industry is a market
industry that can exist only in a global environment. 

According to USEC officials, if the U.S.-EURATOM agreement for
cooperation expires, USEC's future enrichment services would be
seriously affected.  Specifically, existing contracts with EURATOM,
worth approximately $160 million, could be terminated.  Other
contracts, valued at approximately $470 million, would be in
jeopardy.  Another $1.8 billion in potential new business from
EURATOM and Japan might be lost.  According to a nuclear industry
representative, the U.S.  share of the European nuclear industry
market currently is about $100 million and may reach $300 million
annually after the year 2000.  In addition, Japan currently is the
largest single foreign purchaser from U.S.  suppliers of nuclear
power systems equipment, materials, and services.  In the next 5
years, according to industry officials, anticipated U.S. 
participation in construction, equipment, start-up services, spare
parts, and fuel for 10 nuclear power plants in Japan is expected to
amount to about $500 million to $800 million annually throughout the
plants' lives. 


   AGENCY COMMENTS
------------------------------------------------------------ Letter :8

During May 1995, we provided drafts of this report to officials in
NRC and the Departments of Commerce, Energy, and State to obtain
their comments on the facts presented in this report.  In general,
these officials agreed with the facts presented in the draft report. 
NRC officials, including the Director, Division of Nonproliferation,
Exports, and Multilateral Relations, Office of International
Programs, made several editorial suggestions to improve the clarity
of the information and noted that they had some questions about the
Department of Commerce's National Trade Data Bank information
presented in table II.8 in appendix II.  In particular, NRC officials
stated that they were puzzled by the reported plutonium sales to some
of the listed countries, especially Denmark, Greece, and Portugal. 
According to the NRC officials, these countries have very small
nuclear research programs and no nuclear power programs; thus, they
doubt that these countries have in fact imported plutonium from the
United States.  In addition, NRC stated that NRC's export licensing
data base shows no licenses for exports to Greece or Portugal, one
small (0.005 kg) plutonium export case for Denmark, and only three
plutonium export cases for Spain.  However, NRC noted that
U.S.-supplied nuclear materials to any country within EURATOM can be
freely transferred within EURATOM without prior notification to, or
approval by, the United States.  Thus, according to NRC, it is
possible, although not considered likely, that U.S.-supplied
plutonium has gone to the countries in question and has been reported
to the Department of Commerce's National Trade Data Bank system
without appearing in NRC's export licensing records.  (The text of
NRC's comments appears in app.  III.)

In their review of the draft, Department of Commerce officials,
including officials at the Bureau of Export Administration,
acknowledged the differences in NRC's export licensing data base,
DOE's data base, and the National Trade Data Bank's data.  However,
neither the Department of Commerce nor DOE has determined why these
data bases differ.  According to the Department of Commerce
officials, they may, at a later date, examine why these differences
exist.  According to a DOE official, DOE is attempting to determine
why the differences exist between the data bases.  It was not within
the scope of our review to determine why the various data bases
differ.  (The text of the Department of Commerce's comments appears
in app.  IV.)

DOE officials, including the Acting Director, Office of
Nonproliferation and National Security, reviewed the draft and had no
comments on the facts presented.  DOE stated that it is confident
that a new U.S.-EURATOM agreement will be achieved before the
December 31, 1995, expiration of the current agreement.  (The text of
the Department of Energy's comments appears in app.  V.) The State
Department's Foreign Affairs Officer, Office of Nuclear Energy
Affairs, Bureau of Political-Military Affairs, reviewed the draft and
had no comments on the facts presented in the report.  (The text of
the Department of State's comments appears in app.  VI.)


   SCOPE AND METHODOLOGY
------------------------------------------------------------ Letter :9

To determine what nuclear commerce items are subject to export
controls under the U.S.-EURATOM agreement, we interviewed officials
in NRC's Office of International Programs, Division of
Nonproliferation, Exports, and Multilateral Relations.  We reviewed
the export license requirements covered by 10 C.F.R.  part 110.  In
addition, we obtained data on NRC's approved licenses for U.S. 
nuclear material exports to EURATOM and Japan for 1980 through 1994
(the period selected was judgmental) from NRC's Office of
International Programs, Division of Nonproliferation, Exports, and
Multilateral Relations. 

To determine what data bases contain data on nuclear material
exports, we interviewed officials at DOE's Energy Information
Administration (EIA); the Program Manager for DOE's Nuclear Materials
Management and Safeguards System (NMMSS), and NMMSS officials at the
Oak Ridge Operations Office in Oak Ridge, Tennessee; officials at the
Customs EXODUS Command Center; NRC officials in the Office of
International Programs, Division of Nonproliferation, Exports, and
Multilateral Relations; and U.S.  nuclear industry representatives,
including the Nuclear Energy Institute, General Electric, Energy
Resources International, Inc., and Edlow International, Inc.  On the
basis of these discussions, we found that the best data available on
U.S.  nuclear exports are contained in the NMMSS data base, which
accounts for U.S.  nuclear material exports controlled under the
U.S.-EURATOM agreement.  The information on exported nuclear
materials and U.S.-origin materials transferred from Japan to EURATOM
in the NMMSS data base is collected from DOE and NRC forms.  These
forms are filled out by parties involved in the shipment of these
materials.  According to an NMMSS official, the data in the NMMSS
data base reflect the amounts of nuclear materials that were actually
exported or transferred from one country to another country. 

To obtain the DOE/NMMSS export information, we worked with DOE/NMMSS
staff at the Oak Ridge Operations Office in Oak Ridge, Tennessee, and
NRC officials in the Office of International Programs, Division of
Nonproliferation, Exports, and Multilateral Relations.  However, we
did not independently verify the accuracy of these data. 

To determine the dollar value of uranium and plutonium exports to
EURATOM countries and Japan, we obtained available data (1989-Aug. 
1994) from the Department of Commerce's National Trade Data Bank. 
The accuracy of these data depends largely on the accuracy of the
reporting by shippers in their export declarations.  We did not
independently verify the accuracy and completeness of the data.  We
recognize that DOE's and the Department of Commerce's data show
different quantities of nuclear material exports.  Both DOE and
Department of Commerce officials also acknowledge the differences in
these data.  However, it was not within the scope of this review to
determine why the various data bases differ.  According to a DOE
official, DOE is attempting to determine why the two data bases
differ.  According to Department of Commerce officials, they may, at
a later date, examine why these differences exist. 

We interviewed nuclear industry officials, NRC officials, DOE/NMMSS
staff, EIA officials, and officials from the State Department to
obtain information on the nuclear commerce subject to the
U.S.-EURATOM agreement.  We also interviewed USEC officials to obtain
available data (FYs 1989-93) on the value of enrichment services
provided by DOE and USEC. 


---------------------------------------------------------- Letter :9.1

Our work was performed between September 1994 and May 1995 in
accordance with generally accepted government auditing standards. 

As arranged with your offices, unless you publicly announce its
contents earlier, we plan no further distribution of this report
until 15 days from the date of this letter.  At that time, we will
send copies to the Secretaries of Commerce, Energy, and State and to
the Chairman, Nuclear Regulatory Commission.  We will make copies
available to others on request. 

Please call me at (202) 512-3841 if you or your staff have any
questions.  Major contributors to this report are listed in appendix
VI. 

Victor S.  Rezendes
Director, Energy and
 Science Issues


U.S.  NUCLEAR MATERIAL EXPORTS TO
EURATOM AND JAPAN
=========================================================== Appendix I


      U.S.  EXPORTS TO EURATOM
------------------------------------------------------- Appendix I:0.1

   Figure I.1:  U.S.  Exports to
   EURATOM--Natural Uranium,
   1980-94

   (See figure in printed
   edition.)

Note:  Nuclear Materials Management and Safeguards System's (NMMSS)
data are expressed by element weight. 

Source:  NMMSS, Department of Energy (DOE). 

Figure I.1 shows that U.S.  exports of natural uranium to EURATOM
ranged from 4,324 kilograms (kgs) to 1,811,478 kgs annually during
1980 through 1994.  The total amount of natural uranium exported was
11,886,101 kgs during this period.  Natural uranium is used for fuel
in some nuclear power reactors, but it is usually enriched or used
for blending to produce low-enriched fuel. 

   Figure I.2:  U.S.  Exports to
   EURATOM--Enriched Uranium,
   1980-94

   (See figure in printed
   edition.)

Notes:
1.  Enriched uranium contains U-235.
2.  NMMSS' data are expressed by element weight. 

Source:  NMMSS, DOE. 

Figure I.2 shows that U.S.  exports of enriched uranium to EURATOM
ranged from 197,186 kgs to 615,415 kgs annually during 1980 through
1994.  The total amount of enriched uranium exported was 6,049,307
kgs during this period.  Enriched uranium contains 0.711 percent of
the isotope uranium-235.  Examples of enriched uranium's typical uses
include fuel for commercial power reactors (low-enriched uranium) and
research reactor fuel (highly enriched uranium). 

   Figure I.3:  U.S.  Exports to
   EURATOM--Depleted Uranium,
   1980-94

   (See figure in printed
   edition.)

Note:  Depleted uranium contains U-235. 

Source:  NMMSS, DOE. 

Figure I.3 shows that U.S.  exports to EURATOM of depleted uranium,
with nuclear end use, ranged from 3,086 kgs to 10,286,236 kgs
annually during 1980 through 1994.  A total of 14,649,985 kgs were
exported during this period.  Depleted uranium also contains
uranium-235 but contains less than 0.711 percent of this isotope. 
Depleted uranium is very dense and can be used in high-impact
projectiles and as a shielding material against radiation. 

   Figure I.4:  U.S.  Exports to
   EURATOM--Thorium, 1980-94

   (See figure in printed
   edition.)

Note:  NMMSS' data are expressed by element weight. 

Source:  NMMSS, DOE. 

Figure I.4 shows that U.S.  exports of thorium to EURATOM ranged from
0 to 2,517 kgs annually during 1980 through 1994.  A total of 3,188
kgs of thorium were exported during this period.  According to a DOE
official, thorium is used for research and development purposes. 

   Figure I.5:  U.S.  Exports to
   EURATOM--Uranium-233, 1980-94

   (See figure in printed
   edition.)

Notes:
1.  NMMSS' data are expressed by element weight.
2.  Uranium-233 is stated in grams because the quantities are too
small to be expressed in kilograms. 

Source:  NMMSS, DOE. 

Figure I.5 shows that U.S.  exports of uranium-233 to EURATOM ranged
from 0 to 26 grams annually during 1980 through 1994.  A total of 62
grams of uranium-233 were exported during this period.  According to
the NRC, this uranium-233 was for use as standard samples in
laboratory analyses and tests. 


      U.S.  EXPORTS OF PLUTONIUM
      TO EURATOM
------------------------------------------------------- Appendix I:0.2

   Figure I.6:  U.S.  Exports to
   EURATOM--Plutonium, 1980-94

   (See figure in printed
   edition.)

Note:  Plutonium is stated in grams because the quantities are too
small to be expressed in kilograms. 

Source:  NMMSS, DOE. 

Figure I.6 shows that U.S.  exports of plutonium to EURATOM ranged
from 0 to 32,307 grams, or 32.3 kgs, annually during 1980 through
1994.  A total of 32,793 grams, or 32.8 kgs, were exported during
this period.  According to DOE, the plutonium category in the NMMSS
includes all plutonium that contains less than 20 percent of the
plutonium-242 isotope.  This category may also include the isotopes
plutonium-239, -240 and -241.  Plutonium in this category has
research uses. 

   Figure I.7:  U.S.  Exports to
   EURATOM--Plutonium-242, 1980-94

   (See figure in printed
   edition.)

Notes:
1.  NMMSS' data are expressed by element weight.
2.  Plutonium that contains more than 20 percent of plutonium-242 is
reported to NMMSS as plutonium-242.
3.  Plutonium-242 is stated in grams because the quantities are too
small to be expressed in kilograms. 

Source:  NMMSS, DOE. 

Figure I.7 shows that U.S.  exports of plutonium-242 to EURATOM
ranged from 0 to 41 grams annually during 1980 through 1994.  A total
of 94 grams were exported during this period.  This category includes
all plutonium that has greater than 20 percent of plutonium-242. 
According to NRC, plutonium-242 is used for research purposes in
calibrating equipment, such as mass spectrometers used in research
institutes. 

   Figure I.8:  U.S.  Exports to
   EURATOM--Plutonium-238, 1980-94

   (See figure in printed
   edition.)

Notes:
1.  NMMSS' data are expressed by element weight.
2.  Plutonium-238 is stated in grams because the quantities are too
small to be expressed in kilograms. 

Source:  NMMSS, DOE. 

Figure I.8 shows that U.S.  exports of plutonium-238 to EURATOM
ranged from 0 to 83 grams annually during 1980 through 1994.  A total
of 99 grams of plutonium-238 were exported during this period. 
According to DOE and NRC, plutonium-238 can be used for research and
thermionic heating sources. 


      U.S.  EXPORTS TO JAPAN
------------------------------------------------------- Appendix I:0.3

   Figure I.9:  U.S.  Exports to
   Japan--Enriched Uranium,
   1980-94

   (See figure in printed
   edition.)

Note:  NMMSS' data are expressed by element weight. 

Source:  NMMSS, DOE. 

Figure I.9 shows that U.S.  exports of enriched uranium to Japan
ranged from 331,067 kgs to 823,421 kgs annually during 1980 through
1994.  A total of 10,031,810 kgs were exported during this period. 

   Figure I.10:  U.S.  Exports to
   Japan--Natural Uranium, 1980-94

   (See figure in printed
   edition.)

Note:  NMMSS' data are expressed by element weight. 

Source:  NMMSS, DOE. 

Figure I.10 shows that U.S.  exports of natural uranium to Japan
ranged from 1 kg to 301,883 kgs annually during 1980 through 1994.  A
total of 917,621 kilograms of natural uranium were exported during
this period. 

   Figure I.11:  U.S.  Exports to
   Japan--Depleted Uranium,
   1980-94

   (See figure in printed
   edition.)

Note:  NMMSS' data are expressed by element weight. 

Source:  NMMSS, DOE. 

Figure I.11 shows that U.S.  exports of depleted uranium to Japan
ranged from 0 to 7,502 kgs annually during 1980 through 1994.  A
total of 7,937 kgs of depleted uranium were exported during this
period. 

   Figure I.12:  U.S.  Exports to
   Japan--Thorium, 1980-94

   (See figure in printed
   edition.)

Note:  NMMSS' data are expressed by element weight. 

Source:  NMMSS, DOE. 

Figure I.12 shows that U.S.  exports of thorium to Japan ranged from
0 to 475 kgs annually during 1980 through 1994.  A total of 2,705 kgs
were exported during this period. 

   Figure I.13:  U.S.  Exports to
   Japan--Uranium-233, 1980-94

   (See figure in printed
   edition.)

Notes:
1.  NMMSS' data are expressed by element weight.
2.  Uranium-233 is stated in grams because the quantities are too
small to be expressed in kilograms. 

Source:  NMMSS, DOE. 

Figure I.13 shows that U.S.  exports of uranium-233 to Japan ranged
from 0 to 20 grams annually during 1980 through 1994.  A total of 56
grams were exported during this period. 


      U.S.  EXPORTS TO JAPAN OF
      PLUTONIUM
------------------------------------------------------- Appendix I:0.4

   Figure I.14:  U.S.  Exports to
   Japan--Plutonium, 1980-94

   (See figure in printed
   edition.)

Notes:
1.  NMMSS' data are expressed by element weight.
2.  Plutonium is stated in grams because the quantities are too small
to be expressed in kilograms. 

Source:  NMMSS, DOE. 

Figure I.14 shows that U.S.  exports of plutonium to Japan ranged
from 0 to 1,949 grams, or 1.95 kgs, annually during 1980 through
1994.  The total amount of plutonium exported during this period was
2,420 grams, or 2.42 kgs.  These exports, like the exports to
EURATOM, are used as laboratory standards and for research purposes,
according to NRC. 

   Figure I.15:  U.S.  Exports to
   Japan--Plutonium-242, 1980-94

   (See figure in printed
   edition.)

Notes:
1.  NMMSS' data are expressed by element weight.
2.  Plutonium-242 is stated in grams because the quantities are too
small to be expressed in kilograms. 

Source:  NMMSS, DOE. 

Figure I.15 shows that U.S.  exports of plutonium-242 to Japan ranged
from 0 to 3 grams annually, during 1980 through 1994.  A total of 7
grams were exported during this period.  Like EURATOM, Japan uses
plutonium-242 as laboratory standards and for research purposes. 

   Figure I.16:  U.S.  Exports to
   Japan--Plutonium-238, 1980-94

   (See figure in printed
   edition.)

Notes:
1.  NMMSS' data are expressed by element weight.
2.  Plutonium-238 is stated in grams because the quantities are too
small to be expressed in kilograms. 

Source:  NMMSS, DOE. 

Figure I.16 shows that U.S.  exports of plutonium-238 to Japan ranged
from 0 to 15 grams annually during 1980 through 1994.  A total of 19
grams were exported during this period. 


      U.S.-ORIGIN NUCLEAR MATERIAL
      TRANSFERRED FROM JAPAN TO
      EURATOM
------------------------------------------------------- Appendix I:0.5

   Figure I.17:  U.S.-Origin
   Enriched Uranium Exported From
   Japan to EURATOM, 1980-94

   (See figure in printed
   edition.)

Note:  NMMSS' data are expressed by element weight. 

Source:  NMMSS, DOE. 

Figure I.17 shows that U.S.-origin enriched uranium transferred from
Japan to EURATOM ranged from 115,651 kgs to 404,935 kgs annually
during 1980 through 1994.  Japan transferred a total of 4,542,383 kgs
of U.S.-origin enriched uranium to EURATOM during this period. 

   Figure I.18:  U.S.-Origin
   Depleted Uranium Exported From
   Japan to EURATOM, 1980-94

   (See figure in printed
   edition.)

Note:  NMMSS' data are expressed by element weight. 

Source:  NMMSS, DOE. 

Figure I.18 shows that U.S.-origin depleted uranium transferred from
Japan to EURATOM ranged from 0 to 23,822 kgs annually during 1980
through 1994.  A total of 98,178 kgs were exported during this
period. 

   Figure I.19:  U.S.-Origin
   Plutonium Exported From Japan
   to EURATOM, 1980-94

   (See figure in printed
   edition.)

Note:  NMMSS' data are expressed by element weight. 

Source:  NMMSS, DOE. 

Figure I.19 shows that U.S.-origin plutonium transferred from Japan
to EURATOM ranged from 780 kgs to 3,433 kgs annually during 1980
through 1994.  A total of 37,187 kgs were exported by Japan to
EURATOM during this period. 


DOLLAR VALUES AND AMOUNTS OF U.S. 
EXPORTS TO EURATOM COUNTRIES AND
JAPAN
========================================================== Appendix II

We obtained the dollar values for uranium and plutonium exports from
the Department of Commerce's National Trade Data Bank.  According to
the Department of Commerce, the data bank was established by the
Omnibus Trade and Competitiveness Act of 1988 to provide "reasonable
public access" to an Export Promotion data system and an
International Economic data system from 15 federal agencies.  The
export data bank contains statistics on the values of U.S.  exports
measured at the U.S.  port of export.  The value of a nuclear export
item (material or component) is based on the transaction price,
including inland freight, insurance, and the other charges incurred
in placing the freight alongside the carrier at the U.S.  port of
export.  The value excludes the cost of loading the merchandise
aboard the exporting carrier and also excludes freight, insurance,
and any other charges or transportation costs beyond the port of
export.  These statistics, however, do not always reflect the value
as defined above, as exporters sometimes find it difficult to assign
a value in accordance with this definition.  The extent to which the
statistics reflect this state depends largely on the accuracy of
reporting by shippers on their export declarations. 

We used information from the export data bank to identify the total
value and quantities for the commodities uranium and plutonium
shipped by the United States to EURATOM countries and Japan.  The
data bank information covered the period for calendar years 1989
through August 1994.  Tables II.1 through II.11 show the dollar
values and amounts of uranium and plutonium exports to EURATOM
countries, and tables II.9 through II.11 show the U.S.  dollar values
and amounts of U.S.  exports to Japan. 



                                    Table II.1
                     
                     Dollar Values of U.S. Exports of Nuclear
                       Materials to EURATOM, 1989-Aug.1994

                              (Thousands of dollars)

Material        1994      1993      1992      1991      1990      1989     Total
----------  --------  --------  --------  --------  --------  --------  --------
Natural      $ 6,436  $ 10,473  $ 43,865   $ 7,176   $ 8,044  $ 53,546         $
 uranium                                                                 129,540
Enriched     172,611   165,430   150,798   138,651   129,421   204,442   961,353
 uranium
Depleted       4,149     2,156     1,588     4,616     2,635     2,988    18,132
 uranium
Plutonium      4,130     8,653     5,096     5,283     5,323     6,596    35,081
================================================================================
Total       $187,326  $186,712  $201,347  $155,726  $145,423  $267,572  $1,144,1
                                                                              06
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Source:  National Trade Data Bank, Department of Commerce. 



                                    Table II.2
                     
                     Dollar Values of U.S. Exports of Natural
                       Uranium Metal, Compounds, and Ore to
                         EURATOM Countries, 1989-Aug.1994

                              (Thousands of dollars)

Country         1994      1993      1992      1991      1990      1989     Total
----------  --------  --------  --------  --------  --------  --------  --------
Denmark          $ 4       $ 0       $ 0       $ 0       $ 0      $ 10      $ 14
France             0     6,000        20     1,529         5    24,154    31,708
Germany            0        51        50        31       180         0       312
Italy              0         0         0         0         0         2         2
Netherland         0     4,176       522       554        75        67     5,394
 s
Spain              0         0         5     3,397         0         0     3,402
United         6,432       246    43,268     1,665     7,784    29,313    88,708
 Kingdom
================================================================================
Total         $6,436   $10,473   $43,865    $7,176    $8,044   $53,546  $129,540
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Source:  National Trade Data Bank, Department of Commerce. 



                                    Table II.3
                     
                        Amounts of U.S. Exports of Natural
                       Uranium Metal, Compounds, and Ore to
                         EURATOM Countries, 1989-Aug.1994

                                  (In kilograms)

Country         1994      1993      1992      1991      1990      1989     Total
----------  --------  --------  --------  --------  --------  --------  --------
Denmark            1         0         0         0         0       132       133
France             0     9,282        10    20,432        23   479,861   509,608
Germany            0       120       111     3,945     2,228         0     6,404
Italy              0         0         0         0         0        22        22
Netherland         0    18,520    33,696    12,287       436       218    65,157
 s
Spain              0         0         3    14,515         0         0    14,518
United       184,752     1,329   496,727    61,816   165,520   362,764  1,272,90
 Kingdom                                                                       8
================================================================================
Total        184,753    29,251   530,547   112,995   168,207   842,997  1,868,75
                                                                               0
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Source:  National Trade Data Bank, Department of Commerce. 



                                    Table II.4
                     
                         Dollar Values of U.S. Exports of
                      Enriched Uranium Compounds to EURATOM
                             Countries, 1989-Aug.1994

                              (Thousands of dollars)

Country         1994      1993      1992      1991      1990      1989     Total
----------  --------  --------  --------  --------  --------  --------  --------
Belgium          $ 0       $ 0       $ 0       $ 0       $ 6      $ 52      $ 58
Denmark            0         0         0       535         0         0       535
France        34,003       123    38,033    16,676    12,363    30,990   132,188
Germany       92,113   141,617    91,508   101,216    97,471   104,877   628,802
Ireland            0        21         0         0         0         0        21
Italy              0         7        10         0         0         0        17
Netherland         0         0         0         0     1,649        13     1,662
 s
Spain         20,905    13,953     1,965     4,750       858     2,303    44,734
United        25,590     9,709    19,282    15,474    17,074    66,207   153,336
 Kingdom
================================================================================
Total       $172,611  $165,430  $150,798  $138,651  $129,421  $204,442  $961,353
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Source:  National Trade Data Bank, Department of Commerce. 



                                    Table II.5
                     
                       Amounts of U.S. Exports of Enriched
                     Uranium Compounds to EURATOM Countries,
                                  1989-Aug.1994

                                  (In kilograms)

Country         1994      1993      1992      1991      1990      1989     Total
----------  --------  --------  --------  --------  --------  --------  --------
Belgium            0         0         0         0        29       974     1,003
Denmark            0         0         0       492         0         0       492
France        26,049       142    66,631    15,503    27,295    41,226   176,846
Germany      155,035   322,693   377,638   731,611   749,373   346,440  2,682,79
                                                                               0
Ireland            0        14         0         0         0         0        14
Italy              0         1        46         0         0         0        47
Netherland         0         0         0         0    10,869        39    10,908
 s
Spain         47,588    24,057    35,930   190,234    55,358    24,471   377,638
United        41,234    18,037    37,415    33,367    17,039    65,492   212,584
 Kingdom
================================================================================
Total        269,906   364,944   517,660   971,207   859,963   478,642  3,462,32
                                                                               2
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Source:  National Trade Data Bank, Department of Commerce. 



                                    Table II.6
                     
                         Dollar Values of U.S. Exports of
                      Depleted Uranium Compounds to EURATOM
                             Countries, 1989-Aug.1994

                              (Thousands of dollars)

Country         1994      1993      1992      1991      1990      1989     Total
----------  --------  --------  --------  --------  --------  --------  --------
Belgium          $ 0       $ 0       $ 0      $ 20      $ 31       $ 0       $51
Denmark            0         0         0         0         0         6         6
France         2,116       542         0         0         5         0     2,663
Germany          210         0         0       448     1,286         0     1,944
Netherland         7         0         0         0         0         0         7
 s
United         1,816     1,614     1,588     4,148     1,313     2,982    13,461
 Kingdom
================================================================================
Total         $4,149    $2,156    $1,588    $4,616    $2,635    $2,988   $18,132
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Source:  National Trade Data Bank, Department of Commerce. 



                                    Table II.7
                     
                       Amounts of U.S. Exports of Depleted
                     Uranium Compounds to EURATOM Countries,
                                  1989-Aug.1994

                                  (In kilograms)

Country         1994      1993      1992      1991      1990      1989     Total
----------  --------  --------  --------  --------  --------  --------  --------
Belgium            0         0         0        41     1,144         0     1,185
Denmark            0         0         0         0         0       169       169
France       176,786    44,882         0         0        45         0   221,713
Germany          114         0         0    42,844    52,380         0    95,338
Netherland        24         0         0         0         0         0        24
 s
United        23,602    24,664    29,535    98,668    14,768    47,389   238,626
 Kingdom
================================================================================
Total        200,526    69,546    29,535   141,553    68,337    47,558   557,055
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Source:  National Trade Data Bank, Department of Commerce. 



                                    Table II.8
                     
                         Dollar Values of U.S. Exports of
                      Plutonium to EURATOM Countries, 1989-
                                    Aug. 1994

                              (Thousands of dollars)

Country         1994      1993      1992      1991      1990      1989     Total
----------  --------  --------  --------  --------  --------  --------  --------
Belgium        $ 359     $ 428     $ 468     $ 467     $ 402     $ 246   $ 2,370
Denmark           23        36         3        69        31        44       206
France           852     1,068       911       608     1,106     2,012     6,557
Germany          716     4,926     1,100     1,223     1,205     1,108    10,278
Greece            15        28        27         8         7         7        92
Ireland            0         0         0         0         0         6         6
Italy            651       905     1,295     1,443     1,043     1,135     6,472
Netherland       133       280       211       256       340       511     1,731
 s
Portugal          14         0         6        20        83        13       136
Spain          1,032       410       431       605       553       521     3,552
United           335       572       644       584       553       993     3,681
 Kingdom
================================================================================
Total         $4,130    $8,653    $5,096    $5,283    $5,323    $6,596   $35,081
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Source:  National Trade Data Bank, Department of Commerce. 



                                    Table II.9
                     
                     Dollar Values of U.S. Exports of Uranium
                             to Japan, 1989-Aug. 1994

                              (Thousands of dollars)

                                           Natural  Enriched  Depleted
Calendar year                              uranium   uranium   uranium     Total
----------------------------------------  --------  --------  --------  --------
1994                                          $ 19         $       $ 0         $
                                                     410,484             410,503
1993                                        31,878   698,321         9   730,208
1992                                        59,110   654,987         0   714,097
1991                                        43,738   678,913         4   722,655
1990                                         7,377   598,390       359   606,126
1989                                       191,140   539,839         0   730,979
================================================================================
Total                                     $333,262  $3,580,9      $372  $3,914,5
                                                          34                  68
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Source:  National Trade Data Bank, Department of Commerce. 



                                   Table II.10
                     
                      Amounts of U.S. Exports of Uranium to
                              Japan, 1989-Aug. 1994

                                  (In kilograms)

                                           Natural  Enriched  Depleted
Calendar year                              uranium   uranium   uranium     Total
----------------------------------------  --------  --------  --------  --------
1994                                           270   418,842         0   419,112
1993                                       164,139   776,424        22   940,585
1992                                        80,137   959,002         0  1,039,13
                                                                               9
1991                                       127,914   927,724        12  1,055,65
                                                                               0
1990                                       133,159  1,170,44     1,609  1,305,21
                                                           3                   1
1989                                       359,530   795,574         0  1,155,10
                                                                               4
================================================================================
Total                                      865,149  5,048,00     1,643  5,914,80
                                                           9                   1
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Source:  National Trade Data Bank, Department of Commerce. 



                                   Table II.11
                     
                         Dollar Values of U.S. Exports of
                        Plutonium to Japan, 1989-Aug. 1994

                              (Thousands of dollars)

Calendar year                                                             Amount
--------------------------------------------------  ----------------------------
1994                                                                     $ 1,009
1993                                                                       1,128
1992                                                                       2,268
1991                                                                       1,732
1990                                                                       1,232
1989                                                                       3,006
================================================================================
Total                                                                    $10,375
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Source:  National Trade Data Bank, Department of Commerce. 




(See figure in printed edition.)Appendix III
COMMENTS FROM THE NUCLEAR
REGULATORY COMMISSION
========================================================== Appendix II




(See figure in printed edition.)Appendix IV
COMMENTS FROM THE DEPARTMENT OF
COMMERCE
========================================================== Appendix II




(See figure in printed edition.)Appendix V
COMMENTS FROM THE DEPARTMENT OF
ENERGY
========================================================== Appendix II




(See figure in printed edition.)Appendix VI
COMMENTS FROM THE DEPARTMENT OF
STATE
========================================================== Appendix II


MAJOR CONTRIBUTORS TO THIS REPORT
========================================================= Appendix VII

RESOURCES, COMMUNITY, AND ECONOMIC
DEVELOPMENT DIVISION, WASHINGTON,
D.C. 

Bernice Steinhart, Associate
 Director, Energy and Science Issues
Gene Aloise, Assistant Director
Mary Alice A.  Hayward, Evaluator-in-Charge
Thomas J.  Flaherty, Senior Evaluator
Mario Zavala, Senior Evaluator
Duane G.  Fitzgerald, Nuclear Engineer

