Defense of Marriage Act (Letter Report, 01/31/97, GAO/OGC-97-16).
Pursuant to a congressional request, GAO identified federal laws in
which benefits, rights, and privileges are contingent on marital status.
GAO found that: (1) it conducted searches for various words or word
stems chosen to elicit marital status, in several electronic databases
that contain the text of federal laws; (2) this collection of laws is as
complete and representative as can be produced by a global electronic
search of the kind GAO conducted; (3) its data include only laws
classified to the United States Code; and (4) no conclusions can be
drawn from its identification of a law as one in which marital status is
a factor, concerning the effect of the law on married people versus
single people.
--------------------------- Indexing Terms -----------------------------
REPORTNUM: OGC-97-16
TITLE: Defense of Marriage Act
DATE: 01/31/97
SUBJECT: Statutory law
Beneficiaries
Legal rights
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GAO/OGC-97-16
B-275860
January 31, 1997
The Honorable Henry J. Hyde
Chairman, Committee on the Judiciary
House of Representatives
Dear Mr. Chairman:
The Defense of Marriage Act,[1] which became law on September 21 of
last year, defines "marriage" as "a legal union between one man and
one woman as husband and wife"; similarly it defines "spouse" as
referring "only to a person of the opposite sex who is a husband or a
wife." Because the Act makes both definitions apply "[i]n determining
the meaning of any Act of Congress," it potentially affects the
interpretation of a wide variety of federal laws in which marital
status is a factor.
In connection with the enactment of the Defense of Marriage Act, you
asked us, in your September 5, 1996, letter, to identify federal laws
in which benefits, rights, and privileges are contingent on marital
status. Your staff agreed that we should identify more generally all
those laws in the United States Code in which marital status is a
factor, even though some of these laws may not directly create
benefits, rights, or privileges.
To find laws that meet these criteria, we conducted searches for
various words or word stems ("marr," "spouse," "widow," etc.), chosen
to elicit marital status, in several electronic databases that contain
the text of federal laws. From the collection of laws in the United
States Code that we found through those searches, we eliminated (1)
laws that included one or more of our search terms but that were not
relevant to your request[2] and (2) as agreed with your staff, any
laws enacted after the Defense of Marriage Act. The result is a
collection of 1049 federal laws classified to the United States Code
in which marital status is a factor.
This collection of laws is as complete and representative as can be
produced by a global electronic search of the kind we conducted, but
such a search has several limitations. Most significantly, it cannot
capture every individual law in the United States Code in which
marital status figures. However, we believe that the probability is
high that it has identified those programs in the Code in which
marital status is a factor.
Because of the inherent limitations of any computer search[3] and the
many ways in which the laws in the United States Code may have dealt
with marital status, the only way to create an exhaustive list of laws
in the Code implicating marital status would be to read and analyze
the Code in its entirety. We believe that such an effort would not
generate substantially more useful information than we have provided
here.
A second caveat concerning our data is that they include only laws
classified to the United States Code. As you know, the Code is a
compendium of "general and permanent" laws. Although appropriations
and annual authorizations, for example, might contain references to
marital status, they are typically in effect for a single year, and
therefore do not appear in the Code.
Finally, no conclusions can be drawn, from our identification of a law
as one in which marital status is a factor, concerning the effect of
the law on married people versus single people. A particular law may
create either advantages or disadvantages for those who are married,
or may apply to both married and single people. For example, those
who are unmarried fare better than their married counterparts under
the so-called marriage penalty provisions of the tax laws, while
married couples enjoy estate tax benefits not available to the
unmarried. Other laws apply both to married and single people by
virtue of terms like "survivors," "relatives," family," and
"household."
The raw data produced by our searches were in a form that made them
unwieldy and difficult to use. One reason for this is the sheer
number of individual laws that we identified. Also, we conducted
multiple searches in several databases, resulting in several separate
lists in varying formats. Finally, the laws on the lists were
organized as they are in the United States Code; for a reader
attempting to understand what kinds of laws make marital status a
factor, that organization is not consistently helpful. Some of the
Code's 50 titles contain laws on seemingly unrelated subjects. Title
42, under the broad designation "The Public Health and Welfare,"
includes laws ranging from Social Security to nuclear waste disposal
to civil rights and privacy protection. Conversely, closely parallel
provisions may appear in different titles: benefits for most federal
civil servants are in Title 5, Government Organization and Employees,
but similar provisions for Foreign Service officers are in Title 22,
Foreign Relations and Intercourse.
To give readers a sense of the kinds of federal laws in which marital
status is a factor, we classified the laws on the list into the
following 13 categories[4]:
Social Security and Related Programs, Housing, and Food Stamps
Veterans' Benefits
Taxation
Federal Civilian and Military Service Benefits
Employment Benefits and Related Laws
Immigration, Naturalization, and Aliens
Indians
Trade, Commerce, and Intellectual Property
Financial Disclosure and Conflict of Interest
Crimes and Family Violence
Loans, Guarantees, and Payments in Agriculture
Federal Natural Resources and Related Laws
Miscellaneous Laws
While we believe this classification scheme is useful for organizing
the hundreds of statutes on the list, and for representing the range
of federal programs and activities in which the law makes marital
status relevant, it should not be regarded as definitive. Other ways
of categorizing these laws would be equally valid. Moreover, the
categories we use are not mutually exclusive: many laws could
arguably be in a different category. A general description of each
category and a few examples of the laws it contains are in enclosure
I. The full lists of statutes in each category are in enclosure II.
As arranged with your staff, unless you announce its contents earlier,
we plan no further distribution of this letter for 7 days after its
issue date. At that time, we will make copies available on request.
If you have any questions, please call me at (202) 512-8203 or Susan
Poling, Assistant General Counsel, at (202) 512-2667.
Sincerely yours,
Barry R. Bedrick
Associate General Counsel
Enclosures - 2
ENCLOSURE I
Categories of Laws Involving Marital Status
Category 1-Social Security and Related Programs, Housing, and Food
Stamps
This category includes the major federal health and welfare programs,
particularly those considered entitlements, such as Social Security
retirement and disability benefits, food stamps, welfare, and Medicare
and Medicaid.[1] Most of these laws are found in Title 42 of the
United States Code, The Public Health and Welfare; food stamp
legislation is in Title 7, Agriculture.
In many of these programs, recognition of the marital relationship is
integral to the design of the program. For example, the law
establishing the Old Age, Survivors, and Disability Insurance (OASDI)
program (Social Security) is written in terms of the rights of
husbands and wives, and widows and widowers. Once the law sets forth
the basic right of an individual participant to retirement benefits,
it prescribes in great detail the corresponding rights of the current
or former spouse. Whether one is eligible for Social Security
payments, and if so how much one receives, are both dependent on
marital status. This is reflected in the provisions for what happens
upon the death of a beneficiary: if certain conditions are met, then
a spouse or a divorced spouse (as well as a widow or widower) has a
right to payments based on the marriage, rather than on his or her own
earnings.
The part of the Social Security Act that governs the OASDI program is
unusual in that, unlike many other laws we have identified, it defines
the terms "husband" and "wife." It does so in terms of state law: a
person is the wife or husband of an insured individual for purposes of
OASDI if "the courts of the State [of domicile] � would find that such
applicant and such insured individual were validly married �" or, if
not, that under the state's laws of intestate succession, the person
would have the same status with respect to the individual's property
as a wife or husband, widow or widower. Those 65 or older who are
eligible for Social Security retirement benefits, or who have received
Social Security disability benefits for at least 2 years, are also
eligible for benefits under Medicare.
The Social Security Act also authorizes the Supplemental Security
Income (SSI) program, for the needy aged, blind, and disabled. Under
SSI, both the level of income to determine eligibility and the level
of benefits for those who are eligible differ, depending whether the
applicant has an eligible spouse or not. SSI defines "eligible
spouse" as an aged, blind, or disabled individual who is the husband
or wife of another aged, blind, or disabled individual. The SSI law
goes on to say that, in determining whether two individuals are
husband and wife, state law will generally apply, except that if a man
and a woman have been determined to be husband and wife for purpose of
OASDI or, if a man and woman are found to be holding themselves out to
the community as husband and wife, they are also husband and wife for
purposes of SSI.
Child support enforcement is another program, also established under
the Social Security Act, that contains provisions affecting spouses.
Its purpose is to provide help (1) in enforcing the support
obligations of absent parents to their children and to the spouse with
whom the children may be living, and (2) in obtaining child and
spousal support. If an obligation has been established under state
law for one spouse to support another, and if the supported spouse is
receiving assistance under Medicaid (see below) or AFDC (Aid to
Families with Dependent Children), then a state participating in the
child support enforcement program must help enforce the support
obligation.
Medicaid is a jointly funded federal-state entitlement program to
provide medical assistance to qualifying low-income people, including
those eligible for AFDC[2] and SSI, non-AFDC low-income children and
pregnant women, and low-income Medicare beneficiaries. In determining
a person's eligibility for Medicaid based on income, states may
consider the spouse's financial responsibility for the person, but may
not consider anyone else's financial responsibility. Spouses are
considered "essential" to individuals receiving Medicaid benefits, and
are therefore eligible for medical assistance themselves. The
Medicaid statute also prescribes how to account for the income and
resources of the spouse of an institutionalized person, for purposes
of determining that person's eligibility for benefits.
In the broad federal program of housing assistance for low-income
families the definition of "families" takes marital status into
account. For some purposes, the term means families whose heads, or
their spouses, are elderly, near-elderly, or disabled. However, the
same provision includes a definition of families-"2 or more elderly
persons, near-elderly persons, or persons with disabilities living
together"-that does not require any marital relationship. The same
law makes marital status a factor in determining whether a family
qualifies for assistance in terms of income. Applicants may exclude
$550 for each family member who is under 18, or is disabled or
handicapped or a full-time student, but this exclusion does not apply
to "the head of the household or his spouse." Also to be excluded is
any payment by a member of the family for the support and maintenance
of a spouse or former spouse who does not live in the household.
In the National Affordable Housing program, marital status also is
significant. The program is intended to assist families, and
particularly "first-time homebuyers," in buying homes. "First-time
homebuyer" is defined, in part, as an individual "and his or her
spouse" who have not owned a home during the preceding 3 years.
In the Food Stamp program (also to be broadly affected by welfare
reform), marital status is not central, but does play a role.
Eligibility for benefits under the program is determined on the basis
of households, and "household" includes not only spouses who live
together, but also groups of individuals who live together and
customarily buy and prepare food together.
Category 2-Veterans' Benefits
Veterans' benefits, which are codified in Title 38 of the United
States Code, include pensions, indemnity compensation for
service-connected deaths, medical care, nursing home care, right to
burial in veterans' cemeteries, educational assistance, and housing.
Husbands or wives of veterans have many rights and privileges by
virtue of the marital relationship.
A surviving spouse or child of a veteran is entitled to receive
monthly dependency and indemnity compensation payments when the
veteran's death was service-connected, and to receive a monthly
pension when the veteran's death was not service-connected. If it is
discovered that a veteran's marriage is invalid, the purported
marriage may nevertheless be deemed valid under certain circumstances,
as long as a "real" widow or widower does not ask for benefits.
Veterans who have at least a 30 percent disability are entitled to
additional disability compensation if they have dependents. For this
purpose a spouse is considered a dependent. A veteran's spouse may
also receive compensation if a veteran disappears. On the other hand,
a spouse's estate is considered along with the veteran's when the
Secretary of Veterans Affairs determines whether it is reasonable that
some part of the veteran's assets be used for the veteran's
maintenance and whether the Secretary should discontinue paying the
pension.
The spouses of certain veterans are entitled to medical care provided
by the government. In determining, based on income and assets,
whether a veteran has the ability to defray necessary home care and
medical expenses, the property of the spouse of the veteran is
included as an asset of the veteran. Spouses of veterans may be
beneficiaries of National Service Life Insurance, and are also
eligible for interment in national cemeteries if the veteran is
eligible. The surviving spouse of a veteran who died of a
service-connected disability is entitled to educational assistance for
up to 45 months, and to job counseling, training, and placement
services. Spouses and widows or widowers of certain veterans also
enjoy preferences in federal employment.
Category 3-Taxation
The distinction between married and unmarried status is pervasive in
federal tax law; this is one of the largest categories, with 179
provisions. Tax law does not define such terms as "husband," "wife,"
or "married."
Marital status figures in federal tax law in provisions as basic as
those giving married taxpayers the option to file joint or separate
income tax returns. It is also seen in the related provisions
prescribing different tax consequences depending on whether a taxpayer
is married filing jointly, married filing separately, unmarried but
the head of a household, or unmarried and not the head of a household.
The different treatment in the tax code of married couples and single
individuals gives rise to one of the most contentious tax policy
issues, the so-called marriage penalty (and its counterpart, the
marriage bonus). This issue comes into play in connection with income
tax rates, the treatment of capital losses, credits for the elderly
and disabled, taxation of Social Security benefits, and a number of
other provisions of the tax code. In our report, Tax Administration:
Income Tax Treatment of Married and Single Individuals,[3] we
identified 59 provisions in income tax law under which tax liability
depends in part on whether a taxpayer is married or single.
Marital status also plays a key role in the estate and gift tax laws
and in the part of the tax code dealing with taxation on the sale of
property. For estate tax purposes, property transferred to one spouse
as the result of the death of another is deductible for purposes of
determining the value of the decedent's estate. Gifts from one spouse
to another are deductible for purposes of the gift tax. Gifts from
one spouse to a third party are deemed to be from both spouses
equally. The law permits transfers of property from one spouse to
another (or to a former spouse if the transfer is incident to a
divorce) without any recognition of gain or loss for tax purposes.
These provisions permit married couples to transfer substantial sums
to one another, and to third parties, without tax liability in
circumstances in which single people would not enjoy the same
privilege.
Category 4-Federal Civilian and Military Service Benefits
This category includes laws dealing with current and retired federal
officers and employees, members of the Armed Forces, elected
officials, and judges, in which marital status is a factor. Typically
these laws address the various health, leave, retirement, survivor,
and insurance benefits provided by the United States to those in
federal service and their families.
Over 270 of the 1049 provisions we found fall in this category. They
appear primarily in Title 5 of the United States Code, Government
Organization and Employees, for civilian employees, and Title 10,
Armed Forces, for military members. However, parallel provisions are
found in 19 other titles covering, for example, Foreign Service
officers (Title 22, Foreign Relations and Intercourse), Central
Intelligence Agency employees (Title 50, War and National Defense),
Lighthouse Service employees (Title 33, Navigation and Navigable
Waters), and members of the Coast Guard (Title 14, Coast Guard).
Marital status is a factor in these laws in many ways. Among the laws
governing federal employees and officers, it figures in the following
provisions: a law establishing health benefits or survivor benefits
for spouses; a law prescribing the order of precedence in payment of
final paychecks and life insurance benefits of employees or officers
who die without having designated a beneficiary; and a law determining
the rights of current or former spouses to a retirement annuity after
the death of an employee.
In addition, under provisions for reimbursement of employees' expenses
in connection with a government-ordered relocation, spouses are
eligible for per diem allowances or subsistence payments. Federal
civil service employees are entitled to unpaid leave in order to care
for a spouse with a serious health problem, and an employee disabled
by work-related injuries receives augmented compensation if he or she
is married.
A different set of laws governs military personnel and their families.
Some of the provisions unique to military service include: employment
assistance and transitional services for spouses of members being
separated from military service; continued commissary privileges for
dependents, including spouses, of members separated for spousal or
child abuse, and the right of minor spouses of overseas military
personnel to free secondary education through the Defense Department
school system.
Category 5-Employment Benefits and Related Laws
Marital status comes into play in many different ways in federal laws
relating to employment in the private sector. Most such laws appear
in Title 29 of the United States Code, Labor. However, others are in
Title 30, Mineral Lands and Mining; Title 33, Navigation and Navigable
Waters; and Title 45, Railroads.
This category includes laws that address the rights of employees under
employer-sponsored employee benefit plans; that provide for
continuation of employer-sponsored health benefits after events like
the death or divorce of the employee; and that give employees the
right to unpaid leave in order to care for a seriously ill spouse. In
addition, Congress has extended special benefits in connection with
certain occupations, like mining and public safety. The spouse of a
coal miner who dies of black lung disease is entitled to benefits, for
example. The surviving spouse of a public safety officer killed in
the line of duty is eligible for a death benefit of up to $100,000.
Spouses are sometimes excluded from coverage as employees under
certain laws. For example, under the National Labor Relations Act, an
individual working for his or her spouse does not come within the
definition of "employee," and therefore does not have the right,
available under the Act to other employees, to organize or to engage
in collective bargaining. If the only regular employees of a business
are the owner and his or her spouse, then the business is not subject
to regulation of wages and hours under the Fair Labor Standards Act of
1938 (FLSA). Similarly, the spouse or other family member of an
employer working in agriculture is not covered under FLSA requirements
like minimum wage.
Some laws protect the interests of one spouse when the other becomes
eligible for some benefit. The Employee Retirement Income Security
Act prohibits an employee from changing beneficiaries in a retirement
plan or from waiving the joint and survivor annuity form of retirement
benefit, without the written consent of his or her spouse.
The Railroad Retirement Act confers many rights on retired railroad
employees and their spouses. Spouses may be eligible for annuities
and lump sum benefits. Congress has also enacted a workers'
compensation law for longshore and harbor workers that establishes
survivor benefits for spouses.
Category 6-Immigration, Naturalization, and Aliens
This category includes laws governing the conditions under which
noncitizens may enter and remain in the United States, be deported, or
become citizens. Most are found in Title 8, Aliens and Nationality.
The law gives special consideration to spouses of immigrants and
aliens in a wide variety of circumstances. Under immigration law,
aliens may receive special status by virtue of their employment, and
that treatment may extend to their spouses. For example, the spouses
of aliens who come to the United States on a temporary basis (to work
as registered nurses, seasonal agricultural workers, or in certain
specialty occupations), and who meet other criteria, are not subject
to the worldwide numerical limitations on levels of immigration.
Also, spouses of aliens granted asylum can be given the same status if
they accompany or join their spouses.
Spouses of aliens do not enjoy favored immigration status in all
circumstances. Posthumous citizenship is authorized for noncitizen
members of the armed forces who die during hostilities, but not for
their spouses. When the government revokes the citizenship of someone
because it was obtained through misconduct, and that person's spouse
derived his or her citizenship from the marriage, the spouse's
citizenship will also be revoked.
Some provisions of immigration law are designed to prevent misuse of
marital status. The law calls for termination of the permanent
resident status of an alien granted on the basis of marriage, if it is
determined that the marriage was for the purpose of procuring the
alien's entry to the United States, or if the marriage is annulled or
terminated (other than through the death of a spouse) within two
years.
The Congress recently limited the eligibility of qualified aliens for
certain federal programs-such as SSI, Temporary Assistance for Needy
Families (which will replace AFDC), and Social Services block
grants-but it made a few exceptions, one of which directly benefits
spouses of veterans. Aliens who are serving on active duty in the
Armed Forces or who are honorably discharged veterans, and their
spouses, remain eligible for these benefits in the same manner as a
citizen. Federal law also provides that the incomes of the sponsor of
an immigrant, and of the sponsor's spouse, are to be taken into
account in determining the immigrant's eligibility for means-tested
public benefits.
Category 7-Indians
The indigenous peoples of the United States have long had a special
legal relationship with the federal government through treaties and
laws that are classified to Title 25, Indians. Various laws set out
the rights to tribal property of white men marrying Indian women, or
of Indian women marrying white men, the evidence that is required, and
the rights of children born of marriages between white men and Indian
women.[4]
The law also establishes Indians' rights to develop descent and
distribution rights regarding their property as long as they include
certain provisions. Most relevant to this discussion is the right of
a surviving spouse who is neither an Indian nor a member of the
deceased spouse's tribe to elect a life estate in property that he or
she is occupying at the time of the death of the other spouse.
Another law governing rights of Navajo and Hopi Indians gives
relocation benefits to spouses who relinquish their life estates.
Health services can also be made available to otherwise ineligible
spouses of an eligible Indian if all such spouses are made eligible by
an appropriate resolution of the governing body of the tribe. Health
professionals seeking positions in the Indian Health Service and their
spouses may be reimbursed for actual and reasonable expenses incurred
in traveling to and from their homes to an area in which they could be
assigned to allow them to evaluate the area with respect to the
assignment.
Category 8-Trade, Commerce, and Intellectual Property
This category includes provisions concerning foreign or domestic
business and commerce, from the following titles of the United States
Code: Bankruptcy, Title 11; Banks and Banking, Title 12; Commerce and
Trade, Title 15; Copyrights, Title 17; and Customs Duties, Title 19.
Federal law prescribes the right of debtors to seek bankruptcy
protection and the rights of creditors when their debtors adopt that
strategy. It expressly permits spouses to file jointly for bankruptcy
protection. This may benefit both the debtors and their creditors:
the married couple pays only one filing fee and creditors file only
one claim.
Bankruptcy law prescribes how to distribute the assets of a bankrupt
person, assigns specific priorities to different classes of creditors,
and permits a bankrupt debtor to be "discharged" (i.e., released) from
the obligation to repay certain debts. A former spouse of the debtor
making a claim in a bankruptcy proceeding for payments pursuant to a
divorce decree or separation agreement is given a higher priority than
some other creditors. Also, a discharge in bankruptcy generally does
not relieve a debtor of the obligation to pay alimony or support to a
spouse or former spouse in connection with a divorce decree or
separation agreement.
The National Housing Act addresses the rights of mortgage borrowers.
Banks often use a so-called due-on-sale clause in mortgage agreements
that permits them to declare the loan payable in full if the borrower
sells the property without their consent. The Act prohibits use of
the due-on-sale clause in case of transfers of residential property
from one spouse to another.
For some purposes, the laws regulating investment companies and
advisers apply not only to the advisers themselves, but also to what
the law terms "interested persons." "Interested persons" is defined
to include the spouses of certain persons, of their parents, and of
their children.
The Consumer Credit Protection Act regulates some aspects of
garnishment of wages, a legal process whereby a creditor collects a
debt by having the debtor's employer pay part of the debtor's wages
directly to the creditor. The Act establishes that at most 25 percent
of the disposable earnings of an individual can be withheld through
garnishment. However, if the purpose of the garnishment is to enforce
an order for the support of a spouse, the maximum is 60 percent or, if
the wage earner is supporting a spouse (not the former spouse for
whose benefit the support order was issued), 50 percent.
The Copyright Act gives renewal rights and termination rights, in some
circumstances, to the widow or widower of the creator of a copyrighted
work. The law defines "widow or widower" as the creator's surviving
spouse under the law of the creator's domicile at the time of his or
her death, whether or not the spouse subsequently remarries.
The amount of customs duty on imported merchandise depends on its
value. Under the law, the actual transaction value-that is, how much
the buyer paid the seller-may be used to establish value if the buyer
and seller are not "related." For this purpose, spouses are deemed to
be related. Also, certain countries that deny or restrict the ability
of their citizens to emigrate in order to join "close relatives" in
the United States can be penalized by the imposition of restrictions
on their trade with the United States. "Close relative," for purposes
of this law, includes a spouse.
Under the Fresh Cut Flowers and Fresh Cut Greens Promotion and
Information Act of 1993, the federal government provides a mechanism
for financing programs to strengthen the market for cut flowers and
greens, through an assessment of "handlers" of these products whose
annual sales exceed $750,000. Marital status comes into play in
determining whether a handler meets the $750,000 threshold: for this
purpose, sales by one spouse are attributed to the other.
Category 8-Financial Disclosure and Conflict of Interest
Federal law imposes obligations on Members of Congress, employees or
officers of the federal government, and members of the boards of
directors of some government-related or government-chartered entities,
to prevent actual or apparent conflicts of interest. These
individuals are required to disclose publicly certain gifts,
interests, and transactions. Many of these requirements, which are
found in 16 different titles of the United States Code, apply also to
the individual's spouse.
The law regulates the conditions under which gifts from foreign
governments and international organizations may be accepted by spouses
of employees of the Postal Service, the Postal Rate Commission,
certain government contractors, employees of the District of Columbia
government, members of the uniformed services, Members of Congress,
the President, and the Vice President. Employees of executive,
legislative, and judicial agencies may not appoint relatives,
including spouses, to agencies in which they serve or exercise
control. The spouses of members of the Senate may not accept, in any
calendar year, gifts worth more than $250, without getting a waiver.
Elsewhere in the Code are rules intended to prevent conflicts of
interest on the part of members of various councils and boards. For
instance, members of the boards of directors of the National Sheep
Industry Improvement Center and the Alternative Agricultural Research
and Commercialization Corporation are prohibited from participating in
any matter pending before either board in which a spouse holds an
interest. The law governing the members of Regional Fishery
Management Councils is somewhat different. Members are required to
disclose and make available for public inspection any financial
interests they or their spouses might have in an activity that the
councils might undertake.
Another variation in the treatment of conflict of interest involving
spouses appears in connection with the National Foundation for
Biomedical Research. Instead of prescribing conflict of interest
rules for the Foundation, the Congress directed it to devise its own
standards. However, those standards must ensure that officers,
employees and agents of the Foundation (including members of the
Board), and their spouses, avoid encumbrances that could result in a
financial conflict of interest or a divided allegiance.
Category 10-Crimes and Family Violence
This category includes laws that implicate marriage in connection with
criminal justice or family violence. The nature of these provisions
varies greatly. Some deal with spouses as victims of crimes, others
with spouses as perpetrators. These laws are found primarily in Title
18, Crimes and Criminal Procedure, but some, dealing with crime
prevention and family violence, are in Title 42, The Public Health and
Welfare.
Attempting to influence a United States official through threats
directed at a spouse is a federal crime, as are killing, or attempting
to kill, foreign officials or their spouses, or threatening to kill
certain persons protected by the Secret Service, such as major
presidential candidates and their spouses.
Under federal criminal statutes, spouses and others have some
protections against domestic violence. It is a federal crime for a
person to travel across a state line with the intent to injure a
spouse or "intimate partner" if that person intentionally commits a
crime of violence and causes bodily injury to the spouse or intimate
partner. The term "spouse or intimate partner" is broadly defined to
include a former spouse, someone who "shares a child in common" with
the abuser, and someone who "cohabits or has cohabited with the abuser
as a spouse."
In some cases, marriage can be a factor in triggering criminal
liability. For example, a widow's or widower's entitlement to federal
employee survivor payments ceases upon remarriage; such a widow or
widower who remarries and continues to accept payment may, if found
guilty, be fined or imprisoned.
Claiming marital status that does not exist can also be a crime.
Falsely representing oneself to be the spouse or surviving spouse of
an individual in order to elicit information about the Social Security
number, date of birth, employment, wages, or benefits of that
individual, is a felony.
Comprehensive crime control legislation directed the Attorney General
to study the means by which abusive spouses obtain information
concerning the addresses or locations of estranged or former spouses,
despite the desire of the victims to have the information withheld.
Congress also has charged the National Commission on Crime Prevention
and Control to evaluate the adequacy of federal and state laws on
sexual assault and the need for a more uniform statutory response to
sex offenses. This mandate specifically addresses sexual assaults and
other sex offenses committed by offenders who are known, or related by
blood or marriage, to the victim.
Criminal justice grants are given to encourage arrest of domestic
violence offenders; "domestic violence" includes an act of violence by
a current or former spouse. Another provision gives nationals of the
United States who are victims of acts of terrorism committed outside
the United States, and their survivors, including spouses, a statutory
right to bring a civil action for treble damages.
Category 11-Loans, Guarantees, and Payments in Agriculture
Under many federal loan programs, a spouse's income, business
interests, or assets are taken into account for purposes of
determining a person's eligibility to participate in the program. In
other instances, marital status is a factor in determining the amount
of federal assistance to which a person is entitled, or the repayment
schedule.
Education loan programs are found primarily in Title 20, Education;
housing loan programs for veterans are found in Title 38, Veterans'
Benefits. Title 7, Agriculture, includes provisions governing
agricultural price supports and loan programs that are affected by the
spousal relationship.
Under the federal family education loan program, the income and assets
of an independent student's spouse are attributed to the student for
purposes of determining whether the student is eligible for a loan
and, if so, the amount. Married couples may consolidate their
separate student loans into one if they agree to be jointly and
severally liable for repayment of the consolidated loan, without
regard either to the amounts of the respective loan obligations to be
consolidated or to any subsequent change in their marital status.
Under the federal direct student loan program, the Secretary of
Education, in order to determine the annual repayment amount when
repayment is contingent on the borrower's income, may obtain
information regarding the income not only of the borrower but also of
the borrower's spouse. Repayment schedules are generally based on the
adjusted gross income of both spouses.
Many of the laws governing veterans' benefits implicate marital
status. Eligibility for assistance in borrowing for housing extends
to the surviving spouses of veterans who die from a service-connected
disability, and to the spouses of certain veterans who, for more than
90 days, have been missing in action, captured by hostile forces, or
forcibly detained by a foreign government.
The laws governing agriculture include provisions for price supports
and loan programs that are affected by marital status. For example,
the law limits the amount of certain crop support payments that any
one person can receive. For this purpose, a husband and wife are
considered to be one person, except to the extent each may have owned
property individually before the marriage. Also, agricultural loans
for real estate, operating expenses, and emergencies may be made to
"family farms," defined as those farms in which a majority interest is
held by individuals related by marriage or blood.
Category 12-Federal Natural Resources and Related Laws
Federal law gives special rights to spouses in connection with a
variety of transactions involving federal lands and other federal
property. These transactions include purchase and sale of land by the
federal government and lease by the government of water and mineral
rights.
When the government purchases land for national battlefields,
monuments, seashores, or parks, the law commonly allows those from
whom the land is purchased and their spouses to continue to use and
occupy it during their lifetimes. For example, those owning houses
(and their spouses) when the Stones River National Battlefield and
Sleeping Bear Dunes National Lakeshore were created have life estates
in the land. Although these laws affect relatively few individuals,
we found more than 40 such provisions in Title 16, Conservation.
In addition to playing a role under these provisions for the
government to buy land, spousal relationship has also been a factor in
determining priorities among potential buyers when the government is
selling federal lands. For example, when Congress decided in 1955 to
terminate ownership of land used by the Atomic Energy Commission and
sell it to local entities and private parties, it generally barred any
transfer of priorities for purchase, but allowed a husband and wife to
exercise a priority in their joint names.
The marital relationship may affect whether an individual can be
considered a surface mine owner with whom the Secretary of Labor can
negotiate a lease. To be designated a surface mine owner, an
individual must hold legal or equitable title to the land for a 3-year
period and his or her principal residence must be on the land. In
computing the 3-year period, the Secretary may include periods during
which a relative by blood or marriage, including a spouse, owned the
land.
Under laws governing reclamation and irrigation of lands by the
federal government, the basic unit of ownership is 160 irrigable
acres. Under certain conditions, if the death of a spouse causes
lands in private ownership to become excess lands (having more than
160 acres) but those lands were eligible to receive water from a
project under the Federal reclamation laws without a recordable
contract, the Secretary of the Interior is authorized to furnish water
to them, without requiring the contract, as long as the lands are
owned by the surviving spouse. If the surviving spouse remarries, the
exception no longer applies, and lands in excess of 160 irrigable
acres are appraised in the usual manner.
Category 13-Miscellaneous
This category comprises laws that do not fit readily in any of the
other categories and that in our judgment did not warrant a separate
category. It is a heterogeneous mix of provisions from 14 titles of
the United States Code.
Fourteen statutes in the Code that prohibit discrimination on the
basis of marital status are listed in this category. For example,
such discrimination is prohibited in executive agencies, and is
unlawful for a creditor in private financial transactions.
This category includes the laws chartering various patriotic
societies, such as the Veterans of Foreign Wars, that have as one of
their purposes to assist the widows and children of servicemen or
others. The Gold Star Wives of America and Navy Wives Clubs of
America have one of our search terms in their titles.
We also included in this category laws related to the federal
financing of presidential election campaigns. To be eligible for
federal funds, candidates may not spend more than $50,000 of their own
money or that of members of their immediate families for their
campaigns. A spouse or a close relative's spouse is deemed to be a
member of the candidate's immediate family for this purpose.
ENCLOSURE II
Tables of Laws in the United States Code
Involving Marital Status, by Category
Category 1-Social Security and Related Programs, Housing, and Food Stamps
Title 7-Agriculture
Chapter 5-Food Stamp Program
2012 Definitions
2014 Eligible households
2020 Administration
2030 Washington Family Independence Demonstration Project
2031 Food stamp portion of Minnesota Family Investment Plan
Title 42-The Public Health And Welfare
Chapter 7-Social Security
Subchapter II-Federal Old-Age, Survivors, And Disability
Insurance Benefits
402 Old-age and survivors insurance benefit payments
403 Reduction of insurance benefits
404 Overpayments and underpayments
405 Evidence, procedure, and certification for payments
409 "Wages" defined
410 Definitions relating to employment
411 Definitions relating to self-employment
413 Quarter and quarter of coverage
415 Computation of primary insurance amount
416 Additional definitions
422 Rehabilitation services
423 Disability insurance benefit payments
425 Additional rules relating to benefits based on disability
426 Entitlement to hospital insurance benefits
426-1 End stage renal disease program
427 Transitional insured status for purposes of old-age and
survivors benefits
428 Benefits at age 72 for certain uninsured individuals
Subchapter IV-Grants To States For Aid And Services To
Needy Families With Children And For Child-Welfare Services
Part A-Aid To Families With Dependent Children
[Effective until July 1, 1997]
602 State plans for aid and services to needy families with
children; contents; approval by Secretary; records and
reports; treatment of earned income advances
606 Definitions
607 Dependent children of unemployed parents
615 Attribution of income and resources of sponsor and spouse to
alienPart A-Block Grants To States For Temporary Assistance
For Needy Families [Effective on July 1, 1997]
601 Purpose
604 Use of grants
607 Mandatory work requirements
608 Prohibitions; requirements
611 Data collection and reporting
613 Research, evaluations, and national studies
Part D-Child Support And Establishment Of Paternity
651 Authorization of appropriations
652 Duties of Secretary
653 Federal Parent Locator Service
654 State plan for child and spousal support
659 Enforcement of individual's legal obligations to provide
child support or make alimony payments
661 Regulations pertaining to garnishments [Public Law 104-193
provides for repeal of this section, effective February 22,
1997.]
662 Definitions
664 Collection of past-due support from Federal tax refunds
665 Allotments from pay for child and spousal support owed by
members of uniformed services on active duty
666 Requirement of statutorily prescribed procedures to improve
effectiveness of child support enforcement
Part E-Federal Payments For Foster Care And Adoption
Assistance
679a National Adoption Information Clearinghouse
Subchapter V-Maternal And Child Health Services Block Grant
710 Separate program for abstinence education
Subchapter VII-Administration
907a National Commission on Social Security
Subchapter XI-General Provisions, Peer Review, And
Administrative Simplification
Part A-General Provisions
1319 Federal participation in payments for repairs to home owned
by recipient of aid or assistance
1320a-6Adjustments in SSI benefits on account of retroactive
benefits under subchapter II
1320b-1Notification of Social Security claimant with respect to
deferred vested benefits
1320b-9National Commission on Children
Subchapter XVI-Supplemental Security Income For Aged,
Blind,
And Disabled
Part A-Determination Of Benefits
1382 Eligibility for benefits
1382a Income; earned and unearned income defined; exclusions from
income
1382b Resources
1382c Definitions 1382dRehabilitation services for blind and
disabled individuals
1382g Payments to State for operation of supplementation program
1382h Benefits for individuals who perform substantial gainful
activity despite severe medical impairment
1382j Attribution of sponsor's income and resources to aliens
Part B-Procedural And General Provisions
1383 Procedure for payment of benefits
1383c Eligibility for medical assistance of aged, blind, or
disabled individuals under State's medical assistance plan
Subchapter XVIII-Health Insurance For Aged And Disabled
Part A-Hospital Insurance Benefits For Aged And
Disabled
1395i-2Hospital insurance benefits for uninsured elderly individuals
not otherwise eligible
Part B-Supplementary Medical Insurance Benefits For
Aged And Disabled
1395p Enrollment periods
1395r Amount of premiums for individuals enrolled under this part
1395s Payment of premiums
Part C-Miscellaneous Provisions
1395y Exclusions from coverage and medicare as secondary payer
1395gg Overpayment on behalf of individuals and settlement of claims
for benefits on behalf of deceased individuals
1395mm Payments to health maintenance organizations and competitive
medical plans
Subchapter XIX-Grants To States For Medical Assistance
Programs
1396a State plans for medical assistance
1396b Payment to States
1396d Definitions
1396p Liens, adjustments and recoveries, and transfers of assets
1396r Requirements for nursing facilities
1396r-5Treatment of income and resources for certain
institutionalized spouses
1396u-1Assuring coverage for certain low-income families
1396v References to laws directly affecting medicaid program
Chapter 8-Low-Income Housing
Subchapter I-General Program Of Assisted Housing
1437a Rental payments
Chapter 8A-Slum Clearance, Urban Renewal, And Farm Housing
Subchapter III-Farm Housing
1471 Financial assistance by Secretary of Agriculture
Chapter 32-Third Party Liability For Hospital And Medical Care
2651 Recovery by United States
Chapter 130-National Affordable Housing
Subchapter I-General Provisions And Policies
12704 Definitions
12713 Eligibility under first-time homebuyer programsSubchapter
III-National Homeownership Trust Demonstration
12852 Assistance for first-time homebuyers
12854 Definitions
Subchapter IV-Hope For Homeownership Of Multifamily And
Single Family Homes
Part B-Hope For Homeownership Of Single Family Homes
12896 Definitions
Category 2-Veterans' Benefits
Title 5-Government Organization And Employees
Part III-Employees
Subpart A-General Provisions
Chapter 21-Definitions
2108 Veteran; disabled veteran; preference eligible
Title 38-Veterans' Benefits
Part I-General Provisions
Chapter 1-General
101 Definitions
102 Dependent parents
103 Special provisions relating to marriages
113 Treatment of certain programs under sequestration procedures
Chapter 3-Department Of Veterans Affairs
306 Under Secretary for Health
Chapter 5-Authority And Duties Of The Secretary
Subchapter I-General Authorities
503 Administrative error; equitable relief
511 Decisions of the Secretary; finality
Part II-General Benefits
Chapter 11-Compensation For Service-Connected Disability Or
Death
Subchapter I-General
1102 Special provisions relating to surviving spouses
Subchapter II-Wartime Disability Compensation
1115 Additional compensation for dependents
1116 Presumptions of service connection for diseases associated
with exposure to certain herbicide agents
Subchapter III-Wartime Death Compensation
1121 Basic entitlement
1122 Rates of wartime death compensation
Subchapter V-Peacetime Death Compensation
1141 Basic entitlement
Subchapter VI-General Compensation Provisions
1158 Disappearance
Chapter 13-Dependency And Indemnity Compensation For
Service-Connected Deaths
Subchapter I-General
1302 Determination of pay grade
1304 Special provisions relating to surviving spouses
Subchapter II-Dependency And Indemnity Compensation
1310 Deaths entitling survivors to dependency and indemnity
compensation
1311 Dependency and indemnity compensation to a surviving spouse
1312 Benefits in certain cases of in-service or service-connected
deaths
1313 Dependency and indemnity compensation to children
1314Supplemental dependency and indemnity compensation to
children
1315 Dependency and indemnity compensation to parents
1316 Dependency and indemnity compensation in cases of prior
deaths
1317 Restriction on payments under this chapter
1318 Benefits for survivors of certain veterans rated totally
disabled at time of death
Subchapter III-Certifications
1322 Certifications with respect to social security entitlement
Chapter 15-Pension For Non-Service-Connected Disability Or
Death
Or For Service
Subchapter I-General
1503 Determinations with respect to annual income
1505 Payment of pension during confinement in penal institutions
1506 Resource reports and overpayment adjustments
1507 Disappearance
Subchapter II-Veterans' Pensions
Non-Service-Connected Disability Pension
1521 Veterans of a period of war
1522 Net worth limitation
Subchapter III-Pensions To Surviving Spouses And
Children
Wars Before World War I
1532 Surviving spouses of Civil War veterans
1533 Children of Civil War veterans
1534 Surviving spouses of Indian War veterans
1535 Children of Indian War veterans
1536 Surviving spouses of Spanish-American War veterans
1537 Children of Spanish-American War veterans
1541 Surviving spouses of veterans of a period of war
1542 Children of veterans of a period of war
1543 Net worth limitation
Chapter 17-Hospital, Nursing Home, Domiciliary, And Medical
Care
Subchapter I-General
1701 Definitions
Subchapter II-Hospital, Nursing Home, Or Domiciliary
Care And Medical Treatment
1713 Medical care for survivors and dependents of certain veterans
Subchapter III-Miscellaneous Provisions Relating To
Hospital And Nursing Home Care And Medical Treatment
Of Veterans
1722 Determination of inability to defray necessary expenses;
income thresholds
1729 Recovery by the United States of the cost of certain care and
services
Chapter 19-Insurance
Subchapter I-National Service Life Insurance
1901 Definitions
1916 Insurance which matured before August 1, 1946
1918Assignments
1922 Service disabled veterans' insurance
Subchapter II-United States Government Life Insurance
1953 Assignments
Subchapter III-Servicemen's Group Life Insurance
1965 Definitions
1970 Beneficiaries; payment of insurance
Chapter 23-Burial Benefits
2307 Death from service-connected disability
Chapter 24-National Cemeteries And Memorials
2402 Persons eligible for interment in national cemeteries
Part III-Readjustment And Related Benefits
Chapter 30-All-Volunteer Force Educational Assistance
Program
Subchapter II-Basic Educational Assistance
3017 Death benefit
Chapter 32-Post-Vietnam Era Veterans' Educational
Assistance
Subchapter II-Eligibility; Contributions; And Matching
Fund
3224 Death of participant
Chapter 34-Veterans' Educational Assistance
Subchapter I-Purpose-Definitions
3452 Definitions
Subchapter V-Special Assistance For The Educationally
Disadvantaged
3492 Tutorial assistance
Chapter 35-Survivors' And Dependents' Educational
Assistance
Subchapter I-Definitions
3500 Purpose
3501 Definitions
Subchapter II-Eligibility And Entitlement
3511 Duration of educational assistance
3512 Periods of eligibility
Subchapter IV-Payments To Eligible Persons
3534 Apprenticeship or other on-job training; correspondence
courses
Chapter 36-Administration Of Educational Benefits
Subchapter II-Miscellaneous Provisions
3680 Payment of educational assistance or subsistence allowances
3686 Correspondence courses
Chapter 41-Job Counseling, Training, And Placement Service
For Veterans
4101 Definitions
Part IV-General Administrative Provisions
Chapter 51-Claims, Effective Dates, And Payments
Subchapter I-Claims
5101 Claims and forms 5105Joint applications for social security
and dependency and indemnity compensation
Subchapter II-Effective Dates
5110 Effective dates of awards
5111 Commencement of period of payment
5112 Effective dates of reductions and discontinuances
Subchapter III-Payment Of Benefits
5120 Payment of benefits; delivery
5121 Payment of certain accrued benefits upon death of a
beneficiary
5123 Rounding down of pension rates
5124 Acceptance of claimant's statement as proof of relationship
Chapter 53-Special Provisions Relating To Benefits
5303A Minimum active-duty service requirement
5304 Prohibition against duplication of benefits
5307 Apportionment of benefits
5310 Payment of benefits for month of death
5311 Prohibition of certain benefit payments
5313 Limitation on payment of compensation and dependency and
indemnity compensation to persons incarcerated for conviction
of a felony
Chapter 55-Minors, Incompetents, And Other Wards
5502 Payments to and supervision of fiduciaries
5503 Hospitalized veterans and estates of incompetent
institutionalized veterans
Chapter 61-Penal And Forfeiture Provisions
6103 Forfeiture for fraud
Part V-Boards, Administrations, And Services
Chapter 72-United States Court Of Veterans Appeals
Subchapter V-Retirement And Survivors Annuities
7297 Survivor annuities
Chapter 73-Veterans Health Administration-Organization And
Functions
Subchapter III-Protection Of Patient Rights
7332 Confidentiality of certain medical records
Chapter 74-Veterans Health Administration-Personnel
Subchapter II-Collective Bargaining And Personnel
Administration
7426 Retirement rights
Part VI-Acquisition And Disposition Of Property
Chapter 85-Disposition Of Deceased Veterans' Personal
Property
Subchapter I-Property Left On Department Facility
8502 Disposition of unclaimed personal property
8504 Disposition of other unclaimed property
Subchapter II-Death While Patient Of Department
Facility
8520 Vesting of property left by decedents
8521 Presumption of contract for disposition of personalty
Title 42-The Public Health And Welfare
Chapter 7-Social Security
Subchapter II-Federal Old-Age, Survivors, And Disability
Insurance Benefits
417 Benefits for veterans
Category 3-Taxation
Title 26-Internal Revenue Code
Subtitle A-Income Taxes
Chapter 1-Normal Taxes And Surtaxes
Subchapter A-Determination Of Tax Liability
Part I-Tax On Individuals
1 Tax imposed
2 Definitions and special rules
Part IV-Credits Against Tax
Subpart A-Nonrefundable Personal Credits
21 Expenses for household and dependent care services necessary
for gainful employment
22 Credit for the elderly and the permanently and totally
disabled
23 Adoption expenses
Subpart C-Refundable Credits
32 Earned income
Subpart D-Business Related Credits
38 General business credit
42 Low-income housing credit
45A Indian employment credit
Subpart E-Rules For Computing Investment
Credit
50 Other special rules
Part VI-Alternative Minimum Tax
55 Alternative minimum tax imposed
Subchapter B-Computation Of Taxable Income
Part I-Definition Of Gross Income, Adjusted Gross
Income, Taxable Income, Etc.
61 Gross income defined
62 Adjusted gross income defined
63 Taxable income defined
66 Treatment of community income
68 Overall limitation on itemized deductions
Part II-Items Specifically Included In Gross
Income
71 Alimony and separate maintenance payments
72 Annuities; certain proceeds of endowment and life insurance
contracts
86 Social security and tier 1 railroad retirement benefits
Part III-Items Specifically Excluded From Gross
Income
105 Amounts received under accident and health plans
106 Contributions by employer to accident and health plans
108 Income from discharge of indebtedness
119 Meals or lodging furnished for the convenience of the
employer
120 Amounts received under qualified group legal services plans
121 One-time exclusion of gain from sale of principal residence
by individual who has attained age 55
125 Cafeteria plans 127Educational assistance programs
129 Dependent care assistance programs
132 Certain fringe benefits
135 Income from United States savings bonds used to pay higher
education tuition and fees
Part IV-Tax Exemption Requirements For State
And Local Bonds
Subpart A-Private Activity Bonds
143 Mortgage revenue bonds: qualified mortgage bond and qualified
veterans' mortgage bond
147 Other requirements applicable to certain private activity
bonds
Part V-Deductions For Personal Exemptions
151 Allowance of deductions for personal exemptions
152 Dependent defined
153 Cross references
Part VI-Itemized Deductions For Individuals And
Corporations
162 Trade or business expenses
163 Interest
165 Losses
170 Charitable, etc., contributions and gifts
179 Election to expense certain depreciable business assets
194 Amortization of reforestation expenditures
Part VII-Additional Itemized Deductions For
Individuals
213 Medical, dental, etc., expenses
215 Alimony, etc., payments
217 Moving expenses
219 Retirement savings
220 Medical savings accounts
Part IX-Items Not Deductible
263A Capitalization and inclusion in inventory costs of certain
expenses
267 Losses, expenses, and interest with respect to transactions
between related taxpayers
274 Disallowance of certain entertainment, etc., expenses
Subchapter C-Corporate Distributions And Adjustments
Part I-Distributions By Corporations
Subpart A-Effects On Recipients
303 Distributions in redemption of stock to pay death taxes
Subpart C-Definitions; Constructive
Ownership Of Stock
318 Constructive ownership of stock
Part II-Corporate Liquidations
Subpart C-Collapsible Corporations
341 Collapsible corporations
Part V-Carryovers
382 Limitation on net operating loss carryforwards and certain
built-in losses following ownership change
Subchapter D-Deferred Compensation, Etc.
Part I-Pension, Profit-Sharing, Stock Bonus
Plans, Etc.
Subpart A-General Rule
401 Qualified pension, profit-sharing, and stock bonus plans
402 Taxability of beneficiary of employees' trust
404 Deduction for contributions of an employer to an employees'
trust or annuity plan and compensation under a
deferred-payment plan
408 Individual retirement accounts
409 Qualifications for tax credit employee stock ownership plans
Subpart B-Special Rules
411 Minimum vesting standards
414 Definitions and special rules
415 Limitations on benefits and contribution under qualified
plans
417 Definitions and special rules for purposes of minimum
survivor annuity requirements
Subpart E-Treatment Of Transfers To Retiree
Health Accounts
420 Transfers of excess pension assets to retiree health accounts
Part II-Certain Stock Options
424 Definitions and special rules
Subchapter E-Accounting Periods And Methods Of
Accounting
Part II-Methods Of Accounting
Subpart A-Methods Of Accounting In General
447 Method of accounting for corporations engaged in farming
Subpart B-Taxable Year For Which Items Of
Gross Income Included
453 Installment method
453B Gain or loss disposition of installment obligations
457 Deferred compensation plans of State and local governments
and tax-exempt organization
Subpart C-Taxable Year For Which Deductions
Taken
464 Limitations on deductions for certain farming
469 Passive activity losses and credits limited
Subchapter F-Exempt Organizations
Part I-General Rule
501 Exemption from tax on corporations, certain trusts, etc.
507 Termination of private foundation status
Subchapter G-Corporations Used To Avoid Income Tax
On Shareholders
Part II-Personal Holding Companies
544 Rules for determining stock ownership
Part III-Foreign Personal Holding Companies
554 Stock ownershipSubchapter I-Natural Resources
Part I-Deductions
613A Limitations on percentage depletion in case of oil and gas
wells
Subchapter J-Estates, Trusts, Beneficiaries, And
Decedents
Part I-Estates, Trusts, And Beneficiaries
Subpart A-General Rules For Taxation Of
Estates
And Trusts
643 Definitions applicable to subparts A, B, C, and D
Subpart E-Grantors And Others Treated As
Substantial Owners
672 Definitions and rules
674 Power to control beneficial enjoyment
675 Administrative powers
677 Income for benefit of grantor
Subpart F-Miscellaneous
682 Income of an estate or trust in case of divorce, etc.
Part II-Income In Respect Of Decedents
691 Recipients of income in respect of decedents
Subchapter K-Partners And Partnerships
Part I-Determination Of Tax Liability
704 Partner's distributive share
Subchapter N-Tax Based On Income From Sources Within
Or Without The United States
Part II-Nonresident Aliens And Foreign
Corporations
Subpart A-Nonresident Alien Individuals
871 Tax on nonresident alien individuals
877 Expatriation to avoid tax
879 Tax treatment of certain community income in the case of
nonresident alien individuals
Part III-Income From Sources Without The United
States
Subpart B-Earned Income Of Citizens Or
Residents
Of United States
911 Citizens or residents of the United States living abroad
Subpart D-Possessions Of The United States
932 Coordination of United States and Virgin Islands income taxes
Subchapter O-Gain Or Loss On Disposition Of Property
Part II-Basis Rules Of General Application
1014 Basis of property acquired from a decedent
1015 Basis of property acquired by gifts and transfers in trust
Part III-Common Nontaxable Exchanges
1034 Rollover of gain on sale of principal residence
1041 Transfers of property between spouses or incident to divorce
1043 Sale of property to comply with conflict-of-interest
requirements
1044 Rollover of publicly traded securities gain into specialized
small business investment companiesPart VII-Wash Sales;
Straddles
1092 Straddles
Subchapter P-Capital Gains And Losses
Part I-Treatment Of Capital Gains
1202 50-percent exclusion for gain from certain small business
stock
Part II-Treatment Of Capital Losses
1211 Limitation on capital losses
Part IV-Special Rules For Determining Capital
Gains And Losses
1233 Gains and losses from short sales
1235 Sale or exchange of patents
1239 Gain from sale of depreciable property between certain
related taxpayers
1244 Losses on small business stock
1256 Section 1256 contracts marked to market
Part V-Special Rules For Bonds And Other Debt
Instruments
Subpart A-Original Issue Discount
1272 Current inclusion in income of original issue discount
Subchapter Q-Readjustment Of Tax Between Years And
Special Limitations
Part II-Mitigation Of Effect Of Limitations And
Other Provisions
1313 Definitions
Subchapter S-Tax Treatment Of S Corporations And Their
Shareholders
Part I-In General
1361 S corporation defined
Subchapter V-Title 11 Cases
1398 Rules relating to individuals' title 11 cases
Chapter 2-Tax On Self-Employment Income
1402 Definitions
Chapter 6-Consolidated Returns
Subchapter B-Related Rules
Part II-Certain Controlled Corporations
1563 Definitions and special rules
Subtitle B-Estate And Gift Taxes
Chapter 11-Estate Tax
Subchapter A-Estates Of Citizens Or Residents
Part I-Tax Imposed
2001 Imposition and rate of tax
Part II-Credits Against Tax
2012 Credit for gift tax
2013 Credit for tax on prior transfers
2014 Credit for foreign death taxes
Part III-Gross Estate
2032 Alternate valuation
2032A Valuation of certain farm, etc., real property
2034 Dower or curtesy interests
2035 Adjustments for gifts made within 3 years of decedent's death
2037 Transfers taking effect at death
2040 Joint interests
2043 Transfers for insufficient consideration
Part IV-Taxable Estate
2053 Expenses, indebtedness, and taxes
2056 Bequests, etc., to surviving spouse
2056A Qualified domestic trust
Subchapter B-Estates Of Nonresidents Not Citizens
2106 Taxable estate
Subchapter C-Miscellaneous
2206 Liability of life insurance beneficiaries
2207 Liability of recipient of property over which decedent had
power of appointment
2207A Right of recovery in the case of certain marital deduction
property
Chapter 12-Gift Tax
Subchapter B-Transfers
2513 Gift by husband or wife to third party
2516 Certain property settlements
2518 Disclaimers
Subchapter C-Deductions
2523 Gift to spouse
Chapter 13-Tax On Generation-Skipping Transfers
Subchapter B-Generation-Skipping Transfers
2612 Taxable termination; taxable distribution; direct skip
Subchapter E-Applicable Rate; Inclusion Ratio
2642 Inclusion ratio
Subchapter F-Other Definitions And Special Rules
2651 Generation assignment
2652 Other definitions
Chapter 14-Special Valuation Rules
2701 Special valuation rules in case of transfers of certain
interests in corporations or partnerships
2704 Treatment of certain lapsing rights and restrictions
Subtitle C-Employment Taxes
Chapter 21-Federal Insurance Contributions Act
Subchapter C-General Provisions
3121 Definitions
Chapter 22-Railroad Retirement Tax Act
Subchapter D-General Provisions
3231 Definitions
Chapter 23-Federal Unemployment Tax Act
3306 Definitions
Chapter 24-Collection Of Income Tax At Source On Wages
3402 Income tax collected at source
3405 Special rules for pensions, annuities, and certain other
deferred income
Chapter 25-General Provisions Relating To Employment Taxes
3507 Advance payment of earned income credit
Subtitle D-Miscellaneous Excise Taxes
Chapter 40-General Provisions Relating To Occupational
Taxes
4905 Liability in case of death or change of location
Chapter 42-Private Foundations; And Certain Other
Tax-exempt Organizations
Subchapter A-Private Foundations
4942 Taxes on failure to distribute income
4946 Definitions and special rules
Subchapter B-Black Lung Benefit Trusts
4951 Taxes on self-dealing
Subchapter D-Failure By Certain Charitable
Organizations
To Meet Certain Qualification Requirements
4958 Taxes on excess benefit transactions
Chapter 43-Qualified Pension, Etc., Plans
4975 Tax on prohibited transactions
4980A Tax on excess distributions from qualified retirement plans
4980B Failure to satisfy continuation coverage requirements of
group health plans
Subtitle E-Alcohol, Tobacco, And Certain Other Excise Taxes
Chapter 51-Distilled Spirits, Wines, And Beer
Subchapter A-Gallonage And Occupational Taxes
Part II-Occupational Tax
Subpart G-General Provisions
5143 Provisions relating to liability for occupational taxes
Subtitle F-Procedure And Administration
Chapter 61-Information And Returns
Subchapter A-Returns And Records
Part II-Tax Returns Or Statements
Subpart B-Income Tax Returns
6012 Persons required to make returns of income
6013 Joint returns of income tax by husband and wife
6014 Income tax return--tax not computed by taxpayer
6017 Self-employment tax returnsPart III-Information Returns
Subpart A-Information Concerning Persons
Subject To Special Provisions
6039C Returns with respect to foreign persons holding direct
investments in United States real property interests
Subpart B-Information Concerning
Transactions With Other Persons
6046 Returns as to organization or reorganization of foreign
corporations and as to acquisitions of their stock
Subpart C-Information Regarding Wages Paid
Employees
6051 Receipts for employee
Part VIII-Designation Of Income Tax Payments To
Presidential Election Campaign Fund
6096 Designation by individuals
Subchapter B-Miscellaneous Provisions
6103 Confidentiality and disclosure of returns and return
information
Chapter 62-Time And Place For Paying Tax
Subchapter B-Extensions Of Time For Payment
6166 Extension of time for payment of estate tax where estate
consists largely of interest in closely held business
Chapter 63-Assessment
Subchapter B-Deficiency Procedures In The Case Of
Income, Estate, Gift, And Certain Excise Taxes
6212 Notice of deficiency
Subchapter C-Tax Treatment Of Partnership Items
6231 Definitions and special rules
Chapter 64-Collection
Subchapter C-Lien For Taxes
6324 Special liens for estate and gift taxes
Subchapter D-Seizure Of Property For Collection Of
Taxes
6334 Property exempt from levy
Chapter 66-Limitations
Subchapter A-Limitations On Assessment And Collection
6504 Cross references
Chapter 68-Additions To The Tax, Additional Amounts, And
Assessable Penalties
Subchapter A-Additions To The Tax And Additional
Amounts
Part I-General Provisions
6654 Failure by individual to pay estimated income tax
Part II-Accuracy-Related And Fraud Penalties
6663 Imposition of fraud penalty
Chapter 76-Judicial Proceedings
Subchapter B-Proceedings By Taxpayers And Third
Parties
7428 Declaratory judgments relating to status and classification
of organizations under section 501(c)(3), etc.
7430 Awarding of costs and certain fees
Chapter 77-Miscellaneous Provisions
7508 Time for performing certain acts postponed by reason of
service in combat zone
Chapter 79-Definitions
7701 Definitions
7702B Treatment of qualified long-term care insurance
7703 Determination of marital status
Chapter 80-General Rules
Subchapter C-Provisions Affecting More Than One
Subtitle
7871 Indian tribal governments treated as States for certain
purposes
7872 Treatment of loans with below-market interest rates
7873 Income derived by Indians from exercise of fishing rights
Subtitle I-Trust Fund Code
Chapter 98-Trust Fund Code
Subchapter A-Establishment of Trust Funds
9501 Black lung disability trust fund
Subtitle K-Group Health Plan Portability, Access, And
Renewability Requirements
Chapter 100-Group Health Plan Portability, Access, And
Renewability Requirements
9801 Increased portability through limitation on preexisting
condition exclusions
Category 4-Federal Civilian and Military Service Benefits
Title 2-The Congress
Chapter 3-Compensation And Allowances Of Members
36a Payment of sums due deceased Senators and Senate personnel
38a Disposition of unpaid salary and other sums on death of
Representative or Resident Commissioner
Chapter 4-Officers And Employees Of Senate And House Of
Representatives
121b Senate Beauty Shop
124 Arrangements for attendance at funeral of deceased House
Members; payment of funeral expenses and expenses of
attending funeral rites
125 Gratuities for survivors of deceased House employees;
computation
Chapter 16-Congressional Mailing Standards
501 House Commission on Congressional Mailing Standards
502 Select Committee on Standards and Conduct of the Senate
Chapter 20-Emergency Powers To Eliminate Budget Deficits
Subchapter I-Elimination Of Deficits In Excess Of Maximum
Deficit Amount
905 Exempt programs and activities
Title 3-The President
Chapter 2-Office And Compensation Of President
105 Assistance and services for the President
106 Assistance and services for the Vice President
Chapter 4-Delegation Of Functions
301 General authorization to delegate functions; publication of
delegations
Title 5-Government Organization And Employees
Part III-Employees
Subpart D-Pay And Allowances
Chapter 55-Pay Administration
Subchapter II-Withholding Pay
5520a Garnishment of pay
Subchapter IV-Dual Pay And Dual Employment
5532 Employment of retired members of the uniformed services;
reduction in retired or retainer pay
Subchapter VII-Payments To Missing Employees
5561 Definitions
5567 Settlement of accounts
5569 Benefits for captives
Subchapter VIII-Settlement Of Accounts
5582 Designation of beneficiary; order of precedence
5583 Payment of money due; settlement of accounts
Subchapter IX-Severance Pay And Back Pay
5595 Severance pay
Chapter 57-Travel, Transportation, And Subsistence
Subchapter II-Travel And Transportation Expenses;
New Appointees, Student Trainees, And Transferred
Employees
5724a Relocation expenses of employees transferred or reemployed
5724b Taxes on reimbursements for travel, transportation, and
relocation expenses of employees transferred
Chapter 59-Allowances
Subchapter III-Overseas Differentials And
Allowances
5924 Cost-of-living allowances
Subchapter IV-Miscellaneous Allowances
5942a Separate maintenance allowance for duty at Johnston Island
Subpart E-Attendance And Leave
Chapter 63-Leave
Subchapter V-Family And Medical Leave
6382 Leave requirement
6383 Certification
Subpart G-Insurance And Annuities
Chapter 81-Compensation For Work Injuries
Subchapter I-Generally
8101 Definitions
8109 Beneficiaries of awards unpaid at death; order of precedence
8110 Augmented compensation for dependents
8116 Limitations on right to receive compensation
8133 Compensation in case of death
8135 Lump-sum payment
8141 Civil Air Patrol volunteers
Subchapter II-Employees Of Nonappropriated Fund
Instrumentalities
8173 Liability under this subchapter exclusive
Subchapter III-Law Enforcement Officers Not
Employed By The United States
8191 Determination of eligibility
8192 Benefits
8193 Administration
Chapter 83-Retirement
Subchapter II-Forfeiture Of Annuities And Retired
Pay
8311 Definitions
8312 Conviction of certain offenses
8313 Absence from United States to avoid prosecution
8314 Refusal to testify
8315 Falsifying employment applications
8317 Repayment of annuity or retired pay properly paid; waiver
8318 Restoration of annuity or retired pay
Subchapter III-Civil Service Retirement
8331 Definitions
8332 Creditable service
8333 Eligibility for annuity
8334 Deductions, contributions, and deposits
8339 Computation of annuity
8340 Cost-of-living adjustment of annuities
8341 Survivor annuities
8342 Lump-sum benefits; designation of beneficiary; order of
precedence
8343a Alternative forms of annuities
8344 Annuities and pay on reemployment
8345 Payment of benefits; commencement, termination, and waiver of
annuity
8347 Administration; regulations
8348 Civil Service Retirement and Disability Fund
8349 Offset relating to certain benefits under the Social Security
Act
8351 Participation in the Thrift Savings Plan
Chapter 84-Federal Employees' Retirement System
Subchapter I-General Provisions
8401 Definitions
8402 Federal Employees' Retirement System; exclusions
Subchapter II-Basic Annuity
8411 Creditable service
8416 Survivor reduction for a current spouse
8417 Survivor reduction for a former spouse
8418 Survivor elections; deposit; offsets
8419 Survivor reductions; computation
8420 Insurable interest reductions
8420a Alternative forms of annuities
8422 Deductions from pay; contributions for military service
8423 Government contributions
8424 Lump-sum benefits; designation of beneficiary; order of
precedence
Subchapter III-Thrift Savings Plan
8432 Contributions
8434 Annuities: methods of payment; election; purchase
8435 Protections for spouses and former spouses
8437 Thrift Savings Fund
8440a Justices and judges
8440b Bankruptcy judges and magistrates
Subchapter IV-Survivor Annuities
8441 Definitions
8442 Rights of a widow or widower
8443 Rights of a child 8444Rights of a named individual with an
insurable interest
8445 Rights of a former spouse
Subchapter VI-General and Administrative
Provisions
8461 Authority of the Office of Personnel Management
8462 Cost-of-living adjustments
8467 Court orders
8468 Annuities and pay on reemployment
8469 Withholding of State income taxes
Subchapter VII-Federal Retirement Thrift
Investment Management System
8477 Fiduciary responsibilities; liability and penalties
Chapter 87-Life Insurance
8701 Definitions
8705 Death claims; order of precedence; escheat
8714c Optional life insurance on family members
Chapter 89-Health Insurance
8901 Definitions
8902 Contracting authority
8902a Debarment and other sanctions
8903 Health benefits plans
8905 Election of coverage
8905a Continued coverage
8906 Contribution
8908 Coverage of restored employees and survivor or disability
annuitants
8909 Employees Health Benefits Fund
8913 Regulations
Title 8-Aliens and Nationality
Chapter 12-Immigration And Nationality
Subchapter II-Immigration
Part IX-Miscellaneous
1353 Travel expenses and expense of transporting remains of
officers and employees dying outside of United States
Title 10-Armed Forces
Subtitle A-General Military Law
Part I-Organization And General Military Powers
Chapter 1-Definitions
101 Definitions
Part II-Personnel
Chapter 37-General Service Requirements
654 Policy concerning homosexuality in the armed forces
Chapter 47-Uniform Code Of Military Justice
Subchapter XII-United States Court Of Appeals For
The Armed Forces
945 Art. 145. Annuities for judges and survivors
Chapter 53-Miscellaneous Rights And Benefits
1041 Replacement of certificate of discharge
1052 Reimbursement for adoption expenses
1056 Relocation assistance programs
1059 Dependents of members separated for dependent abuse:
transitional compensation; commissary and exchange benefits
Chapter 54-Commissary and Exchange Benefits
1062 Certain former spouses
Chapter 55-Medical And Dental Care
1072 Definitions
1078a Continued health benefits coverage
1079 Contracts for medical care for spouses and children: plans
1092 Studies and demonstration projects relating to delivery of
health and medical care
Chapter 57-Decorations And Awards
1126 Gold star lapel button: eligibility and distribution
Chapter 58-Benefits And Services For Members Being
Separated Or Recently Separated
1142 Preseparation counseling; transmittal of medical records to
Department of Veterans Affairs
1143 Employment assistance
1144 Employment assistance, job training assistance, and other
transitional services: Department of Labor
1151 Assistance to separated members to obtain certification and
employment as teachers or employment as teachers' aides
Chapter 71-Computation Of Retired Pay
1408 Payment of retired or retainer pay in compliance with court
orders
Chapter 73-Annuities Based On Retired Or Retainer Pay
Subchapter I-Retired Serviceman's Family
Protection Plan
1431 Election of annuity: members of armed forces
1433 Mental incompetency of member
1434 Kinds of annuities that may be elected
1435 Eligible beneficiaries
Subchapter II-Survivor Benefit Plan
1447 Definitions
1448 Application of Plan
1450 Payment of annuity: beneficiaries
1451 Amount of annuity
1452 Reduction in retired pay
1455 Regulations
Subchapter III-Supplemental Survivor Benefit Plan
1456 Supplemental spouse coverage: establishment of plan;
definitions
1457 Supplemental spouse coverage: payment of annuity; amount
1458 Supplemental spouse coverage: eligible participants;
elections of coverage
1459 Former spouse coverage: special rules
1460 Supplemental spouse coverage: reductions in retired pay
1460a Incorporation of certain administrative provisions
Chapter 74-Department Of Defense Military Retirement
Fund
1461 Establishment and purpose of Fund; definition
1463 Payments from the Fund
1465 Determination of contributions to the Fund
1466 Payments into the Fund
Chapter 75-Death Benefits
1475 Death gratuity: death of members on active duty or inactive
duty training and of certain other persons
1476 Death gratuity: death after discharge or release from duty or
training
1477 Death gratuity: eligible survivors
1479 Death gratuity: delegation of determinations, payments
1482 Expenses incident to death
1489 Death gratuity: members and employees dying outside the
United States while assigned to intelligence duties
Chapter 76-Missing Persons
1513 Definitions
Chapter 79-Correction Of Military Records
1552 Correction of military records: claims incident thereto
1553 Review of discharge or dismissal
Chapter 81-Civilian Employees
1588 Authority to accept certain voluntary services
Chapter 88-Military Family Programs And Military Child
Care
Subchapter I-Military Family Programs
1784 Employment opportunities for military spouses
Subchapter II-Military Child Care
1792 Child care employees
Part III-Training And Education
Chapter 107-Educational Assistance For Persons
Enlisting
For Active Duty
2147 Right of member after reenlisting to transfer entitlement to
spouse or dependent children
2148 Duration of entitlement
Part IV-Service, Supply, And Procurement
Chapter 157-Transportation
2641 Transportation of certain veterans on Department of Defense
aeromedical evacuation aircraft
Chapter 165-Accountability And Responsibility
2771 Final settlement of accounts: deceased members
Subtitle B-Army
Part IV-Service, Supply, And Procurement
Chapter 445-Inquests; Disposition Of Effects Of
Deceased Persons; Captured Flags
4712 Disposition of effects of deceased persons by summary
court-martial
Subtitle C-Navy And Marine Corps
Part IV-General Administration
Chapter 651-Ships' Stores And Commissary Stores
7601 Sales: members of the naval service and Coast Guard; widows
and widowers; civilian employees and other persons
Subtitle D-Air Force
Part IV-Service, Supply, And Procurement
Chapter 945-Inquests; Disposition Of Effects Of
Deceased Persons
9712 Disposition of effects of deceased persons by summary
court-martial
Subtitle E-Reserve Components
Part I-Organization And Administration
Chapter 1007-Administration Of Reserve Components
10205 Members of Ready Reserve: requirement of notification of
change of status
Part II-Personnel Generally
Chapter 1209-Active Duty
12319 Ready Reserve: muster duty
Chapter 1214-Ready Reserve Mobilization Income
Insurance
12530 Payment of benefits
Chapter 1223-Retired Pay For Nonregular Service
12731 Age and service requirements
Title 14-Coast Guard
Part I-Regular Coast Guard
Chapter 13-Pay, Allowances, Awards, And Other Rights And
Benefits
487 Procurement and sale of stores to members and civilian
employees
498 Posthumous awards
514 Reimbursement for adoption expenses
Part II-Coast Guard Reserve And Auxiliary
Chapter 21-Coast Guard Reserve
Subchapter A-General
707 Temporary members of the Reserve; disability or death
benefits
Title 16-Conservation
Chapter 24-Conservation And Protection Of Fur Seals
Subchapter II-Administration Of Pribilof Islands
1168 Civil service retirement benefits
1169a Annuities and survivor annuities; recomputation
Title 20-Education
Chapter 25A-Overseas Defense Dependents' Education
932 Definitions
Title 22-Foreign Relations and Intercourse
Chapter 4-Passports
214 Fees for execution and issuance of passports; persons excused
from payment
Chapter 34-The Peace Corps
2505 Peace Corps volunteer leaders; number; applicability of
chapter; benefits
Chapter 38-Department Of State
2703 Services and facilities for employees at posts abroad
2708 Reward; information; international terrorism
Chapter 48-Taiwan Relations
3310 Employment of United States Government agency personnel
Chapter 51-Panama Canal
Subchapter I-Administration And Regulations
Part 2-Employees
Subpart IV-Retirement
3682 Cash relief to certain former employees
Chapter 52-Foreign Service
Subchapter IV-Compensation
3968 Local compensation plans
3973 Death gratuities
Subchapter VII-Career Development, Training, And
Orientation
4026 Career counseling
Subchapter VIII-Foreign Service Retirement and Disability
Part I-Foreign Service Retirement And Disability
System
4044 Definitions
4045 Contributions to the Fund
4046 Computation of annuities
4047 Payment of annuity
4049 Death in service
4054 Former spouses
4055 Lump-sum payments
4056 Creditable service
4057 Extra credit for service at unhealthful posts
4060 Assignment and attachment of moneys
4066 Cost-of-living adjustment of annuities
4068 Remarriage
4069-1 Qualified former wives and husbands
4069a Retirement benefits for certain former spouses
4069a-1Retirement benefits for certain former spouses
4069b Survivor benefits for certain former spouses 4069b-1Survivor
benefits for certain former spouses
4069c Health benefits for certain former spouses
4069c-1Health benefits for certain former spouses
Part II-Foreign Service Pension System
4071a Definitions
4071d Entitlement to annuity
4071j Former spouses
4071k Spousal agreements
Subchapter IX-Travel, Leave, And Other Benefits
4084 Health care program
Subchapter XI-Grievances
4132 Grievances concerning former members or their survivors
Subchapter XII-Transition
4159 Survivor benefits for certain former spouses
Title 24-Hospitals And Asylums
Chapter 10-Armed Forces Retirement Home
Subchapter I-Establishment And Operation Of Retirement Home
420 Disposition of effects of deceased persons; unclaimed
property
Title 26-Internal Revenue Code
Subtitle F-Procedure And Administration
Chapter 76-Judicial Proceedings
Subchapter C-The Tax Court
Part I-Organization And Jurisdiction
7448 Annuities to surviving spouses and dependent children of
judges
Title 28-Judiciary And Judicial Procedure
Part I-Organization Of Courts
Chapter 7-United States Court Of Federal Claims
178 Retirement of judges of the Court of Federal Claims
Chapter 17-Resignation And Retirement Of Justices And
Judges
376 Annuities for survivors of certain judicial officials of the
United States
377 Retirement of bankruptcy judges and magistrates
Part III-Court Officers And Employees
Chapter 41-Administrative Office Of United States Courts
604 Duties of Director generally
605 Budget estimates
Title 29-Labor
Chapter 19-Job Training Partnership
Subchapter IV-Federally Administered Programs
Part B-Job Corps
1706 Application of provisions of Federal law
Title 31-Money and Finance
Subtitle I-General
Chapter 7-General Accounting Office
Subchapter V-Annuities
771 Definitions
772 Annuity of the Comptroller General
773 Election of survivor benefits
774 Survivor annuities
775 Refunds
776 Payment of survivor benefits
777 Annuity increases
Subtitle III-Financial Management
Chapter 33-Depositing, Keeping, And Paying Money
Subchapter II-Payments
3330 Payment of Department of Veterans Affairs checks for the
benefit of individuals in foreign countries
Chapter 37-Claims
Subchapter III-Claims Against The United States
Government
3721 Claims of personnel of agencies and the District of Columbia
government for personal property damage or loss
Title 32-National Guard
Chapter 1-Organization
101 Definitions
Chapter 7-Service, Supply, And Procurement
714 Final settlement of accounts: deceased members
Title 33-Navigation And Navigable Waters
Chapter 16-Lighthouses
771 Benefits for surviving spouses of Lighthouse Service
employees; death of employee during retirement; amount of
payment
772 Death of employee due to non-service-connected causes after
15 years' service; amount of payment
Chapter 17-National Ocean Survey
Subchapter I-General Provisions
857-4 Commissary privileges
857a Rights, benefits, privileges, and immunities; exercise of
authority by Secretary of Commerce or designee
Title 37-Pay And Allowances Of The Uniformed Services
Chapter 7-Allowances
401 Definitions
403b Cost-of-living allowance in the continental United States
406 Travel and transportation allowances: dependents; baggage and
household effects
411h Travel and transportation allowances: transportation of
family members incident to the serious illness or injury of
members 423Validity of allowance payments based on purported
marriages
430 Travel and transportation: dependent children of members
stationed overseas
Chapter 10-Payments To Missing Persons
551 Definitions
557 Settlement of accounts
Chapter 19-Administration
1011 Mess operation: reimbursement of expenses
Title 39-Postal Service
Part IV-Mail Matter
Chapter 32-Penalty And Franked Mail
3210 Franked mail transmitted by the Vice President, Members of
Congress, and congressional officials
3214 Mailing privilege of former President; surviving spouse of
former President
3216 Reimbursement for franked mailings
3218 Franked mail for survivors of Members of Congress
Title 40-Public Buildings, Property, And Works
Chapter 2-Capitol Building And Grounds
166b-4 Gratuities for survivors of deceased employees under
jurisdiction of Architect of Capitol
184g House of Representatives Child Care Center
214d Senate Employee Child Care Center benefits
Title 42-The Public Health and Welfare
Chapter 6A-The Public Health Service
Subchapter I-Administration And Miscellaneous Provisions
Part A-Administration
213 Military benefits
213a Rights, benefits, privileges, and immunities for commissioned
officers or beneficiaries; exercise of authority by Secretary
or designee
Subchapter II-General Powers And Duties
Part C-Hospitals, Medical Examinations, And Medical
Care
253a Medical services to retired personnel of National Oceanic and
Atmospheric Administration
Chapter 11-Compensation For Disability Or Death To Persons
Employed At Military, Air, And Naval Bases Outside United States
1652 Computation of benefits; application to aliens and
nonnationals
Chapter 20-Elective Franchise
Subchapter I-G-Registration And Voting By Absent Uniformed
Services Voters And Overseas Voters In Elections For
Federal Office
1973ff-6Definitions
Chapter 23-Development And Control Of Atomic Energy
Division B-United States Enrichment Corporation
Subchapter VIII-United States Enrichment Corporation
Privatization
2297h-8Employee protections
Title 50-War and National Defense
Chapter 15-National Security
Subchapter I-Coordination For National Security
403k Authority to pay death gratuities
403n Special provisions for spouses of Central Intelligence Agency
employees applicable to Agency participants in Civil Service
Retirement and Disability System
403p Health benefits for certain former spouses of Central
Intelligence Agency employees
403s Special rules for disability retirement and death-in-service
benefits with respect to certain employees
Chapter 38-Central Intelligence Agency Retirement And Disability
Subchapter I-Definitions
2002 Definitions relating to participants and annuitants
Subchapter II-Central Intelligence Agency Retirement And
Disability System
Part B-Contributions
2021 Contributions to fund
Part C-Computation Of Annuities
2031 Computation of annuities
2032 Annuities for former spouses
2033 Election of survivor benefits for certain former spouses
divorced as of November 15, 1982
2034 Survivor annuity for certain other former spouses
2035 Retirement annuity for certain former spouses
2036 Survivor annuities for previous spouses
Part D-Benefits Accruing To Certain Participants
2051 Retirement for disability or incapacity; medical examination;
recovery
2052 Death in service
2056 Eligibility for annuity
Part E-Lump-Sum Payments
2071 Lump-sum payments
Part F-Period Of Service For Annuities
2082 Prior service credit
Part G-Moneys
2093 Payment of benefits
2094 Attachment of moneys
Part J-Cost-Of-Living Adjustment Of Annuities
2131 Cost-of-living adjustment of annuities
Part K-Conformity With Civil Service Retirement System
2141 Authority to maintain existing areas of conformity between
Civil Service and Central Intelligence Agency Retirement and
Disability Systems
2143 Alternative forms of annuities
Subchapter III-Participation In Federal Employees'
Retirement System
2154 Special rules for former spouses
Title 50-Appendix
Soldiers' And Sailors' Civil Relief Act Of 1940
Article III-Rent, Installment Contracts, Mortgages, Liens,
Assignments, Leases
530 Eviction or distress during military service; stay; penalty
for noncompliance; allotment of pay for payment
Article V-Taxes And Public Lands
563 Death or incapacity during or resulting from service as
affecting rights; perfection of rights
Article VII-Further Relief
591 Power of attorney
Category 5-Employment Benefits and Related Laws
Title 16-Conservation
Chapter 31-Marine Mammal Protection
Subchapter II-Conservation And Protection Of Marine Mammals
1383a Interim exemption for commercial fisheries
Title 29-Labor
Chapter 7-Labor-Management Relations
Subchapter II-National Labor Relations
152 Definitions
Chapter 8-Fair Labor Standards
203 Definitions
213 Exemptions
Chapter 18-Employee Retirement Income Security Program
Subchapter I-Protection Of Employee Benefit Rights
Subtitle A-General Provisions
1002 Definitions
Subtitle B-Regulatory Provisions
Part 1-Reporting And Disclosure
1021 Duty of disclosure and reporting
Part 2-Participation And Vesting
1053 Minimum vesting standards
1055 Requirement of joint and survivor annuity and preretirement
survivor annuity
1056 Form and payment of benefits
Part 6-Continuation Coverage And Additional
Standards For Group Health Plans
1162 Continuation coverage
1163 Qualifying event
1166 Notice requirements
1167 Definitions and special rules
Part 7-Group Health Plan Portability, Access, And
Renewability Requirements
1181 Increased portability through limitation on preexisting
condition exclusion
Subchapter III-Plan Termination Insurance
Subtitle B-Coverage
1322 Single-employer plan benefits guaranteed
Subtitle C-Terminations
1350 Missing participants
Chapter 19-Job Training Partnership
1503 Definitions
Subchapter II-Training Services For The Disadvantaged
Part C-Youth Training Program
1644 Program design
Subchapter IV-Federally Administered Programs
Part B-Job Corps
1699 Allowances and support
Part E-Labor Market Information
1752 Cooperative labor market information program
Chapter 28-Family And Medical Leave
2601 Findings and purposes
Subchapter I-General Requirements For Leave
2611 Definitions
2612 Leave requirement
2613 Certification
2614 Employment and benefits protection
Title 30-Mineral Lands And Mining
Chapter 22-Mine Safety And Health
Subchapter II-Interim Mandatory Health Standards
843 Medical examinations
Subchapter IV-Black Lung Benefits
Part A-General Provisions
901 Congressional findings and declaration of purpose; short
title
902 Definitions
903 Field offices
Part B-Claims For Benefits Filed On Or Before December
31, 1973
921 Regulations and presumptions
922 Payment of benefits
923 Filing of notice of claim
924 Time for filing claims
Part C-Claims For Benefits After December 31, 1973
931 Benefits under State workmen's compensation laws
932 Failure to meet workmen's compensation requirements
Title 33-Navigation And Navigable Waters
Chapter 18-Longshore And Harbor Workers' Compensation
902 Definitions
905 Exclusiveness of liability
906 Compensation
908 Compensation for disability
909 Compensation for death
910 Determination of pay
931 Penalty for misrepresentation
933 Compensation for injuries where third persons are liable
Title 42-The Public Health And Welfare
Chapter 6A-Public Health Service
Subchapter XX-Requirements For Certain Group Health Plans
For Certain State And Local Employees
300bb-3Qualifying event
300bb-6Notice requirements
300bb-8Definitions
Subchapter XXV-Assuring Portability, Availability, And
Renewability Of Health Insurance Coverage
Part A-Group Market Reforms
Subpart 1-Portability, Access, And Renewability
Requirements
300gg Increased portability through limitation on preexisting
condition exclusions
Chapter 12-Compensation For Injury, Death, Or Detention Of
Employees Of Contractors With The United States Outside United
States
Subchapter I-Compensation, Reimbursement, Etc., By
Secretary Of Labor
1701 Compensation for injury or death resulting from war-risk
hazard
Chapter 46-Justice System Improvement
Subchapter XII-Public Safety Officers' Death Benefits
3796 Payment of death benefits
Subchapter XII-K-Family Support
3796jj-2Uses of funds
Title 45-Railroads
Chapter 2-Liability For Injuries To Employees
51 Liability of common carriers by railroad, in interstate or
foreign commerce, for injuries to employees from negligence;
employee defined
52 Carriers in Territories or other possessions of United States
59 Survival of right of action of person injured
Chapter 9-Retirement Of Railroad Employees
Subchapter IV-Railroad Retirement Act Of 1974
231a Annuity eligibility requirements
231b Computation of annuities
231c Computation of spouse and survivor annuities
231d Annuity beginning and ending dates
231e Lump sum payments
231f Railroad Retirement Board
231m Assignability; exemption from levy
231r Automatic benefit eligibility requirement adjustments
Chapter 11-Railroad Unemployment Insurance
352 Benefits
Title 46-Shipping
Subtitle II-Vessels And Seamen
Part G-Merchant Seamen Protection And Relief
Chapter 103-Foreign And Intercoastal Voyages
10315 Allotments
Chapter 107-Effects Of Deceased Seamen
10709 Distribution
Chapter 111-Protection And Relief
11109 Attachment of wages
Title 49-Transportation
Subtitle VII-Aviation Programs
Part A-Air Commerce And Safety
Subpart II-Economic Regulation
Chapter 415-Pricing
41511 Special prices for foreign air transportation
Title 50-War And National Defense
Title 50-Appendix
National Emergency And War Shipping Acts; March 24, 1943
1291 Rights of American seamen on privately owned and operated
American vessels extended to seamen employed through the War
Shipping Administration; exceptions; definitions
Category 6-Immigration, Naturalization, and Aliens
Title 8-Aliens And Nationality
Chapter 12-Immigration And Nationality
Subchapter I-General Provisions
1101 Definitions
Subchapter II-Immigration
Part I-Selection System
1151 Worldwide level of immigration
1152 Numerical limitations on individual foreign states
1153 Allocation of immigrant visas
1154 Procedure for granting immigrant status
1157 Annual admission of refugees and admission of emergency
situation refugees
1158 Asylum procedure
1159 Adjustment of status of refugees
Part II-Admission Qualifications For Aliens; Travel
Control Of Citizens And Aliens
1182 Excludable aliens
1184 Admission of nonimmigrants
1184a Philippine Traders as nonimmigrants
1186a Conditional permanent resident status for certain alien
spouses and sons and daughters
1186b Conditional permanent resident status for certain alien
entrepreneurs, spouses, and children
Part III-Issuance Of Entry Documents
1201 Issuance of visas
1202 Application for visas
Part IV-Provisions Relating To Entry And Exclusion
1221 Lists of alien and citizen passengers arriving and departing
Part V-Deportation; Adjustment Of Status
1251 Deportable aliens
1254 Suspension of deportation
1255 Adjustment of status of nonimmigrant to that of person
admitted for permanent residence
Part VIII-General Penalty Provisions
1325 Improper entry by alien
1328 Importation of alien for immoral purpose
Subchapter III-Nationality And Naturalization
Part I-Nationality At Birth And Collective
Naturalization
1401 Nationals and citizens of United States at birth
Part II-Nationality Through Naturalization
1422 Eligibility for naturalization
1427 Requirements of naturalization
1430 Married persons and employees of certain nonprofit
organizations
1435 Former citizens regaining citizenship
1440-1 Posthumous citizenship through death while on active-duty
service in the armed forces during World War I, World War II,
the Korean hostilities, the Vietnam hostilities, or in other
periods of military hostilities 1444Photographs; number
1449 Certificate of naturalization; contents
1451 Revocation of naturalization
1452 Certificates of citizenship or U.S. non-citizen national
status; procedure
1454 Documents and copies issued by Attorney General
Part III-Loss Of Nationality
1489 Application of treaties; exceptions
Subchapter IV-Refugee Assistance
1522 Authorization for programs for domestic resettlement of and
assistance to refugees
Chapter 14-Restricting Welfare And Public Benefits For Aliens
Subchapter I-Eligibility For Federal Benefits
1612 Limited eligibility of qualified aliens for certain Federal
programs
1613 Five-year limited eligibility of qualified aliens for Federal
means-tested public benefit
Subchapter II-Eligibility For State And Local Public
Benefits Programs
1622 State authority to limit eligibility of qualified aliens for
State public benefits
Subchapter III-Attribution Of Income And Affidavits Of
Support
1631 Federal attribution of sponsor's income and resources to
alien
1632 Authority for States to provide for attribution of sponsors
income and resources to the alien with respect to State
programs
Subchapter IV-General Provisions
1645 Qualifying quarters
Title 22-Foreign Relations And Intercourse
Chapter 69A-Cuban Liberty And Democratic Solidarity (Libertad)
Subchapter IV-Exclusion Of Certain Aliens
6091 Exclusion from the United States of aliens who have
confiscated property of United States nationals or who
traffic in such property
Title 42-The Public Health And Welfare
Chapter 8-Low-Income Housing
1436a Restriction on use of assisted housing by non-resident aliens
Category 7-Indians
Title 25-Indians
Chapter 5-Protection Of Indians
181 Rights of white men marrying Indian women; tribal property
182 Rights of Indian women marrying white men; tribal property
183 Marriage of white men to Indian women; evidence
184 Rights of children born of marriages between white men and
Indian women
Chapter 10-Descent And Distribution; Heirs Of Allottee
371 Descent of land
Chapter 14-Miscellaneous
Subchapter X-Klamath Tribe: Disposition Of Certain Tribal
Funds
541 Creation of individual credits; authorized purchases
544 Creation of individual credits; authorized purchases
Subchapter XVII-Yakima Tribes
607 Divestment of inheritance of non-members
Subchapter XXII-Navajo And Hopi Tribes: Settlement Of
Rights And Interests
640d-28Life estates
Subchapter XLVI-Ponca Tribe Of Nebraska: Termination Of
Federal Supervision
973 Distribution of assets
Chapter 18-Indian Health Care
Subchapter I-Indian Health Professional Personnel
1616b Recruitment activities
Subchapter VI-Miscellaneous
1680c Health services for ineligible persons
Chapter 21-Indian Child Welfare
1903 Definitions
Chapter 24-Indian Land Consolidation
2205 Descent and distribution of trust or restricted or controlled
lands; tribal ordinance barring nonmembers of tribe or
non-Indians from inheritance by devise or descent; limitation
on life estate
Chapter 34-Indian Child Protection And Family Violence
Prevention
3202 Definitions
Category 8-Trade, Commerce, And Intellectual Property
Title 7-Agriculture
Chapter 74-Floral Research And Consumer Information
4311 Exemption from assessments
Chapter 97-Fresh Cut Flowers And Fresh Cut Greens Promotion And
Information
6805 Exclusion; determinations
Title 11-Bankruptcy
Chapter 1-General Provisions
101 Definition
109 Who may be a debtor
Chapter 3-Case Administration
Subchapter I-Commencement Of A Case
302 Joint cases
Subchapter IV-Administrative Powers
362 Automatic stay
363 Use, sale, or lease of property
Chapter 5-Creditors, The Debtor, And The Estate
Subchapter I-Creditors And Claims
507 Priorities
Subchapter II-Debtor's Duties And Benefits
522 Exemptions
523 Exceptions to discharge
524 Effect of discharge
Subchapter III-The Estate
541 Property of the estate
547 Preferences
Chapter 7-Liquidation
Subchapter II-Collection, Liquidation, And Distribution of
the estate
726 Distribution of property of the estate
Chapter 11-Reorganization
Subchapter I-Officers And Administration
1114 Payment of insurance benefits to retired employees
Title 12-Banks And Banking
Chapter 12-Federal Savings Associations
1467a Regulations of holding companies
Chapter 13-National Housing
1701j-3Preemption of due-on-sale prohibitions
1701x Assistance with respect to housing for low- and
moderate-income families
Subchapter II-Mortgage Insurance
1715m Mortgage insurance for servicemen
1715v Insurance of mortgages for housing for elderly persons
1715z-1Rental and cooperative housing for lower income families
1715z-12Single-family mortgage insurance on Hawaiian home lands
1715z-20 Demonstration program of insurance of home equity conversion
mortgages for elderly homeowners
Subchapter V-Miscellaneous
1735f-5Prohibition against discrimination on account of sex in
extension of mortgage assistance; consideration of combined
income of husband and wife for purpose of extending mortgage
credit; definitions
Chapter 17-Bank Holding Companies
1843 Interests in nonbanking organizations
Title 15-Commerce And Trade
Chapter 2D-Investment Companies And Advisers
Subchapter I-Investment Companies
80a-2 Definitions
80a-3 Definition of investment company
Chapter 14A-Aid To Small Business
633 Small Business Administration
Chapter 22-Trademarks
Subchapter I-The Principal Register
1052 Trademarks registrable on principal register; concurrent
registration
Chapter 41-Consumer Credit Protection
Subchapter II-Restrictions On Garnishment
1673 Restriction on garnishment
Subchapter IV-Equal Credit Opportunity
1691c Administrative enforcement
1691d Applicability of other laws
Subchapter V-Debt Collection Practices
1692 Congressional findings and declaration of purpose
1692c Communication in connection with debt collection
Chapter 42-Interstate Land Sales
1702 Exemptions
Title 17-Copyrights
Chapter 1-Subject Matter And Scope Of Copyright
101 Definitions
Chapter 2-Copyright Ownership And Transfer
203 Termination of transfers and licenses granted by the author
Chapter 3-Duration Of Copyright
304 Duration of copyright: Subsisting copyrights
Title 19-Customs Duties
Chapter 4-Tariff Act Of 1930
Subtitle III-Administrative Provisions
Part I-Definitions And National Customs Automation
Program
Subpart A-Definitions
1401a ValueSubtitle IV-Countervailing And Antidumping Duties
Part IV-General Provisions
1677 Definitions; special rules
Chapter 12-Trade Act Of 1974
Subchapter IV-Trade Relations With Countries Not Currently
Receiving Nondiscriminatory Treatment
2439 Freedom to emigrate to join very close relative in United
States
Chapter 14-Convention On Cultural Property
2606 Import restrictions
Chapter 21-North American Free Trade
Subchapter II-Customs Provisions
3332 Rules of origin
Subchapter III-Application Of Agreement To Sectors And
Services
Part C-Temporary Entry Of Business Persons
3401 Temporary entry
Category 9-Financial Disclosure and Conflict of Interest
Title 2-The Congress
Chapter 3-Compensation And Allowances Of Members
31-2 Gifts and travel
Chapter 11-Citizens' Commission On Public Service And
Compensation
352 Membership
Title 5-Government Organization And Employees
Part III-Employees
Subpart B-Employment And Retention
Chapter 31-Authority For Employment
Subchapter I-Employment Authorities
3110 Employment of relatives; restrictions
Subpart F-Labor-Management And Employee Relations
Chapter 73-Suitability, Security, And Conduct
Subchapter IV-Foreign Gifts And Decorations
7342 Receipt and disposition of foreign gifts and decorations
Subchapter V-Misconduct
7351 Gifts to superiors
Title 5-Appendix 4
Ethics in Government Act of 1978
Title I-Financial Disclosure Requirements Of Federal
Personnel
102 Contents of reports
109 Definitions
Title V-Government-Wide Limitations On Outside Earned
Income And Employment
501 Outside earned income limitation
Title 7-Agriculture
Chapter 50-Agricultural Credit
Subchapter IV-Administrative Provisions
1986 Conflicts of interests
2008j National Sheep Industry Improvement Center
Chapter 88-Research
Subchapter VI-Alternative Agricultural Research And
Commercialization
5903 Board of directors, employees, and facilities
Title 10-Armed Forces
Subtitle E-Reserve Components
Part IV-Training For Reserve Components And Educational
Assistance Programs
Chapter 1606-Educational Assistance For Members Of
The Selected Reserve
16131 Educational assistance program: establishment; amount
Title 12-Banks And Banking
Chapter 27-Real Estate Settlement Procedures
2602 DefinitionsTitle 16-Conservation
Chapter 38-Fishery Conservation And Management
Subchapter IV-National Fishery Management Program
1852 Regional Fishery Management Councils
Title 18-Crimes And Criminal Procedure
Part I-Crimes
Chapter 93-Public Officers And Employees
1910 Nepotism in appointment of receiver or trustee
Title 22-Foreign Relations And Intercourse
Chapter 52-Foreign Service
Subchapter III-Appointments
3944 Chiefs of Mission
Title 28-Judiciary And Judicial Procedure
Part I-Organization Of Courts
Chapter 21-General Provisions Applicable To Courts And
Judges
455 Disqualification of justice, judge, or magistrate
458 Relative of justice or judge ineligible to appointment
Part III-Court Officers And Employees
Chapter 43-United States Magistrates
631 Appointment and tenure
Title 29-Labor
Chapter 11-Labor-Management Reporting And Disclosure Procedure
Subchapter III-Reporting By Labor Organizations, Officers And
Employees Of Labor Organizations, And Employers
432 Report of officers and employees of labor organizations
Title 31-Money And Finance
Subtitle II-The Budget Process
Chapter 13-Appropriations
Subchapter III-Limitations, Exceptions, And Penalties
1353 Acceptance of travel and related expenses from non-Federal
sources
Title 33-Navigation And Navigable Waters
Chapter 18-Longshore And Harbor Workers' Compensation
940 Deputy commissioners
Title 40-Public Buildings, Property, And Works
Title 40-Appendix
Appalachian Regional Development Act Of 1965
Title I-The Appalachian Regional Commission
108 Personal financial interests
Title 42-The Public Health And Welfare
Chapter 6A-Public Health Service
Subchapter III-National Research Institutes
Part I-National Foundation For Biomedical Research
290b Establishment and duties of Foundation
Subchapter XI-Health Maintenance Organizations
300e-17Financial disclosure
Chapter 7-Social Security
Subchapter XI-General Provisions, Peer Review, And
Administrative Simplification
Part B-Peer Review Of Utilization And Quality Of
Health Care Services
1320c-3Functions of peer review organizations
Title 43-Public Lands
Chapter 4-District Land Offices
100 Disqualification
Title 50-War And National Defense
Chapter 15-National Security
Subchapter VI-Access To Classified Information
435 Procedures
Category 10-Crimes and Family Violence
Title 10-Armed Forces
Subtitle A-General Military Law
Part II-Personnel
Chapter 47-Uniform Code Of Military Justice
Subchapter X-Punitive Articles
920 Art. 120. Rape and carnal knowledge
Title 18-Crimes And Criminal Procedure
Part I-Crimes
Chapter 7-Assault
115 Influencing, impeding, or retaliating against a Federal
official by threatening or injuring a family member
Chapter 11-Bribery, Graft, And Conflicts Of Interest
203 Compensation to Members of Congress, officers, and others in
matters affecting the Government
205 Activities of officers and employees in claims against and
other matters affecting the Government
208 Acts affecting a personal financial interest
Chapter 41-Extortion And Threats
879 Threats against former Presidents and certain other persons
protected by the Secret Service
Chapter 44-Firearms
921 Definitions
Chapter 51-Homicide
1116 Murder or manslaughter of foreign officials, official guests,
or internationally protected persons
Chapter 53-Indians
1169 Reporting of child abuse
Chapter 93-Public Officers And Employees
1921 Receiving Federal employees' compensation after marriage
Chapter 109A-Sexual Abuse
2243 Sexual abuse of a minor or ward
Chapter 110A-Domestic Violence
2261 Interstate domestic violence
2262 Interstate violation of protection order
2265 Full faith and credit given to protection orders
2266 Definitions
Chapter 113B-Terrorism
2333 Civil remedies
Part II-Criminal Procedure
Chapter 203-Arrest And Commitment
3056 Powers, authorities, and duties of United States Secret
Service
Chapter 227-Sentences
Subchapter B-Probation
3561 Sentence of probationPart III-Prisons And Prisoners
Chapter 305-Commitment And Transfer
4082 Commitment to Attorney General; residential treatment
centers; extension of limits of confinement; work furlough
Title 21-Food And Drugs
Chapter 13-Drug Abuse Prevention And Control
Subchapter I-Control And Enforcement
Part D-Offenses And Penalties
862 Denial of Federal benefits to drug traffickers and possessors
Title 28-Judiciary And Judicial Procedure
Part VI-Particular Proceedings
Chapter 176-Federal Debt Collection Procedure
Subchapter A-Definitions And General Provisions
3014 Exempt property
Subchapter D-Fraudulent Transfers Involving Debts
3301 Definitions
Title 42-The Public Health And Welfare
Chapter 6A-Public Health Service
Subchapter II-General Powers And Duties
Part J-Prevention And Control Of Injuries
280b-1aInterpersonal violence within families and among
acquaintances
Chapter 7-Social Security
Subchapter II-Federal Old-Age, Survivors, And Disability
Insurance Benefits
408 Penalties
Subchapter XI-General Provisions, Peer Review, And
Administrative Simplification
Part A-General Provisions
1307 Penalty for fraud
Subchapter XVI-Supplemental Security Income For Aged,
Blind, And Disabled
Part B-Procedural And General Provisions
1383a Fraudulent acts; penalties; restitution
Chapter 21A-Privacy Protection
Subchapter II-Attorney General Guidelines
2000aa-11Guidelines for Federal officers and employees
Chapter 42-Narcotic Addict Rehabilitation
Subchapter II-Civil Commitment Of Persons Not Charged With
Any Criminal Offense
3411 Definitions
Chapter 46-Justice System Improvement
Subchapter V-Bureau Of Justice Assistance Grant Programs
Part A-Drug Control And System Improvement Grant
Program
3751 Description of drug control and system improvement grant
programSubchapter XII-H-Grants To Combat Violent Crimes
Against Women
3796gg-1State grants
3796gg-2Definitions
Subchapter XII-I-Grants To Encourage Arrest Policies
3796hh Grants
3796hh-4Definitions
Chapter 110-Family Violence Prevention And Services
10402 State grants authorized
10408 Definitions
10415 Model State leadership grants for domestic violence
intervention
Chapter 112-Victim Compensation And Assistance
10602 Crime victim compensation
10603 Crime victim assistance
10607 Services to victims
Chapter 113-State Justice Institute
10701 Definitions
Chapter 136-Violent Crime Control And Law Enforcement
Subchapter II-Crime Prevention
Part B-Local Crime Prevention Block Grant Program
13751 Payments to local governmeents
Subchapter III-Violence Against Women
Part D-Equal Justice For Women In The Courts Act
Subpart 1-Education And Training For Judges And
Court Personnel In State Courts
13992 Training provided by grants
Part E-Violence Against Women Act Improvements
14014 Report on confidentiality of addresses for victims of
domestic violence
Subchapter XII-Presidential Summit On Violence And National
Commission On Crime Prevention And Control
14194 Responsibilities of the Commission
Category 11-Loans, Guarantees, and Payments in Agriculture
Title 7-Agriculture
Chapter 3-Grain Standards
87f-1 Registration requirements
Chapter 35-Agricultural Adjustment Act Of 1938
Subchapter II-Loans, Parity Payments, Consumer Safeguards,
Marketing Quotas, And Marketing Certificates
Part A-Definitions, Loans, Parity Payments, And
Consumer Safeguards
1308
Payment limitations: production flexibility contracts,
marketing loan gains and deficiencies, contract commodities
and oilseeds; regulations
1308-1 Prevention of creation of entities to qualify as separate
persons; payments limited to active farmers
Chapter 35A-Price Support Of Agricultural Commodities
Subchapter III-Nonbasic Agricultural Commodities
1446 Price support levels for designated nonbasic agricultural
commodities
Chapter 50-Agricultural Credit
Subchapter I-Real Estate Loans
1922 Persons eligible for loans
Subchapter II-Operating Loans
1941 Persons eligible for loans
Subchapter III-Emergency Loans
1961 Eligibility for loans
Subchapter IV-Administrative Provisions
1991 Definitions
2000 Homestead protection
2001 Debt restructuring and loan servicing
Title 15-Commerce And Trade
Chapter 14A-Aid To Small Business
636 Additional powers
Chapter 14B-Small Business Investment Program
Subchapter V-Loans To State And Local Development Companies
697 Development company debentures
Title 20-Education
Chapter 28-Higher Education Resources And Student Assistance
Subchapter IV-Student Assistance
Part B-Federal Family Education Loan Program
1071 Statement of purpose; nondiscrimination; and appropriations
authorized
1078-3 Federal consolidation loans
Part C-William D. Ford Federal Direct Loan Program
1087e Terms and conditions of loans
Part E-Need Analysis
1087nn Determination of expected family contribution; data elements
1087oo Family contribution for dependent students 1087ppFamily
contribution for independent students without dependents
other than a spouse
1087qq Family contribution for independent students with dependents
other than a spouse
1087ss Simplified needs test
1087uu-1Native American students
1087vv Definitions
Subchapter V-Educator Recruitment, Retention, And
Development
Part C-Teacher Scholarships And Fellowships
Subpart 1-Paul Douglas Teacher Scholarships
1104g Exceptions to repayment provisions
Subchapter IX-Graduate Programs
Part E-Faculty Development Fellowship Program
1134r-5Exceptions to repayment provisions
Chapter 57-James Madison Memorial Fellowship Program
4506 Recipient's eligibility
Title 38-Veterans' Benefits
Part III-Readjustment And Related Benefits
Chapter 37-Housing And Small Business Loans
Subchapter I-General
3701 Definitions
3702 Basic entitlement
3704 Restrictions on loans
Subchapter II-Loans
3710 Purchase or construction of homes
3712 Loans to purchase manufactured homes and lots
Subchapter III-Administrative Provisions
3726 Withholding of payments, benefits, etc.
3729 Loan fee
Part IV-General Administrative Provisions
Chapter 53-Special Provisions Relating To Benefits
5302 Waiver of recovery of claims by the United States
Title 42-The Public Health And Welfare
Chapter 6A-Public Health Service
Subchapter II-General Powers And Duties
Part D-Primary Health Care
Subpart II-National Health Service Corps Program
254h-1 Facilitation of effective provision of Corps services
Subpart III-Scholarship Program And Loan
Repayment Program
254l-1 National Health Service Corps Loan Repayment Program
Chapter 8A-Slum Clearance, Urban Renewal, And Farm Housing
Subchapter III-Farm Housing
1472 Loans for housing and buildings on adequate farms
Category 12-Federal Natural Resources and Related Laws
Title 16-Conservation
Chapter 1-National Parks, Military Parks, Monuments, And
Seashores
Subchapter VI-Sequoia And Yosemite National Parks
45f Mineral King Valley addition authorized
Subchapter VII-Redwood National Park
79d Acquisition of lands
Subchapter X-North Cascades National Park
90b-2 Owner's retention of right of use and occupancy for
agricultural, residential, or commercial purposes for life or
term of years; transfer or assignment of right; termination
of use and
Subchapter XVIII-Saratoga National Historical Park
159g Acquisition of lands
Subchapter XIX-Voyageurs National Park
160c Acquisition of improved property
Subchapter XXIII-Abraham Lincoln Birthplace National
Historic Site
218 Addition of land
Subchapter XXV-Jean Lafitte National Historical Park
Part A-Generally
230b Owner's retention of right of use and occupancy for
residential purposes for life or fixed term of years;
election of term; fair market value; transfer, assignment or
termination; "improved property" defined
Subchapter XXVII-Olympic National Park
251h Property retention rights; compensation at fair market value;
"improved property" defined
Subchapter XLIV-Virgin Islands National Park
398d Acquisition of lands, waters, and interests therein
Subchapter LIV-Everglades National Park
410r-3 Acceptance of additional lands; lands acquired as part of
park; reimbursement of revolving fund
Subchapter LV-Minute Man National Historical Park
410t Acquisition and transfer of lands; private owner's retention
of right of use and occupancy
410x-1 Residential occupancy
Subchapter LVIII-Valley Forge National Historical Park
410aa-1Lands and property
Subchapter LIX-C-San Antonio Missions National Historical
Park
410ee Establishment
Subchapter LIX-D-Channel Islands National Park
410ff-1Acquisition of property
Subchapter LIX-T-Marsh-Billings National Historical Park
410vv-6Reservation of use and occupancy
Subchapter LX-National Military Parks
425m Retained rights
426n Boundary revision of Stones River National Battlefield
429b-2 Retention of right of use and occupation of improved property
by owner
Subchapter LXI-National And International Monuments And
Memorials
433k Whitman Mission National Historic Site; acquisition of land;
establishment, supervision and maintenance
441l Exchange of lands; transfer from Federal agency to
administrative jurisdiction of Secretary; terms and
conditions of purchase
450e-1 Appomattox Court House National Historical Park
Subchapter LXIII-National Seashore Recreational Areas
459b-3 Acquisition by condemnation
459c-5 Owner's reservation of right of use and occupancy for fixed
term of years or life
459e-1 Acquisition of property
459g-1 Acquisition of property
459h-1 Acquisition of property
459i-3 Acquisition of property
459j-2 Improved property
Subchapter LXIX-Outdoor Recreation Programs
Part B-Land And Water Conservation Fund
460l-6aAdmission and special recreation use fees
Subchapter LXX-Ozark National Scenic Riverways
460m-2 Reservation of use and occupancy of improved property for
noncommercial residential purposes; term; valuation
Subchapter LXXI-Buffalo National River
460m-9 Acquisition of lands and waters
Subchapter LXXI-A-New River Gorge National River
460m-16Acquisition of property
Subchapter LXXIII-Delaware Water Gap National Recreation
Area
460o-1 Acquisition of lands
Subchapter LXXV-Whiskeytown-Shasta-Trinity National
Recreation Area
460q-1 Acquisition of property
Subchapter LXXIX-Indiana Dunes National Lakeshore
460u-5 Owner's retention of right of use and occupancy for
residential purposes
Subchapter LXXXI-Apostle Islands National Lakeshore
460w-3 Retention rights of owners of improved property
Subchapter LXXXII-Sleeping Bear Dunes National Lakeshore
460x-9 Right of retention of residential use in improved lands
Subchapter LXXXIV-Oregon Dunes National Recreation Area
460z-6 Land acquisition in recreation area; donation and exchange;
railway right-of-way; retention rights of owners of improved
property
Subchapter LXXXVI-Golden Gate National Recreation Area
460bb-2Acquisition policy
Subchapter LXXXIX-Big South Fork National River And
Recreation Area
460ee Establishment
Subchapter XC-Cuyahoga Valley National Recreation Area
460ff-1Acquisition of landSubchapter XCII-Chickasaw National
Recreation Area
460hh-1Acquisition of property
Subchapter XCIII-Chattahoochee River National Recreation
Area
460ii-1Acquisition of property
Subchapter XCV-Santa Monica Mountains National Recreation
Area
460kk Establishment
Subchapter CXII-Grand Island National Recreation Area
460aaa-2Administration
460aaa-3Acquisition
Chapter 6-Game And Bird Preserves; Protection
698b Right of use and occupancy of improved property on Big
Thicket Preserve
698h Right of use and occupancy of improved property on Big
Cypress Preserve and Addition
Chapter 28-Wild And Scenic Rivers
1277 Land acquisition
Chapter 31-Marine Mammal Protection
Subchapter II-Conservation And Protection Of Marine Mammals
1379 Transfer of management authority
Chapter 51-Alaska National Interest Lands Conservation
Subchapter II-Subsistence Management And Use
3113 Definitions
Subchapter VI-Administrative Provisions
3192 Land acquisition authority
Chapter 59-Wetlands Resources
Subchapter II-Revenues For Refuge Operations And The
Migratory Bird Conservation Fund
3911 Sale of admission permit at certain refuge units
Title 30-Mineral Lands And Mining
Chapter 2-Mineral Lands And Regulations In General
28f Fee
Chapter 25-Surface Mining Control And Reclamation
Subchapter VII-Administrative And Miscellaneous Provisions
1304 Surface owner protection
Title 42-The Public Health And Welfare
Chapter 24-Disposal Of Atomic Energy Communities
Subchapter I-General Provisions
2304 Definitions
Subchapter III-Classification Of Property And Priorities
2333 Transfer of priorities
Title 43-Public Lands
Chapter 12-Reclamation And Irrigation Of Lands By Federal
Government
Subchapter I-A-Reclamation Reform
390bb DefinitionsChapter 12-Reclamation And Irrigation Of Lands By
Federal Government
Subchapter V-Administration Of Existing Projects
423h Delivery of water to excess lands upon death of spouse
Subchapter VII-Exchange And Amendment Of Farm Units
451a Persons eligible for benefits
451c Cancellation of charges or liens; credits
Chapter 33-Alaska Native Claims Settlement
1606 Regional Corporations
Category 13-Miscellaneous Laws
Title 5-Government Organization And Employees
Part I-The Agencies Generally
Chapter 5-Administrative Procedure
Subchapter II-Administrative Procedure
552a Records maintained on individuals
Part III-Employees
Subpart F-Labor-Management And Employee Relations
Chapter 71-Labor-Management Relations
Subchapter I-General Provisions
7103 Definitions; application
Subchapter II-Rights And Duties Of Agencies And
Labor Organizations.
7116 Unfair labor practices
Chapter 72-Antidiscrimination; Right To Petition
Congress
Subchapter I-Antidiscrimination In Employment
7202 Marital status
7204 Other prohibitions
Title 10-Armed Forces
Subtitle A-General Military Law
Part II-Personnel
Chapter 88-Military Family Programs And Military Child
Care
Subchapter I-Military Family Programs
1787 Reporting of child abuse
Title 12-Banks And Banking
Chapter 31-National Consumer Cooperative Bank
Subchapter I-Establishment And Operation
3015 Eligibility Of cooperatives
Chapter 32-Foreign Bank Participation In Domestic Markets
3106a Compliance With State And Federal Laws
Title 15-Commerce And Trade
Chapter 14A-Aid To Small Business
633 Small Business Administration
Chapter 41-Consumer Credit Protection
Subchapter IV-Equal Credit Opportunity
1691 Scope of prohibition
Title 20-Education
Chapter 44-Vocational Education
Subchapter I-Vocational Education Assistance To The States
Part B-State Organizational And Planning
Responsibilities
2323 State plans
Subchapter V-General Provisions
Part C-Definitions
2471 DefinitionsChapter 70-Strengthening And Improvement Of
Elementary And
Secondary Schools
Subchapter I-Helping Disadvantaged Children Meet High
Standards
Part C-Education Of Migratory Children
6399 Definitions
Title 22-Foreign Relations And Intercourse
Chapter 52-Foreign Service
Subchapter I-General Provisions
3901 Congressional findings and objectives
3905 Personnel actions
Subchapter X-Labor-Management Relations
4102 Definitions
4115 Unfair labor practices
Chapter 58-Diplomatic Security
Subchapter IV-Diplomatic Security Program
4860 Reimbursement of Department of the Treasury
Title 24-Hospitals And Asylums
Chapter 9-Hospitalization Of Mentally Ill Nationals Returned
From Foreign Countries
325 Examination of persons admitted
326 Release of patient
Title 26-Internal Revenue Code
Subtitle H-Financing Of Presidential Election Campaigns
Chapter 95-Presidential Election Campaign Fund
9004 Entitlement of eligible candidates to payments
Chapter 96-Presidential Primary Matching Payment Account
9035 Qualified campaign expense limitations
Title 31-Money And Finance
Subtitle I-General
Chapter 7-General Accounting Office
Subchapter III-Personnel
732 Personnel management system
Title 36-Patriotic Societies And Observances
Chapter 3B-Marine Corps League
57a Purposes of corporation
Chapter 7A-Veterans Of Foreign Wars Of The United States
113 Purposes of corporation
Chapter 9-National Observances
169j-3 Members of Commission
Chapter 27-Legion Of Valor Of The United States Of America
633 Principles and objects of corporation
Chapter 32-Veterans Of World War I Of The United States Of
America
763 Objects and purposes of corporationChapter 33-The
Congressional Medal Of Honor Society Of The United States
Of America
793 Objects and purposes of corporation
799 Distribution of income or assets to members; loans
Chapter 35-Blinded Veterans Association
859 Distribution of income or assets to members; loans
Chapter 39-Agricultural Hall Of Fame
977 Governing body
Chapter 40-National Woman's Relief Corps, Auxiliary To The Grand
Army
Of The Republic
1005 Membership
Chapter 42-Audits Of Federally Chartered Corporations
1101 "Private corporations established under Federal law" defined
Chapter 48-Gold Star Wives Of America
1601 Charter
1602 Powers of corporation
Chapter 53-American Ex-Prisoners Of War
2103 Objects and purposes of corporation
Chapter 58-Catholic War Veterans Of The United States Of
America, Inc.
2603 Objects and purposes of corporation
Chapter 60-Navy Wives Clubs Of America
2801 Recognition as corporation and grant of Federal charter
2802 Powers of corporation
2803 Objects and purposes of corporation
Chapter 71-Army And Navy Union Of The United States
3903 Objects and purposes of corporation
Chapter 72-Non-Commissioned Officers Association Of The United
States
Of America, Inc.
4003 Objects and purposes of corporation
Chapter 75-Aviation Hall Of Fame
4307 Board of trustees
4309 Board of nominations; composition; duties
Chapter 83-Retired Enlisted Association, Incorporated
5103 Objects and purposes of corporation
Chapter 84-National Fallen Firefighters Foundation
5201 Establishment and purposes of Foundation
Title 42-The Public Health And Welfare
Chapter 6A-Public Health Service
Subchapter II-General Powers And Duties
Part L-Services For Children Of Substance Abusers
280d Grants for services for children of substance abusers
Subchapter XVIII-Adolescent Family Life Demonstration
Projects
300z Findings and purposesSubchapter XXIV-HIV Health Care Services
Program
Part B-Care Grant Program
Subpart I-General Grant Provisions
300ff-27aSpousal notification
Part C-Early Intervention Services
Subpart I-Formula Grants For States
300ff-48Testing and other early intervention services for State
prisoners
Chapter 13-School Lunch Programs
1766 Child and adult care food program
Chapter 21-Civil Rights
Subchapter I-Generally
1986 Action for neglect to prevent
Chapter 35-Programs For Older Americans
Subchapter III-Grants For State And Community Programs On
Aging
Part A-General Provisions
3027 State plans
Subchapter IV-Training, Research, And Discretionary
Projects
And Programs
Part B-Research, Demonstrations, And Other Activities
3035a Demonstration projects
Chapter 62-Intergovernmental Personnel Program
Subchapter II-Strengthening State And Local Personnel
Administration
4728 Transfer of functions
Chapter 94-Low-Income Energy Assistance
Subchapter II-Low-Income Home Energy Assistance
8624 Applications and requirements
Chapter 105-Community Services Programs
Subchapter II-B-Child Care And Development Block Grant
9858n Definitions
Chapter 120-Enterprise Zone Development
11504 Waiver or modification of housing and community development
rules in enterprise zones
Chapter 129-National And Community Service
Subchapter I-National And Community Service State Grant
Program
Division F-Administrative Provisions
12639 Evaluation
Title 46-Shipping
Subtitle II-Vessels And Seamen
Part G-Merchant Seamen Protection And Relief
Chapter 113-Official Logbooks
11301 Logbook and entry requirements
Title 46-Appendix
Chapter 21-Death On The High Seas By Wrongful Act
761 Right of action; where and by whom brought
Title 48-Territories And Insular Possessions
Chapter 4-Puerto Rico
Subchapter I-General Provisions
736 Puerto Rican law modified
Chapter 8-Guano Islands
1413 Completion of proof on death of discoverer
1415 Restrictions upon exportation
1418 Employment of land and naval forces in protection of rights
Chapter 12-The Virgin Islands
Subchapter II-Bill Of Rights
1561 Rights and prohibitions
Title 50-War And National Defense
Title 50-Appendix
Trading With The Enemy Act Of 1917
9 Claims to property transferred to custodian; notice of claim;
filing; return of property; suits to recover; sale of claimed
property in time of war or during national emergency
31 "Member of the former ruling family" defined
32 Return of property
Military Selective Service Act; June 24, 1948
456 Deferments and exemptions from training and service
Restitution For World War II Internment Of Japanese-Americans
And Aleuts
Title I-United States Citizens Of Japanese Ancestry And
Resident
Japanese Aliens
1989b-4Restitution
1989b-7Definitions
War Claims Act; July 3, 1948
Title I
2004 Internees
2005 Prisoners of war
2015 Retention benefits to merchant seamen
2016 Philippines
Title II
2017a Claims authorized
2017c Nationality of claimants
Organic Laws Of The United States
Ordinance Of 1787: The Northwest Territorial Government
1. Public Law 104-199, 110 Stat. 2419.
2. For example, our search for the word stem "marr," designed to
capture words such as "marriage" and "marry," also produced references
to laws mentioning bone marrow transplants, the city of Marrakesh, and
proper names containing the letters "marr."
3. One such limitation results from the use of statutory definitions.
Our search for occurrences of "spouse" would find a law defining
"relative," for purposes of a program, as including a spouse. It
would not find the laws in that program that, by referring to
"relative," apply to a spouse. A search for "relative" does not solve
this problem. That word is used commonly in senses unrelated to
marital status (as are other terms such as "single"). A computer
cannot distinguish between these senses; a lawyer would have to
examine each occurrence of "relative" to determine whether it refers
to marital status.
4. The order of the categories is not significant, except that the
first four are those in which marital status is most pervasive, and
are the largest.
1. The recently enacted welfare reform bill, the Personal
Responsibility and Work Opportunity Reconciliation Act of 1996,
greatly affected some of the provisions in this category, but the
changes are not generally effective until July 1997. Where both the
old and new provisions appear in the United States Code, we have
included both-the ones in effect until July 1997 and the ones that
take effect thereafter-in Enclosure II.
2. Under welfare reform, AFDC will be replaced by Temporary Assistance
for Needy Families in July 1997. States will have the option of
terminating Medicaid benefits for individuals who refuse to work.
3. GAO/GGD-96-175, September 3, 1996.
4. The laws in this category dealing with marriage that use the terms
"Indian" and "white" are more than 100 years old, and have not been
amended since their enactment in 1888.
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