Foreign Assistance: Rule of Law Funding Worldwide for Fiscal Years
1993-1998 (Letter Report, 06/30/1999, GAO/NSIAD-99-158).
In the early 1980s, the United States began helping Latin American
countries improve their judicial and law enforcement organizations as a
way to support democratic principles and institutions. Until 1990, the
United States provided this "rule of law" assistance primarily to
countries in Latin America and the Caribbean. With the breakup of the
Soviet Union, Congress has directed that part of the U.S. assistance to
Central and Eastern Europe target the development of democratic
institutions, including an independent judiciary. In response to
congressional concerns about the absence of comprehensive information on
U.S. rule of law assistance programs, this report identifies (1) the
amount of U.S. rule of law funding provided worldwide (by region and
country) in fiscal years 1993-98 and (2) the U.S. departments and
agencies involved in providing rule of law assistance.
--------------------------- Indexing Terms -----------------------------
REPORTNUM: NSIAD-99-158
TITLE: Foreign Assistance: Rule of Law Funding Worldwide for
Fiscal Years 1993-1998
DATE: 06/30/1999
SUBJECT: Federal aid to foreign countries
International cooperation
International relations
Foreign aid programs
Foreign governments
Law enforcement
Developing countries
IDENTIFIER: DOJ International Criminal Investigative Training
Assistance Program
Rule of Law Program
Haiti
El Salvador
Colombia
Panama
Bolivia
Latin America
Caribbean
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United States General Accounting Office GAO Report
to Congressional Requesters June 1999 FOREIGN ASSISTANCE
Rule of Law Funding Worldwide for Fiscal Years 1993-98 GAO/NSIAD-
99-158 United States General Accounting Office
National Security and Washington, D.C. 20548
International Affairs Division B-282584
Letter June 30, 1999 Congressional Requesters In the early 1980s,
the United States began helping Latin American countries improve
their judicial and law enforcement organizations as a way to
support democratic principles and institutions. Until 1990, the
United States provided this "rule of law" assistance1 primarily to
countries in Latin America and the Caribbean. With the breakup of
the Soviet Union, the Congress directed that part of the U.S.
assistance to Central and Eastern Europe target the development of
democratic institutions, including an independent judiciary.2
Since then, the United States has provided rule of law and related
assistance to these and other regions of the world. You expressed
concern that comprehensive information was not readily available
about the various U.S. rule of law assistance programs and
activities. At your request, we examined U.S. rule of law
assistance programs and placed particular emphasis on rule of law
activities in Latin America and the Caribbean. Specifically, we
identified (1) the amount of U.S. rule of law funding provided
worldwide (by region and country) in fiscal years 1993-98 and (2)
the U.S. departments and agencies involved in providing rule of
law assistance. As agreed with your offices, we are also
providing more detailed information about the use of rule of law
assistance in Latin America and the Caribbean. We are reporting
separately on coordination efforts among the cognizant agencies in
Washington, D.C., 1Until the early 1990s, the United States
referred to its judicial reform programs in other countries as
"administration of justice." Throughout this report, we use the
phrase "rule of law" to refer to U.S. assistance efforts to
support legal, judicial, and law enforcement reform efforts
undertaken by foreign governments. This term encompasses
assistance to help reform legal systems (criminal, civil,
administrative, and commercial laws and regulations) as well as
judicial and law enforcement institutions (ministries of justice,
courts, and police, including their organizations, procedures, and
personnel). It includes assistance ranging from long-term reform
efforts, with countries receiving funding over a period of years,
to one-time training courses provided to the police or other law
enforcement organizations. 2The Freedom Support Act of 1992 (P.L.
102-511) and the Support for Eastern European Democracy Act of
1989 (P.L. 101-179) provided for U.S. assistance to the former
Soviet Union and Eastern Europe. Page 1
GAO/NSIAD-99-158 Rule of Law Funding B-282584 and on the specific
U.S. rule of law efforts in five Latin American countries.3 Data
on U.S. rule of law funding was not readily available, and some
entities could not provide funding data for all the years of
interest or had other problems in compiling the information we
requested. Also, because the departments and agencies involved
did not have an agreed-upon definition of what constitutes rule of
law activities, we relied on each agency to provide us information
for those activities it considered rule of law. In addition, we
requested obligation data but were told by agency officials that
what we received was a mix of obligated amounts and actual
expenditures.4 Much of U.S. rule of law assistance supported
long-term programs-sometimes over several years-that were funded
by the U.S. Agency for International Development (USAID) (over 64
percent). Obligation data better reflected the magnitude of the
funding involved in long-term and other programs because actual
expenditures (or requests for reimbursements) often are not
reported until subsequent years. However, other rule of law
assistance provided, for example by law enforcement agencies, was
relatively low-cost, short-term training or exchange programs. In
this instance, obligations and actual expenditures were virtually
synonymous. (See the scope and methodology section for a more
complete discussion of these limitations.) Results in Brief
Based on the funding data that cognizant departments and agencies
made available, the United States provided at least $970 million
in rule of law assistance to countries throughout the world during
fiscal years 1993-98. The Latin America and the Caribbean region
was the largest recipient of U.S. rule of law assistance over the
period, accounting for $349 million, or more than one-third of the
total assistance. In recent years, Central European countries
received an increasingly larger share and, in 1998, Central Europe
was the largest regional recipient, accounting for about one-third
of all rule of law assistance. The United States provided at
least some assistance to 184 countries-ranging from $138 million
for Haiti to $2,000 for Burkina Faso. While most countries
received less than 3We examined the rule of law programs in
Colombia, El Salvador, Guatemala, Honduras, and Panama.
4Obligations are commitments to provide federal funding resulting
in the immediate or future outlay of funds. Actual expenditures
are the transfer of federal funds to liquidate an obligation. Page
2 GAO/NSIAD-
99-158 Rule of Law Funding B-282584 $1 million, 15 countries,
including 7 in Latin America and the Caribbean, accounted for just
over half of the total funding. At least 35 entities from various
U.S. departments and agencies have a role in U.S. rule of law
assistance programs. The Departments of State and Justice and
USAID are the principal organizations providing rule of law
training, technical advice, and related assistance. The
Department of Defense, the U.S. Information Agency (USIA),
numerous law enforcement agencies and bureaus, and other U.S.
departments and agencies also have a direct role. Forty countries
in the Latin America and the Caribbean region received some rule
of law assistance. More than three-fourths of the $349 million in
assistance was provided to seven countries. Haiti received nearly
$138 million, or about 40 percent of the regional total, largely
in connection with U.S. and international efforts to restore order
and democracy after a September 1991 military coup. Six other
countries in the region-ranging from about $41 million for El
Salvador to $12 million for Panama- accounted for about $127
million, or nearly 37 percent of the regional total. Most of the
rule of law assistance for Latin America and the Caribbean was
provided to help the countries reform their criminal justice or
law enforcement organizations, including training and technical
assistance for prosecutors, public defenders, police officers, and
investigators. A substantial amount was also dedicated to
improving court operations, including modernizing court
administration and enhancing public access to the judicial system.
Rule of Law Funding During fiscal years 1993-98, the United
States funded rule of law programs Worldwide and
related activities in countries throughout the world.5 Over this
period, rule of law assistance totaled at least $970 million.
Figure 1 illustrates the worldwide U.S. rule of law funding for
fiscal years 1993-98. Over the period, the total annual rule of
law funding increased from $128 million to $218 million. Although
funding appears to have declined substantially in 1996, this may
be largely explained by the fact that USAID could not readily
provide rule of law funding information for fiscal year 1996 due
to problems with its automated information system. 5Based on
information provided by State, we grouped countries receiving rule
of law assistance into eight geographical regions. Page 3
GAO/NSIAD-99-158 Rule of Law Funding B-282584 Figure 1: Worldwide
U.S. Rule of Law Funding, Fiscal Years 1993-98 Dollars in millions
250 200 150 100 50 0 1993 1994 1995 1996
1997 1998 Fiscal year Source: Our analysis of U.S.
agencies' rule of law funding data. On a regional basis, the Latin
America and the Caribbean region received the largest share, with
about 36 percent. Africa, Central Europe, and the newly
independent states of the former Soviet Union received about 15
percent each. (See table 1.) Page 4
GAO/NSIAD-99-158 Rule of Law Funding B-282584 Table 1: U.S.
Worldwide Rule of Law Assistance by Region, Fiscal Years 1993-98
Dollars in millions Countries receiving rule of
Rule of law Percentage of Region
law assistance funding amount total
funding Latin American and 40
$349.1 36.0 the Caribbean Africa
45 145.8 15.0 Central
Europe 15
144.9 14.9 Newly independent
12 142.4 14.7 states Near
East 17
65.1 6.7 East Asia and the
28 41.0 4.2 Pacific
South Asia 6
16.9 1.7 Western Europe
21 15.4 1.6
Multiregional Not applicable
49.8 5.1 activitiesa Total
184 $970.5 100.0 Note: Total
does not add due to rounding. aWe use "multiregional" to denote
rule of law assistance provided to several countries in two or
more regions or when such assistance was not broken out by
recipient countries. Source: Our analysis of U.S. agencies' rule
of law funding data. From fiscal year 1993 to 1998, rule of law
funding shifted primarily from the Latin America and the Caribbean
region to other regions, mainly Central Europe. Funding for
Central Europe grew from about $9 million in fiscal year 1993 to
over $67 million in fiscal year 1998, accounting for 31 percent of
the worldwide rule of law assistance that year. Over the same
period, rule of law assistance in Latin America and the Caribbean
declined from about $57 million (44 percent of the worldwide
total) to $42 million (19 percent). Rule of law assistance to
Africa also declined from $38 million (30 percent of the worldwide
total) in 1993 to $29 million (13 percent) in 1998. Figure 2
illustrates these trends; appendix I provides more detailed data.
Page 5
GAO/NSIAD-99-158 Rule of Law Funding B-282584 Figure 2: U.S. Rule
of Law Funding, by Region, for Fiscal Years 1993-98 Dollars in
millions 250 200 150 100
Africa Central Europe 50
Latin America and Caribbean Newly independent states All others 0
1993 1994 1995
1996 1997 1998 Source:
Our analysis of U.S. agencies' rule of law funding data. During
fiscal years 1993-98, we identified 184 countries that received at
least some U.S. rule of law funding. However, over half of this
assistance went to just 15 countries. Haiti received the most,
primarily in connection with U.S. and international efforts to
restore peace and stability to the country after a 1991 coup.
Most countries (102 of the 184) received less than $1 million.
Table 2 illustrates the top 15 recipients. (App. II provides
detailed rule of law funding by region and country for fiscal
years 1993-98.) Page 6
GAO/NSIAD-99-158 Rule of Law Funding B-282584 Table 2: Largest
U.S. Rule of Law Assistance Recipients, Fiscal Years 1993-98
Dollars in millions Percentage of Country
Rule of law assistance worldwide total Haiti
$137.9 14.2 Russia
63.7 6.6 El Salvador
40.7 4.2 Somalia
37.5 3.9 Egypt
33.0 3.4 South Africa
22.5 2.3 Bosnia-Herzegovina
21.6 2.2 Colombia
20.5 2.1 Bolivia
20.3 2.1 Nicaragua
18.8 1.9 Ukraine
17.9 1.8 Guatemala
15.1 1.6 Cambodia
14.1 1.5 Sri Lanka
13.8 1.4 Panama
12.0 1.2 Others (169 countries)
480.9 49.6 Total
$970.5 100.0 Note: Total does not add
due to rounding. Source: Our analysis of U.S. agencies' rule of
law funding data. U.S. Departments and State's Under Secretary
for Global Affairs has overall responsibility for Agencies
Involved in coordinating rule of law programs and
activities.6 At least 35 entities from the departments and
agencies have a role in providing U.S. rule of law Rule of Law
Assistance assistance programs. (See app. III.) Most U.S. rule
of law funding is provided through the international affairs
appropriations and is transferred 6In an effort to address long-
standing congressional concerns that rule of law coordination
efforts among the numerous departments and agencies in Washington,
D.C., were ineffective, State appointed a rule of law coordinator
in February 1999. The coordinator's principal mandate is to work
with all the U.S. departments and agencies providing rule of law
assistance to develop a framework for future U.S. international
rule of law assistance efforts. In addition, the coordinator will
be the principal U.S. liaison to other donors and private sector
organizations involved in rule of law activities. The status of
the coordinator's efforts is the subject of a separate review.
Page 7
GAO/NSIAD-99-158 Rule of Law Funding B-282584 or reimbursed to the
other departments and agencies, primarily by USAID, but to a
lesser extent by State. Departments and Agencies USAID and the
Department of Justice oversaw the implementation of 70 Providing
Rule of Law percent, or about $683 million, of all U.S.
rule of law assistance programs Assistance and
activities worldwide during fiscal years 1993-98. USAID focused
on improving the capabilities of judges, prosecutors, and public
defenders and their respective institutions as well as increasing
citizen access to justice. Most of Justice's rule of law
activities were carried out by its International Criminal
Investigative Training Assistance Program (ICITAP), which
emphasized enhancing the overall police and investigative
capabilities of law enforcement organizations. State, the
Department of Defense, and USIA accounted for about $258 million,
or about 27 percent, of the U.S. worldwide efforts. State's
activities focused on international narcotics and law enforcement
and antiterrorist assistance. Defense provided rule of law
training to foreign military servicemembers, but most of its rule
of law assistance was provided to support its operations in Haiti.
USIA focused on increasing the awareness and knowledge of rule of
law issues through various educational programs, such as exchanges
between host country judicial and law enforcement personnel and
their U.S. counterparts. (See fig. 3.) Page 8
GAO/NSIAD-99-158 Rule of Law Funding B-282584 Figure 3: U.S.
Departments and Agencies Providing U.S. Rule of Law Assistance
Worldwide, Fiscal Years 1993-98 (Percentage of total funding)
Justice 22.2% State 11% USAID 48.2% Others 3%
USIA 6.5% Defense 9.2% Source: Our analysis of U.S. agencies'
rule of law funding data. Source of Rule of Law Funding
for rule of law programs and related activities was provided
Funding primarily through the
international affairs appropriations for USAID, State, and USIA.
These three entities accounted for more than 91 percent of all
rule of law funding, or $884 million, in fiscal years 1993-98. In
addition, Defense provided about $58 million (6 percent).
Although they provided small amounts of funding, almost all rule
of law assistance provided by Justice, the Treasury, and other
departments and agencies was funded through interagency transfers
and reimbursements from USAID and, to a lesser extent, State. Rule
of Law Assistance As previously noted, the Latin America and the
Caribbean region was the to Latin America and largest
recipient of U.S. rule of law assistance in fiscal years 1993-98.
As with the overall worldwide rule of law assistance, we
identified the funding the Caribbean and
recipients and the departments and agencies involved. In
addition, we categorized the rule of law assistance provided to
the region to help describe what the overall purposes of the
assistance were. Page 9
GAO/NSIAD-99-158 Rule of Law Funding B-282584 Recipients of Rule
of Law In fiscal years 1993-98, the United States provided
$349 million in rule of Assistance in the Region law
assistance to Latin America and the Caribbean (about 36 percent of
the worldwide total). Forty countries in the region received a
portion of this assistance, although the funding was concentrated
among a few countries. Seven countries accounted for about 76
percent of the total regional funding. Two of the seven-Haiti and
El Salvador-accounted for just over 50 percent of the regional
total, with $137.9 million and $40.7 million, respectively. (See
fig. 4.) Figure 4: Ten Largest Recipients of U.S. Rule of Law
Assistance in Latin America and the Caribbean, Fiscal Years 1993-
98 Dollars in millions 137.9 140 120 100 80 59.3 60 40.7 40 20.5
20.3 18.8 15.1 20
12.0 8.5 8.1 7.9 0 ti
a u Hai
bia livia al
ama ador r as
ries alvador m o
agua Pe
olu B
m car e n u Pa
Ec dur ount El S
C Ni
Guat
Hon C Other Source: Our analysis of U.S. agencies'
rule of law funding data. Haiti was a special case. The United
States provided large amounts of assistance during this period in
an attempt to restore order and democracy after a coup in 1991.
Nearly one-third of the assistance for Haiti was a $42.6 million,
one-time commitment from Defense in 1994 for equipment, supplies,
and other support to assist international police monitors and a
multinational force. In subsequent years, Haiti continued to be
the top recipient of rule of law funds in the region, receiving
$35.5 million in fiscal year 1995, $16 million in 1996, and about
$15 million in fiscal years 1997 and Page 10
GAO/NSIAD-99-158 Rule of Law Funding B-282584 1998. Most of this
assistance was provided to develop and support a civilian national
police force. Rule of Law Assistance To help illustrate what
rule of law assistance was used for in the Latin Activities in the
Region America and the Caribbean region, we grouped rule of law
assistance into one of six categories based on descriptions
provided by the cognizant agencies. Although we placed each
program or activity into one primary category, many programs,
USAID's in particular, had multiple purposes that could be
identified with more than one category. Figure 5 illustrates the
distribution of rule of law assistance by these categories. (App.
IV defines the categories we used and provides funding levels by
country and category.) Figure 5: Categories of U.S. Rule of Law
Assistance in Latin America and the Caribbean, Fiscal Years 1993-
98 (Percentage of total regional funding) Judicial and court
operations 21.3% Criminal justice and law enforcement 57% Civil
government and military reform 13.6% Democracy and human rights
6.3% General/other 1.5% Law reform 0.3% Source: Our analysis of
U.S. agencies' rule of law funding data. The largest rule of law
category was assistance for criminal justice and law enforcement.
About $199 million-57 percent of the regional total for fiscal
years 1993-98-was dedicated to these activities. We included
assistance to police, prosecutors, public defenders, and other
host country agencies (such as customs) that take on law
enforcement functions, as well as antinarcotics and antiterrorism
assistance, in this category. Almost Page 11
GAO/NSIAD-99-158 Rule of Law Funding B-282584 every country in the
region that received rule of law assistance had some criminal
justice and law enforcement funding. Haiti received the largest
amount of such assistance-$72.5 million. Other major recipients
were El Salvador ($25.9 million), Colombia ($19.9 million), Panama
($11.2 million), and Bolivia ($9.8 million). Virtually all of the
assistance provided through Justice and most of the funding
provided by USAID and State was in this category. Assistance for
judicial and court operations was the second largest category,
comprising $74.2 million (21 percent of the regional total). USAID
provided 88 percent of the funding. Assistance for civil
government and military reform was the third largest category-
$47.6 million (13.6 percent). We included assistance for
governmental entities other than the courts and criminal justice
and law enforcement systems in this category. The largest single
element was $42.6 million provided by Defense to Haiti in 1994.
In addition, we included most of the military service training on
topics such as civil-military relations and professional skills
for maritime and military personnel. Much less funding was devoted
to the other categories-$22 million for democracy and human
rights, $5.3 million for general and other activities, and $1.1
million for law reform. In the category of democracy and human
rights, we included civic education activities, as well as some
efforts that focused specifically on human rights, citizen
participation, and related topics. In the general/other category,
we included most of the legal education grants provided by USIA,
as well as assistance on various topics such as intellectual
property rights and drug education and rehabilitation. Scope and
To determine how much U.S. rule of law assistance was provided
Methodology worldwide in fiscal years 1993-98, and to identify
the U.S. departments and agencies involved, we reviewed program
documentation and interviewed officials at the Department of
State, USAID, the Department of Defense, and USIA-the principal
sources of funding for U.S. rule of law programs. These officials
identified other departments and agencies with rule of law
activities. We asked officials from each of these entities to
provide funding and descriptive information for its activities
over the period. However, most of these departments and agencies
did not have rule of law funding information readily available and
had to initiate ad hoc efforts to compile data addressing our
questions. Further complicating this effort Page 12
GAO/NSIAD-99-158 Rule of Law Funding B-282584 was the fact that
the departments and agencies did not have a commonly accepted
definition of what constituted rule of law activities.7 Therefore,
we relied on each department and agency (and the bureaus and
offices within those entities) to provide us information on the
programs and activities it considered rule of law. In some
instances, programs with an apparent rule of law element were not
included. For example, USAID did not include all of its
assistance for human rights, and State did not include all of its
antinarcotics assistance. Additionally, the funding data is a mix
of obligated amounts and actual expenditures. For agencies
(primarily USAID) that provided rule of law assistance over
several years, obligation data better reflected the magnitude of
the funding involved because actual expenditures (or requests for
reimbursement) may not be reported until subsequent years.8
However, other rule of law assistance provided, for example by law
enforcement agencies, was relatively low-cost, short-term training
or exchange programs. In this instance, obligations and actual
expenditures were virtually synonymous. Therefore, we used actual
expenditures. Because of the volume of data-almost 4,600 program
and activity records-and the lack of documentation in some
agencies, we did not independently verify the accuracy of the data
provided. Some agencies could not provide data for the entire
period-fiscal years 1993-98-or lacked funding amounts for some
identified rule of law activities. * USAID's automated information
system could not provide worldwide data for fiscal year 1996. The
system was upgraded that year, and 1996 information was not
captured in the new system nor was it available in USAID's prior
system. At our request, USAID polled each of its missions in
Latin America and the Caribbean to obtain rule of law funding
data, including fiscal year 1996; however, because of the
magnitude of the effort, we did not request that USAID do the same
for the other regions of the world. To help mitigate this
limitation, we used information from other agencies indicating
USAID rule of law funding for 1996. However, 7In commenting on
this report, USAID responded that rule of law "embodies the basic
principles of equal treatment of all people before the law,
fairness, and both constitutional and actual guarantees of basic
human rights; it is founded on a predictable, transparent legal
system with fair and effective judicial institutions to protect
citizens against the arbitrary use of state authority and lawless
acts of both organizations and individuals." 8In those cases when
obligations covered more than 1 fiscal year, we spread the amounts
evenly over the years if the time frame was provided; otherwise,
the full amount was reported in the year obligated. Page 13
GAO/NSIAD-99-158 Rule of Law Funding B-282584 this information
likely understates USAID's assistance levels to regions other than
Latin America and the Caribbean for the year. * State's Bureau of
International Narcotics and Law Enforcement Affairs provided us
funding information for fiscal years 1997 and part of 1998.
Essentially, this office transferred rule of law funds to U.S. law
enforcement and related agencies to assist their foreign
counterparts. Therefore, for the other years, we relied on the
U.S. recipients of this funding to report the amount of rule of
law funding provided by the Bureau. In addition, for many
agencies, the fiscal year 1998 data provided to us was compiled
before the fiscal year data had been finalized and may be
incomplete. However, with the exception of not having complete
USAID funding information for fiscal year 1996, we believe the
funding levels for the other departments and agencies generally
reflect their rule of law activities. We performed our work from
June 1998 to May 1999 in accordance with generally accepted
government auditing standards. Agency Comments The Departments
of Commerce, Defense, Justice, State, and the Treasury; USAID; and
USIA commented on a draft of this report. Defense and USAID
provided written comments (see apps. V and VI); the others
provided oral comments. USAID also provided its definition of
rule of law. All of the agencies concurred with the report; some
provided technical comments that have been incorporated, as
appropriate. Unless you publicly announce its contents earlier, we
plan no further distribution of this report until 15 days after
its issue date. At that time, we will send copies of this report
to the Honorable Madeleine K. Albright, the Secretary of State;
the Honorable William S. Cohen, the Secretary of Defense; the
Honorable Robert E. Rubin, the Secretary of the Treasury; the
Honorable William M. Daley, the Secretary of Commerce; the
Honorable J. Brian Atwood, the Administrator of USAID; the
Honorable Penn Kemble, the Acting Director of USIA; and interested
congressional committees. We will make copies available to others
upon request. Page 14
GAO/NSIAD-99-158 Rule of Law Funding B-282584 Please contact me at
(202) 512-4128 if you or your staff have any questions about this
report. Key contributors to this report are listed in appendix
VII. Benjamin F. Nelson Director, International Relations and
Trade Issues Page 15
GAO/NSIAD-99-158 Rule of Law Funding B-282584 List of
Congressional Requesters The Honorable Joseph R. Biden The
Honorable John Breaux The Honorable Paul Coverdell The Honorable
Mike DeWine The Honorable Bob Graham The Honorable Charles E.
Grassley The Honorable Orrin G. Hatch The Honorable Jesse A. Helms
The Honorable Patrick J. Leahy United States Senate The Honorable
Benjamin A. Gilman The Honorable Porter J. Goss The Honorable Bill
McCollum The Honorable E. Clay Shaw House of Representatives Page
16 GAO/NSIAD-99-158 Rule of Law
Funding Page 17 GAO/NSIAD-99-158 Rule of Law Funding Contents
Letter
1 Appendix I
22 Worldwide U.S. Rule of Law Funding Summary by Region, Fiscal
Years 1993-98 Appendix II
23 Worldwide U.S. Rule of Law Funding by Region and Country,
Fiscal Years 1993-98 Appendix III
36 U.S. Departments and Agencies Involved in Rule of Law
Activities Appendix IV
38 U.S. Funding for Rule of Law Assistance Categories for Latin
America and the Caribbean, Fiscal Years 1993-98 Appendix V
42 Comments From the Department of Defense Page 18 GAO/NSIAD-
99-158 Rule of Law Funding Contents Appendix VI
43 Comments From the U.S. Agency for International Development
Appendix VII
45 GAO Contacts and Staff Acknowledgements Tables
Table 1: U.S. Worldwide Rule of Law Assistance by Region, Fiscal
Years 1993-98
5 Table 2: Largest U.S. Rule of Law Assistance Recipients, Fiscal
Years 1993-98
7 Table I.1: Worldwide U.S. Rule of Law Assistance by Region
22 Table II.1: U.S. Rule of Law Funding by Region and Country,
Fisca Years 1993-98
24 Table IV.1: U.S. Funding for Six Rule of Law Assistance
Categories in Latin American and Caribbean Countries, Fiscal Years
1993-98 40 Figures Figure 1: Worldwide
U.S. Rule of Law Funding, Fiscal Years 1993-98 4 Figure
2: U.S. Rule of Law Funding by Region, Fiscal Years 1993-98
6 Figure 3: U.S. Departments and Agencies Providing U.S. Rule of
Law Assistance Worldwide, Fiscal Years 1993-98 (Percentage of
total funding.)
9 Figure 4: Ten Largest Recipients of U.S. Rule of Law Assistance
in Latin America and the Caribbean, Fiscal Years 1993-98
10 Figure 5: Categories of U.S. Rule of Law Assistance in Latin
America and the Caribbean, Fiscal Years 1993-98 (Percentage of
total regional funding.)
11 Page 19 GAO/NSIAD-99-158 Rule
of Law Funding Contents Abbreviations ICITAP International
Criminal Investigative Training Assistance Program, U.S.
Department of Justice USAID U.S. Agency for International
Development USIA U.S. Information Agency Page 20
GAO/NSIAD-99-158 Rule of Law Funding Page 21 GAO/NSIAD-99-158
Rule of Law Funding Appendix I Worldwide U.S. Rule of Law Funding
Summary by Region, Fiscal Years 1993-98
Appendix I Worldwide U.S. rule of law assistance grew from about
$128 million in fiscal year 1993 to about $218 million in fiscal
year 1998. The growth was not uniform across the geographic
regions, with Central Europe increasing from about $8 million to
over $67 million during the period-supplanting the Latin America
and the Caribbean region as the leading recipient of rule of law
assistance. Table I.1 shows rule of law assistance by region for
fiscal years 1993-98. Table I.1: Worldwide U.S. Rule of Law
Assistance by Region Dollars in thousands Fiscal year Region
1993 1994 1995 1996
1997 1998 Totalb Africa
$38,420 $29,700 $17,016 $6,169
$25,175 $29,327 $145,806 Central Europe
8,741 7,432 12,866 12,015
36,454 67,349 144,857 East Asia and the
Pacific 2,805 3,490 8,375
8,690 8,657 9,002 41,019 Latin
America and the Caribbean 56,715 77,043
68,275 51,296 53,642 42,178
349,149 Near East 395
4,348 30,382 9,027 7,414
13,549 65,115 Newly independent states
16,193 30,341 39,622 17,230
13,388 25,636 142,411 South Asia
63 2,811 3,210 3,379 3,586
3,894 16,943 Western Europe
1,794 1,890 840 3,861
3,674 3,309 15,368 Multiregionala
2,676 2,432 3,219 976
17,216 23,293 49,812 Totalb
$127,802 $159,485 $183,806 $112,643
$169,207 $217,538 $970,481 aWe used
"multiregional" for rule of law assistance provided to several
countries in two or more regions or when such assistance was not
broken out by recipient countries. bTotals may not add due to
rounding. Source: Our analysis of U.S. agencies' rule of law
funding data. Page 22
GAO/NSIAD-99-158 Rule of Law Funding Appendix II Worldwide U.S.
Rule of Law Funding by Region and Country, Fiscal Years 1993-98
Appendix I I In fiscal years 1993-98, the United States provided
at least some rule of law assistance to 184 countries. The
assistance ranged from multiyear institutional development
programs to one-time, short-term training for police or other law
enforcement personnel. Table II.1 shows the dollar value of the
rule of law assistance provided to all the countries we identified
as receiving some assistance. In some cases, the assistance was
not identified with a specific country or was provided to
countries in multiple regions-such assistance is identified as
"regional" or "multiregional," respectively. Page 23
GAO/NSIAD-99-158 Rule of Law Funding Appendix II Worldwide U.S.
Rule of Law Funding by Region and Country, Fiscal Years 1993-98
Table II.1: U.S. Rule of Law Funding by Region and Country,
Fiscal Years 1993-98 Region
Country Africa Angola Benin
Botswana Burkina Faso Burundi Cameroon Cape Verde Central African
Republic Chad Comoros Congo (Brazzaville) Congo (Kinshasa)
Djibouti Eritrea Ethiopia Gambia Ghana Guinea Guinea-Bissau Ivory
Coast Kenya Liberia Madagascar Malawi Mali Mauritania Mauritius
Mozambique Namibia Niger Nigeria Rwanda Sao Tome and Principe
Senegal Seychelles Page 24
GAO/NSIAD-99-158 Rule of Law Funding Appendix II Worldwide U.S.
Rule of Law Funding by Region and Country, Fiscal Years 1993-98
Fiscal year 1993 1994 1995 1996
1997 1998 Total 0 0
0 $15,480 $170,892 0
$186,372 0 0 $28,000 2,165
15,416 $67,208 112,789 0 0
0 280 0 28,858
29,138 0 0 0 299
1,686 0 1,985 $410,000 $500,000
1,499,000 41,704 0
0 2,450,704 22,224 0 0
286 86,476 117,390 226,376
0 0 1,479 15,500
20,992 0 37,971 0 0
0 34,338 0 0
96,923 0 0 12,856 406
80,303 83,512 177,077 0 0
966 1,049 0
2,030 4,045 0000 3 , 0 5 9 0 3,059 0 0
0 532 27,284 0
27,816 0 0 0 0
62,224 0 62,224 0 0
550,000 218,585 84,971
8,869 862,425 171,083 606,083 446,083
398,227 528,845 2,079,016
4,229,339 217,000 735,000 0 0
0 0 952,000 280,480 8,000
783,734 239,935 313,864
71,854 1,697,867 34,317 9,856 0
0 0 0 44,173
700,000 600,000 623,000 9,844
0 52,814 1,985,658 30,000 0
33,800 1,108 22,451
54,552 141,911 0 40,000 28,000
84,604 162,831 225,646
541,081 0 0 0 782
1,405,872 557 1,407,211 $75,842
0 0 $78,163 $1,047,292
$1,221,265 $2,422,562 885,000 1,560,000 1,379,000
750,000 842,194 750,000
6,166,194 0 0 158,240 99,558
854 36,721 295,373 0 0
0 1,718 1,890 0
3,608 6,055 6,806 0 0
5,368 53,518 71,747 1,200,000
1,775,000 0 54,575 102,033
36,416 3,168,024 11,315 0 425,000
29,686 152,748 12,444
631,193 0 30,667 24,111 266
854 21,103 77,001 19,000
29,000 94,508 49,138
10,816 202,462 36,712 33,880 654,786
1,313,606 2,278,162 104,342
4,421,488 00 5 , 5 4 700 0 5,547 50,460 28,000 87,348
148,204 532,101 97,502
943,615 39,317 0 0 9,618
19,660 1,176 69,771 Page 25
GAO/NSIAD-99-158 Rule of Law Funding Appendix II Worldwide U.S.
Rule of Law Funding by Region and Country, Fiscal Years 1993-98
Region Country Sierra Leone
Somalia South Africa Sudan Swaziland Tan z an ia Tog o Uganda
Zambia Zimbabwe Regional Africa total East Asia and the Pacific
Australia Brunei Burma Cambodia China Fiji Guam Hong Kong
Indonesia Japan Korea Laos Malaysia Nothern Mariana Islands
Mongolia Nepal New Zealand Papua New Guinea Philippines Samoa
Singapore Solomon Islands Tai wa n Thailand Tonga Page 26
GAO/NSIAD-99-158 Rule of Law Funding Appendix II Worldwide U.S.
Rule of Law Funding by Region and Country, Fiscal Years 1993-98
Fiscal year 1993 1994 1995 1996
1997 1998 Total 34,825
16,648 0 63,581 19,902
46,000 180,956 25,000,000 12,500,000
0 0 0 0
37,500,000 5,910,000 7,210,000 5,365,672
773,225 856,839 2,362,299
22,478,035 0 0 0 1,718
1,890 0 3,608 0 0
0 3,150 11,300 2,077
16,527 568,000 1,116,000 1,067,000 743,350
108,444 187,178 3,789,972 4,000 0
0 636 18,275 26,344
49,255 248,000 441,000 75,000 54,002
411,880 54,898 1,284,780 250,000
300,000 698,000 31,010 89,739
123,593 1,492,342 0 44,676 25,910
37,175 262,876 76,000
446,637 2,216,000 2,138,000 2,952,000 816,300
15,374,109 21,311,049 44,807,458 $38,419,630
$29,699,616 $17,016,117 $6,169,173 $25,174,713
$29,327,047 $145,806,298 0 0 0
$52,803 $88,780 $969,498
$1,111,081 0 0 0 0
0 112,893 112,893 0 0
35,000 2,000 2,000
7,911 46,911 0 802,404 4,158,710
4,874,671 4,207,742 71,974
14,115,502 38,000 90,000 0
1,263,035 859,621 900,881
3,151,537 0 0 0 0
0 14,048 14,048 0 0
0 0 0 33,485
33,485 0 0 0 5,520
10,757 32,106 48,383 838,000
75,991 2,422,000 50,654 134,601
279,893 3,801,139 4,000 0 0
357,721 206,494 268,936
837,151 126,754 49,918 36,427 161,012
153,537 228,910 756,558 0 $36,000
$20,000 $47,072 $16,581
$52,927 $172,580 $382,988 260,817 33,622
73,567 1,004,105 3,171,827
4,926,926 0 0 0 0
0 7,680 7,680 0 0
0 20,095 116,921 144,988
282,004 1,049,000 2,109,000 524,000 528,799
488,000 47,703 4,746,502 0 0
0 42,000 48,960 53,450
144,410 41,157 0 8,200 76,772
60,968 30,357 217,454 302,503
18,336 572,154 64,079 87,634
179,193 1,223,899 0 0 8,200
8,637 27,140 24,000 67,977
0 7,612 0 0
70,738 22,016 100,366 0 0
17,093 0 9,971
40,180 67,244 0 11,624 12,193
17,100 26,830 78,495
146,242 0 28,000 407,001 420,448
327,394 738,802 1,921,645 22,250
0 8,200 0 0
34,409 64,859 Page 27
GAO/NSIAD-99-158 Rule of Law Funding Appendix II Worldwide U.S.
Rule of Law Funding by Region and Country, Fiscal Years 1993-98
Region Country Tuval u
Vanuatu Vietnam Regional East Asia and the Pacific total Near East
Algeria Bahrain Egypt Israel Jordan Kuwait Lebanon Malta Morocco
Oman Qatar Saudi Arabia Syria Tun i si a United Arab Emirates Ye m
e n West Bank/Gaza Regional Near East total South Asia
Afghanistan Bangladesh India Maldives Pakistan Sri Lanka South
Asia total Western Europe Austria
Belgium Canada Cyprus Denmark Finland Page 28
GAO/NSIAD-99-158 Rule of Law Funding Appendix II Worldwide U.S.
Rule of Law Funding by Region and Country, Fiscal Years 1993-98
Fiscal year 1993 1994 1995 1996
1997 1998 Total 0 0
0 0 0 8,333
8,333 0 0 8,200 9,799
0 16,332 34,331 0 0
35,000 112,359 325,131
633,447 1,105,937 0 0 69,000
502,316 383,082 797,500
1,751,898 $2,804,652 $3,489,702 $8,375,000
$8,690,459 $8,656,987 $9,002,173
$41,018,974 0 0 0 0
$28,485 0 $28,485 $42,281
0 0 $38,643 1,890
$15,658 98,472 20,007 $1,493,352 $23,024,092
5,161,949 1,557,701 1,731,337
32,988,438 6,846 0 1,141,189 923,697
1,494,229 409,106 3,975,067 0 1,996,228
143,304 1,384,857 1,959,131
1,147,318 6,630,838 32,570 0 0
13,839 1,890 986,236
1,034,535 0 2,676 2,978 62,329
339,596 1,036,091 1,443,670 0 0
12,500 50 30,450
0 43,000 18,514 58,554 24,296
53,665 903,324 528,967
1,587,320 0 2,431 0 19,379
2,866 808,951 833,627 0 0
0 1,718 1,890 732,144
735,752 0 0 0 141,000
213,115 1,299,877 1,653,992 0 0
0 1,718 1,890 0
3,608 0 69,200 971,561 948,640
371,205 1,062,205 3,422,811 0 $20,538
0 $18,753 $1,890 $120,000
$161,181 0 0 30,000 6,718
6,890 3,216,585 3,260,193 0 705,000
5,000,000 0 0
142,455 5,847,455 $275,000 0 32,000
250,176 497,362 312,328
1,366,866 $395,218 $4,347,979 $30,381,920
$9,027,131 $7,413,804 $13,549,258
$65,115,310 0 0 0 0
0 $15,152 $15,152 0 $139,566
$11,800 $189,317 $147,525
47,847 536,055 $1,037 1,122 189,335
800,373 887,259 286,302
2,165,428 9,562 30,000 0 18,563
9,861 22,336 90,322 0 39,062
0 84,684 47,760 160,895
332,401 52,847 2,600,758 3,008,714 2,285,714
2,493,842 3,361,931 13,803,807 $63,446
$2,810,508 $3,209,849 $3,378,651 $3,586,247
$3,894,463 $16,943,165 0 0 0
$67,537 $37,995 $12,000
$117,532 0 0 0 28,000
0 102,409 130,409 0 0
0 62,600 31,200 83,539
177,339 $438,669 $89,696 $228,518 785,809
948,533 1,013,712 3,504,937 11,551
23,245 1,356 59,935 34,562
67,827 198,476 0 0 0
34,040 58,744 60,000
152,784 Page 29
GAO/NSIAD-99-158 Rule of Law Funding Appendix II Worldwide U.S.
Rule of Law Funding by Region and Country, Fiscal Years 1993-98
Region Country France Germany
Greece Iceland Ireland Italy Luxembourg Netherlands Norway
Portugal Spain Sweden Switzerland Tur key United Kingdom Regional
Western Europe total Central Europe
Albania Bosnia-Herzegovina Bulgaria Croatia Czech Republic Estonia
Hungary Latvia Lithuania Macedonia Poland Romania Serbia/
Montenegro Slovakia Slovenia Regional Central Europe total Latin
America and the Caribbean Anguilla Antigua and Barbuda
Argentina Page 30
GAO/NSIAD-99-158 Rule of Law Funding Appendix II Worldwide U.S.
Rule of Law Funding by Region and Country, Fiscal Years 1993-98
Fiscal year 1993 1994 1995 1996
1997 1998 Total 0 0
24,377 43,422 154,991
120,448 343,238 42,193 33,375 32,302
328,581 368,007 314,393
1,118,851 892,027 1,066,598 16,373
314,625 70,479 39,745
2,399,847 0 0 0 0
5,000 20,000 25,000 0 0
0 40,000 304,968 6,100
351,068 0 0 0 253,468
640,387 241,956 1,135,811 0 0
0 7,948 0 0
7,948 0 0 0 37,400
38,000 50,070 125,470 1,818 0
0 200 53,416 91,128
146,562 0 0 0 0
22,615 9,000 31,615 16,506 0
7,525 66,766 62,920
23,616 177,333 0 0 0
0 0 17,935 17,935
36,754 0 36,877 39,150
15,000 0 127,781 304,279
676,891 483,564 1,589,050 618,245
838,398 4,510,427 0 0 9,498
37,620 71,134 89,356 207,608
50,000 64,761
138,279 107,011 360,051 $1,793,797
$1,889,805 $840,390 $3,860,912 $3,674,475
$3,308,643 $15,368,022 $278,816 $288,167 $937,726
$655,889 $946,484 $1,502,670
$4,609,752 0 0 57,000 3,269,290
6,949,727 11,334,127 21,610,144 721,464
441,646 1,315,108 285,610 432,718
1,263,064 4,459,610 183,012 183,012 219,012
2,794,858 259,080 192,569
3,831,543 0 73,500 139,160 413,321
136,464 154,253 916,698 556,543
1,297,288 322,154 222,023 209,696
456,540 3,064,247 1,100,211 374,651 204,793
312,310 144,844 826,511
2,963,320 772,449 765,327 202,723
412,863 326,361 781,171
3,260,896 704,618 692,359 1,662,516
404,245 361,826 3,432,783
7,258,348 94,595 229,595 992,763 695,506
316,359 442,766 2,771,583 1,597,468
705,461 4,068,026 859,234 313,302
712,465 8,255,958 241,376 266,376 342,010
1,066,627 714,287 1,066,960
3,697,633 0 0 0 49,927
55,411 63,652 168,990 0 51,094
338,300 153,623 171,232
359,169 1,073,418 0 0 0
81,883 110,576 301,610 494,069
2,490,179 2,063,179 2,065,179 337,679
25,005,522 44,458,660 76,420,401 $8,740,732
$7,431,656 $12,866,471 $12,014,889 $36,453,890
$67,348,971 $144,856,609 0 0 0
0 $4,716 0 $4,716 0
0 0 0 43,833
$29,706 73,539 $416,200 $1,261,726 $724,324
$2,026,922 927,537 175,444
5,532,153 Page 31
GAO/NSIAD-99-158 Rule of Law Funding Appendix II Worldwide U.S.
Rule of Law Funding by Region and Country, Fiscal Years 1993-98
Region Country Aruba Bahamas
Barbados Belize Bermuda Bolivia Brazil British Virgin Islands
Cayman Islands Chile Colombia Costa Rica Cuba Dominica Dominican
Republic Ecuador El Salvador Grenada Guatemala Guyana Haiti
Honduras Jamaica Mexico Netherlands Antilles Nicaragua Panama
Paraguay Peru St. Kitts and Nevis St. Lucia St. Vincent and
Grenadines Suriname Trinidad and Tobago Turks and Caicos Uruguay
Venezuela Page 32
GAO/NSIAD-99-158 Rule of Law Funding Appendix II Worldwide U.S.
Rule of Law Funding by Region and Country, Fiscal Years 1993-98
Fiscal year 1993 1994 1995 1996
1997 1998 Total 0000 4 , 7 1 6 0
4,716 2,439 25,000 0 720
44,768 0 72,927 129,728
0 4,822 45,016 29,041
11,390 219,997 32,092 17,000 6,060
33,429 56,401 29,023
174,005 0000 4 , 7 1 6 0 4,716 3,546,549 4,730,874
2,762,100 3,028,581 3,743,175
2,478,792 20,290,070 452,028 154,286 154,735
727,743 1,971,389 791,950
4,252,131 0000 4 , 7 1 6 0 4,716 0000 6 , 1 7 2 0 6,172 644,008
816,287 916,065 321,896 458,120
102,039 3,258,415 11,127,685 4,560,907 99,503
2,284,697 384,453 2,082,495
20,539,740 106,298 107,590 174,386 154,587
180,875 163,281 887,017 0 100
180 132 486
1,263 2,161 0 15,000 6,842
0 12,582 0 34,424
129,238 76,835 124,249 81,898
1,685,156 2,650,243 4,747,619 2,288,406
607,567 1,684,557 1,489,370 820,456
1,566,195 8,456,551 9,176,904 3,029,757 12,506,304
9,207,185 4,198,363 2,589,397
40,707,910 8,000 8,000 8,023 7,008
13,791 9,428 54,250 3,578,054
1,291,404 357,368 1,759,622 5,721,037
2,358,987 15,066,472 2,000 882,622 7,201
502,709 876,512 428,863
2,699,907 7,000,000 49,600,000 35,471,500
16,036,389 14,859,757 14,940,858
137,908,504 450,147 1,165,792 774,229
1,762,694 2,877,553 833,001
7,863,416 1,088,578 650,853 264,000 278,240
11,972 58,950 2,352,593 236,775
1,201,272 810,148 585,674 2,849,475
1,690,991 7,374,337 0 0 0
0 10,816 0 10,816
8,078,000 3,676,494 606,044 1,688,366
1,707,446 3,083,854 18,840,204 2,233,820
156,807 4,429,514 3,075,216 1,204,601
930,439 12,030,397 751,323 667,033 944,891
224,856 584,537 179,343
3,351,983 52,520 1,774,024 945,458 1,871,366
1,341,950 2,156,384 8,141,702 6,283
0 99,070 53,635 14,621
0 173,609 0 15,000 0
7,075 19,506 0 41,581
0 0 0 17,541
4,716 0 22,257 0 28,000
35,609 17,000 40,284
18,837 139,730 140,051 23,478 40,575
115,375 135,549 75,778
530,806 0000 4 , 7 1 6 0 4,716 289,790 32,441 759,064
233,339 57,675 38,467
1,410,776 808,162 341,575 807,738 337,079
1,099,236 362,498 3,756,288 Page 33
GAO/NSIAD-99-158 Rule of Law Funding Appendix II Worldwide U.S.
Rule of Law Funding by Region and Country, Fiscal Years 1993-98
Region Country
Regional Latin America and the Caribbean total Newly independent
states Armenia Azerbaijan Belarus
Georgia Kazakhstan Kyrgyz Republic Moldova Russia Tajikistan Tur
km en is t an Ukraine Uzbekistan Regional Newly independent states
total Multiregional total Grand total Source: Our analysis of
U.S. agencies' rule of law funding data. Page 34
GAO/NSIAD-99-158 Rule of Law Funding Appendix II Worldwide U.S.
Rule of Law Funding by Region and Country, Fiscal Years 1993-98
Fiscal year 1993 1994 1995
1996 1997 1998 Total
3,940,025 124,958 2,750,078 3,320,692
5,625,054 2,340,089 18,100,895 $56,715,103
$77,042,682 $68,274,637 $51,296,052 $53,642,476
$42,177,984 $349,148,934 0 $494,000 $300,000
$997,356 $113,888 $622,453
$2,527,697 0 162,000 0 121,133
83,362 277,793 644,288 $40,000
225,000 730,406 129,330 262,065
135,280 1,522,081 527,296 793,636
309,539 292,192 641,688
2,564,350 1,998,000 1,104,000 399,321
338,065 342,536 4,181,922 190,958
2,379,958 1,130,958 402,093 196,292
745,685 5,045,943 269,309 606,309 673,309
571,773 353,907 1,150,866
3,625,471 5,254,311 15,828,311 23,858,827
9,091,998 2,685,884 7,023,812
63,743,144 0 570,000 942,000 122,919
49,687 141,899 1,826,505 0 148,000
114,000 93,416 135,390
408,928 899,734 869,628 4,129,510 3,898,189
2,214,431 2,837,954 3,995,858
17,945,570 0 1,020,000 449,000 281,675
84,408 693,384 2,528,467 9,569,000
2,253,000 5,628,000 2,495,000 5,954,799
9,456,057 35,355,856 $16,193,206 $30,341,384
$39,622,324 $17,229,983 $13,387,893
$25,636,239 $142,411,028 $2,676,000 $2,432,000
$3,219,000 $975,991 $17,216,163
$23,293,045 $49,812,199 $127,801,784 $159,485,332
$183,805,710 $112,643,242 $169,206,648
$217,537,824 $970,480,540 Page 35
GAO/NSIAD-99-158 Rule of Law Funding Appendix III U.S. Departments
and Agencies Involved in Rule of Law Activities
Append IIix I In compiling the rule of law assistance data for
this report, we identified 7 cabinet-level departments and 28
related agencies, bureaus, and offices involved in providing rule
of law assistance. Many are law enforcement agencies providing
training and technical assistance to their counterparts overseas.
These are listed below. Department of Commerce * International
Trade Administration * National Telecommunications and Information
Administration * Office of General Counsel, Commercial Law
Development Program * U.S. Patent and Trademark Office Department
of Defense * U.S. Air Force * U.S. Army * U.S. Marine Corps * U.S.
Navy Department of Energy Department of Justice * Drug Enforcement
Administration * Federal Bureau of Investigation * Immigration and
Naturalization Service * Criminal Division * International
Criminal Investigative Training Assistance Program * Office of
Overseas Prosecutorial Development, Assistance and Training
Department of State * Bureau of Diplomatic Security, Office of
Antiterrorism Assistance * Bureau of International Narcotics and
Law Enforcement Affairs * Bureau of Western Hemisphere Affairs
(formerly Bureau of Inter-American Affairs) Department of the
Treasury * Bureau of Alcohol, Tobacco and Firearms Page 36
GAO/NSIAD-99-158 Rule of Law Funding Appendix III U.S. Departments
and Agencies Involved in Rule of Law Activities * U.S. Customs
Service * Office of International Affairs * Office of
Investigations * Federal Law Enforcement Training Center *
Financial Crimes Enforcement Network * Internal Revenue Service *
U.S. Secret Service Department of Transportation * U.S. Coast
Guard U.S. Agency for International Development (USAID) U.S.
Information Agency (USIA) Page 37
GAO/NSIAD-99-158 Rule of Law Funding Appendix IV U.S. Funding for
Rule of Law Assistance Categories for Latin America and the
Caribbean, Fiscal Years 1993-98
Appendix I V To develop an overview of the types of activities
being funded for the Latin America and the Caribbean region, we
grouped the U.S. rule of law assistance program data for the
region into six categories based on activity descriptions provided
by the cognizant departments and agencies. Although we placed each
program or activity into one primary category, many programs,
USAID's in particular, had multiple purposes that could be
identified with more than one category. The following definition
for each category we used and the types of activities we included.
Criminal Justice and Law Enforcement: Assistance to help criminal
justice or law enforcement organizations make reforms or improve
their capabilities to carry out their responsibilities in a
professional and competent manner. We included technical
assistance and training for police, prosecutors, public defenders,
and other personnel in law enforcement-related agencies (such as
Customs) in this category. Assistance for police often focused on
investigative capabilities and management improvements. Technical
assistance and training topics included detection and
identification of firearms, development of criminal investigation
units, maritime law enforcement, and detection of counterfeit
currency. We also included antinarcotics and antiterrorism
assistance. Judicial and Court Operations: Assistance to help
reform or improve operations of judicial and court systems. We
included activities that focused on modernizing court
administration, training in oral advocacy skills, training
judicial personnel, and establishing procedures for judge
selection and a career ladder for judges. In addition, we
included programs intended to improve access to the justice system
and establish legal aid services and justice centers; to institute
alternative dispute resolution, mediation, or arbitration
procedures in various sectors; and to provide exchange
opportunities, training, or research related to the judicial or
legal system in general. Civil Government and Military Reform:
Assistance to help promote reform in other than judicial and law
enforcement government agencies, improve cooperation and
understanding between civil and military agencies, or develop
responsive or responsible government institutions and officials.
The majority of the activities were training courses provided by
the military services on topics such as civil-military relations,
professional skills for maritime and military personnel, and
military law, although the largest single item was the funding to
support multinational forces and police monitors in Haiti. We
also included training and related programs on government ethics
and corruption in this category. Page 38
GAO/NSIAD-99-158 Rule of Law Funding Appendix IV U.S. Funding for
Rule of Law Assistance Categories for Latin America and the
Caribbean, Fiscal Years 1993-98 Democracy and Human Rights:
Assistance to promote democracy, electoral reforms, or respect for
human rights. We included USAID human rights activities and many
USIA-funded activities that focused on civic education, citizen
participation, free press, and related topics in this category.
General/Other Activities: Assistance that did not fit into other
categories or was not clearly described. We included legal
education grants provided by USIA and training or exchange
programs on an assortment of topics such as intellectual property
rights, drug education and rehabilitation, and domestic and gender
violence. In addition, we included assistance that had no
description. Law Reform: Assistance to help develop, document, or
revise constitutions, laws, codes, regulations, or other guidance
that institute and strengthen the rule of law. We included
activities primarily focused on law reform, including judicial or
criminal procedures code reforms. However, some law reform
activities may be included in other categories as a component of a
larger program-especially USAID programs that had multiple goals.
Table IV.1 illustrates the distribution of the rule of law
assistance by the categories we developed among the countries in
Latin America and the Caribbean. Well over half of all U.S. rule
of law assistance to the region was technical assistance and
training for criminal justice and law enforcement personnel-
police, prosecutors, public defenders, and others. Page 39
GAO/NSIAD-99-158 Rule of Law Funding Appendix IV U.S. Funding for
Rule of Law Assistance Categories for Latin America and the
Caribbean, Fiscal Years 1993-98 Table IV.1: U.S. Funding for Six
Rule of Law Assistance Categories in Latin American and Caribbean
Countries, Fiscal Years 1993-98 Dollars in thousands Civil
Criminal justice Judicial and government Democracy
and law court and military and human
General/ Country enforcement
operations reform rights other Law
reform Totala Anguilla $5
0 0 0 0 0
$5 Antigua and Barbuda 57 0
$17 0 0 0 74
Argentina 4,857 $191
110 $168 $207 0 5,532
Aruba 5 0
0 0 0 0 5
Bahamas 63 0
10 0 0 0 73
Barbados 194 0
26 0 0 0 220
Belize 137 0
37 0 0 0 174
Bermuda 5 0
0 0 0 0 5
Bolivia 9,785 9,822
579 0 105 0 20,290
Brazil 2,569 647
70 403 563 0 4,252
British Virgin Islands 5 0
0 0 0 0 5 Cayman
Islands 6 0
0 0 0 0 6 Chile
2,840 86 92 38
202 0 3,258 Colombia
19,945 0 318 39
238 0 20,540 Costa Rica
236 102 218 7
322 2 887 Cuba
0 0 0 0
2 0 2 D o m i n i c a
2 001 5000 34 Dominican Republic 1,339
2,809 424 66 109
0 4,748 Ecuador 5,456
2,645 189 105 60
1 8,457 El Salvador 25,945
13,783 615 125 236
4 40,708 Grenada 31
0 23 0 0 0
54 Guatemala 8,356 6,403
177 43 88 0 15,066
Guyana 57 2,571
73 0 0 0 2,700 Haiti
72,541 22,430 42,621 217
100 0 137,909 Honduras
4,964 2,615 208 62
14 0 7,863 Jamaica
191 2,089 14 0
57 1 2,353 Mexico
2,398 3,422 401 332
821 0 7,374 Netherlands Antilles
11 0 0 0
0 0 11 Nicaragua
1,249 2,963 15 13,509
104 1,000 18,840 Panama
11,220 292 11 138
369 0 12,030 Paraguay
1,853 854 161 240
234 9 3,352 Peru
2,406 290 267 4,967
183 28 8,142 Page 40
GAO/NSIAD-99-158 Rule of Law Funding Appendix IV U.S. Funding for
Rule of Law Assistance Categories for Latin America and the
Caribbean, Fiscal Years 1993-98 Dollars in thousands Civil
Criminal justice Judicial and government
Democracy and law court and military
and human General/ Country enforcement
operations reform rights
other Law reform Totala St. Kitts and Nevis
136 0 38 0
0 0 174 St. Lucia 20
0 22 0 0
0 42 St. Vincent and 501 8000 22
Grenadines Suriname 57
0 73 0 0
11 140 Trinidad and Tobago 398
18 29 51 35
0 531 Turks and Caicos 5
0 0 0 0
0 5 Uruguay 1,133
53 119 30 75
0 1,411 Venezuela 2,937
146 382 5 282
5 3,756 Regional 15,488
0 224 1,443 946
0 18,101 Totala $198,922
$74,230 $47,596 $21,991 $5,349
$1,060 $349,149 aTotals may not add due to rounding. Source:
Our analysis of U.S. agencies' rule of law funding data. Page 41
GAO/NSIAD-99-158 Rule of Law Funding Appendix V Comments From the
Department of Defense Appendix V Page 42 GAO/NSIAD-99-
158 Rule of Law Funding Appendix VI Comments From the U.S. Agency
for International Development
Appendix VI Page 43 GAO/NSIAD-99-158 Rule of Law Funding
Appendix VI Comments From the U.S. Agency for International
Development Page 44 GAO/NSIAD-99-158
Rule of Law Funding Appendix VII GAO Contacts and Staff
Acknowledgements Appendix VII GAO Contacts Jess Ford,
(202) 512-4268 A.H. Huntington, III, (202) 512-4140
Acknowledgements In addition to those named above, Ann L.
Baker, Mark B. Dowling, Marcelo Fava, Wyley Neal, and Richard
Seldin made key contributions to this report. (711360)
Letter Page 45 GAO/NSIAD-99-
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