Combating Terrorism: Analysis of Potential Emergency Response Equipment
and Sustainment Costs (Letter Report, 06/09/1999, GAO/NSIAD-99-151).
The Defense Department and others are authorized to provide training,
equipment, and advice to civilian emergency response personnel to help
them respond to a possible terrorist attack involving chemical,
biological, or nuclear weapons. GAO reported last year that some local
jurisdictions were buying equipment without the benefit of formal threat
and risk assessments based on valid threat data. In the absence of
defined requirements, this report determines the potential cost of
equipping and maintaining the capability of cities to respond to a
terrorist incident involving weapons of mass destruction. GAO (1)
provides the views of federal, state, and local officials on equipment
that they believed would be needed to respond to such an incident and
(2) determines the potential procurement and sustainment costs of these
items.
--------------------------- Indexing Terms -----------------------------
REPORTNUM: NSIAD-99-151
TITLE: Combating Terrorism: Analysis of Potential Emergency
Response Equipment and Sustainment Costs
DATE: 06/09/1999
SUBJECT: Terrorism
Explosives
Federal/state relations
Hazardous substances
Emergency preparedness
National defense operations
Technical assistance
Equipment maintenance
Government owned equipment
Contract costs
IDENTIFIER: Nunn-Lugar-Domenici Domestic Preparedness Program
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United States General Accounting Office GAO Report
to Congressional Requesters June 1999 COMBATING
TERRORISM Analysis of Potential Emergency Response Equipment and
Sustainment Costs GAO/NSIAD-99-151 United States General
Accounting Office
National Security and Washington, D.C. 20548
International Affairs Division B-282618
Letter June 9, 1999 The Honorable Ike Skelton Ranking Minority
Member Committee on Armed Services House of Representatives The
Honorable Christopher Shays Chairman, Subcommittee on National
Security, Veterans Affairs and International Relations Committee
on Government Reform House of Representatives Under the Nunn-
Lugar-Domenici Domestic Preparedness program,1 the Department of
Defense (DOD) and others provide training, equipment, and advice
to enhance the capability of civilian emergency response personnel
to respond to a possible terrorist incident involving a chemical,
biological, radiological, or nuclear device (CBRN). In 1998, we
reported that some local jurisdictions were deciding on equipment
purchases without the benefit of formal threat and risk
assessments based on valid threat data.2 In the absence of defined
requirements, you asked us to determine the potential cost of
equipping and maintaining the capability of cities to respond to a
terrorist incident involving CBRN. Specifically, we (1) obtained
the views of federal, state, and local officials on equipment they
believed would provide various levels of capability to respond to
a CBRN incident and (2) determined the potential procurement and
sustainment costs of these items. To conduct our work, we
developed a preliminary equipment list based on our prior work and
discussions with DOD, Federal Bureau of Investigation, and local
officials. We then surveyed 36 federal, state, and local
officials 1This program was authorized in the National Defense
Authorization Act for Fiscal Year 1997 (title XIV of P.L. 104-201,
Sept. 23, 1996) and is commonly referred to by its sponsors'
names, Senators Nunn, Lugar, and Domenici. 2Combating Terrorism:
Observations on Crosscutting Issues (GAO/T-NSIAD-98-164, Apr. 23,
1998); Combating Terrorism: Threat and Risk Assessments Can Help
Prioritize and Target Program Investments (GAO/NSIAD-98-74, Apr.
9, 1998); Combating Terrorism: Observations on the Nunn-Lugar-
Domenici Domestic Preparedness Program (GAO/T-NSIAD-99-16, Oct. 2,
1998); and Combating Terrorism: Opportunities to Improve Domestic
Preparedness Program Focus and Efficiency (GAO/NSIAD-99-3, Nov.
12, 1998). Page 1
GAO/NSIAD-99-151 Combating Terrorism B-282618 with hazardous
materials (HAZMAT) expertise-24 of whom responded-to determine the
equipment they believed would provide various levels of response
capability. Based on the 24 responses, we revised the equipment
list. The list is for illustrative purposes, is not meant to
represent a minimum or maximum of equipment needs for local
jurisdictions, and may not reflect the actual equipment costs for
a local jurisdiction. Appendix I further describes our scope and
methodology. Results in Brief We identified over 200 equipment
items that federal, state, and local officials believed would
enhance their capability to respond to a CBRN incident. These
items ranged from standard items such as duct tape and gloves to
more sophisticated devices such as mobile command posts and
climate control systems. The officials we surveyed categorized
the items to represent different levels of capability-basic and
modest, moderate, and high in comparison to the basic level. A
modest increase over basic HAZMAT would include additional
detection and decontamination equipment. A moderate increase
would include a greater array of detection equipment than the
modest level. The high level of increased equipment capability
would include additional and more expensive detection equipment.
We estimated the potential cost of initially procuring and
sustaining the equipment items over a 10-year period using a
notional city of 500,000. As table 1 shows, these costs ranged
from a total of about $4.6 million for items considered to provide
a basic capability to about $43 million for items considered to
provide a high capability. Page 2
GAO/NSIAD-99-151 Combating Terrorism B-282618 Table 1: Possible
Cost to Equip a Notional City of 500,000 to Respond to a CBRN
Event Dollars in millions Equipment
Initial Sustainment cost Total level
procurement cost over 10 years cost Basic
HAZMAT $1.3 $3.3
$4.6 Modest $5.2
$13.1 $18.3 Moderate $8.3
$20.9 $29.2 High $12.2
$30.7 $42.9 This table represents a baseline and
does not include some costs, such as those associated with
equipment maintained as a stockpile, equipment training and
certification, or some hospital and emergency medical response
services. Background According to the U.S. intelligence
community, conventional explosives and firearms are the weapons of
choice for terrorists at least partly because chemical and
biological weapons are more difficult to weaponize and the results
are unpredictable. However, intelligence agencies state that
terrorists' use of chemical and biological materials may increase
over the next decade. Despite differing views, Congress
authorized and funded over $200 million in fiscal year 1999 for
numerous training and equipment programs, including those offered
by the Departments of Justice and Defense and the Federal
Emergency Management Agency, to prepare local jurisdictions for a
CBRN incident. Some jurisdictions are deciding on equipment
purchases without the benefit of formal threat and risk
assessments using valid threat data. As we have emphasized in our
April 1998 report and testimony, a critical component of
establishing and expanding programs to combat terrorism is an
analytically sound threat and risk assessment using valid inputs
from the intelligence community and other agencies. Such an
assessment is widely recognized as an effective decision support
tool for prioritizing security investments and would help local
jurisdictions select equipment that would provide the greatest
benefit whether purchased with federal, state, or local funds.
Page 3 GAO/NSIAD-99-151
Combating Terrorism B-282618 While no valid set of equipment
requirements has been defined or established for equipping a local
jurisdiction to respond to a CBRN terrorist incident, the
InterAgency Board3 for Equipment Standardization and
InterOperability recently developed a list of standardized
equipment. The list can be used by emergency personnel as a
guideline when acquiring CBRN response equipment and is intended
to promote interoperability and standardization among the response
community at the local, state, and federal levels. Use of the
list, however, is voluntary, and state or local jurisdictions
decide the manufacturers, types, and quantities of the items to be
selected to meet their perceived operational needs. No Defined
There is no assessment that would provide a basis for clearly
defined and Requirements and prioritized equipment
requirements based on threat and risk, and there is little
consensus among federal, state, and local officials on the types
of Little Consensus on equipment needed for a city to prepare
for a CBRN terrorist incident at Needed Equipment various
levels. Based on our previous work, the Board's list, and
discussions with agency officials, we identified about 200
equipment items that might be used to respond to a CBRN incident.
We then surveyed 36 federal, state, and local officials on the
equipment they believed would provide a basic HAZMAT equipment
capability and various increments of increased equipment
capabilities to respond to industrial chemical spills and/or CBRN
terrorist events. Twenty-four of these officials responded. The
results of our survey identified additional protective, detection,
decontamination, and communications equipment to illustrate
incremental increases in equipment capability over basic HAZMAT.
The modest increase in equipment capability included more
detection, communications, and decontamination equipment, such as
decontamination showers. The moderate increase in equipment
capability included additional detection and decontamination
items, such as gas chromatograph/mass spectrometers. The high
level in equipment capability included more expensive detection
equipment, such as perimeter sampling systems and a Fox vehicle.
3The Board is an advisory board to the National Domestic
Preparedness Office at the Federal Bureau of Investigation and
consists of officials from local, state, and federal government
organizations, including the Federal Bureau of Investigation, the
Department of Justice, and the Director of Military Support,
Department of the Army. Its charter is to establish, maintain,
and update a standard equipment list that the interagency
community could use to prepare for and respond to terrorism. Page
4 GAO/NSIAD-99-
151 Combating Terrorism B-282618 All 24 survey respondents agreed
that boundary marking tape was a basic HAZMAT item. Respondents
varied widely as to the level of capability other equipment could
provide. For example, six respondents designated a chemical agent
water test kit4 as basic HAZMAT equipment, four indicated that it
represented a modest increased capability above basic HAZMAT,
three indicated that it represented a moderate level of increased
capability, and seven indicated it represented a high level of
increased capability. Four respondents did not place the kit in
any category. The thermal imaging camera also received a varied
response. For basic HAZMAT and modest, moderate, and high levels
of increased capability over basic HAZMAT, the responses were
eight, two, seven, and five, respectively. Two respondents did not
place this item in any category. Procurement and No one has
created a validated list of equipment to provide a sound basis
Sustainment Costs for determining costs to initially equip and
sustain various levels of equipment capability for a local
jurisdiction to deal with a CBRN incident. However, using the
weighted results of our survey to establish which equipment would
go into which category, we estimated the potential costs to
initially equip a notional city of 500,000 people.5 The notional
city has 1,337 first responders, 112 of which are technically
trained.6 As shown in figure 1, the estimated costs range from
$1.3 million (basic HAZMAT) to $12.2 million (high level of
increased equipment capability). 4A chemical agent water test kit
evaluates any chemical warfare agent contamination in a water
source. 5Because of the widely varying opinions on which equipment
belonged in which category, we reconciled the results through
weighting. Based on how a respondent rated each item in our
survey, we assigned a score to that response and then divided the
total by the number of responses. 6The numbers of first
responders, the size of response teams, and our equipment list
were derived from assumptions discussed in our scope and
methodology and are for estimating purposes only. We do not
intend to imply our concurrence with the appropriateness of such
resources for responding to a CBRN incident, and our cost estimate
is not to be considered a recommendation for how a city should be
structured or equipped. Page 5
GAO/NSIAD-99-151 Combating Terrorism B-282618 Figure 1:
Estimated Procurement Costs Dollars in Millions 15 12.2 10 8.3 5.2
5 1.3 0 Basic Level Modest Moderate High Level Level Level
Basic Modest Moderate High Source: Our analysis. Each local
jurisdiction has its own perceived HAZMAT needs and opinions on
what types of equipment it would need to respond to a CBRN
incident. Depending on the types of equipment, the number of
items, the manufacturer, and discounts for quantity purchases, the
actual costs to equip a city to respond to a CBRN incident could
vary greatly. For example, a level A protective suit can cost
between $600 and $2,000. As shown in figure 2, the estimated
cumulative costs to sustain the equipment (in current year
dollars) over a 10-year period range from $3.3 million for basic
HAZMAT equipment to $30.7 million for a high level increased
capability. Page 6
GAO/NSIAD-99-151 Combating Terrorism B-282618 Figure 2:
Estimated 10-Year Sustainment Costs Dollars in Millions 35 30.7 30
25 20.9 20 15 13.1 10 5 3.3 0 Basic
Level Modest Moderate High Level Level Level Basic Modest
Moderate High Source: Our analysis. Sustainment costs, however,
can also vary because some items have an indefinite shelf life
(e.g. traffic cones and hard hats) while others have a limited
shelf life. For example, level A protective suits have a shelf
life of up to 5 years, while chlorine bleach, which is used for
decontamination, has a shelf life of 6 months. In addition, the
environment and/or the frequency that items are used can affect
their useful life. For example, according to Los Angeles County
Operational Terrorism Working Group officials, from mid-December
1998 to mid-April 1999, first responders from the Los Angeles
County operational area addressed approximately 60 chemical and
biological threats that were hoaxes. When responding to these
hoaxes, first responders routinely wore hooded chemical resistant
clothing or other appropriate clothing. Some hooded chemical
resistant clothing can be worn only one time. As such, the county
has had to replace Page 7
GAO/NSIAD-99-151 Combating Terrorism B-282618 approximately 200
of these items within the past 4 months. Furthermore, technical
equipment has to be calibrated periodically to ensure that it
functions properly, and some equipment becomes obsolete and is
replaced by improved models. All of these factors can affect
sustainment costs for items and equipment used to deal with a
possible CBRN terrorist incident. The cost factor we used to
estimate our sustainment costs included most of these issues,
factoring in various assumptions about shelf life and usage. If an
average inflation rate of 2.1 percent is included, the cumulative
estimated sustainment costs range from $3.6 million for basic
HAZMAT equipment to $34.2 million for the highest level of
equipment capability (see fig. 3). Figure 3: Estimated 10-Year
Sustainment Costs Then-year Dollars in Millions 40 34.2 35 30 25
23.2 20 14.5 15 10 5 3.6 0 Basic Level Modest Moderate High
Level Level Level Basic Modest Moderate High
Source: Our analysis. Page 8
GAO/NSIAD-99-151 Combating Terrorism B-282618 Agency Comments
In written comments on a draft of this report, DOD concurred and
noted the difficulties of developing procurement and sustainment
costs for equipment needed to enhance the response capability of
cities to respond to a terrorist incident involving CBRN. DOD
also noted that our report provided a good base for decision-
making entities to work from. DOD's comments are included as
appendix V. DOD provided technical comments, which we have
addressed in our report where appropriate. As agreed with your
offices, unless you publicly announce the contents of this report
earlier, we plan no further distribution of this report until 30
days after its issue date. At that time, we will send copies to
the appropriate congressional committees; the Honorable Jacob J.
Lew, Director, Office of Management and Budget; the Honorable
Louis J. Freeh, Director, Federal Bureau of Investigation; the
Honorable William S. Cohen, Secretary of Defense; the Honorable
Louis Caldera, Secretary of the Army; other federal agencies
discussed in this report; and other interested parties. If you or
your staff have any questions about this report, please contact me
at (202) 5125140. The major contributors to this report were
Carol R. Schuster, Davi M. D'Agostino, James F. Reid, and Lisa
M.Quinn. Mark E. Gebicke Director, National Security Preparedness
Issues Page 9 GAO/NSIAD-99-
151 Combating Terrorism Contents Letter
1 Appendix I
12 Scope and Methodology Appendix II
14 Equipment List Sorted Basic HAZMAT Equipment Capability
14 by Equipment Modest Increase in Equipment
Capability 16 Moderate
Increase in Equipment Capability
18 Capability Level High Level of Equipment Capability
List 19 Appendix III
20 Survey Respondents Local Jurisdictions
20 Federal Agencies 21 Associations 21 Contractor 21 Appendix IV
22 Additional Offices Local Jurisdictions
22 Consulted for Our Federal Agencies 22 Review
Appendix V
23 Comments From the Department of Defense Appendix VI
27 Terrorism Related GAO Products Page 10
GAO/NSIAD-99-151 Combating Terrorism Contents Tables Table 1:
Possible Cost to Equip a Notional City of 500,000 to Respond to a
CBRN Event 3
Figures Figure 1: Estimated Procurement Costs
6 Figure 2: Estimated 10-Year Sustainment Costs
7 Figure 3: Estimated 10-Year Sustainment Costs
8 Abbreviations CBRN chemical, biological, radiological, or
nuclear device DOD Department of Defense HAZMAT hazardous
materials Page 11 GAO/NSIAD-99-
151 Combating Terrorism Appendix I Scope and Methodology
Appendix I To estimate the procurement costs for equipment that
might be required by a city responding to a chemical, biological,
radiological, or nuclear device (CBRN) incident, we first
developed a preliminary equipment list based on our previous work
and input from the Army's Director of Military Support and its
Technical Escort Unit, the Federal Bureau of Investigation, and
Virginia's Fairfax County Hazardous Materials Unit. This list
formed the basis for our survey of city, state, and federal
officials with expertise in the field of hazardous materials
(HAZMAT ) and/or CBRN response equipment. The survey requested an
evaluation of equipment that represented the four levels of
capability, defined on page 2, that we constructed to analyze and
illustrate potential costs. On the basis of our analysis of the
survey responses, we compiled a master equipment list that
reflected the different levels of capability. Because of the
varying opinions on which equipment belonged in which category, we
reconciled the results through weighting.1 Appendix III contains a
list of survey respondents and appendix IV contains a list of
additional offices that we consulted for our review. We then
determined the amount and types of items and equipment that could
be used by choosing a notional city and identifying the number of
first responders. We chose a population size of 500,000 for a
notional city, which is slightly above the median size of the 100
most populous U.S. cities. Cleveland, Ohio, and New Orleans,
Louisiana, are within about 5,000 people of the notional city
population size; therefore, we included them in our analysis to
obtain the number and types of first responders-including their
levels of training-assigned to their respective jurisdictions.
From this information, we derived an average number of first
responders for the notional city. We then consulted with local
and federal officials, such as the Hazardous Materials
Coordinators for the cities of Chicago, New York, and Baltimore
and the Army's Director of Military Support, to identify the
amount of equipment, at each level of capability, that could be
used by first responders. Our master equipment list, notional
city size, and numbers of first responders are for illustrative
purposes only and are not meant to imply that we agree with the
appropriateness of such equipment or with how a city should be
structured. 1Because of the widely varying opinions on which
equipment belonged in which category, we reconciled the results
through weighting. Based on how a respondent rated each item in
our survey, we assigned a score to that response and then divided
the total by the number of responses. Page 12
GAO/NSIAD-99-151 Combating Terrorism Appendix I Scope and
Methodology We are aware that many items on our equipment list are
being used in local jurisdictions for fire fighting and HAZMAT
operations; however, for the purposes of identifying procurement
costs, we assumed the notional city would have no preexisting
HAZMAT capabilities. We consulted with federal government
officials to derive procurement costs. As mentioned previously,
our procurement costs are for operational equipment, do not
reflect additional equipment that might be maintained as a
stockpile, and may not reflect the actual prices a local
jurisdiction might pay. Differences might occur based on the
equipment manufacturer, quantity discounts, or the use of
alternative equipment to serve the same function. To calculate the
equipment sustainment costs, we applied a factor of 25 percent of
the initial procurement cost (in current-year and then-year
dollars) to each item for every year of our analysis. This factor
was derived from discussions with local and federal officials, and
it represents an average sustainment factor. A heavy vehicle
would actually require a higher relative sustainment cost than an
article of clothing. The average sustainment factor accounts for
(1) general wear and tear, instrument calibration, and general
maintenance costs of the equipment and (2) replacement costs for
small-scale incidents and hoaxes. For example, a small-scale
incident would be in a localized area and would not include mass
casualties. Replacement costs due to a large-scale incident, such
as the Oklahoma City bombing, were not considered. We did not
include training and certification costs in our sustainment
estimates. Page 13 GAO/NSIAD-
99-151 Combating Terrorism Appendix II Equipment List Sorted by
Equipment Capability Level
Appendix I I Basic HAZMAT Level A fully encapsulated
chemical resistant suit ensemble Equipment Capability Hooded
chemical resistant clothing Chemical resistant gloves (Butyl)
Chemical resistant gloves (Nitrile) Inner gloves Hard-hat with
face shield Safety glasses Duct tape Chemical resistant boots,
steel or fiberglass toe and shank Outer booties Safety boots or
shoes Two-way local communications, push to talk Personal alarm
system to alert for downed personnel HAZMAT gear bag Surgical
masks Appropriate air monitoring instruments Boundary marking
tape: yellow-caution/red-danger Restricted access and caution
warning signs Combination meter Combustible gas indicator pH paper
and water finding test paper Radiation monitoring equipment Leak
detectors (soap solution, ammonium hydroxide, etc.) pH meter or
pen Water finding paste Gauging stick Squirt bottle Distilled
water Ammonia for chlorine detection Drum thieves Grab sampling
tubes Glass or plastic pipettes with aspiration bulb Tweezers,
plastic Flags, wire stakes Wind socks Contaminated material
disposal containers Traffic cones Brushes, long handle Garden hose
with nozzles Polyethylene sheeting Containment basins, vehicle and
personnel sized Page 14
GAO/NSIAD-99-151 Combating Terrorism Appendix II Equipment List
Sorted by Equipment Capability Level 5-gallon buckets 55-gallon
plastic bags Disinfectant, detergent, bleach, and sodium
bicarbonate Hand-operated diaphragm pumps with hoses Small garden
sprayers Backless stools Folding tables, folding (6 foot) Trauma-
type first aid kit Emergency eye wash Timer or stopwatch Safety
harness with 150 foot dry line retrieval ropes, 9.5mm-10.5mm.
Locking carabiners 20-lb. ABC fire extinguisher Hand lights,
explosive proof Portable lights Air compressors and generators,
8kw, 15kw, and 50kw Electric cord reels Copper grounding rods, x
4 feet (minimum length) Grounding cables, point-type clamps on
both ends, 1/8 stainless steel (uninsulated) 50-foot minimum
Traffic safety vests Megaphone/ public address system Overpacks:
35, 55, and 85 gallon poly-drums Miscellaneous non-sparking tool
kit, to include bun and spanner wrenches Small, medium, and large
equipment bags Handheld illumination Cellular telephone (satellite
capability is optimal) Facsimile, copier, computer printer, and
scanner (combined or individual machines) Binoculars Camera, self-
developing Computers (laptop, desktop, or docking station) with
common data and word processing software for stand-alone, local,
and wide area networks Office supply kit (notepads, pencils, etc)
Personal Protective Equipment Selection Guide CHRIS Manual, 1993
edition Merck Index, 12th edition Emergency Action Guides,
Association of American Railroads Emergency Handling of Hazardous
Materials in Surface Transportation Page 15
GAO/NSIAD-99-151 Combating Terrorism Appendix II Equipment List
Sorted by Equipment Capability Level Association of American
Railroads, 1996 edition Farm Chemicals Handbook, Meister
Publishing, 1997 edition First Responder's Guide to Agriculture
Chemicals Accidents, Foden-Weddell, 1993 edition NIOSH Pocket
Guide to Chemical Hazards, 1995 edition GATX Tank Car Manual, GATX
6th edition Hawley's Condensed Chemical Dictionary, Sax & Lewis,
13th edition Handbook of Toxic and Hazardous Chemicals and
Carcinogens, Sittig, 3rd edition TLVs and BELs Guidebook, ACGIH,
1996 edition Quick Selection Guide to Chemical Protective
Clothing, Forsberg, 3rd edition Household Chemicals and Emergency
First Aid, Foden-Weddell, 1993 Gardner's Chemical Synonyms and
Trade Names, Ash, 10th edition Modest Increase in
Personal cooling system; vest or full suit Equipment Capability
Bio-pack rebreather (2-, 3-, or 4-hour supply, preferred) Self-
contained breathing apparatus (SCBA) Chemical/biological resistant
coveralls Spare ice packs for cooling systems Extraction gear
Level A pressure test kit Full Face air purifying respirators with
appropriate cartridges Emergency escape breathing apparatus (EEBA)
Paper/disposable chemical/biological overgarments, including
gloves and booties Hazard categorizing (HazCat) kit Air and liquid
detector tube system Colormetric tube kit with additional tubes
Photoionization detector (PID) Flame ionization detector (FID)
Pesticide screening kit PCB test kits Petroleum finding paste
Chemical spill classifier kit Waste water classifier kit Heat
sensor, infrared Surface thermometer Page 16
GAO/NSIAD-99-151 Combating Terrorism Appendix II Equipment List
Sorted by Equipment Capability Level Plastic or brass scoops and
trowels Sample jars: 8 oz. wide mouth, with Teflon lids, 16 oz.
wide mouth with Teflon lids Thermal imaging camera Meteorological
stations (temperature, wind, and humidity) Decontamination shower
for individual and mass application Decontamination system
supplies (secondary) Water bladder, decontamination shower waste
collection Spill containment pillows and devices Contaminated
water run-off and collection pools Water pumps, hoses, couplers,
and nozzles (electric and manual) Emergency decontamination
shelter Air inflatable tents Sodium hypochlorite powder (15 lb.
buckets) 85 gallon poly over pak drums Disposable personal
property bags Paper hospital gowns Colored/nonviewable cadaver
bags (Center for Disease Control standard) HEPA (high-efficiency
particulate air) vacuum for dry decontamination Ambu bag, chemical
filtered Green line/red line battery activated marking system
Class D fire extinguisher Ohm meter, intrinsically safe Ground
resistance tester Explosive-proof exhaust fans Stretcher, litter
decontamination mass casualty and field cart General purpose
freezer/refrigerator Head area lighting system Portable area
illumination Water trailers/source (potable and nonpotable) Heat
stress monitor Hazardous material shipping containers Vehicle
support Chlorine A (cylinder), B (1-ton cylinder), and C kit
(railcar) w/appropriate tools Portable air cylinder carts Modular
back packs Duty gear and modular load bearing systems/operational
vests Medical/casualty bags Optics: day and limited visibility
Page 17 GAO/NSIAD-99-151
Combating Terrorism Appendix II Equipment List Sorted by Equipment
Capability Level Multi-channel (UHF/VHF) encrypted, push to talk
radios with chargers and two extra batteries and accessories and
trickle chargers with field programming capability Micro-tape
recorders with audio in/out feature Camera, 35mm with flash,
telephoto lens Camera, digital Camera, video, VHS Light
amplification lenses Standardized NBC/commercial chemical hazard
software and response system Portable repeater Two-way pagers
(secure preferred) Miscellaneous adapter cables and connectors
Bull horns and portable sound system. Matheson Gas Data Book ,
Matheson, 6th edition Effects of Exposure to Toxic Gases; First
Aid and Medical Treatment, Matheson, 3rd edition Hazardous
Material Injuries, Stutz, 3rd edition Emergency Care for Hazardous
Materials Exposure, Bronstein, 2nd edition Clinical Toxicology of
Commercial Products, Williams & Wilkens, 5th edition Joint
Information Center (JIC) Manual Gloves Plus (computer program)
Medical Management of Bio Casualty Book Medical Management of
Chemical Casualty Book Moderate Increase in Escape mask
Equipment Capability Tents, standard or air inflatable with
climate control and chemical/ biological liners M-8 detection
paper for chemical agent (weapons grade) detection M-9 detection
paper (roll) for chemical agent (weapons grade) detection M-256
detection kit for chemical agent (weapons grade) detection M-18
series, chemical agent detector kit for surface and vapor chemical
agent Point chemical agent detector and alarm Stand-off chemical
detector, FTIR Hand-held chemical agent monitor with training set
Chemical agent water test kit, M-272 Page 18
GAO/NSIAD-99-151 Combating Terrorism Appendix II Equipment List
Sorted by Equipment Capability Level Container, sample
transfer/small infectious substance Gas chromatograph/mass
spectrometer (GC/MS) JPO-BD immunoassay tickets Sampling kit with
aerosol collector Aerosol samplers M-295 equipment decontamination
kit for chemical warfare agents M-291 skin decontamination kit
Cryogenic shipment containers Liquid nitrogen for cryogenic
shipment containers Decontamination trailer, multi-water source,
and prime mover High pressure hot water system Ultraviolet
lighting Tents for contaminant containment| Vaporized hydrogen
peroxide solution 2PAM chloride autoinjector Atropine 2mg/ml, 25ml
vial Atropine autoinjector CANA (Diazepam) autoinjector Commercial
vehicles with run-flat tires: vans, sport utility vehicles and
trucks for personal transportation and equipment Mobile command
post or chemical, biological, radiological, or nuclear incident
response operations center Portable area climate control system
Forward vehicle and equipment maintenance packages Solar battery
chargers Vehicle-mounted communication systems for long-range,
encrypted, voice, video, and data transmission capable of cross-
band repeat Bi-direction amplifiers Secure telecomputer encryption
High Level of Automated perimeter sampling system
(portal shield) Equipment Capability Portal shield sampling kits
Fox vehicle List Page 19
GAO/NSIAD-99-151 Combating Terrorism Appendix III Survey
Respondents
Append IIix I Local Jurisdictions Battalion Chief Downers Grove
Fire Department Downers Grove, Ill. Department of Emergency
Services Richmond, Va. District Chief Montgomery County Fire and
Rescue Service Rockville, Md. Emergency Operations Bureau Los
Angeles, Calif. Fire Station 39 Van Nuys, Calif. HAZMAT
Coordinator Chicago, Ill. HAZMAT Coordinator Baltimore County Fire
Department Towson, Md. Oahu Civil Defense Agency Honolulu, Hawaii
Office of Emergency Management Denver, Colo. Office of Emergency
Management New York, N.Y. Office of Emergency Management
Philadelphia, Pa. Office of Emergency Management Seattle, Wash.
Office of Emergency Preparedness New Orleans, La. Page 20
GAO/NSIAD-99-151 Combating Terrorism Appendix III Survey
Respondents Office of Public Safety Columbus, Ohio Terrorism
Coordinator Los Angeles County Fire Department Los Angeles, Calif.
Federal Agencies Commander Soldier and Biological Chemical
Command Department of Army Technical Escort Unit Soldier and
Biological Chemical Command Department of Army Office of Emergency
Response Department of Energy Office of the Emergency Coordinator
Environmental Protection Agency Associations International
Association of Fire Chiefs1 International Association of Fire
Fighters National Fire Protection Association National Institute
for Occupational Safety and Health National Volunteer Fire Council
Contractor MKI Systems 1The HAZMAT Coordinator for
Chicago, Illinois, and the International Association of Fire
Chiefs submitted a joint response. Page 21
GAO/NSIAD-99-151 Combating Terrorism Appendix IV Additional
Offices Consulted for Our Review Appendix IV Local Jurisdictions
Department of Public Safety Cleveland, Ohio HAZMAT Coordinator
City of Baltimore Baltimore, Md. HAZMAT Unit Fairfax County Fire
and Rescue Department Fairfax, Va. Federal Agencies Director
of Military Support Department of the Army Hazardous Materials
Response Unit Federal Bureau of Investigation The National
Domestic Preparedness Office Federal Bureau of Investigation
Office of National Security Affairs Federal Emergency Management
Agency Page 22 GAO/NSIAD-99-151
Combating Terrorism Appendix V Comments From the Department of
Defense Appendix V Page 23 GAO/NSIAD-99-151 Combating
Terrorism Appendix V Comments From the Department of Defense Page
24 GAO/NSIAD-99-151 Combating
Terrorism Appendix V Comments From the Department of Defense Page
25 GAO/NSIAD-99-151 Combating
Terrorism Appendix V Comments From the Department of Defense Page
26 GAO/NSIAD-99-151 Combating
Terrorism Appendix VI Terrorism Related GAO Products
Appendix VI Combating Terrorism: Use of National Guard Response
Teams Is Unclear (GAO/NSIAD-99-110, May 21, 1999) Combating
Terrorism: Issues to Be Resolved to Improve Counterterrorist
Operations (GAO/NSIAD-99-135, May 13, 1999) Combating Terrorism:
Observations on Biological Terrorism and Public Health Initiatives
(GAO/T-NSIAD-99-112, Mar. 16, 1999). Combating Terrorism:
Observations on Federal Spending to Combat Terrorism (GAO/T-
NSIAD/GGD-99-107, Mar. 11, 1999). Combating Terrorism: FBI's Use
of Federal Funds for Counterterrorism- Related Activities (Fiscal
years 1995-98) (GAO/GGD-99-7, Nov. 20, 1998). Combating Terrorism:
Opportunities to Improve Domestic Preparedness Program Focus and
Efficiency (GAO/NSIAD-99-3, Nov. 12, 1998). Combating Terrorism:
Observations on the Nunn-Lugar-Domenici Domestic Preparedness
Program (GAO/T-NSIAD-99-16, Oct. 2, 1998). Combating Terrorism:
Observations on Crosscutting Issues (GAO/T-NSIAD-98-164, Apr. 23,
1998). Combating Terrorism: Threat and Risk Assessments Can Help
Prioritize and Target Program Investments (GAO/NSIAD-98-74, Apr.
9, 1998). Combating Terrorism: Spending on Governmentwide
Programs Requires Better Management and Coordination (GAO/NSIAD-
98-39, Dec. 1, 1997). Combating Terrorism: Efforts to Protect
U.S. Forces in Turkey and the Middle East (GAO/T-NSIAD-98-44, Oct.
28, 1997). Combating Terrorism: Federal Agencies' Efforts to
Implement National Policy and Strategy (GAO/NSIAD-97-254, Sept.
26, 1997). Combating Terrorism: Status of DOD Efforts to Protect
Its Forces Overseas (GAO/NSIAD-97-207, July 21, 1997). Aviation
Security: FAA's Procurement of Explosives Detection Devices
(GAO/RCED-97-111R, May 1, 1997). Letter Page 27
GAO/NSIAD-99-151 Combating Terrorism Appendix VI Terrorism
Related GAO Products Aviation Security: Commercially Available
Advanced Explosives Detection Devices (GAO/RCED-97-119R, Apr. 24,
1997). Terrorism and Drug Trafficking: Responsibilities for
Developing Explosives and Narcotics Detection Technologies
(GAO/NSIAD-97-95, Apr. 15, 1997). Aviation Security: Urgent
Issues Need to Be Addressed (GAO/T-RCED/NSIAD-96-151, Sept. 11,
1996). Terrorism and Drug Trafficking: Technologies for Detecting
Explosives and Narcotics (GAO/NSIAD/RCED-96-252, Sept. 4, 1996).
Aviation Security: Immediate Action Needed to Improve Security
(GAO/T-RCED/NSIAD-96-237, Aug. 1, 1996). Terrorism and Drug
Trafficking: Threats and Roles of Explosives and Narcotics
Detection Technology (GAO/NSIAD/RCED-96-76BR, Mar. 27, 1996).
(701149) Letter Page 28
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