Child Support Enforcement: State and Localities Move to Privatized
Services (Fact Sheet, 11/20/95, GAO/HEHS-96-43FS).

Pursuant to a congressional request, GAO provided information on the
privatization of state child support enforcement programs, focusing on
the number of ongoing and planned state contracts for location services,
collections, payment processing, and full-service programs as of October
1995.

GAO found that: (1) one or more child support services are privatized in
20 states and at the local office level in 18 states; (2) there are 21
full-service contracts for child support services and half of these are
served by one major contractor; (3) four major contractors provide most
of the services for 40 other collection and location service contracts;
and (4) there are nine contracts for payment processing services and
eight contracts for location services.

--------------------------- Indexing Terms -----------------------------

 REPORTNUM:  HEHS-96-43FS
     TITLE:  Child Support Enforcement: State and Localities Move to 
             Privatized Services
      DATE:  11/20/95
   SUBJECT:  Child support payments
             State programs
             Cost effectiveness analysis
             Collection procedures
             Service contracts
             State and local procurement
             State/local relations
             Law enforcement
IDENTIFIER:  Aid to Families with Dependent Children Program
             AFDC
             
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Cover
================================================================ COVER


Fact Sheet for the Chairman, Committee on the Budget, House of
Representatives

November 1995

CHILD SUPPORT ENFORCEMENT - STATES
AND LOCALITIES MOVE TO PRIVATIZED
SERVICES

GAO/HEHS-96-43FS

Child Support Privatization Initiatives

(106607)


Abbreviations
=============================================================== ABBREV

  AFDC - Aid to Families With Dependent Children
  HHS - Department of Health and Human Services

Letter
=============================================================== LETTER


B-270169

November 20, 1995

The Honorable John R.  Kasich
Chairman, Committee on the Budget
House of Representatives

Dear Mr.  Chairman: 

Facing budgetary and staffing constraints and increasing federal
performance standards, state child support enforcement programs are
struggling to serve their ever- increasing caseloads.  As states
confront the need to improve their services to the public, many are
turning to the private sector to augment their child support
enforcement programs.  While states continue to expand these public
and private partnerships, little is known nationally about such
efforts.  In May 1995, you asked us to develop information on these
privatization initiatives.  Specifically, you asked us to determine
(1) the extent of, rationale for, and perceived advantages and
disadvantages of privatizing child support functions; (2) the terms
of these contracts; (3) the legal issues surrounding privatization;
and (4) what is known about the cost effectiveness of these efforts. 

In August 1995, we briefed your staff on the status of our ongoing
work.  Subsequently, in response to inquiries from officials of the
Department of Health and Human Services (HHS) and several states
about our inventory of state privatization efforts, you asked us for
an interim report on that information.  This fact sheet contains an
inventory of ongoing and planned state contracts for location
services, collections, payment processing, and full- service programs
as of October 1995.\1

We gathered this information by visiting and interviewing child
support officials and contractors in Georgia, Maryland, Mississippi,
Tennessee, and Virginia.  We also interviewed by telephone child
support officials and contractors in the remaining states and
gathered additional data through our analysis of child support
contracts.  Our inventory of child support contracts may not be
complete, because where programs are state-supervised but locally
administered, state officials said that they were not always fully
aware of local privatization efforts. 

In summary, we found that one or more child support services are
privatized statewide in 20 states and at the local office level in 18
states (see app.  I).\2 We identified 21 contracts for full-service
child support operations, about half of which are served by one of
two major contractors.  We also identified 40 other contracts for
collections and related location services; four major contractors
provide most of these services.  Finally, there are nine contracts
for payment processing services and eight contracts for location
services only.  Appendix II contains detailed information about these
contracts, including the contractor, contract terms, and the types of
services provided.  Appendix III contains a list of related GAO
products on child support enforcement. 


--------------------
\1 We focused on these services because of recent increases in the
number of contracts for such services and their direct relationship
to the collection of child support.  We did not include services
traditionally contracted out such as genetic testing, legal services,
and automated systems, nor did we include contracts solely for
paternity acknowledgement or customer service. 

\2 Three new contracts are planned to be awarded in two states that
have existing privatization contracts and at least five new contracts
are planned to be awarded in four states that have no privatization
contracts.  Five of the current states with contracts have privatized
services at both the statewide and local levels. 


   AGENCY COMMENTS
------------------------------------------------------------ Letter :1

We discussed this report with HHS' Office of Child Support
Enforcement officials who generally agreed with the data presented. 
They provided technical comments on the data, which we have
incorporated as appropriate. 


---------------------------------------------------------- Letter :1.1

We will send copies of this fact sheet to the Chairmen of the Senate
Committee on Finance and the House Subcommittee on Human Resources,
Committee on Ways and Means; the Secretary of HHS; and HHS' Assistant
Secretary for Children and Families.  We will also make copies
available to others on request. 

We will continue to keep you and your office informed of our progress
in reviewing the costs and outcomes of state privatization
initiatives.  If you or your staff have any questions about this fact
sheet, please contact David P.  Bixler, Assistant Director, at (202)
512-7201 or Kevin M.  Kumanga, Senior Evaluator, at (202) 512-4962. 
Other major contributors to this fact sheet include Gerard V.  Grant,
Christopher Morehouse, and Suzanne S.  Sterling. 

Sincerely yours,

Jane L.  Ross
Director, Income Security Issues


STATEWIDE OR LOCAL CHILD SUPPORT
PRIVATIZATION INITIATIVES AS OF
OCTOBER 1995
=========================================================== Appendix I



   (See figure in printed
   edition.)


CONTRACT INFORMATION ON STATE AND
LOCAL CHILD SUPPORT PRIVATIZATION
INITIATIVES ONGOING OR PLANNED AS
OF OCTOBER 1995
========================================================== Appendix II


                                                           Start
                                                           date
                 Full                                      (contr
                 serv  Loca            Payment             act                 Type of
                 ice\  te    Collecti  processi  Contract  length  Payment     cases
                 a     only  ons\b     ng        or        \c)     terms\d, e  served\f
---------------  ----  ----  --------  --------  --------  ------  ----------  ----------
Alabama
-----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
17 of 67                     X                   To be     (2.5                Aid to
counties                                         awarded   years)              Families
                                                                               With
                                                                               Dependent
                                                                               Children
                                                                               (AFDC)
                                                                               arrears


Arizona
-----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Apache,                      X                   RSI       5/94    Variable    All
Coconino,                                        Enterpri  (4      rates each
Graham,                                          ses,      years)  year based
Greenlee,                                        Inc.              on
Maricopa,                                                          performanc
Mohave, and                                                        e\
Yuma Counties

Apache,                      X                   Equifax   6/94    Variable    All
Coconino,                                        Accounts  (4      rates each
Graham,                                          Receivab  years)  year based
Greenlee,                                        le                on
Maricopa,                                        Service           performanc
Mohave, and                                                        e
Yuma Counties

Santa Cruz and   X\g                             Policy    3/94    32-24       All
Yavapai                                          Studies,  (4      percent\h
Counties                                         Inc.      years)
                                                 (PSI)


Arkansas
-----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Jefferson        X                               Hunt Law  9/95    Fixed fee   All
County                                           Firm      (1.8    of
                                                           years)  $810,000,
                                                                   reimbursab
                                                                   le
                                                                   expenses
                                                                   up to
                                                                   $490,000
                                                                   plus
                                                                   incentives

Greene County    X                               Greene    9/95    Fixed fee   All
                                                 County    (1.8    of
                                                 Child     years)  $175,000,
                                                 Support           reimbursab
                                                 Enforcem          le
                                                 ent,              expenses
                                                 Inc.              up to
                                                                   $290,000
                                                                   plus
                                                                   incentives

Garland County   X                               Owen      7/95    Fixed fee   All
                                                 Support   (2      of
                                                 Services  years)  $390,000,
                                                 , Inc.            reimbursab
                                                                   le
                                                                   expenses
                                                                   up to
                                                                   $460,000
                                                                   plus
                                                                   incentives

Craighead        X                               Brent     7/95    Negotiated  All
County                                           Davis,    (2      contract\i
                                                 Esq.      years)

3rd Judicial     X                               Randolph  7/95    Negotiated  All
District                                         Co.,      (2      contract\i
                                                 Judge/    years)
                                                 Multi
                                                 Services
                                                 , Inc.

14th Judicial    X                               Multi     7/95    Fixed fee   All
District                                         Services  (2      of
                                                 , Inc.    years)  $300,000
                                                                   reimbursab
                                                                   le
                                                                   expenses
                                                                   up to
                                                                   $330,000


California
-----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Los Angeles                            X         Lockheed  7/95    Fixed fee   All
County                                           Martin    (5      of $15.3
                                                 IMS       years)  million
                                                                   plus
                                                                   incentives


Colorado
-----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Statewide                              X         Lockheed  8/91    Fixed fee   All
                                                 Martin    (5.5    of $8.75
                                                 IMS       years)  million

El Paso County   X                               Maximus   1/96    19-10       All
                                                           (5      percent\h
                                                           years)

Mesa County            X                         Lockheed  2/95    Negotiated  All
                                                 Martin    (11     contract\i
                                                 IMS       months
                                                           )

Mesa County            X                         Technica  2/95    Negotiated  All
                                                 l         (11     contract\i
                                                 Manageme  months
                                                 nt        )
                                                 Resource
                                                 s (TMR)

Rio Blanco                   X                   Colorado  1/95    16          AFDC
County                                           Child     (1      percent\j   arrears
                                                 Support   year)
                                                 Services
                                                 , Inc.
                                                 (CCSSI)

Delta County                 X                   CCSSI     6/95    16 percent  AFDC
                                                           (7                  arrears
                                                           months
                                                           )

Archuleta                    X                   CCSSI     5/95    Negotiated  AFDC
County                                                     (7      contract\i  arrears
                                                           months              and some
                                                           )                   current
                                                                               AFDC

Las Animas                   X                   CCSSI     4/95    Negotiated  AFDC and
County                                                     (8      contract\i  non-AFDC
                                                           months              arrears
                                                           )


Connecticut
-----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Statewide                    X                   Lockheed  10/     23.75       Closed
                                                 Martin    95      percent\k   AFDC cases
                                                 IMS       (3
                                                           years)

Statewide                              X         Shawmut   6/95    Variable    All
                                                 Bank      (5      fee per
                                                           years)  service


Florida
-----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Statewide (2                 X                   To be     11/                 AFDC and
contracts)                                       awarded   95                  non-AFDC
                                                           (1                  arrears
                                                           year)

Georgia

Statewide                    X                   GC        1995    7.89        AFDC
                                                 Services  (3      percent     arrears\l
                                                 Limited   years)
                                                 Partners
                                                 hip (GC
                                                 Services
                                                 )

Statewide              X                         Lockheed  3/94    $46.50 per  At staff
                                                 Martin    (2.3    location    discretion
                                                 IMS       years)

Fulton County    X\g                             Child     7/94    11.5-10     All non-
                                                 Support   (5      percent\h   AFDC
                                                 Services  years)
                                                 of
                                                 Georgia
                                                 (Policy
                                                 Studies,
                                                 Inc.)


Hawaii
-----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Statewide                              X         Lockheed  10/     Fixed fee   All
                                                 Martin    95      plus
                                                 IMS       (1      volume
                                                           year)   adjustment
                                                                   s


Idaho
-----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Statewide                    X                   Equifax   11/     21 percent  AFDC
                                                 Credit    93                  arrears on
                                                 Informat  (4                  closed
                                                 ion       years)              cases
                                                 Services


Illinois
-----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Statewide                    X                   Lockheed  7/94    Negotiated  AFDC and
                                                 Martin    (2      contract\i  non-AFDC
                                                 IMS       years)              arrears

Statewide                    X                   GC        7/94    Negotiated  AFDC and
                                                 Services  (2      contract\i  non-AFDC
                                                           years)              arrears

Statewide                    X                   Hanover   7/94    Negotiated  AFDC and
                                                 Credit    (2      contract\i  non-AFDC
                                                           years)              arrears

Statewide                    X                   Harvard   7/94    Negotiated  AFDC and
                                                 Collecti  (2      contract\i  non-AFDC
                                                 on        years)              arrears
                                                 Services

Statewide                    X                   Midwest   7/94    Negotiated  AFDC and
                                                 Account   (2      contract\i  non-AFDC
                                                 Consulta  years)              arrears
                                                 nts


Indiana
-----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Marion County          X                         Trans     1993    Negotiated  At staff
                                                 Union             contract\i  discretion

Marion County          X                         TRW       1993    Negotiated  At staff
                                                                   contract\i  discretion

Marion County          X                         Associat  1993    Negotiated  At staff
                                                 ed                contract\i  discretion


Iowa
-----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
To be            X                               To be     11/95               All
determined                                       awarded                       intrastate
(local office                                                                  cases for
level)                                                                         paternity
                                                                               and
                                                                               support
                                                                               order
                                                                               establishm
                                                                               ent only


Kansas
-----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Statewide                    X                   GC        12/     17 percent  All
                                                 Services  93
                                                           (5
                                                           years)


Maryland
-----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Statewide                    X                   GC        12/94   12.85       AFDC and
                                                 Services          percent     non-AFDC
                                                                               arrears

Baltimore        X                               To be     11/                 All
County                                           awarded   96
                                                           (3
                                                           years)

Queen Anne       X                               To be     11/                 All
County                                           awarded   96
                                                           (3
                                                           years)

Baltimore City                         X         Nations   1989    Variable    All
                                                 Bank              fee per
                                                                   service


Massachusetts
-----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Statewide                              X         Shawmut   10/     Variable    All
                                                 Bank      95      fee per
                                                           (3      transactio
                                                           years)  n

Statewide                    X                   Lockheed  10/     Negotiated  AFDC and
                                                 Martin    92      contract\i  non-AFDC
                                                 IMS       (3                  arrears
                                                           years)

Statewide                    X                   GC        10/     Negotiated  AFDC and
                                                 Services  92      contract\i  non-AFDC
                                                           (3                  arrears
                                                           years)


Michigan
-----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Bay County                   X                   David M.  1/95    20 percent  AFDC, non-
Friend of the                                    Griffith                      AFDC, and
Court                                            &                             service
                                                 Associat                      fee
                                                 es                            arrears

Branch County                X                   David M.  8/92    Negotiated  AFDC, non-
Friend of the                                    Griffith          contract\i  AFDC, and
Court                                            &                             service
                                                 Associat                      fee
                                                 es                            arrears

Cass County                  X                   David M.  1/92    Negotiated  AFDC, non-
Friend of the                                    Griffith          contract\i  AFDC, and
Court                                            &                             service
                                                 Associat                      fee
                                                 es                            arrears

Emmet County                 X                   David M.  10/     Negotiated  AFDC, non-
Friend of the                                    Griffith  93      contract\i  AFDC, and
Court                                            &                             service
                                                 Associat                      fee
                                                 es                            arrears

Iosco/Oscoda                 X                   David M.  6/92    Negotiated  AFDC, non-
County Friend                                    Griffith          contract\i  AFDC, and
of the Court                                     &                             service
                                                 Associat                      fee
                                                 es                            arrears

Midland County               X                   David M.  5/95    20 percent  AFDC, non-
Friend of the                                    Griffith                      AFDC, and
Court                                            &                             service
                                                 Associat                      fee
                                                 es                            arrears


Minnesota
-----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Statewide                    X                   Lockheed  12/     16 percent  All non-
                                                 Martin    94                  AFDC
                                                 IMS       (4                  arrears;
                                                           years)              interstate
                                                                               AFDC
                                                                               arrears


Mississippi
-----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Hinds and        X                               Maximus   7/94    40.1-27.6   All
Warren Counties                                            (5      percent\h,
                                                           years)  m


Missouri
-----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Statewide                    X                   GC        7/94    9.9         AFDC
                                                 Services  (3      percent     arrears
                                                           years)


Nebraska
-----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Douglas County   X                               PSI       2/93    15-13       All
                                                           (5      percent\h
                                                           years)


Nevada
-----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Statewide                    X                   GC        3/94    20          AFDC
                                                 Services  (2      percent\n   arrears
                                                           years)


New Hampshire
-----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Statewide              X                         Credit    7/94    Variable    All
                                                 Bureau    (2      fee per
                                                 Services  years)  service\o
                                                 of New
                                                 Hampshir
                                                 e


New Mexico
-----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Statewide                    X                   GC        11/     22          AFDC
                                                 Services  93      percent\p   arrears\q
                                                           (3
                                                           years)

Statewide                    X                   CRW       2/94    21          AFDC
                                                 (TRW)     (2      percent\p   arrears\q
                                                           years)


New York
-----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Statewide\r                            X         Lockheed  1/93    Fixed fee   All
                                                 Martin    (3      of $6.3
                                                 IMS       years)  million

New York City          X                         Equifax   3/94    Variable    All
                                                           (3      fee per
                                                           years)  service\s


North Carolina
-----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Sixteen state                X                   Educatio  12/     19, 18.4,   AFDC and
run programs                                     nal       95\t    and 20      non-AFDC
                                                 Recovery  (1.5    percent,    arrears
                                                 Services  years)  respective
                                                 (GC               ly
                                                 Services
                                                 ),
                                                 Payco-
                                                 General
                                                 American
                                                 Credit,
                                                 and A.M.
                                                 Miller
                                                 and
                                                 Associat
                                                 es


Ohio
-----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Huron County                 X                   David M.  10/     Fixed fees  AFDC and
                                                 Griffith  94      per         non-AFDC
                                                 &         (2      service:    arrears
                                                 Associat  years)  $14.84 per
                                                 es                location.
                                                                   $10.63 per
                                                                   collection
                                                                   \u

Clark County                 X                   David M.  7/95    15 percent  At county
                                                 Griffith  (6                  discretion
                                                 &         months
                                                 Associat  )\v
                                                 es        \

Lawrence County              X                   GC        7/95    18 percent  At county
                                                 Services  (6                  discretion
                                                           months
                                                           )\v


Lucas County                 X                   United    7/95    23.5        At county
                                                 Creditor  (6      percent\w   discretion
                                                 s         months  + $45
                                                 Alliance  )\v     per
                                                 Corp.             location


Oklahoma
-----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Pittsburg        X                               Kibois    1993    Cost-       All
County, Haskell                                  Communit  (4      reimbursem
County                                           y Action  years)  ent
                                                 Foundati
                                                 on
                                                 (nonprof
                                                 it)

Comanche         X                               Great     1993\   Cost-       All\x
County, Cotton                                   Plains    (4      reimbursem
County                                           Improvem  years)  ent
                                                 ent
                                                 Foundati
                                                 on
                                                 (nonprof
                                                 it)


Pennsylvania
-----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Dauphin County               X                   David M.  8/93    Negotiated  AFDC and
                                                 Griffith  (3      contract\i  non-AFDC
                                                 &         years)              arrears
                                                 Associat
                                                 es

Tennessee

District 7       X\g                             Maximus   7/92    16          All
                                                           (5      percent\
                                                           years)

District 20      X\g                             Maximus   7/93    12-10.5     All
                                                           (5      percent\h
                                                           years)

District 10      X\g                             PSI       7/91    13.5        All
                                                           (5      percent
                                                           years)  fixed

District 29      X\g                             PSI       2/92    19-15       All
                                                           (5      percent\h
                                                           years)

District 27      X\g                             PSI       1/95    17-14       All
                                                           (5      percent\h
                                                           years)


Texas
-----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Statewide                    X                   Lockheed  9/93    13.24       AFDC and
                                                 Martin    (4      percent     non-AFDC
                                                 IMS       years)              arrears\q


Utah
-----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Statewide                    X                   Lockheed  12/     13.95       AFDC
                                                 Martin    94      percent     arrears
                                                 IMS       (3      + $46.50
                                                           years)  per
                                                                   location


Vermont
-----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Statewide                              X         Vermont   1/95    Variable    All
                                                 National  (1.5    fee by
                                                 Bank      years)  type and
                                                                   volume of
                                                                   transactio
                                                                   n\y


Virginia
-----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Statewide                    X                   GC        6/95    20 percent  AFDC and
                                                 Services  (1                  non-AFDC
                                                           year)               arrears

Hampton and      X                               Lockheed  2/94    10          All
Chesapeake                                       Martin    (5      percent\z
District                                         IMS       years)
Offices

Alexandria/      X                               To be                         All
Arlington/                                       awarded
Falls Church


Washington
-----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Statewide                    X                   To be                         AFDC
                                                 awarded                       arrears


West Virginia
-----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Statewide                              X         One       7/95    Variable    All
                                                 Valley    (5      fee by
                                                 Bank      years)  type of
                                                                   transactio
                                                                   n plus
                                                                   cost
                                                                   reimbursem
                                                                   ent

Wyoming

Districts 1,2,3  X\g                             PSI       6/95    17.5-16     All
                                                           (4      percent\h
                                                           years)

Districts 8,9    X                               Gray &    5/95    $724,000    All
                                                 Associat  (4      + 8
                                                 es        years)  percent of
                                                                   collection
                                                                   s over
                                                                   $2.5
                                                                   million
-----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Note:  We did not identify planned or ongoing contracts in 13 states
and the District of Columbia.  The 13 states are Alaska, Delaware,
Kentucky, Louisiana, Maine, Montana, New Jersey, North Dakota,
Oregon, Rhode Island, South Carolina, South Dakota, and Wisconsin. 


\a Full service includes location, paternity and support order
establishment, payment processing, and collections. 

\b Collections and related location services. 

\c Length of contract can include possible annual renewals. 

\d Unless otherwise noted, payment terms are expressed as a
percentage of contractor-generated collections. 

\e Payment terms vary, depending on factors such as volume, quality,
type of cases referred, and use of multiple or single contractors. 

\f Arrears may be defined differently in each jurisdiction (for
example, no voluntary payment in 90 days or 6 months). 

\g State performs payment processing. 

\h First figure is the payment figure for the contract's first year;
second figure is the rate reached by the end of the contract period. 

\i Payment terms of negotiated contracts are not disclosed because
they are considered private information. 

\j Total cost of contract capped at $3,000. 

\k Total cost of contract capped at $2.95 million. 

\l Cases referred to the contractor are primarily AFDC arrears, but
may also include any type of case, since referral is made at the
discretion of state staff. 

\m Terms are based on statewide operation of full-service programs
that have not yet been implemented and are pending legislative
approval.  In addition, contractor received $2.98 million for
start-up costs between April and June 1994 and $14,180,262 as a flat
fee for the first 15 months.  Currently, contractor receives $400,000
a month plus incentives for operating the two programs shown. 

\n Total cost capped at $75,000 in fiscal year 1994 and $125,000 in
fiscal year 1995. 

\o Total cost capped at $10,000 in fiscal year 1995 and $16,000 in
fiscal year 1996. 

\p Total cost of contract capped at $225,000. 

\q Caseload includes some cases that are not in arrears. 

\r Counties have been phased in over the life of the contract;
Lockheed reached full statewide coverage in March 1995. 

\s Total cost of contract capped at $5,115,000. 

\t Date of first referral of child support cases to a contractor who
currently has a contract with the state attorney general for
collections. 

\u Total cost of contract capped at $9,999. 

\v This effort is a pilot. 

\w Total cost of contract capped at $10,000. 

\x Contract excludes incoming interstate cases. 

\y Total cost of contract capped at $150,000. 

\z Contract includes a performance guarantee, reducing contractor's
revenue by 10 percent per month for failure to meet certain goals. 

Source:  Interviews with state officials and contractors; contracts
and other documents obtained by GAO. 


RELATED GAO PRODUCTS
============================================================ Chapter 0

Child Support Enforcement:  Opportunity to Reduce Federal and State
Costs (GAO/T-HEHS-95-181, June 13, 1995). 

Child Support Enforcement:  Families Could Benefit From Stronger
Enforcement Program (GAO/HEHS-95-24, Dec.  27, 1994). 

Child Support Enforcement:  Federal Efforts Have Not Kept Pace With
Expanding Program (GAO/T-HEHS-94-209, July 20, 1994). 

Child Support Enforcement:  Credit Bureau Reporting Shows Promise
(GAO/HEHS-94-175, June 3, 1994). 

Child Support Enforcement:  States Proceed With Immediate Wage
Withholding; More HHS Action Needed (GAO/HRD-93-99, June 15, 1993). 

Child Support Assurance:  Effect of Applying State Guidelines to
Determine Fathers' Payments (GAO/HRD-93-26, Jan.  23, 1993). 

Child Support Enforcement:  Timely Action Needed to Correct System
Development Problems (GAO/IMTEC-92-46, Aug.  13, 1992). 

Medicaid:  Ensuring That Noncustodial Parents Provide Health
Insurance Can Save Costs (GAO/HRD-92-80, June 17, 1992). 

Child Support Enforcement:  Opportunity to Defray Burgeoning Federal
and State Non-AFDC Costs (GAO/HRD-92-91, June 5, 1992). 

Interstate Child Support:  Wage Withholding Not Fulfilling
Expectations (GAO/HRD-92-65BR, Feb.  25, 1992). 

Interstate Child Support:  Mothers Report Less Support From
Out-of-State Fathers (GAO/HRD-92-39FS, Jan.  9, 1992). 

Interstate Child Support Enforcement:  Computer Network Contract Not
Ready to Be Awarded (GAO/IMTEC-92-8, Oct.  23, 1991). 


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