Occupational Safety and Health: Violations of Safety and Health
Regulations by Federal Contractors (Letter Report, 08/23/96,
GAO/HEHS-96-157).
Pursuant to a congressional request, GAO examined federal contractors
compliance with federal occupational safety and health regulations.
GAO found that: (1) federal contracts are awarded to employers violating
the Occupational Safety and Health Act (OSHA); (2) in fiscal year (FY)
1994, 261 federal contractors received penalties of at least $15,000 for
violating OSHA regulations; (3) 5 percent of these contractors received
more than $500 million in federal contracts; (4) contract violations
typically occurred at worksites with fewer than 500 employees and at
manufacturing plants; (5) federal contractors received $38 billion in
contract dollars for FY 1994; (6) most of the contract violations
involved companies' failure to protect their workers from electrical
hazard or injury; (7) the actual penalties assessed during contractor
worksite inspections totalled $10.9 million; (8) in 8 percent of those
inspections, the contractor received a penalty of at least $100,000; (9)
some of the federal contractors participated in the OSHA Voluntary
Compliance Program; (10) OSHA contracting and debarring officials use
safety and health compliance information to make their award decisions;
and (11) federal contractors would be more attentive to their safety and
health practices if OSHA gave greater priority to those high-hazard
workplaces operated by federal contractors.
--------------------------- Indexing Terms -----------------------------
REPORTNUM: HEHS-96-157
TITLE: Occupational Safety and Health: Violations of Safety and
Health Regulations by Federal Contractors
DATE: 08/23/96
SUBJECT: Occupational safety
Safety regulation
Working conditions
Occupational health standards
Federal procurement
Labor law
Proposed legislation
Contract noncompliance
Contract violations
Fines (penalties)
IDENTIFIER: OSHA Voluntary Protection Program
GSA Federal Procurement Data System
OSHA Integrated Management Information System
OSHA Hazard Communication Standard
National Performance Review
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Cover
================================================================ COVER
Report to Congressional Requesters
August 1996
OCCUPATIONAL SAFETY AND HEALTH -
VIOLATIONS OF SAFETY AND HEALTH
REGULATIONS BY FEDERAL CONTRACTORS
GAO/HEHS-96-157
Federal Contractor Safety Practices
(205305)
Abbreviations
=============================================================== ABBREV
AT&T - American Telephone and Telegraph
CEC - contractor establishment code
CWHSSA - Contract Work Hours and Safety Standards Act
FPDS - Federal Procurement Data System
GSA - General Services Administration
IMIS - Integrated Management Information System
NLRA - National Labor Relations Act
NPR - National Performance Review
OFCCP - Office of Federal Contract Compliance Programs
OMB - Office of Management and Budget
OSHA - Occupational Safety and Health Administration
OSHRC - Occupational Safety and Health Review Commission
SIC - Standard Industrial Classification
ULTICEC - ultimate contractor establishment code
UPS - United Parcel Service Amer., Inc.
VPP - Voluntary Protection Program
Letter
=============================================================== LETTER
B-270418
August 23, 1996
The Honorable Paul Simon
United States Senate
The Honorable Edward M. Kennedy
United States Senate
The federal government spends roughly $200 billion each year in
contracts for goods and services. Some private sector companies
continue to be awarded contracts every year even though they violate
federal laws intended to protect worker health and safety. Senator
Simon has proposed legislation that would restrict companies that
violate the Occupational Safety and Health Act from receiving federal
contracts.\1 Another proposal, introduced by Senator Kennedy, would
reward companies for responsible behaviors. This proposal would
reduce taxes and offer preferences in government contracts to
companies for providing training opportunities to their workers and
taking other actions that promote workers' economic security.\2
Given your interest in the safety and health practices of federal
contractors, you asked us to
-- determine how many companies receiving federal contracts have
also been assessed penalties for violations of occupational
safety and health regulations,
-- describe the characteristics of these contractors and their
contracts,
-- describe the kinds of violations for which these contractors
were cited, and
-- identify ways to improve contractor compliance with workplace
safety and health requirements.
To identify federal contractors assessed penalties for safety and
health violations, we matched violation data from the Occupational
Safety and Health Administration's (OSHA) automated database of
inspection results with a database of federal contractors maintained
by the General Services Administration (GSA). We restricted our
analysis to those OSHA inspections that were closed in fiscal year
1994 in which the proposed penalty assessed by the OSHA compliance
officer was what we defined as significant, regardless of the amount
of the actual penalty recorded when the inspection was closed. We
used proposed penalties when selecting inspections because they are
based on the compliance officer's judgment of the nature and severity
of violations, while actual penalties may be the product of other
factors such as negotiations between OSHA and the company to
encourage quicker abatement of workplace hazards. We considered the
proposed penalty assessed by the compliance officer to have been
significant if it was $15,000 or more.\3 We verified by telephone
that the company listed in the OSHA database of inspections was the
same company (or owned by the same parent company) listed in the
federal contractor database.
We obtained information about the federal contracts and safety and
health violations from the respective GSA and OSHA databases. We
analyzed the GSA database for the dollar value of fiscal year 1994
contracts received by the violator or its parent company and the
federal agencies that awarded those contracts. Data limitations
prevented us from determining whether a company's contract activity
occurred at the same worksite where the company was cited for safety
and health violations. We analyzed the OSHA database for
characteristics of the violations and the worksites inspected.
Although we verified the link between the two databases, we did not
verify the data in either one.
To explore ways to improve the compliance of federal contractors with
safety and health regulations, we met with compliance staff at OSHA
and with federal contracting officials at GSA and other agency
experts in procurement. We did our work from July 1995 to July 1996
in accordance with generally accepted government auditing standards.
(See app. I for a detailed discussion of our scope and methodology).
--------------------
\1 The proposed Federal Contractor Safety and Health Enforcement Act
of 1995 (S. 781) was introduced on May 9, 1995. It calls for the
Secretary of Labor to promulgate regulations regarding debarment of
contractors "with a clear pattern and practice" of violating the
Occupational Safety and Health Act. However, the legislation does
not define what a clear pattern and practice is.
\2 The proposed American Workers Economic Security Act (S. 1668) was
introduced on Apr. 15, 1996.
\3 Only 3 percent of the 72,950 inspections closed in fiscal year
1994 had proposed penalties of $15,000 or more. (See app. I.)
RESULTS IN BRIEF
------------------------------------------------------------ Letter :1
Federal contracts have been awarded to employers who have violated
safety and health regulations issued under the Occupational Safety
and Health Act. For fiscal year 1994, we found 261 federal
contractors who were the corporate parent companies with worksites at
which OSHA assessed proposed penalties of $15,000 or more for
violations of federal safety and health regulations.\4 Because some
of these contractors owned more than one worksite, we identified 345
inspections, representing 16 percent of all inspections closed in
fiscal year 1994 in which a significant proposed penalty was assessed
for OSHA violations.
In fiscal year 1994, the 261 federal contractors received $38 billion
in contract dollars, about 22 percent of the $176 billion in federal
contracts of $25,000 or more awarded that year.\5 Most of these
contracts to violators were awarded by the Department of Defense,
with large amounts of contract dollars also awarded by the Department
of Energy and the National Aeronautics and Space Administration.
Nearly 5 percent of these 261 federal contractors received more than
$500 million each in federal contracts. Many of the worksites where
the violations occurred employed 500 or fewer workers and were
engaged in manufacturing. Paper, food, and primary and fabricated
metals were among the products manufactured.
The number and nature of the violations for which these 261 federal
contractors were cited, the fatalities associated with violations
found in the 345 inspections, and the high penalties assessed suggest
that workers were at substantial risk of injury or illness in some of
these federal contractors' worksites. For 88 percent of the 345
inspections, OSHA identified at least one violation that it
classified as serious--posing a risk of death or serious physical
harm to workers. For 69 percent, it found at least one violation
that it classified as willful--situations in which the employer
intentionally and knowingly committed a violation. At the worksites
of 50 federal contractors, 35 fatalities and 85 injuries occurred.
Most of the violations (72 percent) were of general industry
standards, including failure to protect workers from electrical
hazards and injuries due to inadequate machine guarding. Actual
penalties assessed for violations in all 345 inspections totaled
$10.9 million, and in 8 percent of these inspections the contractor
was assessed a proposed penalty of $100,000 or more.
Our analysis did not demonstrate, however, that all worksites owned
by these federal contractors were unsafe. Some contractors operated
other worksites that participated in an OSHA-sanctioned voluntary
compliance program because of their exemplary practices in workplace
safety and health. In addition, some of the violators we identified
were very large companies; unless safety and health violations were
identified across multiple worksites, a systemic compliance problem
may not be indicated.
In an earlier report, we recommended that federal and state agencies
develop an information-sharing approach to facilitate the
identification of federal contractors who violate laws that protect
workers' rights to bargain collectively.\6 Similarly, to improve
safety and health compliance in worksites operated by federal
contractors, OSHA and contracting agencies could develop policies and
procedures to facilitate the exchange of information that would
increase the likelihood that a company's safety and health record is
considered in decisions to award a contract or to debar or suspend an
existing contractor. The prospect of debarment or suspension can
provide impetus for a contractor to undertake remedial measures to
improve working conditions. OSHA could also emphasize the importance
of contractors' complying with safety and health requirements by
considering whether and how an employer's status as a federal
contractor could be used in setting priorities for targeting
inspections.
--------------------
\4 We considered the proposed penalty assessed by the compliance
officer to have been significant if it was $15,000 or more,
regardless of the amount of the actual penalty agreed to when the
inspection was closed. An inspection is closed either because the
employer accepted the citation or a contested citation was resolved.
The actual penalty is often less than the proposed penalty, but may
be the same if an employer accepted a citation or was refused a
penalty reduction after contesting a citation. Although these
companies received federal contracts the year their OSHA inspection
was closed (fiscal year 1994), they may not have been receiving
federal contracts when they were initially cited by OSHA. Some of
these federal contractors were cited as early as 1986.
\5 The $38 billion in federal contracts were awarded to the parent
companies of the violators. When using the term federal contractor
in this report, we are referring to the parent company.
\6 In Worker Protection: Federal Contractors and Violations of Labor
Law (GAO/HEHS-96-8, Oct. 24, 1995), we found that 80 firms that had
violated the National Labor Relations Act (NLRA) had also received
over $23 billion in federal contracts awarded in fiscal year 1993.
We used a similar matching methodology in both reports. (See app.
I.)
BACKGROUND
------------------------------------------------------------ Letter :2
Private sector companies receive billions of dollars annually in
federal government contracts for goods and services. Data from GSA
show that federal contracts valued at $25,000 or more totaled almost
$176 billion in fiscal year 1994. Approximately 22 percent of the
labor force, 26 million workers, is employed by companies with
federal contracts and subcontracts, according to fiscal year 1993
estimates of the Department of Labor's Office of Federal Contract
Compliance Programs (OFCCP).
Federal law and an executive order place greater responsibilities on
federal contractors compared with other employers in some areas of
workplace activity. For example, federal contractors must comply
with Executive Order 11246, which requires a contractor to develop an
affirmative action program detailing the steps that the contractor
will take and has already taken to ensure equal employment
opportunity for all workers, regardless of race, color, religion,
sex, or national origin. In addition, the Service Contract Act and
the Davis-Bacon Act require the payment of area-prevailing wages and
benefits on federal contracts in the service and construction
industries, respectively. Recently, the administration issued an
executive order that would bar federal contractors from receiving
contracts if they hire permanent replacements for striking workers
and another executive order that would bar contractors for hiring
illegal immigrants.\7 Additionally, under the Contract Work Hours and
Safety Standards Act, Labor may debar contractors in the construction
industry for "repeated willful or grossly negligent" violations of
safety and health standards issued under the Occupational Safety and
Health Act.
Under federal procurement regulations, agencies may deny an award of
a contract or debar or suspend a contractor for a variety of reasons,
including failure to comply with safety and health standards. Before
awarding a contract, an agency must make a positive finding that the
bidder is responsible as defined in federal procurement
regulations.\8
Also, federal agencies can debar or suspend companies for any "cause
of so serious or compelling a nature that it affects the present
responsibility of a Government contractor or subcontractor."\9
Debarred companies are not allowed to receive federal contracts (or
other forms of federal financial assistance, such as grants and
loans) for a period of time, generally not to exceed 3 years.
Suspended companies are temporarily disqualified from receiving
federal contracts or other forms of federal financial assistance. In
determining whether a federal contractor is responsible, agency
awarding and debarring officials could consider compliance with
safety and health standards.
To help foster consistency among agency regulations concerning
debarment and suspension, Executive Order 12549, issued in February
1986, established the Interagency Committee on Debarment and
Suspension, which consists of agency representatives designated by
the Office of Management and Budget (OMB). This committee meets
monthly and provides the opportunity for agency representatives
(primarily debarring officials) to share information about companies
that they are either trying to debar or suspend or to bring into
compliance with various laws and regulations in order to avoid having
to take an adverse contracting action. At its monthly meetings, the
committee also helps interpret regulations on debarment or suspension
issued by OMB. When more than one agency has an interest in a
particular federal contractor, the Interagency Committee coordinates
the assignment of lead agency responsibility for any actions taken
against that contractor.
GSA maintains the Federal Procurement Data System (FPDS) that tracks
firms awarded contracts of $25,000 or more in federal funding for
products and services. For fiscal year 1994, FPDS tracked
information on 179,977 contracts totaling almost $176 billion.
Although it is difficult to estimate the number of federal
contractors, GSA reports there may be 60,000 federal contractors in
that there are as many unique corporate identification codes in
FPDS.\10
FPDS contains a variety of information, including the contractor's
name and location, agency the contract is with, principal place of
contract performance, and contract dollar amounts awarded. FPDS does
not contain information on contractors' safety and health practices.
Most private sector firms--regardless of whether they are federal
contractors--must comply with safety and health standards issued
under the Occupational Safety and Health Act.\11 The act was meant
"to assure safe and healthful working conditions for working men and
women." The Secretary of Labor established OSHA in 1970 to carry out
a number of responsibilities under the act, including developing and
enforcing safety and health standards, educating workers and
employers about workplace hazards, and establishing responsibilities
and rights for both employers and employees for the achievement of
better safety and health conditions.\12 Even though OSHA has been in
existence for 25 years, work-related illness and injury remain a
substantial problem. A total of 6,588 workplace fatalities--on
average, 18 fatalities a day--were reported to the Bureau of Labor
Statistics in 1994, a 4-percent increase over 1993. In addition, a
total of 6.8 million injuries and illnesses were reported in 1994.\13
OSHA cites employers for violations of standards covering a variety
of threats to workplace safety and health. Safety standards include
those designed to protect against workers falling from stairs or
scaffolds (walking-working surfaces); from injuries due to inadequate
machine guarding (machine guarding); and from electrical hazards
(electrical). Some standards (for example, excavations, underground
construction, and steel erection) protect against
construction-related injuries. Health standards protect against
exposure to toxic substances such as lead, asbestos, and bloodborne
pathogens (referring to occupational exposures to blood). There are
also more generic informational standards relating to the recording
and reporting of occupational injuries and illnesses and for
informing employees about chemical hazards in the workplace.\14 OSHA
may also cite employers for hazards not covered by any standard under
Section 5(a)(1) of the Occupational Safety and Health Act, referred
to as the General Duty Clause. This clause requires that employers
furnish employees a place of work "free from recognized hazards."
OSHA has relied on the General Duty Clause, for example, to regulate
employee exposure to tuberculosis in the health care industry. OSHA
has also relied on the General Duty Clause to penalize companies for
ergonomic hazards such as cumulative trauma disorders, including
lower back pain, carpal tunnel syndrome, and tendinitis.
OSHA characterizes violations as other-than-serious, serious,
willful, or repeat, with civil penalties in specified increasing
amounts for these various types of violations. In addition, OSHA
designates violations as unclassified when companies make significant
concessions to OSHA, perhaps to avoid losing coverage under state
workers' compensation programs or to minimize adverse publicity
attached to violations as originally classified. Additional
penalties can be assessed either when a company fails to abate a
hazard or under OSHA's "egregious" policy. Failure to abate or
correct a prior violation may bring an additional civil penalty for
each day that the violation continues beyond the prescribed abatement
date.\15 Under OSHA's "egregious" policy, an employer is cited for
each instance of a particular violation--or for each worker exposed
to a hazard. Since initiated in 1986, this policy has resulted in
penalties for some inspections running into the millions of dollars.
Although inspections in which a company is cited in this fashion are
not common, the number of these inspections doubled from 8 in fiscal
year 1994 to 17 in fiscal year 1995.
Table 1
Types of OSHA Violations
Type of
violation Definition Penalty amount
-------------- ------------------------------ --------------------------------
Other-than- Direct and immediate May be assessed up to $7,000
serious relationship to worker safety
and health, even though
hazardous condition cannot
reasonably be predicted to
cause death or serious
physical harm
Serious Substantial probability that Up to $7,000
death or serious physical harm
could result
Willful Employer intentionally and $5,000 to $70,000. Up to
knowingly commits a violation $250,000 for an individual, or
$500,000 for a corporation, and/
or imprisonment up to 6 months,
if an employee dies and the
employer is convicted in a
criminal proceeding
Repeat Violation found in current $5,000 to $70,000
inspection is substantially
similar to one found in a
prior inspection. The
inspection was conducted
within 3 years of the final
order or abatement date of the
previous citation, whichever
is later.
Unclassified Typically a violation that was Pays all or almost all of
(also referred initially classified as proposed penalty for initial
to as Section willful or repeat. In exchange violation classification
17 for significant concessions, a
designation) company may accept
unclassified violations,
perhaps to avoid losing
coverage under state workers'
compensation programs or to
minimize adverse publicity
attached to the violations as
originally classified.
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------
OSHA is authorized to conduct workplace inspections to determine
whether employers are complying with safety and health standards, and
to issue citations and assess penalties when an employer is not in
compliance. The proposed penalty reflects an OSHA compliance
officer's judgment of the nature and severity of violations.
However, these proposed penalties are often reduced. OSHA justifies
such reductions as a means to get employers to abate workplace
problems quickly by avoiding the contesting of citations. If
employers contest citations or proposed penalties, they do not have
to abate the cited hazard until the case is resolved, thereby leaving
workers unprotected.\16
If cited for violations during an inspection, an employer has 15
working days to either (1) accept the citation, abate the hazards,
and pay the penalties; (2) have an informal conference with local
OSHA officials and negotiate an informal settlement agreement; or (3)
formally contest the citation before the Occupational Safety and
Health Review Commission (OSHRC).\17 After reviewing a contested
citation, OSHRC may affirm, vacate, or modify OSHA's citations and
proposed penalties. Once the inspection is closed (either because
the employer accepted the citation or a contested citation was
resolved), the penalty is referred to as the actual penalty.\18
OSHA targets a portion of its inspection resources toward facilities
that may be more hazardous to employees. OSHA has recently taken
steps to revise its inspection targeting priorities, in which
employers in a certain industry are currently treated alike
regardless of their individual safety and health performance. By
integrating worksite-specific information, including excessive rates
of workplace injury and illness and a record of serious and repeat
violations, into its targeting procedures, OSHA hopes to enhance the
effectiveness of its enforcement system.
OSHA maintains a database that tracks all OSHA inspections. The
Integrated Management Information Systems (IMIS) database includes
over 2 million inspections from 1972 to 1995, with 72,950 closed
inspections in 1994 alone in which the employer was cited for at
least one violation. IMIS includes such information as whether the
inspections were performed by OSHA or a state-operated program,
penalty amounts (proposed and actual), the type of violation (for
example, serious, willful, or repeat), the standards violated,
whether fatalities or injuries occurred, and abatement information.
In addition, IMIS includes some data on the worksite inspected,
including the type of industry it is engaged in and the number of
workers employed. This database does not contain information about
whether violators receive federal contracts.
--------------------
\7 The validity of Executive Order 12954, barring federal contractors
from hiring permanent replacements, is the subject of continuing
litigation. Most recently, it was struck down by the U.S. Court of
Appeals for the District of Columbia (74 F. 3d. 1322 (D.C. Cir.
1996)). The court held that the NLRA provision guaranteeing
management's right to hire permanent replacements during labor
strikes preempted the executive order. The Department of Labor has
issued a press release stating that the President is directing the
Justice Department "to take all appropriate steps to have this
decision overturned."
\8 Federal Acquisition Regulation, Part 9.1.
\9 Federal Acquisition Regulation, Section 9.406-2(c).
\10 GSA uses corporate identification codes that are a derivative of
the Dun & Bradstreet codes for identifying companies. One code is
for worksites, another for parent companies. In fiscal year 1995,
there were almost 60,000 unique codes for parent companies and over
70,000 unique codes for worksites. However, this count by parent
company may be on the high side because some of the larger companies
may have more than one parent code, particularly if their operations
are diversified.
\11 The act covers most private sector employers and employees.
Major exemptions include employees of state governments and their
political subdivisions, and workers engaged in industries, such as
the nuclear power industry, which are regulated by other federal
agencies under other federal statutes.
\12 The act also authorized states to operate, with up to 50 percent
federal funding, their own safety and health programs, and 23 states
have chosen to do so. OSHA, however, is responsible for approving
state programs and monitoring their performance to make sure they
remain at least as effective as the program operated by OSHA.
\13 See Census of Fatal Occupational Injuries and Survey of
Occupational Injuries and Illnesses, Bureau of Labor Statistics, U.S.
Department of Labor (Washington, D.C.: 1994).
\14 For example, the Hazard Communication Standard requires employers
to communicate to employees information on the safe handling and use
of chemicals present in the workplace.
\15 An employer can be assessed up to $7,000 for each day the
employer fails to correct the violation for which it was cited in a
prior inspection. The distinction between failing to abate a hazard
and a repeat violation can be subtle. A company has failed to abate
a hazard when an item of equipment or condition previously cited has
never been brought into compliance and is noted in a later
inspection. If, however, the violation had been corrected and then
reoccurred, the subsequent occurrence is a repeat violation.
\16 If, upon inspection, an imminent danger situation is found, OSHA
will ask the employer to voluntarily abate the hazard and to remove
endangered employees from exposure. Should the employer fail to do
this, OSHA may seek a temporary restraining order from the courts so
that the worksite can be shut down immediately. An imminent danger
is any condition where there is reasonable certainty that a danger
exists that can be expected to cause death or serious physical harm
immediately or before the danger can be eliminated through normal
enforcement procedures.
\17 OSHRC is an independent agency whose function is to resolve
formal contests of OSHA citations and penalties. A case is first
assigned by the commission to an administrative law judge whose
decision may then be appealed to the commissioners themselves. A
decision by the commissioners may be further appealed to the U.S.
Court of Appeals. When a citation or proposed penalty is contested,
the actual penalty assessed is decided by an administrative law judge
or the commission.
\18 For clarity, we use the terms proposed and actual penalty instead
of OSHA's terminology of initial penalty and current penalty.
A TOTAL OF 261 FEDERAL
CONTRACTORS ASSESSED
SIGNIFICANT PROPOSED PENALTIES
FOR SAFETY AND HEALTH
VIOLATIONS
------------------------------------------------------------ Letter :3
Federal contracts have been awarded to employers who have violated
occupational safety and health regulations. Restricting our analysis
to only those fiscal year 1994 inspections in which the company was
assessed a significant proposed penalty of $15,000 or more, we found
261 federal contractors had violated the Occupational Safety and
Health Act.\19 Because some of the 261 federal contractors owned more
than one worksite, we identified a total of 345 inspections,
representing 16 percent of all inspections closed in fiscal year 1994
in which a significant proposed penalty was assessed for OSHA
violations (see fig. I.1). Key characteristics of these violators,
their federal contracts, and the specific standards violated appear
in appendixes II and III.
--------------------
\19 We considered a company to have been assessed a significant
proposed penalty if the proposed penalty for an inspection was
$15,000 or more, regardless of the amount of the actual penalty
agreed to when the inspection was closed (either because the employer
accepted the citation or a contested citation was resolved).
$38 BILLION AWARDED PRIMARILY
FROM DEFENSE DEPARTMENT
------------------------------------------------------------ Letter :4
These federal contractors received $38 billion in contracts in fiscal
year 1994. Altogether, about 22 percent of the $176 billion in
fiscal year 1994 contracts went to these 261 federal contractors (see
fig. 1).\20
Figure 1: Percent of All
Federal Contract Dollars That
Went to Companies Assessed
Significant Proposed Penalties
for OSHA Violations, Fiscal
Year 1994
(See figure in printed
edition.)
Note: Although contract awards are reported by the federal
contractor (or parent company), the violator might be a division,
subsidiary, or have some other legal relationship with the federal
contractor.
The size of these federal contracts differed greatly. Over one-third
of the 261 federal contractors assessed significant proposed
penalties for OSHA violations received less than $1 million each.
Nearly 5 percent received more than $500 million each in federal
contracts in fiscal year 1994. These 12 companies were General
Electric Co. ($8.7 billion); Lockheed-Martin Corp. ($7 billion);
Westinghouse Electric Corp. ($4.6 billion); United Technologies
Corp. ($2.8 billion); General Motors Corp. ($2.4 billion); The
Boeing Co. ($1.3 billion); Textron, Inc. ($1.2 billion); American
Telephone and Telegraph (AT&T) ($874 million); Fulcrum II Limited
Partnership ($798 million); Dyncorp ($673 million); Exxon Corp.
($532 million); and Tenneco Packaging, Inc. ($505 million).
Three-fourths of the $38 billion in contracts awarded in fiscal year
1994 to these federal contractors that were assessed significant
proposed penalties for OSHA violations came from the Department of
Defense. Within the Department of Defense, the Air Force and the
Navy awarded by far the most contract dollars to violators ($11.8
billion and $9.6 billion, respectively). In addition to the
Department of Defense, large amounts of contract dollars were awarded
to violators by the Department of Energy ($5.8 billion) and the
National Aeronautics and Space Administration ($1.2 billion).\21
Other agencies that awarded more than $100 million in contracts to
violators include the Department of Agriculture ($382 million),
Department of Transportation ($365 million), GSA ($274 million),
Department of Justice ($242 million), and the Tennessee Valley
Authority ($113 million). (See fig. 2.)
Figure 2: Agencies That
Awarded Contract Dollars to
Federal Contractors Assessed
Significant Proposed Penalties
for OSHA Violations, Fiscal
Year 1994
(See figure in printed
edition.)
Note: Because of rounding, percentages do not total to 100.
--------------------
\20 In reporting the contract dollars received by these violators, we
are referring to the contracts received by their parent companies.
When using the term federal contractor in this report, we are
referring to the parent company. In many cases, the violator might
be a division, or subsidiary of the parent company, or have some
other legal relationship with it. These totals likely underestimate
the number of violators and contracts they received because of the
difficulties involved in the manual matching procedure we used in
this analysis. (See app. I.)
\21 Similarly, the Department of Defense was the source of many
contract dollars (67 percent) to all federal contractors in fiscal
year 1994. Department of Energy (10 percent) and the National
Aeronautics and Space Administration (6 percent) were the next
largest sources of contract dollars to all federal contractors.
FEDERAL CONTRACTORS ASSESSED
SIGNIFICANT PROPOSED PENALTIES
ARE PRIMARILY IN MANUFACTURING
INDUSTRY AND ARE RELATIVELY
SMALL
------------------------------------------------------------ Letter :5
Over one-half of the 345 worksites (56 percent) penalized for safety
and health violations were engaged in manufacturing. An examination
of the violators' Standard Industrial Classification (SIC) codes
shows that many of these worksites manufactured paper, food, or
primary and fabricated metals. Although manufacturing is the
industry in which most violators were engaged, a significant
percentage of worksites (18 percent) were engaged in construction,
and this is likely an underestimate because of the difficulties we
experienced verifying that worksites inspected in that industry were
part of the same company as the federal contractor. (See fig. 3.)
(Difficulties we encountered verifying construction worksites are
explained in app. I.)
Figure 3: Primary Industry of
Worksite of Federal Contractors
Assessed Significant Proposed
Penalties for OSHA Violations,
Fiscal Year 1994
(See figure in printed
edition.)
Note: Other includes trade (wholesale and retail).
Many (68 percent) of the worksites where the violations occurred were
relatively small, employing 500 or fewer workers. Just over 15
percent of the worksites were very small, employing 25 or fewer
workers. (See fig. 4.) Although few worksites employed large
numbers of workers, the federal contractors that own these worksites
often employ large numbers of workers and have numerous worksites
throughout the country. Examples of these include Boise Cascade
Corp.; General Motors Corp.; Georgia-Pacific Corp.; International
Paper Co.; Sears Roebuck & Co.; and the United Parcel Service Amer.,
Inc. (UPS). Some of these federal contractors do billions of
dollars in annual sales and employ hundreds of thousands of workers.
For example, UPS employs 285,000 workers altogether, although most of
the 24 worksites inspected employed fewer than 1,000 workers. One
UPS worksite, located in Twin Mountain, New Hampshire, employed only
40 workers.
Figure 4: Number Employed at
Worksite of Federal Contractors
Assessed Significant Proposed
Penalties for OSHA Violations,
Fiscal Year 1994
(See figure in printed
edition.)
Note: Because of rounding, percentages do not total to 100.
We were unable to determine whether a company's contract activity
occurred at the same worksite where the company was cited for safety
and health violations. Data on the place of contract performance
were not specific enough to enable us to confirm whether or not the
locations were the same as where the OSHA inspections were conducted.
It would have been difficult to get companies to confirm whether or
not they conducted federal contract work at the particular worksite
where the violations occurred. This information might not be readily
available or considered confidential or proprietary. Finally,
because the nature of some contract work is so dispersed, with
contract activity of some form occurring across multiple worksites,
it can be difficult for even the company to verify exactly what
activities at various worksites were supported by federal contracts.
However, it is possible, particularly given the size of some federal
contractors, that at least some violations occurred at worksites
other than those with contract activity.\22 (See app. I.)
--------------------
\22 Although these companies received federal contracts the year
their OSHA inspection was closed (fiscal year 1994), they may not
have been receiving federal contracts when they were initially cited
for OSHA violations. This is because the inspection may have
occurred several years before the case was resolved. Although all of
these 345 inspections were closed in fiscal year 1994, 35 percent
were opened between fiscal years 1986 and 1992.
INSPECTIONS SHOWED SUBSTANTIAL
RISK OF INJURY AND ILLNESS TO
WORKERS AT SOME WORKSITES
------------------------------------------------------------ Letter :6
The number and nature of the violations for which these 261 federal
contractors were cited, the fatalities and injuries associated with
violations found in the 345 inspections, and the high penalties
assessed suggest that workers were at substantial risk of injury or
illness in some workplaces of these contractors. Nevertheless, some
of these contractors also operate worksites identified as exemplary
with respect to safety and health practices. In addition, the
worksites associated with significant proposed penalties represent a
small percentage of the total worksites of some contractors that are
large companies.
MOST OF THESE FEDERAL
CONTRACTORS CITED FOR
SERIOUS AND WILLFUL
VIOLATIONS
---------------------------------------------------------- Letter :6.1
Most of the 345 inspections involved at least one violation that was
serious (88 percent), posing a risk of death or serious physical harm
to workers, or willful (69 percent) in which the employer
intentionally and knowingly committed a violation (see fig. 5).\23
Included among these inspections were three in which the contractor
was cited under OSHA's "egregious" policy, situations where OSHA
imposes larger total fines by citing the company for every instance
of that same violation or for each worker exposed to a hazard.
Federal contractors were cited for repeat violations in 29
inspections (8 percent). A repeat violation occurs when the company
is cited for a substantially similar violation in the current
inspection within 3 years of the final order or abatement date of the
previous citation. In only one inspection was a federal contractor
assessed additional penalties for failing to abate a hazard; that is,
the company failed to correct the same violation for which it was
cited in a prior inspection. However, these relatively low rates of
citations for repeat violations and penalties for failing to abate
hazards may be a reflection of OSHA's limited resources to return to
worksites it has inspected in the past. Only about 1 percent of all
fiscal year 1994 inspections were follow-up or monitoring
inspections.\24 In addition, OSHA does not currently penalize
employers for failing to provide proof that the company has abated
the hazard.\25 As a result, OSHA has only the employer's statement
that abatement has taken place unless a follow-up or monitoring
inspection is performed.
Figure 5: Type of Violations
for Inspections Involving
Federal Contractors Assessed
Significant Proposed Penalties,
Fiscal Year 1994
(See figure in printed
edition.)
Note: An inspection is included if at least one violation was of
this type. A single inspection may have violations of more than one
type.
Examples of federal contractors cited for serious, willful, or repeat
violations or assessed additional penalties under OSHA's "egregious"
policy or for failing to abate hazards follow:
-- Bath Iron Works Corp. and Boise Cascade Corp. were the only
contractors assessed penalties under OSHA's "egregious" policy.
These two contractors were also cited for a number of serious,
willful, and repeat violations. Bath Iron Works Corp., a
shipbuilding and repair company, was cited for violations of
shipyard standards as well as standards for walking-working
surfaces, electrical work, and recording and reporting at its
worksite in Bath, Maine. Boise Cascade Corp., a manufacturer of
wood and paper products, was cited under OSHA's "egregious"
policy for violations in two inspections at its paper mill in
Rumford, Maine. This company violated special industry
standards for paper mills in one of these inspections as well as
standards for machinery and machine guarding, electrical work,
and recording and reporting.\26
-- International Paper Co., in one of six inspections in which this
company was assessed a significant proposed penalty, was cited
in 1991 for 37 repeat violations at a paper mill in Moss Point,
Mississippi. Among the repeat violations, International Paper
was cited for failing to protect its workers from burns because
of inadequately insulated steam pipes. The company had been
cited in 1988 for similar violations.\27
-- The Gunver Manufacturing Co. in Manchester, Connecticut, was
assessed additional penalties for failing to abate a
machine-guarding hazard, among other hazards. The first
inspection took place in 1992; in two follow-up inspections in
1993 and 1994, OSHA penalized Gunver for failing to abate the
hazards cited in the first inspection.
--------------------
\23 Nineteen percent of the inspections also involved at least one
violation that was unclassified. Typically, the company's violations
were initially classified as willful or repeat. In exchange for
significant concessions, the company accepted unclassified
violations, perhaps to avoid losing coverage under state workers'
compensation programs or to minimize adverse publicity attached to
the violations as initially classified.
\24 Follow-up inspections are done to determine if previously cited
violations have been corrected. Monitoring inspections are done to
ensure that hazards are being corrected whenever a long period of
time is needed to come into compliance.
\25 In Occupational Safety & Health: Options for Improving Safety
and Health in the Workplace (GAO/HRD-90-66BR, Aug. 24, 1990), we
recommended that OSHA require employers to provide proof of
abatement. Although OSHA asks employers to provide documentation,
such as invoices and photographs, along with their statements that
abatement has taken place, there is no penalty to employers for
failing to provide such evidence. To encourage more expeditious
abatement, OSHA has conducted a pilot project in which a company that
abates a hazard before an inspection's closing conference receives a
penalty reduction. OSHA officials said a new regulation will soon be
issued requiring better evidence from employers that they have abated
workplace hazards.
\26 Although these inspections of Boise Cascade were closed in fiscal
year 1994, they were conducted in 1989. Our study did not examine
the extent to which companies changed their safety and health
practices in response to OSHA inspections. An OSHA official in the
area office that had conducted the inspections at Boise Cascade said
that the company has made major improvements in its safety and health
practices since these earlier inspections, including significant
reductions in its injury and illness rate.
\27 International Paper is one of several federal contractors
identified in this report that own worksites extensively evaluated
and found qualified to participate in OSHA's Voluntary Protection
Program (VPP) because of exemplary safety and health practices.
However, the company's VPP worksites do not include this worksite,
which was assessed significant proposed penalties for safety and
health violations.
THIRTY-FIVE FATALITIES AND
85 INJURIES ASSOCIATED WITH
INSPECTIONS OF FEDERAL
CONTRACTORS
---------------------------------------------------------- Letter :6.2
At worksites of 50 federal contractors, 35 fatalities and 85 injuries
occurred.\28 Fifty-five of the 85 injuries were serious enough for
the worker to be hospitalized. The accidents varied depending upon
the nature of the work. For example:
-- Acme Steel Co. was cited for hazardous materials violations
after one worker died and another was hospitalized from exposure
to blast furnace gas due to an equipment failure at a steel mill
in Chicago.
-- Rhone Poulenc Basic Chemical, at an industrial chemicals
worksite in Martinez, California, was cited for violations of
state standards requiring protections against accidental
discharge of liquid from above-ground storage tanks and for
failing to provide adequate extinguishing equipment. One worker
died and another was hospitalized due to chemical burns when
they mistakenly extracted a valve, releasing 80,000 gallons of
acid sludge from a storage tank.
-- Clean Harbors of Kingston, Inc., was cited when a worker was
asphyxiated and died after coworkers were unable to retrieve him
from a tank containing chemical sludge when his air supply ran
low. This refuse collection and disposal facility in
Providence, Rhode Island, was cited for violating the General
Duty Clause because of oversights in providing rescue
capability, inadequate ventilation, and failure to sample the
air in the confined space.
(Details of all inspections that involved fatalities and injuries are
provided in app. IV.)
--------------------
\28 Factors other than a company's OSHA violations may have
contributed to some of these fatalities or injuries, including
misjudgments by the worker or the worker's failure to follow company
policies regarding safety and health practices.
MANY VIOLATIONS CITED WERE
FOR FAILING TO PROTECT
WORKERS FROM ELECTRICAL AND
MACHINE-GUARDING HAZARDS
---------------------------------------------------------- Letter :6.3
Most of the violations (72 percent) were of general industry
standards, including failure to protect workers from electrical
hazards (11 percent) and injuries due to inadequate machine guarding
(10 percent). (See fig. 6.) Examples of federal contractors who
violated electrical and machine-guarding standards include the
following:
-- A Dunlop Tire Corp. worksite in Huntsville, Alabama, was cited
for inadequate machine guarding after a worker, who placed
fabric on a rotating cylinder, got caught in the machinery and
died from asphyxia after being wound up inside the fabric.
-- At its Evansville, Indiana, worksite where refrigerators are
made, the Whirlpool Corp. was cited for inadequate machine
guarding when a worker's hand and forearm had to be amputated
after he got caught while manually feeding coil through a
mechanical power press.
-- Exide Electronics Corp., at a worksite in Raleigh, North
Carolina, where transformers are produced, was cited for
violating electrical standards, when one worker was hospitalized
due to electric shock while cleaning consoles with liquid
cleaners. The consoles were not disconnected from the power
supply.
Figure 6: Distribution of OSHA
Standards Violated in
Inspections Involving Federal
Contractors Assessed
Significant Proposed Penalties,
Fiscal Year 1994
(See figure in printed
edition.)
Note: All others includes violations under state-operated programs
when they are coded differently than the federal standards.
Violations of construction industry standards represented 8 percent
of all violations, although this is likely an underestimate because
of difficulties we experienced verifying the ownership of worksites
engaged in construction (see app. I). Seven percent of all
violations were related to inadequate recording or reporting of
occupational illness and injuries and 6 percent of violations
involved the Hazard Communication Standard. Only 2 percent of all
violations involved the General Duty Clause, relied on by OSHA when
more specific standards are not applicable.
DOLLAR AMOUNTS OF SOME
PENALTIES ARE HIGH
---------------------------------------------------------- Letter :6.4
These 261 federal contractors were assessed a total of $24.1 million
in proposed penalties and $10.9 million in actual penalties.\29 These
penalties represent about one-fourth of the proposed and actual
penalties, respectively, for all inspections closed during fiscal
year 1994 in which the company was assessed a significant proposed
penalty.
Although most (76 percent) of all 345 inspections had a proposed
penalty between $15,000 and $50,000, the federal contractor was
assessed an especially high proposed penalty of $100,000 or more in 8
percent of these inspections (see fig. 7). The 26 inspections in
which the federal contractor was assessed a proposed penalty of
$100,000 or more in a single inspection are identified in appendixes
II and III.
Figure 7: Proposed Penalties
for Inspections Involving
Federal Contractors Assessed
Significant Proposed Penalties
for OSHA Violations, Fiscal
Year 1994
(See figure in printed
edition.)
Note: All proposed penalties in these 345 inspections were $15,000
or more because we restricted our analysis to include only such
inspections. Due to rounding, percentages do not total to 100.
The average proposed penalty for all 345 inspections was about
$70,000; the average actual penalty for these inspections was about
$32,000. The actual penalties for many (63 percent) of the 345
inspections were less than $15,000. In fact, the penalties in many
of the 345 inspections were reduced between 40 and 80 percent (see
fig. 8). Proposed penalties were reduced to nothing in six
inspections of companies, including Amoco Gas Co.; Boston University;
C.H. Heist Corp.; Dynalectric; Fletcher Pacific Construction; and
Frito-Lay, Inc. (one of its three inspections).\30 In contrast, the
actual penalty for Morrison-Knudsen, Corp., Inc., cited for
violations committed on a bridge demolition project in New York City,
was higher than the proposed penalty. The company agreed to pay a
higher penalty in a settlement agreement in which its violations were
changed to unclassified.
Figure 8: Percent Reduction of
Proposed Penalty for
Inspections Involving Federal
Contractors Assessed
Significant Proposed Penalties,
Fiscal Year 1994
(See figure in printed
edition.)
Note: In one of the inspections (not included in the figure above),
the adjusted penalty was higher than the proposed penalty. Because
of rounding, percentages do not total to 100.
--------------------
\29 The proposed penalty reflects an OSHA compliance officer's
judgment of the nature and severity of violations. Once the
inspection is closed (either because the employer accepted the
citation or a contested citation was resolved), the penalty is
referred to as the actual penalty.
\30 Although the companies involved in these six inspections were
assessed significant proposed penalties, OSHA ultimately withdrew the
citations and reduced penalties to zero. There are several reasons
why a penalty might be reduced to nothing. For example, on closer
examination, OSHA might decide that violations were incorrectly cited
or that the company inspected was not the responsible party. OSHA
might have also failed to adequately document the violations in order
to defend its case should the company contest the violations, and
thereby withdraws its citation. In some cases, there are
jurisdictional issues in which OSHA discovers after the investigation
that it does not have authority to cite the company. For example,
the Amoco Gas Co. inspection involved the intrastate transportation
of gas over which OSHA later determined it did not have jurisdiction
because this activity is regulated by the state.
THIRTY-NINE FEDERAL
CONTRACTORS ASSESSED
SIGNIFICANT PROPOSED
PENALTIES MORE THAN ONCE FOR
VIOLATIONS AT DIFFERENT
LOCATIONS
---------------------------------------------------------- Letter :6.5
Thirty-nine of the 261 federal contractors were assessed a
significant proposed penalty more than once in fiscal year 1994 for
violations that occurred at different worksites owned by or
associated with the same corporate parent company.\31 Appendix V
lists all contractors that were assessed significant proposed
penalties in more than one inspection closed in fiscal year 1994.
These companies can be large, with multiple worksites across the
country, and they sometimes have diversified operations. Examples of
these large companies are Boise Cascade Corp.; General Motors Corp.;
Georgia-Pacific Corp.; International Paper Co.; Sears Roebuck & Co.;
and UPS.\32
For example:
-- General Motors Corp. was assessed significant proposed
penalties for safety and health violations in five different
inspections in fiscal year 1994. In four of these inspections,
conducted at worksites in Ohio and Oklahoma that manufacture
motor vehicles, General Motors was cited for violations of
hazardous materials, personal protective equipment, electrical
work, and machine guarding, among other standards. General
Motors also owns Delco Electronics. A Delco facility in Oak
Creek, Wisconsin, that manufactures semiconductors and related
devices, was cited for lockout/tagout violations--referring to
inadequate servicing and maintenance that could lead to a worker
injury through the unexpected start-up of machinery. Being
assessed significant proposed penalties in multiple inspections
could, in part, be explained by the size of the parent company,
General Motors Corp., which employs 711,000 workers, has $138
billion in annual sales, and is organized into more than 50
different divisions.
-- Sears Roebuck & Co. was assessed significant proposed penalties
for safety and health violations at four different worksites.
Three of the four were automotive repair shops in Ohio, New
York, and Massachusetts; the other was a general merchandise
store in Iowa. The Sears automotive repair shops were cited for
violations of the General Duty Clause as well as standards for
occupational noise exposure and hazard communication. The
merchandise store was cited for violations of standards for
materials handling and storage. Like General Motors Corp.,
Sears Roebuck & Co. is also a large company, employing 249,000
workers with annual sales of $50.8 billion. In addition to its
retail operations and its automotive repair division, Sears has
other divisions and subsidiaries, including a savings bank.
-- With a total of 24 inspections in which it was assessed a
significant proposed penalty, UPS had more significant-penalty
inspections closed in fiscal year 1994 than any other contractor
in our review. These 24 inspections occurred in facilities
providing courier services, both by truck and air, across 10
different states. In most of these inspections, UPS was cited
for failing to fully comply with a corporatewide settlement
agreement to improve its emergency response to hazardous
conditions created when packages are damaged while being
transported.\33 Because of OSHA's concern that UPS failed to
fully implement the corporatewide settlement agreement, a
supplemental settlement agreement was reached by the two
parties.\34
UPS is also a large company, with 285,000 workers and annual sales of
$17.7 billion.
--------------------
\31 In a few cases, it appears that the federal contractor was
assessed a significant proposed penalty more than once in fiscal year
1994 at the same worksite or at different worksites located in the
same city.
\32 Any of these companies may have had additional violations not
reflected in this report if the proposed penalty for the associated
inspection was less than $15,000.
\33 OSHA negotiates corporatewide settlement agreements to obtain
formal recognition by the employer of cited hazards and formal
acceptance of the obligation to seek out and abate those hazards
throughout all workplaces under its control. If the company violates
the terms of the agreement, OSHA can initiate contempt proceedings
through the courts.
\34 The supplemental settlement agreement was reached on Apr. 1,
1994. The supplemental agreement called for an annual audit of at
least 50 UPS facilities, among other things, in order to ensure that
the original corporatewide settlement agreement concerning hazardous
materials (entered into by OSHA and UPS on Feb. 27, 1992) is fully
implemented. This original 1992 corporatewide settlement agreement
also required action by UPS in redesigning its injury and illness
recordkeeping system in order that, among other improvements, records
can be identified by individual worksites.
SOME FEDERAL CONTRACTORS
HAVE A HISTORY OF RECEIVING
SIGNIFICANT PROPOSED
PENALTIES ON OSHA
INSPECTIONS
---------------------------------------------------------- Letter :6.6
A review of prior-year inspection records of these federal
contractors with significant proposed penalties showed a number of
additional inspections, including some that also resulted in
significant proposed penalties. Because of omitted corporate
identification numbers, we were only able to retrieve prior
inspection information for about one-half of the worksites at which
significant proposed penalties had been assessed for violations in
fiscal year 1994. Nevertheless, we found 221 prior inspections from
1987 through 1993. Nine percent of these worksites had been assessed
a proposed penalty of $15,000 or more in these prior inspections.
It is possible that there are additional significant-penalty
inspections among our 261 federal contractors that we could not
retrieve because of missing corporate identification codes. However,
OSHA has taken actions to improve its collection of these codes for
worksites inspected.\35 A corporate identification code would make it
easier for OSHA or a contracting agency to determine whether a
company has a history of OSHA violations and if violations have been
committed across multiple facilities or worksites owned by the same
federal contractor.
--------------------
\35 OSHA has experienced difficulties collecting a corporate
identification code, in part because some companies do not have a
number or supervisors at worksites inspected do not always know this
code or report it accurately. OSHA has tried to address this problem
by automatically sending information regarding the worksite inspected
to Dun & Bradstreet (a private company that collects and disseminates
information about U.S. and foreign companies) in order to get an
identification code for the company that owns the worksite. OSHA is
also experimenting with the use of tax identification numbers to
facilitate the cross-referencing of inspections of worksites owned by
or associated with the same company.
SAFETY AND HEALTH HAZARDS
MAY NOT BE PRESENT AT ALL
WORKSITES OF FEDERAL
CONTRACTORS
---------------------------------------------------------- Letter :6.7
Although federal contractors were assessed significant proposed
penalties because of safety and health violations at some worksites,
some of these same contractors operated other worksites that have
exemplary safety and health practices. These are worksites that have
been extensively evaluated and found qualified to participate in
OSHA's Voluntary Protection Program (VPP). VPP worksites qualify on
the basis of OSHA's review of their application to be a VPP
participant and site visits in which OSHA determines if the company
maintains a comprehensive safety and health program. These companies
are rewarded for their demonstrated commitment to safety and health
by their worksite being excluded from OSHA's inspection lists. OSHA
told us that at least three federal contractors we identified as
violators operated worksites (although not the worksites assessed
significant proposed penalties for violations) that were selected for
the VPP program.\36
In addition, for some of the federal contractors we identified, the
safety and health violations may reflect a localized worksite
compliance problem rather than a systemic corporatewide compliance
problem. For example, large companies like General Electric Co.,
Westinghouse Electric Corp., United Technologies Corp., AT&T, and
Exxon Corp., had only one worksite that we identified because
significant proposed penalties had been assessed. These companies
own many other worksites where there may not be a safety and health
compliance problem or, given OSHA's limited enforcement resources,
where there may not have been recent inspections, in which case no
information exists to determine if there is a compliance problem.
--------------------
\36 These three federal contractors, and the worksites selected for
the VPP program, are International Paper Co. (Vicksburg,
Mississippi, and East Point, Georgia), Georgia-Pacific Corp.
(Warrington, Georgia), and Chevron Corp. (Bay Town, Texas). Because
VPP participants are selected by worksite, exemplary practices may
not be in evidence at all of a company's worksites. OSHA staff told
us that none of the 345 worksites where the federal contractor was
assessed significant proposed penalties for OSHA violations were also
participants in VPP.
OPTIONS TO IMPROVE FEDERAL
CONTRACTOR COMPLIANCE WITH
SAFETY AND HEALTH REGULATIONS
------------------------------------------------------------ Letter :7
To improve federal contractor compliance, one option is to develop
policies and procedures regarding the exchange of information between
OSHA and contracting agencies to increase the likelihood that a
company's safety and health record will be considered in contracting
decisions. The first option is similar to our recommendation in an
earlier report that agencies develop an information sharing approach
to facilitate the identification of federal contractors who violate
laws that protect workers' rights to bargain collectively. A second
option is for OSHA to consider giving inspection priority to those
high-hazard workplaces operated by companies with federal contracts.
AGENCY AWARDING AND
DEBARRING OFFICIALS CAN USE
SAFETY AND HEALTH COMPLIANCE
INFORMATION IN CONTRACTING
DECISIONS
---------------------------------------------------------- Letter :7.1
Before awarding a contract, an agency must make a positive finding
that the bidder is responsible as defined in federal procurement
regulations. Although this determination primarily focuses on prior
contract performance and the financial integrity of a prospective
contractor, the agency must also make an affirmative determination
that the company is qualified to receive contract awards under
applicable laws and regulations, which could include the Occupational
Safety and Health Act. Similarly, federal agencies can debar or
suspend companies for any "cause of so serious or compelling a nature
that it affects the present responsibility of a Government contractor
or subcontractor."
Even though federal agencies may deny the awarding of contracts or
debar contractors for many different reasons, it appears this
authority is rarely exercised for safety and health violations.\37
Aside from the inherent interest of federal agencies in finding or
keeping the contractor who is either the lowest bidder or has a
history of providing these goods and services to the agency, awarding
and debarring officials rarely exercise this authority in part
because they lack information as to which contractors are OSHA
violators. GSA officials, including members of the Interagency
Committee on Debarment and Suspension, which monitors the
implementation of debarment and suspension procedures, told us that
agency awarding and debarring staff do not routinely receive
information about contractors who have violated OSHA regulations.
GSA officials also said safety and health information was not
routinely collected by agency contract officers when they conduct
their pre-award survey to determine whether or not a prospective
contractor is responsible.
Members of the Interagency Committee told us that the prospect of
being debarred or suspended can provide an impetus for a contractor
to undertake remedial measures to improve workplace safety and health
conditions. Agency debarment and suspension staff could work with
the contractors, perhaps with technical support provided by OSHA, to
help bring a contractor into compliance, thereby avoiding disruption
to the contracting arrangement. GSA officials and Interagency
Committee members stressed the importance of maintaining agency
discretion in contracting decisions and urged that debarment or
suspension for safety and health violations not be mandated.\38
Although our analysis did not include companies receiving other forms
of federal financial assistance, such as grants and loans, GSA
officials and Interagency Committee members said that safety and
health violations should also be considered in debarment or
suspension decisions for these companies since these forms of
assistance total to large amounts of federal dollars.\39 Federal
assistance in the form of grants alone accounted for $225 billion in
fiscal year 1995. State and local governments, through which federal
grants are distributed, may contract with companies to carry out a
wide range of work, including welfare and health care services as
well as highway, airport, mass transit, and sewage treatment plant
construction. GSA officials and Interagency Committee members said
that workers employed by these companies should also be protected
from workplace safety and health hazards.\40
However, as is the case with direct federal contracts, agency
officials often lack information as to which companies receiving
these other forms of federal financial assistance also have OSHA
violations.
Under the Contract Work Hours and Safety Standards Act (CWHSSA), OSHA
also has authority to debar companies specifically for safety and
health violations.\41 However, OSHA has not exercised this authority
in the past and it appears unlikely that it will increase its
exercise of this authority in the future. Although agency officials
said they consider debarment when particularly serious violations are
committed by a company they can identify as a federal contractor,
they prefer to rely on remedies available under the Occupational
Safety and Health Act because litigation costs are lower and they can
obtain quicker abatement of the hazard.
Information can be made available to increase the likelihood that
agency officials will make decisions regarding contracts and other
forms of federal financial assistance that might improve contractor
compliance with OSHA regulations. However, policies and procedures
regarding the exchange of information between OSHA and contracting
agencies need to be developed.\42 In developing these policies and
procedures, a number of issues would need to be resolved. These
include the following:
-- Identifying the inspection information regarding violations that
OSHA could provide that would facilitate action by agency
awarding and debarring officials. Given the large number of
federal contractors violating OSHA regulations, there is a
danger that excessive or irrelevant information would be
generated and transmitted, resulting in a potential
administrative burden on both OSHA and awarding and debarring
officials within the agencies. OSHA could avoid this problem by
developing criteria identifying those federal contractors with
exceptionally poor safety and health records and transmitting
information only on those companies to awarding and debarring
officials. OSHA and the contracting agencies would also have to
decide the type and level of detail of information that should
be provided regarding these violators and the nature of their
violations.
-- Developing the logistics of how OSHA, GSA, the Interagency
Committee, and agency awarding and debarring officials could
share information. Whether violation information should be
provided immediately after any inspection of a contractor in
which exceptionally poor safety and health practices are
indicated or whether it should be provided at regular intervals
for all companies that meet these criteria based on their
inspections over a certain period of time needs to be
determined. OSHA might choose to work with GSA to determine
which of its violators are federal contractors or it may
consider leaving this determination to the Interagency Committee
or awarding and debarring officials within the agencies. OSHA
might also provide information on violators directly to
individual agencies with whom the violators contract. Another
alternative would be to have either GSA or the Interagency
Committee, depending on their relative level of resources, act
as a clearinghouse of safety and health compliance information
for awarding and debarring officials at all the agencies. As a
clearinghouse of compliance information, GSA or the Interagency
Committee would need to come up with a strategy for
disseminating this information about companies to the
appropriate contract awarding and debarring official. If safety
and health violations are also going to be considered in
debarment or suspension decisions for companies receiving other
forms of federal financial assistance (for example, grants and
loans), this dissemination strategy would need to include those
agency officials who manage these other assistance programs.
Finally, regular communication between OSHA and agency debarring
officials regarding violations of federal contractors might be
facilitated if OSHA had a representative participate in the
monthly meetings of the Interagency Committee.
-- Enabling contracting agencies to interpret and use this
information effectively. OSHA and agency contract officers
could explore how agencies might use the awarding of federal
contracts as a vehicle to encourage companies to take more
affirmative steps (for example, develop a worksite safety and
health program, or participate in voluntary compliance efforts)
to improve workplace safety and health.\43 GSA officials and the
Interagency Committee members stressed the importance of agency
discretion in contracting decisions and that debarment or
suspension for safety and health violations should not be
mandated. While preserving this discretion, agencies could work
with OSHA to develop some kind of guidance as to how to
interpret the safety and health records of federal contractors
to determine whether or not a contracting action is warranted
and, if so, what type of action is warranted. Such guidance,
for example, could help agency debarring officials to identify
those instances where it might be more appropriate to work with
a contractor to facilitate compliance instead of debarring or
suspending that contractor. Such situations might vary across
agencies and contract type. In addition, OSHA and the
contracting agencies might want to determine the kind of
technical support, if any, OSHA could provide to help agencies
in their efforts to bring a contractor with a poor safety and
health record into compliance.
-- Helping contracting agencies determine how closely tied to
federal contract dollars the worksite with violations must be to
warrant taking an adverse contract action. Sometimes a safety
and health problem might be localized or confined to a specific
worksite. Thereby, taking a contract action against the federal
contractor might be appropriate only if that particular worksite
receives contract dollars. On the other hand, a systemic
corporatewide compliance problem may be indicated if there are
violations across many worksites owned by or associated with the
same federal contractor. In such cases, a contracting action
against the company as a whole may be appropriate. However, if
the operations of a large company are very diverse, compliance
efforts for a safety and health problem in one part of the
company might have little relevance to other parts of the
company where safety problems, if there are any, might be very
different.
--------------------
\37 Available data did not permit us to determine how many
contractors were suspended or debarred for safety and health
violations. Although GSA publishes a "List of Parties Excluded From
Federal Procurement and Non-Procurement Programs" each month, which
identifies the cause for debarment for each company listed, failure
to comply with OSHA is not a distinct category among possible causes.
\38 According to members of the Interagency Committee, if information
regarding OSHA violations was provided to debarring officials, they
would be obligated to review it.
\39 Under the OMB common rule for governmentwide debarment and
suspension for nonprocurement, companies involved in transactions
funded by federal nonprocurement activities may be debarred or
suspended for any "cause of so serious or compelling a nature that it
affects the present responsibility of [the company]," which could
include safety and health violations. Federal nonprocurement
activities include grants, cooperative agreements, contracts of
assistance, loans, and loan guarantees.
\40 For example, several fatalities associated with safety violations
occurred on the Chicago Tunnel and Reservoir Plan project, a federal
wastewater treatment construction project funded during the 1970s and
1980s with over $1.2 billion in federal grants. After a notice of
proposed debarment was issued to one of the federal contractors
involved, a compliance agreement with the U.S. Environmental
Protection Agency was reached in which the company agreed to take
corrective actions and thereby avoid debarment. EPA coordinated with
OSHA to ensure that the compliance agreement was implemented.
\41 Additionally, Labor has authority to debar companies for safety
and health violations under other statutes such as the Service
Contract Act and the Walsh-Healey Act.
\42 In Worker Protection: Federal Contractors and Violations of
Labor Law (GAO/HEHS-96-8, Oct. 24, 1995), we recommended that the
National Labor Relations Board, to facilitate violators reimbursing
aggrieved employees for any back wages owed, work with GSA to develop
a similar information- sharing approach to identify federal
contractors with labor violations.
\43 OSHA has issued voluntary "Safety and Health Program Management
Guidelines," which contract awarding officials within each agency
could encourage bidders and existing federal contractors to adopt.
OSHA COULD GIVE INSPECTION
PRIORITY TO HIGH-HAZARD
WORKPLACES OPERATED BY
FEDERAL CONTRACTORS
---------------------------------------------------------- Letter :7.2
OSHA might improve contractors' safety and health compliance by
giving inspection priority to those high-hazard workplaces operated
by companies receiving federal contracts. For example, a company
might be more willing to abate hazards and pay penalties quickly if
it is made aware that contracting actions could be taken against it.
OSHA has recently launched an initiative to improve its inspection
targeting system so that instead of treating employers in a certain
industry alike, OSHA will focus its resources on specific worksites
where employers ignore safety and health regulations and put their
employees at risk.\44 The rationale is to increase the likelihood
that its limited resources will be spent inspecting worksites more
likely to have hazards. Following the principle of placing greater
responsibility on federal contractors for compliance with laws and
regulations, OSHA could consider adding to its criteria for targeting
inspections the presence of contract dollars. If a company's
worksite, for example, were already identified by OSHA's targeting
system because of meeting hazard-related criteria, OSHA might want to
make sure to inspect such a worksite if the company also received
federal contracts. In considering whether to do so, OSHA would have
to address several issues:
-- The appropriateness, from a policy standpoint, of including
federal contract status among criteria it considers in
prioritizing inspections.
-- The amount of emphasis to give to this criteria and how to
combine it with others (OSHA might want to consider this only
after the worksite already met OSHA's hazard-related criteria
because of, for example, a high number of injuries or illnesses
or a history of violations).
-- How closely tied to federal contract dollars must the worksite
be to warrant an inspection because it is a federal contractor.
(For example, is it necessary that federal dollars are being
awarded to this worksite or only that the company which owns
this worksite is receiving federal contract dollars?)
--------------------
\44 OSHA's current inspection priority system gives first priority to
inspections of imminent danger situations, fatalities or catastrophes
(referring to at least one fatality and the hospitalization of three
or more workers), referrals from the media or other government
agencies, and complaints from workers. Second priority is given to
programmed inspections, which are initiated by OSHA. Programmed
inspections are scheduled as follows: (1) construction inspections
that are selected randomly among larger, active construction sites,
(2) nonconstruction safety inspections that are selected using lists
of employers in industries with high injury rates, and (3)
nonconstruction health inspections using lists of employers in
industries with a history of noncompliance with OSHA health
regulations.
CONCLUSIONS
------------------------------------------------------------ Letter :8
The federal government awarded $38 billion in federal contracts
during fiscal year 1994 to at least 261 corporate parent companies
that owned worksites where there were safety and health hazards.
Although unaware of their contractor status, OSHA identified these
compliance problems through its ongoing enforcement efforts and
maintains information regarding the nature of the violations, the
fatalities and injuries associated with the violations, and the
penalties assessed.
Many federal agencies across government already have the authority to
debar or suspend federal contractors for the violation of safety and
health regulations. The prospect of debarment or suspension can also
provide impetus for a contractor to undertake remedial measures to
improve workplace conditions. Agencies could use the awarding of
federal contracts as a vehicle to encourage companies to take more
affirmative steps (for example, develop a worksite safety and health
program, or participate in voluntary compliance efforts like Maine
200)\45 to improve workplace safety and health. Given the complexity
of federal procurement regulations and processes and individual
agencies' familiarity with the specific companies and contracts
involved, they are probably in a better position than OSHA to make
each contracting decision. However, agency awarding and debarring
officials have not taken actions against contractors for safety and
health violations at least partially because they did not have the
information to determine which federal contractors have violated
safety and health regulations, even when they have been assessed high
penalties for willful or repeat violations or cited under OSHA's
"egregious" policy.
The considerable number of federal contractors with OSHA violations,
even in the single year we examined, suggests that policies and
procedures should be developed to facilitate the exchange of
information between OSHA and agency awarding and debarring officials
to help improve federal contractor compliance. Also, contractors
might be more attentive to their safety and health practices if OSHA
were to give inspection priority to those high-hazard workplaces
operated by federal contractors.
--------------------
\45 In 1993, OSHA initiated a pilot program, referred to as Maine
200, in which OSHA invited 200 companies in Maine with the highest
number of injuries to conduct self-inspections to identify workplace
hazards and to develop worksite safety and health action plans. In
return for such participation, OSHA would give these companies its
lowest inspection priority.
RECOMMENDATIONS
------------------------------------------------------------ Letter :9
We recommend that the Secretary of Labor direct the Assistant
Secretary for Occupational Safety and Health to
-- develop and implement policies and procedures, in consultation
with GSA and the Interagency Committee on Debarment and
Suspension, for how safety and health records of federal
contractors could be shared to better inform agency awarding and
debarring officials in their decisions regarding contracts in
order to improve workplace safety and health.
-- develop policies and procedures regarding whether and how it
will consider a company's status as a federal contractor in
setting priorities for inspecting worksites.
-- assess the appropriateness of extending these policies and
procedures to cover companies receiving other forms of federal
financial assistance, such as grants and loans.
AGENCY COMMENTS AND OUR
EVALUATION
----------------------------------------------------------- Letter :10
We obtained comments on a draft of this report from the Department of
Labor, GSA, and the Interagency Committee on Debarment and
Suspension. Labor noted that our findings reflected positively on
OSHA's enforcement efforts because the companies we identified as
receiving federal contracts were already being cited for violations
at some worksites under OSHA's existing compliance program. Labor
stated that federal contractors, like other employers, have a
responsibility for providing employees with a safe and healthful
workplace. Labor also agreed that the exchange of information
between OSHA and GSA could make additional compliance strategies
available to OSHA at the worksites of federal contractors and could
be consistent with OSHA's effort to reinvent its enforcement policies
and procedures.
However, Labor officials also suggested that our recommendation
regarding the exchange of information on inspections and contracts be
directed to GSA because they believe that GSA is in a better position
to affect agency contracting actions. Officials expressed greater
concern about our recommendation to use federal contractor status as
one criterion in OSHA's prioritizing of inspection resources. Labor
officials said that the report does not provide evidence that federal
contractors have a worse compliance record than other employers.
Because OSHA's inspection targeting program, consistent with the
administration's National Performance Review (NPR),\46 is intended to
focus OSHA's limited enforcement resources toward worksites where the
greatest safety and health hazards exist, introducing the criterion
of whether or not a company received federal contracts could divert
resources toward worksites with less serious hazards.
Although coordination among all parties is necessary, we directed our
recommendations to Labor because we believe that OSHA is the
appropriate starting point for the initiation and development of any
information exchange on federal contracts and OSHA inspections. OSHA
is the primary federal agency responsible for workplace safety and
health and it maintains detailed information on the inspections
conducted throughout the nation, including the nature and severity of
the violations detected. In contrast, although GSA maintains
information on federal contracts, the contracting function itself is
diffused among many individual agencies and departments. Therefore,
our recommendations recognize GSA as instrumental in facilitating the
sharing of information between OSHA, which maintains the safety and
health compliance information, and agency awarding and debarring
officials, who can use this information in their contracting
decisions.
Regarding Labor's concerns about OSHA's allocation of its inspection
resources, we acknowledge that including federal contractor status as
an additional criterion in OSHA's prioritization of inspections
raises several issues, including its appropriateness from a policy
standpoint and how such a criterion would be operationalized.
However, we view the use of federal contractor status as a criterion
to be implemented in addition to and not in lieu of other criteria
identifying high-hazard workplaces. We also recognize that Labor,
upon conclusion of its review, may determine that federal contractor
status should play only a minor role in OSHA's prioritization of
resources. In addition, given our requesters' interests and the
formidable data limitations facing such an analysis, we did not seek
to assess federal contractors' overall compliance record as compared
with other employers. Instead, we sought to determine whether
companies receiving federal contracts had also been assessed
significant proposed penalties for safety and health violations. Our
finding that 16 percent of all the significant-penalty inspections
closed in fiscal year 1994 involved federal contractors suggests that
the inclusion of contractor status as a priority criterion could
enhance OSHA's ability to ensure safe and healthful working
conditions for U.S. workers.
Officials from GSA and members of the Interagency Committee on
Debarment and Suspension also generally agreed with the report's
findings and concurred that information on OSHA inspections of firms
receiving federal contracts would be useful to agency awarding and
debarring officials' decisions. Members of the Interagency Committee
also suggested that having an OSHA representative participate in the
monthly meetings of the Interagency Committee would be very useful to
the entire information-sharing process.
Although GSA officials and Interagency Committee members believe that
the recommendation regarding the exchange of information has merit,
they said that the report appears to confuse the roles that OSHA,
GSA, the Interagency Committee, and agency awarding and debarring
officials would play in its implementation. These officials believe
that the report places too much responsibility for the safety and
health compliance of federal contractors on GSA and the Interagency
Committee. On such matters, they believe that only OSHA has
sufficient expertise to implement a health and safety compliance
program. They stated that officials involved in awarding contracts
or debarring contractors have little technical expertise in OSHA
compliance matters and would not be knowledgeable about the
appropriate remedial measures that, in the OSHA context, would be
sufficient.
In addition, although GSA officials and Interagency Committee members
agreed that they can help disseminate OSHA inspection information,
they have few resources to perform other more elaborate tasks such as
the dissemination of detailed OSHA compliance information.
Interagency Committee members, in particular, said that they lack
staff and administrative support that would be necessary for it to
serve as a clearinghouse of OSHA contractor compliance information.
Interagency Committee members also stated that the committee's
authority is limited to coordinating the assignment of lead agency
responsibility when more than one agency has an interest in a
particular contractor and it cannot assign this responsibility.
Finally, because the Interagency Committee is composed only of
debarring officials, it has no direct link to awarding officials that
could limit its role in facilitating the flow of violation
information to agency contract officers.
GSA officials and Interagency Committee members also pointed out that
debarment and suspension actions, because they can have a serious
impact on a contractor's business life, can provide an impetus for a
contractor to take remedial measures. However, they stated that it
would be inappropriate and run counter to procurement regulations to
use debarment or suspension to threaten a contractor, even one with
an egregious safety record.\47 To further clarify the roles of OSHA
and other parties on this matter, GSA officials suggested that an
appropriate sequence implementing this recommendation would be for
OSHA to establish with the contractor the appropriate compliance
program and then provide information on the case to the contracting
agency's debarring official for review of the contractor's overall
responsibility.
We did not specify the precise roles that OSHA, GSA, and other
parties should play in facilitating the exchange of information
because we believed that it was best that the flexibility be
available to ensure that any arrangement developed would minimize the
burden for all parties. However, we agree with GSA officials and
members of the Interagency Committee that OSHA should be the primary
agency concerned with health and safety regulatory compliance. We
also believe that GSA and the Interagency Committee are better
positioned than OSHA to identify which violators receive federal
contracts and to help disseminate information on OSHA inspections to
federal awarding and debarring officials throughout the government.
Awarding and debarring officials within the individual agencies,
after review of OSHA inspection information, would then be able to
make more informed decisions. Under such a procedure, agency
discretion could be preserved so that awarding and debarring
officials could provide the appropriate impetus for improvement to
federal contractors while avoiding unnecessary procurement
disruptions. We also note that, in all cases, OSHA would not be
precluded from using its own authority to cite employers for
violations, monitor abatement efforts, or take other available
actions.
We also agree that debarment or suspension should not be used as a
means to punish individual contractors and the report does not
recommend this. Instead, agencies could use OSHA inspection
information to ensure that they comply with the requirement in
federal procurement regulations that agencies contract only with
firms that are responsible--in compliance with applicable laws and
regulations, including the Occupational Safety and Health Act. As
GSA officials note, the prospect of debarment or suspension because
of corporate irresponsibility can provide the impetus for a
contractor to undertake remedial measures to eliminate workplace
hazards that could cause employees injury or illness, thus improving
the protection afforded to them.
Labor, GSA, and the Interagency Committee also provided us with
technical suggestions, which we incorporated where appropriate in the
final report.
--------------------
\46 NPR, under the direction of the Vice President, is a major
management reform initiative by the administration and is intended to
identify ways to make the government work better and cost less.
\47 See Federal Acquisition Regulation, section 9.402(b), which
states: "The serious nature of debarment and suspension requires
that these sanctions be imposed only in the public interest for the
Government's protection and not for purposes of punishment."
--------------------------------------------------------- Letter :10.1
As arranged with your offices, unless you publicly announce its
contents earlier, we plan no further distribution of this report
until 30 days after its issue date. At that time, we will send
copies of this report to the Secretary of Labor, the Assistant
Secretary for Occupational Safety and Health, the Administrator of
GSA, the Chairman of the Interagency Committee on Debarment and
Suspension, the Director of the Office of Management and Budget,
relevant congressional committees, and interested parties. We also
will make copies available to others on request.
If you or your staff have any questions concerning this report,
please call Charlie Jeszeck, Assistant Director, at (202) 512-7036 or
Jackie Baker Werth, Project Manager, at (202) 512-7070.
Carlotta C. Joyner
Director, Education and
Employment Issues
OBJECTIVES, SCOPE, AND METHODOLOGY
=========================================================== Appendix I
We were asked to (1) determine how many companies receiving federal
contracts have also been assessed penalties for violations of
occupational safety and health regulations, (2) describe the
characteristics of these contractors and their contracts, (3)
describe the kinds of violations for which these contractors were
cited, and (4) identify ways to improve contractor compliance with
workplace safety and health requirements. The scope of our work
included the following:
-- Matching violation data from OSHA's database of inspection
results (IMIS) with a database of federal contractors maintained
by GSA for fiscal year 1994, referred to as the FPDS. We
restricted our analysis to those OSHA inspections that were
closed in fiscal year 1994 in which the proposed penalty
assessed by the OSHA compliance officer was what we defined as
significant, regardless of the amount of the actual penalty
recorded when the inspection was closed. We considered the
proposed penalty assessed by the compliance officer to have been
significant if it was $15,000 or more.
-- Verifying by telephone that the company listed in IMIS was the
same company (or owned by the same parent company) listed in
FPDS.
-- Analyzing FPDS for the dollar value of the fiscal year 1994
contracts received by the violator or its parent company and the
federal agencies that awarded the contracts.
-- Analyzing IMIS for characteristics of the violations and the
worksites inspected.
-- Meeting with compliance staff at OSHA and with federal
contracting officials at GSA and other agency experts in
procurement.
MATCHING VIOLATION DATA AGAINST
FEDERAL CONTRACT DATA
BACKGROUND ON DATABASES
------------------------------------------------------- Appendix I:0.1
The IMIS database includes over 2 million inspections from 1972 to
1995, and over 100,000 were closed in fiscal year 1994 alone. IMIS
includes such information as to whether or not the inspections were
performed by OSHA or a state-operated program, penalty amounts
(proposed and actual),\48
the type of violation (for example, serious, willful, or repeat), the
standards violated, whether fatalities or injuries occurred, and
abatement information. In addition, IMIS includes some data on the
worksite inspected, including the industry it is engaged in and the
number of workers.\49
IMIS is structured so that key inspection data (with a unique
identifier, referred to as the activity number) are contained in the
stem and more detailed data in segments. The violation segment, for
example, includes information on specific violations for which the
worksite was cited and the types of violations committed (serious,
willful, and repeat). Another segment, referred to as the accident
segment, includes details on, among other things, the number of
workers injured and degree of injury.
In capturing violation data, violations are often grouped together
when they are related. For example, detailed violations in which the
employer was cited for inadequate locks to secure machines and
failure to perform periodic inspection of machinery could be grouped
together under the primary violation of lockout/tagout.
Lockout/tagout refers to a number of requirements for the maintenance
of machines and equipment to protect against their starting up
unexpectedly. Similarly, when reporting actual penalties, we
accumulated only those penalties attached to the primary member of a
group of violations (including penalties for individual violations
only if they were not members of a group).
In fiscal year 1994 alone, FPDS tracked information on 179,977
contracts and 477,648 contract actions, totaling $176 billion.\50
FPDS contains a variety of information, including the contractor's
name and location, contract amounts awarded, agency the contract is
with, principal place of contract performance, and products and
services provided.
--------------------
\48 In IMIS, a proposed penalty is referred to as an initial penalty;
an actual penalty is referred to as a current penalty. A proposed
penalty refers to an OSHA compliance officer's judgment of the nature
and severity of violations. An actual penalty refers to the penalty
once the inspection is closed (either because the employer accepted
the citation or a contested citation was resolved). The actual
penalty is often less than the proposed penalty, but may be the same
if an employer accepted a citation or was refused a penalty reduction
after contesting a citation.
\49 IMIS uses the Standard Industrial Classification (SIC) codes--a
federal classification system--in order to describe the type of
industry each worksite is engaged in. Worksites can be divided into
11 major classifications--such as construction, manufacturing, and
services.
\50 This database compiles information on contracts valued at $25,000
or more from Individual Contract Action Reports (SF 279) completed by
staff in the contracting agency. GSA also tracks contract awards
under $25,000 in a separate database capturing only summary
information, which is referred to as the Summary Contract Action
Report (SF 281). We did not include this database of smaller
contract awards in our analysis.
RESTRICTING ANALYSIS TO IMIS
INSPECTIONS IN WHICH COMPANY
ASSESSED SIGNIFICANT
PROPOSED PENALTIES
------------------------------------------------------- Appendix I:0.2
To determine which federal contractors were OSHA violators, we
matched IMIS with the FPDS. We chose to restrict our matching
process to inspections resulting in proposed penalties of at least
$15,000 (regardless of the amount of the actual penalty recorded when
the inspection was closed). The proposed penalty is the penalty
issued by OSHA in the original citation and reflects the compliance
officer's judgment of the nature and severity of violations. We
restricted the matching process in this way so that
-- we would include in our analysis only those companies whose
safety and health violations resulted in proposed penalties that
we defined as significant, and
-- a manually matching procedure would be feasible. A manual
process was necessitated because of missing corporate
identification codes in IMIS, which precluded an automated
matching procedure. Only by limiting the size of one of the two
databases, IMIS in this case, was a manual matching process
possible.
Discussions with OSHA officials, including IMIS specialists, helped
us identify ways to limit the size of IMIS. We decided to use only
one fiscal year of inspection data (1994) for cases that had already
closed because we would be certain that the actual penalty and
disposition of any inspection would not change. We also applied
several other conditions, including that at least one violation was
cited.\51
A proposed penalty is a compliance officer's judgment of the nature
and severity of violations and, according to OSHA officials, is a
better reflection of the seriousness of the citations than actual
penalties because actual penalties are a product of other factors
such as negotiations between OSHA and the company to encourage
quicker abatement of workplace hazards. The criteria of $15,000 or
more in proposed penalties resulted in a total of 2,113 inspections.
This, we determined, would be a small enough number of inspections to
feasibly match against the larger FPDS. These 2,113 inspections
represent only 3 percent of all closed fiscal year inspections. We
referred to these inspections as those in which the company was
assessed significant proposed penalties for OSHA violations.
--------------------
\51 These additional conditions reduced the number of inspections
closed in fiscal year 1994 from 112,913 to 72,950. These conditions
include eliminating inspections that were scheduled but did not
actually occur because the company went out of business. Also
eliminated were worksites included in IMIS because they were covered
by a corporatewide settlement agreement even though these particular
worksites had not actually been inspected.
THE MANUAL MATCHING
PROCEDURE
------------------------------------------------------- Appendix I:0.3
A manual matching procedure was necessitated by missing corporate
identification codes in IMIS for many of the establishments
inspected, precluding an automated matching procedure. IMIS includes
a field for a company's Dun & Bradstreet code. However, at the time
that we initiated this review, the Dun number was provided in only 20
percent of the 72,950 inspections closed in fiscal year 1994.\52
We manually compared each company name among the selected 2,113
inspections in IMIS with the larger FPDS, identifying those company
names which were identical or nearly identical. Because companies
may split up, merge, subcontract, operate subsidiaries, or change
names, the company might have appeared under different names in the
IMIS and the FPDS and thereby escaped our detection.
Through manual matching, we identified 499 inspections (nearly
one-fourth of the 2,113 inspections) in which the company names were
identical or nearly identical. We eliminated some of these 499
inspections either because our telephone verification revealed that
the company listed in IMIS was not the same company as listed in FPDS
or because we were unable to verify the match. A total of 345
inspections, involving 261 federal contractors, resulted because some
of the federal contractors owned more than one inspected worksite.
This represents 16 percent of all 2,113 inspections closed in fiscal
year 1994 in which a significant proposed penalty was assessed for
OSHA violations. How cases were eliminated is described below. (See
fig. I.1.)
Figure I.1: Reasons for
Eliminating Inspections to
Identify Those Involving
Companies That Received Federal
Contracts
(See figure in printed
edition.)
Note: Because of rounding, percentages do not total to 100.
VERIFYING BY TELEPHONE THAT
FEDERAL CONTRACTOR AND OSHA
VIOLATOR ARE THE SAME COMPANY
To ensure that a company listed in IMIS was the same company (or
owned by the same parent company) as the company listed in FPDS, we
telephoned the worksite where the OSHA violations occurred.\53 We
verified that the company name and worksite locations, identified in
both databases, referred to the same company or were owned by the
same parent company. If there was more than one worksite under the
same or identical name in IMIS (indicating that violations may have
occurred at different worksites owned by or associated with the same
parent company), we verified that all these worksites were owned by
the parent company. We also asked the contact to provide the parent
company name or, if a parent company name was included in FPDS, to
verify that name.
We eliminated from our matched companies those for which the
telephone call revealed that the company listed in IMIS was not the
same company as listed in FPDS (83 worksites representing 4 percent
of the 2,113 inspections). We also eliminated companies (71
worksites representing 3 percent of the 2,113 inspections) because we
were unable to verify the match for a variety of reasons. Some
companies went out of business or relocated, or the location
information in IMIS or FPDS was either incomplete or inaccurate. We
also eliminated worksites when we were told they were organized as a
franchise and the parent company exercised little oversight over the
franchised worksites. The greatest portion of worksites that we
could not verify were engaged in construction (52 percent). We
believe that because worksites in this industry are often
temporary--existing only for the duration of a construction
project--the employer, in our telephone contacts, could not always
recall if such a worksite existed when the inspection was conducted.
The 345 inspections of worksites verified as being owned by federal
contractors include 65 that we decided did not require telephone
verification because the company names and worksite locations in IMIS
and FPDS matched exactly.
ANALYZING FPDS
We analyzed FPDS for the dollar value of the fiscal year 1994
contracts received by the corporate parent companies of the
violators. Therefore, when referring to a federal contractor in our
report, we are referring to the parent company. For the 345 matched
companies, we used only variations of the company name and worksite
locations that were verified by telephone to retrieve fiscal year
1994 contract information from the FPDS.\54 This was a conservative
approach to ensure that we were not attributing more contract dollars
to that company than were verified.\55
We found it necessary to report federal contract award data for
violators by parent company for several reasons:
-- First, FPDS data did not enable us to confirm whether a
company's contract activity occurred at the same worksite where
the company was cited for safety and health violations. FPDS
data on principal place of performance include city and state
information but not a street address, which is needed to confirm
a match to the worksite level. Also, the location that receives
the largest dollar share of the contract is listed as the
principal place of performance. Moreover, if the place of
performance cannot be determined, the contractor's billing
location is used instead.
-- Second, it would have been difficult to get companies to confirm
whether or not they conduct federal contract work at the
particular worksite where the violations occurred. This
information might not be readily available or might be
considered confidential or proprietary.
-- Third, the nature of some contract work is so dispersed (for
example, interstate transportation of freight), with contract
activity of some form occurring across multiple worksites, that
it would have been difficult for even the company to verify
exactly what activities at various worksites were supported by
federal contracts. Even when focusing our analysis on the
agency from which most contract dollars were awarded to a
particular company, there were often many corresponding places
of performance and products and services provided to this
agency.
The 345 inspections involved 261 federal contractors because some
federal contractors owned more than one inspected worksite. For each
of the 261 federal contractors, we checked to ensure that any
corporate identification code was not shared by another federal
contractor we had verified as a violator. If there was a shared
corporate identification code, we made sure that we had confirmed,
during our telephone verifications, that these worksites were owned
by the same federal contractor to preclude double counting contract
awards.
Using FPDS, we examined total contract dollars awarded by each
federal agency. We also ran a distribution of contract dollars to
determine the number of federal contractors by the size of contract
awards. We did not determine the extent to which OSHA violators were
federal subcontractors (companies who receive a portion of the
contract award through a primary federal contractor) with violations
because we could not identify subcontractors.
ANALYZING IMIS
We analyzed IMIS for characteristics of the violations cited in these
inspections. We ran distributions on a number of data fields,
tabulating the data by the 345 matched inspections where possible, or
the 5,121 violations associated with these inspections if the data
did not lend themselves to presentation by inspection.\56
Even though all of these 345 inspections were closed in fiscal year
1994, many may have been conducted years before. Some inspections
can take many years to resolve. Only 20 percent of the 345
inspections were opened and closed within fiscal year 1994, 45
percent were opened in fiscal year 1993, and 35 percent were opened
in fiscal years 1986 through 1992. As a result, a company may not
have been receiving federal contracts at the same time that it
violated the act. Another limitation to this review is that
companies may have changed their safety and health practices,
particularly if a long time has elapsed between the opening and
closing of an inspection. This means that worksites with poor safety
and health practices when the inspection was opened may have improved
their practices by the time the inspection was closed, as a result of
the inspection or other factors.
Employee complaints were the most common reason these 345 inspections
were conducted (41 percent). Programmed inspections, which include
inspections in construction and other high-hazard industries, were
the next most common (27 percent) reason given for inspections.
Fatalities or catastrophes (referring to at least one fatality and
the hospitalization of at least three workers) led to 13 percent of
these inspections. The other 9 percent of inspections included
follow-up inspections to determine if previously cited violations had
been corrected and monitoring inspections to ensure that hazards were
being corrected whenever a long period of time was needed to come
into compliance. Referrals from any source, including media reports,
led to 9 percent of these inspections. Although OSHA's first
priority for conducting an inspection is if there is an alleged
imminent danger situation,\57 none of our 345 matched inspections was
conducted for this reason. (See fig. I.2.)
Figure I.2: Inspections
Involving Federal Contractors
Assessed Significant Proposed
Penalties by Type of
Inspection, Fiscal Year 1994
(See figure in printed
edition.)
Note: Because of rounding, percentages do not total to 100.
We discovered some inconsistencies in accident data when comparing
different sources of data.\58 The primary source of accident data is
in the IMIS accident segment, providing data on the number of workers
killed or injured and the degree of injury, among other information.
However, investigation summaries, referring to accident abstracts
submitted by OSHA compliance officers, referred to fatalities or
injuries not always recorded in the accident segment. In addition,
some violations were coded in a special manner to indicate that they
were related to a fatality or catastrophe, yet there was not a
corresponding accident segment or investigation summary. We
reconciled these inconsistencies by conducting follow-up telephone
calls to the OSHA area offices that had conducted the inspection. In
many of these inspections, a fatality or injury had occurred.\59 The
results of these follow-up calls are reflected in the number of
fatalities and injuries and in the descriptions of the accidents,
which occurred at the worksites of 50 federal contractors.
We performed a special tabulation for types of violations. Because
the types of violations (serious, willful, repeat, and unclassified)
are captured not by inspection but by violations only, our special
tabulation involved developing counts by inspection when there was at
least one violation of that particular type. We also performed a
special tabulation to determine how many inspections involved
additional penalties assessed under OSHA's "egregious" policy and the
specific standards violated.\60 We also ran data for all worksites to
determine whether a company had been penalized for failing to abate a
hazard.
We ran distributions of penalties, both of total proposed penalties
and total actual penalties for our 345 inspections.\61 To capture the
degree to which proposed penalties were reduced, we ran a
distribution of the percentage difference between each proposed and
actual penalty. Finally, we ran distributions by standards violated,
focusing on those standards in which the greatest number of
violations in these 345 inspections fell.
We chose not to report the disposition of inspections, referring to
the level of review at which a contested inspection was
resolved--formal settlement agreement, administrative law judge
decision, or by OSHRC commissioners' decision. After requesting
copies of decisions from OSHRC on those inspections in which
violations were coded as being resolved by its commissioners, we
found that many of these cases had actually been resolved before
reaching this level of review by an administrative law judge's
decision.\62 We found disposition coding errors of this nature among
inspections conducted by both federal OSHA and state-operated
programs. However, we did review all administrative law judge
decisions in the federal OSHA cases to make sure that the types of
violations reported and the actual penalties for which the company
was assessed accurately reflected the review by the administrative
law judge.\63
We also used IMIS to characterize the worksite where the inspection
occurred. OSHA staff told us that the more reliable data on the
number of employees was the number at the worksite.\64 We also ran a
distribution on the primary industry the worksite was engaged in,
relying on SIC codes captured for each worksite. We used more
detailed codes within the SIC classification system when reporting on
individual worksites. To describe the federal contractors (or parent
company) that own the worksites inspected, we gathered number of
employees and annual sales data for selected companies--those that
were assessed significant proposed penalties in more than one
inspection closed in fiscal year 1994.\65
OSHA staff helped us to determine whether some of the worksites owned
by federal contractors that had been assessed significant proposed
penalties had a history of violations. OSHA staff, using corporate
identification codes for worksites inspected, performed a search of
IMIS to retrieve prior-year inspections at these same worksites.
Because of missing corporate identification numbers, OSHA was only
able to retrieve prior-year inspection information on about one-half
(197) of the worksites. We ran a distribution by proposed penalty to
determine if some of these prior inspections resulted in significant
proposed penalties of $15,000 or more.
We also asked OSHA staff to review our list of 261 federal
contractors who own worksites with safety and health violations to
determine whether any of their 345 inspections were criminally
prosecuted by OSHA\66
or, conversely, whether any of these federal contractors were
participants in OSHA's VPP because of exemplary safety and health
practices. While OSHA staff determined that none of the 345
inspections was criminally prosecuted, they reported to us that some
of these federal contractors did have worksites (other than those
assessed significant proposed penalties for safety and health
violations) that were VPP participants.
EXPLORING WAYS TO IMPROVE
COMPLIANCE
To explore ways to improve compliance of federal contractors with
OSHA, we met with OSHA officials in the Directorate of Compliance
Programs, because of their enforcement responsibilities, and Labor's
Office of the Solicitor. We also met with contracting officials at
GSA and the Interagency Committee on Debarment and Suspension, which
coordinates suspension and debarment activities governmentwide. We
also met with computer and technical staff in OSHA headquarters as
well as officials in its San Francisco regional office.
We conducted our work from July 1995 to July 1996 in accordance with
generally accepted government auditing standards.
--------------------
\52 OSHA has experienced difficulties collecting this number, in part
because some companies do not have a Dun & Bradstreet number or
supervisors at worksites inspected do not always know this number or
report it accurately. OSHA has tried to address this problem by
automatically sending information regarding the worksite inspected to
Dun & Bradstreet in order to get an identification number for the
company that owns the worksite. OSHA is also experimenting with the
use of tax identification numbers to facilitate the cross-referencing
of inspections of worksites owned by or associated with the same
parent company.
\53 If we could not find a telephone number for this location, we
telephoned the company at a location provided in FPDS.
\54 We used corporate identification codes that corresponded with
these verified company names and worksite locations to actually
retrieve contract information in FPDS. GSA uses corporate
identification codes that are a derivative of the Dun & Bradstreet
codes for identifying companies. GSA relies on two sets of numbers:
(1) contractor establishment codes (CEC), referring to a contractor's
worksite and (2) ultimate contractor establishment codes (ULTICEC),
referring to the ultimate parent company of the contractor. We
retrieved all contract data by the ULTICEC corresponding to
variations of the company name and worksite locations that were
verified. In this way, we ensured that federal contract data for
each violator were comprehensive by parent company.
\55 We dropped those locations we could not verify unless the
corporate identification number was the same as that for a location
that we were able to verify.
\56 The 5,121 violations include only the primary violation, if
several violations are grouped together, and individual violations,
if they are not members of a group.
\57 Imminent danger refers to any condition where there is reasonable
certainty that a danger exists that can be expected to cause death or
serious physical harm immediately. If it is decided that the case
has merit, the OSHA area director will assign a compliance officer to
conduct an immediate inspection of the workplace.
\58 Reasons for these discrepancies, according to OSHA staff, include
changing definitions for catastrophe (during fiscal year 1994, the
definition changed from five or more to three or more hospitalized
injuries); different criteria that state-operated programs use in
determining whether to report fatalities or injuries; workers for the
subcontractor, not the contractor, were affected; and data input
errors.
\59 In a few inspections, the fatalities or injuries occurred before
the inspection and were recorded in the worksite's injury and illness
log. The inspector included these fatalities and injuries in his or
her investigation summary because they were directly related to the
violations for which the company was cited. We have included these
fatalities and injuries in our totals.
\60 Under its "egregious" policy, OSHA issues separate penalties for
each instance of a violation--or for each worker exposed to a
hazard--rather than levying a single penalty. This policy, according
to OSHA officials, has helped create a deterrent by allowing OSHA to
levy penalties that are high enough to have an economic effect on the
company. However, this policy is currently being challenged in
several key cases. For example, in Secretary of Labor v. Arcadian
Corp., OSHRC ruled that the Secretary of Labor does not have the
authority under the General Duty Clause to cite separate violations
for each employee exposed to a hazard. Labor, however, has appealed
this case to the federal court. Arcadian Corp. was cited following
the catastrophic failure of a reactor in a fertilizer plant.
\61 The average penalties for these 345 inspections ($70,000 proposed
penalty; $32,000 actual penalty) were higher compared with average
penalties for all fiscal year 1994 cases--in which $3,004 was the
average proposed penalty and $1,517 was the average actual penalty.
This is because we restricted our analysis to inspections with
significant proposed penalties. Penalties for federal OSHA
inspections tend to be higher than for inspections by state-operated
programs--$2,446 for federal OSHA compared with $810 for
state-operated programs in actual penalties.
\62 We also conducted follow-up telephone calls to OSHA area offices
to confirm this.
\63 In only one inspection did we find that the administrative law
judge decision was not reflected in IMIS data. Therefore, when
reporting information about this individual company, we indicated
that these violations had been changed to unclassified by an
administrative law judge's decision. However, we included the types
of violations as recorded in IMIS (before they were changed by the
administrative law judge's decision) in our totals for all violators.
\64 The number of workers affected by the inspection and the number
of workers controlled by the employer nationally are also captured in
IMIS. However, several OSHA staff told us these data were less
reliable.
\65 For this purpose, we referred to Series 1995 Million Dollar
Directory, Dun & Bradstreet (Bethlehem, Penn.: Dun & Bradstreet,
Inc., 1995).
\66 An employer can be penalized up to $250,000 ($500,000 if a
corporation) and sentenced to 6 months' imprisonment for the willful
violation of a standard when the violation causes the death of an
employee.
CHARACTERISTICS OF THE INSPECTIONS
AND CONTRACTS OF 261 FEDERAL
CONTRACTORS ASSESSED SIGNIFICANT
PROPOSED PENALTIES
========================================================== Appendix II
Table II.1 provides key characteristics of inspections and contracts
of the 261 federal contractors assessed significant proposed
penalties for violations of safety and health regulations. Our
definition of a significant penalty is a proposed penalty of $15,000
or more regardless of the size of the actual penalty recorded when
the inspection was closed (either because the employer accepted the
citation or a contested citation was resolved). The proposed penalty
is the penalty issued by OSHA in the original citation and reflects
the compliance officer's judgment of the nature and severity of
violations, while the actual penalty may be the product of other
factors such as negotiations between OSHA and the company to
encourage quicker abatement of workplace hazards. Because some of
these 261 federal contractors own more than one worksite inspected, a
total of 345 inspections appear in the table. In reporting fiscal
year 1994 contract dollars, we are referring to the federal
contractor (or parent company), which is identified if it is
different from the name of the worksite where the violations
occurred. The violations may have occurred at only one worksite or
facility, possibly within a division or subsidiary, of the federal
contractor and not necessarily where the contract activity was
performed.
Inspection information includes the location of the worksite
inspected and the activity number of the inspection that is assigned
in IMIS. We have provided both the proposed and actual penalties.
We have reported those standards violated that are associated with
the highest actual penalty as well as standards that reportedly
contributed to a fatality or injury when different than the former.
In summarizing the fatality or injury, we referred to investigation
summaries submitted by OSHA compliance officers or follow-up calls to
local OSHA offices when other data in IMIS indicated an accident had
occurred but no summary was available. To provide selected
characteristics of violations, we reported whether violations
included at least one violation that was willful, repeat, or serious
and whether the company was assessed penalties under OSHA's
"egregious" policy or for failing to abate a hazard.
If a proposed penalty of $100,000 or more was assessed for safety and
health violations (which was the case in 26 of these inspections), an
asterisk appears by the activity number of the inspection. If an
inspection was conducted by a state-operated safety and health
program (which was the case in 71 of these inspections), a special
symbol (#) appears by the activity number of the inspection.
Table II.1
Characteristics of the Inspections and
Contracts of 261 Federal Contractors
(Worksite (name of federal contractor if
different; total contract dollars
awarded))
Location of
inspection Proposed Selected
(IMIS penalty OSHA standard violated characteri
activity (actual associated with Description of stics of
number) penalty) highest actual penalty fatality or injury violations
------------- ------------ -- ---------------------- ---------------------- ----------
A.H.A. General Construction ($1,180,000 in contracts)
-------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
New York, NY $22,050 Demolition 5 workers were Serious
(106934086) ($12,000) hospitalized due to
fall when floor of
building, which was
not shored or braced,
collapsed during
demolition.
A.A.R. Engine Component Services (A.A.R. Corp.; 46,224,000 in contracts)
-------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Frankfort, NY 33,000 Hazardous materials Repeat;
(018154542) (15,750) serious
A.B.B. Combustion Engineering Nuclear (A.B.B. A.S.E.A. Brown Boveri, Ltd.; 100,882,000 in
contracts)
-------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Newington, NH 20,775 Machinery and machine Serious
(108781816) (15,900) guarding
Acme Steel Co. (Acme Metals, Inc.; 310,000 in contracts)
-------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Chicago, IL 83,000 Means of egress;\a 1 worker died, another Repeat;
(103451274) (62,250) hazardous materials; was hospitalized, from serious
personal protective exposure to blast
equipment; general furnace gas due to
environmental equipment failure at a
controls; lockout/ steel mill.
tagout;\b toxic and
hazardous substances
Alamo Transformer Supply Co. (2,000 in contracts)
-------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Houston, TX 30,000 Hazardous materials; Serious
(107489593) (9,500) compressed gas and air
equipment; machinery
and machine guarding;
welding, cutting, and
brazing; electrical
Albany International Corp. (214,000 in contracts)
-------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
East 38,250 Lockout/tagout 1 worker was Willful;
Greenbush, NY (25,000) hospitalized and died serious
(109053272) 4 days later after
being crushed in a
weaving loom at this
textile plant.
Alcan Toyo America (Toyo Aluminum KK; 512,000 in contracts)
-------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Lockport, IL 16,750 General duty clause; 1 worker died from Serious
(108719063) (9,000) personal protective burns when a mixer
equipment containing aluminum
powder exploded at
this primary metals
production plant.
Alder Construction Co. (18,811,000 in contracts)
-------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Boise, ID 20,500 General safety and 1 worker died due to a Serious
(107232167) (20,500) health provisions; propane explosion when
fire protection and he entered a confined
prevention; space, where the
occupational health atmosphere had not
and environmental been tested, with a
controls; personal lighted torch.
protective and
lifesaving equipment
All American Poly Corp. (13,000 in contracts)
-------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Dunellen, NJ 52,000 Hazardous materials Willful;
(114039639) (20,000) serious
All-Steel, Inc. (B.T.R. PLC; 41,816,000 in contracts)
-------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Montgomery, 22,500 Personal protective Willful;
IL (10,000) equipment serious
(102997434)
West 26,000 Hazardous materials Serious
Hazleton, PA (13,000)
(018226225)
Allied Tube and Conduit (Tyco International, Ltd.; 17,697,000 in contracts)
-------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Philadelphia, 22,800 Occupational health Serious
PA (8,700) and environmental
(017999095) control
Philadelphia, 137,500 Machinery and machine 3 workers lost fingers Willful;
PA (40,000) guarding or parts of fingers, repeat;
(018253054)* and a fourth worker serious
fractured several
fingers. Their fingers
were either crushed or
cut by machinery at
this electric wiring
facility. A fifth
worker was
hospitalized after
being pinned between a
forklift and a parking
cart.
Harvey, IL 20,700 Machinery and machine Serious
(103453387) (12,000) guarding
Aluminum Co. of America (4,785,000 in contracts)
-------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Massena, NY 59,850 Materials handling and Serious
(106991326) (26,910) storage; machinery and
machine guarding
Rockdale, TX 15,000 General duty clause 1 worker died after he Serious
(123431298) (10,000) was crushed inside of
a truck that he
operated for this
metal smelting and
refining plant. The
truck ran off the road
and rolled upside
down, in part because
his vision was
obstructed due to the
truck's design.
Amcor, Inc. (C.R.H. PLC; 342,000 in contracts)
-------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Nampa, ID 20,000 Lockout/tagout Repeat;
(110517984) (11,000) serious
Amoco Gas Co. (Amoco Corp.; 400,000 in contracts)
-------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Texas City, 37,500 (0) All deleted 9 workers were
TX hospitalized for burns
(107491433) due to an explosion of
a natural gas
pipeline.
The Arbors at Fairmont (Arbor Health Care Co.; 948,000 in contracts)
-------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Fairmont, WV 22,950 Bloodborne pathogens Serious
(101176626) (3,475)
Arco Alaska, Inc. (Atlantic Richfield Co.; 239,137,000 in contracts)
-------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Prudhoe Bay, 15,000 Process safety 1 worker was Serious
AK (7,500) management;\c hospitalized and 4
(105867964)# standards of state- other workers were
operated program injured due to a flash
fire in a tank. Sparks
from a welding or
cutting operation
ignited gases in a
pipe that was
inadequately purged at
this petroleum and
natural gas facility.
Asplundh Tree Expert Co. (1,284,000 in contracts)
-------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Columbia, MD 64,950 Electrical 2 workers were Serious
(119539898)# (18,000) hospitalized due to
contact with a light
pole that hit high-
voltage lines when
they were reinstalling
it for this power line
construction company.
AT&T Communications (AT&T; 873,855,000 in contracts)
-------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Danforth, ME 15,750 Special industries Serious
(109797910) (4,875)
Avondale Industries, Inc. (111,789,000 in contracts)
-------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Westwego, LA 22,300 Machinery and machine Serious
(110344983) (9,189) guarding
B.R. Group, Inc. (57,000 in contracts)
-------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Orange, MA 214,000 Machinery and machine Willful;
(102861978)* (50,000) guarding serious
Baldt, Inc. (94,000 in contracts)
-------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Chester, PA 19,500 Lockout/tagout; Serious
(102842192) (1,000) materials handling and
storage; electrical;
hazard communication
standard
Ball Corp. (65,956,000 in contracts)
-------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Columbus, OH 35,000 Machinery and machine
(103343000) (25,000) guarding
Basler Electric Co. (373,000 in contracts)
-------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Corning, AR 30,650 Occupational health Serious
(107705931) (9,975) and environmental
control
Bath Iron Works Corp. (Fulcrum II Limited Partnership; 797,629,000 in contracts)
-------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Bath, ME 3,816,900 Electrical Egregious;
(101450336)* (580,000) willful;
repeat;
serious
Batson-Cook Co. (797,000 in contracts)
-------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Tampa, FL 33,500 Construction; fall Serious
(109609776) (21,775) protection
Baxter Health Care Corp. (Baxter International, Inc.; 12,421,000 in contracts)
-------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Carolina, PR 22,000 Standards of state- Serious
(119461473)# (22,000) operated program
Bell Helicopter Textron, Inc. (Textron, Inc.; 1,201,959,000 in contracts)
-------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Hurst, TX 20,000 Electrical 1 worker was killed
(103375663) (5,000) and another
hospitalized due to
overexposure to
sulfuric acid in a
confined space.
Bender Shipbuilding & Repair Co. (14,749,000 in contracts)
-------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Mobile, AL 65,050 Electrical Serious
(107011207) (33,023)
Berning Construction, Inc. (93,000 in contracts)
-------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Detroit, OR 15,075 Construction; standard Willful;
(123776262)# (7,575) of state-operated serious
program
Bethlehem Steel Corp. (1,729,000 in contracts)
-------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Sparrows 55,000 Walking-working Serious
Point, MD (55,000) surfaces
(119517068)#
Sparrows 17,590 Walking-working Repeat;
Point, MD (8,190) surfaces serious
(104383815)#
Biocraft Laboratories, Inc. (17,000 in contracts)
-------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Paterson, NJ 16,500 Walking-working Serious
(109043141) (10,000) surfaces; means of
egress; hazardous
materials; lockout/
tagout; machinery and
machine guarding
Fairfield, NJ 40,000 Lockout/tagout Willful;
(101484780) (14,750) serious
Bizzack, Inc. (4,500,000 in contracts)
-------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Logan, WV 18,000 Construction Serious
(116242512) (6,500)
Blaze Construction Co. (2,208,000 in contracts)
-------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Pinon, AZ 45,200 Construction Repeat;
(002331478) (24,574) serious
Many Farms, 67,500 Excavations\d Willful;
AZ (31,776) repeat;
(002331486) serious
Blue Bell Creameries USA, Inc. (103,000 in contracts)
-------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Brenham, TX 16,200 Personal protective Serious
(123419905) (8,625) equipment; electrical
Boeing (The Boeing Co.; 1,287,941,000 in contracts)
-------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Defense and 83,225 Machinery and machine Repeat;
Space Group (43,100) guarding serious
Ridley Park,
PA
(018253047)
Commercial 57,700 Standards of state- Serious
Aircraft Co. (26,200) operated program
Everett, WA
(115506081)#
Boise Cascade Corp. (400,000 in contracts)
-------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Rumford, ME 984,900 Special industries; Egregious;
(103392247)* (476,100) electrical willful;
serious
Rumford, ME 602,700 Occupational health Egregious;
(102753969)* (273,900) and environmental willful;
control; hazardous repeat;
materials serious
Horseshoe 82,000 Materials handling and Serious
Bend, ID (7,000) storage
(110502895)
Rumford, ME 21,200 General duty clause; Serious
(109793901) (9,200) walking-working
surfaces; machinery
and machine guarding;
electrical
Boston University (of Boston University Trustees; 7,667,000 in contracts)
-------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Boston, MA 18,925 (0) All deleted
(109124131)
Bowman Apple Products Co., Inc. (148,000 in contracts)
-------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Mt. Jackson, 35,850 Means of egress Serious
VA (9,250)
(105754790)#
Brown & Root (Halliburton Co.; 302,113,000 in contracts)
-------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Deer Park, TX 20,000 Process safety 1 worker died, 2 Serious
(123652505) (5,000) management; personal workers were
protective equipment hospitalized, due to
gas exposure while
doing maintenance work
on a pipeline for this
special trades
contractor.
Browning-Ferris Industries, Inc. (5,623,000 in contracts)
-------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Corpus 18,700 Lockout/tagout Serious
Christi, TX (8,260)
(103579934)
Burns & Roe Services Corp. (Burns & Roe Enterprises, Inc.; 103,403,000 in contracts)
-------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Greenport, NY 25,500 Hazard communication Serious
(108664475) (12,750) standard
Burron Medical, Inc. (B. Braun Melsungen A.G.; 228,000 in contracts)
-------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Allentown, PA 52,850 Toxic and hazardous Serious
(123264145) (28,650) substances
C.H. Heist Corp. (534,000 in contracts)
-------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Oregen, OH 30,000 (0) All deleted
(110294584)
Campbell Soup Co. (12,053,000 in contracts)
-------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Tecumseh, NE 52,000 Means of egress; Serious
(109323105) (26,000) lockout/tagout
Cargill Inc. (Tyson Foods, Inc.; 139,924,000 in contracts)
-------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Buena Vista, 15,300 Toxic and hazardous 1 worker was injured Serious
GA (9,180) substance; hazard when he mixed together
(106514169) communication standard unmarked chemicals
that subsequently
exploded. The worker
was cleaning at this
poultry processing
facility.
Center Core, Inc. (CenterCore Group; 7,575,000 in contracts)
-------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Plainfield, 16,200 Recording and Serious
NJ (9,720) reporting
(113942155)
Centric Jones Construction (Centric Jones Co.; 15,041,000 in contracts)
-------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Aurora, CO 16,650 General duty clause Serious
(100748813) (6,250)
Century Concrete Services, Inc. (1,315,000 in contracts)
-------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Richmond, VA 21,000 Fall protection Serious
(123658890)# (8,875)
Certified Coatings (Certified Coatings of Cal; 260,000 in contracts)
-------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Ogden, UT 29,125 Lead; construction Repeat;
(124620931)# (13,250) serious
Chevron USA (Chevron Corp.; 250,851,000 in contracts)
-------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Port Arthur, 18,850 Bloodborne pathogens Serious
TX (6,100)
(123653255)
Children's Hospital Medical Center (170,000 in contracts)
-------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Cincinnati, 21,250 Hazard communication Serious
OH (7,000) standard
(102592094)
Chomerics, Inc. (Parker Hannifin Corp.; 1,117,000 in contracts)
-------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Hudson, NH 18,000 Machinery and machine Serious
(108781717) (9,125) guarding
Chrysler Motors Corp., K (Chrysler Corp.; 314,074,000 in contracts)
-------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Kenosha, WI 106,600 Machinery and machine Serious
(102347218)* (27,553) guarding; lockout/
tagout
Cincinnati Milacron Resin Abrasion (Cincinnati Milacron, Inc.; 2,968,000 in contracts)
-------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Carlisle, PA 18,000 Machinery and machine Serious
(109025502) (9,310) guarding
Clean Harbors of Kingston, Inc. (Clean Harbors Environmental Services, Inc.; 456,000 in
contracts)
-------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Providence, 156,000 General duty clause 1 worker died because Serious
RI (60,000) his co-workers were
(017945213)* unable to retrieve him
from a tank containing
a chemical sludge when
his air supply ran
low. He was cleaning
the tank for this
facility that provides
refuse collection and
disposal services.
Cleveland Construction, Inc. (31,000 in contracts)
-------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Cincinnati, 39,800 Electrical Willful;
OH (10,000) serious
(103127585)
Colgate-Palmolive Co. (3,734,000 in contracts)
-------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Kansas City, 15,300 Lockout/tagout; Serious
KS (9,690) electrical
(113820021)
ConAgra, Inc. (also owns Longmont Foods; 149,606,000 in contracts)
-------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Boiler Co. 15,000 Special industries Serious
Enterprise, (12,500)
AL
(109246249)
Fresh Meats 35,550 Walking-working Serious
Co. (22,250) surfaces
Omaha, NE
(109318873)
Consolidated Edison Co. of New York (21,053,000 in contracts)
-------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
New York, NY 27,000 Occupational health Repeat
(107197816) (20,250) and environmental
controls
Consolidated Grain and Barge Co. (C.G.B. Enterprises, Inc.; 4,865,000 in contracts)
-------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Mount Vernon, 22,500 Marine terminals Repeat;
IN (10,625) serious
(107139784)
Cornell University Press (Cornell University; 7,764,000 in contracts)
-------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Ithaca, NY 19,100 Walking-working Serious
(113937304) (11,000) surfaces; means of
egress; medical and
first aid; materials
handling and storage;
hazard communication
standard
Coyne Textile Services (Coyne International Enterprises Corp.; 257,000 in contracts)
-------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
New Bedford, 15,000 Electrical Serious
MA (4,000)
(109124958)
Crane & Co., Inc. (69,574,000 in contracts)
-------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Pittsfield, 25,925 Machinery and machine Serious
MA (13,175) guarding; special
(017830456) industries
Croman Corp. (4,336,000 in contracts)
-------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Lumber 48,000 Lockout/tagout Serious
Boise, ID (2,500)
(018168146)
Crowley Maritime Corp. (27,991,000 in contracts)
-------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Maritime 63,500 Occupational health Serious
Corp. (40,500) and environmental
Seattle, WA control
(109421685)
American 40,500 Marine terminals Repeat;
Transport, (24,125) serious
Inc.
San Juan, PR
(106716145)
Crown American (Crown Holding Co.; 994,000 in contracts)
-------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Scranton, PA 15,300 Fall protection Serious
(017623174) (10,000)
Crown Central Petroleum Corp. (also owns La Gloria Oil & Gas Co.; 29,661,000 in contracts)
-------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Pasadena, TX 30,000 Process safety Serious
(123653081) (12,500) management; personal
protective equipment
D.J. Manufacturing Corp. (5,373,000 in contracts)
-------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Caguas, PR 43,750 Machinery and machine Serious
(119466886)# (22,750) guarding; electrical
Dana Corp. (1,550,000 in contracts)
-------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Spicer Axle 41,400 Standards of state- Serious
Division (19,800) operated program;
Fort Wayne, machinery and machine
IN guarding
(115017410)#
Chasis Prod. 21,250 Hazard communication Serious
Oklahoma (11,390) standard
City, OK
(108736869)
Delco Electronics (See General Motors Corp.)
-------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Oak Creek, WI 35,125 Lockout/tagout
(103472049) (6,000)
Dell Computer Corp. (4,163,000 in contracts)
-------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Austin, TX 20,700 Machinery and machine Serious
(123549917) (10,350) guarding
Austin, TX 16,200 Bloodborne pathogens; Serious
(123579559) (8,100) hazard communication
standard
Detroit Diesel Corp. (Penske Corp.; 23,211,000 in contracts)
-------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Detroit, MI 19,500 Standards of state- Serious
(114811748)# (9,750) operated program
Diamond Shamrock Refining & Marketing (Diamond Shamrock, Inc.; 48,880,000 in contracts)
-------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Colorado 31,000 Construction; Serious
Springs, CO (22,500) excavations
(109549055)
Dick Enterprises, Inc. (56,448,000 in contracts)
-------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Shamokin, PA 35,500 Construction Serious
(018227009) (2,300)
Domermuth Petroleum Equipment & Maintenance (J. Myles Group, Inc.; 241,000 in contracts)
-------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
East 18,400 General duty clause Willful;
Syracuse, NY (8,940) serious
(100162056)
Donohoe Construction Companies (Donohoe Companies, Inc.; 11,662,000 in contracts)
-------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Rockville, MD 21,375 Occupational health Serious
(119535847)# (5,250) and environmental
controls
Dreadnought Marine, Inc. (15,272,000 in contracts)
-------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Norfolk, VA 15,125 Hazardous materials; Serious
(123673253)# (6,325) medical and first aid;
machinery and machine
guarding; portable
powered tools and
handheld equipment;
welding, cutting, and
brazing; electrical
Duncan-Smith, Inc. (70,000 in contracts)
-------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Charleston, 19,350 General safety and 1 worker drowned when Serious
SC (12,578) health provisions; he jumped off a barge,
(017419631) personal protective without a life
and lifesaving preserver, because he
equipment; materials was frightened when it
handling, storage, began to rock back and
use, and disposal; forth. The rocking
cranes, derricks, action started when a
hoists, elevators, and sling broke as workers
conveyors; motor were pulling pilings
vehicles, mechanized out of the channel for
equipment, and marine this demolition or
operations wrecking company.
Dunlop Tire Corp. (Sumitomo Rubber Industries, Ltd.; 26,000 in contracts)
-------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Huntsville, 25,000 Machinery and machine 1 worker, at this Serious
AL (7,000) guarding facility which
(108955618) produces tires, died
when he placed fabric
on a rotating
cylinder, got caught
in the machine, and
asphyxiated after
being wound up inside
the fabric.
Duro Bag Manufacturing Co. (118,000 in contracts)
-------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Walton, KY 38,000 Machinery and machine Repeat;
(124595901)# (20,000) guarding serious
Dynalectric (Emcor Group, Inc.; 3,968,000 in contracts)
-------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Perryville, 22,500 (0) All deleted
MD
(102480233)
Dyncorp-Fort Belvoir Division (Dyncorp; 672,931,000 in contracts)
-------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Fort Belvoir, 20,250 Lockout/tagout Serious
VA (10,125)
(017968827)
E.I. DuPont de Nemours & Co. (38,484,000 in contracts)
-------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Niagara 44,700 Recording and Willful;
Falls, NY (8,400) reporting serious
(017816026)
E.T. Lafore, Inc. (7,978,000 in contracts)
-------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Denver, CO 47,100 Excavations Serious
(100744580) (30,000)
Eastern Trans-Waste of Maryland (2,718,000 in contracts)
-------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Washington, 12,000 Excavations Serious
DC (3,000)
(117940098)
Eaton Corp. (95,934,000 in contracts)
-------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Marion, OH 16,575 Confined space;\e Serious
(106127541) (8,050) lockout/tagout
Eltech Systems Corp., Electrode (Eltech Systems Corp.; 223,000 in contracts)
-------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Chardon, OH 25,650 Confined space Serious
(103544557) (13,230)
Emco, Inc. (Mid-South Industries, Inc.; 5,666,000 in contracts)
-------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Gadsden, AL 33,375 Occupational health Serious
(109192997) (30,000) and environmental
control
Empire Kosher Poultry, Inc. (75,000 in contracts)
-------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Mifflintown, 25,000 Machinery and machine Repeat
PA (12,500) guarding
(102699568)
Ethicon, Inc. (Johnson & Johnson; 9,658,000 in contracts)
-------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
San Angelo, 54,150 Lockout/tagout; Serious
TX (29,775) medical and first aid;
(123542706) machinery and machine
guarding; bloodborne
pathogens; hazard
communication standard
Exide Corp. (1,092,000 in contracts)
-------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Salina, KS 23,000 Electrical 1 worker died from Serious
(103163317) (13,500) electric shock while
checking fuses for
this facility which
manufactures storage
batteries.
Exide Electronics Corp. (Exide Electronics Group, Inc.; 68,866,000 in contracts)
-------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Raleigh, NC 56,000 Electrical; lockout/ 1 worker was Repeat;
(111091807)# (56,000) tagout hospitalized, at this serious
company which produces
transformers, due to
electric shock while
cleaning consoles with
liquid cleaners. The
consoles were not
disconnected from the
power supply.
Exxon Oil Co. (Exxon Corp.; 532,123,000 in contracts)
-------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Baytown, TX 15,300 Means of egress;
(109459339) (7,550) machinery and machine
guarding
F & B Manufacturing Co. (127,000 in contracts)
-------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Gurnee, IL 52,000 Hazardous materials; Serious
(102987740) (14,200) machinery and machine
guarding
Federal Paper Board Co. (176,000 in contracts)
-------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Riegelwood, 34,500 Special industries Willful;
NC (17,250) serious
(018518670)#
Riegelwood, 147,000 Special industries; 1 worker died from Serious
NC (7,500) standard of state- electric shock, at
(018518688)*# operated program this pulp and paper
mill, when a boiler
precipitator within
the power plant was
not deenergized before
he entered a confined
space to work on it.
Fletcher Pacific Construction (Fletcher Challenge, Ltd.; 29,300,000 in contracts)
-------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Honolulu, HI 74,600 (0) All deleted
(120659362)#
F.M.C. Corp., Wellhead Equipment Division (F.M.C. Corp.; 494,377,000 in contracts)
-------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Houston, TX 24,225 Machinery and machine Serious
(123553224) (11,750) guarding
Ford Motor Co. (44,130,000 in contracts)
-------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Hazelwood, MO 333,000 Welding, cutting, and Serious
(106547508)* (44,825) brazing; electrical
Lorain, OH 19,500 Walking-working Repeat;
(106123748) (11,500) surfaces serious
The Foxboro Co. (Siebe PLC; 21,094,000 in contracts)
-------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Foxboro, MA 60,000 Occupational health 1 worker died when
(107541567) (60,000) and environmental splashed by hydrogen
control; hazard fluoride while he was
communication standard manually dispensing
the chemical from the
bottom of drum. This
company produces
measuring and
controlling devices.
Frito-Lay, Inc. (Pepsico, Inc.; 18,720,000 in contracts)
-------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Allen Park, 20,400 Standards of state- 1 worker was burned Serious
MI (10,200) operated program while using a high-
(110801305)# pressure steam hot
water hose while
cleaning the potato
peeler equipment at
this food preparation
facility.
Dayville, CT 21,500 Walking-working 1 worker died, at this Serious
(109826248) (11,000) surfaces facility which
produces snack foods,
when his neck was
crushed while making
adjustments to the
waste conveyor system.
He was working alone
at this wastewater
treatment plant.
Granite City, 19,200 (0) All deleted
IL
(103278982)
Fru-Con (Bilfinger & Berger; 18,001,000 in contracts)
-------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Grant Town, 90,500 Excavations Repeat;
WV (42,000) serious
(100595354)
Fruehauf Trailer Corp. (3,336,000 in contracts)
-------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
St. Louis, MO 58,850 Hazard communication Repeat;
(116102088) (18,950) standard serious
Fruit of the Loom, Inc. (414,000 in contracts)
-------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Lexington, SC 15,375 Hazardous materials; Serious
(120477351)# (6,150) machinery and machine
guarding
Gary's Grading and Pipeline Co. (160,000 in contracts)
-------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Lawrenceville 28,350 Excavations 1 worker was injured Serious
, GA (13,000) when a wall of an
(106514367) unshored trench
collapsed. He was
trying to install a
saddle tap for this
pipeline and grading
company.
Gayston Corp. (621,000 in contracts)
-------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Springboro, 15,000 Hazardous materials Serious
OH (5,000)
(103385290)
General Electric Co. (8,710,060,000 in contracts)
-------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Springfield, 42,500 Personal protective Serious
MO (13,125) equipment
(110466034)
General Motors Corp. (also owns Delco Electronics; 2,386,810,000 in contracts)
-------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
BOC Lordstown 27,700 Personal protective Repeat;
Lordstown, OH (15,000) equipment serious
(103217881)
BOC Lordstown 30,000 Electrical Serious
Lordstown, OH (7,500)
(108836552)
Trucks 133,500 Hazardous materials Willful;
Moraine, OH (66,400) serious
(103376422)*
CPC Group 15,000 Hazardous materials; Serious
Oklahoma (6,250) machinery and machine
City, OK guarding
(108743253)
Georgia-Pacific Corp. (2,796,000 in contracts)
-------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Brunswick, GA 19,000 Personal protective Serious
(109006700) (12,664) equipment
Brunswick, GA 45,000 Special industries; Serious
(109006981) (22,331) electrical
Palatka, FL 15,300 Fire protection; Serious
(110133816) (10,125) special industries;
electrical
Mount Wolf, 16,125 Machinery and machine Serious
PA (8,065) guarding
(109029520)
Cedar 32,000 Special industries Repeat;
Springs, GA (19,500) serious
(106213911)
Gold Kist, Inc. By Products (Gold Kist, Inc.; 27,202,000 in contracts)
-------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Ball Ground, 16,100 Machinery and machine Serious
GA (10,600) guarding
(106514383)
Goodyear Tire/Rubber Co. (Shell Co.; 48,462,000 in contracts)
-------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Apple Grove, 22,950 Construction Serious
WV (6,026)
(100781483)
Goulds Pumps, Inc. (154,000 in contracts)
-------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Slurry Pump 45,000 Personal protection Serious
Ashland, PA (27,000) equipment; lockout/
(106464829) tagout; machinery and
machine guarding
Granite Construction Co. (33,293,000 in contracts)
-------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Rockwall, TX 26,550 Electrical; general 1 worker died when a Serious
(103556791) (6,000) safety and health reinforced concrete
provisions panel fell on him
while he was unloading
a semitruck
transporting these
panels to a highway
construction site.
Great Lakes Dredge & Dock Co. (Blackstone Dredging Partners; 63,949,000 in contracts)
-------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Baltimore, MD 18,900 Shipyards Serious
(102480217) (9,450)
Great Plains Coca Cola Bottling Co. (945,000 in contracts)
-------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Oklahoma 17,250 Machinery and machine Serious
City, OK (2,700) guarding
(108740200)
Grove North American, Division of Kidde Industries, Inc. (Hanson PLC; 25,444,000 in
contracts)
-------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Shady Grove, 16,575 Machinery and machine Serious
PA (11,120) guarding
(123177453)
The Gunver Manufacturing Co. (5,077,000 in contracts)
-------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Manchester, 15,050 Hazardous materials Serious;
CT (15,050) failed to
(109829119) abate
hazard
Handy & Harman (1,415,000 in contracts)
-------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Attleboro, MA 18,750 Lockout/tagout; Serious
(109130294) (9,375) machinery and machine
guarding
Hardaway Co., Inc. (Because contract was terminated or modified, net obligations for fiscal
year 1994 are 0 or less.)
-------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
St. 15,000 Commercial diving Serious
Petersburg, (4,000) operations
FL
(109607689)
Harsco Corp., IKG Division (13,338,000 in contracts)
-------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Carlisle, OH 18,000 Machinery and machine Serious
(103385464) (11,175) guarding
Harvard Industries Hayes Albio (F.E.L. Corp.; 18,958,000 in contracts)
-------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Bryan, OH 30,000 Machinery and machine Repeat;
(122085277) (30,000) guarding serious
Hawaii Electric Light Co. (Hawaii Electric Industries; 18,599,000 in contracts)
-------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Hilo, HI 22,500 Standard of state- 1 worker died from Serious
(103885844)# (9,000) operated program electric shock when
disassembling a test
transformer. The
safety indicator was
inoperable so he did
not realize that the
transformer was still
energized.
Hawaii Stevedores, Inc. (85,000 in contracts)
-------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Honolulu, HI 25,000 Materials handling and 1 worker was killed Serious
(110635059) (15,000) storage when a forklift ran
into him as he was
directing another
driver into position
to load and unload
goods on a pier for
this marine cargo
handling company.
Heat Transfer Systems, Inc. (52,000 in contracts)
-------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
St. Louis, MO 16,250 Confined space; Serious
(106546963) (6,000) lockout/tagout;
machinery and machine
guarding
Henkels and McCoy, Inc. (2,752,000 in contracts)
-------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Conshohocken, 20,000 Construction Serious
PA (9,000)
(017871906)
Homer Laughlin China Co. (173,000 in contracts)
-------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Newell, WV 17,500 Bloodborne pathogens Willful
(101179000) (9,000)
Houck Services, Inc. (6,000 in contracts)
-------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Harrisburg, 17,850 Construction Serious
PA (7,500)
(123176414)
Hunter Corp. (38,000 in contracts)
-------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Chesterton, 37,500 Standard of state- Serious
IN (18,700) operated program;
(124059148)# construction
Hussman Corp. (Whitman Corp.; 3,309,000 in contracts)
-------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Bridgeton, MO 15,000 Machinery and machine Serious
(106540446) (5,600) guarding
I.A. Construction Corp. (Colas; 25,795,000 in contracts)
-------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Philadelphia, 19,350 Construction Serious
PA (7,550)
(102845575)
I.B.P., Inc. (47,059,000 in contracts)
-------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Waterloo, IA 23,000 Means of egress; Serious
(115062556)# (7,500) hazardous materials
I.C.I. America (Imperial Americas, which also owns Zeneca Resins; 16,136,000 in contracts)
-------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Tamaqua, PA 19,500 Hazardous materials Serious
(106472160) (6,925)
Idaho Pacific Corp. (32,000 in contracts)
-------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Ririe, ID 23,100 Personal protective Serious
(107234965) (11,550) equipment; hazard
communication standard
Indiana Michigan Power (American Electric Power Co.; 206,000 in contracts)
-------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Rockport, IN 27,500 Standards of state- Serious
(123970188)# (10,000) operated program
Inland Steel Co. (Inland Steel Industries; 599,000 in contracts)
-------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
East Chicago, 59,000 Standard of state- 2 workers were killed Serious
IN (30,725) operated program; when trapped in a fire
(115036386)# hazardous materials; which erupted at this
means of egress coke-making facility.
Their supervisor
killed himself several
days later.
International Paper Co. (23,847,000 in contracts)
-------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Moss Point, 20,500 Hazard communication Repeat;
MS (10,000) standard serious
(101391787)
Natchez, MS 37,500 Recording and Repeat;
(107089484) (18,000) reporting serious
Jay, ME 319,620 Special industries Willful;
(018058123)* (319,620) repeat;
serious
Moss Point, 782,500 Special industries Repeat;
MS (372,000) serious
(101390235)*
Natchez, MS 482,000 General duty clause Repeat;
(102677952)* (240,000) serious
Cordele, GA 15,000 Confined space 1 worker died when he Serious
(106441108) (5,000) entered a drum to
replace a faulty piece
of equipment at this
wood products
facility. The drum,
which was not
deenergized or locked
out, was inadvertently
activated and the
worker fell 14 feet
into the conveyor
system.
J & J Maintenance, Inc. (19,666,000 in contracts)
-------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Norfolk, VA 15,375 Walking-working Serious
(017704875) (9,225) surfaces
J.H. Baxter Facility (J.H. Baxter & Co., a Ltd. California Partnership; 327,000 in
contracts)
-------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Long Beach, 16,630 Standards of state- Serious
CA (2,510) operated program
(112086327)#
Joe E. Woods, Inc. (844,000 in contracts)
-------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
San Carlos, 40,225 Excavations Serious
AZ (10,000)
(102317195)
John Crane, Inc. (T.I. Group PLC; 18,037,000 in contracts)
-------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Morton Grove, 33,200 Hazard communication Repeat;
IL (16,100) standard serious
(102991825)
Judds Brothers Construction Co. (292,000 in contracts)
-------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Ashland, NE 84,000 Excavations
(109317917) (18,000)
Keebler Co. (United Biscuits Holdings PLC; 4,167,000 in contracts)
-------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Grand Rapids, 16,100 Standards of state- 2 workers fractured a Repeat;
MI (4,640) operated program; forearm and a finger, serious
(114801988)# lockout/tagout respectively, while
cleaning conveyors at
this facility that
makes cookies and
crackers.
Klosterman Baking Co. (96,000 in contracts)
-------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Cincinnati, 35,000 Special industries Serious
OH (9,000)
(103032751)
Kohler Co., Mill Division (936,000 in contracts)
-------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Kohler, WI 1,404,300 Recording and Willful;
(103077707)* (35,730) reporting serious
Konica Imaging U.S.A., Inc. (Konica Corp.; 7,312,000 in contracts)
-------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Glen Cove, NY 53,100 Toxic and hazardous Serious
(113921183) (16,792) substances; hazard
communication standard
Kostmayer Construction Co. (547,000 in contracts)
-------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
New Orleans, 27,000 Construction; Serious
LA (13,500) occupational health
(107634032) and environmental
controls
Kraft Food Service, Inc. (Alliant Food Services; 80,005,000 in contracts)
-------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Englewood, CO 23,350 Lockout/tagout Serious
(109547000) (12,200)
Krueger International (60,694,000 in contracts)
-------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Green Bay, WI 17,500 Machinery and machine Serious
(103520318) (6,600) guarding
La Gloria Oil & Gas Co. (See Crown Central Petroleum Corp.)
-------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Tyler, TX 53,250 Walking-working Serious
(103564449) (20,000) surfaces; hazardous
materials; personal
protective equipment;
medical and first aid;
materials handling and
storage; machinery and
machine guarding;
electrical
Tyler, TX 15,000 Toxic and hazardous Serious
(107555567) (3,500) substances
Lady Baltimore Foods, Inc. (38,000 in contracts)
-------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Kansas City, 33,300 Lockout/tagout Serious
KS (11,600)
(113821532)
Lakeside Care Center, Unicare (Crownex, Inc.; 2,183,000 in contracts)
-------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Lubbock, TX 25,500 Bloodborne pathogens Serious
(107410565) (2,025)
Lambda Electronics, Inc. (Unitech, PLC; 1,075,000 in contracts)
-------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
McAllen, TX 26,200 Lockout/tagout Serious
(107431975) (8,249)
Lauhoff Grain Co. (Bunge Corp.; 61,486,000 in contracts)
-------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Danville, IL 39,500 General duty clause 1 worker died and Serious
(103304135) (11,750) another was
hospitalized when
cleaning a grain bin
for this grain mill
products company. Both
workers were drawn
down into the grain
bin, and the first
suffocated.
Lockheed (Lockheed-Martin Corp.; 7,043,395,000 in contracts)
-------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Aeronautical 1,495,560 Personal protective Violations
Systems (1,495,560) equipment; asbestos were
Burbank, CA changed to
(001874445)* unclassifi
ed by an
administra
tive law
judge's
decision.
Engineering & 30,000 Process safety Serious
Science (22,500) management
Houston, TX
(123652711)
Longmont Foods (See ConAgra, Inc.)
-------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Longmont, CO 21,000 Hazard communication Repeat;
(100747476) (15,750) standard serious
Lufkin Industries, Inc. (5,724,000 in contracts)
-------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Lufkin, TX 15,750 Hazardous materials Serious
(123565210) (7,475)
M & K Electrical Co., Inc. (3,000 in contracts)
-------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Pittsburgh, 21,000 Electrical; general 1 worker died from Serious
PA (11,000) safety and health electric shock while
(108755588) provisions; power removing a compactor
transmission and from between two
distribution energized conductors
and inadvertantly
coming into contact
with an energized
line.
M.R. Dillard Construction Co. (1,673,000 in contracts)
-------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Loretto, TN 64,800 Excavations Serious
(114512635)# (12,000)
Marine Hydraulics International (Marine Hydraulics, Inc.; 16,018,000 in contracts)
-------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Norfolk, VA 20,000 Shipyards Repeat;
(102899580) (10,140) serious
Marley Cooling Tower Co., Inc. (United Dominion Industries, Ltd.; 1,907,000 in contracts)
-------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Needville, TX 21,000 Hazardous materials; Serious
(123650103) (5,440) personal protective
equipment; bloodborne
pathogens; hazard
communication standard
Marriott Corp. (Host Marriott Corp.; 2,128,000 in contracts)
-------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Troy, OH 24,000 Personal protective Serious
(103275814) (12,000) equipment
Mason Technologies, Inc. (The Mason Co.-Del; 282,424,000 in contracts)
-------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Ceiba, PR 19,125 Hazardous materials Serious
(106716202) (9,562.50)
Medical Laboratory Automation (36,000 in contracts)
-------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Pleasantville 16,950 Recording and Serious
, NY (11,865) reporting
(110603289)
Medline Industries, Inc. (1,190,000 in contracts)
-------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Mundelein, IL 27,675 Machinery and machine Serious
(103594396) (15,000) guarding
Meinecke-Johnson Co. (6,975,000 in contracts)
-------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Fargo, ND 21,500 Construction Willful;
(107119075) (10,750) repeat
Metric Constructors (Philipp Holzman AG; 36,452,000 in contracts)
-------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Estill, SC 20,800 Excavations Serious
(018112284) (9,200)
Misener Marine Construction, Inc. (Interbain; 9,460,000 in contracts)
-------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Ft. Myers, FL 25,550 Construction Serious
(109711606) (7,200)
Montgomery Elevator (Kone Holding, Inc.; 5,930,000 in contracts)
-------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Tampa, FL 55,000 Electrical Repeat;
(106491350) (14,500) serious
Winfield, KS 18,000 Means of egress; Serious
(103164935) (10,000) lockout/tagout;
medical and first aid;
bloodborne pathogens
Moon Engineering Co., Inc. (7,281,000 in contracts)
-------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Portsmouth, 20,300 Machinery and machine Serious
VA (10,150) guarding
(102899499)
Morrison-Knudsen Corp., Inc. (221,024,000 in contracts)
-------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Yonkers, 70,000 Personal protective Serious
NY (175,000) equipment;
(017651407) construction;
occupational health
and environmental
controls
Mosler, Inc. (Kelso Investment Assoc. IV LP; 1,465,000 in contracts)
-------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Hamilton, OH 37,000 Lockout/tagout Repeat;
(103275830) (21,000) serious
M.S.E. Corp. (1,089,000 in contracts)
-------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Indianapolis, 33,600 Excavations Serious
IN (20,285)
(115006017)#
National Beef Packing Co. LP (15,177,000 in contracts)
-------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Liberal, KS 908,600 Means of egress; Willful;
(106629884)* (483,500) machinery and machine repeat;
guarding serious
National Fruit Produce Co., Inc. (535,000 in contracts)
-------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Winchester, 104,500 Means of egress Repeat;
VA (49,125) serious
(112376587)*#
National Health Laboratories (National Health Labs Holdings; 794,000 in contracts)
-------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Uniondale, NY 123,000 Toxic and hazardous Repeat;
(107355133)* (75,000) substances serious
Neosho Construction (Neosho, Inc.; 6,061,000 in contracts)
-------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Riverside, CA 80,100 Standards of state- 1 worker was Serious
(119959757)# (9,500) operated program hospitalized for head
injuries when he fell
10 feet onto a
concrete floor while
working on reinforcing
a railroad
undercrossing.
New York Telephone Co. (NYNEX Corp.; 5,822,000 in contracts)
-------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
New York, NY 16,995 Fire protection Serious
(108946708) (3,000)
Northern Indiana Pacific Service (NIPSCO Industries, Inc.; 770,000 in contracts)
-------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
South Bend, 22,000 Electrical Serious;
IN (14,250) repeat
(115002420)#
Northwest Enviro Service, Inc. (6,803,000 in contracts)
-------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Seattle, WA 22,275 Standard of state- Repeat;
(111284170)# (10,000) operated program serious
Novinger Group, Inc. (58,000 in contracts)
-------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Harrisburg, 17,800 Electrical 1 worker died of Repeat;
PA (9,000) electric shock when, serious
(109018937) for this plastering
and drywall company,
he mistakenly cut into
electric wiring.
Olin Corp. (346,133,000 in contracts)
-------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
East Alton, 33,750 Hazardous materials; Serious
IL (11,250) lockout/tagout
(103279196)
Packaging Corp. of America (Tenneco Packaging, Inc.; 504,686,000 in contracts)
-------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Griffith, IN 16,500 Confined space Serious
(124068792)# (5,000)
Tama, IA 15,000 Machinery and machine Serious
(115064248)# (4,700) guarding
P.C.L.-Harbert, Joint Venture (P.C.L. Enterprises; 216,000 in contracts)
-------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Denver, CO 32,500 Construction Serious
(100748110) (12,310)
Peace Industries, Ltd. (326,000 in contracts)
-------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Rolling 15,750 Lockout/tagout Serious
Meadows, IL (11,500)
(103592515)
Pennsylvania Power & Light Co. (Pennsylvania Power & Light Resources, Inc.; 4,863,000 in
contracts)
-------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Williamsport, 21,000 General duty clause; 1 worker died of Serious
PA (21,000) power transmission and electric shock when
(109361659) distribution installing underground
electrical conductors
in a new development.
He attempted to
connect a line he
mistakenly thought was
deenergized.
Penrose Hospital (Sisters of Charity Health Care; 232,000 in contracts)
-------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Colorado 51,750 Bloodborne pathogens Serious
Springs, CO (38,813)
(109544643)
Perini Corp. (54,952,000 in contracts)
-------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
New York, NY 94,000 Fall protection Willful;
(106183445) (31,500) repeat;
serious
Piquniq Management Corp. (36,597,000 in contracts)
-------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Kodiak, AK 78,750 Standards of state- Serious
(108542259)# (33,750) operated program
Pizzagalli Construction, Inc. (Because contract was terminated or modified, net obligations
for fiscal year 1994 are 0 or less.)
-------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Hanover, NH 21,675 Electrical
(100856921) (9,500)
PMX Industries, Inc. (13,268,000 in contracts)
-------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Cedar Rapids, 40,000 Fire protection 6 workers were Serious
IA (10,700) hospitalized from
(115054066)# smoke inhalation as a
result of fighting a
fire. Hydraulic oil
caught fire at this
metal smelting and
refining plant.
Professional Ambulance Service (American Medical Response; 712,000 in contracts)
-------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Atlantic 15,750 Bloodborne pathogens Serious
City, NJ (15,750)
(113960538)
P.S.I. Energy-Gibson Generating (Cinergy Corp.; 4,650,000 in contracts)
-------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Owensville, 15,000 Standard of state- 2 workers were Serious
IN (5,620) operated program; hospitalized due to
(108563958)# personal protective burns. 20 workers were
equipment injured, although not
hospitalized, as a
result of smoke
inhalation and cuts
and bruises from
falling debris. These
workers were trying to
fight the fire from a
coal hopper explosion
at this electrical
services facility.
Public Service Co. of Colorado (17,015,000 in contracts)
-------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Pueblo, CO 37,850 Personal protective
(110534286) (28,000) equipment
Pulse Electronics, Inc. (149,000 in contracts)
-------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Rockville, MD 16,575 Lockout/tagout Serious
(119588481)# (6,630)
Purina Mills, Inc. (P.M. Holdings Corp.; 99,000 in contracts)
-------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Macon, GA 18,000 Walking-working Serious
(106513559) (12,000) surfaces; electrical
Oklahoma 35,000 Lockout/tagout 1 worker died when he Willful
City, OK (5,000) got caught in a bag-
(108742081) stacker machine while
trying to free a
jammed pallet without
turning off the power.
He inadvertantly hit a
switch, causing the
machine to recycle at
this animal feed
manufacturing
facility.
Liberal, KS 22,950 Walking-working Serious
(103164372) (13,162.50) surfaces; electrical
Radiation Systems, Inc.-Univer (Comsat Corp. RSI; 40,787,000 in contracts)
-------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Green Bank, 23,000 Cranes, derricks, 1 worked died when he Serious
WV (11,500) hoists, elevators, and fell 120 feet from a
(101174506) conveyors platform that hit an
object and tipped to
the side as it was
being lowered. This
worker and 3 others on
the platform were not
tied off. This company
is a special trade
contractor in the
construction industry.
Ralston Purina Co. (7,388,000 in contracts)
-------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Clinton, IA 49,050 Standards of state- Serious
(115066870)# (8,700) operated program
Redondo Construction Corp. (8,799,000 in contracts)
-------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Mayaguez, PR 18,275 Construction Repeat;
(119487999)# (7,310) serious
Reed & Reed, Inc. (1,359,000 in contracts)
-------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Saint 28,000 Construction
Francis, ME (4,000)
(102748233)
Rehrig International, Inc. (28,000 in contracts)
-------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Richmond, VA 22,550 Machinery and machine Serious
(123656555)# (9,020) guarding
Rensselaer Polytechnic Institute (5,656,000 in contracts)
-------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Troy, NY 62,500 Toxic and hazardous Repeat
(108655804) (8,000) substances
Reynolds & Reynolds Co. (1,402,000 in contracts)
-------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Edison, NJ 19,800 Means of egress Serious
(002119352) (12,000)
Rhone Poulenc Basic Chemical (Rhone-Poulenc, Inc.; 10,693,000 in contracts)
-------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Martinez, CA 195,165 Standards of state- Serious
(111995379)*# (57,485) operated program
Martinez, CA 365,875 Standards of state- 1 worker died and Willful;
(111996526)*# (64,250) operated program another was serious
hospitalized due to
chemical burns when
they mistakenly
extracted a valve,
releasing 80,000
gallons of acid sludge
from a storage tank,
at this industrial
chemicals facility.
Rich Industries, Inc. (90,000 in contracts)
-------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
New 31,500 Electrical; lockout/ 1 worker died from Serious
Philadelphia, (12,800) tagout electric shock when he
OH reached into a press
(103040234) to do maintenance work
and came into contact
with a live electrical
part. This facility
manufactures
protective clothing
for the nuclear
industry.
Richard F. Kline, Inc. (24,000 in contracts)
-------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Cockeysville, 51,775 Construction Serious
MD (4,100)
(119586360)#
R.M.I. Co. (R.M.I. Titanium Co.; 7,577,000 in contracts)
-------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Niles, OH 36,180 Walking-working Repeat;
(105924922) (18,452) surfaces serious
Roadway Express, Inc. (1,900,000 in contracts)
-------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Chicago 17,425 Hazardous materials Serious
Heights, IL (7,600)
(101313252)
Oakville, CT 32,850 Hazardous materials Serious
(109828079) (9,900)
The Roof Doctor, Inc. (Because contract was terminated or modified, net obligations for
fiscal year 1994 are 0 or less.)
-------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Olympia, WA 23,290 Standards of state- Willful;
(111459855)# (8,290) operated program repeat
Rosenburg Forest Products (446,000 in contracts)
-------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Weed, CA 75,000 Standards of state- Serious
(111909560)# (10,000) operated program
Roto-Rooter Services Co. (Roto-Rooter, Inc.; 1,000 in contracts)
-------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Baltimore, MD 30,250 Excavations Serious
(119559649)# (4,525)
Salvation Army (5,714,000 in contracts)
-------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Rockford, IL 28,800 Means of egress; fire Serious
(122098684) (2,880) protection; machinery
and machine guarding;
electrical
Rockford, IL 22,500 Personal protective Repeat;
(122108004) (1,000) equipment; hazard serious
communication standard
Schuck and Sons Construction Co., Inc. (49,000 in contracts)
-------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Indio, CA 56,125 Standards of state- 1 worker was Serious
(112057690)# (1,075) operated program hospitalized when he
fell while working on
a frame house for this
company that builds
residential buildings.
The worker was leaning
out from a 9-foot
height while
attempting to cut a
roof joist when he
slipped and fell to
the cement porch
below.
Sciaba Construction Corp. (267,000 in contracts)
-------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Shelburne 18,200 Construction Repeat;
Falls, MA (7,280) serious
(017826439)
Scott Paper Co. (Kimberly-Clark; 2,875,000 in contracts)
-------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Chester, PA 36,750 Lockout/tagout Serious
(102845120) (27,575)
Sears (Sears Roebuck & Co.; 10,497,000 in contracts)
-------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Auto Center 67,000 General duty clause Serious
Toledo, OH (58,600)
(110274198)
Automotive 16,500 Hazard communication Serious
Center (4,900) standard
Toms River,
NJ
(108665050)
Roebuck & Co. 23,500 Materials handling and Repeat;
Iowa City, IA (7,000) storage serious
(115054561)#
Roebuck & Co. 36,900 Occupational health Serious
Automotive (15,500) and environmental
Springfield, control
MA
(017828617)
Sermetech International, Inc. (Teleflex, Inc.; 11,529,000 in contracts)
-------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Sugar Land, 18,750 Hazardous materials Serious
TX (8,437.50)
(123652174)
Shasta Industries, Inc. (79,000 in contracts)
-------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Phoenix, AZ 71,000 Electrical; 1 worker died from Willful;
(115562290)# (29,500) occupational health burns when trying to serious
and environmental use acetone to remove
controls standing water in a
swimming pool for
which he was preparing
a fiberglass interior
surface. The acetone
vapors in the pool
were ignited when he
switched on a vacuum.
The company is a
special trade
contractor.
Shelby Williams Industries, Inc. (401,000 in contracts)
-------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Morristown, 60,000 Hazardous materials Repeat;
TN (9,200) serious
(114488984)#
Shell Oil Co. (351,290,000 in contracts)
-------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Deer Park, TX 44,675 Process safety 1 worker died and 2 Serious
(123652513) (10,000) management; personal were hospitalized from
protective equipment exposure to gas when
one of them opened the
flange of a pipeline
while they were doing
maintenance work at
this petroleum
refining facility.
Wood River 155,000 General duty clause Serious
Roxana, IL (155,000)
(106552771)*
Shirley Contracting Corp. (3,989,000 in contracts)
-------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Washington, 21,000 Excavations Serious
DC (8,000)
(123503294)
Siemens Energy & Automation (Siemens; 47,791,000 in contracts)
-------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Urbana, OH 60,000 Machinery and machine Serious
(103030086) (21,500) guarding
Signature Flight Support Corp. (14,535,000 in contracts)
-------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Chicago, IL 18,500 Materials handling and 1 worker died when Serious
(103586947) (10,200) storage inflating a tire on a
baggage trailer that
transports luggage to
and from the aircraft.
The tube exploded and
the rim struck the
employee in the face,
causing massive head
injuries. The company
provides airport
terminal services.
Smith & Nephew Dyonics (Smith & Nephew PLC; 589,000 in contracts)
-------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Andover, MA 15,375 Hazardous materials Serious
(109622332) (7,688)
Smith & Wesson Co. (Tompkins Industries; 3,817,000 in contracts)
-------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Springfield, 22,750 Machinery and machine Serious
MA (11,375) guarding; electrical
(102766664)
The Smithfield Packing Co. (Smithfield Foods, Inc.; 2,975,000 in contracts)
-------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Landover, MD 22,500 Electrical
(119587681)# (7,800)
Snyder General Corp. (McQuay International; 557,000 in contracts)
-------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Verona, VA 19,975 Materials handling and Serious
(123702128)# (11,225) storage
Spearin Preston & Burrows, Inc. (51,000 in contracts)
-------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
New York, NY 17,500 Construction Serious
(017777251) (2,500)
S.S.I. Food Services, Inc. (Simplot J.R. Co.; 26,736,000 in contracts)
-------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Wilder, ID 107,000 Lockout/tagout Repeat;
(110516986)* (43,000) serious
Stambaugh's Air Service, Inc. (12,883,000 in contracts)
-------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Middletown, 18,000 Materials handling and 1 worker died and Serious
PA (12,900) storage another was
(109028738) hospitalized when
trying to remove an
engine from an
aircraft. The 4,000-
pound engine dropped
on the chest of the
first worker when the
front chain of the
mechanism used to
remove the engine
broke. The other
worker was struck in
the head by the
mechanism itself.
Stevedoring (Cooper/T Smith Stevedoring, Inc.; 10,299,000 in contracts)
-------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Services of 18,000 Materials handling and Serious
America (9,000) storage
Savannah, GA
(106219967)
Port Cooper 16,900 Longshoring; hazardous Serious
Houston, TX (8,450) materials
(123653958)
Stone Container Corp. (3,214,000 in contracts)
-------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Frenchtown, 65,500 Fire protection Repeat;
MT (60,000) serious
(100568815)
Frenchtown, 75,000 Hazardous materials Serious
MT (41,500)
(107214314)
Jacksonville, 45,000 Walking-working Repeat;
AR (30,000) surfaces; electrical serious
(107605776)
Columbia, SC 28,375 Confined space Serious
(120493994)# (9,350)
Jacksonville, 40,000 Recording and Repeat
AR (3,000) reporting
(110360427)
Stonhard Maufacturing Co., Inc. (R.P.M., Inc.; 473,000 in contracts)
-------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Maple Shade, 17,625 Lockout/tagout Serious
NJ (9,300)
(106741531)
Sun Chemical Corp. (Dainippon Ink & Chemicals, Inc.; 552,000 in contracts)
-------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Cincinnati, 22,500 Walking-working Repeat;
OH (7,000) surfaces serious
(103231833)
Cincinnati, 15,500 Walking-working Serious
OH (7,000) surfaces
(103273041)
Supreme Corp. (Supreme Industries, Inc.; 58,000 in contracts)
-------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Goshen, IN 39,700 Machinery and machine Repeat;
(108646167)# (13,850) guarding serious
Swiftships Freeport, Inc. (Swiftships, Inc.; 2,757,000 in contracts)
-------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Freeport, TX 18,600 General duty clause 1 worker died Serious
(107491011) (1,500) instantly when he was
struck in the head by
a 3-ton exhaust stack
that was being
positioned by a crane
for sandblasting and
painting, after being
removed from a vessel.
This facility is
engaged in
shipbuilding and
repair.
Texaco Refining (Texaco, Inc.; 21,559,000 in contracts)
-------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Los Angeles, 83,500 Standard of state- 10 workers were Willful;
CA (83,500) operated program hospitalized for smoke serious
(112076500)# inhalation and being
struck by falling
debris when a piping
failure led to a
petroleum explosion
and fire at this
petroleum refining
facility.
Tower Construction Co., Inc. (5,022,000 in contracts)
-------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Mililani 24,000 Standard of state- Repeat;
Town, HI (5,250) operated program serious
(103887865)#
Trataros Construction Co. (9,539,000 in contracts)
-------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
New York, NY 17,625 Fall protection Repeat;
(107196248) (11,500) serious
Trident Seafoods Corp. (880,000 in contracts)
-------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Naknek, AK 30,150 Standards of state- Serious
(124072521)# (13,050) operated program
Naknek, AK 16,500 Materials handling and Serious
(109433052) (7,250) storage
Trinity Industries, Inc. (109,805,000 in contracts)
-------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Longview, TX 15,000 Confined space Serious
(109098921) (4,000)
Unifirst Corp. (5,112,000 in contracts)
-------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Springfield, 16,500 Medical and first aid Serious
MA (9,400)
(017828252)
Union Camp Corp. (206,000 in contracts)
-------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Fine Paper 86,250 Hazardous materials; Serious
Division (35,837.50) machinery and machine
Franklin, VA guarding; electrical
(112394796)#
Savannah, GA 20,280 Special industries Serious
(017403627) (14,490)
Union Pacific Railroad (Union Pacific Corp.; because contract was terminated or modified,
net obligations for fiscal year 19
-------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Green River, 15,750 Standards of state- Serious
WY (4,650) operated program
(114619042)#
United Airlines (U.A.L. Corp.; 2,366,000 in contracts)
-------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Elk Grove 27,500 Hazard communication Serious
Village, IL (5,900) standard; fire
(102992112) protection
Elk Grove 39,950 Confined space Serious
Village, IL (10,125)
(103456794)
Executive 95,000 Occupational health Serious
Office (6,500) and environmental
Elk Grove controls
Village, IL
(102992047)
United Parcel Service (United Parcel Service Amer., Inc.; 5,699,000 in contracts)
-------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Mesquite, TX 22,500 Personal protective Serious
(107550857) (19,000) equipment
Commerce 60,000 Corporatewide
City, CO (60,000) settlement agreement
(109550491) regarding emergency
response to hazardous
conditions when
packages are damaged.
Manchester, 30,000 Corporatewide
NH (30,000) settlement agreement
(017902925) regarding emergency
response to hazardous
conditions when
packages are damaged.
Uniondale, NY 142,000 Corporatewide
(108664079)* (142,000) settlement agreement
regarding emergency
response to hazardous
conditions when
packages are damaged.
Buffalo, NY 30,000 Corporatewide
(114098858) (30,000) settlement agreement
regarding emergency
response to hazardous
conditions when
packages are damaged.
Twin 15,000 Corporatewide
Mountain, NH (15,000) settlement agreement
(108783929) regarding emergency
response to hazardous
conditions when
packages are damaged.
Earth City, 17,500 Means of egress Serious
MO (9,975)
(116103722)
Fort Collins, 90,000 Corporatewide
CO (90,000) settlement agreement
(100747146) regarding emergency
response to hazardous
conditions when
packages are damaged.
Hartford, CT 94,025 Corporatewide Repeat;
(123214074) (92,500) settlement agreement serious
regarding emergency
response to hazardous
conditions when
packages are damaged.
Mobile, AL 30,975 Corporatewide Serious
(106092067) (30,975) settlement agreement
regarding emergency
response to hazardous
conditions when
packages are damaged.
Jackson, MS 60,000 Hazardous materials
(018135012) (60,000)
Pinellas 90,000 Corporatewide
Park, FL (90,000) settlement agreement
(109709311) regarding emergency
response to hazardous
conditions when
packages are damaged.
Elmsford, NY 165,000 Corporatewide
(109916726)* (165,000) settlement agreement
regarding emergency
response to hazardous
conditions when
packages are damaged.
East 165,000 Corporatewide
Syracuse, NY (165,000) settlement agreement
(106898208)* regarding emergency
response to hazardous
conditions when
packages are damaged.
Palm Bay, FL 15,000 Corporatewide
(109709279) (15,000) settlement agreement
regarding emergency
response to hazardous
conditions when
packages are damaged.
Austin, TX 15,000 Corporatewide
(123432338) (15,000) settlement agreement
regarding emergency
response to hazardous
conditions when
packages are damaged.
Bryan, TX 60,000 Corporatewide
(123424574) (60,000) settlement agreement
regarding emergency
response to hazardous
conditions when
packages are damaged.
San Antonio, 30,000 Corporatewide
TX (30,000) settlement agreement
(123432254) regarding emergency
response to hazardous
conditions when
packages are damaged.
Linthicum 18,300 Means of egress; 2 workers were Serious
Heights, MD (2,000) personal protective hospitalized from
(119554269)# equipment exposure to hazardous
solvents that leaked
from packages within
the confined space of
an airplane cargo
hold.
Laredo, TX 60,000 Corporatewide
(107434243) (60,000) settlement agreement
regarding emergency
response to hazardous
conditions when
packages are damaged.
Corpus 60,000 Corporatewide
Christi, TX (60,000) settlement agreement
(107433583) regarding emergency
response to hazardous
conditions when
packages are damaged.
Belton, TX 30,000 Corporatewide
(123426421) (30,000) settlement agreement
regarding emergency
response to hazardous
conditions when
packages are damaged.
Miami, FL 141,000 Corporatewide
(110056421)* (141,000) settlement agreement
regarding emergency
response to hazardous
conditions when
packages are damaged.
Deerfield, FL 15,000 Corporatewide
(108995697) (15,000) settlement agreement
regarding emergency
response to hazardous
conditions when
packages are damaged.
United Technologies Automotive (United Technologies Corp.; 2,776,447,000 in contracts)
-------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Columbia 41,000 Machinery and machine Serious
City, IN (16,000) guarding
(114978794)#
Unitog, Inc. (48,000 in contracts)
-------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Warrensburg, 34,200 Toxic and hazardous Serious
MO (4,000) substances;
(115971475) hazard communication
standard
Universal Maritime Service Corp. (Maersk, Inc.; 182,088,000 in contracts)
-------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Port Newark, 18,700 Marine terminals Serious
NJ (4,500)
(017982646)
University of Miami (10,020,000 in contracts)
-------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Fort 17,550 General duty clause; Serious
Lauderdale, (7,200) personal protective
FL equipment; bloodborne
(109689992) pathogens
Valley Design and Construction (266,000 in contracts)
-------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Boise, ID 17,150 Construction Serious
(107234726) (8,575)
Vickers, Inc. (Trinova Corp.; 17,831,000 in contracts)
-------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Omaha, NE 28,500 Lockout/tagout Serious
(109321687) (15,500)
Omaha, NE 24,000 Materials handling and Repeat;
(109322974) (15,000) storage serious
Victory Corrugated Container Corp. (82,000 in contracts)
-------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Roselle, NJ 29,575 Lockout/tagout Serious
(114039951) (16,000)
Vineland Kosher Poultry, Inc. (349,000 in contracts)
-------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Vineland, NJ 31,500 Walking-working Serious
(108666413) (13,300) surfaces; lockout/
tagout; materials
handling and storage;
machinery and machine
guarding; electrical
Vishay Intertechnology, Inc. (47,000 in contracts)
-------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Malvern, PA 43,900 Electrical Serious
(102845518) (12,700)
Volunteers of America of Oklahoma (Volunteers of America, Inc.; 3,416,000 in contracts)
-------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Tulsa, OK 15,000 Bloodborne pathogens Repeat;
(109060137) (5,000) serious
Wabash Valley Manufacturing, Inc. (63,000 in contracts)
-------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Silver Lake, 21,000 Machinery and machine Serious
IN (4,900) guarding
(114974199)#
Waste Management Disposal (WMX Technologies, Inc.; 241,696,000 in contracts)
-------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Phoenix, AZ 63,000 Standards of state- Serious
(115584815)# (9,000) operated program;
means of egress
Weber Aircraft, Inc. (Zodiac, SA; 13,300,000 in contracts)
-------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Gainesville, 28,500 Machinery and machine Repeat;
TX (21,225) guarding; electrical serious
(110372539)
Weight Watchers Food Co. (Heinz, Inc.; 439,000 in contracts)
-------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Wethersfield, 66,000 Machinery and machine Repeat;
CT (42,000) guarding serious
(102794856)
West State, Inc. (W.S., Inc.; 1,310,000 in contracts)
-------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Portland, OR 15,000 Shipyards Serious
(110505344) (2,500)
Westinghouse Electric Corp. (4,595,090,000 in contracts)
-------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Birmingham, 21,925 Confined space Serious
AL (18,300)
(106232804)
Whirlpool Corp. (2,351,000 in contracts)
-------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Evansville, 52,500 Machinery and machine 1 worker was Willful;
IN (26,250) guarding hospitalized, and his serious
(123970469)# hand and forearm
amputated, when he got
caught while manually
feeding coil through a
mechanical power
press. The facility
manufactures household
refrigerators.
Fort Smith, 19,000 Machinery and machine Serious
AR (5,000) guarding
(110354784)
Willamette Industries, Inc. (1,860,000 in contracts)
-------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Moncure, NC 17,500 Standard of state- 1 worker died when an Serious
(111139390)# (6,000) operated program; object, which fell
walking-working from the wall of a
surfaces large vessel he was
cleaning along with
several other workers,
crushed this worker.
The facility
manufactures hardwood
veneer or plywood.
Hawesville, 29,025 Machinery and machine Repeat;
KY (19,350) guarding serious
(123812786)#
Witco Corp. (162,000 in contracts)
-------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Memphis, TN 15,000 Machinery and machine Serious
(120549472)# (15,000) guarding; personal
protective equipment
Yuasa-Exide, Inc. (1,583,000 in contracts)
-------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
San Antonio, 21,600 Walking-working Serious
TX (2,000) surfaces
(123434094)
Zeneca Resins (Imperial Americas; see I.C.I. America)
-------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Wilmington, 17,550 Means of egress; 1 worker was Serious
MA (8,775) hazardous material; hospitalized from
(109620831) fire protection inhaling vapors
released due to
improper storage of
chemicals at this
facility that
manufactures plastics
and synthetic resins.
Although all workers
were evacuated, this
worker went to search
for a co-worker
without using personal
protective equipment.
-------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
*Assessed proposed penalty of $100,000 or more for safety and health
violations.
#Inspection conducted by a state-operated safety and health program.
\a Means of egress refers to requirements that a continuous and
unobstructed way to exit from any point in a building or structure be
provided.
\b Lockout/tagout refers to servicing and maintenance of machines and
equipment to prevent their unexpected start-up, which could cause
injury to employees.
\c Process safety management refers to requirements for preventing or
minimizing the consequences of catastrophic releases of toxic,
reactive, flammable, or explosive chemicals.
\d Excavations refers to requirements for minimizing injuries (from
cave-ins, for example) to employees who are working below the earth's
surface, which would include trenches.
\e Confined space refers to practices and procedures to protect
employees from the hazards of entry into permit-required confined
spaces; for example, tanks, vessels, silos, storage bins, and vaults.
A TOTAL OF 261 FEDERAL CONTRACTORS
ASSESSED SIGNIFICANT PROPOSED
PENALTIES BY OSHA STANDARD
VIOLATED
========================================================= Appendix III
Table III.1 categorizes the 261 federal contractors assessed
significant proposed penalties by the OSHA standard violated. Our
definition of a significant penalty is a proposed penalty of $15,000
or more regardless of the size of the actual penalty recorded when
the inspection was closed (either because the employer accepted the
citation or a contested citation was resolved). The proposed penalty
is the penalty issued by OSHA in the original citation and reflects
the compliance officer's judgment of the nature and severity of
violations, while the actual penalty may be the product of other
factors such as negotiations between OSHA and the company to
encourage quicker abatement of workplace hazards. Because some of
these 261 federal contractors own more than one worksite inspected, a
total of 345 inspections appear in the table. The name of the
federal contractor (or parent company) is identified if it is
different from the name of the worksites where the violations
occurred. The table also includes the location of the worksite
inspected, including the corresponding activity number of the
inspection as assigned in IMIS. Given that there are many different
OSHA standards, we reported those standards in which the greatest
number of violations in the 345 inspections fell. Because more
violations were of general industry standards, we reported these
standards in greater detail. We have identified those 26 inspections
in which a proposed penalty of $100,000 or more was assessed for
safety and health violations with an asterisk that appears by the
activity number of the inspection. Seventy-one inspections conducted
by state-operated safety and health programs are identified with a
special symbol (#) by the activity number of the inspection. The
column of "All other standards" is often marked in inspections
conducted by state-operated programs because the codes used by some
states are different from the codes for federal standards.
Table III.1
OSHA Standards Violated by 261 Federal
Contractors
(Worksite (name of federal contractor if
different))
Shipyard
Toxic s,
and Other marine
Hazardou Machiner hazardou gener terminal All
General Recording Walking- s y and s Hazard al s, other
Location (IMIS duty and working material machine Electr substanc communicat indus longshor Constructi standard
activity number) clause reporting surfaces s guarding ical es ions try ing on s
---------------------- ---------- ---------- ---------- -------- -------- ------ -------- ---------- -- ----- -------- ---------- --------
A.H.A. General Construction
-------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
New York, NY X X
(106934086)
A.A.R. Engine Component Service (A.A.R. Corp.)
-------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Frankfort, NY X X X
(018154542)
A.B.B. Combustion Engineering Nuclear (A.B.B. A.S.E.A. Brown Boveri, Ltd.)
-------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Newington, NH X X X X X X X
(108781816)
Acme Steel Co. (Acme Metals, Inc
-------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Chicago, IL X X X X
(103451274)
Alamo Transformer Supply Co.
-------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Houston, TX X X X X X X X
(107489593)
Albany International Corp.
-------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
East Greenbush, NY X X
(109053272)
Alcan Toyo America (Toyo Aluminum KK)
-------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Lockport, IL X X
(108719063)
Alder Construction Co.
-------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Boise, ID (107232167) X
All American Poly Corp.
-------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Dunellen, NJ X X X X X X X
(114039639)
All-Steel, Inc. (B.T.R. PLC)
-------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Montgomery, IL X X X
(102997434)
West Hazleton, PA X X X X X X
(018226225)
Allied Tube and Conduit (Tyco International, Ltd.)
-------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Philadelphia, PA X X X X X X
(017999095)
Philadelphia, PA X X X X X X
(018253054)*
Harvey, IL (103453387) X X X X X
Aluminum Co. of America
-------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Rockdale, TX X
(123431298)
Massena, NY X X X X X X X
(106991326)
Amcor, Inc. (C.R.H. PLC)
-------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Nampa, ID (110517984) X X X X X X X X
Amoco Gas Co. (Amoco Corp.)
-------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Texas City, TX
(107491433)
The Arbors at Fairmont (Arbor Health Care Co.)
-------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Fairmont, WV X X X
(101176626)
Arco Alaska, Inc. (Atlantic Richfield Co.)
-------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Prudhoe Bay, AK X X
(105867964)#
Asplundh Tree Expert Co.
-------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Columbia, MD X X X
(119539898)#
AT&T Communications (AT&T)
-------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Danforth, ME X
(109797910)
Avondale Industries, Inc.
-------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Westwego, LA X X X X
(110344983)
B.R. Group, Inc.
-------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Orange, MA X X X X X X X
(102861978)*
Baldt, Inc.
-------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Chester, PA X X X X
(102842192)
Ball Corp.
-------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Columbus, OH X
(103343000)
Basler Electric Co.
-------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Corning, AR X X X X X
(107705931)
Bath Iron Works Corp. (Fulcrum II Limited Partnership)
-------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Bath, ME (101450336)* X X X X X X X X X
Batson-Cook Co.
-------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Tampa, FL (109609776) X
Baxter Health Care Corp. (Baxter International, Inc.)
-------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Carolina, PR X X X X X
(119461473)#
Bell Helicopter Textron, Inc. (Textron, Inc.)
-------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Hurst, TX (103375663) X X
Bender Shipbuilding & Repair Co.
-------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Mobile, AL (107011207) X X X X X
Berning Construction, Inc.
-------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Detroit, OR X X
(123776262)#
Bethlehem Steel Corp.
-------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Sparrows Point, MD X X X
(104383815)#
Sparrows Point, MD X
(119517068)#
Biocraft Laboratories, Inc.
-------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Paterson, NJ X X X X
(109043141)
Fairfield, NJ X
(101484780)
Bizzack, Inc.
-------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Logan, WV (116242512) X X
Blaze Construction Co.
-------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Many Farms, AZ X
(002331486)
Pinon, AZ (002331478) X
Blue Bells Creameries USA, Inc.
-------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Brenham, TX X X X X X
(123419905)
Boeing (The Boeing Co.)
-------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Commerical Aircraft X
Co.
Everett, WA
(115506081)#
Defense and Space X X X X X X
Group Ridley Park, PA
(018253047)
Boise Cascade Corp.
-------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Horseshoe Bend, ID X X
(110502895)
Rumford, ME X X X X X X
(102753969)*
Rumford, ME X X X X X X X
(103392247)*
Rumford, ME X X X X X
(109793901)
Boston University (of Boston University Trustees)
-------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Boston, MA (109124131)
Bowman Apple Products Co., Inc.
-------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Mt. Jackson, VA X X X X X X
(105754790)#
Brown & Root (Halliburton Co.)
-------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Deer Park, TX X
(123652505)
Browning-Ferris Industries, Inc.
-------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Corpus Christi, TX X X X X X
(103579934)
Burns & Roe Services Corp. (Burns & Roe Enterprises, Inc.)
-------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Greenport, NY X X X X X X
(108664475)
Burron Medical, Inc. (B. Braun Melsungen A.G.)
-------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Allentown, PA X X X X
(123264145)
C.H. Heist Corp.
-------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Oregon, OH (110294584) X
Campbell Soup Co.
-------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Tecumseh, NE X X X X
(109323105)
Cargill, Inc. (Tyson Foods, Inc.)
-------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Buena Vista, GA X X X X X
(106514169)
Center Core, Inc. (CenterCore Group)
-------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Plainfield, NJ X X X X X X
(113942155)
Centric Jones Construction (Centric Jones Co.)
-------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Aurora, CO (100748813) X
Century Concrete Services, Inc.
-------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Richmond, VA X
(123658890)#
Certified Coatings (Certified Coating of Cal)
-------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Ogden, UT (124620931)# X X
Chevron USA (Chevron Corp.)
-------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Port Arthur, TX X X
(123653255)
Children's Hospital Medical Center
-------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Cincinnati, OH X X X
(102592094)
Chomerics, Inc. (Parker Hannifin Corp.)
-------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Hudson, NH (108781717) X X X X
Chrysler Motors Corp., K (Chrysler Corp.)
-------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Kenosha, WI X X X X X
(102347218)*
Cincinnati Milacron Resin Abrasion (Cincinnati Milacron, Inc.)
-------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Carlisle, PA X X X X X X X X
(109025502)
Clean Harbors of Kingston, Inc. (Clean Harbors Environmental Services, Inc.)
-------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Providence, RI X X
(017945213)*
Cleveland Construction
-------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Cincinnati, OH X
(103127585)
Colgate-Palmolive Co.
-------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Kansas City, KS X X
(113820021)
ConAgra, Inc.
-------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Broiler Co. X
Enterprise, AL
(109246249)
Fresh Meats Co. X X X X
Omaha, NE (109318873)
Consolidated Edison Co. of New York
-------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
New York, NY X X
(107197816)
Consolidated Grain and Barge Co. (C.G.B. Enterprises, Inc.)
-------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Mount Vernon, IN X
(107139784)
Cornell University Press (Cornell University)
-------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Ithaca, NY (113937304) X X X X
Coyne Textile Services (Coyne International Enterprises Corp.)
-------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
New Bedford, MA X X
(109124958)
Crane & Co., Inc.
-------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Pittsfield, MA X X X X
(017830456)
Croman Corp.
-------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Lumber X X X
Boise, ID (018168146)
Crowley Maritime Corp.
-------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
American Transport, X
Inc.
San Juan, PR
(106716145)
Maritime Corp. X X X X X X X
Seattle, WA
(109421685)
Crown American (Crown Holding Co.)
-------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Scranton, PA X X
(017623174)
Crown Central Petroleum Corp.
-------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Pasadena, TX X X
(123653081)
D.J. Manufacturing Corp.
-------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Caguas, PR X X X X X
(119466886)#
Dana Corp.
-------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Spicer Axle Div. X X X X X X X
Fort Wayne, IN
(115017410)#
Chasis Prod. X X X X
Oklahoma City, OK
(108736869)
Delco Electronics (General Motors Corp.)
-------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Oak Creek, WI X
(103472049)
Dell Computer Corp.
-------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Austin, TX (123549917) X X X X X
Austin, TX (123579559) X X X X X
Detroit Diesel Corp. (Penske Corp.)
-------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Detroit, MI X X X X
(114811748)#
Diamond Shamrock Refining & Marketing (Diamond Shamrock, Inc.)
-------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Colorado Springs, CO X X
(109549055)
Dick Enterprises, Inc.
-------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Shamokin, PA X X
(018227009)
Domermuth Petroleum Equipment & Maintenance (J. Myles Group, Inc.)
-------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
East Syracuse, NY X X X
(100162056)
Donohoe Construction Companies (Donohoe Companies, Inc.)
-------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Rockville, MD X X X X
(119535847)#
Dreadnought Marine, Inc.
-------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Norfolk, VA X X X X X X X
(123673253)#
Duncan-Smith, Inc.
-------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Charleston, SC X X
(017419631)
Dunlop Tire Corp. (Sumitomo Rubber Industries, Ltd.)
-------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Huntsville, AL X
(108955618)
Duro Bag Manufacturing Co.
-------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Walton, KY X X X
(124595901)#
Dynalectric (Emcor Group, Inc.)
-------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Perryville, MD X
(102480233)
Dyncorp-Fort Belvoir Division (Dyncorp)
-------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Fort Belvoir, VA X X X X X
(017968827)
E.I. DuPont de Nemours & Co.
-------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Niagara Falls, NY X X X X
(017816026)
E.T. Lafore, Inc.
-------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Denver, CO (100744580) X
Eastern Trans-Waste of Maryland
-------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Washington, DC X
(117940098)
Eaton Corp.
-------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Marion, OH (106127541) X X
Eltech Systems Corp, Electrode (Eltech Systems Corp.)
-------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Chardon, OH X X X
(103544557)
Emco, Inc. (Mid-South Industries, Inc.)
-------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Gadsden, AL X X X X
(109192997)
Empire Kosher Poultry, Inc.
-------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Mifflintown, PA X
(102699568)
Ethicon, Inc. (Johnson & Johnson)
-------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
San Angelo, TX X X X X X X
(123542706)
Exide Corp.
-------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Salina, KS (103163317) X X
Exide Electronics Corp. (Exide Electronics Group, Inc.)
-------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Raleigh, NC X X
(111091807)#
Exxon Oil Co. (Exxon Corp.)
-------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Baytown, TX X X X
(109459339)
F & B Manufacturing Co.
-------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Gurnee, IL (102987740) X X X X X X
Federal Paper Board Co., Inc.
-------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Riegelwood, NC X X X
(018518670)#
Riegelwood, NC X X
(018518688)*#
Fletcher Pacific Construction (Fletcher Challenge, Ltd.)
-------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Honolulu, HI
(120659362)#
F.M.C. Corp., Wellhead Equipment D (F.M.C. Corp.)
-------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Houston, TX X X X X
(123553224)
Ford Motor Co.
-------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Hazelwood, MO X X X X X
(106547508)*
Lorain, OH (106123748) X X X
The Foxboro Co. (Siebe PLC)
-------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Foxboro, MA X X X X
(107541567)
Frito-Lay, Inc. (Pepisco, Inc.)
-------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Dayville, CT X X X X X X X
(109826248)
Allen Park, MI X X X X
(110801305)#
Granite City, IL
(103278982)
Fru-Con (Bilfinger & Berger)
-------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Grant Town, WV X
(100595354)
Fruehauf Trailer Corp.
-------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
St. Louis, MO X X X X X X X
(116102088)
Fruit of the Loom, Inc.
-------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Lexington, SC X X X X
(120477351)#
Gary's Grading and Pipeline Co.
-------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Lawrenceville, GA X
(106514367)
Gayston Corp.
-------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Springboro, OH X X X
(103385290)
General Electric Co.
-------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Springfield, MO X X
(110466034)
General Motors Corp.
-------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
BOC Lordstown X
Lordstown, OH
(103217881)
BOC Lordstown X X
Lordstown, OH
(108836552)
Trucks X X X X X
Moraine, OH
(103376422)*
CPC Group X X X
Oklahoma City, OK
(108743253)
Georgia-Pacific Corp.
-------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Brunswick, GA X X X X
(109006700)
Brunswick, GA X X X X
(109006981)
Palatka, FL X X
(110133816)
Mount Wolf, PA X X X X
(109029520)
Cedar Springs, GA X X
(106213911)
Gold Kist, Inc. By Products (Gold Kist, Inc.)
-------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Ball Ground, GA X X X
(106514383)
Goodyear Tire/Rubber Co. (Shell Co.)
-------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Apple Grove, WV X
(100781483)
Goulds Pumps, Inc.
-------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Slurry Pump X X X X X X
Ashland, PA
(106464829)
Granite Construction Co.
-------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Rockwall, TX X
(103556791)
Great Lakes Dredge & Dock Co. (Blackstone Dredging Partners)
-------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Baltimore, MD X X X
(102480217)
Great Plains Coca Cola Bottling Co.
-------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Oklahoma City, OK X X X X
(108740200)
Grove North American, Division of Kidde Industries, Inc. (Hanson PLC)
-------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Shady Grove, PA X X X X X X X
(123177453)
The Gunver Manufacturing Co.
-------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Manchester, CT X X X X
(109829119)
Handy & Harman
-------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Attleboro, MA X X X X
(109130294)
Hardaway Co., Inc.
-------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
St. Petersburg, FL X
(109607689)
Harsco Corp., IKG Division
-------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Carlisle, OH X X
(103385464)
Harvard Industries Hayes Albio (F.E.L. Corp.)
-------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Bryan, OH (122085277) X
Hawaii Electric Light Co. (Hawaii Electric Industries)
-------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Hilo, HI (103885844)# X
Hawaii Stevedores, Inc.
-------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Honolulu, HI X
(110635059)
Heat Transfer Systems, Inc.
-------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
St. Louis, MO X X X X
(106546963)
Henkels & McCoy, Inc.
-------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Conshohocken, PA X
(017871906)
Homer Laughlin China Co.
-------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Newell, WV (101179000) X
Houck Services, Inc.
-------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Harrisburg, PA X
(123176414)
Hunter Corp.
-------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Chesterton, IN X X
(124059148)#
Hussman Corp. (Whitman Corp.)
-------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Bridgeton, MO X X X X
(106540446)
I.A. Construction Corp. (Colas)
-------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Philadelphia, PA X X X
(102845575)
I.B.P., Inc.
-------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Waterloo, IA X X X
(115062556)#
I.C.I. America (Imperial Americas)
-------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Tamaqua, PA X X X X X X
(106472160)
Idaho Pacific Corp.
-------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Ririe, ID (107234965) X X X X X
Indiana Michigan Power (American Electric Power Co.)
-------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Rockport, IN X
(123970188)#
Inland Steel Co. (Inland Steel Industries)
-------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
East Chicago, IN X X X
(115036386)#
International Paper Co.
-------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Moss Point, MS X X X X X
(101391787)
Natchez, MS X X X X
(107089484)
Cordele, GA X
(106441108)
Jay, ME (018058123)* X X X X X
Moss Point, MS X X X X X X
(101390235)*
Natchez, MS X X X X X
(102677952)*
J & J Maintenance Inc.
-------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Norfolk, VA X X X X X X
(017704875)
J.H. Baxter Facility (J.H. Baxter & Co, a Ltd. California Partnership)
-------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Long Beach, CA X
(112086327)#
Joe E. Woods, Inc.
-------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
San Carlos, AZ X
(102317195)
John Crane, Inc. (T.I. Group PLC)
-------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Morton Grove, IL X X X X X
(102991825)
Judds Brothers Construction Co.
-------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Ashland, NE X
(109317917)
Keebler Co. (United Biscuits Holdings PLC)
-------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Grand Rapids, MI X X
(114801988)#
Klosterman Baking Co.
-------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Cincinnati, OH X X X X
(103032751)
Kohler Co., Mill Division
-------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Kohler, WI X X X X X X X
(103077707)*
Konica Imaging U.S.A., Inc. (Konica Corp.)
-------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Glen Cove, NY X X X X
(113921183)
Kostmayer Construction Co.
-------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
New Orleans, LA X
(107634032)
Kraft Food Service, Inc. (Alliant Food Services)
-------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Englewood, CO X X X X
(109547000)
Krueger International
-------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Green Bay, WI X X X
(103520318)
La Gloria Oil & Gas Co. (Crown Central Petroleum Corp.)
-------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Tyler, TX (107555567) X
Tyler, TX (103564449) X X X X X
Lady Baltimore Foods, Inc.
-------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Kansas City, KS X X X X X
(113821532)
Lakeside Care Center, Unicare (Crownex, Inc.)
-------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Lubbock, TX X X X X X
(107410565)
Lambda Electronics, Inc. (Unitech, PLC)
-------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
McAllen, TX X X X
(107431975)
Lauhoff Grain Co. (Bunge Corp.)
-------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Danville, IL X X X X X X X
(103304135)
Lockheed (Lockheed-Martin Corp.)
-------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Aeronautical Systems X X X X X X X X
(001874445)*
Engineering & Science X X
(123652711)
Longmont Foods (ConAgra, Inc.)
-------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Longmont, CO X
(100747476)
Lufkin Industries, Inc.
-------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Lufkin, TX (123565210) X X
M & K Electrical Co., Inc.
-------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Pittsburgh, PA X
(108755588)
M.R. Dillard Construction Co.
-------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Loretto, TN X
(114512635)#
Marine Hydraulics International (Marine Hydraulics, Inc.)
-------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Norfolk, VA X X X X X
(102899580)
Marley Cooling Tower Co., Inc. (United Dominion Industries, Ltd.)
-------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Needville, TX X X X X
(123650103)
Marriott Corp. (Host Marriott Corp.)
-------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Troy, OH (103275814) X X
Mason Technologies, Inc. (The Mason Co.-Del)
-------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Ceiba, PR (106716202) X X X X X
Medical Laboratory Automation
-------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Pleasantville, NY X X X X X
(110603289)
Medline Industries, Inc.
-------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Mundelein, IL X X X
(103594396)
Meinecke-Johnson Co.
-------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Fargo, ND (107119075) X
Metric Constructors (Philipp Holzman A.G.)
-------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Estill, SC (018112284) X
Misener Marine Construction, Inc. (Interbain)
-------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Ft. Myers, FL X
(109711606)
Montgomery Elevator (Kone Holding, Inc.)
-------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Winfield, KS X X X
(103164935)
Tampa, FL (106491350) X
Moon Engineering Co., Inc.
-------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Portsmouth, VA X X X X X
(102899499)
Morrison-Knudsen Corp., Inc.
-------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Yonkers, NY X X X
(017651407)
Mosler, Inc. (Kelso Investment Assoc. IV LP)
-------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Hamilton, OH X X
(103275830)
M.S.E. Corp.
-------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Indianapolis, IN X X
(115006017)#
National Beef Packing Co. LP
-------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Liberal, KS X X X X X X
(106629884)*
National Fruit Produce Co., Inc.
-------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Winchester, VA X X X X X X X X
(112376587)*#
National Health Laboratories (National Health Labs Holdings)
-------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Uniondale, NY X
(107355133)*
Neosho Construction (Neosho, Inc.)
-------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Riverside, CA X
(119959757)#
New York Telephone Co. (NYNEX Corp.)
-------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
New York, NY X X X X
(108946708)
Northern Indiana Public Service (NIPSCO Industries, Inc.)
-------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
South Bend, IN X X
(115002420)#
Northwest Enviro Service, Inc.
-------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Seattle, WA X
(111284170)#
Novinger Group
-------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Harrisburg, PA X
(109018937)
Olin Corp.
-------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
East Alton, IL X X
(103279196)
Packaging Corp. of America (Tenneco Packaging, Inc.)
-------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Griffith, IN X
(124068792)#
Tama, IA (115064248)# X X X X
P.C.L.-Harbert, Joint Venture (P.C.L. Enterprises)
-------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Denver, CO (100748110) X
Peace Industries, Ltd.
-------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Rolling Meadows, IL X X X X X
(103592515)
Pennsylvania Power & Light Co. (Pennsylvania Power & Light Resources, Inc.)
-------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Williamsport, PA X X
(109361659)
Penrose Hospital (Sisters of Charity Health Care)
-------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Colorado Springs, CO X X
(109544643)
Perini Corp.
-------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
New York, NY X
(106183445)
Piquniq Management Corp.
-------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Kodiak, AK X
(108542259)#
Pizzagalli Construction, Inc.
-------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Hanover, NH X
(100856921)
PMX Industries, Inc.
-------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Cedar Rapids, IA X
(115054066)#
Professional Ambulance Service (American Medical Response)
-------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Atlantic City, NJ X X X X
(113960538)
P.S.I. Energy-Gibson Generating (Cinergy Corp.)
-------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Owensville, IN X X
(108563958)#
Public Service Co. of Colorado
-------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Pueblo, CO (110534286) X X
Pulse Electronics, Inc.
-------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Rockville, MD X X X X X X
(119588481)#
Purina Mills, Inc. (P.M. Holdings Corp.)
-------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Macon, GA (106513559) X X X X
Liberal, KS X X X X
(103164372)
Oklahoma City, OK X
(108742081)
Radiation Systems, Inc.-Univer (Comsat Corp. RSI)
-------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Green Bank, WV X
(101174506)
Ralston Purina Co.
-------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Clinton, IA X X X X X X
(115066870)#
Redondo Construction Corp.
-------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Mayaguez, PR X
(119487999)#
Reed & Reed, Inc.
-------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Saint Francis, ME X
(102748233)
Rehrig International, Inc.
-------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Richmond, VA X X X X X X
(123656555)#
Rensselaer Polytechnic Institute
-------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Troy, NY (108655804) X
Reynolds & Reynolds Co.
-------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Edison, NJ (002119352) X X X
Rhone Poulenc Basic Chemical (Rhone-Poulenc, Inc.)
-------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Martinez, CA X
(111995379)*#
Martinez, CA X
(111996526)*#
Rich Industries, Inc.
-------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
New Philadelphia, OH X X X
(103040234)
Richard F. Kline, Inc.
-------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Cockeysville, MD X
(119586360)#
R.M.I. Co.
-------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Niles, OH (105924922) X X X X X X
Roadway Express, Inc.
-------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Chicago Heights, IL X X X X
(101313252)
Oakville, CT X X
(109828079)
The Roof Doctor, Inc.
-------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Olympia, WA X
(111459855)#
Roseburg Forest Products
-------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Weed, CA (111909560)# X
Roto-Rooter Services Co. (Roto-Rooter, Inc.)
-------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Baltimore, MD X X X
(119559649)#
Salvation Army
-------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Rockford, IL X X X X X
(122098684)
Rockford, IL X X X
(122108004)
Schuck and Sons Construction Co., Inc.
-------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Indio, CA (112057690)# X
Sciaba Construction Corp.
-------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Shelburne Falls, MA X X
(017826439)
Scott Paper Co. (Kimberly-Clark)
-------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Chester, PA X X X X X
(102845120)
Sears (Sears Roebuck & Co.)
-------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Auto Center X X
Toledo, OH (110274198)
Automotive Center X X X
Toms River, NJ
(108665050)
Roebuck & Co. X X
Iowa City, IA
(115054561)#
Roebuck & Co. X X X X
Automotive
Springfield, MA
(017828617)
Sermetech International, Inc. (Teleflex, Inc.)
-------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Sugar Land, TX X X X X
(123652174)
Shasta Industries, Inc.
-------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Phoenix, AZ X
(115562290)#
Shelby Williams Industries, Inc.
-------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Morristown, TN X X X
(114488984)#
Shell Oil Co.
-------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Deer Park, TX X X X
(123652513)
Wood River X X X X X X
Roxana, IL
(106552771)*
Shirley Contracting Corp.
-------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Washington, DC X
(123503294)
Siemens Energy & Automation (Siemens)
-------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Urbana, OH (103030086) X X
Signature Flight Support Corp.
-------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Chicago, IL X X X
(103586947)
Smith & Nephew Dyonics (Smith & Nephew PLC)
-------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Andover, MA X X X X
(109622332)
Smith & Wesson Co. (Tompkins Industries)
-------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Springfield, MA X X X X
(102766664)
The Smithfield Packing Co. (Smithfield Foods, Inc.)
-------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Landover, MD X X X X X X X
(119587681)#
Snyder General Corp. (McQuay International)
-------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Verona, VA X X X X X X
(123702128)#
Spearin Preston & Burrows, Inc.
-------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
New York, NY X
(017777251)
S.S.I. Food Services, Inc. (Simplot J.R. Co.)
-------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Wilder, ID X X
(110516986)*
Stambaugh's Air Service, Inc.
-------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Middletown, PA X X X
(109028738)
Stevedoring (Cooper/T Smith Stevedoring, Inc.)
-------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Services of America X
Savannah, GA
(106219967)
Port Cooper X X
Houston, TX
(123653958)
Stone Container Corp.
-------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Jacksonville, AR X X X X X
(107605776)
Jacksonville, AR X
(110360427)
Frenchtown, MT X X X X X X X
(100568815)
Frenchtown, MT X X X
(107214314)
Columbia, SC X X X X X X
(120493994)#
Stonhard Manufacturing Co., Inc. (R.P.M., Inc.)
-------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Maple Shade, NJ X X X X X X
(106741531)
Sun Chemical Corp. (Dainippon Ink & Chemicals, Inc.)
-------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Cincinnati, OH X X X
(103231833)
Cincinnati, OH X
(103273041)
Supreme Corp. (Supreme Industries, Inc.)
-------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Goshen, IN X X X X X X
(108646167)#
Swiftships Freeport, Inc. (Swiftships, Inc.)
-------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Freeport, TX X X
(107491011)
Texaco Refining (Texaco, Inc.)
-------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Los Angeles, CA X
(112076500)#
Tower Construction Co., Inc.
-------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Mililani Town, HI X
(103887865)#
Trataros Construction Co.
-------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
New York, NY X X
(107196248)
Trident Seafoods Corp.
-------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Naknek, AK (109433052) X X X X
Naknek, AK X
(124072521)#
Trinity Industries, Inc.
-------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Longview, TX X
(109098921)
Unifirst Corp.
-------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Springfield, MA X X X X X X
(017828252)
Union Camp Corp.
-------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Fine Paper Division X X X X X X
Franklin, VA
(112394796)#
Savannah, GA X X X X X X X
(017403627)
Union Pacific Railroad (Union Pacific Corp.)
-------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Green River, WY X
(114619042)#
United Airlines (U.A.L. Corp.)
-------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Elk Grove Village, IL X X X X X
(102992112)
Elk Grove Village, IL X X X X
(103456794)
Executive Office X
Elk Grove Village, IL
(102992047)
United Parcel Service (United Parcel Service Amer., Inc.)
-------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Mobile, AL (106092067) X X
Commerce City, CO X
(109550491)
Fort Collins, CO X
(100747146)
Hartford, CT X X X
(123214074)
Palm Bay, FL X
(109709279)
Pinellas Park, FL X
(109709311)
Earth City, MO X
(116103722)
Jackson, MS X
(018135012)
Manchester, NH X
(017902925)
Twin Mountain, NH X
(108783929)
Buffalo, NY X
(114098858)
East Syracuse, NY X
(106898208)*
Elmsford, NY X
(109916726)*
Uniondale, NY X
(108664079)*
Austin, TX (123432338) X
Mesquite, TX X
(107550857)
Deerfield, FL X
(108995697)
Miami, FL (110056421)* X
Linthicum Heights, MD X
(119554269)#
Belton, TX (123426421) X
Bryan, TX (123424574) X
Corpus Christi, TX X
(107433583)
Laredo, TX (107434243) X
San Antonio, TX X
(123432254)
United Technologies Automotive (United Technologies Corp.)
-------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Columbia City, IN X X X X X
(114978794)#
Unitog, Inc.
-------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Warrensburg, MO X X X X X
(115971475)
Universal Maritime Service Corp. (Maersk, Inc.)
-------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Port Newark, NJ X X
(017982646)
University of Miami
-------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Fort Lauderdale, FL X X X
(109689992)
Valley Design and Construction
-------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Boise, ID (107234726) X
Vickers, Inc. (Trinova Corp.)
-------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Omaha, NE (109321687) X X X X X
Omaha, NE (109322974) X X X X
Victory Corrugated Container Corp.
-------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Roselle, NJ X X X X
(114039951)
Vineland Kosher Poultry, Inc.
-------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Vineland, NJ X X X X X X
(108666413)
Vishay Intertechnology, Inc.
-------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Malvern, PA X X X X X
(102845518)
Volunteers of America of Oklahoma (Volunteers of America, Inc.)
-------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Tulsa, OK (109060137) X
Wabash Valley Manufacturing, Inc.
-------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Silver Lake, IN X X X X
(114974199)#
Waste Management Disposal (W.M.X. Technologies, Inc.)
-------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Phoenix, AZ X X X
(115584815)#
Weber Aircraft, Inc. (Zodiac, SA)
-------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Gainesville, TX X X X X
(110372539)
Weight Watchers Food Co. (Heinz, Inc.)
-------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Wethersfield, CT X X X X X
(102794856)
West State, Inc. (W.S., Inc.)
-------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Portland, OR X
(110505344)
Westinghouse Electric Corp.
-------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Birmingham, AL X X X X
(106232804)
Whirlpool Corp.
-------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Fort Smith, AR X X
(110354784)
Evansville, IN X
(123970469)#
Willamette Industries, Inc.
-------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Hawesville, KY X X X X
(123812786)#
Moncure, NC X X X
(111139390)#
Witco Corp.
-------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Memphis, TN X X X
(120549472)#
Yuasa-Exide, Inc.
-------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
San Antonio, TX X X X X X
(123434094)
Zeneca Resins (Imperial Americas)
-------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Wilmington, MA X X
(109620831)
-------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Note: Toxic and hazardous substances include asbestos, lead, and
bloodborne pathogens.
*Assessed proposed penalty of $100,000 or more for safety and health
violations.
#Inspection conducted by a state-operated safety and health program.
FATALITIES AND INJURIES ASSOCIATED
WITH INSPECTIONS INVOLVING 50
FEDERAL CONTRACTORS
========================================================== Appendix IV
Table IV.1 identifies the 50 federal contractors that were assessed
significant proposed penalties in an OSHA inspection in which a
fatality or injury occurred. The location of the worksite inspected
and the corresponding activity number for the inspection, as assigned
in IMIS, are provided. The name of the federal contractor (or parent
company) is identified if it is different from the name of the
worksite where the violations occurred. In describing the fatality
or injury, we referred to investigation summaries submitted by OSHA
compliance officers or follow-up calls to area OSHA offices when
other data in IMIS indicated an accident had occurred but no summary
was available. The accident segment of IMIS provided counts for
fatalities and injuries, which we supplemented with information
obtained through our follow-up calls. We have reported only those
standards violated that are associated with the highest actual
penalty as well as standards that reportedly contributed to a
fatality or injury when different from the former. Regardless,
factors other than a company's OSHA violations may have contributed
to some of these fatalities or injuries, such as misjudgments by the
worker or the worker's failure to follow company safety practices.
We have identified those inspections in which a proposed penalty of
$100,000 or more was assessed with an asterisk and those inspections
conducted by state-operated safety and health programs with a special
symbol (#).
Table IV.1
Fatalities and Injuries Associated With
Inspections Involving 50 Federal
Contractors
(Worksite (name of federal contractor if
different))
OSHA standard
Location of violated
inspection Hospitali Non- associated with
(IMIS activity Fatalitie zed hospitalize Description of fatality highest actual
number) s injuries d injuries or injury penalty
----------------- --------- --------- ----------- -- ------------------------ ----------------
A.H.A. General Construction
----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
New York, NY 5 5 workers were Demolition
(106934086) hospitalized due to fall
when floor of building,
which was not shored or
braced, collapsed during
demolition.
Acme Steel Co. (Acme Metals, Inc.)
----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Chicago, IL 1 1 1 worker died, another Means of
(103451274) was hospitalized, from egress;\a
exposure to blast hazardous
furnace gas due to materials;
equipment failure at a personal
steel mill. protective
equipment;
general
environmental
controls
lockout/
tagout;\b
toxic and
hazardous
substances
Albany International Corp.
----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
East Greenbush, 1 1 worker was Lockout/tagout
NY hospitalized and died 4
(109053272) days later after being
crushed in a weaving
loom at this textile
plant.
Alcan Toyo America (Toyo Aluminum KK)
----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Lockport, IL 1 1 worker died from burns General duty
(108719063) when a mixer containing clause;
aluminum powder exploded personal
at this primary metals protective
production plant. equipment
Alder Construction, Inc.
----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Boise, ID 1 1 worker died due to a General safety
(107232167) propane explosion when and health
he entered a confined provisions;
space, where the fire protection
atmosphere had not been and prevention;
tested, with a lighted occupational
torch. health and
environmental
controls;
personal
protective and
lifesaving
equipment
Allied Tube and Conduit (Tyco International, Ltd.)
----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Philadelphia, PA 5 3 workers lost fingers Machinery and
(018253054)* or parts of fingers, and machine guarding
a fourth worker
fractured several
fingers. Their fingers
were either crushed or
cut by machinery at this
electric wiring
facility. A fifth worker
was hospitalized after
being pinned between a
forklift and a parking
cart.
Aluminum Co. of America
----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Rockdale, TX 1 1 worker died after he General duty
(123431298) was crushed inside of a clause
truck which he operated
for this metal smelting
and refining plant. The
truck ran off the road
and rolled upside down,
in part because his
vision was obstructed
due to the truck's
design.
Amoco Gas Co. (Amoco Corp.)
----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Texas City, TX 9 9 workers were All deleted
(107491433) hospitalized for burns
due to an explosion of a
natural gas pipeline.
Arco Alaska, Inc. (Atlantic Richfield Co.)
----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Prudhoe Bay, AK 1 4 1 worker was Process safety
(105867964)# hospitalized and 4 other management;\c
workers were injured due standards of
to a flash fire in a state-operated
tank. Sparks from a program
welding or cutting
operation ignited gases
in a pipe that was
inadequately purged at
this petroleum and
natural gas facility.
Asplundh Tree Expert Co.
----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Columbia, MD 2 2 workers were Electrical
(119539898)# hospitalized due to
contact with a light
pole that hit high
voltage lines when they
were reinstalling the
pole for this power line
construction company.
Bell Helicopter Textron, Inc. (Textron, Inc.)
----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Hurst, TX 1 1 1 worker was killed and Electrical
(103375663) another hospitalized due
to overexposure to
sulfuric acid in a
confined space.
Brown & Root (Halliburton Co.)
----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Deer Park, TX 1 2 1 worker died, 2 workers Process safety
(123652505) were hospitalized, due management;
to gas exposure while personal
doing maintenance work protective
on a pipeline for this equipment
special trades
contractor.
Cargill, Inc. (Tyson Foods, Inc.)
----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Buena Vista, GA 1 1 worker was injured Toxic and
(106514169) when he mixed together hazardous
unmarked chemicals that substance;
subsequently exploded. hazard
The worker was cleaning communication
at this poultry standard
processing facility.
Clean Harbors of Kingston, Inc. (Clean Harbors Environmental Services, Inc.)
----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Providence, RI 1 1 worker died because General duty
(017945213)* his co-workers were clause
unable to retrieve him
from a tank containing a
chemical sludge when his
air supply ran low. He
was cleaning the tank
for this facility that
provides refuse
collection and disposal
services.
Duncan-Smith, Inc.
----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Charleston, SC 1 1 worker drowned when he General safety
(017419631) jumped off a barge and health
without a life preserver provisions;
because he was personal
frightened when it began protective and
to rock back and forth. life saving
The rocking action equipment;
started when a sling materials
broke as workers were handling,
pulling pilings out of storage, use,
the channel for this and disposal;
demolition and wrecking cranes,
company. derricks,
hoists,
elevators, and
conveyors; motor
vehicles,
mechanized
equipment, and
marine
operations
Dunlop Tire Corp. (Sumitomo Rubber Industries, Ltd.)
----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Huntsville, AL 1 1 worker, at this Machinery and
(108955618) facility which produces machine guarding
tires, died when he
placed fabric on a
rotating cylinder, got
caught in the machine,
and asphyxiated after
being wound up inside
the fabric.
Exide Corp.
----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Salina, KS 1 1 worker died from Electrical
(103163317) electric shock while
checking fuses for this
facility, which
manufactures storage
batteries.
Exide Electronics Corp. (Exide Electronics Group, Inc.)
----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Raleigh, NC 1 1 worker was Electrical;
(111091807)# hospitalized, at this lockout/tagout
company which produces
transformers, due to
electric shock while
cleaning consoles with a
liquid cleaner. The
consoles were not
disconnected from the
power supply.
Federal Paper Board Co., Inc.
----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Riegelwood, NC 1 1 worker died from Special
(018518688)*# electric shock, at this industries;
pulp and paper mill, standard of
when a boiler state-operated
precipitator within the program
power plant was not
deenergized before he
entered a confined space
to work on it.
The Foxboro Co. (Siebe PLC)
----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Foxboro, MA 1 1 worker died when Occupational
(107541567) splashed by hydrogen health and
fluoride while he was environmental
manually dispensing the control; hazard
chemical from the bottom communication
of the drum. This standard
company produces
measuring and
controlling devices.
Frito-Lay, Inc. (Pepisco, Inc.)
----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Allen Park, MI 1 1 worker was burned Standards of
(110801305)# while using a high state-operated
pressure steam hot water program
hose while cleaning the
potato peeler equipment
at this food preparation
facility.
Dayville, CT 1 1 worker died, at this Walking-working
(109826248) facility which produces surfaces
snack foods, when his
neck was crushed while
making adjustments to
the waste conveyor
system. He was working
alone at this wastewater
treatment plant.
Gary's Grading and Pipeline Co.
----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Lawrenceville, 1 1 worker was injured Excavations\d
GA when a wall of an
(106514367) unshored trench
collapsed. He was trying
to install a saddle tap
for this grading and
pipeline company.
Granite Construction Co.
----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Rockwall, TX 1 1 worker died when a Electrical;
(103556791) reinforced concrete general safety
panel fell on him while and health
he was unloading a provisions
semitruck transporting
these panels to a
highway construction
site.
Hawaii Electric Light Co., Inc. (Hawaii Electric Industries)
----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Hilo, HI 1 1 worker died from Standard of
(103885844)# electric shock when state-operated
disassembling a test program
transformer. The safety
indicator was inoperable
so he did not realize
that the transformer was
still energized.
Hawaii Stevedores, Inc.
----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Honolulu, HI 1 1 worker was killed when Materials
(110635059) a forklift ran into him handling and
as he was directing storage
another driver into
position to load and
unload goods on a pier
for this marine cargo
handling company.
Inland Steel Co. (Inland Steel Industries)
----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
East Chicago, IN 3 2 workers were killed Standards of
(115036386)# when trapped in a fire state-operated
that erupted at this program;
coke-making facility. hazardous
Their supervisor killed materials; means
himself several days of egress
later.
International Paper Co.
----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Cordele, GA 1 1 worker died when he Confined space\e
(106441108) entered a drum to
replace a faulty piece
of equipment at this
wood products facility.
The drum, which was not
deenergized or locked
out, was inadvertently
activated and the worker
fell 14 feet into the
conveyor system.
Keebler Co. (United Biscuits Holdings PLC)
----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Grand Rapids, MI 2 2 workers fractured a Standards of
(114801988)# forearm and a finger, state-operated
respectively, while program;
cleaning conveyors at lockout/tagout
this facility which
makes cookies and
crackers.
Lauhoff Grain Co., Inc. (Bunge Corp.)
----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Danville, IL 1 1 1 worker died and General duty
(103304135) another was hospitalized clause
when cleaning a grain
bin for this grain mill
products company. Both
workers were drawn down
into the grain bin, and
the first suffocated.
M & K Electrical Co., Inc.
----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Pittsburgh, PA 1 1 worker died from Electical;
(108755588) electric shock while general safety
removing a compactor and health
from between two provisions;
energized conductors and power
inadvertently coming transmission and
into contact with an distribution
energized line.
Neosho Construction (Neosho, Inc.)
----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Riverside, CA 1 1 worker was Standards of
(119959757)# hospitalized for head state-operated
injuries when he fell 10 program
feet onto a concrete
floor while working on
reinforcing a railroad
undercrossing.
Novinger Group
----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Harrisburg, PA 1 1 worker died of Electrical
(109018937) electric shock when, for
this plastering and
drywall company, he
mistakenly cut into
electrical wiring.
Pennsylvania Power & Light Co. (Pennsylvania Power & Light Resources, Inc.)
----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Williamsport, PA 1 1 worker died of General duty
(109361659) electric shock when clause; power
installing underground transmission and
electrical conductors in distribution
a new development. He
attempted to connect a
line he mistakenly
thought was deenergized.
P.M.X. Industries, Inc.
----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Cedar Rapids, IA 6 6 workers were Fire protection
(115054066)# hospitalized from smoke
inhalation as a result
of fighting a fire.
Hydraulic oil caught
fire at this metal
smelting and refining
plant.
P.S.I. Energy-Gibson Generating (Cinergy Corp.)
----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Owensville, IN 2 20 2 workers were Standard of
(108563958)# hospitalized due to state-operated
burns. 20 workers were program;
injured, although not personal
hospitalized, as a protective
result of smoke equipment
inhalation and cuts and
bruises from falling
debris. These workers
were trying to fight the
fire from a coal hopper
explosion at this
electrical services
facility.
Purina Mills, Inc. (PM Holdings Corp.)
----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Oklahoma City, 1 1 worker died when he Lockout/tagout
OK got caught in a bag-
(108742081) stacker machine while
trying to free a jammed
pallet without turning
off the power. He
inadvertently hit a
switch, causing the
machine to recycle at
this animal feed
manufacturing facility.
Radiation Systems, Inc.-Univer (Comsat Corp. RSI)
----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Green Bank, WV 1 1 worked died when he Cranes,
(101174506) fell 120 feet from a derricks,
platform that hit an hoists,
object and tipped to the elevators, and
side as it was being conveyors
lowered. This worker and
3 others on the platform
were not tied off. This
company is a special
trades contractor in the
construction industry.
Rhone Poulenc Basic Chemicals (Rhone-Poulenc, Inc.)
----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Martinez, CA 1 1 1 worker died and Standards of
(111996526)*# another was hospitalized state-operated
due to chemical burns program
when they mistakenly
extracted a valve,
releasing 80,000 gallons
of acid sludge from a
storage tank at this
industrial chemicals
facility.
Rich Industries, Inc.
----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
New Philadelphia, 1 1 worker died from Electrical;
OH electric shock when he lockout/tagout
(103040234) reached into a press to
do maintenance work and
came into contact with a
live electrical part.
This facility
manufactures protective
clothing for the nuclear
industry.
Schuck and Sons Construction Co., Inc.
----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Indio,CA 1 1 worker was Standards of
(112057690)# hospitalized when he state-operated
fell while working on a program
frame house for this
company that builds
residential buildings.
The worker was leaning
out from a 9-foot height
while attempting to cut
a roof joist when he
slipped and fell to the
cement porch below.
Shasta Industries, Inc.
----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Phoenix, AZ 1 1 worker died from burns Electrical;
(115562290)# when trying to use occupational
acetone to remove health and
standing water in a environmental
swimming pool for which controls
he was preparing a
fiberglass interior
surface. The acetone
vapors in the pool were
ignited when he switched
on a vacuum. The company
is a special trades
contractor.
Shell Oil Co.
----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Deer Park, TX 1 2 1 worker died and 2 were Process safety
(123652513) hospitalized from management;
exposure to gas when one personal
of them opened the protective
flange of a pipeline equipment
while they were doing
maintenance work at this
petroleum refining
facility.
Signature Flight Support Corp.
----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Chicago, IL 1 1 worker died when Materials
(103586947) inflating a tire on a handling and
baggage trailer that storage
transports luggage to
and from the aircraft.
The tube exploded and
the rim struck the
employee in the face,
causing massive head
injuries. The company
provides airport
terminal services.
Stambaugh's Air Service, Inc.
----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Middletown, PA 1 1 1 worker died and Materials
(109028738) another was hospitalized handling and
when trying to remove an storage
engine from an aircraft.
The 4,000-pound engine
dropped on the chest of
the first worker when
the front chain of the
mechanism used to remove
the engine broke. The
other worker was struck
in the head by the
mechanism itself.
Swiftships Freeport, Inc. (Swiftships, Inc.)
----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Freeport, TX 1 1 worker died instantly General duty
(107491011) when he was struck in clause
the head by a 3-ton
exhaust stack that was
being positioned by a
crane for sandblasting
and painting, after
being removed from a
vessel. This facility is
engaged in shipbuilding
and repair.
Texaco Refining (Texaco, Inc.)
----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Los Angeles, CA 10 10 workers were Standard of
(112076500)# hospitalized for smoke state-operated
inhalation and being program
struck by falling debris
when a piping failure
led to a petroleum
explosion and fire at
this petroleum refining
facility.
United Parcel Service (United Parcel Service Amer, Inc.)
----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Linthicum 2 2 workers were Means of
Heights, MD hospitalized from egress;
(119554269)# exposure to hazardous personal
solvents that leaked protective
from packages within the equipment
confined space of an
airplane cargo hold.
Whirlpool Corp.
----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Evansville, IN 1 1 worker was Machinery and
(123970469)# hospitalized, and his machine guarding
hand and forearm
amputated, when he got
caught while manually
feeding coil through a
mechanical power press.
The facility
manufactures household
refrigerators.
Willamette Industries, Inc.
----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Moncure, NC 1 1 worker died when an Standard of
(111139390)# object, which fell from state-operated
the wall of a large program;
vessel he was cleaning walking-working
along with several other surfaces
workers, crushed this
worker. The facility
manufactures hardwood
veneer and plywood.
Zeneca Resins (Imperial Americas)
----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Wilmington, MA 1 1 worker was Means of egress;
(109620831) hospitalized from hazardous
inhaling vapors released materials; fire
due to improper storage protection
of chemicals at a
facility which
manufactures plastics
and synthetic resins.
Although all workers
were evacuated, this
worker went to search
for a co-worker without
personal protective
equipment.
Total 35 55 30
----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
*Assessed proposed penalty of $100,000 or more for safety and health
violations.
#Inspection conducted by a state-operated safety and health program.
\a Means of egress refers to requirements that a continuous and
unobstructed way to exit from any point in a building or structure be
provided.
\b Lockout/tagout refers to servicing and maintenance of machines and
equipment to prevent their unexpected start-up that could cause
injury to employees.
\c Process safety management refers to requirements for preventing or
minimizing the consequences of catastrophic releases of toxic,
reactive, flammable, or explosive chemicals.
\d Excavations refers to requirements for minimizing injuries (from
cave-ins, for example) to employees who are working below the earth's
surface, which would include trenches.
\e Confined space refers to practices and procedures to protect
employees from the hazards of entry into permit-required confined
spaces, for example, tanks, vessels, silos, storage bins, and vaults.
FEDERAL CONTRACTORS ASSESSED
SIGNIFICANT PROPOSED PENALTIES IN
MORE THAN ONE INSPECTION CLOSED IN
FISCAL YEAR 1994
=========================================================== Appendix V
Table V.1 provides information on federal contractors assessed a
significant proposed penalty more than once in fiscal year 1994 for
violations that occurred at different worksites owned by or
associated with the same company. In a few cases, the federal
contractor was assessed a significant proposed penalty more than once
in fiscal year 1994 at the same or different worksites located in the
same city. Our definition of a significant penalty is a proposed
penalty of $15,000 or more regardless of the size of the actual
penalty recorded when the inspection was closed (either because the
employer accepted the citation or a contested citation was resolved).
The proposed penalty is the penalty issued by OSHA in the original
citation and reflects the compliance officer's judgment of the nature
and severity of violations. Inspections of these worksites are
grouped by federal contractor (or parent company). The name of the
federal contractor is identified if it is different from the name of
the worksite where the violations occurred.
Locations for the worksites inspected are provided, as well as the
activity number of each inspection as assigned in IMIS. The primary
industry of the worksite inspected is also provided, based on SIC
codes in IMIS. Finally, the number of inspections closed in fiscal
year 1994 in which a worksite owned by the same federal contractor
was assessed significant proposed penalties is also provided.
Table V.1
Federal Contractors Assessed Significant
Proposed Penalties in More Than One
Inspection Closed in Fiscal Year 1994
Number of inspections
Location of resulting in proposed
Worksite (name of inspection penalty of $15,000 or
federal contractor if (IMIS activity Primary industry of more closed in fiscal
different) number) establishment year 1994
--------------------- --------------------- --------------------- ---------------------
All-Steel, Inc. Montgomery, IL Office furniture, 2
(B.T.R. PLC) (102997434); except wood
West Hazleton, PA
(018226225)
Allied Tube & Conduit Philadelphia, PA Steel pipe and 3
Co. (017999095) tubes;
(Tyco International, (018253054); noncurrent-carrying
Inc.) Harvey, IL wiring devices
(103453387)
Aluminum Co. of Rockdale, TX Secondary smelting 2
America (123431298); and refining of
Massena, NY nonferrous metals
(106991326)
Bethlehem Steel Corp. Sparrows Point, MD Steel works, blast 2
(104383815) furnaces (including
(119517068) coke ovens), and
rolling mills
Biocraft Fairfield, NJ Pharmaceutical 2
Laboratories, Inc. (101484780); preparations
Paterson, NJ
(109043141)
Blaze Construction Pinon, AZ General contractors- 2
Co. (002331478); -single-family
Many Farms, AZ houses
(002331486)
Boeing Commercial Everett, WA Aircraft 2
Aircraft Co./Defense (115506081);
& Space Group Ridley Park, PA
(The Boeing Co.) (018253047)
Boise Cascade Corp. Rumford, ME Paper mills; sawmills 4
(103392247) and planing mills
(102753969)
(109793901);
Horseshoe, ID
(110502895)
ConAgra Broiler Co./ Enterprise, AL Prepared feeds and 3
Fresh Meats Co./ (109246249); feed ingredients for
Longmont Foods Omaha, NE animals and fowls;
(ConAgra, Inc.) (109318873); meat packing plants;
Longmont, CO poultry slaughtering
(100747476) and processing
Crowley American San Juan, PR Marine cargo 2
Transport Inc./ (106716145); handling; ship
Maritime Corp. Seattle, WA building and
(Crowley Maritime (109421685) repairing
Corp.)
Crown Central Pasadena, TX Petroleum refining 3
Petroleum/La Gloria (123653081);
Oil & Gas Co. Tyler, TX
(Crown Central (107555567)
Petroleum Corp.) (103564449)
Dana Spicer Axle Fort Wayne, IN Motor vehicle parts 2
Division/Chasis (115017410); and accessories
Prod. Oklahoma City, OK
(Dana Corp.) (108736869)
Dell Computer Corp. Austin, TX Computer peripheral 2
(123579559) equipment; computers
(123549917)
Federal Paper Board Riegelwood, NC Paper mills 2
Co. (018518670)
(018518688)
Ford Motor Co. Hazelwood, MO Motor vehicles and 2
(106547508); passenger car bodies
Lorain, OH
(106123748)
Frito-Lay, Inc. Allen Park, MI Food preparations; 3
(Pepsico, Inc.) (110801305); potato chips, corn
Dayville, CT chips, and similar
(109826248); snacks; grocery
Granite City, IL stores
(103278982)
General Motors BOC Lordstown, OH Motor vehicles and 5
Lordstown/Truck/CPC (103217881) passenger car bodies;
Group/Delco (108836552); motor vehicle parts
Electronics/ Moraine, OH and accessories;
(General Motors (103376422); semiconductors and
Corp.) Oklahoma City, OK related devices
(108743253);
Oak Creek, WI
(103472049)
Georgia-Pacific Corp. Brunswick, GA Pulp mills; paper 5
(109006700) mills; corrugated and
(109006981); solid fiber boxes;
Palatka, FL paperboard mills
(110133816);
Mount Wolf, PA
(109029520);
Cedar Springs, GA
(106213911)
I.C.I. America/ Tamaqua, PA Explosives; plastics 2
Zeneca Resins (106472160); materials, synthetic
(Imperial Americas) Wilmington, MA resins, and
(109620831) nonvulcanizable
elastomers
International Paper Moss Point, MS Paper mills; pulp 6
Co. (101391787) mills; reconstituted
(101390235); wood products
Natchez, MS
(107089484)
(102677952);
Cordele, GA
(106441108);
Jay, ME
(018058123)
Lockheed Aeronautical Burbank, CA Aircraft; engineering 2
Systems/Engineering & (001874445); services
Science Houston, TX
(Lockheed-Martin (123652711)
Corp.)
Montgomery Elevator Winfield, KS Elevators and moving 2
(Kone Holding, Inc.) (103164935); stairways;
Tampa, FL installation or
(106491350) erection of building
equipment
Packaging Corp. of Griffith, IN Sanitary food 2
America (124068792); containers;
(Tenneco Packaging, Tama, IA paperboard mills
Inc.) (115064248)
Purina Mills, Inc. Macon, GA Prepared feeds and 3
(P.M. Holdings Corp.) (106513559); feed ingredients for
Liberal, KS animals and fowls
(103164372);
Oklahoma City, OK
(108742081)
Rhone Poulenc Basic Martinez, CA Industrial inorganic 2
Chemical (111995379) chemicals
(Rhone-Poulenc, Inc.) (111996526)
Roadway Express, Inc. Chicago Hts, IL Terminal and joint 2
(101313252); terminal maintenance
Oakville, CT facilities for motor
(109828079) freight
transportation; local
trucking without
storage
Salvation Army Rockford, IL Individual and family 2
(122098684) social services
(122108004)
Sears Automotive Toledo, OH General automotive 4
Center/Roebuck & Co. (110274198); repair shops;
(Sears Roebuck & Co.) Toms River, NJ miscellaneous general
(108665050); merchandise stores
Iowa City, IA
(115054561);
Springfield, MA
(017828617)
Shell Oil Co./Wood Deer Park, TX Petroleum refining 2
River (123652513);
(Shell Oil Co.) Roxana, IL
(106552771)
Stevedoring Services Savannah, GA Repair shops and 2
of America/Port (106219967); related services;
Cooper Houston, TX marine cargo handling
(Cooper/T Smith (123653958)
Stevedoring, Inc.)
Stone Container Corp. Jacksonville, AR Plastics, foil, and 5
(107605776) coated paper bags;
(110360427); uncoated paper and
Frenchtown, MT multiwall bags;
(100568815) paperboard mills;
(107214314); paper mills;
Columbia, SC corrugated and solid
(120493994) fiber boxes
Sun Chemical Corp. Cincinnati, OH Cyclic organic crudes 2
(Dainippon Ink & (103231833) and intermediates,
Chemicals, Inc.) (103273041) and organic dyes and
pigments; industrial
organic chemicals
Trident Seafoods Naknek, AK Prepared fresh or 2
Corp. (109433052) frozen fish and
(124072521) seafoods; canned and
cured fish and
seafoods
Union Camp Corp./ Savannah, GA Paper mills 2
Fine Paper Division (017403627);
(Union Camp Corp.) Franklin, VA
(112394796)
United Airlines/ Elk Grove Village, Air transportation 3
Executive Office IL
(U.A.L. Corp.) (102992112)
(103456794)
(102992047)
UPS Mobile, AL Courier services, 24
(United Parcel (106092067); except by air; air
Service Amer., Inc.) Commerce City, CO courier services;
(109550491); trucking, except
Fort Collins, CO local; terminal and
(100747146); joint terminal
Hartford, CT maintenance
(123214074); facilities for motor
Palm Bay, FL freight
(109709279); transportation;
Pinellas Park, FL arrangement of
(109709311); transporation of
Earth City, MO freight and cargo
(116103722);
Jackson, MS
(018135012);
Manchester, NH
(017902925);
Twin Mountain, NH
(108783929);
Buffalo, NY
(114098858);
East Syracuse, NY
(106898208);
Elmsford, NY
(109916726);
Uniondale, NY
(108664079);
Austin, TX
(123432338);
Mesquite, TX
(107550857);
Deerfield Beach, FL
(108995697);
Miami, FL
(110056421);
Linthicum Hts., MD
(119554269);
Belton, TX
(123426421);
Bryan, TX
(123424574);
Corpus Christi, TX
(107433583);
Laredo, TX
(107434243);
San Antonio, TX
(123432254)
Vickers, Inc. Omaha, NE Fluid power pumps and 2
(Trinova Corp.) (109321687) motors
(109322974)
Whirlpool Corp. Fort Smith, AR Household 2
(110354784); refrigerators and
Evansville, IN home and farm
(123970469) freezers
Willamette Hawesville, KY Paper mills; hardwood 2
Industries, Inc. (123812786); veneer and plywood
Moncure, NC
(111139390)
------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
GAO CONTACTS AND STAFF
ACKNOWLEDGMENTS
========================================================== Appendix VI
GAO CONTACTS
Charles Jeszeck, Assistant Director, (202) 512-7036
Jackie Baker Werth, Project Manager, (202) 512-7070
STAFF ACKNOWLEDGMENTS
In addition to those already named, the following individuals
contributed to this report: Wayne J. Turowski, Computer Specialist,
who provided programming support and analysis; Robert G. Crystal,
Assistant General Counsel, who provided legal analysis; David Druid,
Evaluator, who assisted with the audit work; Cheryl Gordon,
Evaluator, who did some initial audit work; and William J.
Carter-Woodbridge, Communications Analyst, who provided editing
support.
RELATED GAO PRODUCTS
=========================================================== Appendix 0
Worker Protection: Federal Contractors and Violations of Labor Law
(GAO/HEHS-96-8, Oct. 24, 1995).
OSHA: Potential to Reform Regulatory Enforcement Efforts
(GAO/T-HEHS-96-42, Oct. 17, 1995).
Workplace Regulation: Information on Selected Employer and Union
Experiences (GAO/HEHS-94-138, Vol. I, June 30, 1994).
Workplace Regulation: Information on Selected Employer and Union
Experiences (GAO/HEHS-94-138, Vol. II, June 30, 1994).
Occupational Safety and Health: Differences Between Programs in the
United States and Canada (GAO/HRD-94-15FS, Dec. 6, 1993).
Occupational Safety and Health: Changes Needed in the Combined
Federal-State Approach (GAO/T-HRD-94-3, Oct. 20, 1993).
Occupational Safety and Health: Uneven Protections Provided to
Congressional Employees (GAO/HRD-93-1, Oct. 2, 1992).
Occupational Safety and Health: Improvements Needed in OSHA's
Monitoring of Federal Agencies' Programs (GAO/HRD-92-97, Aug. 28,
1992).
Occupational Safety and Health: Worksite Safety and Health Programs
Show Promise (GAO/HRD-92-68, May 19, 1992).
Occupational Safety and Health: Options to Improve Hazard-Abatement
Procedures in the Workplace (GAO/HRD-92-105, May 12, 1992).
Occupational Safety and Health: Employers' Experiences in Complying
With the Hazard Communication Standard (GAO/HRD-92-63BR, May 8,
1992).
Occupational Safety and Health: Penalties for Violations Are Well
Below Maximum Allowable Penalties (GAO/HRD-92-48, Apr. 6, 1992).
Occupational Safety and Health: OSHA Action Needed to Improve
Compliance With Hazard Communication Standard (GAO/HRD-92-8, Nov.
26, 1991).
Occupational Safety and Health: OSHA Policy Changes Needed to
Confirm That Employers Abate Serious Hazards (GAO/HRD-91-35, May 8,
1991).
*** End of document. ***