School Facilities: America's Schools Report Differing Conditions (Letter
Report, 06/14/96, GAO/HEHS-96-103).

Pursuant to a congressional request, GAO reviewed the condition of the
nation's school buildings, focusing on differences in the: (1) condition
of schools; (2) amount of funding needed to repair or upgrade
facilities; and (3) number of students attending schools in inadequate
condition.

GAO found that: (1) the condition of schools, the funding needed to
repair or upgrade facilities, and the number of students attending
schools in inadequate condition all differed by location, community
type, percentage of minority and disadvantaged students, and school
level and size; (2) the amounts schools and states needed to bring
schools into good condition varied widely; (3) schools' environmental
and physical conditions varied widely by region and states and by
community type, percentage of minority and poor students served, and
school size and level; (4) the largest percentage of schools that had
inadequate environmental and physical conditions were in the western
United States and in central cities that served minority and poor
students; (5) schools needed to spend about $112 billion, or an average
of $1.7 million per school, to repair or upgrade them to good overall
condition; (6) although the amount of funding needed by state, school,
and region varied, central city schools serving minority and poor
students required the most funding; (7) schools estimated that they will
require $9.2 billion over three years to comply with federal mandates;
and (8) about one quarter to one third of the nation's students attend
schools with one inadequate building, at least one inadequate building
feature, and at least one unsatisfactory environmental condition.

--------------------------- Indexing Terms -----------------------------

 REPORTNUM:  HEHS-96-103
     TITLE:  School Facilities: America's Schools Report Differing 
             Conditions
      DATE:  06/14/96
   SUBJECT:  Public schools
             Facility maintenance
             Facility repairs
             Hazardous substances
             Repair costs
             Safety standards
             Building codes
             Educational facilities

             
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Cover
================================================================ COVER


Report to Congressional Requesters

June 1996

SCHOOL FACILITIES - AMERICA'S
SCHOOLS REPORT DIFFERING
CONDITIONS

GAO/HEHS-96-103

School Conditions Vary

(104809)


Abbreviations
=============================================================== ABBREV

  EPA - Environmental Protection Agency
  FTE - full-time equivalent
  HVAC - heating, ventilation, and air conditioning
  NCES - National Center for Education Statistics
  SASS - School and Staffing Survey
  SMSA - Standard Metropolitan Statistical Area

Letter
=============================================================== LETTER


B-260872

June 14, 1996

The Honorable Carol Moseley-Braun
The Honorable Edward M.  Kennedy
The Honorable John F.  Kerry
The Honorable Claiborne Pell
The Honorable Paul Simon
The Honorable Paul Wellstone
United States Senate

In our report, School Facilities:  Condition of America's Schools
(GAO/HEHS-95-61, Feb.  1, 1995), we presented the results of our
nationwide survey of about 10,000 schools and described the
conditions observed in site visits to 10 school districts.  On the
basis of estimates by school officials, we projected that America's
investment in its schools needed to be increased by about $112
billion\1 to repair or upgrade facilities to good overall condition
and to comply with federal mandates over the next 3 years.\2 About
one-third of the schools serving about 14 million pupils nationwide
reported needing extensive repair or replacement of one or more
buildings;\3 60 percent of schools (many in otherwise adequate
condition) reported at least one major building feature, such as
plumbing, in disrepair.  Moreover, about half the schools reported at
least one unsatisfactory environmental condition, such as poor
ventilation or heating or lighting problems.\4

In addition to that information about schools nationwide, you
requested that we identify differences in the (1) condition of
schools, (2) amount of funding needed to repair or upgrade
facilities, and (3) number of students attending schools in
inadequate condition by the following:  location (state and region),
community type, percentage of minority and poor students, and school
level and size.  This report presents analyses of our data on these
subjects.  To develop this information, we conducted additional
analyses between March 1995 and May 1996 in accordance with generally
accepted government auditing standards. 


--------------------
\1 This estimate has a sampling error of ï¿½6.61 percent.  That is, had
we asked school officials from the entire universe of 80,000 U.S. 
public schools, we are 95- percent confident that the estimate would
have been between $105 billion and $120 billion.  Further analysis at
the state level showed that some of the information provided to us
was likely to be erroneous.  Thus, a more conservative point estimate
is $111 billion. 

\2 "Good" condition means that only routine maintenance or minor
repair is required.  "Overall" condition includes both physical
condition and the ability of the schools to meet the functional
requirements of instructional programs. 

\3 A school may have more than one building. 

\4 See School Facilities:  Condition of America's Schools
(GAO/HEHS-95-61, Feb.  1, 1995) and School Facilities:  America's
Schools Not Designed or Equipped for 21st Century (GAO/HEHS-95-95,
Apr.  4, 1995). 


   RESULTS IN BRIEF
------------------------------------------------------------ Letter :1

Although schools in satisfactory and unsatisfactory condition are
found in every state and community type, the condition of schools,
the amount of funding needed to repair or upgrade facilities, and the
number of students attending schools in inadequate condition all
differed to some degree by location (state and region), community
type, percentage of minority and poor students, and school level and
size.  The greatest variations reported were found among states.  For
example, 62 percent of schools in Georgia compared with 97 percent of
schools in Delaware reported needing to spend money to repair and
upgrade facilities to good overall condition. 

Regarding other subgroup comparisons of the condition of school
buildings and building features, some variation existed, but the
range was much smaller than that among states.  For example, on every
measure--proportion of schools reporting inadequate buildings,
inadequate building features, and unsatisfactory environmental
conditions; proportion of schools reporting needing to spend above
the national average; and number of students attending these
schools--the same subgroups consistently emerged\5 as those with the
most problems.  These subgroups included central cities, the western
region of the country, large schools, secondary schools, schools
reporting student populations of at least 50.5 percent minority
students, and schools reporting student populations of 70 percent or
more poor students.  The differences between subgroups, however, were
often relatively small.  For example, a greater percentage of schools
in central cities (38) reported at least one inadequate building than
schools in other community types.  However, 30 percent of rural/small
town schools and 29 percent of schools in urban fringe/large towns
also reported at least one inadequate building. 


--------------------
\5 Because each comparison is independent of the others, data from
different comparisons should not be summarily "rolled up." For
example, our analysis showed large schools were more likely to
require above average spending than medium or small schools.  Schools
in central cities were more likely to require above average spending
than those in the urban fringe/large towns or rural areas.  Our
analysis does not show, however, whether large schools in central
cities were any more likely to require above average spending than
large suburban schools.  Several of our demographic variables do
overlap, however; for example, we found that in 81 percent of large
central city schools at least 70 percent of the students were poor
and 50.5 percent or more were minority.  Conversely, 79 percent of
small rural/small town schools had less than 20 percent poor students
and less than 5.5 percent minority students. 


   BACKGROUND
------------------------------------------------------------ Letter :2

Almost one-half of the nation's 80,000 public elementary and
secondary schools are located in rural or small town areas;
one-quarter, in urban fringes or large towns; and one-quarter, in
central cities.  About 70 percent of these schools serve 27 million
elementary students, 24 percent serve 13.8 million secondary
students, and 4 percent serve about 1 million students in combined
elementary and secondary and other schools.  More than one-half of
the students in central city schools are members of a minority group,
compared with 28 percent and 18 percent, respectively, of students in
urban fringe/large towns and rural/small town public schools.\6

The average new elementary school today costs about $6 million, and
the average secondary school, about $15 million\7 to construct and
has up to 150,000 square feet.\8

Accordingly, a school today is likely to have more than one
building--an original building, some permanent additions to that
building, and a variety of temporary buildings--each built at
different times.  Most well- maintained and periodically renovated
buildings will continue to have a useful life equivalent to a new
building. 

Several state courts as well as the Congress have recognized that the
quality of the learning environment affects the education children
receive.  Children's attending school in decent facilities is crucial
to a high-quality learning environment.  The term "decent facilities"
was specifically defined by one court as those that are "structurally
safe, contain fire safety measures, sufficient exits, an adequate and
safe water supply, an adequate sewage disposal system, sufficient and
sanitary toilet facilities and plumbing fixtures, adequate storage,
adequate light, be in good repair and attractively painted as well as
contain acoustics for noise control."\9

Problems with school facilities, however, continue to surface.  Many
school facilities nationwide are in substandard condition and need
major repairs due to leaking roofs, plumbing problems, and inadequate
heating systems or other system failures, according to widely quoted
studies\10 conducted in recent years.  Although these studies
document some problems and provide much anecdotal information,
different methodological problems limited their usefulness. 
Nevertheless, facility studies conducted by several states tend to
corroborate these findings.  Furthermore, the Department of Education
has not assessed the condition of the nation's school facilities
since 1965, when it found that almost one- half of schools nationwide
had at least one defect in building features such as structural
soundness or heating.\11

Although localities generally finance construction and repair, with
states playing varying roles,\12 federal programs provide some money
to help localities offset the impact of federal activities (such as
Impact Aid\13 to improve accessibility for the disabled) and to
manage hazardous materials.  Frequently, these programs do not offset
all costs, however.  For example, federal assistance provided for
asbestos management under the Asbestos School Hazard Abatement Act of
1984 did not meet the needs of all affected schools.  From 1988
through 1991, the Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) received
1,746 qualified applications totaling $599 million but only awarded
$157 million to 586 school districts it considered to have the worst
asbestos problems.  EPA knew of the shortfall in federal assistance
but believed that state and local governments should bear these
costs.\14

Because of the perception that federal programs--as well as state and
local financing mechanisms--did not address the serious facilities
needs of many of America's schools, the Congress passed the Education
Infrastructure Act of 1994.  The Congress then appropriated $100
million for grants to schools for repair, renovation, alteration, or
construction.  These funds were eliminated in 1995, however, by
legislative efforts to balance the budget. 


--------------------
\6 SASS by State:  1990-91 Schools and Staffing Survey:  Selected
States Results, Department of Education, National Center for
Education Statistics, NCES-94-343 (Washington, D.C.:  June 1994). 

\7 Urban schools can cost much more.  For example, a recently
constructed science high school (Stuyvesant High School) in New York
cost $151 million.  See table I.1 in app.  I for the frequency
distribution of estimated costs to repair or upgrade schools to good
overall condition. 

\8 1994 School Construction Alert\TM School and College Construction
Survey, Education Information Bureau, Market Data Retrieval, Dun &
Bradstreet Corporation (Shelton, Conn.:  1994). 

\9 Pauley v.  Kelly, No.  75-C1268 (Kanawha County Cir.  Ct., W. 
Va., May 1982). 

\10 Education Writers Association, Wolves at the Schoolhouse Door: 
An Investigation of the Condition of Public School Buildings
(Washington, D.C.:  1989); American Association of School
Administrators, Schoolhouse in the Red:  A Guidebook for Cutting Our
Losses (Arlington, Va.:  1992). 

\11 Condition of Public School Plants 1964-65, U.S.  Department of
Health, Education, and Welfare, Office of Education, 1965. 

\12 School Facilities:  States' Financial and Technical Support
Varies (GAO/HEHS-96-27, Nov.  28, 1995) and School Construction
Specification and Financing, National Survey Data 1994, MGT of
America, Inc., prepared for Hawaii's State Department of Education
(Tallahassee, Fla.:  1994). 

\13 The Impact Aid program, administered by the Department of
Education, provided $12 million in fiscal year 1994 for building and
renovating schools in districts that educate "federally connected"
children, such as those whose parents live or work on military
installations and Indian reservations. 

\14 Toxic Substances:  Information on Costs and Financial Aid to
Schools to Control Asbestos (GAO/RCED-92-57FS, Jan.  15, 1992). 


   PHYSICAL AND ENVIRONMENTAL
   CONDITIONS VARIED WIDELY
------------------------------------------------------------ Letter :3


      DIFFERENCES IN PHYSICAL AND
      ENVIRONMENTAL CONDITIONS
      NATIONWIDE
---------------------------------------------------------- Letter :3.1

As we previously reported, about one-third of schools nationwide with
14 million students reported at least one entire building--original,
additional, or temporary--in need of extensive repair or replacement. 
Moreover, about 60 percent of schools nationwide, many in otherwise
adequate condition, reported needing extensive repair, overhaul, or
replacement of at least one major building feature, including roofs;
framing, floors, and foundations; exterior walls, finishes, windows,
and doors; interior finishes and trims; plumbing and heating;
ventilation and air conditioning; electrical power; electrical
lighting; and life safety codes.  Most of these schools needed
multiple features repaired.  Heating, ventilation, and air
conditioning (HVAC) systems were the most frequently reported
building feature in need of such repair.  Furthermore, schools with
inadequate buildings and building features may be among the least
prepared for 21st century technology needs.\15

A large number of schools affecting many children also have
unsatisfactory environmental conditions.  Environmental factors we
asked about included lighting, heating, ventilation, indoor air
quality, acoustics for noise control, and energy efficiency and
physical security of buildings.\16 About 58 percent of schools
nationwide reported at least one unsatisfactory environmental
condition.  About 13 percent of schools reported five or more
unsatisfactory conditions.  Those conditions most frequently reported
to be unsatisfactory were acoustics for noise control, ventilation,
and physical security.  We estimate that about 25 million students
nationwide are attending schools with at least one unsatisfactory
environmental condition.  In addition to these environmental
problems, three-quarters of schools responding to our survey said
they had already spent funds during the last 3 years on requirements
to remove or correct hazardous substances, such as asbestos (51
percent), lead in water or paint (21 percent), materials in
underground storage tanks such as fuel oil (15 percent), or radon (15
percent).  Still, two-thirds reported they must spend funds in the
next 3 years to comply with these same requirements--asbestos
management (42 percent), lead (16 percent), underground storage tanks
(10 percent), and radon (10 percent). 


--------------------
\15 GAO/HEHS-95-95, Apr.  4, 1995. 

\16 Although question 20 on our survey lists flexibility of
instructional space as an environmental factor, it is not included in
this analysis of environmental conditions.  The flexibility issue was
addressed in GAO/HEHS-95-95, Apr.  4, 1995. 


      DIFFERENCES IN PHYSICAL
      CONDITIONS BY REGION AND
      STATE
---------------------------------------------------------- Letter :3.2

The physical conditions reported by schools varied widely by regional
and state locations and by other characteristics such as community
type, percentage of minority and poor students served, and size and
level of school.  (See app.  II for data on the condition of
buildings and building features.) The percentage of schools reporting
inadequate\17 buildings and inadequate building features varied by
location and community type as well as by student and school
characteristics.  Figures 1 and 2 show the differences by state. 

   Figure 1:  Percent of Schools
   in Each State Reporting at
   Least One Inadequate Building

   (See figure in printed
   edition.)

Note:  A school may have more than one building. 

   Figure 2:  Percent of Schools
   in Each State Reporting at
   Least One Inadequate Building
   Feature

   (See figure in printed
   edition.)

Note:  Building features we asked about included roofs; framing,
floors, and foundations; exterior walls, finishes, windows, and
doors; interior finishes; plumbing; HVAC systems; electrical power;
and electrical lighting and life safety codes. 

About 40 percent of the states and the western region overall had a
proportion of schools that was more than the national average
reporting at least one building (33 percent) or building feature (59
percent) in need of repair.  States in which over 65 percent of the
schools reported at least one inadequate building feature included
Alaska, California, Delaware, District of Columbia, Maryland,
Massachusetts, New Mexico, New York, Ohio, and West Virginia. 


--------------------
\17 Categories for rating building or building feature condition were
excellent, good, adequate, fair, poor, or replace.  A building or
building feature was considered in inadequate condition if fair,
poor, or replace was indicated. 


      DIFFERENCES IN PHYSICAL
      CONDITIONS BY OTHER
      CHARACTERISTICS
---------------------------------------------------------- Letter :3.3

Although these schools were reported in every location, the largest
proportion of such schools was in central cities--they were schools
serving 50 percent or more minority or 70 percent or more poor
students.  For example, over 38 percent of schools in central cities
reported at least one inadequate building, 9 percentage points higher
than schools located in the urban fringe of large cities. 
Furthermore, 67 percent of central city schools (with almost 10
million students) reported at least one building feature needing
repair or replacement compared with the overall average of 59
percent.  Schools of all levels had nearly the same percentage of
schools reporting at least one inadequate building, building feature,
or both. 

Recent studies explain somewhat these concentrations of school
facilities problems.  For example, a Department of Education study on
school spending reported that, in central cities, where greater
numbers of students live in poverty and cost more to educate than
nonpoor students, schools by necessity must spend a greater portion
of limited funds on instruction and less on repairing buildings or
buying or repairing equipment.\18 Another study of urban schools with
a more detailed analysis of this problem reported that an urban
school district actually spends about 3.5 percent of its budget on
facilities maintenance.  Of this amount, however, 85 percent is for
emergency repairs, and only the small amount remaining is spent on
preventive maintenance.  This, of course, leads to deferred
maintenance and escalated costs.\19 During our visits to schools in
large central cities, we found that the maintenance and repair budget
in some districts was even lower--as little as 2 percent of the
overall budget. 

To put these amounts in perspective, in one urban district, the small
amount allocated was only adequate to paint classrooms every 100
years and replace floor coverings every 50 years.  One respondent
commenting on the lack of funds said, "There needs to be standards
developed that say a certain amount will always be available to
facilities for repairs and maintenance.  Maybe 5% of replacement cost
each year...."


--------------------
\18 Disparities in Public School District Spending 1989-90, U.S. 
Department of Education, Office of Educational Research and
Improvement, NCES 95-300 (Washington, D.C.:  Feb.  1995). 

\19 GAO/HEHS-95-61, Feb.  1, 1995. 


      DIFFERENCES IN ENVIRONMENTAL
      CONDITIONS BY REGION AND
      STATE
---------------------------------------------------------- Letter :3.4

Although environmental problems were widespread--only nine states
reported 50 percent or more of their schools in satisfactory
environmental condition (see fig.  3)--greater concentrations of
problems were found in certain states and in the western region of
the country.  For example, over 70 percent of the schools in seven
states--Alaska, California, Florida, Massachusetts, New Hampshire,
Oregon, and West Virginia--reported at least one unsatisfactory
environmental condition.  About 13 percent of all schools reported
five or more unsatisfactory conditions.  Alaska reported 30 percent
of its schools in this condition. 

   Figure 3:  Percent of Schools
   in Each State Reporting
   Satisfactory Environmental
   Conditions

   (See figure in printed
   edition.)

Note:  Environmental conditions we asked about included lighting,
heating, ventilation, indoor air quality, acoustics for noise
control, and energy efficiency and physical security of buildings. 


      DIFFERENCES IN ENVIRONMENTAL
      CONDITIONS BY OTHER
      CHARACTERISTICS
---------------------------------------------------------- Letter :3.5

Other comparisons also showed differences in environmental
conditions.  High concentrations of schools with unsatisfactory
environmental conditions were reported by schools in central cities,
schools with 50.5 percent or more of minority students, and schools
with 70 or more percent of students eligible for free or
reduced-price lunch; 65 percent of central city schools had at least
one unsatisfactory environmental condition.  (See app.  III for data
on environmental conditions.)


   FUNDING NEEDED FOR REPAIRS AND
   UPGRADES VARIED WIDELY
------------------------------------------------------------ Letter :4


      DIFFERENCES IN FUNDING
      NEEDED FOR REPAIRS AND
      UPGRADES NATIONWIDE
---------------------------------------------------------- Letter :4.1

We estimated that schools nationwide needed to spend about $112
billion to repair or upgrade them into good overall condition.  (See
app.  IV for data on estimated spending needs.) Given the confidence
interval, the actual figure may be between $105 billion and $120
billion.  Regarding the amount needed per school, the average school
in America reported needing about $1.7 million to repair and upgrade
schools to good overall condition.  Only 16 percent of schools said
that funding was not needed.  About 21 percent reported needing to
spend above the national average of $1.7 million per school. 
However, only 1 percent of schools reported needing to spend more
than $15 million on any one school.  (See table I.1 in app.  I for
the frequency distribution of amounts reported needed to repair or
upgrade schools to good overall condition.)


      DIFFERENCES IN FUNDING
      REPORTED NEEDED BY REGION
      AND STATE
---------------------------------------------------------- Letter :4.2

By region, the West and the Northeast each reported that about 24
percent of their schools needed above average spending.  By state,
the percent of schools needing to spend money to repair or upgrade
schools to good overall condition ranged from 62 percent in Georgia
to 97 percent in Delaware.  The range in percent of schools reporting
needing to spend more than the national average was from 6.0 percent
of schools in Montana to about 48 percent in the District of
Columbia.  About 31 percent of the states reported needing above
average spending on more than 25 percent of their schools.  In
contrast, the percent of schools in each state reporting that no
money was needed ranged from a low of 3 percent in Delaware to a high
of 38 percent in Georgia. 

   Figure 4:  Percent of Schools
   in Each State That Estimated
   Needing to Spend More Than the
   National Average ($1.7 Million)
   to Bring Facilities Into Good
   Overall Condition

   (See figure in printed
   edition.)

Fewer schools reported having both at least one unsatisfactory
building and at least one unsatisfactory building feature.  By state,
the range was from about 16 percent of buildings in Iowa to about 50
percent in the District of Columbia.  Predictably, the average cost
estimated for upgrading these schools was significantly more than for
all schools:  about $3.8 million per school. 


      DIFFERENCES IN FUNDING
      NEEDED BY OTHER
      CHARACTERISTICS
---------------------------------------------------------- Letter :4.3

Schools in central cities estimated needing the most funding to
restore schools to good condition.  Rural schools estimated needing
the least funding. 

Large schools, secondary schools, schools serving 50.5 percent or
more minorities, and schools serving 70 percent or more of students
eligible for free or reduced-price lunch had the largest
concentrations of schools requiring above average expenditures. 


   FUNDING BELIEVED TO BE NEEDED
   FOR FEDERAL MANDATES
------------------------------------------------------------ Letter :5

Although a topic of much speculation, little was known about the
amount of money spent or needed to be spent by schools nationwide to
comply\20 with federal mandates.  To determine what aspect of
complying with these mandates has cost the most and what school
officials think needs to be spent for schools to further comply with
federal mandates, we asked a general set of questions about major
types of mandates:  removal or management of hazardous materials
(asbestos, underground storage tanks, radon, and lead in paint/water)
and other mandated requirements, such as those governing pesticides
or other such chemicals and accessibility for the disabled.  We asked
what school officials believed they had spent in the past 3 years to
gauge such spending as tempered by the realities of school budgets. 
We asked what school officials believed they needed to spend in the
next 3 years to gauge need while not constraining respondents'
estimates by what they thought feasible.  Since our purpose was
neither to check the accuracy of school officials' understanding of
these statutes nor to conduct a compliance audit, we did not (1) cite
or specify the contents of any of the specific statutes (see the
wording of the questions in app.  VI), (2) verify the information
provided to us, or (3) assess compliance with federal mandates in our
site visits.  We reported the national- level information on federal
mandates in our first report on school facilities' condition.  We
reported the detailed analyses of the accessibility data in School
Facilities:  Accessibility for the Disabled Still an Issue
(GAO/HEHS-96-73, Dec.  29, 1995).  (See app.  V for spending needs
data on asbestos and all federal mandates, including asbestos.)


--------------------
\20 Frequently, state and local mandates and codes overlap federal
mandates and are at least as stringent, if not more so.  Therefore,
assessing what spending for these purposes--managing environmental
hazards or ensuring accessibility to school programs for the
disabled--is attributable to federal laws or to state or local
mandates is difficult. 


      DIFFERENCES IN FUNDING
      BELIEVED TO BE NEEDED FOR
      FEDERAL MANDATES NATIONWIDE
---------------------------------------------------------- Letter :5.1

In our first report in this series, we said that school officials
reported that compliance with federal mandates only accounted for
about 10 percent of the $112 billion needed to repair and upgrade
schools.  Three-quarters of all schools nationwide reported having
spent $3.8 billion in the last 3 years to comply with federal
mandates, and two-thirds of all schools reported needing an
additional $11 billion\21 over the next 3 years to comply with
federal mandates.  Schools nationwide estimated that spending on
accessibility will supplant spending on asbestos abatement as the
largest share of spending on federal mandates in the next 3 years. 

Regarding the amounts reported spent in the past 3 years,

  -- only 14 percent of schools reported having spent above the
     average of $67,000 on all federal mandates,

  -- 11 percent reported having spent above the average of $43,000 on
     asbestos management, and

  -- 10 percent reported having spent above the average of $40,000 on
     accessibility for the disabled.\22

In contrast, regarding the amounts schools reported needed to be
spent in the next 3 years,

  -- 15 percent reported needing to spend above the average of
     $177,000 per school on all federal mandates,

  -- 9 percent of schools reported needing to spend above the average
     of $71,000 on asbestos, and

  -- 12 percent reported needing to spend above the average of
     $124,000 on accessibility for the disabled.\23


--------------------
\21 Further analysis at the state level showed that some of the
information we had been given was likely to be erroneous.  Therefore,
a more conservative point estimate would be $9.2 billion. 

\22 The median amounts reported spent in the last 3 years per school
for all federal mandates was $12,500, the median amount estimated
spent on asbestos was $5,500, and the median amount estimated spent
on accessibility for the disabled was $6,500. 

\23 The median amounts estimated for the next 3 years per school for
all federal mandates was $50,000, the median amount estimated for
asbestos was $10,000, and the median amount estimated needed for
accessibility for the disabled was $39,500. 


      DIFFERENCES IN FUNDING
      BELIEVED TO BE NEEDED FOR
      FEDERAL MANDATES VARIED
      WIDELY BY REGION AND STATE
---------------------------------------------------------- Letter :5.2

Of those schools reporting needing to spend money on federal mandates
in the next 3 years, the amounts varied widely--individual school
estimates of spending in the next 3 years ranged from $4.00 to $22
million.  (See table I.1 in app.  1 for the distribution of the
amounts reported.) The average estimate was $177,000 per school. 
Five states (Connecticut, Illinois, Maryland, Massachusetts, and New
Jersey) and the District of Columbia estimated that over a third of
their schools' spending on federal mandates will be above average. 

The estimates of spending on federal mandates are very complex,
however.  For example, we know that 79 percent of Arizona's schools
reported needing to spend money on federal mandates.  Of these
schools, 21 percent reported spending needs to be above average. 
Meanwhile, at least 60 percent of Connecticut's schools reported
needing to spend money on federal mandates--a much lower percentage
than Arizona.  However, of those Connecticut schools that did need to
spend, 47 percent estimated needing to spend above the national
average. 


      DIFFERENCES IN FUNDING
      BELIEVED TO BE NEEDED FOR
      FEDERAL MANDATES BY OTHER
      CHARACTERISTICS
---------------------------------------------------------- Letter :5.3

Schools most likely to report above average spending on federal
mandates were those in central cities, those in the Midwest and the
Northeast, large schools, secondary schools, and those schools in
which greater than 50.5 percent of the students are minority.  (See
app.  V.)


   NUMBER OF STUDENTS AFFECTED BY
   INADEQUATE CONDITIONS
------------------------------------------------------------ Letter :6


      NUMBER OF STUDENTS
      NATIONWIDE AFFECTED BY
      INADEQUATE CONDITIONS
---------------------------------------------------------- Letter :6.1

About a third of the students in America, about 14 million, attended
schools with one inadequate building.  About 60 percent of the
students in America, about 25 million, attended schools with at least
one inadequate building feature.  The same number--about 25
million--attended school in buildings with at least one
unsatisfactory environmental condition (see fig.  4).  About 12
million students (30 percent) attended schools with both problems--at
least one inadequate building and one inadequate building feature. 
(See apps.  II and III for data on students affected by inadequate or
unsatisfactory conditions.)


      REGIONAL DIFFERENCES IN
      NUMBER OF STUDENTS AFFECTED
      BY INADEQUATE CONDITIONS
---------------------------------------------------------- Letter :6.2

The greatest percentage of students attending schools with at least
one inadequate building, building feature, or unsatisfactory
environmental condition or with multiple unsatisfactory conditions
were in the West,\24

although the South had the greatest number of students attending
these schools.  For example, 42 percent or about 4 million students
in the West attended schools reporting at least one inadequate
building.  Although the South had only 32 percent of its students
attending such schools, that amounted to 4.7 million students. 


--------------------
\24 We cannot present state analyses of students affected by
inadequate individual building features or environmental conditions
because sampling errors were unacceptably large. 


      DIFFERENCES IN NUMBER OF
      STUDENTS AFFECTED BY
      INADEQUATE CONDITIONS BY
      OTHER CHARACTERISTICS
---------------------------------------------------------- Letter :6.3

The greatest percentage and number of students attending schools with
at least one inadequate building were found

  -- in central cities (38 percent or 5.6 million students),

  -- where the student body was 50.5 percent or more minority (42
     percent or 4.8 million students), and

  -- where 70 percent or more of the students were eligible for free
     or reduced-price lunch (40 percent or 3.2 million students). 

Large and small schools had about the same percent of schools
affected (about 33 percent), but secondary schools with at least one
inadequate building housed five times as many students (7.6 million)
as elementary schools.  Regarding level of school, combined
elementary and secondary schools had the greatest percentage of
students attending schools with at least one inadequate building (35
percent).  The greatest number of students attending schools
reporting at least one inadequate building were in elementary schools
(8.3 million). 

Similar patterns were observed for schools reporting inadequate
building features, although the number of students affected was much
larger.  For example, 9.7 million or 67 percent of students in
central cities attended schools reporting at least one inadequate
building feature, such as plumbing. 

Regarding students attending schools with at least one unsatisfactory
environmental condition, the region with the highest percentage of
schools affected was the West (68 percent), although the greatest
concentration of students affected was in the South (8.0 million). 
By other characteristics, both the largest percentage and greatest
number of students were

  -- located in central cities (65 percent or 9.4 million students),

  -- in large schools (61 percent or 13.8 million students),

  -- in student populations that had 50.5 percent or more minority
     enrollment (70 percent or 7.7 million), or

  -- in student populations that had 70 percent or more of students
     eligible for free or reduced-price lunch (65 percent or 5
     million students). 

However, combined (elementary and secondary) schools had the largest
percent of students attending schools with at least one
unsatisfactory environmental condition (65 percent), but the largest
concentration of students was reported in elementary schools (15.1
million students). 


   CONCLUSIONS
------------------------------------------------------------ Letter :7

Data reported by school officials on the condition of America's
schools highlight the complexity of the differences.  New schools in
excellent physical condition, conforming to all federal, state, and
local mandates, may reside a few blocks from a functioning school in
poor physical condition.  Although the two-thirds of schools reported
to be in satisfactory condition are found in every state, the
one-third of schools reportedly not in satisfactory condition are
also found in every state.  Meanwhile, as widespread as these
problems are, schools in unsatisfactory physical and environmental
condition--in which over 14 million children are educated--are
concentrated in central cities and serve large populations of poor or
minority students.  Some states have above average expenditures to
repair and upgrade school facilities, but all states are affected. 
Similarly, virtually all communities, even some of the wealthiest,
are wondering how to address school infrastructure needs while
balancing them with other community priorities. 


   AGENCY COMMENTS
------------------------------------------------------------ Letter :8

The Department of Education reviewed a draft of this report and had
no comments. 


---------------------------------------------------------- Letter :8.1

As agreed with your office, unless you publicly announce its contents
earlier, we plan no further distribution of this report until 30 days
from the date of this letter.  At that time, we will send copies to
interested parties and make copies available to others upon request. 
Copies of this report are also being sent to appropriate House and
Senate Committees and all members of the Congress, the Secretary of
Education, and other interested parties. 

Please contact me on (202) 512-7014 or Eleanor L.  Johnson, Assistant
Director, on (202) 512-7209 if you or your staff have any questions. 
Major contributors to this report are listed in appendix VII. 

Carlotta C.  Joyner
Director, Education and
 Employment Issues


TECHNICAL APPENDIX
=========================================================== Appendix I


   SCOPE AND METHODOLOGY OVERVIEW
--------------------------------------------------------- Appendix I:1

To determine the extent to which America's 80,000 schools have the
physical capacity to support 21st century technology and education
reform for all students, we surveyed a national sample of public
schools and their associated districts and augmented the surveys with
visits to selected schools' districts.  We used various experts to
advise us on the design and analysis of this project.\25

We sent surveys to a nationally representative sample of about 10,000
public schools in over 5,000 associated school districts.  For our
sample, we used the public school sample for the Department of
Education's 1993-94 Schools and Staffing Survey (SASS), which is a
multifaceted, nationally representative survey sponsored by the
National Center for Educational Statistics (NCES) and administered by
the Bureau of the Census. 

We asked about (1) the physical condition of buildings and major
building features, such as roofs, framing, floors, and foundations;
(2) the status of environmental conditions, such as lighting,
heating, and ventilation; (3) how well schools could meet selected
functional requirements of education reforms, such as having space
for small- and large-group instruction; (4) the sufficiency of data,
voice, and video technologies and the infrastructure to support these
technologies; (5) the amount schools had spent in the last 3 years or
planned to spend in the next 3 years on selected federal mandates;
and (6) an estimate of the total cost of needed repairs, renovations,
and modernizations to put all buildings in good overall condition. 
(See app.  VI for a copy of the survey.)

We directed the survey to those officials who are most knowledgeable
about facilities--such as facilities directors and other central
office administrators of the districts that housed our sampled
schools.  Our analyses are based on responses from 78 percent of the
schools sampled.  Analyses of nonrespondent characteristics showed
them to be similar to respondents.  Findings from the survey have
been statistically adjusted (weighted) to produce estimates that are
representative at national and state levels.  All data are
self-reported, and we did not independently verify their accuracy. 
We conducted the bulk of our study between January 1994 and February
1995 (additional analyses were done through May 1996) in accordance
with generally accepted government auditing standards. 


--------------------
\25 See School Facilities:  Condition of America's Schools
(GAO/HEHS-95-61, Feb.  1, 1995), app.  III, for a complete list. 


      SURVEY PARTICIPANTS
------------------------------------------------------- Appendix I:1.1

For our review of the physical condition of America's schools, we
wanted to determine physical condition and spending as perceived by
the most knowledgeable school district personnel.  To accomplish
this, we mailed questionnaires to superintendents of school districts
associated with a nationally representative sample of public schools. 
We asked the superintendents to have district personnel, such as
facilities directors who were very familiar with school facilities,
answer the questionnaires.  The questionnaires gathered information
about a variety of school facility issues, including spending
associated with federal mandates.  For our school sample, we used the
sample for the 1993-94 SASS. 


      SAMPLING STRATEGY
------------------------------------------------------- Appendix I:1.2

The 1993-94 SASS sample is designed to give several types of
estimates, including both national and state-level estimates.  It is
necessarily a very complex sample.  Essentially, however, it is
stratified by state and grade level (elementary, secondary, and
combined).  It also has separate strata for schools with large Native
American populations and for Bureau of Indian Affairs schools.  A
detailed description of the sample and discussion of the sampling
issues is contained in NCES' technical report on the 1993-94 SASS
sample.\26


--------------------
\26 Robert Abramson et al., 1993-94 Schools and Staffing Survey: 
Sample Design and Estimation, U.S.  Department of Education, NCES. 


      SURVEY RESPONSE
------------------------------------------------------- Appendix I:1.3

We mailed our questionnaires to 9,956 sampled schools in 5,459
associated districts across the country in May 1994.  We did a
follow-up mailing in July 1994 and again in October 1994.  After each
mailing, we telephoned nonresponding districts to encourage their
responses.  We accepted returned questionnaires through early January
1995. 

Of the 9,956 schools in the original sample, 393 were found to be
ineligible for our survey.\27 Subtracting these ineligible schools
from our original sample yielded an adjusted sample of 9,563 schools. 
The number of completed, usable school questionnaires returned was
7,478.  Dividing the number of completed, usable returns by the
adjusted sample yielded a school response rate of 78 percent. 

We compared nonrespondents with respondents by urbanicity, location,
state, race and ethnicity, and poverty and found few notable
differences between the two groups.  On the basis of this
information, we assumed that our respondents did not differ
significantly from the nonrespondents.\28 Therefore, we weighted the
respondent data to adjust for nonresponse and yield representative
national estimates. 


--------------------
\27 Reasons for ineligibility included school was no longer in
operation, entity was not a school, entity was a private rather than
public school, and entity was a postsecondary school only. 

\28 Detailed sample and response information for each sample stratum
is available upon request from GAO.  See app.  VII for appropriate
staff contacts. 


      ANALYTIC DECISIONS REGARDING
      SPENDING DATA
------------------------------------------------------- Appendix I:1.4

Analyses in this report on spending are based on data from three
questions:  questions 11, 13, and 14 (see app.  VI).  In all cases,
the resulting distributions were severely skewed, making no single
measure of central tendency adequate to describe the distribution. 
For an example, see table I.1. 



                         Table I.1
          
             Frequency Distribution of Amounts
            Reported Needed to Repair or Upgrade
             Schools to Good Overall Condition

Amount                      Secondar                 Total
reported        Elementary         y            (percent)\
needed             schools   schools  Combined           a
--------------  ----------  --------  --------  ----------
$0                   9,290     3,056       597      12,943
                                                      (16)
$1 to less              22                          22 (0)
 than $100
$100 to less           643       213        24     879 (1)
 than $1,000
$1,000 to less      10,179     3,276       500      13,955
 than $100,000                                        (18)
$100,000 to         18,882     5,477       952      25,311
 less than $1                                         (32)
 million
$1 million to       15,760     6,048       689      22,497
 less than $6                                         (28)
 million
$6 million to        1,394     1,379        92   2,865 (4)
 less than $15
 million
$15 million to         312       588        42     943 (1)
 less than $50
 million
$50 million to                    12         4      16 (0)
 less than
 $100 million
$100 million            19         5                23 (0)
 or more
==========================================================
Total               56,500    20,053     2,900      79,454
 (percent)\a          (71)      (25)       (4)       (100)
----------------------------------------------------------
\a Slight discrepancies in row and column totals are due to rounding. 

We only excluded outliers from our analyses for overwhelming reasons. 
For this survey, although less than 2 percent reported needing above
$15 million, with the exception of one case discussed below, we
thought it proper to include all of them.  Although the average
school construction cost in 1994 was $6 million for an elementary
school and $15 million for a high school, secondary schools in urban
areas can run more than $100 million.  For example, recently
constructed Stuyvesant High School in New York cost $151 million to
build.  So, although not frequent, spending over $100 million is
plausible.  Also, because school officials may decide that replacing
the old school through new construction is more prudent than
repairing and upgrading an old building, we concluded that schools in
bad condition that put down replacement cost in the survey for the
"amount needed" were reasonable in doing so. 

Our initial analyses in our first report on school facilities
produced estimates at a national level.  Upon examining data for
reporting state-level estimates, we found an amount reported in one
state that appeared to be out of range for a realistic estimate of
the specific item in question.  Because sample surveys use weights to
produce population estimates and this particular respondent carried a
large weight, this extreme amount greatly affected survey results for
this item.  Therefore, we adjusted this response to equal the median
of the amounts reported for this item by other respondents in the
same state.  Unless otherwise noted, national averages in this report
that involve this item in the computation use this adjusted amount. 

Because of the wide range of amounts reported, sampling errors,
particularly for state-level data, were particularly problematic (see
the "Sampling Errors" section of this app.).  Acceptable levels of
precision were possible for the national average of dollar amounts
needed per school, and for the percent of schools above and below
average.  We felt that giving the percent above and below average
would give the reader a sense of the skewness of the data.  We also
needed to anchor these percentages with some dollar figures.  The
only dollar figures that were not affected by the sampling error
problem were the actual dollar amounts reported in our sample. 


      SAMPLING ERRORS
------------------------------------------------------- Appendix I:1.5

All sample surveys are subject to sampling error, that is, the extent
to which the results differ from what would be obtained if the whole
population had received the questionnaire.  Since the whole
population does not receive the questionnaire in a sample survey, the
true size of the sampling error cannot be known.  It can be
estimated, however, from the responses to the survey.  The estimate
of sampling error depends largely on the number of respondents and
the amount of variability in the data. 

Variability in the data is particularly relevant to this report. 
Analyses are based on the dollar amount reported by schools in
response to questions about the total cost of all
repairs/renovations/modernizations required to put school buildings
into good overall condition and past and future spending for selected
federal mandates.  The wide range of dollar amounts reported reduced
the amount of precision with which we could produce dollar estimates. 
For this reason, we limited our dollar estimates to a national-level
estimate of average and total dollars spent.  We then examined
proportions of schools that reported spending in these categories by
a number of variables of interest. 

A similar situation exists for the number of students affected by
inadequate or unsatisfactory conditions.  We did not report out the
number of students affected for the state analyses because sampling
errors for most states were too high (greater than ï¿½ 25 percent).  We
could, however, report out the number of students for the other
analyses (region, community type, school level, school size,
proportion of minority students, and proportion of students on free
or reduced-price lunch). 


      NONSAMPLING ERRORS
------------------------------------------------------- Appendix I:1.6

In addition to sampling errors, surveys are also subject to other
types of systematic error or bias that can affect results.  This is
especially true when respondents are asked to answer questions of a
sensitive nature or inherently subject to error.  Lack of
understanding of these issues can also result in systematic error. 
Bias can affect both response rates and the way respondents answer
particular questions.  We cannot assess the magnitude of the effect
of bias, if any, on survey results.  Rather, possibilities of bias
can only be identified and accounted for when interpreting results. 
This survey had three major possible sources of bias:  (1) bias
inherent in all self-ratings or self-reports, (2) the complexity of
this particular task, and (3) sensitivity of compliance issues. 

Bias inherent in self-rating may impact survey results because
integrity of the data depends upon respondents' providing honest and
accurate answers to survey questions.  The results of this report are
affected by the extent to which respondents accurately reported
expenditures and the extent to which they provided accurate estimates
for projected spending.  When, as in this case, responses are not
verified, the possibility of this kind of bias always exists. 

Second, assessing the physical condition of buildings is also a very
complex and technical undertaking.  Moreover, many facilities
problems, particularly the most serious and dangerous, are not
visible to the naked eye.  Further, any dollar estimates made of the
cost to repair, retrofit, upgrade, or renovate are just that,
estimates, unless the school has recently completed such work.  The
only way school officials actually know what such work costs is to
put it out for bid.  Even then, cost changes may occur before the
contracted work is completed.  Therefore, estimates and evaluations
reported are subject to inaccuracies. 

A third kind of bias that may occur results from the sensitivity of
compliance issues.  In this case, our interest in securing
information on compliance with federal mandates put us in a highly
sensitive area.  For example, respondents may have perceived that
accurately reporting problems in providing access for disabled
students would make the school vulnerable to lawsuits, despite
assurances of confidentiality.  Consequently, in such sensitive
areas, schools may have tended toward underreporting or made
conservative estimates. 


   DEFINITIONS OF ANALYTIC
   CHARACTERISTICS
--------------------------------------------------------- Appendix I:2

Definitions are based on those used for the 1990-91 Schools and
Staffing Survey (SASS) conducted by the Department of Education,
Office of Educational Research and Improvement. 


      COMMUNITY TYPE
------------------------------------------------------- Appendix I:2.1

We used SASS designations for central city, urban fringe/large town,
and rural/small town for community type. 


         CENTRAL CITY
----------------------------------------------------- Appendix I:2.1.1

A large central city (a central city of a Standard Metropolitan
Statistical Area (SMSA)) with population greater than or equal to
400,000 or a population density greater than or equal to 6,000 per
square mile) or a mid-size central city (a central city of an SMSA
but not designated a large central city). 


         URBAN FRINGE/LARGE TOWN
----------------------------------------------------- Appendix I:2.1.2

Urban fringe of a large or mid-size central city (a place within an
SMSA of a large or mid-size central city and defined as urban by the
Bureau of the Census) or a large town (a place not within an SMSA but
with a population greater than or equal to 25,000 and defined as
urban by the Bureau of the Census). 


         RURAL/SMALL TOWN
----------------------------------------------------- Appendix I:2.1.3

Rural area (a place with a population of less than 2,500 and defined
as rural by the Bureau of the Census) or a small town (a place not
within an SMSA, with a population of less than 25,000, but greater
than or equal to 2,500, and defined as urban by the Bureau of the
Census). 


      SCHOOL LEVEL
------------------------------------------------------- Appendix I:2.2

We used elementary, secondary, and combined as defined below for
school level. 

  -- Elementary--A school that had grade six or lower or "ungraded"
     and no grade higher than the eighth. 

  -- Secondary--A school that had no grade lower than the seventh or
     "ungraded" and had grade seven or higher. 

  -- Combined--A school that had grades higher than the eighth and
     lower than the seventh. 


      SIZE OF SCHOOL
------------------------------------------------------- Appendix I:2.3

We designated schools as small, medium, or large according to school
enrollment as follows: 

  -- Small--A school with fewer than 300 students. 

  -- Medium--A school with more than 299 but fewer than 600 students. 

  -- Large--A school with more 600 students or more. 


      MINORITY ENROLLMENT
------------------------------------------------------- Appendix I:2.4

We used the following SASS designations for minority students: 
American Indian or Alaskan Native; Asian or Pacific Islander;
Hispanic, regardless of race (Mexican, Puerto Rican, Cuban, Central
or South American, or other culture or origin); and Black (not of
Hispanic origin). 


      GEOGRAPHIC REGION
------------------------------------------------------- Appendix I:2.5

We used the following four designations for region: 

  -- Northeast--Maine, New Hampshire, Vermont, Massachusetts, Rhode
     Island, Connecticut, New York, New Jersey, and Pennsylvania. 

  -- Midwest--Ohio, Indiana, Illinois, Michigan, Wisconsin,
     Minnesota, Iowa, Missouri, North Dakota, South Dakota, Nebraska,
     and Kansas. 

  -- South--Delaware, Maryland, District of Columbia, Virginia, West
     Virginia, North Carolina, South Carolina, Georgia, Florida,
     Kentucky, Tennessee, Alabama, Mississippi, Arkansas, Louisiana,
     Oklahoma, and Texas. 

  -- West--Montana, Idaho, Wyoming, Colorado, New Mexico, Arizona,
     Utah, Nevada, Washington, Oregon, California, Alaska, and
     Hawaii. 


      PROPORTION OF STUDENTS
      RECEIVING FREE OR REDUCED-
      PRICE LUNCH
------------------------------------------------------- Appendix I:2.6

This calculation was based on survey question 4 ("What was the total
number of full-time-equivalent (FTE) students enrolled in this school
around the first of October 1993?") and survey question 25 ("Around
the first of October 1993, how many applicants in this school were
approved for the National School Lunch Program?"). 


DATA ON CONDITION OF BUILDINGS AND
BUILDING FEATURES
========================================================== Appendix II

We asked respondents to rank the overall condition of buildings and
selected building features on an adequacy scale:  excellent, good,
adequate, fair, poor, or replace (see question 10 in app.  VI for
definitions).  Overall condition includes both physical condition and
the ability of the buildings to meet the functional requirements of
instructional programs. 

The tables in this appendix show the percentage of schools ranking
the condition of buildings and selected building features as fair,
poor, or replace (inadequate).  Specifically, tables II.1 and II.2
show the estimated percentage of schools with inadequate buildings by
building type.  Tables II.3 and II.4 include the results for both
buildings and building features, showing the estimated percentage of
schools with at least one inadequate building, at least one
inadequate building feature, or both.  Tables II.5 through II.13
focus on individual building features, showing the estimated
percentage of schools with selected inadequate building features. 
With the exception of the state analyses, the tables on building
features show the estimated number of students attending schools with
inadequate conditions in addition to the estimated percentage of
schools.  We did not report these numbers for the state analyses due
to particularly high sampling errors associated with these data. 

Nationwide, about a third of the schools reported at least one entire
building in need of extensive repair or replacement, and about 57
percent of schools, many in otherwise adequate condition, reported
needing extensive repair, overhaul, or replacement of at least one
major building feature. 



                                        Table II.1
                         
                           Estimated Percent of Schools With at
                             Least One Building in Inadequate
                                    Condition by State

                                         Percent of
                                  schools reporting
                                       at least one         Percent of
                      Percent of         inadequate  schools reporting         Percent of
               schools reporting    attached and/or       at least one  schools reporting
                    at least one           detached         inadequate       at least one
                      inadequate          permanent          temporary     inadequate on-
State          original building           addition           building      site building
-------------  -----------------  -----------------  -----------------  -----------------
Alabama                     32.5               19.1               31.5               39.1
Alaska                      36.7               21.7               22.8               44.6
Arizona                     27.1               14.2               28.8               40.8
Arkansas                    16.8               11.8               14.5               24.9
California                  31.8               14.3               24.3               42.9
Colorado                  21.3\a             12.3\b               16.5             32.2\a
Connecticut                 27.1               13.7                8.0               30.0
Delaware                  30.0\b                7.7             35.5\d             40.5\b
District of               49.3\a             20.7\b                0.0             49.3\a
 Columbia
Florida                     18.3               10.7               20.9               31.2
Georgia                     18.5                9.0               15.1               26.2
Hawaii                      16.3                5.5               11.2               21.4
Idaho                       27.4               14.9               13.3               31.9
Illinois                    29.2                8.8                4.4               31.0
Indiana                     28.1               11.5                2.6               29.2
Iowa                        14.9                7.6                8.5               18.8
Kansas                      33.7               14.5               18.8               38.3
Kentucky                    24.0               12.9               17.7               30.9
Louisiana                   28.0                8.7               24.8               38.6
Maine                     34.5\a               14.5               13.0             37.5\a
Maryland                    27.3                9.3                6.1               30.7
Massachusetts             37.8\a               11.8                4.9            40.8\a\
Michigan                    19.4                9.9                4.9               21.6
Minnesota                   32.8               16.9               16.4               38.5
Mississippi                 14.5                9.6               19.1               28.5
Missouri                    24.0                3.8               11.7               27.3
Montana                     16.5                7.9                7.9               20.4
Nebraska                    29.5                9.7                6.4               35.2
Nevada                      20.9                4.6               10.1               23.2
New Hampshire             33.4\a                4.6             16.0\b             38.4\a
New Jersey                  17.3               12.8                1.1               19.1
New Mexico                  25.6               13.7               13.6               29.9
New York                    28.6                8.5                5.7               32.8
North                       25.0                9.6               24.5               36.1
 Carolina
North Dakota                20.5               10.0                6.7               23.0
Ohio                        33.0               20.2                8.2               38.0
Oklahoma                    27.1               11.3               16.0               30.5
Oregon                      31.4               19.8               11.1               38.9
Pennsylvania                18.9                9.6                4.9               21.0
Rhode Island                29.3               13.8                0.0               29.3
South                       21.2               13.6               29.4               36.9
 Carolina
South Dakota                20.1               12.0                8.4               21.3
Tennessee                   18.6               10.6               14.0               27.2
Texas                       22.6               13.2               13.2               27.1
Utah                        34.4               22.0                3.4               34.1
Vermont                     18.6               13.9             18.0\b               21.4
Virginia                    20.8               16.1               10.8               27.4
Washington                  37.6               16.9               25.2               44.2
West Virginia               39.5               25.3               15.8               41.9
Wisconsin                   31.8               16.1                4.9               32.8
Wyoming                     18.3                6.3               10.5               24.4
-----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Note:  Sampling errors are less than ï¿½11 percentage points unless
otherwise noted. 

\a Sampling errors are equal to or greater than 11 percentage points
but less than 13 percentage points. 

\b Sampling errors are equal to or greater than 13 percentage points
but less than 16 percentage points. 

\c Sampling errors are equal to or greater than 16 percentage points
but less than 20 percentage points. 

\d Sampling errors are equal to or greater than 20 percentage points
but less than 25 percentage points. 



                                        Table II.2
                         
                           Estimated Percent of Schools With at
                         Least One Building in Inadequate Overall
                            Condition by Other Characteristics

                                         Percent of
                                  schools reporting
                                       at least one         Percent of         Percent of
                      Percent of         inadequate  schools reporting  schools reporting
               schools reporting    attached and/or       at least one       at least one
                    at least one           detached         inadequate         inadequate
Characteristi         inadequate          permanent          temporary    building of any
c              original building           addition           building               type
-------------  -----------------  -----------------  -----------------  -----------------
Community type
-----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Central city                31.3               14.7               15.6               37.6
Urban fringe/               24.0               10.8               10.8               28.6
 large town
Rural/small                 24.1               11.8               14.9               30.3
 town

Geographic region
-----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Northeast                   25.9               10.6                5.8               28.8
Midwest                     27.3               12.0                7.7               30.5
South                       23.3               12.5               17.5               31.0
West                        29.5               14.5               20.3               38.3

School size
-----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Small (1-299                29.6               12.3                9.7               33.4
 students)
Medium (300-                24.7               12.9               14.6               30.2
 599
 students)
Large (600+                 25.3               11.8               16.3               33.2
 students)

School level
-----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Elementary                  26.1               11.5               13.8               31.8
Secondary                   26.3               14.8               13.8               32.4
Combined                    27.7               12.9               19.5               34.7

Proportion of students approved for free or reduced-price lunch
-----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Less than 20                20.7               10.7               11.0               25.1
 percent
20 to less                  23.5               12.6               13.5               28.6
 than 40
 percent
40 to less                  28.0               12.7               15.6               34.9
 than 70
70 percent or               33.1               14.9               18.3               40.5
 more

Proportion of minority students
-----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Less than 5.5               24.6               10.5               10.9               28.7
 percent
5.5 to less                 22.3               12.2               10.8               27.1
 than 20.5
 percent
20.5 to less                25.6               13.1               14.9               33.0
 than 50.5
 percent
50.5 percent                33.8               15.7               20.6               42.0
 or more
-----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Note:  All sampling errors are less than ï¿½5 percentage points. 



                         Table II.3
          
            Estimated Percent of Schools With at
             Least One Inadequate Building, One
          Inadequate Building Feature, or Both by
                           State

                                              At least one
                                At least one    inadequate
                  At least one    inadequate  building and
                    inadequate      building      building
State                 building       feature       feature
----------------  ------------  ------------  ------------
Alabama                   39.1          59.4          37.2
Alaska                    44.6          69.4          44.5
Arizona                   40.8          64.0          35.6
Arkansas                  24.9          41.9          20.0
California                42.9          70.8          39.8
Colorado                32.2\a          57.6        23.3\a
Connecticut               30.0        57.5\a          30.1
Delaware                40.5\b        69.5\b        30.8\b
District of             49.3\a          91.1        50.1\a
 Columbia
Florida                   31.2          57.2          24.8
Georgia                   26.2          37.2          18.5
Hawaii                    21.4          57.1          17.7
Idaho                     31.9          56.2          31.0
Illinois                  31.0          62.3          30.8
Indiana                   29.2          56.2          28.1
Iowa                      18.8          50.5          16.9
Kansas                    38.3          54.6          33.8
Kentucky                  30.9          59.3          29.3
Louisiana                 38.6          49.9          34.2
Maine                   37.5\a        60.4\a        35.5\a
Maryland                  30.7          66.6          30.9
Massachusetts           40.8\a          75.0        40.1\a
Michigan                  21.6          51.8          21.6
Minnesota                 38.5          56.8          32.7
Mississippi               28.5          49.5          20.5
Missouri                  27.3          47.5          23.1
Montana                   20.4          44.8          18.5
Nebraska                  35.2          44.5          28.7
Nevada                    23.2          41.8          22.1
New Hampshire           38.4\a        58.8\a        36.4\a
New Jersey                19.1        53.0\a          19.1
New Mexico                29.9          69.1          26.0
New York                  32.8          67.3          32.5
North Carolina            36.1          55.1          28.5
North Dakota              23.0          48.6          20.3
Ohio                      38.0          76.1          34.9
Oklahoma                  30.5          54.4          27.3
Oregon                    38.9          62.7          29.6
Pennsylvania              21.0          41.9          19.2
Rhode Island              29.3        61.0\a          29.3
South Carolina            36.9          51.8          29.0
South Dakota              21.3          44.6          19.2
Tennessee                 27.2          56.5          25.2
Texas                     27.1          46.0          23.2
Utah                      34.1          62.5          33.0
Vermont                   21.4        52.6\b          19.5
Virginia                  27.4          60.1          25.5
Washington                44.2          59.8          38.5
West Virginia             41.9          67.3          40.8
Wisconsin                 32.8          48.9          31.5
Wyoming                   24.4          48.7          19.5
----------------------------------------------------------
Note:  Sampling errors are less than ï¿½11 percentage points unless
otherwise noted. 

\a Sampling errors are equal to or greater than 11 percentage points
but less than 13 percentage points. 

\b Sampling errors are equal to or greater than 13 percentage points
but less than 16 percentage points. 



                                        Table II.4
                         
                         Estimated Percent of Schools and Number
                          of Students Attending Schools With at
                            Least One Inadequate Building, One
                         Inadequate Building Feature, or Both by
                                  Other Characteristics


                               Number of               Number of               Number of
                  Percent of    students  Percent of    students  Percent of    students
Characteristic       schools      (000s)     schools      (000s)     schools      (000s)
----------------  ----------  ----------  ----------  ----------  ----------  ----------
Community type
----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Central city            37.6       5,575        66.6       9,653        35.0       5,222
Urban fringe/           28.6     3,500\a        56.8       7,137        26.7     3,235\a
 large town
Rural/small town        30.3       4,582        51.7       7,790        26.2     3,809\a

Geographic region
----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Northeast               28.8     1,991\b        58.6       4,216        28.1     1,913\b
Midwest                 30.5       2,930        56.9       5,991        28.1     2,735\a
South                   31.0       4,720        53.0       7,919        26.7       4,035
West                    38.3     4,032\a        64.0       6,476        34.2     3,596\a

School size
----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Small (1-299            33.4     1,566\c        53.5     2,331\a        29.9     1,335\c
 students)
Medium (300-599         30.2       4,472        56.6       8,276        27.3       3,974
 students)
Large (600+             33.2       7,636        62.1      13,995        30.4       6,972
 students)

School level
----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Elementary              31.8       8,349        57.5      15,128        29.0       7,564
Secondary               32.4       4,928        57.3       8,891        28.7       4,381
Combined                34.7       397\a        57.7         583        29.6       335\b

Proportion of students approved for free or reduced-price lunch
----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Less than 20            25.1     2,911\b        51.5       5,998        22.3     2,638\b
 percent
20 to less than         28.6     2,614\a        54.7       4,955        25.1     2,302\b
 40 percent
40 to less than         34.9     2,934\a        58.9       5,170        31.0     2,611\b
 70 percent
70 percent or           40.5     3,242\b        66.0       5,115        37.9     2,979\b
 more

Proportion of minority students
----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Less than 5.5           28.7       3,383        54.1       6,882        26.0       2,970
 percent
5.5 to less than        27.1     2,591\b        50.1       4,797        23.9     2,301\c
 20.5 percent
20.5 to less            33.0     2,886\b        58.4       5,167        29.5     2,559\b
 than 50.5
 percent
50.5 percent or         42.0     4,809\a        69.9       7,748        38.9     4,448\a
 more
----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Note:  Sampling errors for estimates based on percent of schools are
less than ï¿½4 percentage points.  Sampling errors for estimates based
on number of students are less than ï¿½11 percentage points unless
otherwise noted. 

\a Sampling errors are equal to or greater than 11 percentage points
but less than 13 percentage points. 

\b Sampling errors are equal to or greater than 13 percentage points
but less than 16 percentage points. 

\c Sampling errors are equal to or greater than 16 percentage points
but less than 20 percentage points. 



                                        Table II.5
                         
                            Estimated Percent of Schools With
                           Inadequate Building Features--Roofs,
                            Framing, Floors, and Foundations;
                          Exterior Walls, Finishes, Windows, and
                          Doors; Interior Finishes; and Plumbing
                                         by State

                                                     Exterior
                                                       walls,
                                       Framing,     finishes,
                                        floors,      windows,      Interior
State                       Roofs   foundations         doors      finishes      Plumbing
-------------------  ------------  ------------  ------------  ------------  ------------
Alabama                      29.8          26.6          29.3          30.3          38.0
Alaska                       33.0          26.7          37.7          34.8          33.4
Arizona                      30.2          22.6          20.9          23.0          39.7
Arkansas                     22.3          14.3          20.2          14.9          22.1
California                   40.5          27.8          41.7          46.5          40.9
Colorado                     26.2           9.1        24.1\a        26.5\a        27.9\a
Connecticut                32.3\a          11.3          22.8          22.1          25.1
Delaware                   36.4\b        18.2\a        35.5\b        37.7\b        49.6\b
District of                67.4\a        50.9\a        72.2\a        46.3\b        64.9\a
 Columbia
Florida                      23.3          19.6          24.7          32.5          31.7
Georgia                      23.7           9.3          14.4          11.1          17.7
Hawaii                       15.5          13.6          15.8          17.3          19.9
Idaho                        30.6          19.5          18.3          18.5          31.8
Illinois                     22.6          21.3          29.8          25.6          37.5
Indiana                      15.1          14.0          21.5          21.1          29.1
Iowa                         21.4           6.9          15.6          16.1          21.2
Kansas                       27.8          20.3          27.0          26.5          32.4
Kentucky                     34.2          14.3          26.2          22.6          24.5
Louisiana                    28.4          24.0          31.3          29.6          24.8
Maine                      38.4\a          14.2          33.1          23.8          30.5
Maryland                     33.3          21.3          30.1          27.1          26.2
Massachusetts              41.2\a          22.7        41.4\a          29.7        36.5\a
Michigan                   20.3\a          10.6          22.2          18.3          21.8
Minnesota                    31.7          20.9          29.5          25.0          32.9
Mississippi                  27.2          17.9          22.1          21.2          28.2
Missouri                     20.5          12.5          23.3          22.4          29.8
Montana                      18.9           9.4          14.7          14.8          19.2
Nebraska                     19.9          14.5          23.1          19.0          23.5
Nevada                       18.2          23.9          27.4          18.9          15.8
New Hampshire                19.6          15.5        35.9\a        24.3\a        28.1\a
New Jersey                   25.1          12.1          18.4          18.3          19.7
New Mexico                   28.8          21.1          22.5          21.2          42.6
New York                     30.6          16.8          37.9          23.1          27.8
North Carolina               24.7          14.7          21.9          19.4          21.5
North Dakota                 18.8          15.0          22.5          18.4          28.1
Ohio                         32.6          19.6          34.5          20.8          39.4
Oklahoma                     25.7          18.3          21.8          22.1          31.6
Oregon                       35.6          18.4          31.4          17.2          40.8
Pennsylvania                 18.9          10.4          13.3          17.5          19.5
Rhode Island                 22.6          25.6          34.7          19.2          27.3
South Carolina               27.6          20.7          24.3          26.0          28.2
South Dakota                 25.7          17.3          21.6          22.0          25.0
Tennessee                    21.5           9.6          12.6          11.1          21.0
Texas                        22.6          15.1          16.4          18.5          26.4
Utah                         31.8          33.8          21.1          14.2          32.7
Vermont                      20.9           8.7        18.3\b        19.6\b        18.6\b
Virginia                     31.8          20.9          25.2          17.8          32.1
Washington                   31.7          21.2          33.5          30.9          39.4
West Virginia                25.8          35.3          43.3          36.8          37.8
Wisconsin                    17.5          18.2          23.1          19.0          23.5
Wyoming                      24.0          10.3          18.0          13.5          18.9
-----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Note:  Sampling errors are less than ï¿½11 percentage points unless
otherwise noted. 

\a Sampling errors are equal to or greater than 11 percentage points
but less than 13 percentage points. 

\b Sampling errors are equal to or greater than 13 percentage points
but less than 16 percentage points. 



                                        Table II.6
                         
                         Estimated Percent of Schools With Less-
                            Than-Adequate Building Features--
                              Heating, Ventilation, and Air
                          Conditioning (HVAC); Electrical Power;
                           Electrical Lighting; and Life Safety
                                      Codes by State

                                                                                    Total
                                                                               percent of
                                                                             schools with
                                                                             at least one
                                                                               inadequate
                                     Electrical    Electrical   Life safety      building
State                        HVAC         power      lighting         codes     feature\a
-------------------  ------------  ------------  ------------  ------------  ------------
Alabama                      42.7          24.5          30.5          24.6          59.4
Alaska                       44.6          49.0          41.3          29.5          69.4
Arizona                      37.7          36.1          31.6          28.0          64.0
Arkansas                     19.1          14.1          18.6           9.4          41.9
California                   41.2          32.1          42.5          20.8          70.8
Colorado                   40.8\b        31.4\b        27.4\b        16.7\b          57.6
Connecticut                  32.1        29.1\b          21.4          27.7        57.5\b
Delaware                   48.0\c        43.7\c        37.6\c        25.6\c        69.5\c
District of                66.2\b        49.9\c        53.0\c        50.7\b          91.1
 Columbia
Florida                      40.1          27.5          26.7           8.6          57.2
Georgia                      16.3          17.4          13.7           9.9          37.2
Hawaii                       36.8          27.3          16.8           5.0          57.1
Idaho                        37.4          28.9          23.8          19.5          56.2
Illinois                     45.0          28.3          27.9          24.0          62.3
Indiana                      43.3          33.9          28.6          24.8          56.2
Iowa                         24.6          17.3          21.7          12.8          50.5
Kansas                       42.1          31.5          25.2          18.1          54.6
Kentucky                     38.3          25.0          27.4          19.7          59.3
Louisiana                    27.3          30.4          25.0          28.5          49.9
Maine                      36.7\b          24.1          17.9          25.1        60.4\b
Maryland                     50.0          35.4          34.2          22.4          66.6
Massachusetts              48.0\b        34.4\b          29.7          22.0          75.0
Michigan                     28.9          24.2          23.1          13.4          51.8
Minnesota                    41.3          26.3          22.7          27.5          56.8
Mississippi                  26.0          20.5          19.4          16.5          49.5
Missouri                     36.2          23.9          18.5           9.5          47.5
Montana                      20.9          13.8          15.1          13.5          44.8
Nebraska                     35.7          20.9          19.8          18.1          44.5
Nevada                       29.6          18.0          15.5          14.9          41.8
New Hampshire              48.6\b        32.6\b          20.0          16.4        58.8\b
New Jersey                   32.9          20.8          20.4          14.9        53.0\b
New Mexico                   38.5          39.9          37.6          22.0          69.1
New York                     36.5          18.5          13.0          11.0          67.3
North Carolina               33.7          19.2          19.9          20.1          55.1
North Dakota                 32.1          18.9          17.6          14.6          48.6
Ohio                         47.5          45.7          33.5          29.8          76.1
Oklahoma                     35.7          27.3          26.3          24.3          54.4
Oregon                       46.9          36.4          29.2          14.8          62.7
Pennsylvania                 27.5          15.6          15.0          12.0          41.9
Rhode Island               35.3\b          33.8          33.5          14.3        61.0\b
South Carolina               24.6          24.0          22.2          13.9          51.8
South Dakota                 29.0          20.6          16.1          21.6          44.6
Tennessee                    35.7          18.5          15.6          21.4          56.5
Texas                        25.8          17.5          18.4          15.8          46.0
Utah                         44.3          24.7          35.0          25.7          62.5
Vermont                    39.6\c        20.1\c        21.0\c        16.9\b        52.6\c
Virginia                     35.2          24.5          23.5          18.5          60.1
Washington                   51.9          36.2          37.9          36.4          59.8
West Virginia                56.9          28.9          35.9          30.7          67.3
Wisconsin                    27.7          26.1          17.5          11.8          48.9
Wyoming                      24.7          18.6          14.0          14.7          48.7
-----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Note:  Sampling errors are less than ï¿½11 percentage points unless
otherwise noted. 

\a Total includes features from tables II.5 and II.6. 

\b Sampling errors are equal to or greater than 11 percentage points
but less than 13 percentage points. 

\c Sampling errors are equal to or greater than 13 percentage points
but less than 16 percentage points. 



                         Table II.7
          
          Estimated Percent of Schools and Number
             of Students Attending Schools With
              Inadequate Building Features by
                       Community Type

                                       Urban
                                     fringe/        Rural/
Building feature  Central city    large town    small town
----------------  ------------  ------------  ------------
Roofs
----------------------------------------------------------
Percent of                32.8          26.9          23.9
 schools
Number of                4,907       3,421\a         3,575
 students (000s)

Framing, floors, and foundations
----------------------------------------------------------
Percent of                22.2          15.1          16.7
 schools
Number of              3,207\b       1,868\c       2,160\a
 students (000s)

Exterior walls, finishes, windows, and doors
----------------------------------------------------------
Percent of                34.3          24.8          22.4
 schools
Number of                5,148       3,116\a       3,246\a
 students (000s)

Interior finishes
----------------------------------------------------------
Percent of                29.8          23.4          20.8
 schools
Number of              4,604\a       2,959\b       2,833\a
 students (000s)

Plumbing
----------------------------------------------------------
Percent of                34.2          27.0          28.6
 schools
Number of                5,014       3,274\a         3,952
 students (000s)

HVAC
----------------------------------------------------------
Percent of                41.7          36.0          33.1
 schools
Number of                6,022         4,516         4,900
 students (000s)

Electrical power
----------------------------------------------------------
Percent of                31.8          26.7          22.7
 schools
Number of                4,626       3,234\a         3,166
 students (000s)

Electrical lighting
----------------------------------------------------------
Percent of                29.4          26.3          21.7
 schools
Number of              4,379\a       3,320\a       3,125\b
 students (000s)

Life safety codes
----------------------------------------------------------
Percent of                21.9          20.0          16.4
 schools
Number of              3,032\b       2,361\b       2,221\a
 students (000s)

At least one inadequate building feature
----------------------------------------------------------
Percent of                66.6          56.8          51.7
 schools
Number of                9,653         7,137         7,790
 students (000s)
----------------------------------------------------------
Note:  Sampling errors for estimates based on percent of schools are
less than ï¿½4 percentage points.  Sampling errors for estimates based
on number of students are less than ï¿½11 percentage points unless
otherwise noted. 

\a Sampling errors are equal to or greater than 11 percentage points
but less than 13 percentage points. 

\b Sampling errors are equal to or greater than 13 percentage points
but less than 16 percentage points. 

\c Sampling errors are equal to or greater than 16 percentage points
but less than 20 percentage points. 



                         Table II.8
          
          Estimated Percent of Schools and Number
             of Students Attending Schools With
              Inadequate Building Features by
                     Geographic Region

                    Northeas
Building feature           t   Midwest     South      West
------------------  --------  --------  --------  --------
Roofs
----------------------------------------------------------
Percent of schools      28.3      23.3      26.2      33.8
Number of students   2,125\a   2,449\b     3,889   3,453\b
 (000s)

Framing, floors, and foundations
----------------------------------------------------------
Percent of schools      14.8      16.4      17.9      22.6
Number of students   1,038\c   1,531\d   2,352\b   2,327\d
 (000s)

Exterior walls, finishes, windows, and doors
----------------------------------------------------------
Percent of schools      27.8      25.9      22.7      32.2
Number of students   2,136\a   2,722\b   3,289\b   3,377\b
 (000s)

Interior finishes
----------------------------------------------------------
Percent of schools      21.7      21.5      22.1      32.7
Number of students   1,584\d   2,153\b     3,126   3,544\b
 (000s)

Plumbing
----------------------------------------------------------
Percent of schools      25.5      30.3      27.5      36.4
Number of students   1,731\d     3,015     3,890   3,618\b
 (000s)

HVAC
----------------------------------------------------------
Percent of schools      35.6      38.0      32.7      40.7
Number of students   2,403\b     3,999     4,984     4,070
 (000s)

Electrical power
----------------------------------------------------------
Percent of schools      22.2      28.9      22.9      31.8
Number of students   1,379\d     3,106     3,397   3,151\b
 (000s)

Electrical lighting
----------------------------------------------------------
Percent of schools      18.6      24.6      22.9      35.0
Number of students   1,128\d   2,617\b   3,393\b   3,699\b
 (000s)

Life safety codes
----------------------------------------------------------
Percent of schools      15.6      19.8      18.2      21.7
Number of students     988\c   2,012\a   2,456\b   2,174\d
 (000s)

At least one inadequate building feature
----------------------------------------------------------
Percent of schools      58.6      56.9      53.0      64.0
Number of students     4,216     5,991     7,919     6,476
 (000s)
----------------------------------------------------------
Note:  Sampling errors for estimates based on percent of schools are
less than ï¿½4 percentage points.  Sampling errors for estimates based
on number of students are less than ï¿½11 percentage points unless
otherwise noted. 

\a Sampling errors are equal to or greater than 13 percentage points
but less than 16 percentage points. 

\b Sampling errors are equal to or greater than 11 percentage points
but less than 13 percentage points. 

\c Sampling errors are equal to or greater than 20 percentage points
but less than 25 percentage points. 

\d Sampling errors are equal to or greater than 16 percentage points
but less than 20 percentage points. 



                         Table II.9
          
          Estimated Percent of Schools and Number
             of Students Attending Schools With
           Inadequate Building Features by School
                            Size


                     Small (1-  Medium (300-
                           299           599   Large (600+
Building feature     students)     students)     students)
----------------  ------------  ------------  ------------
Roofs
----------------------------------------------------------
Percent of                25.6          25.1          32.0
 schools
Number of              1,032\a         3,684         7,200
 students (000s)

Framing, floors, and foundations
----------------------------------------------------------
Percent of                18.4          18.4          16.9
 schools
Number of                747\b       2,665\b       3,835\c
 students (000s)

Exterior walls, finishes, windows, and doors
----------------------------------------------------------
Percent of                26.1          25.7          28.2
 schools
Number of              1,184\b         3,776         6,564
 students (000s)

Interior finishes
----------------------------------------------------------
Percent of                23.3          22.8          26.7
 schools
Number of                982\b       3,332\c         6,094
 students (000s)

Plumbing
----------------------------------------------------------
Percent of                32.6          27.6          30.4
 schools
Number of              1,452\a         3,980         6,822
 students (000s)

HVAC
----------------------------------------------------------
Percent of                35.9          35.3          38.5
 schools
Number of              1,578\a         5,150         8,728
 students (000s)

Electrical power
----------------------------------------------------------
Percent of                27.8          25.4          26.6
 schools
Number of              1,280\b         3,706         6,047
 students (000s)

Electrical lighting
----------------------------------------------------------
Percent of                25.4          24.3          26.3
 schools
Number of              1,122\b         3,550         6,166
 students (000s)

Life safety codes
----------------------------------------------------------
Percent of                20.0          18.4          18.9
 schools
Number of                889\d       2,590\c       4,151\c
 students (000s)

At least one inadequate building feature
----------------------------------------------------------
Percent of                53.5          56.6          62.1
 schools
Number of              2,331\c         8,276        13,995
 students (000s)
----------------------------------------------------------
Note:  Sampling errors for estimates based on percent of schools are
less than ï¿½4 percentage points.  Sampling errors for estimates based
on number of students are less than ï¿½11 percentage points unless
otherwise noted. 

\a Sampling errors are equal to or greater than 13 percentage points
but less than 16 percentage points. 

\b Sampling errors are equal to or greater than 16 percentage points
but less than 20 percentage points. 

\c Sampling errors are equal to or greater than 11 percentage points
but less than 13 percentage points. 

\d Sampling errors are equal to or greater than 20 percentage points
but less than 25 percentage points. 



                        Table II.10
          
          Estimated Percent of Schools and Number
             of Students Attending Schools With
           Inadequate Building Features by School
                           Level

Building feature    Elementary     Secondary      Combined
----------------  ------------  ------------  ------------
Roofs
----------------------------------------------------------
Percent of                27.2          27.4          30.5
 schools
Number of                7,167         4,413         336\a
 students (000s)

Framing, floors, and foundations
----------------------------------------------------------
Percent of                18.3          16.7          20.3
 schools
Number of                4,635       2,396\b         216\c
 students (000s)

Exterior walls, finishes, windows, and doors
----------------------------------------------------------
Percent of                26.3          26.9          29.4
 schools
Number of                7,012         4,205         308\a
 students (000s)

Interior finishes
----------------------------------------------------------
Percent of                24.4          22.8          27.0
 schools
Number of                6,489         3,625         295\a
 students (000s)

Plumbing
----------------------------------------------------------
Percent of                30.0          29.1          32.4
 schools
Number of                7,503         4,417         335\a
 students (000s)

HVAC
----------------------------------------------------------
Percent of                35.9          38.2          35.3
 schools
Number of                9,179         5,909         368\b
 students (000s)

Electrical power
----------------------------------------------------------
Percent of                26.4          26.6          26.1
 schools
Number of                6,717         4,083         233\a
 students (000s)

Electrical lighting
----------------------------------------------------------
Percent of                25.3          25.0          25.1
 schools
Number of                6,682         3,910         245\a
 students (000s)

Life safety codes
----------------------------------------------------------
Percent of                18.7          19.7          20.0
 schools
Number of                4,517       2,912\b         200\c
 students (000s)

At least one inadequate building feature
----------------------------------------------------------
Percent of                57.5          57.3          57.7
 schools
Number of               15,128         8,891           583
 students (000s)
----------------------------------------------------------
Note:  Sampling errors for estimates based on percent of schools are
less than ï¿½4 percentage points.  Sampling errors for estimates based
on number of schools are less than ï¿½11 percentage points unless
otherwise noted. 

\a Sampling errors are equal to or greater than 13 percentage points
but less than 16 percentage points. 

\b Sampling errors are equal to or greater than 11 percentage points
but less than 13 percentage points. 

\c Sampling errors are equal to or greater than 16 percentage points
but less than 20 percentage points. 



                        Table II.11
          
          Estimated Percent of Schools and Number
             of Students Attending Schools With
              Inadequate Building Features by
          Proportion of Students Approved for Free
                   or Reduced-Price Lunch


                  Less  20 to less  40 to less
Building       than 20     than 40     than 70  70 percent
feature        percent     percent     percent     or more
------------  --------  ----------  ----------  ----------
Roofs
----------------------------------------------------------
Percent of        21.7        26.6        27.5        32.3
 schools
Number of      2,517\a     2,610\a     2,367\a     2,634\a
 students
 (000s)

Framing, floors, and foundations
----------------------------------------------------------
Percent of        11.2        15.4        17.7        26.5
 schools
Number of      1,100\b     1,483\b     1,535\b     1,909\b
 students
 (000s)

Exterior walls, finishes, windows, and doors
----------------------------------------------------------
Percent of        20.1        24.9        27.6        34.7
 schools
Number of      2,428\b     2,294\a     2,530\a     2,674\a
 students
 (000s)

Interior finishes
----------------------------------------------------------
Percent of        17.5        21.8        25.7        33.4
 schools
Number of      1,943\b     2,079\a     2,319\a     2,638\a
 students
 (000s)

Plumbing
----------------------------------------------------------
Percent of        23.5        28.8        31.0        36.7
 schools
Number of      2,565\a     2,524\a     2,647\a     2,803\a
 students
 (000s)

HVAC
----------------------------------------------------------
Percent of        35.2        34.9        37.0        39.7
 schools
Number of      4,088\c     3,203\c     3,165\c     3,008\a
 students
 (000s)

Electrical power
----------------------------------------------------------
Percent of        23.1        24.4        27.9        31.1
 schools
Number of      2,594\a     2,178\a     2,390\a     2,415\a
 students
 (000s)

Electrical lighting
----------------------------------------------------------
Percent of        21.7        23.6        25.6        30.0
 schools
Number of      2,483\b     2,123\a     2,277\a     2,420\b
 students
 (000s)

Life safety codes
----------------------------------------------------------
Percent of        16.4        16.7        19.7        24.3
 schools
Number of      1,727\b     1,617\b     1,577\b     1,746\b
 students
 (000s)

At least one inadequate building feature
----------------------------------------------------------
Percent of        51.5        54.7        58.9        66.0
 schools
Number of        5,998       4,955       5,170       5,115
 students
 (000s)
----------------------------------------------------------
Note:  Sampling errors for estimates based on percent of schools are
less than ï¿½4 percentage points.  Sampling errors for estimates based
on number of students are less than ï¿½11 percentage points unless
otherwise noted. 

\a Sampling errors are equal to or greater than 13 percentage points
but less than 16 percentage points. 

\b Sampling errors are equal to or greater than 16 percentage points
but less than 20 percentage points. 

\c Sampling errors are equal to or greater than 11 percentage points
but less than 13 percentage points. 



                        Table II.12
          
          Estimated Percent of Schools and Number
             of Students Attending Schools With
              Inadequate Building Features by
              Proportion of Minority Students


                            5.5 to     20.5 to
                  Less   less than   less than        50.5
Building      than 5.5        20.5        50.5  percent or
feature        percent     percent     percent        more
------------  --------  ----------  ----------  ----------
Roofs
----------------------------------------------------------
Percent of        25.6        20.4        30.7        34.5
 schools
Number of        3,271     2,002\a     2,723\a     3,918\b
 students
 (000s)

Framing, floors, and foundations
----------------------------------------------------------
Percent of        16.3        12.8        17.3        26.7
 schools
Number of      1,812\a     1,122\c     1,411\c     2,901\a
 students
 (000s)

Exterior walls, finishes, windows, and doors
----------------------------------------------------------
Percent of        22.8        21.7        26.2        38.6
 schools
Number of        2,710     2,088\c     2,260\a     4,463\b
 students
 (000s)

Interior finishes
----------------------------------------------------------
Percent of        19.2        18.7        25.7        37.0
 schools
Number of      2,158\b     1,681\c     2,319\a     4,247\b
 students
 (000s)

Plumbing
----------------------------------------------------------
Percent of        28.2        25.3        28.5        38.6
 schools
Number of        3,184     2,337\a     2,360\a     4,372\b
 students
 (000s)

HVAC
----------------------------------------------------------
Percent of        34.6        33.6        35.5        43.4
 schools
Number of        4,255     3,270\a     3,206\b     4,720\b
 students
 (000s)

Electrical power
----------------------------------------------------------
Percent of        25.0        21.9        23.6        36.1
 schools
Number of        3,056     2,000\a     2,048\a     3,928\b
 students
 (000s)

Electrical lighting
----------------------------------------------------------
Percent of        22.5        21.4        25.2        33.7
 schools
Number of        2,732     2,051\c     2,154\a     3,899\b
 students
 (000s)

Life safety codes
----------------------------------------------------------
Percent of        18.1        15.4        17.7        25.5
 schools
Number of      2,023\b     1,424\c     1,543\c     2,640\a
 students
 (000s)

At least one inadequate building feature
----------------------------------------------------------
Percent of        54.1        50.1        58.4        69.9
 schools
Number of        6,882       4,797       5,167       7,748
 students
 (000s)
----------------------------------------------------------
Note:  Sampling errors for estimates based on percent of schools are
less than ï¿½4 percentage points.  Sampling errors for estimates based
on number of students are less than ï¿½11 percentage points unless
otherwise noted. 

\a Sampling errors are equal to or greater than 13 percentage points
but less than 16 percentage points. 

\b Sampling errors are equal to or greater than 11 percentage points
but less than 13 percentage points. 

\c Sampling errors are equal to or greater than 16 percentage points
but less than 20 percentage points. 


DATA ON ENVIRONMENTAL CONDITIONS
========================================================= Appendix III

We asked school officials to rate how satisfactory or unsatisfactory
a set of environmental conditions (which we called "environmental
factors" in the survey) were in the school's on-site buildings.  We
reported the analyses of responses of other environmental
conditions--lighting, heating, ventilation, indoor air quality,
acoustics for noise control, flexibility of instructional space, and
physical security of buildings--in a previous report in this series,
School Facilities:  America's Schools Not Designed or Equipped for
21st Century (GAO/HEHS-95-95, Apr.  4, 1995).  Nationwide, about 69
percent of schools reported at least one unsatisfactory condition: 
about 41 percent reported unsatisfactory energy efficiency; about 28
percent of schools reported unsatisfactory acoustics for noise
control; about 27 percent reported unsatisfactory ventilation; about
24 percent reported unsatisfactory physical security of buildings;
about 19 percent reported unsatisfactory heating; about 19 percent
reported unsatisfactory indoor air quality; and about 16 percent
reported unsatisfactory lighting. 

This appendix provides data on state and other analyses of the number
of unsatisfactory environmental factors reported by schools.  In
addition to showing the estimated percentage of schools with
unsatisfactory environmental conditions, table III.5 through III.10
also show the estimated number of students attending these schools. 



                        Table III.1
          
             Estimated Percent of Schools With
          Unsatisfactory Environmental Conditions
                          by State


                            No           1-4     5 or more
                  unsatisfacto  unsatisfacto  unsatisfacto
                            ry            ry            ry
                  environmenta  environmenta  environmenta
State             l conditions  l conditions  l conditions
----------------  ------------  ------------  ------------
Alabama                   42.3          40.2          17.5
Alaska                    27.5          42.3          30.1
Arizona                   43.2          42.6          14.2
Arkansas                  48.5          45.2           6.3
California                23.0          57.0          20.0
Colorado                  46.8        39.4\a          13.7
Connecticut             40.0\a        48.4\a          11.6
Delaware                47.2\b        35.4\b        17.4\a
District of             31.7\a        41.7\a        26.7\a
 Columbia
Florida                   28.4          56.5          15.1
Georgia                   60.5          32.9           6.5
Hawaii                    34.4          58.8           6.8
Idaho                     46.8          35.1          18.1
Illinois                  42.4          42.6          15.0
Indiana                   44.4          37.1          18.4
Iowa                      48.6          40.0          11.5
Kansas                    33.0          48.7          18.3
Kentucky                  47.0          39.9          13.1
Louisiana                 43.5          50.7           5.9
Maine                   41.0\a        37.1\a          21.9
Maryland                  36.7          52.6          10.8
Massachusetts             28.7        47.2\a          24.1
Michigan                  43.4          44.6          12.0
Minnesota                 44.8          41.4          13.7
Mississippi               50.9          40.9           8.1
Missouri                  48.8          45.2           6.0
Montana                   44.9          50.3           4.8
Nebraska                44.5\a          41.8          13.8
Nevada                    60.5          27.1          12.4
New Hampshire             29.4        51.8\a          18.9
New Jersey              53.9\a          38.0           8.1
New Mexico                36.8          49.2          14.0
New York                  39.6          49.2          11.1
North Carolina            41.3          46.3          12.4
North Dakota              45.1          40.8          14.1
Ohio                      32.0          57.5          10.5
Oklahoma                  46.6          39.6          13.8
Oregon                    26.2          52.9          20.9
Pennsylvania              51.7          38.8           9.4
Rhode Island            38.9\a        42.9\a          18.2
South Carolina            53.5          37.4           9.1
South Dakota              59.5          30.2          10.3
Tennessee                 47.6          44.4           8.0
Texas                     50.5          42.5           7.0
Utah                      41.8          46.4          11.8
Vermont                 48.7\b        34.5\b          16.8
Virginia                  51.9          37.2          11.0
Washington                34.5          38.3          27.3
West Virginia             28.2          44.7          27.1
Wisconsin                 49.5          41.7           8.9
Wyoming                   45.2          51.4           3.3
----------------------------------------------------------
Note:  Sampling errors are less than ï¿½11 percentage points unless
otherwise noted. 

\a Sampling errors are equal to or greater than 11 percentage points
but less than 13 percentage points. 

\b Sampling errors are equal to or greater than 13 percentage points
but less than 16 percentage points. 



                        Table III.2
          
             Estimated Percent of Schools With
          Unsatisfactory Environmental Conditions
                  by Other Characteristics


                            No           1-4     5 or more
                  unsatisfacto  unsatisfacto  unsatisfacto
                            ry            ry            ry
                  environmenta  environmenta  environmenta
Characteristic    l conditions  l conditions  l conditions
----------------  ------------  ------------  ------------
Community type
----------------------------------------------------------
Central city              34.9          49.7          15.4
Urban fringe/             41.5          45.6          12.8
 large town
Rural/small town          46.1          41.9          11.9

Geographic region
----------------------------------------------------------
Northeast                 43.2          43.7          13.0
Midwest                   42.7          44.7          12.6
South                     45.8          43.5          10.7
West                      32.5          49.5          18.1

School size
----------------------------------------------------------
Small (1-299              42.2          43.5          14.3
 students)
Medium (300-599           43.1          43.9          13.1
 students)
Large (600+               39.1          48.5          12.5
 students)

School level
----------------------------------------------------------
Elementary                41.9          45.0          13.1
Secondary                 41.3          45.3          13.4
Combined                  38.9          47.5          13.6

Proportion of students approved for free or reduced-price
lunch
----------------------------------------------------------
Less than 20              45.0          44.6          10.3
 percent
20 to less than           46.4          42.5          11.1
 40 percent
40 to less than           39.4          44.8          15.8
 70 percent
70 percent or             35.3          48.9          15.8
 more

Proportion of minority students
----------------------------------------------------------
Less than 5.5             45.9          41.9          12.2
 percent
5.5 to less than          46.2          42.2          11.6
 20.5 percent
20.5 to less              41.1          45.8          13.0
 than 50.5
 percent
50.5 percent or           30.0          53.2          16.9
 more
----------------------------------------------------------
Note:  All sampling errors are less than ï¿½5 percentage points. 



                        Table III.3
          
             Estimated Percent of Schools With
          Unsatisfactory Environmental Conditions-
          -Lighting, Heating, Ventilation, Indoor
                   Air Quality--by State

                                    Ventilat    Indoor air
State           Lighting   Heating       ion       quality
--------------  --------  --------  --------  ------------
Alabama             14.7      22.0      26.1          23.2
Alaska              28.1      38.9      51.9          49.9
Arizona             15.7      19.9      29.5          19.6
Arkansas             7.5       7.9      11.9          10.0
California          31.1      24.7      28.8          21.8
Colorado          21.7\a    29.3\a    37.2\a          24.0
Connecticut          9.3     23.8\    35.3\a          18.5
Delaware             9.1    25.6\b    30.3\b        26.4\b
District of       40.2\b    31.0\a    33.9\a        31.5\a
 Columbia
Florida             16.0      17.8      34.6          30.6
Georgia              6.9      11.8      12.4           7.7
Hawaii               7.6       6.0      26.2          20.9
Idaho               13.2      19.8      36.5          25.5
Illinois            14.2      21.0      29.2          18.6
Indiana             22.8      20.7      28.8          21.2
Iowa                 9.5      11.1      24.2          17.1
Kansas              21.5      22.3      35.2          24.1
Kentucky            14.6      17.7      25.6          19.2
Louisiana           18.4      17.5       7.2           6.3
Maine                9.6      19.7      28.7          30.1
Maryland            18.0      19.2      28.8          20.5
Massachusetts       19.9      32.8    41.9\a          30.9
Michigan            12.0      16.7      25.3          15.4
Minnesota           11.9      15.0      35.5          30.1
Mississippi          8.0      10.9       9.4           8.8
Missouri             4.7      10.1      12.8           8.2
Montana              4.7       9.4      20.8          12.9
Nebraska             7.4      16.9      32.9          21.4
Nevada              15.7      21.0      22.6          20.4
New Hampshire       14.0      24.8    46.8\a        27.2\a
New Jersey          11.5      10.5      21.7           8.1
New Mexico          20.9      23.9      32.7          22.7
New York            15.8      20.9      36.5          24.1
North Carolina      17.4      14.0      23.4          17.7
North Dakota        10.7      20.1      28.6          24.0
Ohio                13.9      24.9      33.3          18.6
Oklahoma            16.2      18.7      20.6          16.8
Oregon              25.8      27.4      40.1          27.0
Pennsylvania        11.0      17.1      23.3          12.4
Rhode Island        25.4      25.8      28.9        29.8\a
South Carolina       7.2      13.0      18.3          18.8
South Dakota         9.5      15.1      25.7          19.9
Tennessee            8.3      17.1      19.2          16.0
Texas               13.0      14.2      16.4          12.3
Utah                14.1      21.9      34.1          20.9
Vermont             10.5    22.7\a    32.2\a        25.4\a
Virginia            14.4      16.6      21.7          19.8
Washington          24.0      30.4      41.9          32.4
West Virginia       23.9      34.1      46.5          31.3
Wisconsin            9.6      13.9      20.5          13.3
Wyoming              5.0      11.2      24.1          15.4
----------------------------------------------------------
Note:  Sampling errors are less than ï¿½11 percentage points unless
otherwise noted. 

\a Sampling errors are equal to or greater than 11 percentage points
but less than 13 percentage points. 

\b Sampling errors are equal to or greater than 13 percentage points
but less than 16 percentage points. 



                        Table III.4
          
             Estimated Percent of Schools With
          Unsatisfactory Environmental Conditions-
            -Acoustics for Noise Control, Energy
           Efficiency, and Physical Security--by
                           State

                                             Total percent
                                                of schools
                                             with at least
              Acoustic                                 one
                 s for    Energy            unsatisfactory
                 noise  efficien  Physical   environmental
State          control        cy  security     condition\a
------------  --------  --------  --------  --------------
Alabama           32.8      47.3      35.7            57.7
Alaska            32.4      44.1      27.4            72.5
Arizona           26.4      38.4      25.3            56.8
Arkansas          17.5      34.2      21.2            51.5
California        34.2      60.5      41.2            77.0
Colorado          21.9    40.3\b      13.3            53.2
Connecticut     28.4\b    37.0\b      22.3          60.0\b
Delaware        19.3\b    45.5\c    22.3\b          52.8\c
District of     51.8\c    54.4\b    37.3\b          68.3\b
 Columbia
Florida           28.0      54.4      33.7            71.6
Georgia           11.9      31.9      16.8            39.5
Hawaii            37.7      16.9      39.7            65.6
Idaho             35.4      41.8      22.5            53.2
Illinois          29.1      38.2      23.6            57.6
Indiana           33.0      36.6      18.4            55.6
Iowa              28.2      33.0      24.1            51.4
Kansas            30.3      50.1      21.9            67.0
Kentucky          26.4      44.5      21.0            53.0
Louisiana         27.5      48.2      29.6            56.5
Maine           42.6\b    38.1\b    33.3\b          59.0\b
Maryland          19.6      33.1      13.4            63.3
Massachusett    41.3\b    47.9\b      27.9            71.3
 s
Michigan          31.0      40.2      20.2            56.6
Minnesota         20.7      33.6      27.5            55.2
Mississippi       22.0      35.0      28.2            49.1
Missouri          22.5      36.9      14.5            51.2
Montana           22.9      33.5      18.0            55.1
Nebraska          26.1      38.5      21.3          55.5\b
Nevada             7.6      31.6      13.7            39.5
New             43.8\b    50.8\b      21.6            70.6
 Hampshire
New Jersey        30.3      34.5      19.8          46.1\b
New Mexico        32.1      36.7      24.1            63.2
New York          30.0      30.4      21.2            60.4
North             29.5      46.0      21.8            58.7
 Carolina
North Dakota      32.8      37.6      18.1            54.9
Ohio              39.6      41.6      23.5            68.0
Oklahoma          27.3      43.1      26.6            53.4
Oregon            31.8      55.4      28.7            73.8
Pennsylvania      16.7      38.2      12.8            48.3
Rhode Island    38.6\b    39.7\b    34.7\b          61.1\b
South             22.7      29.1      24.6            46.5
 Carolina
South Dakota      23.6      30.2      11.2            40.5
Tennessee         21.5      37.4      27.9            52.4
Texas             21.3      34.6      18.3            49.5
Utah              17.8      39.5      16.1            58.2
Vermont         22.9\b    36.6\c    22.8\c          51.3\c
Virginia          24.0      35.8      20.6            48.1
Washington        39.7      46.6      34.6            65.5
West              44.0      57.5      34.4            71.8
 Virginia
Wisconsin         19.7      37.9      18.8            50.5
Wyoming           17.7      33.1      21.9            54.8
----------------------------------------------------------
Note:  Sampling errors are less than ï¿½11 percentage points unless
otherwise noted. 

\a Total includes environmental conditions from tables III.3 and
III.4. 

\b Sampling errors are equal to or greater than 11 percentage points
but less than 13 percentage points. 

\c Sampling errors are equal to or greater than 13 percentage points
but less than 16 percentage points. 



                        Table III.5
          
          Estimated Percent of Schools and Number
             of Students Attending Schools With
          Unsatisfactory Environmental Conditions
                     by Community Type

                                       Urban
Environmental                        fringe/        Rural/
condition         Central city    large town    small town
----------------  ------------  ------------  ------------
Lighting
----------------------------------------------------------
Percent of                20.4          17.3          11.4
 schools
Number of              2,980\a       2,072\b       1,621\a
 students (000s)

Heating
----------------------------------------------------------
Percent of                22.8          19.0          17.0
 schools
Number of              3,185\c       2,249\a       2,440\c
 students (000s)

Ventilation
----------------------------------------------------------
Percent of                31.5          28.2          23.6
 schools
Number of                4,663       3,502\c         3,380
 students (000s)

Indoor air quality
----------------------------------------------------------
Percent of                22.5          19.0          17.2
 schools
Number of              3,441\a       2,421\a         2,482
 students (000s)

Acoustics for noise control
----------------------------------------------------------
Percent of                31.6          26.3          26.8
 schools
Number of              4,250\c       3,024\a         3,755
 students (000s)

Energy efficiency
----------------------------------------------------------
Percent of                46.1          40.3          38.6
 schools
Number of                6,412         4,944         5,531
 students (000s)

Physical security
----------------------------------------------------------
Percent of                26.5          22.8          23.5
 schools
Number of              4,023\c       3,038\a       3,562\c
 students (000s)

At least one unsatisfactory environmental condition
----------------------------------------------------------
Percent of                65.1          58.5          53.9
 schools
Number of                9,400         7,322         8,007
 students (000s)
----------------------------------------------------------
Note:  Sampling errors for estimates based on percent of schools are
less than ï¿½4 percentage points.  Sampling errors for estimates based
on number of students are less than ï¿½11 percentage points unless
otherwise noted. 

\a Sampling errors are equal to or greater than 13 percentage points
but less than 16 percentage points. 

\b Sampling errors are equal to or greater than 16 percentage points
but less than 20 percentage points. 

\c Sampling errors are equal to or greater than 11 percentage points
but less than 13 percentage points. 



                        Table III.6
          
          Estimated Percent of Schools and Number
             of Students Attending Schools With
          Unsatisfactory Environmental Conditions
                    by Geographic Region

Environmental       Northeas
condition                  t   Midwest     South      West
------------------  --------  --------  --------  --------
Lighting
----------------------------------------------------------
Percent of schools      13.8      12.8      13.7      23.8
Number of students        \a   1,456\b   1,992\c   2,502\c
 (000s)

Heating
----------------------------------------------------------
Percent of schools      20.3      18.2      16.3      24.3
Number of students   1,327\b   1,878\c   2,360\d   2,322\c
 (000s)

Ventilation
----------------------------------------------------------
Percent of schools      31.4      27.8      20.9      32.3
Number of students   2,204\c     3,025     3,059   3,270\d
 (000s)

Indoor air quality
----------------------------------------------------------
Percent of schools      19.9      18.4      16.8      23.5
Number of students   1,351\b   2,057\c   2,486\d   2,458\c
 (000s)

Acoustics for noise control
----------------------------------------------------------
Percent of schools      29.6      29.3      24.4      30.9
Number of students   1,859\c     2,893     3,315   2,977\c
 (000s)

Energy efficiency
----------------------------------------------------------
Percent of schools      37.0      38.7      40.3      49.5
Number of students   2,342\c     3,854     5,940     4,769
 (000s)

Physical security
----------------------------------------------------------
Percent of schools      21.1      21.2      23.9      31.4
Number of students   1,519\b   2,216\d   3,524\d   3,378\d
 (000s)

At least one unsatisfactory environmental condition
----------------------------------------------------------
Percent of schools      56.8      57.3      54.2      67.5
Number of students     4,038     5,924     8,050     6,743
 (000s)
----------------------------------------------------------
Note:  Sampling errors for estimates based on percent of schools are
less than ï¿½4 percentage points.  Sampling errors for estimates based
on number of students are less than ï¿½11 percentage points unless
otherwise noted. 

\a We elected not to report an estimate due to the sampling error
being greater than 25 percentage points. 

\b Sampling errors are equal to or greater than 16 percentage points
but less than 20 percentage points. 

\c Sampling errors are equal to or greater than 13 percentage points
but less than 16 percentage points. 

\d Sampling errors are equal to or greater than 11 percentage points
but less than 13 percentage points. 



                        Table III.7
          
          Estimated Percent of Schools and Number
             of Students Attending Schools With
          Unsatisfactory Environmental Conditions
                       by School Size

                     Small (1-  Medium (300-
Environmental              299           599   Large (600+
condition            students)     students)     students)
----------------  ------------  ------------  ------------
Lighting
----------------------------------------------------------
Percent of                14.4          15.2          17.2
 schools
Number of                   \a       2,211\b       3,839\c
 students (000s)

Heating
----------------------------------------------------------
Percent of                18.9          19.3          19.4
 schools
Number of                897\d       2,749\c        4,242\
 students (000s)

Ventilation
----------------------------------------------------------
Percent of                25.4          27.0          28.7
 schools
Number of              1,158\e         3,968         6,432
 students (000s)

Indoor air quality
----------------------------------------------------------
Percent of                16.6          19.0          21.8
 schools
Number of                700\e       2,813\c         4,839
 students (000s)

Acoustics for noise control
----------------------------------------------------------
Percent of                31.0          27.6          26.2
 schools
Number of              1,346\b         3,983         5,716
 students (000s)

Energy efficiency
----------------------------------------------------------
Percent of                41.8          40.7          41.4
 schools
Number of              1,779\b         5,915         9,210
 students (000s)

Physical security
----------------------------------------------------------
Percent of                26.8          20.3          27.3
 schools
Number of              1,216\e       2,970\c         6,452
 students (000s)

At least one unsatisfactory environmental condition
----------------------------------------------------------
Percent of                57.8          56.9          60.9
 schools
Number of              2,547\c         8,404        13,804
 students (000s)
----------------------------------------------------------
Note:  Sampling errors for estimates based on percent of schools are
less than ï¿½4 percentage points.  Sampling errors for estimates based
on number of students are less than ï¿½11 percentage points unless
otherwise noted. 

\a We elected not to report an estimate due to the sampling error
being greater than 25 percentage points. 

\b Sampling errors are equal to or greater than 13 percentage points
but less than 16 percentage points. 

\c Sampling errors are equal to or greater than 11 percentage points
but less than 13 percentage points. 

\d Sampling errors are equal to or greater than 20 percentage points
but less than 25 percentage points. 

\e Sampling errors are equal to or greater than 16 percentage points
but less than 20 percentage points. 



                        Table III.8
          
          Estimated Percent of Schools and Number
             of Students Attending Schools With
          Unsatisfactory Environmental Conditions
                      by School Level

Environmental
condition           Elementary     Secondary      Combined
----------------  ------------  ------------  ------------
Lighting
----------------------------------------------------------
Percent of                16.3          13.8          15.0
 schools
Number of              4,246\a       2,285\a         151\b
 students (000s)

Heating
----------------------------------------------------------
Percent of                18.8          20.6          18.6
 schools
Number of                4,615         3,076         198\b
 students (000s)

Ventilation
----------------------------------------------------------
Percent of                26.4          29.2          27.0
 schools
Number of                6,675         4,611         273\c
 students (000s)

Indoor air quality
----------------------------------------------------------
Percent of                19.1          19.4          21.8
 schools
Number of                4,939         3,181         233\b
 students (000s)

Acoustics for noise control
----------------------------------------------------------
Percent of                28.3          26.8          32.2
 schools
Number of                7,028         3,726         289\c
 students (000s)

Energy efficiency
----------------------------------------------------------
Percent of                41.1          41.3          43.1
 schools
Number of               10,326         6,158           420
 students (000s)

Physical security
----------------------------------------------------------
Percent of                22.9          27.4          28.8
 schools
Number of                5,933         4,385         320\c
 students (000s)

At least one unsatisfactory environmental condition
----------------------------------------------------------
Percent of                58.1          58.7          61.1
 schools
Number of               15,058         9,079          618\
 students (000s)
----------------------------------------------------------
Note:  Sampling errors for estimates based on percent of schools are
less than ï¿½4 percentage points.  Sampling errors for estimates based
on number of students are less than ï¿½11 percentage points unless
otherwise noted. 

\a Sampling errors are equal to or greater than 11 percentage points
but less than 13 percentage points. 

\b Sampling errors are equal to or greater than 16 percentage points
but less than 20 percentage points. 

\c Sampling errors are equal to or greater than 13 percentage points
but less than 16 percentage points. 



                        Table III.9
          
          Estimated Percent of Schools and Number
             of Students Attending Schools With
          Unsatisfactory Environmental Conditions
           by Proportion of Students Approved for
                Free or Reduced-Price Lunch


                  Less  20 to less  40 to less
Environmenta   than 20     than 40     than 70  70 percent
l condition    percent     percent     percent     or more
------------  --------  ----------  ----------  ----------
Lighting
----------------------------------------------------------
Percent of        14.3        13.2        15.8        19.1
 schools
Number of      1,583\a     1,280\a     1,410\b     1,549\b
 students
 (000s)

Heating
----------------------------------------------------------
Percent of        18.9        15.5        20.6        22.1
 schools
Number of      2,038\c     1,422\a     1,726\a     1,655\a
 students
 (000s)

Ventilation
----------------------------------------------------------
Percent of        26.1        23.5        28.3        30.6
 schools
Number of      3,073\d     2,154\c     2,375\c     2,408\c
 students
 (000s)

Indoor air quality
----------------------------------------------------------
Percent of        15.8        15.9        22.6        22.6
 schools
Number of      1,919\c     1,574\a     1,863\a     1,903\a
 students
 (000s)

Acoustics for noise control
----------------------------------------------------------
Percent of        24.1        27.0        29.4        32.8
 schools
Number of      2,406\c     2,401\c     2,377\c     2,384\c
 students
 (000s)

Energy efficiency
----------------------------------------------------------
Percent of        37.3        36.7        44.5        45.8
 schools
Number of      4,094\d     3,492\d     3,758\d     3,335\d
 students
 (000s)

Physical security
----------------------------------------------------------
Percent of        19.4        18.8        25.9        30.0
 schools
Number of      2,469\a     1,980\c     2,158\c     2,437\a
 students
 (000s)

At least one unsatisfactory environmental condition
----------------------------------------------------------
Percent of        55.0        53.6        60.6        64.7
 schools
Number of        6,352       4,990       5,085       5,008
 students
 (000s)
----------------------------------------------------------
Note:  Sampling errors for estimates based on percent of schools are
less than ï¿½4 percentage points.  Sampling errors for estimates based
on number of students are less than ï¿½11 percentage points unless
otherwise noted. 

\a Sampling errors are equal to or greater than 16 percentage points
but less than 20 percentage points. 

\b Sampling errors are equal to or greater than 20 percentage points
but less than 25 percentage points. 

\c Sampling errors are equal to or greater than 13 percentage points
but less than 16 percentage points. 

\d Sampling errors are equal to or greater than 11 percentage points
but less than 13 percentage points. 



                        Table III.10
          
          Estimated Percent of Schools and Number
             of Students Attending Schools With
          Unsatisfactory Environmental Conditions
             by Proportion of Minority Students


                            5.5 to     20.5 to
                  Less   less than   less than        50.5
Environmenta  than 5.5        20.5        50.5  percent or
l condition    percent     percent     percent        more
------------  --------  ----------  ----------  ----------
Lighting
----------------------------------------------------------
Percent of        12.1        14.3        16.0        22.9
 schools
Number of      1,538\a     1,181\b     1,423\c     2,540\c
 students
 (000s)

Heating
----------------------------------------------------------
Percent of        17.7        18.1        18.7        23.7
 schools
Number of      2,209\d     1,565\c     1,661\c     2,450\c
 students
 (000s)

Ventilation
----------------------------------------------------------
Percent of        25.6        25.4        27.4        31.4
 schools
Number of        3,230     2,363\a     2,467\a     3,495\a
 students
 (000s)

Indoor air quality
----------------------------------------------------------
Percent of        17.5        17.6        20.4        22.9
 schools
Number of      2,179\d     1,678\c     1,971\c     2,522\a
 students
 (000s)

Acoustics for noise control
----------------------------------------------------------
Percent of        27.7        25.1        26.8        32.8
 schools
Number of        3,228     2,124\a     2,248\a     3,440\a
 students
 (000s)

Energy efficiency
----------------------------------------------------------
Percent of        37.6        36.8        44.1        49.4
 schools
Number of        4,562     3,233\a     3,830\d       5,274
 students
 (000s)

Physical security
----------------------------------------------------------
Percent of        21.6        21.3        22.7        33.3
 schools
Number of      2,679\d     2,066\c     1,957\c     3,934\d
 students
 (000s)

At least one unsatisfactory environmental condition
----------------------------------------------------------
Percent of        54.1        53.8        58.9        70.0
 schools
Number of        6,867       4,929       5,212       7,741
 students
 (000s)
----------------------------------------------------------
Note:  Sampling errors for estimates based on percent of schools are
less than ï¿½4 percentage points.  Sampling errors for estimates based
on number of students are less than ï¿½11 percentage points unless
otherwise noted. 

\a Sampling errors are equal to or greater than 13 percentage points
but less than 16 percentage points. 

\b Sampling errors are equal to or greater than 20 percentage points
but less than 25 percentage points. 

\c Sampling errors are equal to or greater than 16 percentage points
but less than 20 percentage points. 

\d Sampling errors are equal to or greater than 11 percentage points
but less than 13 percentage points. 


DATA ON ESTIMATED FUNDING NEEDS
========================================================== Appendix IV

The tables in this appendix show funding needed to bring schools into
good overall condition nationwide, by state, and by other
characteristics.  Table IV.1 presents funding needs nationwide using
dollar estimates.  The confidence interval is presented as a percent. 
Table IV.2 presents estimated funding needs by state.  Unfortunately,
sampling errors of the average dollar amounts spent in each state
were so high, in so many cases, that we had to find an alternate
means of presenting funding needs.  In this table we presented the
percent of schools reporting needing to spend money to repair or
upgrade schools to good overall condition and the percent of schools
in each state reporting funding needs above and below the national
average of $1.7 million per school.  In addition, to convey an idea
of the actual reported funding needs in each state, we presented the
actual range of amounts reported by schools in our sample.  Because
these are data from the sample schools, in the universe of schools
the lowest amount could be lower and the highest amount could be
higher. 

Table IV.3 is similar in presentation to table IV.2 but presents
estimated funding needs by other characteristics--community type,
geographic region, school size, school level, poverty (proportion of
students approved for free or reduced-price lunch), and proportion of
minority students. 



                         Table IV.1
          
             Estimated Funding Needs Nationwide

                                                95-percent
                                                confidence
                                                  interval
Description of estimate            Estimate      (percent)
----------------------------  -------------  -------------
Total amount estimated                 $112           ï¿½6.6
 needed to put America's          billion\a
 schools into good overall
 condition

Of those schools needing to spend money to bring them into
good
----------------------------------------------------------
Average amount estimated       $1.7 million           ï¿½6.3
 needed per school (total)
Average amount estimated       $3.1 million           ï¿½7.4
 needed by schools with at
 least one inadequate
 building and one inadequate
 building feature
Total amount estimated                $10.7          ï¿½12.3
 needed to spend on federal       billion\b
 mandates

Of those schools reporting needing to spend on federal
mand
----------------------------------------------------------
Average amount estimated            $67,000          ï¿½11.6
 spent per school, last 3
 years
Average amount estimated           $177,000          ï¿½12.0
 needing to spend per
 school, next 3 years
----------------------------------------------------------
\a Further analysis at the state level showed that some of the
information provided to us was likely to be erroneous.  Thus, a more
conservative estimate is $111 billion. 

\b Further analysis at the state level showed that some of the
information provided to us was likely to be erroneous.  Thus, a more
conservative estimate is $9.2 billion. 



                                        Table IV.2
                         
                             Estimated Funding Needs by State


                   Percent of
                      schools
                    reporting
                   needing to       Percent       Percent
State                   spend         below         above   Lowest amount  Highest amount
--------------  -------------  ------------  ------------  --------------  --------------
Alabama                  84.0          63.1          20.9          $1,200     $10,000,000
Alaska                   80.1          37.5          42.6           4,000      46,824,300
Arizona                  84.7          55.1          29.7             400      30,000,000
Arkansas                 77.7          69.4           8.3             200      10,650,000
California               87.1          61.4          25.7             600      30,000,000
Colorado                 88.7        68.5\a        20.2\a           2,000      15,000,000
Connecticut              77.1        47.4\a          29.7             600      35,000,000
Delaware                 97.0        65.3\b        31.7\b          26,000      15,000,000
District of              96.6        47.8\a        48.8\a         240,000      25,700,000
 Columbia
Florida                  84.8          51.0          33.8             354      28,970,500
Georgia                  62.0          47.4          14.6             375      14,000,000
Hawaii                   73.2          54.5          18.7          10,000      40,000,000
Idaho                    86.6          73.3          13.3             500      20,000,000
Illinois                 88.8          60.6          28.2             500      20,000,000
Indiana                  85.0          48.7          36.3           1,800      75,155,500
Iowa                     79.3          66.7          12.6             800       8,500,000
Kansas                   88.2          71.0          17.2             500      15,000,000
Kentucky                 81.1          54.9          26.2             500     200,000,000
Louisiana                87.6          63.9          23.6           1,000      10,000,000
Maine                    84.7          72.8          11.8             200      16,000,000
Maryland                 78.4          44.3          34.1               4      30,497,150
Massachusetts            91.9          73.5          18.4             300      23,490,000
Michigan                 79.5          70.7           8.8             500      18,000,000
Minnesota                84.6          65.3          19.3           2,000      24,000,000
Mississippi              82.0          74.8           7.2             200       4,000,000
Missouri                 89.5          75.8          13.7             300      10,000,000
Montana                  70.4          64.4           6.0             250      12,000,000
Nebraska               75.3\a        56.9\a          18.4             900      19,000,000
Nevada                   83.3          70.3          13.1             500      16,000,000
New Hampshire            87.4          72.0          15.4             250       8,500,000
New Jersey               86.9          70.6          16.4             400      30,000,000
New Mexico               93.7          67.8          25.8           1,000      19,000,000
New York                 89.6          51.0          38.6          11,000      51,728,000
North Carolina           89.6          73.1          16.6           3,500      10,020,000
North Dakota             88.5          81.7           6.7             200     100,000,000
Ohio                     95.2          72.4          22.8             800      30,000,000
Oklahoma                 83.2          74.7           8.4           1,000       6,260,000
Oregon                   96.5          79.6          16.9           2,600      31,475,000
Pennsylvania             69.5          48.3          21.2             400      23,000,000
Rhode Island             81.2          71.3           9.9              50       8,000,000
South Carolina           78.4          50.4          28.0             500      12,800,000
South Dakota             78.0          68.5           9.4             200      10,100,000
Tennessee                74.7          62.2          12.5             500     100,500,000
Texas                    76.3          60.4          15.8             375      18,000,000
Utah                     91.2          71.4          19.8             500      20,779,818
Vermont                  81.6        68.3\a          13.3             100       7,573,032
Virginia                 80.9          52.1          28.9           1,000      26,128,000
Washington               89.0          46.7          42.3             300      60,000,000
West Virginia            87.7          69.6          18.1          10,000      14,000,000
Wisconsin                78.8          65.6          13.2             200       7,567,000
Wyoming                  82.5          74.0           8.5             500      16,900,000
-----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Note:  Sampling errors are less than ï¿½11 percentage points unless
otherwise noted. 

\a Sampling errors are equal to or greater than 11 percentage points
but less than 13 percentage points. 

\b Sampling errors are equal to or greater than 13 percentage points
but less than 16 percentage points. 



                                        Table IV.3
                         
                             Estimated Funding Needs by Other
                                     Characteristics


                   Percent of
                      schools
                    reporting
                   needing to       Percent       Percent
Characteristic          spend         below         above   Lowest amount  Highest amount
--------------  -------------  ------------  ------------  --------------  --------------
Community type
-----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Central city             88.5          59.7          28.8             $50     $75,155,500
Urban fringe/            84.5          63.3          21.2               4     100,500,000
 large town
Rural/small              80.1          63.3          16.8             100     200,000,000
 town

Geographic region
-----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Northeast                83.5          59.0          24.5             $50     $51,728,000
Midwest                  85.6          66.5          19.1             200     100,000,000
South                    80.0          60.2          19.9               4     200,000,000
West                     86.9          62.3          24.6             250      60,000,000

School size
-----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Small (1-299             79.5          66.9          12.6            $200     $31,080,000
 students)
Medium (300-             84.7          65.1          19.6               4     100,500,000
 599 students)
Large (600+              86.2          54.2          32.0             200     200,000,000
 students)

School level
-----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Elementary               83.6          65.2          18.4              $4    $100,500,000
Secondary                84.8          54.5          30.3             200     200,000,000
Combined                 79.4          59.8          19.6             500      75,155,500

Proportion of students approved for free or reduced-price lunch
-----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Less than 20             83.1          61.7          21.4            $100    $200,000,000
 percent
20 to less               85.4          65.6          19.9             200      75,155,500
 than 40
 percent
40 to less               84.5          63.6          20.9             300      60,000,000
 than 70
 percent
70 percent or            86.4          61.5          24.9              50     100,500,000
 more

Proportion of minority students
-----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Less than 5.5            80.4          63.2          17.1            $100    $200,000,000
 percent
5.5 to less              83.8          65.5          18.2               4      35,000,000
 than 20.5
 percent
20.5 to less             85.3          61.7          23.6              50      75,155,500
 than 50.5
 percent
50.5 percent             88.6          57.9          30.6             354     100,000,000
 or more
-----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Note:  All sampling errors are less than ï¿½5 percentage points. 


DATA ON SPENDING FOR FEDERAL
MANDATES
=========================================================== Appendix V

Spending on federal mandates accounts for about 10 percent of the
total reported spending needed to bring schools into good overall
condition.  This appendix presents detailed analyses on reported
spending in the past 3 years and estimated spending needs for the
next 3 years to comply with all federal mandates and asbestos
management.  Detailed analyses for reported spending on accessibility
can be found in School Facilities:  Accessibility for the Disabled
Still an Issue (GAO/HEHS-96-73, Dec.  29, 1995).  We did not do
detailed analyses on other federal mandates (lead in water/paint,
radon, underground storage tanks, pesticides, other hazardous
chemicals, and the like) because they could not be reported with
sufficient precision. 

About 56 percent of schools nationwide (an estimated 40,000 schools)
spent money on federal mandates in the last 3 years, an average of
about $43,000 per school.\29 About 66 percent of schools nationwide
estimated needing to spend money on all federal mandates in the next
3 years, an average of about $177,000 per school.\30

Nationwide, 56 percent of schools reported having spent money on
asbestos management in the past 3 years, yet about 65 percent
estimated needing to spend money in the next 3 years. 



                                        Table V.1
                         
                         Last 3 Years--Money Reported Needed and
                          Spent on All Federal Mandates by State


                        Estimated                       Below         Above
                        number of      No money     average\a       average      No money
State                     schools         spent      spending      spending        needed
-------------------  ------------  ------------  ------------  ------------  ------------
Alabama                     1,209          26.0          56.0           2.7          15.3
Alaska                        437          23.8          49.8          15.0          11.4
Arizona                     1,006           9.3          67.8          16.6           6.3
Arkansas                    1,032           9.0          75.3           3.0          12.7
California                  7,001          19.3          57.9          14.2           8.6
Colorado                    1,336          19.0          55.4          14.9          10.7
Connecticut                   907          13.5        46.1\b          28.2          12.2
Delaware                      152        18.1\b        62.6\c        19.3\b           0.0
District of                   148          77.1          20.2           1.4           1.3
 Columbia
Florida                     2,254          12.0          54.4          28.8           4.8
Georgia                     1,601           7.8          69.1           8.3          14.8
Hawaii                        217          24.5          32.3          28.2          14.9
Idaho                         564          15.8          56.6           3.9          23.8
Illinois                    3,622          12.0          59.1          15.6          13.3
Indiana                     1,769          12.4          66.6          14.3           6.7
Iowa                        1,423          11.5          73.4           9.3           5.8
Kansas                      1,421          10.4          66.7          11.4          11.4
Kentucky                    1,169          16.3          63.4           5.9          14.4
Louisiana                   1,338          15.6          67.2          14.3           2.8
Maine                         691           6.5          68.5          11.3          13.7
Maryland                      997          19.7          66.3           8.9           5.1
Massachusetts               1,509          23.2        52.5\b          13.2          11.2
Michigan                    2,921          17.4          59.8          13.3           9.5
Minnesota                   1,357           7.5          55.6          26.9          10.0
Mississippi                   940          14.9          63.4           6.3          15.4
Missouri                    1,973           9.1          69.8          11.1          10.0
Montana                       825          17.1          61.7           6.0          15.1
Nebraska                    1,235          13.2        59.2\b          14.2          13.4
Nevada                        343           3.8          82.6           5.8           7.8
New Hampshire                 419          13.4        69.6\b          12.7           4.2
New Jersey                  2,235           5.7        50.8\b          31.2          12.3
New Mexico                    649          13.7          62.0          13.3          11.1
New York                    3,781          30.1          37.2          26.9           5.8
North Carolina              1,812           7.6          64.2          14.8          13.3
North Dakota                  559          19.6          62.6           7.8          10.0
Ohio                        3,405          25.4          60.4          12.8           1.4
Oklahoma                    1,688          12.5          71.6           2.3          13.6
Oregon                      1,152           7.3          84.0           7.2           1.5
Pennsylvania                2,849          12.6          54.8          18.3          14.3
Rhode Island                  295          11.0        48.7\b          24.3          16.0
South Carolina                980          16.5          57.7           7.2          18.7
South Dakota                  571           9.7          59.7          12.1          18.4
Tennessee                   1,455          14.7          53.8          14.8          16.8
Texas                       5,605          12.3          59.3           9.8          18.6
Utah                          675          13.8          76.1           8.6           1.5
Vermont                       309          19.2        53.6\c          10.8          16.4
Virginia                    1,687           5.0          80.7          10.2           4.1
Washington                  1,696          13.4          58.1          14.2          14.3
West Virginia                 836          23.7          62.7           5.8           7.8
Wisconsin                   1,768           7.4          67.7          20.7           4.2
Wyoming                       403          13.7          65.8           8.5          12.0
-----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Note:  Sampling errors are less than ï¿½11 percentage points unless
otherwise noted. 

\a Average = $67,000 per school. 

\b Sampling errors are equal to or greater than 11 percentage points
but less than 13 percentage points. 

\c Sampling errors are equal to or greater than 13 percentage points
but less than 16 percentage points. 



                         Table V.2
          
              Last 3 Years--Schools Estimating
            Spending on All Federal Mandates by
                           State


                                      Below
                                  average\a  Above average
State                              spending       spending
----------------------------  -------------  -------------
Alabama                                95.5            4.5
Alaska                                 76.8           23.2
Arizona                                80.4           19.6
Arkansas                               96.2            3.8
California                             80.2           19.8
Colorado                               78.8           21.2
Connecticut                          62.1\b         37.9\b
Delaware                             76.4\b         23.6\b
District of Columbia                 93.4\c          6.6\c
Florida                                65.4           34.6
Georgia                                89.3           10.7
Hawaii                               53.4\b         46.6\b
Idaho                                  93.6            6.4
Illinois                               79.1           20.9
Indiana                                82.3           17.7
Iowa                                   88.8           11.2
Kansas                                 85.4           14.6
Kentucky                               91.4            8.6
Louisiana                              82.4           17.6
Maine                                  85.9           14.1
Maryland                               88.2           11.8
Massachusetts                        79.9\c         20.1\c
Michigan                               81.8           18.2
Minnesota                              67.4           32.6
Mississippi                            91.0            9.0
Missouri                               86.3           13.7
Montana                                91.1            8.9
Nebraska                               80.7           19.3
Nevada                                 93.4            6.6
New Hampshire                          84.6           15.4
New Jersey                           61.9\c         38.1\c
New Mexico                             82.3           17.7
New York                             58.0\c         42.0\c
North Carolina                         81.3           18.7
North Dakota                           89.0           11.0
Ohio                                   82.5           17.5
Oklahoma                               96.9            3.1
Oregon                                 92.1            7.9
Pennsylvania                           74.9           25.1
Rhode Island                         66.8\c         33.2\c
South Carolina                         89.0           11.0
South Dakota                           83.1           16.9
Tennessee                              78.5           21.5
Texas                                  85.8           14.2
Utah                                   89.9           10.1
Vermont                              83.2\c         16.8\c
Virginia                               88.7           11.3
Washington                             80.3           19.7
West Virginia                          91.5            8.5
Wisconsin                              76.6           23.4
Wyoming                                88.5           11.5
----------------------------------------------------------
Note:  Sampling errors are less than ï¿½11 percentage points unless
otherwise noted. 

\a Average = $67,000 per school. 

\b Sampling errors are equal to or greater than 13 percentage points
but less than 16 percentage points. 

\c Sampling errors are equal to or greater than 11 percentage points
but less than 13 percentage points. 



                                        Table V.3
                         
                         Last 3 Years--Money Reported Needed and
                          Spent on All Federal Mandates by Other
                                     Characteristics


                        Estimated                       Below         Above
                        number of      No money     average\a       average      No money
Characteristic            schools         spent      spending      spending        needed
-------------------  ------------  ------------  ------------  ------------  ------------
Community type
-----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Central city               22,103          19.5          57.0          16.7           6.8
Urban fringe/large         20,073          14.4          57.7          17.0          10.9
 town
Rural/small town           33,952          12.3          64.1          10.9          12.7

Geographic region
-----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Northeast                  12,995          17.6          49.1          22.5          10.7
Midwest                    22,023          14.0          62.9          14.4           8.7
South                      24,904          13.6          63.2          10.6          12.6
West                       16,304          16.2          61.4          12.8           9.6

School size
-----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Small (1-299               20,734          16.2          62.3           8.9          12.6
 students)
Medium (300-599            31,925          15.3          62.1          12.2          10.5
 students)
Large (600+                23,567          13.4          56.2          21.7           8.7
 students)

School level
-----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Elementary                 54,222          15.2          61.5          12.4          10.9
Secondary                  19,261          13.3          58.0          19.8           8.8
Combined                    2,743          20.8          54.2          10.8          14.3

Proportion of students approved for free or reduced-price lunch
-----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Less than 20               16,658          14.8          57.0          18.0          10.2
 percent
20 to less than 40         16,151          12.9          63.8          13.1          10.2
 percent
40 to less than 70         16,158          15.0          61.6          12.8          10.6
 percent
70 percent or more         14,824          15.0          63.7          12.3           9.0

Proportion of minority students
-----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Less than 5.5              29,105          14.6          63.5          11.4          10.6
 percent
5.5 to less than           16,333          11.8          59.6          16.8          11.9
 20.5 percent
20.5 to less than          14,440          15.2          61.0          13.4          10.4
 50.5 percent
50.5 percent or            16,117          18.2          55.3          17.7           8.8
 more
-----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Note:  All sampling errors are less than ï¿½5 percentage points. 

\a Average = $67,000 per school. 



                         Table V.4
          
              Last 3 Years--Schools Estimating
            Spending on All Federal Mandates by
                   Other Characteristics


                     Estimated         Below         Above
                     number of     average\a       average
Characteristic         schools      spending      spending
----------------  ------------  ------------  ------------
Community type
----------------------------------------------------------
Central city            16,290          77.3          22.7
Urban fringe/           15,002          77.2          22.8
 large town
Rural/small town        25,464          85.5          14.5

Geographic region
----------------------------------------------------------
Northeast                9,314          68.6          31.4
Midwest                 17,039          81.4          18.6
South                   18,388          85.6          14.4
West                    12,090          82.8          17.2

School size
----------------------------------------------------------
Small (1-299            14,764          87.5          12.5
 students)
Medium (300-599         23,701          83.6          16.4
 students)
Large (600+             18,365          72.2          27.8
 students)

School level
----------------------------------------------------------
Elementary              40,056          83.2          16.8
Secondary               14,991          74.5          25.5
Combined                 1,783          83.4          16.6

Proportion of students approved for free or reduced-price
lunch
----------------------------------------------------------
Less than 20            12,493          76.0          24.0
 percent
20 to less than         12,416          83.0          17.0
 40 percent
40 to less than         12,017          82.8          17.2
 70 percent
70 percent or           11,276          83.8          16.2
 more

Proportion of minority students
----------------------------------------------------------
Less than 5.5           21,791          84.8          15.2
 percent
5.5 to less than        12,466          78.0          22.0
 20.5 percent
20.5 to less            10,737          82.0          18.0
 than 50.5
 percent
50.5 percent or         11,761          75.7          24.3
 more
----------------------------------------------------------
Note:  All sampling errors are less than ï¿½5 percentage points. 

\a Average = $67,000 per school. 



                                        Table V.5
                         
                         Next 3 Years--Money Estimated Needed for
                              All Federal Mandates by State



                        Estimated                       Below         Above
                        number of      No money     average\c       average
State                     schools      needed\b      spending      spending  All others\d
-------------------  ------------  ------------  ------------  ------------  ------------
Alabama                     1,204          13.8          43.3           4.1          38.7
Alaska                        432          11.4          46.1          26.6          16.0
Arizona                     1,031           8.1          62.0          16.6          13.3
Arkansas                      948          17.1          62.8           4.1          16.1
California                  6,732           8.8          59.3          15.4          16.5
Colorado                    1,298           9.7        51.8\e        24.2\e          14.3
Connecticut                   908          21.8        31.7\e          28.0          18.4
Delaware                      158           2.4        74.7\e          19.6           3.3
District of                   148           2.5        69.2\e        24.4\e           3.9
 Columbia
Florida                     2,197           8.2          64.6          12.8          14.4
Georgia                     1,553          23.0          44.4           5.1          27.5
Hawaii                        215           9.8          25.9          20.9        43.3\e
Idaho                         560          13.7          55.2           7.2          23.8
Illinois                    3,637           6.2          45.5          34.8          13.6
Indiana                     1,754          12.0          55.5          18.6          13.8
Iowa                        1,409          12.6          56.7          11.9          18.8
Kansas                      1,429          14.6          63.1          14.4           7.9
Kentucky                    1,083          18.8          46.7          13.2          21.3
Louisiana                   1,325           6.1          61.6          14.6          17.7
Maine                         685          18.0        57.6\e           9.5          15.0
Maryland                      941           5.6        51.1\e        38.3\e           5.1
Massachusetts               1,607           8.7        45.3\e          25.2          20.9
Michigan                    3,015          14.0          57.6          10.6          17.8
Minnesota                   1,403          12.2          48.9          27.1          11.8
Mississippi                   931          11.6          65.3           1.4          21.7
Missouri                    1,940          11.0          67.8           5.9          15.2
Montana                       811          19.3          47.6           5.8          27.3
Nebraska                    1,192          14.2        47.6\e          21.2        17.0\e
Nevada                        318           9.0          78.8           2.5           9.7
New Hampshire                 422          16.8        48.6\e          11.3          23.2
New Jersey                  2,194           9.7        55.3\e          27.1           8.0
New Mexico                    660           8.2          59.7          18.0          14.1
New York                    3,703           6.9          35.2          11.9          46.0
North Carolina              1,831          10.9          58.5          18.8          11.8
North Dakota                  538          13.3          61.5           4.5          20.7
Ohio                        3,466           3.3          61.9          17.8          17.0
Oklahoma                    1,620          12.0          70.2           5.1          12.7
Oregon                      1,175           2.8          70.0          18.2           8.9
Pennsylvania                2,715          19.0        43.7\e          14.6          22.8
Rhode Island                  295          14.6        48.4\e          17.9          19.1
South Carolina                973          15.8          49.6           7.0          27.6
South Dakota                  525          12.8          51.8           8.0          27.5
Tennessee                   1,461          15.6          47.1          10.4          26.9
Texas                       5,409          20.5          48.1          11.4          20.1
Utah                          673           1.4          76.2          12.3          10.1
Vermont                       286        27.1\f        54.3\f           3.3          15.3
Virginia                    1,644           8.6          59.6          13.3          18.6
Washington                  1,664          15.6          53.1          13.1          18.2
West Virginia                 806          11.6          44.1           9.6          34.7
Wisconsin                   1,687           5.5          59.9          15.4          19.1
Wyoming                       400           7.2          72.8           6.0          13.9
-----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Note:  Sampling errors are less than ï¿½11 percentage points unless
otherwise noted. 

\a Percent of respondents indicating spending will be needed on at
least one of the following federal mandates:  accessibility for
students with disabilities or managing/correcting asbestos, lead in
water/paint, underground storage tanks, and radon. 

\b Percent of respondents indicating no spending will be needed for
the federal mandates listed in note "a."

\c Average = $177,000 per school. 

\d "All others" includes remaining respondents that either indicated
(1) spending needs unknown for all federal mandates or (2) spending
needs unknown for some federal mandates and spending not needed for
all others. 

\e Sampling errors are equal to or greater than 11 percentage points
but less than 13 percentage points. 

\f Sampling errors are equal to or greater than 13 percentage points
but less than 16 percentage points. 



                         Table V.6
          
              Next 3 Years--Schools Estimating
            Spending on All Federal Mandates by
                           State


                                      Below
                                  average\a  Above average
State                              spending       spending
----------------------------  -------------  -------------
Alabama                                91.4            8.6
Alaska                                 63.4           36.6
Arizona                                78.9           21.1
Arkansas                               93.9            6.1
California                             79.4           20.6
Colorado                             68.2\b         31.8\b
Connecticut                          53.1\b         46.9\b
Delaware                             79.2\c         20.8\c
District of Columbia                 74.0\c         26.0\c
Florida                                83.5           16.5
Georgia                                89.7           10.3
Hawaii                               55.4\b         44.6\b
Idaho                                  88.4           11.6
Illinois                               56.6           43.4
Indiana                                74.9           25.1
Iowa                                   82.6           17.4
Kansas                                 81.5           18.5
Kentucky                               77.9           22.1
Louisiana                              80.8           19.2
Maine                                  85.8           14.2
Maryland                             57.2\c         42.8\c
Massachusetts                        64.3\c         35.7\c
Michigan                               84.4           15.6
Minnesota                            64.3\c         35.7\c
Mississippi                            97.9            2.1
Missouri                               91.9            8.1
Montana                                89.1           10.9
Nebraska                               69.2           30.8
Nevada                                 97.0            3.0
New Hampshire                        81.1\c         18.9\c
New Jersey                           67.1\c         32.9\c
New Mexico                             76.8           23.2
New York                             74.8\c         25.2\c
North Carolina                         75.7           24.3
North Dakota                           93.2            6.8
Ohio                                   77.7           22.3
Oklahoma                               93.2            6.8
Oregon                                 79.4           20.6
Pennsylvania                         74.9\c         25.1\c
Rhode Island                         73.0\c         27.0\c
South Carolina                         87.6           12.4
South Dakota                           86.7           13.3
Tennessee                              81.9           18.1
Texas                                  80.9           19.1
Utah                                   86.1           13.9
Vermont                                94.3            5.7
Virginia                               81.8           18.2
Washington                             80.2           19.8
West Virginia                          82.2           17.8
Wisconsin                              79.6           20.4
Wyoming                                92.3            7.7
----------------------------------------------------------
Note:  Sampling errors are less than ï¿½11 percentage points unless
otherwise noted. 

\a Average = $177,000 per school. 

\b Sampling errors are equal to or greater than 13 percentage points
but less than 16 percentage points. 

\c Sampling errors are equal to or greater than 11 percentage points
but less than 13 percentage points. 



                                        Table V.7
                         
                         Next 3 Years--Money Estimated Needed for
                              All Federal Mandates by Other
                                     Characteristics



                        Estimated                       Below         Above
                        number of      No money     average\c       average           All
Characteristic            schools      needed\b      spending      spending      others\d
-------------------  ------------  ------------  ------------  ------------  ------------
Community type
-----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Central city               22,060           7.0          50.7          21.3          21.0
Urban fringe/large         19,880          10.8          55.4          17.8          16.0
 town
Rural/small town           32,969          15.3          55.6           9.7          19.4

Geographic region
-----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Northeast                  12,815          12.8          43.8          17.7          25.8
Midwest                    21,995           9.7          56.3          18.1          15.8
South                      24,233          14.2          54.4          11.5          20.0
West                       15,969           9.5          58.9          15.3          16.3

School size
-----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Small (1-299               20,281          13.6          55.7           9.7          21.0
 students)
Medium (300-599            31,420          11.9          55.4          14.2          18.4
 students)
Large (600+                23,311           9.6          50.9          21.6          18.0
 students)

School level
-----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Elementary                 53,508          11.9          54.8          13.9          19.4
Secondary                  18,792          10.6          52.7          19.7          17.0
Combined                    2,713          12.7          49.7          12.1          25.6

Proportion of students approved for free or reduced-price lunch
-----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Less than 20               16,400          12.9          55.1          16.4          15.6
 percent
20 to less than 40         15,687          10.1          57.4          13.2          19.3
 percent
40 to less than 70         15,806          12.2          54.3          15.3          18.2
 percent
70 percent or more         14,666           9.9          52.6          16.0          21.5

Proportion of minority students
-----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Less than 5.5              28,384          13.9          55.3          11.3          19.4
 percent
5.5 percent to less        15,986          12.4          57.1          14.4          16.2
 than 20.5 percent
20.5 percent to            14,328          10.3          54.4          16.8          18.5
 less than 50.5
 percent
50.5 percent or            16,082           7.9          49.1          21.9          21.1
 more
-----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Note:  All sampling errors are less than ï¿½5 percentage points. 

\a Percent of respondents indicating spending will be needed on at
least one of the following federal mandates:  accessibility for
students with disabilities; or managing/correcting asbestos, lead in
water/paint, underground storage tanks, and radon. 

\b Percent of respondents indicating no spending will be needed for
the federal mandates listed in note "a."

\c Average = $177,000 per school. 

\d "All others" includes remaining respondents that either indicated
(1) spending needs unknown for all federal mandates or (2) spending
needs unknown for some federal mandates and spending not needed for
all others. 



                         Table V.8
          
              Next 3 Years--Schools Estimating
            Spending on All Federal Mandates by
                   Other Characteristics


                     Estimated         Below         Above
                     number of     average\a       average
Characteristic         schools      spending      spending
----------------  ------------  ------------  ------------
Community type
----------------------------------------------------------
Central city            15,880          70.4          29.6
Urban fringe/           14,556          75.7          24.3
 large town
Rural/small town        21,533          85.2          14.8

Geographic region
----------------------------------------------------------
Northeast                7,879          71.3          28.7
Midwest                 16,369          75.7          24.3
South                   15,956          82.6          17.4
West                    11,844          79.4          20.6

School size
----------------------------------------------------------
Small (1-299            13,267          85.2          14.8
 students)
Medium (300-599         21,884          79.6          20.4
 students)
Large (600+             16,897          70.2          29.8
 students)

School level
----------------------------------------------------------
Elementary              36,765          79.8          20.2
Secondary               13,608          72.8          27.2
Combined                 1,675          80.5          19.5

Proportion of students approved for free or reduced-price
lunch
----------------------------------------------------------
Less than 20            11,730          77.0          23.0
 percent
20 to less than         11,073          81.3          18.7
 40 percent
40 to less than         11,006          78.0          22.0
 70 percent
70 percent or           10,060          76.7          23.3
 more

Proportion of minority students
----------------------------------------------------------
Less than 5.5           18,924          83.0          17.0
 percent
5.5 to less than        11,428          79.8          20.2
 20.5 percent
20.5 to less            10,200          76.4          23.6
 than 50.5
 percent
50.5 percent or         11,419          69.1          30.9
 more
----------------------------------------------------------
Note:  All sampling errors are less than ï¿½5 percentage points. 

\a Average = $177,000 per school. 



                                        Table V.9
                         
                         Last 3 Years--Money Reported Needed and
                                Spent on Asbestos by State


                        Estimated                       Below         Above
                        number of      No money     average\a       average      No money
State                     schools         spent      spending      spending        needed
-------------------  ------------  ------------  ------------  ------------  ------------
Alabama                     1,109          29.6          33.6           0.3          36.5
Alaska                        425          27.1          36.8           9.2          26.9
Arizona                       949          19.8          51.4          10.7          18.2
Arkansas                      957          20.8          53.5           2.8          22.9
California                  6,717          24.8          45.3           9.0          20.9
Colorado                    1,308          25.0          34.6          14.4          26.0
Connecticut                   886          21.4          34.9          18.3          25.4
Delaware                      134          36.2          31.9          22.8           9.0
District of                   143          88.5           7.5           1.5           2.6
 Columbia
Florida                     2,066          18.0          45.3          24.7          12.1
Georgia                     1,525          20.8          35.3           4.9          39.0
Hawaii                        193          22.3          34.5          19.7          23.5
Idaho                         533          19.3          41.5           0.9          38.2
Illinois                    3,369          13.7          52.8          13.5          19.9
Indiana                     1,681          24.4          47.2           8.2          20.2
Iowa                        1,349          13.7          64.0          10.7          11.6
Kansas                      1,367          15.3          59.8           7.7          17.2
Kentucky                    1,076          18.5          47.3           5.5          28.7
Louisiana                   1,283          23.5          49.5          13.6          13.4
Maine                         652          21.3          47.9           3.4          27.4
Maryland                      912          28.8          53.8           9.6           7.8
Massachusetts               1,504          33.3          42.3           7.1          17.3
Michigan                    2,749          18.8          50.6           8.7          21.9
Minnesota                   1,306           9.8          54.1          18.0          18.0
Mississippi                   890          25.4          30.2           5.3          39.0
Missouri                    1,827          17.1          45.0          10.7          27.2
Montana                       782          18.8          44.4           3.1          33.6
Nebraska                    1,153          25.9          47.4           7.3          19.4
Nevada                        342          14.0          65.4           6.8          13.8
New Hampshire                 385          20.6          46.4           7.1          26.0
New Jersey                  2,067          13.8          42.3          20.1          23.8
New Mexico                    614          18.3          49.1           7.7          24.9
New York                    2,556          14.7          37.7          23.3          24.3
North Carolina              1,797          20.2          49.4           6.7          23.7
North Dakota                  531          21.0          54.4           6.5          18.1
Ohio                        3,315          38.3          42.0          13.9           5.9
Oklahoma                    1,637          17.8          57.6           1.0          23.7
Oregon                      1,134          16.9          70.2           5.6           7.3
Pennsylvania                2,758          17.0          44.8          16.8          21.3
Rhode Island                  278          13.2          38.9          20.1          27.8
South Carolina                927          23.2          44.5           6.0          26.3
South Dakota                  549           6.8          53.2           8.4          31.5
Tennessee                   1,393          21.7          38.3          14.4          25.5
Texas                       5,219          18.0          42.0           7.1          32.9
Utah                          639          15.5          59.8           5.0          19.7
Vermont                       289          28.4          36.2           9.5          25.9
Virginia                    1,572          28.0          43.0           6.2          22.8
Washington                  1,671          21.2          45.3          10.1          23.5
West Virginia                 795          23.6          54.7           2.1          19.6
Wisconsin                   1,597          22.3          53.3          13.0          11.4
Wyoming                       388          16.4          39.8           6.1          37.6
-----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Note:  All sampling errors are less than ï¿½5 percentage points. 

\a Average = $43,000 per school. 



                         Table V.10
          
          Last 3 Years--Schools Reporting Spending
                    on Asbestos by State


                                      Below
                                  average\a  Above average
State                              spending       spending
----------------------------  -------------  -------------
Alabama                                99.2            0.8
Alaska                                 80.0           20.0
Arizona                                82.8           17.2
Arkansas                               95.0            5.0
California                             83.4           16.6
Colorado                             70.5\b         29.5\b
Connecticut                          65.7\b         34.3\b
Delaware                             58.3\c         41.7\c
District of Columbia                     \d             \d
Florida                                64.7           35.3
Georgia                                87.7           12.3
Hawaii                               63.7\b         36.3\b
Idaho                                  97.8            2.2
Illinois                               79.6           20.4
Indiana                                85.2           14.8
Iowa                                   85.7           14.3
Kansas                                 88.6           11.4
Kentucky                               89.6           10.4
Louisiana                              78.5           21.5
Maine                                  93.5            6.5
Maryland                               84.9           15.1
Massachusetts                          85.5           14.5
Michigan                               85.4           14.6
Minnesota                              75.0           25.0
Mississippi                            85.0           15.0
Missouri                               80.7           19.3
Montana                                93.4            6.6
Nebraska                               86.7           13.3
Nevada                                 90.6            9.4
New Hampshire                          86.8           13.2
New Jersey                           67.8\b         32.2\b
New Mexico                             86.4           13.6
New York                             61.8\b         38.2\b
North Carolina                         88.1           11.9
North Dakota                           89.3           10.7
Ohio                                 75.2\e         24.8\e
Oklahoma                               98.4            1.6
Oregon                                 92.6            7.4
Pennsylvania                         72.7\e         27.3\e
Rhode Island                         66.0\b         34.0\b
South Carolina                         88.1           11.9
South Dakota                           86.3           13.7
Tennessee                            72.7\e         27.3\e
Texas                                  85.5           14.5
Utah                                   92.3            7.7
Vermont                              79.2\b         20.8\b
Virginia                               87.5           12.5
Washington                             81.8           18.2
West Virginia                          96.3            3.7
Wisconsin                              80.4           19.6
Wyoming                                86.7           13.3
----------------------------------------------------------
Note:  Sampling errors are less than ï¿½11 percentage points unless
otherwise noted. 

\a Average = $43,000 per school. 

\b Sampling errors are equal to or greater than 13 percentage points
but less than 16 percentage points. 

\c Sampling errors are equal to or greater than 20 percentage points
but less than 25 percentage points. 

\d We elected not to report an estimate due to the sampling error
being greater than 25 percentage points. 

\e Sampling errors are equal to or greater than 11 percentage points
but less than 13 percentage points. 



                                        Table V.11
                         
                         Last 3 Years--Money Reported Needed and
                          Spent on Asbestos Management by Other
                                     Characteristics


                        Estimated                       Below         Above
                        number of      No money     average\a       average      No money
Characteristic            schools         spent      spending      spending        needed
-------------------  ------------  ------------  ------------  ------------  ------------
Community type
-----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Central city               20,237          22.7          46.6          14.5          16.2
Urban fringe/large         19,067          21.1          46.0          12.0          20.9
 town
Rural/small town           31,905          20.0          46.4           7.1          26.6

Geographic region
-----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Northeast                  11,374          19.0          41.5          16.5          23.0
Midwest                    20,791          20.7          50.7          11.3          17.4
South                      23,432          21.8           4.4           8.1          25.7
West                       15,694          22.0          47.1           8.7          22.2

School size
-----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Small (1-299               19,624          21.7          48.5           6.6          23.2
 students)
Medium (300-599            30,077          22.4          46.5           8.6          22.5
 students)
Large (600+                21,591          18.7          44.3          16.6          20.4
 students)

School level
-----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Elementary                 50,667          21.9          46.6           9.3          22.5
Secondary                  18,092          18.3          47.2          14.2          20.3
Combined                    2,533          24.5          41.8           7.7          26.0

Proportion of students approved for free or reduced-price lunch
-----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Less than 20               15,809          20.6          43.3          12.3          23.8
 percent
20 to less than 40         15,326          22.1          47.8           9.6          20.5
 percent
40 to less than 70         15,304          20.9          45.8           9.9          23.4
 percent
70 percent or more         13,501          19.3          51.8           9.8          19.1

Proportion of minority students
-----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Less than 5.5              27,343          22.3          46.1           7.8          23.8
 percent
5.5 to less than           15,561          20.1          44.8          12.4          22.7
 20.5 percent
20.5 to less than          13,643          22.1          45.0          10.7          22.2
 50.5 percent
50.5 percent or            14,532          18.6          50.0          13.5          17.9
 more
-----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Note:  All sampling errors are less than ï¿½5 percentage points. 

\a Average = $43,000 per school. 



                         Table V.12
          
          Last 3 Years--Schools Reporting Spending
            on Asbestos by Other Characteristics


                         Estimated       Below       Above
                         number of   average\a     average
Characteristic             schools    spending    spending
----------------------  ----------  ----------  ----------
Community type
----------------------------------------------------------
Central city                12,361        76.3        23.7
Urban fringe/large          11,056        79.4        20.6
 town
Rural/small town            17,057        86.8        13.2

Geographic region
----------------------------------------------------------
Northeast                    6,599        71.6        28.4
Midwest                     12,886        81.8        18.2
South                       12,288        84.6        15.4
West                         8,747        84.5        15.5

School size
----------------------------------------------------------
Small (1-299 students)      10,810        88.0        12.0
Medium (300-599             16,577        84.3        15.7
 students)
Large (600+ students)       13,134        72.8        27.2

School level
----------------------------------------------------------
Elementary                  28,157        83.3        16.7
Secondary                   11,109        76.8        23.2
Combined                     1,254        84.5        15.5

Proportion of students approved for free or reduced-price
lunch
----------------------------------------------------------
Less than 20 percent         8,788        77.9        22.1
20 to less than 40           8,795        83.3        16.7
 percent
40 to less than 70           8,528        82.2        17.8
 percent
70 percent or more           8,310        84.1        15.9

Proportion of minority students
----------------------------------------------------------
Less than 5.5 percent       14,737        85.6        14.4
5.5 to less than 20.5        8,904        78.3        21.7
 percent
20.5 to less than 50.5       7,599        80.8        19.2
 percent
50.5 percent or more         9,228        78.8        21.2
----------------------------------------------------------
Note:  All sampling errors are less than ï¿½5 percentage points, except
for the estimates for schools in the Northeast, which had a sampling
error of 5.6 percentage points. 

\a Average = $43,000 per school. 



                                        Table V.13
                         
                         Next 3 Years--Money Estimated Needed for
                                    Asbestos by State


                        Estimated                       Below         Above        Amount
                        number of      No money     average\a       average        needed
State                     schools        needed      spending      spending       unknown
-------------------  ------------  ------------  ------------  ------------  ------------
Alabama                     1,151          48.0          21.0           2.2          28.8
Alaska                        434          30.4          31.4          16.5          21.6
Arizona                       972          39.7          37.8           8.5          14.0
Arkansas                      979          39.5          44.7           1.1          14.7
California                  6,967          27.4          46.4           7.7          18.8
Colorado                    1,325          35.5          24.4        23.2\b          16.9
Connecticut                   903        33.3\b        28.8\b          22.1          15.8
Delaware                      135        19.3\c        46.9\d        29.9\c           3.9
District of                   141        22.3\b           7.3           3.7        66.7\b
 Columbia
Florida                     2,133          25.1          48.9          12.3          13.7
Georgia                     1,547          45.5          22.2           4.3          27.9
Hawaii                        217          28.0          21.3          12.2        38.5\b
Idaho                         552          48.9          28.3           4.5          18.3
Illinois                    3,599          20.9          36.0          31.1          11.9
Indiana                     1,731          37.4          44.9           2.9          14.8
Iowa                        1,343          33.1          47.0           1.5          18.4
Kansas                      1,389          33.2          46.8           8.6          11.4
Kentucky                    1,112          46.2          33.8           7.5          12.5
Louisiana                   1,339          37.1          41.8           3.4          17.7
Maine                         639        47.1\b          32.9           4.7          15.3
Maryland                      892          21.9        60.8\b          14.7           2.6
Massachusetts               1,602        41.3\b          27.7           7.2          23.8
Michigan                    2,974          39.0          42.7           4.5          13.8
Minnesota                   1,273          36.5          39.0          10.8          13.7
Mississippi                   904          43.7          34.2           2.4          19.7
Missouri                    1,894          42.1          38.1           3.8          16.0
Montana                       818          56.1          25.4           1.7          16.8
Nebraska                    1,079        47.8\b          28.3           9.5          14.4
Nevada                        236        57.9\b        34.8\b           0.0           7.4
New Hampshire                 397        40.7\b        37.0\b           3.6          18.7
New Jersey                  2,161        37.6\b        38.4\b          12.5          11.5
New Mexico                    633          27.7          46.6           9.3          16.3
New York                    3,674          25.9          25.5           7.3          41.3
North Carolina              1,761          52.6          28.0          10.6           8.8
North Dakota                  552          42.0          44.1           0.3          13.6
Ohio                        3,328          33.3          37.1          13.6          16.1
Oklahoma                    1,638          38.5          47.3           1.6          12.6
Oregon                      1,129          20.3          58.6           8.7          12.4
Pennsylvania                2,737          42.5          24.2           3.5          29.9
Rhode Island                  286        31.2\b          30.7          19.4          18.8
South Carolina                915          42.8          35.5           4.2          17.4
South Dakota                  505          37.2          40.2           2.5          20.1
Tennessee                   1,417          40.9          36.7           3.5          18.9
Texas                       5,348          43.4          29.3          10.0          17.3
Utah                          641          23.7          58.8           6.4          11.1
Vermont                       271        63.3\c          16.4           1.2        19.1\b
Virginia                    1,590          41.2          25.2           9.2          24.3
Washington                  1,650          35.2          29.2           7.8          27.8
West Virginia                 840          25.6          23.9           5.3          45.2
Wisconsin                   1,600          36.7          40.5           5.3          17.5
Wyoming                       396          42.2          36.1           3.2          18.4
-----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Note:  Sampling errors are less than ï¿½11 percentage points unless
otherwise noted. 

\a Average = $72,000 per school. 

\b Sampling errors are equal to or greater than 11 percentage points
but less than 13 percentage points. 

\c Sampling errors are equal to or greater than 13 percentage points
but less than 16 percentage points. 

\d Sampling errors are equal to or greater than 16 percentage points
but less than 20 percentage points. 



                         Table V.14
          
              Next 3 Years--Schools Estimating
               Spending on Asbestos by State


                                      Below
                                  average\a  Above average
State                              spending       spending
----------------------------  -------------  -------------
Alabama                                90.5            9.5
Alaska                                 65.5           34.5
Arizona                                81.6           18.4
Arkansas                               97.5            2.5
California                             85.7           14.3
Colorado                             51.3\b         48.7\b
Connecticut                          56.6\b         43.4\b
Delaware                             61.1\b         38.9\b
District of Columbia                     \c             \c
Florida                                79.9           20.1
Georgia                              83.7\d         16.3\d
Hawaii                               63.6\b         36.4\b
Idaho                                86.2\e         13.8\e
Illinois                               53.6           46.4
Indiana                                94.0            6.0
Iowa                                   96.9            3.1
Kansas                                 84.5           15.5
Kentucky                             81.8\e         18.2\e
Louisiana                              92.5            7.5
Maine                                87.5\e         12.5\e
Maryland                               80.5           19.5
Massachusetts                        79.3\d         20.7\d
Michigan                               90.5            9.5
Minnesota                            78.3\e         21.7\e
Mississippi                            93.4            6.6
Missouri                               90.9            9.1
Montana                                93.8            6.2
Nebraska                             74.9\e         25.1\e
Nevada                                100.0            0.0
New Hampshire                          91.2            8.8
New Jersey                           75.5\e         24.5\e
New Mexico                             83.3           16.7
New York                             77.6\d         22.4\d
North Carolina                       72.5\e         27.5\e
North Dakota                           99.2            0.8
Ohio                                 73.2\e         26.8\e
Oklahoma                               96.8            3.2
Oregon                                 87.1           12.9
Pennsylvania                           87.3           12.7
Rhode Island                         61.2\d         38.8\d
South Carolina                         89.5           10.5
South Dakota                           94.1            5.9
Tennessee                              91.4            8.6
Texas                                  74.6           25.4
Utah                                   90.2            9.8
Vermont                              93.2\d          6.8\d
Virginia                             73.3\d         26.7\d
Washington                           78.9\e         21.1\e
West Virginia                        81.9\e         18.1\e
Wisconsin                              88.4           11.6
Wyoming                                91.8            8.2
----------------------------------------------------------
Note:  Sampling errors are less than ï¿½11 percentage points unless
otherwise noted. 

\a Average = $72,000 per school. 

\b Sampling errors are equal to or greater than 16 percentage points
but less than 20 percentage points. 

\c We elected not to report an estimate due to the sampling error
being greater than 25 percentage points. 

\d Sampling errors are equal to or greater than 13 percentage points
but less than 16 percentage points. 

\e Sampling errors are equal to or greater than 11 percentage points
but less than 13 percentage points. 



                                        Table V.15
                         
                         Next 3 Years--Money Estimated Needed for
                            Asbestos by Other Characteristics


                        Estimated                       Below         Above        Amount
                        number of      No money     average\a       average        needed
Characteristic            schools        needed      spending      spending       unknown
-------------------  ------------  ------------  ------------  ------------  ------------
Community type
-----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Central city               21,714          26.6          35.4          14.1          23.9
Urban fringe/large         19,583          34.2          37.8          10.8          17.2
 town
Rural/small town           32,352          43.7          36.0           4.0          16.2

Geographic region
-----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Northeast                  12,671          36.4          28.6           8.3          26.7
Midwest                    21,267          34.6          39.9          10.8          14.7
South                      23,842          40.1          34.4           7.2          18.3
West                       15,968          32.1          40.6           8.8          18.5

School size
-----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Small (1-299               19,841          40.7          37.6           4.6          17.1
 students)
Medium (300-599            31,042          36.9          36.8           8.4          18.0
 students)
Large (600+                22,865          31.2          34.7          12.9          21.2
 students)

School level
-----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Elementary                 52,590          36.5          36.0           8.3          19.2
Secondary                  18,543          35.1          37.8          16.5          10.6
Combined                    2,615          35.6          33.5           6.2          24.7

Proportion of students approved for free or reduced-price lunch
-----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Less than 20               16,231          38.4          36.7           9.4          15.5
 percent
20 to less than 40         15,325          37.2          37.4           8.3          17.0
 percent
40 to less than 70         15,738          36.5          37.4           7.1          19.1
 percent
70 percent or more         14,422          30.7          38.0          10.8          20.5

Proportion of minority students
-----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Less than 5.5              27,647          42.7          35.4           5.1          16.8
 percent
5.5 to less than           15,806          39.5          36.4           9.3          14.8
 20.5 percent
20.5 to less than          13,994          33.7          36.3          10.6          19.4
 50.5 percent
50.5 percent or            16,068          23.7          38.0          13.2          25.2
 more
-----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Note:  All sampling errors are less than ï¿½5 percentage points. 

\a Average = $72,000 per school. 



                         Table V.16
          
              Next 3 Years--Schools Estimating
               Spending on Asbestos by Other
                      Characteristics


                     Estimated         Below         Above
                     number of     average\a       average
Characteristic         schools      spending      spending
----------------  ------------  ------------  ------------
Community type
----------------------------------------------------------
Central city            10,746          71.6          28.4
Urban fringe/            9,522          77.8          22.2
 large town
Rural/small town        12,956          90.0          10.0

Geographic region
----------------------------------------------------------
Northeast                4,675          77.5          22.5
Midwest                 10,782          78.6          21.4
South                    9,925          82.7          17.3
West                     7,892          82.2          17.8

School size
----------------------------------------------------------
Small (1-299             8,372          89.0          11.0
 students)
Medium (300-599         14,020          81.4          18.6
 students)
Large (600+             10,882          72.9          27.1
 students)

School level
----------------------------------------------------------
Elementary              23,273          81.3          18.7
Secondary                8,962          78.1          21.9
Combined                 1,040          84.4          15.6

Proportion of students approved for free or reduced-price
lunch
----------------------------------------------------------
Less than 20             7,473          79.7          20.3
 percent
20 to less than          7,012          81.8          18.2
 40 percent
40 to less than          6,990          84.1          15.9
 70 percent
70 percent or            7,038          77.9          22.1
 more

Proportion of minority students
----------------------------------------------------------
Less than 5.5           11,195          87.5          12.5
 percent
5.5 to less than         7,221          79.6          20.4
 20.5 percent
20.5 to less             6,565          77.4          22.6
 than 50.5
 percent
50.5 percent or          8,217          74.2          25.8
 more
----------------------------------------------------------
Note:  All sampling errors are less than ï¿½5 percentage points, except
for the estimates for schools in the Northeast, which had a sampling
error of 5.7 percentage points. 

\a Average = $72,000 per school. 



(See figure in printed edition.)Appendix VI

--------------------
\29 The median amount spent on federal mandates per school was
$12,500. 

\30 The median amount estimated for all federal mandates in the next
3 years was $50,000 per school. 


GAO QUESTIONNAIRE FOR LOCAL
EDUCATION AGENCIES
=========================================================== Appendix V



(See figure in printed edition.)



(See figure in printed edition.)



(See figure in printed edition.)



(See figure in printed edition.)



(See figure in printed edition.)



(See figure in printed edition.)



(See figure in printed edition.)



(See figure in printed edition.)



(See figure in printed edition.)



(See figure in printed edition.)


GAO CONTACTS AND ACKNOWLEDGMENTS
========================================================= Appendix VII

GAO CONTACTS

Eleanor L.  Johnson, Assistant Director, (202) 512-7209

STAFF ACKNOWLEDGMENTS

D.  Catherine Baltzell, Supervisory Social Science Analyst
Ella Cleveland, Senior Evaluator
Wayne C.  Dow, Senior Social Science Analyst
Susan J.  Lawless, Senior Evaluator
Nancy Kintner-Meyer, Evaluator
Linda Y.  McIver, Senior Evaluator
Deborah L.  McCormick, Senior Social Science Analyst
Nancy Purvine, Evaluator
Edna M.  Saltzman, Project Manager
Kathleen Ward, Senior Analyst


*** End of document. ***