Financial Audit: Bureau of the Public Debt's Fiscal Years 2007	 
and 2006 Schedules of Federal Debt (07-NOV-07, GAO-08-168).	 
                                                                 
GAO is required to audit the consolidated financial statements of
the U.S. government. Due to the significance of the federal debt 
held by the public to the governmentwide financial statements,	 
GAO has also been auditing the Bureau of the Public Debt's (BPD) 
Schedules of Federal Debt annually. The audit of these schedules 
is done to determine whether, in all material respects, (1) the  
schedules are reliable and (2) BPD management maintained	 
effective internal control relevant to the Schedule of Federal	 
Debt. Further, GAO tests compliance with a significant selected  
provision of law related to the Schedule of Federal Debt. Federal
debt managed by BPD consists of Treasury securities held by the  
public and by certain federal government accounts, referred to as
intragovernmental debt holdings. The level of debt held by the	 
public reflects how much of the nation's wealth has been absorbed
by the federal government to finance prior federal spending in	 
excess of federal revenues. Intragovernmental debt holdings	 
represent balances of Treasury securities held by federal	 
government accounts, primarily federal trust funds such as Social
Security, that typically have an obligation to invest their	 
excess annual receipts over disbursements in federal securities. 
-------------------------Indexing Terms------------------------- 
REPORTNUM:   GAO-08-168 					        
    ACCNO:   A78028						        
  TITLE:     Financial Audit: Bureau of the Public Debt's Fiscal Years
2007 and 2006 Schedules of Federal Debt 			 
     DATE:   11/07/2007 
  SUBJECT:   Audit reports					 
	     Audits						 
	     Budget obligations 				 
	     Debt held by public				 
	     Federal debt					 
	     Federal fund accounts				 
	     Financial management				 
	     Financial statement audits 			 
	     Financial statements				 
	     Internal controls					 
	     Intragovernmental fund accounts			 
	     Public debt					 
	     Securities 					 
	     US government securities				 
	     US Treasury securities				 
	     Bureau of the Public Debt Schedule of		 
	     Federal Debt					 
                                                                 

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GAO-08-168

   

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material separately. 

Report to the Secretary of the Treasury: 

November 2007: 

Financial Audit: 

Bureau of the Public Debt's Fiscal Years 2007 and 2006 Schedules of 
Federal Debt: 

GAO-08-168: 

GAO Highlights: 

Highlights of GAO-08-168, a report to the Secretary of the Treasury. 

Why GAO Did This Study: 

GAO is required to audit the consolidated financial statements of the 
U.S. government. Due to the significance of the federal debt held by 
the public to the governmentwide financial statements, GAO has also 
been auditing the Bureau of the Public Debtï¿½s (BPD) Schedules of 
Federal Debt annually. The audit of these schedules is done to 
determine whether, in all material respects, (1) the schedules are 
reliable and (2) BPD management maintained effective internal control 
relevant to the Schedule of Federal Debt. Further, we test compliance 
with a significant selected provision of law related to the Schedule of 
Federal Debt. 

Federal debt managed by BPD consists of Treasury securities held by the 
public and by certain federal government accounts, referred to as 
intragovernmental debt holdings. The level of debt held by the public 
reflects how much of the nationï¿½s wealth has been absorbed by the 
federal government to finance prior federal spending in excess of 
federal revenues. Intragovernmental debt holdings represent balances of 
Treasury securities held by federal government accounts, primarily 
federal trust funds such as Social Security, that typically have an 
obligation to invest their excess annual receipts over disbursements in 
federal securities. 

What GAO Found: 

In GAOï¿½s opinion, BPDï¿½s Schedules of Federal Debt for fiscal years 2007 
and 2006 were fairly presented in all material respects and BPD 
maintained effective internal control relevant to the Schedule of 
Federal Debt as of September 30, 2007. GAO also found no instances of 
noncompliance in fiscal year 2007 with the statutory debt limit. 

As of September 30, 2007 and 2006, federal debt managed by BPD totaled 
about $8,993 billion and $8,493 billion, respectively. As shown in 
figure 1 below, total federal debt increased over each of the last 4 
fiscal years. 

Figure: Total Gross Federal Debt Outstanding: 

This figure is a bar chart showing total gross federal debt 
outstanding. The X axis is the year, and the Y axis is the dollars in 
billions. 

As of September 30: 

Held by the public: 2003: $3,924; Held by the public: 2004: $4307; Held 
by the public: 2005: $4601; Held by the public: 2006: $4843; Held by 
the public: 2007: $5,049. 

Intragovernmental holdings: 2003: $2,859; Intragovernmental holdings: 
2004: $3,072; Intragovernmental holdings: 2005: $3.317; 
Intragovernmental holdings: 2006: $3,650; Intragovernmental holdings: 
2007: $3, 944. 

Total: 2003: $6,783; 
Total: 2004: $7,379; 
Total: 2005: $7,918; 
Total: 2006: $8,493; 
Total: 2007: $8,993. 

[See PDF for image] 

Source: BPD. 

[End of figure] 

Total federal spending has exceeded total federal revenues which have 
resulted in increases in debt held by the public. Further, certain 
trust funds (e.g., Social Security) continue to run cash surpluses, 
resulting in increased intragovernmental debt holdings since the 
federal government spends these surpluses on other operating costs and 
replaces them with federal debt instruments. These debt holdings are 
backed by the full faith and credit of the U.S. government and 
represent a priority call on future budgetary resources. As a result, 
total gross federal debt has increased about 33 percent between the end 
of fiscal years 2003 and 2007. On September 29, 2007, legislation was 
enacted to raise the statutory debt limit by $850 billion to $9,815 
billion. This was the third occurrence since the end of fiscal year 
2003 that the statutory debt limit had to be raised to avoid breaching 
the statutory debt limit. During that time, the debt limit has 
increased by over $2.4 trillion, or about 33 percent, from $7,384 
billion on September 30, 2003, to the current limit of $9,815 billion. 

For a fuller understanding of GAOï¿½s opinion on BPD's fiscal years 2007 
and 2006 Schedules of Federal Debt, readers should refer to the 
complete audit report, available by clicking on [hyperlink, 
http://www.GAO-08-168], which includes information on audit objectives, 
scope and methodology. For more information, contact Gary T. Engel at 
(202) 512-3406 or [email protected]. 

[End of section] 

Contents: 

Letter: 

Auditor's Report: 

Opinion on Schedules of Federal Debt: 

Opinion on Internal Control: 

Compliance with a Selected Provision of Law: 

Consistency of Other Information: 

Objectives, Scope, and Methodology: 

Agency Comments: 

Overview, Schedules, and Notes: 

11: 

Overview on Federal Debt Managed by the Bureau of the Public Debt: 

Schedules of Federal Debt: 

Notes to the Schedules of Federal Debt: 

Appendixes: 

Appendix I: Comments from the Bureau of the Public Debt: 

Appendix II: GAO Contact and Staff Acknowledgments: 

Abbreviations Abbreviations: 

BPD: Bureau of the Public Debt: 

OMB: Office of Management and Budget: 

Letter November 7, 2007: 

The Honorable Henry M. Paulson, Jr.: 
The Secretary of the Treasury: 

Dear Mr. Secretary: 

The accompanying auditor's report presents the results of our audits of 
the Schedules of Federal Debt Managed by the Bureau of the Public Debt 
(BPD) for the fiscal years ended September 30, 2007 and 2006. The 
Schedules of Federal Debt present the beginning balances, increases and 
decreases, and ending balances for (1) Federal Debt Held by the Public 
and Intragovernmental Debt Holdings, (2) the related Accrued Interest 
Payables, and (3) the related Net Unamortized Premiums and Discounts 
managed by BPD.[Footnote 1] 

The auditor's report contains our (1) opinion on the Schedules of 
Federal Debt for the fiscal years ended September 30, 2007 and 2006, 
(2) opinion on the effectiveness of relevant internal control as of 
September 30, 2007, (3) conclusion on compliance in fiscal year 2007 
with a selected provision of law we tested, and (4) conclusion on the 
consistency between information in the Schedules of Federal Debt and 
the accompanying Overview on Federal Debt Managed by the Bureau of the 
Public Debt. 

As of September 30, 2007 and 2006, federal debt managed by the bureau 
totaled about $8,993 billion and $8,493 billion, respectively, for 
moneys borrowed to fund the federal government's operations. As shown 
on the Schedules of Federal Debt, these balances consisted of 
approximately (1) $5,049 billion as of September 30, 2007, and $4,843 
billion as of September 30, 2006, of debt held by the public and about 
(2) $3,944 billion as of September 30, 2007, and $3,650 billion as of 
September 30, 2006, of intragovernmental debt holdings. 

The level of debt held by the public reflects how much of the nation's 
wealth has been absorbed by the federal government to finance total 
prior federal spending in excess of federal revenues. It best 
represents the cumulative effect of past federal borrowing on today's 
economy and the federal budget. To finance a cash deficit, the federal 
government borrows from the public. When a cash surplus occurs, the 
annual excess funds can then be used to reduce debt held by the public. 
In other words, annual cash deficits or surpluses generally approximate 
the annual net change in the amount of federal government borrowing 
from the public. 

Intragovernmental debt holdings represent balances of Treasury 
securities held by federal government accounts, primarily federal trust 
funds (e.g., Social Security), that typically have an obligation to 
invest their excess annual receipts over disbursements in federal 
securities. Most federal trust funds invest in special U.S. Treasury 
securities that are guaranteed for principal and interest by the full 
faith and credit of the U.S. government. The federal government uses 
the trust funds' invested cash surpluses to assist in funding other 
federal government costs. The transactions relating to Treasury 
securities held by the federal government accounts net out on the 
federal government's consolidated financial statements because under 
current U.S. generally accepted accounting principles they essentially 
represent loans from one part of the federal government to another. 
These securities are nonmarketable; however, they represent a priority 
call on future budgetary resources. 

While both are important, debt held by the public and intragovernmental 
debt holdings are very different. Debt held by the public approximates 
the federal government's competition with other sectors in the credit 
markets. Federal borrowing absorbs resources available for private 
investment and may put upward pressure on interest rates. In addition, 
interest on debt held by the public is paid in cash and represents a 
burden on current taxpayers. It reflects the amount the federal 
government pays to its outside creditors. In contrast, 
intragovernmental debt holdings perform an accounting function but 
typically do not require cash payments from the current budget or 
represent a burden on the current economy. In addition, from the 
perspective of the budget as a whole, interest payments to federal 
government accounts by the Treasury are entirely offset by the income 
received by such accounts. This intragovernmental debt and the interest 
on it represents a claim on future resources and hence a burden on 
future taxpayers and the future economy. Specifically, when trust funds 
redeem Treasury securities to obtain cash to fund expenditures, 
Treasury usually borrows from the public to finance these redemptions. 
Such borrowings result in competition with the private sector and thus 
an effect on the economy. 

We have audited the Schedule of Federal Debt since fiscal year 1997. 
Over this period, total federal debt has increased by 73 percent. 
During the last 4 fiscal years, managing the federal debt has continued 
to be a challenge as evidenced by the growth of total federal debt by 
$2,210 billion, or 33 percent, from $6,783 billion as of September 30, 
2003, to $8,993 billion as of September 30, 2007. As a result of the 
increasing debt, again this past year, Congress enacted a bill to 
increase the debt limit to avoid breaching the statutory debt limit. On 
September 29, 2007, the President approved the bill to increase the 
statutory debt limit from $8,965 billion to $9,815 billion. This was 
the third occurrence since the end of fiscal year 2003 that a law has 
been enacted to raise the statutory debt limit, with the debt limit 
increasing over $2.4 trillion, or about 33 percent, from $7,384 billion 
on September 30, 2003, to $9,815 billion, over that period. 

Over the last several years, we have noted a trend in the amount of 
Treasury securities held by foreign and international investors. 
According to amounts reported in the September 2007 Treasury Bulletin, 
Treasury estimates that the amount of Treasury securities held by 
foreign and international investors has increased $837 billion, from 
$1,383 as of June 30, 2003, to $2,220 billion as of June 30, 2007. As 
of June 30, 2007, this represents an estimated 45 percent of debt held 
by the public, up from about 36 percent as of June 30, 2003. The United 
States benefits from foreign purchases of Treasury securities because 
foreign and international investors fill part of the U.S. government's 
borrowing needs. However, to service this foreign-held debt, the U.S. 
government must send interest payments abroad, which adds to the 
incomes of residents of other countries rather than to the incomes of 
U.S. residents. In addition, this increasing reliance on foreign and 
international investors to finance the deficits of the U.S. government 
presents potential risk to the U.S. economy, especially since the U.S. 
gross national saving rate is low by U.S. historical standards. 

Another trend we have observed is the decline in annual budget 
deficits. As widely reported last month, the fiscal year 2007 budget 
deficit of $163 billion represents the third consecutive decline in 
budget deficits, down from last year's deficit of $248 billion. 
Certainly lower short-term deficits are better than higher short-term 
deficits. However, our nation's real challenge is not short-term 
deficits, rather it's the U.S. government's impending longer-term 
structural deficits and related debt burdens. Indeed, what we call the 
longer-term fiscal challenge is not in the distant future. The first of 
the baby boomers become eligible for early retirement under Social 
Security on January 1, 2008--only two months from now--and for Medicare 
benefits just 3 years later. The budget and economic implications of 
the baby boom generation's retirement have already become a factor in 
Congressional Budget Office's 10-year baseline projections and will 
only intensify as the baby boomers age. GAO's long-range fiscal policy 
simulations show that the nation's current fiscal condition is but a 
prelude to a much more daunting long-term fiscal challenge.[Footnote 2] 
Simply put, our nation is on an imprudent and unsustainable long-term 
fiscal path that is getting worse with the passage of time. Absent 
significant changes on the spending and/or revenue sides of the budget, 
these long-term deficits will encumber a growing share of federal 
resources and test the capacity of current and future generations to 
afford both today's and tomorrow's commitments. 

As discussed earlier, federal debt managed by the bureau totaled about 
$9 trillion at the end of fiscal year 2007. However, that number 
excludes many items, including the gap between scheduled and funded 
Social Security and Medicare benefits, veterans' health care, and a 
range of other commitments and contingencies that the federal 
government has pledged to support. If these items are factored in, the 
total burden in present value dollars is estimated to be about $53 
trillion.[Footnote 3] Stated differently, the estimated current total 
burden for every American is nearly $175,000; and every day that burden 
becomes larger. Given the size of the projected imbalance, the U.S. 
government will not be able to grow its way out of this problem; tough 
choices will be required. Our report, 21ST Century Challenges: 
Reexamining the Base of the Federal Government, is intended to support 
Congress in identifying issues and options that could help address 
these fiscal pressures.[Footnote 4] 

We are sending copies of this report to the Chairmen and Ranking 
Minority Members of the Senate Committee on Appropriations; the Senate 
Committee on Homeland Security and Governmental Affairs; the Senate 
Committee on the Budget; the Subcommittee on Financial Services and 
General Government, Senate Committee on Appropriations; the 
Subcommittee on Federal Financial Management, Government Information, 
Federal Services, and International Security, Senate Committee on 
Homeland Security and Governmental Affairs; the House Committee on 
Appropriations; the House Committee on Oversight and Government Reform; 
the House Committee on the Budget; the Subcommittee on Financial 
Services and General Government, House Committee on Appropriations; and 
the Subcommittee on Government Management, Organization, and 
Procurement, House Committee on Oversight and Government Reform. We are 
also sending copies of this report to the Commissioner of the Bureau of 
the Public Debt, the Acting Inspector General of the Department of the 
Treasury, the Director of the Office of Management and Budget, and 
other agency officials. In addition, the report will be available at no 
charge on the GAO Web site at [hyperlink, http://www.gao.gov]. 

If I can be of further assistance, please call me at (202) 512-5500. 
This report was prepared under the direction of Gary T. Engel, 
Director, Financial Management and Assurance. Should you or members of 
your staff have any questions concerning this report, please contact 
Mr. Engel at (202) 512-3406 or [email protected]. Staff acknowledgements 
are provided in appendix II. 

Sincerely yours, 

Signed by: 

David M. Walker: 

Comptroller General of the United States: 

To the Commissioner of the Bureau of the Public Debt: 

In connection with fulfilling our requirement to audit the financial 
statements of the U.S. government,[Footnote 5] we have audited the 
Schedules of Federal Debt Managed by the Bureau of the Public Debt 
(BPD) because of the significance of the federal debt to the federal 
government's financial statements. 

This auditor's report presents the results of our audits of the 
Schedules of Federal Debt Managed by BPD for the fiscal years ended 
September 30, 2007 and 2006. The Schedules of Federal Debt present the 
beginning balances, increases and decreases, and ending balances for 
(1) Federal Debt Held by the Public and Intragovernmental Debt 
Holdings, (2) the related Accrued Interest Payables, and (3) the 
related Net Unamortized Premiums and Discounts managed by BPD.[Footnote 
6] 

In our audits of the Schedules of Federal Debt Managed by BPD for the 
fiscal years ended September 30, 2007 and 2006, we found: 

* the Schedules of Federal Debt are presented fairly, in all material 
respects, in conformity with U.S. generally accepted accounting 
principles; 

* BPD had effective internal control over financial reporting and 
compliance with laws and regulations relevant to the Schedule of 
Federal Debt as of September 30, 2007; and: 

* no reportable noncompliance in fiscal year 2007 with a selected 
provision of law we tested. 

The following sections discuss, in more detail, (1) these conclusions; 
(2) our conclusion on the Overview on Federal Debt Managed by the 
Bureau of the Public Debt; (3) our audit objectives, scope, and 
methodology; and (4) agency comments. 

Opinion on Schedules of Federal Debt: 

The Schedules of Federal Debt including the accompanying notes present 
fairly, in all material respects, in conformity with U.S. generally 
accepted accounting principles, the balances as of September 30, 2007, 
2006, and 2005 for Federal Debt Managed by BPD; the related Accrued 
Interest Payables and Net Unamortized Premiums and Discounts; and the 
related increases and decreases for the fiscal years ended September 
30, 2007 and 2006. 

Opinion on Internal Control: 

BPD maintained, in all material respects, effective internal control 
relevant to the Schedule of Federal Debt related to financial reporting 
and compliance with applicable laws and regulations as of September 30, 
2007, that provided reasonable assurance that misstatements, losses, or 
noncompliance material in relation to the Schedule of Federal Debt 
would be prevented or detected on a timely basis. Our opinion is based 
on criteria established under 31 U.S.C. ï¿½ 3512 (c), (d), the Federal 
Managers' Financial Integrity Act, and the Office of Management and 
Budget (OMB) Circular A-123, Management's Responsibility for Internal 
Control. 

We found matters involving information security controls that we do not 
consider to be significant deficiencies.[Footnote 7] We will 
communicate these matters to BPD's management, along with our 
recommendations for improvement, in a separate letter to be issued at a 
later date. 

Compliance with a Selected Provision of Law: 

Our tests for compliance in fiscal year 2007 with the statutory debt 
limit disclosed no instances of noncompliance that would be reportable 
under U.S. generally accepted government auditing standards or 
applicable OMB audit guidance. However, the objective of our audit of 
the Schedule of Federal Debt for the fiscal year ended September 30, 
2007, was not to provide an opinion on overall compliance with laws and 
regulations. Accordingly, we do not express such an opinion. 

Consistency of Other Information: 

BPD's Overview on Federal Debt Managed by the Bureau of the Public Debt 
contains information, some of which is not directly related to the 
Schedules of Federal Debt. We do not express an opinion on this 
information. However, we compared this information for consistency with 
the schedules and discussed the methods of measurement and presentation 
with BPD officials. Based on this limited work, we found no material 
inconsistencies with the schedules or U.S. generally accepted 
accounting principles. 

Objectives, Scope, and Methodology: 

Management is responsible for (1) preparing the Schedules of Federal 
Debt in conformity with U.S. generally accepted accounting principles; 
(2) establishing, maintaining, and assessing internal control to 
provide reasonable assurance that the broad control objectives of the 
Federal Managers' Financial Integrity Act are met; and (3) complying 
with applicable laws and regulations. 

We are responsible for obtaining reasonable assurance about whether (1) 
the Schedules of Federal Debt are presented fairly, in all material 
respects, in conformity with U.S. generally accepted accounting 
principles and (2) management maintained effective relevant internal 
control as of September 30, 2007, the objectives of which are the 
following: 

* Financial reporting: Transactions are properly recorded, processed, 
and summarized to permit the preparation of the Schedule of Federal 
Debt for the fiscal year ended September 30, 2007, in conformity with 
U.S. generally accepted accounting principles. 

* Compliance with laws and regulations: Transactions related to the 
Schedule of Federal Debt for the fiscal year ended September 30, 2007, 
are executed in accordance with laws governing the use of budget 
authority and with other laws and regulations that could have a direct 
and material effect on the Schedule of Federal Debt. 

We are also responsible for (1) testing compliance with selected 
provisions of laws and regulations that have a direct and material 
effect on the Schedule of Federal Debt and (2) performing limited 
procedures with respect to certain other information appearing with the 
Schedules of Federal Debt. 

In order to fulfill these responsibilities, we: 

* examined, on a test basis, evidence supporting the amounts and 
disclosures in the Schedules of Federal Debt; 

* assessed the accounting principles used and any significant estimates 
made by management; 

* evaluated the overall presentation of the Schedules of Federal Debt; 

* obtained an understanding of the entity and its operations, including 
its internal control relevant to the Schedule of Federal Debt as of 
September 30, 2007, related to financial reporting and compliance with 
laws and regulations (including execution of transactions in accordance 
with budget authority); 

* tested relevant internal controls over financial reporting and 
compliance, and evaluated the design and operating effectiveness of 
internal control relevant to the Schedule of Federal Debt as of 
September 30, 2007; 

* considered the process for evaluating and reporting on internal 
control and financial management systems under the Federal Managers' 
Financial Integrity Act; and: 

* tested compliance in fiscal year 2007 with the statutory debt limit 
(31 U.S.C. ï¿½ 3101(b) (Supp IV 2005), as amended by Pub. L. No. 109-182, 
120 Stat. 289 (2006), and Pub L. No. 110-91, 121 Stat. 988 (2007)). 

We did not evaluate all internal controls relevant to operating 
objectives as broadly defined by the Federal Managers' Financial 
Integrity Act, such as those controls relevant to preparing statistical 
reports and ensuring efficient operations. We limited our internal 
control testing to controls over financial reporting and compliance. 
Because of inherent limitations in internal control, misstatements due 
to error or fraud, losses, or noncompliance may nevertheless occur and 
not be detected. We also caution that projecting our evaluation to 
future periods is subject to the risk that controls may become 
inadequate because of changes in conditions or that the degree of 
compliance with controls may deteriorate. 

We did not test compliance with all laws and regulations applicable to 
BPD. We limited our tests of compliance to a selected provision of law 
that has a direct and material effect on the Schedule of Federal Debt 
for the fiscal year ended September 30, 2007. We caution that 
noncompliance may occur and not be detected by these tests and that 
such testing may not be sufficient for other purposes. 

We performed our work in accordance with U.S. generally accepted 
government auditing standards and applicable OMB audit guidance. 

Agency Comments: 

In commenting on a draft of this report, BPD concurred with the 
conclusions in our report. The comments are reprinted in appendix I. 

Signed by: 

David M. Walker: 

Comptroller General of the United States: 

October 31, 2007: 

Overview, Schedules, and Notes: 

Overview on Federal Debt Managed by the Bureau of the Public Debt: 

Gross Federal Debt Outstanding[Footnote 8]: 

Federal debt managed by the Bureau of the Public Debt (BPD) comprises 
debt held by the public and debt held by certain federal government 
accounts, the latter of which is referred to as intragovernmental debt 
holdings. As of September 30, 2007 and 2006, outstanding gross federal 
debt managed by the bureau totaled $8,993 and $8,493 billion, 
respectively. The increase in gross federal debt of $500 billion during 
fiscal year 2007 was due to an increase in gross intragovernmental debt 
holdings of $294 billion and an increase in gross debt held by the 
public of $206 billion. As Figure 1 illustrates, both intragovernmental 
debt holdings and debt held by the public have steadily increased since 
fiscal year 2003. The primary reason for the increases in 
intragovernmental debt holdings is the annual surpluses in the Federal 
Old-Age and Survivors Insurance Trust Fund, Civil Service Retirement 
and Disability Fund, Federal Hospital Insurance Trust Fund, Federal 
Disability Insurance Trust Fund, and Military Retirement Fund. The 
increases in debt held by the public are due primarily to total federal 
spending exceeding total federal revenues. As of September 30, 2007, 
gross debt held by the public totaled $5,049 billion and gross 
intragovernmental debt holdings totaled $3,944 billion.

Figure 1: Total Gross Federal Debt Outstanding (in billions): 

This figure is a bar chart showing total gross federal debt 
outstanding.  

As of September 30: 

Held by the public: 2003: $3,924; Held by the public: 2004: $4307; Held 
by the public: 2005: $4601; Held by the public: 2006: $4843; Held by 
the public: 2007: $5,049. 

Intragovernmental holdings: 2003: $2,859; Intragovernmental holdings: 
2004: $3,072; Intragovernmental holdings: 2005: $3.317; 
Intragovernmental holdings: 2006: $3,650; Intragovernmental holdings: 
2007: $3, 944. 

Total: 2003: $6,783; 
Total: 2004: $7,379; 
Total: 2005: $7,918; 
Total: 2006: $8,493; 
Total: 2007: $8,993. 

[See PDF for image] 

[End of figure] 

Interest Expense: 

Interest expense incurred during fiscal year 2007 consists of (1) 
interest accrued and paid on debt held by the public or credited to 
accounts holding intragovernmental debt during the fiscal year, (2) 
interest accrued during the fiscal year, but not yet paid on debt held 
by the public or credited to accounts holding intragovernmental debt, 
and (3) net amortization of premiums and discounts. The primary 
components of interest expense are interest paid on the debt held by 
the public and interest credited to federal government trust funds and 
other federal government accounts that hold Treasury securities. The 
interest paid on the debt held by the public affects the current 
spending of the federal government and represents the burden in 
servicing its debt (i.e., payments to outside creditors). Interest 
credited to federal government trust funds and other federal government 
accounts, on the other hand, does not result in an immediate outlay of 
the federal government because one part of the government pays the 
interest and another part receives it. However, this interest 
represents a claim on future budgetary resources and hence an 
obligation on future taxpayers. This interest, when reinvested by the 
trust funds and other federal government accounts, is included in the 
programsï¿½ excess funds not currently needed in operations, which are 
invested in federal securities. During fiscal year 2007, interest 
expense incurred totaled $433 billion, interest expense on debt held by 
the public was $239 billion, and $194 billion was interest incurred for 
intragovernmental debt holdings. As Figure 2 illustrates, total 
interest expense has increased in fiscal years 2003 through 2007. 
Average interest rates on principal balances outstanding as of 
September 30, 2007 and 2006, are disclosed in the Notes to the 
Schedules of Federal Debt.

Figure 2: Total Interest Expense: 

This figure is a bar chart showing total interest expense. 

Fiscal year Ended September 30: 

Held by the public: 2003: $157; Held by the public: 2004: $158; Held by 
the public: 2005: $181; Held by the public: 2006: $221. 

Intragovernmental holdings: 2003: $158; Intragovernmental holdings: 
2004: $164; Intragovernmental holdings: 2005: $174; Intragovernmental 
holdings: 2006: $183; Intragovernmental holdings: 2007: $194. 

Total: 2003: $315; 
Total: 2004: $322; 
Total: 2005: $355; 
Total: 2006: $404; 
Total: 2007: $433. 

[See PDF for image] 

[End of figure] 

Debt Held by the Public: 

Debt held by the public reflects how much of the nationï¿½s wealth has 
been absorbed by the federal government to finance prior federal 
spending in excess of total federal revenues. As of September 30, 2007 
and 2006, gross debt held by the public totaled $5,049 billion and 
$4,843 billion, respectively (see Figure 1), an increase of $206 
billion. The borrowings and repayments of debt held by the public 
increased from fiscal year 2006 to 2007. After Treasury took into 
account the increased issuances of State and Local Government Series 
securities, Treasury decided to finance the remaining current 
operations using more short-term securities. 

As of September 30, 2007, $4,428 billion, or 88 percent, of the 
securities that constitute debt held by the public were marketable, 
meaning that once the government issues them, they can be resold by 
whoever owns them. Marketable debt is made up of Treasury bills, 
Treasury notes, Treasury bonds, and Treasury Inflation-Protected 
Securities (TIPS) with maturity dates ranging from less than 1 year out 
to 30 years. Of the marketable securities currently held by the public 
as of September 30, 2007, $2,838 billion or 64 percent will mature 
within the next 4 years (see Figure 3). As of September 30, 2007 and 
2006, notes and TIPS held by the public maturing within the next 10 
years totaled $2,767 billion and $2,709 billion, respectively, an 
increase of $58 billion.

Figure 3: Maturity Dates[Footnote 9] of Marketable Debt Held by the 
Public as of September 30, 2007: 

This figure is a line graph showing maturity dates as of marketable 
debt held by the public as of September 30, 2007. The X axis is the 
Fiscal Year of Maturity, and the Y axis represents dollars in billions. 

[See PDF for image] 

[End of figure] 

The government also issues to the public, state and local governments, 
and foreign governments and central banks nonmarketable securities, 
which cannot be resold, and have maturity dates from on demand to more 
than 10 years. As of September 30, 2007, nonmarketable securities 
totaled $621 billion, or 12 percent of debt held by the public. As of 
that date, nonmarketable securities primarily consisted of savings 
securities totaling $197 billion and special securities for state and 
local governments totaling $297 billion. 

The Federal Reserve Banks (FRBs) act as fiscal agents for Treasury, as 
permitted by the Federal Reserve Act. As fiscal agents for Treasury, 
the FRBs play a significant role in the processing of marketable book-
entry securities and paper U.S. savings bonds. For marketable book-
entry securities, selected FRBs receive bids, issue book-entry 
securities to awarded bidders and collect payment on behalf of 
Treasury, and make interest and redemption payments from Treasuryï¿½s 
account to the accounts of security holders. For paper U.S. savings 
bonds, selected FRBs sell, print, and deliver savings bonds; redeem 
savings bonds; and handle the related transfers of cash. 

Intragovernmental Debt Holdings: 

Intragovernmental debt holdings represent balances of Treasury 
securities held by over 230 individual federal government accounts with 
either the authority or the requirement to invest excess receipts in 
special U.S. Treasury securities that are guaranteed for principal and 
interest by the full faith and credit of the U.S. Government. 
Intragovernmental debt holdings primarily consist of balances in the 
Social Security, Medicare, Military Retirement, and Civil Service 
Retirement and Disability trust funds.[Footnote 10] As of September 30, 
2007, such funds accounted for $3,419 billion, or 87 percent, of the 
$3,944 billion intragovernmental debt holdings balances (see Figure 4). 
As of September 30, 2007 and 2006, gross intragovernmental debt 
holdings totaled $3,944 billion and $3,650 billion, respectively (see 
Figure 1), an increase of $294 billion. 

The majority of intragovernmental debt holdings are Government Account 
Series (GAS) securities. GAS securities consist of par value securities 
and market-based securities, with terms ranging from on demand out to 
30 years. Par value securities are issued and redeemed at par (100 
percent of the face value), regardless of current market conditions. 
Market-based securities, however, can be issued at a premium or 
discount and are redeemed at par value on the maturity date or at 
market value if redeemed before the maturity date. 

Figure 4: Components of Intragovernmental Debt Holdings as of September 
30, 2007: 

This figure is a pie chart showing components of intragovernmental debt 
holdings as of September 30, 2007. 

Social Security trust funds: 55%; 
Civil Service Retirement and Disability trust fund: 18%; 
Other programs and trust funds: 13%; 
Medicare trust funds: 9%; 
Military Retirement fund: 5%. 

[See PDF for image] 

[End of figure] 

Significant Events in FY 2007: 

Statutory Debt Ceiling Raised: 

On May 17, 2007, a house bill was introduced and approved to increase 
the debt limit from $8,965 billion to $9,815 billion. The bill was then 
referred to the Senate Committee on Finance on May 21, 2007, where it 
gained approval on September 12, 2007. Projections determined that the 
United States would hit the statutory debt limit on October 1, 2007, 
and consequently, the full senate passed this measure to raise the debt 
limit by $850 billion on September 27, 2007. On September 29, 2007, 
Public Law 110-91 was enacted, which raised the statutory debt ceiling 
to $9,815 billion.

Thirty-Year Bond Issuance/Discontinuation of 3-Year Note

The thirty-year bond was re-introduced in February 2006 with semi-
annual issuance planned. In August 2006, Treasury announced that the 30-
year bond would be issued on a quarterly basis beginning in February 
2007. The February issue was reopened in May 2007, followed by an 
original issue in August 2007 that will be reopened in November 2007. 
This quarterly issuance pattern has benefited the Separate Trading of 
Registered Interest and Principal of Securities (STRIPS) market by 
creating interest payments for February, May, August and November. 
Beginning in February 2006, the auction and issuance of the monthly 5-
year note was shifted to month end to accommodate the re-introduction 
of the 30-year bond.

Additionally, Treasuryï¿½s ongoing monitoring of the fiscal yearï¿½s 
economic outlook has resulted in the discontinuance of the 3- year 
note. Discontinuance of the 3-year note will allow Treasury to ensure 
large liquid benchmark issuances, better balance its portfolio, and 
manage the fiscal outlook. The final scheduled auction of the 3-year 
note was held on May 7, 2007.

Discontinuance of Long-Term Securities in Legacy Treasury Direct

On January 18, 2007, a final amendment to the Uniform Offering Circular 
(UOC) was published in the Federal Register clarifying that the 
Treasury Department may announce certain marketable Treasury securities 
as not eligible for purchase or holding in Legacy Treasury Direct. 
Legacy Treasury Direct, which was implemented in 1986, will be phased 
out and replaced by the newer, online TreasuryDirect system. To assist 
with this phasing out, the offering of longer-term securities in Legacy 
Treasury Direct was discontinued. Since January 2007, 30-year bonds and 
20-year TIPS are no longer available in Legacy Treasury Direct. This 
amendment also clarified that the announcement for each auction, in 
conjunction with the UOC, provides the terms and conditions for the 
sale and issuance of marketable Treasury bills, notes, bonds, and TIPS.

TreasuryDirect Security Changes

TreasuryDirect is an Internet-accessed system that enables investors to 
purchase the full range of Treasury securities and manage their 
holdings in a single account. Sensitive online transactions such as 
bank account changes and securities sales and transfers could become 
vulnerable to fraud. In July 2007, BPD initiated certified paper 
requests to process these sensitive transactions. This third-party 
investor identification helps mitigate risk and assure individual 
investors of the security of their Treasury Direct investments by 
providing additional verification and a written record of transaction 
requests.

Postal Retiree Health Benefits Fund: 

On December 20, 2006, the President signed H.R. 6407, which enacted 
Public Law 109-435, the ï¿½Postal Accountability and Enhancement Act.ï¿½ 
This Act created a new Government Account Series Trust Fund, the Postal 
Retiree Health Benefits Fund. This fund is administered by the Office 
of Personnel Management and receives transfers from the United States 
Postal Service (USPS). The initial transfer in the amount of $3 billion 
was received and invested in par value securities on April 6, 2007. 
Additional amounts of $17.1 billion and $5.4 billion were transferred 
and invested on June 30, 2007 and September 28, 2007, respectively. The 
fund is not expected to make payouts until 2017. 

Daily Financial Statements: 

Beginning with the accounting date of June 1, 2007, BPD is publishing 
key daily debt-related financial data on our website, [hyperlink, 
http://www.treasurydirect.gov/govt/reports/pd/feddebt/feddebt_daily.htm.
 Similar financial information is currently published monthly. During 
the past fiscal year, BPD strengthened internet communications with 
customers by redesigning the government section of the [hyperlink, 
http://www.Treasurydirect.gov] website. Additional on-line resources 
are now available and the overall functionality and accessibility 
features are greatly improved. The Schedules of Federal Debt daily 
reporting was implemented to support the Treasury strategic objective 
to ï¿½make accurate, timely financial information on U.S. Government 
programs readily available.ï¿½ The enhanced financial reporting is geared 
toward providing our customers more timely information and is one of 
BPDï¿½s strategic goals for FY 2007. 

Historical Perspective: 

Federal debt outstanding is one of the largest legally binding 
obligations of the federal government. Nearly all the federal debt has 
been issued by the Treasury with a small portion being issued by other 
federal government agencies. Treasury issues debt securities for two 
principal reasons, (1) to borrow needed funds to finance the current 
operations of the federal government and (2) to provide an investment 
and accounting mechanism for certain federal government accountsï¿½ 
excess receipts, primarily trust funds. Total gross federal debt 
outstanding has dramatically increased over the past 25 years from 
$1,142 billion as of September 30, 1982, to $8,993 billion as of 
September 30, 2007 (see Figure 5). Large budget deficits emerged during 
the 1980ï¿½s due to tax policy decisions and increased outlays for 
defense and domestic programs. Through fiscal year 1997, annual federal 
deficits continued to be large and debt continued to grow at a rapid 
pace. As a result, total federal debt increased almost five fold 
between 1982 and 1997.

By fiscal year 1998, federal debt held by the public was beginning to 
decline. In fiscal years 1998 through 2001, the amount of debt held by 
the public fell by $476 billion, from $3,815 billion to $3,339 billion. 
However, higher Federal outlays and tax policy decisions have resulted 
in an increase in debt held by the public from $3,339 billion in 2001 
to $5,049 billion in 2007.

Figure 5: Total Gross Federal Debt Outstanding: 

This figure is a bar chart showing total gross federal debt 
outstanding, as of September 30. The X axis is the year, 1982 through 
2007. The Y axis represents dollars in billions. 

[See PDF for image] 

Source: Monthly Statement of Public Debt. 

[End of figure] 

Even in those years where debt held by the public declined, total 
federal debt increased because of increases in intragovernmental debt 
holdings. Over the past 4 fiscal years, intragovernmental debt holdings 
increased by $1,085 billion, from $2,859 billion as of September 30, 
2003, to $3,944 billion as of September 30, 2007. By law, trust funds 
have the authority or are required to invest surpluses in federal 
securities. As a result, the intragovernmental debt holdings balances 
primarily represent the cumulative surplus of funds due to the trust 
fundsï¿½ cumulative annual excess of tax receipts, interest credited, and 
other collections compared to spending.

As shown in Figure 6, interest rates have fluctuated over the past 25 
years. The average interest rates reflected here represent the original 
issue weighted effective yield on securities outstanding at the end of 
the fiscal year.

Figure 6: Average Interest Rates of Federal Debt Outstanding: 

This figure is a line chart showing average interest rates of federal 
debt outstanding, as of September 30. The X axis is the year, and the Y 
axis represents the average interest rates. 

[See PDF for image] 

Source: Prior to fiscal year 2001: Monthly Statement of the Public 
Debt; Fiscal year 2001 and after: Public Debt Online Average Interest 
Rates. 

[End of figure] 

Table: Schedules of Federal Debt: Managed by the Bureau of the Public 
Debt For the Fiscal Years Ended September 30, 2007 and 2006 (Dollars in 
Millions): 

Balance as of September 30, 2005; 
Federal Debt: Held by the Public: Principal (Note 2): $4,601,239; 
Federal Debt: Held by the Public: Accrued Interest Payable: $34,961; 
Federal Debt: Held by the Public: Net Unamortized: ($35,531); 
Federal Debt: Intragovernmental Debt Holdings: Principal (Note 3): 
$3,317,471; 
Federal Debt: Intragovernmental Debt Holdings: Accrued Interest 
Payable: $43,250; 
Federal Debt: Intragovernmental Debt Holdings: Net Unamortized: 
$14,740. 

Increases: Borrowings from the Public; 
Federal Debt: Held by the Public: Principal (Note 2): 4,534,335; 
Federal Debt: Held by the Public: Accrued Interest Payable: [Empty]; 
Federal Debt: Held by the Public: Net Unamortized: (48,568); 
Federal Debt: Intragovernmental Debt Holdings: Principal (Note 3): 
[Empty]; 
Federal Debt: Intragovernmental Debt Holdings: Accrued Interest 
Payable: [Empty]; 
Federal Debt: Intragovernmental Debt Holdings: Net Unamortized: 
[Empty]. 

Increases: Net Increase in Intragovernmental Debt Holdings; 
Federal Debt: Held by the Public: Principal (Note 2): [Empty]; 
Federal Debt: Held by the Public: Accrued Interest Payable: [Empty]; 
Federal Debt: Held by the Public: Net Unamortized: [Empty]; 
Federal Debt: Intragovernmental Debt Holdings: Principal (Note 3): 
332,382; 
Federal Debt: Intragovernmental Debt Holdings: Accrued Interest 
Payable: [Empty]; 
Federal Debt: Intragovernmental Debt Holdings: Net Unamortized: 
(12,630). 

Increases: Accrued Interest (Note 4); 
Federal Debt: Held by the Public: Principal (Note 2): [Empty]; 
Federal Debt: Held by the Public: Accrued Interest Payable: 177,593; 
Federal Debt: Held by the Public: Net Unamortized: [Empty]; 
Federal Debt: Intragovernmental Debt Holdings: Principal (Note 3): 
[Empty]; 
Federal Debt: Intragovernmental Debt Holdings: Accrued Interest 
Payable: 186,108; 
Federal Debt: Intragovernmental Debt Holdings: Net Unamortized: 
[Empty]. 

Total Increases; 
Federal Debt: Held by the Public: Principal (Note 2): 4,534,335; 
Federal Debt: Held by the Public: Accrued Interest Payable: 177,593; 
Federal Debt: Held by the Public: Net Unamortized: (48,568); 
Federal Debt: Intragovernmental Debt Holdings: Principal (Note 3): 
332,382; 
Federal Debt: Intragovernmental Debt Holdings: Accrued Interest 
Payable: 186,108; 
Federal Debt: Intragovernmental Debt Holdings: Net Unamortized: 
(12,630). 

Balance as of September 30, 2006; 
Federal Debt: Held by the Public: Principal (Note 2): 4,843,121; 
Federal Debt: Held by the Public: Accrued Interest Payable: 41,119; 
Federal Debt: Held by the Public: Net Unamortized: (40,165); 
Federal Debt: Intragovernmental Debt Holdings: Principal (Note 3): 
3,649,853; 
Federal Debt: Intragovernmental Debt Holdings: Accrued Interest 
Payable: 45,726; 
Federal Debt: Intragovernmental Debt Holdings: Net Unamoritized: 
(1,159). 

Increases: Borrowings from the Public; 
Federal Debt: Held by the Public: Principal (Note 2): 4,596,053; 
Federal Debt: Held by the Public: Accrued Interest Payable: [Empty]; 
Federal Debt: Held by the Public: Net Unamortized: (48,776); 
Federal Debt: Held by the Public: Net Unamortized: [Empty]; 
Federal Debt: Intragovernmental Debt Holdings: Principal (Note 3): 
[Empty]; 
Federal Debt: Intragovernmental Debt Holdings: Accrued Interest 
Payable: [Empty]; 
Federal Debt: Intragovernmental Debt Holdings: Net Unamortized: 
[Empty]. 

Increases: Net Increase in Intragovernmental Debt Holdings; 
Federal Debt: Held by the Public: Principal (Note 2): [Empty]; 
Federal Debt: Held by the Public: Accrued Interest Payable: [Empty]; 
Federal Debt: Held by the Public: Net Unamortized: [Empty]; 
Federal Debt: Intragovernmental Debt Holdings: Principal (Note 3): 
294,495; 
Federal Debt: Intragovernmental Debt Holdings: Accrued Interest 
Payable: [Empty]; 
Federal Debt: Intragovernmental Debt Holdings: Net Unamortized: 6,005. 

Increases: Accrued Interest (Note 4); 
Federal Debt: Held by the Public: Principal (Note 2): [Empty]; 
Federal Debt: Held by the Public: Accrued Interest Payable: 189,396; 
Federal Debt: Held by the Public: Net Unamortized: [Empty]; 
Federal Debt: Intragovernmental Debt Holdings: Principal (Note 3): 
[Empty]; 
Federal Debt: Intragovernmental Debt Holdings: Accrued Interest 
Payable: 195,445; 
Federal Debt: Intragovernmental Debt Holdings: Net Unamortized: 
[Empty]. 

Total Increase; 
Federal Debt: Held by the Public: Principal (Note 2): 4,596,053; 
Federal Debt: Held by the Public: Accrued Interest Payable: 189,396; 
Federal Debt: Held by the Public: Net Unamortized: (48,776); 
Federal Debt: Intragovernmental Debt Holdings: Principal (Note 3): 
294,495; 
Federal Debt: Intragovernmental Debt Holdings: Accrued Interest 
Payable: 195,445; 
Federal Debt: Intragovernmental Debt Holdings: Net Unamortized: 6,005. 

Decreases: Repayments of Debt Held by the Public; 
Federal Debt: Held by the Public: Principal (Note 2): 4,389,869; 
Federal Debt: Held by the Public: Accrued Interest Payable: [Empty]; 
Federal Debt: Held by the Public: Net Unamortized: [Empty]; 
Federal Debt: Intragovernmental Debt Holdings: Principal (Note 3): 
[Empty]; 
Federal Debt: Intragovernmental Debt Holdings: Accrued Interest 
Payable: [Empty]; 
Federal Debt: Intragovernmental Debt Holdings: Net Unamortized: 
[Empty]. 

Deacreases: Interest Paid; 
Federal Debt: Held by the Public: Principal (Note 2): [Empty]; 
Federal Debt: Held by the Public: Accrued Interest Payable: 186,129; 
Federal Debt: Held by the Public: Net Unamortized: [Empty]; 
Federal Debt: Intragovernmental Debt Holdings: Principal (Note 3): 
[Empty]; 
Federal Debt: Intragovernmental Debt Holdings: Accrued Interest 
Payable: 192,560; 
Federal Debt: Intragovernmental Debt Holdings: Net Unamortized: 
[Empty]. 

Decreases: Net Authorization (Note 4); 
Federal Debt: Held by the Public: Principal (Note 2): [Empty]; 
Federal Debt: Held by the Public: Accrued Interest Payable: [Empty]; 
Federal Debt: Held by the Public: Net Unamortized: (49,500); 
Federal Debt: Intragovernmental Debt Holdings: Principal (Note 3): 
[Empty]; 
Federal Debt: Intragovernmental Debt Holdings: Accrued Interest 
Payable: [Empty]; 
Federal Debt: Intragovernmental Debt Holdings: Net Unamortized: 1,116. 

Total Decreases; 
Federal Debt: Held by the Public: Principal (Note 2): 4,389,869; 
Federal Debt: Held by the Public: Accrued Interest Payable: 186,129; 
Federal Debt: Held by the Public: Net Unamortized: (49,500); 
Federal Debt: Intragovernmental Debt Holdings: Principal (Note 3): 0; 
Federal Debt: Intragovernmental Debt Holdings: Accrued Interest 
Payable: 192,560; 
Federal Debt: Intragovernmental Debt Holdings: Net Unamortized: 1,116. 

Balance as of September 30, 2007; 
Federal Debt: Held by the Public: Principal (Note 2): $5,049,305; 
Federal Debt: Held by the Public: Accrued Interest Payable: $44,386; 
Federal Debt: Held by the Public: Net Unamortized: ($39,441); 
Federal Debt: Intragovernmental Debt Holdings: Principal (Note 3): 
$3,944,348; 
Federal Debt: Intragovernmental Debt Holdings: Accrued Interest 
Payable: $48,611; 
Federal Debt: Intragovernmental Debt Holdings: Net Unamortized: $3,730. 

The accompanying notes are an integral part of these schedules. 

Source: BDP. 

[End of table] 

Notes to the Schedules of Federal Debt Managed by the Bureau of the 
Public Debt For the Fiscal Years Ended September 30, 2007 and 2006 
(Dollars in Millions): 

Note 1. Significant Accounting Policies Basis of Presentation: 

The Schedules of Federal Debt Managed by the Bureau of the Public Debt 
(BPD) have been prepared to report fiscal year 2007 and 2006 balances 
and activity relating to monies borrowed from the public and certain 
federal government accounts to fund the U.S. government's operations. 
Permanent, indefinite appropriations are available for the payment of 
interest on the federal debt and the redemption of Treasury securities. 

Reporting Entity: 

The Constitution empowers the Congress to borrow money on the credit of 
the United States. The Congress has authorized the Secretary of the 
Treasury to borrow monies to operate the federal government within a 
statutory debt limit. Title 31 U.S.C. authorizes Treasury to prescribe 
the debt instruments and otherwise limit and restrict the amount and 
composition of the debt. BPD, an organizational entity within the 
Fiscal Service of the Department of the Treasury, is responsible for 
issuing Treasury securities in accordance with such authority and to 
account for the resulting debt. In addition, BPD has been given the 
responsibility to issue Treasury securities to trust funds for trust 
fund receipts not needed for current benefits and expenses. BPD issues 
and redeems Treasury securities for the trust funds based on data 
provided by program agencies and other Treasury entities. 

Basis of Accounting: 

The schedules were prepared in conformity with U.S. generally accepted 
accounting principles and from BPD's automated accounting system, 
Public Debt Accounting and Reporting System. Interest costs are 
recorded as expenses when incurred, instead of when paid. Certain 
Treasury securities are issued at a discount or premium. These 
discounts and premiums are amortized over the term of the security 
using an interest method for all long term securities and the straight 
line method for short term securities. The Department of the Treasury 
also issues Treasury Inflation-Protected Securities (TIPS). The 
principal for TIPS is adjusted daily over the life of the security 
based on the Consumer Price Index for all Urban Consumers.

Notes to the Schedules of Federal Debt Managed by the Bureau of the 
Public Debt For the Fiscal Years Ended September 30, 2007 and 2006 
(Dollars in Millions): 

Note 1. Significant Accounting Policies: 

Basis of Presentation: 

The Schedules of Federal Debt Managed by the Bureau of the Public Debt 
(BPD) have been prepared to report fiscal year 2007 and 2006 balances 
and activity relating to monies borrowed from the public and certain 
federal government accounts to fund the U.S. government's operations. 
Permanent, indefinite appropriations are available for the payment of 
interest on the federal debt and the redemption of Treasury securities. 

Reporting Entity: 

The Constitution empowers the Congress to borrow money on the credit of 
the United States. The Congress has authorized the Secretary of the 
Treasury to borrow monies to operate the federal government within a 
statutory debt limit. Title 31 U.S.C. authorizes Treasury to prescribe 
the debt instruments and otherwise limit and restrict the amount and 
composition of the debt. BPD, an organizational entity within the 
Fiscal Service of the Department of the Treasury, is responsible for 
issuing Treasury securities in accordance with such authority and to 
account for the resulting debt. In addition, BPD has been given the 
responsibility to issue Treasury securities to trust funds for trust 
fund receipts not needed for current benefits and expenses. BPD issues 
and redeems Treasury securities for the trust funds based on data 
provided by program agencies and other Treasury entities. 

Basis of Accounting: 

The schedules were prepared in conformity with U.S. generally accepted 
accounting principles and from BPD's automated accounting system, 
Public Debt Accounting and Reporting System. Interest costs are 
recorded as expenses when incurred, instead of when paid. Certain 
Treasury securities are issued at a discount or premium. These 
discounts and premiums are amortized over the term of the security 
using an interest method for all long term securities and the straight 
line method for short term securities. The Department of the Treasury 
also issues Treasury Inflation-Protected Securities (TIPS). The 
principal for TIPS is adjusted daily over the life of the security 
based on the Consumer Price Index for all Urban Consumers.

For the Fiscal Years Ended September 30, 2007 and 2006: 
(Dollars in Millions): 

Note 2. Federal Debt Held by the Public: 

Table: As of September 30, 2007 and 2006, Federal Debt Held by the 
Public consisted of the following: 

Marketable: Treasury Bills; 
2007: Amount: $954,607; 
2007: Average Interest Rates: 4.6%; 
2006: Amount: $908,474; 
2006: Average Interest Rates: 5.0%. 

Marketable: Treasury Notes; 
2007: Amount: 2,456,100; 
2007: Average Interest Rates: 4.4%; 
2006: Amount: 2,445,307; 
2006: Average Interest Rates: 4.2%. 

Marketable: Treasury Bonds; 
2007: Amount: 560,922; 
2007: Average Interest Rates: 7.4%; 
2006: Amount: 534,473; 
2006: Average Interest Rates: 7.6%. 

Marketable: TIPS; 
2007: Amount: 456,776; 
2007: Average Interest Rates: 2.3%; 
2006: Amount: 395,550; 
2006: Average Interest Rates: 2.3%. 

Total Marketable; 
2007: Amount: $4,428,405; 
2007: Average Interest Rates: [Empty]; 
2006: Amount: $4,283,804; 
2006: Average Interest Rates: [Empty]. 

Nonmarketable; 
2007: Amount: $620,900; 
2007: Average Interest Rates: 4.9%; 
2006: Amount: $559,317; 
2006: Average Interest Rates: 5.0%. 

Total Federal Debt Held by the Public; 
2007: Amount: $5,049,305; 
2007: Average Interest Rates: [Empty]; 
2006: Amount: $4,843,121; 
2006: Average Interest Rates: [Empty]. 

[End of table] 

Treasury issues marketable bills at a discount and pays the par amount 
of the security upon maturity. The average interest rate on Treasury 
bills represents the original issue effective yield on securities 
outstanding as of September 30, 2007 and 2006, respectively. Treasury 
bills are issued with a term of one year or less.

Treasury issues marketable notes and bonds as long-term securities that 
pay semi-annual interest based on the securities' stated interest rate. 
These securities are issued at either par value or at an amount that 
reflects a discount or a premium. The average interest rate on 
marketable notes and bonds represents the stated interest rate adjusted
by any discount or premium on securities outstanding as of September 
30, 2007 and 2006. Treasury notes are issued with a term of 2 ï¿½ 10 
years and Treasury bonds are issued with a term of more than 10 years.

Treasury also issues TIPS that have interest and redemption payments, 
which are tied to the Consumer Price Index, a widely used measure of 
inflation. TIPS are issued with a term of 5 years or more. At maturity, 
TIPS are redeemed at the inflation-adjusted principal amount, or the 
original par value, whichever is greater. TIPS pay a semi-annual fixed 
rate of interest applied to the inflation-adjusted principal. The TIPS 
Federal Debt Held by the Public inflation-adjusted principal balance 
includes inflation of $50,517 million and $43,927 million as of
September 30, 2007 and 2006, respectively. 

Federal Debt Held by the Public includes federal debt held outside of 
the U. S. government by individuals, corporations, Federal Reserve 
Banks (FRB), state and local governments, and foreign governments and 
central banks. The FRB owned $775 billion and $765 billion of Federal 
Debt Held by the Public as of September 30, 2007 and 2006,respectively. 
These securities are held in the FRB System Open Market Account (SOMA) 
for the purpose of conducting monetary policy. 

Treasury issues nonmarketable securities at either par value or at an 
amount that reflects a discount or a premium. The average interest rate 
on the nonmarketable securities represents the original issue weighted 
effective yield on securities outstanding as of September 30, 2007 and 
2006. Nonmarketable securities are issued with a term of on
demand to more than 10 years. 

Table: As of September 30, 2007 and 2006, nonmarketable securities 
consisted of the following:

Domestic Series; 
2007: $29,995; 
2006: $29,995. 

Foreign Series; 
2007: 2,986; 
2006: 2,986. 

R.E.A. Series; 
2007: 1; 
2006: 1. 
 
State and Local Government Series; 
2007: 296,513; 
2006: 238,835. 

United States Savings Securities;  
2007: 197,171; 
2006: 203,701. 

Government Account Series; 
2007: 88,153; 
2006: 78,129. 

Other; 
2007: 6,081; 
2006: 5,670. 

Total Nonmarketable; 
2007: $620,900; 
2006: $559,317. 

[End of table] 

Government Account Series (GAS) securities are nonmarketable securities 
issued to federal government accounts. Federal Debt Held by the Public 
includes GAS securities issued to certain federal government accounts. 
One example is the GAS securities held by the Government Securities 
Investment Fund (G-Fund) of the federal employeesï¿½ Thrift Savings Plan. 
Federal employees and retirees who have individual accounts own the GAS
securities held by the fund. For this reason, these securities are 
considered part of the Federal Debt Held by the Public rather than 
Intragovernmental Debt Holdings. The GAS securities held by the G-Fund 
consist of overnight investments redeemed one business day after their 
issue. The net increase in amounts borrowed from the fund during fiscal 
years 2007 and 2006 are included in the respective Borrowings from the 
Public amounts reported on the Schedules of Federal Debt. 

Fiscal years-end September 30, 2007 and 2006, occurred on a Sunday and 
Saturday, respectively. As a result, $26,591 million and $31,656 
million of marketable Treasury notes matured but not repaid is included 
in the balance of the total Federal Debt Held by the Public as of 
September 30, 2007 and 2006, respectively. Settlement of these
debt repayments occurred on Monday, October 1, 2007, and Monday, 
October 2, 2006. 

Note 3. Intragovernmental Debt Holdings: 

Table: As of September 30, 2007 and 2006, Intragovernmental Debt 
Holdings are owed to the following: 

SSA: Federal Old-Age and Survivors Insurance Trust Fund; 
2007: $1,968,262; 
2006: $1,793,129. 

OPM: Civil Service Retirement and Disability Fund; 
2007: 687,665; 
2006: 675,936. 

HHS: Federal Hospital Insurance Trust Fund; 
2007: 319,377; 
2006: 302,186. 

SSA: Federal Disability Insurance Trust Fund; 
2007: 213,830; 
2006: 202,178. 

DOD: Military Retirement Fund; 
2007: 190,232; 
2006: 181,810. 

DOD: DOD Medicare-Eligible Retiree Health Care Fund; 
2007: 92,191; 
2006: 72,740. 

DOL: Unemployment Trust Fund; 
2007: 74,923; 
2006: 66,213. 

FDIC: The Deposit Insurance Fund; 
2007: 47,515; 
2007: 46,216. 

DOE: Nuclear Waste Disposal Fund; 
2007: 39,435; 
2006: 36,482. 

HHS: Federal Supplementary Medical Insurance Trust Fund; 
2007: 39,248; 
2006: 32,306. 

DOL: Pension Benefit Guaranty Corporation; 
2007: 35,775; 
2006: 36,635. 

OPM: Employees Life Insurance Fund; 
2007: 32,965; 
2006: 31,282. 

OPM: Postal Service Retiree Health Benefits Fund; 
2007: 25,491; 
2006: 0. 

HUD: FHA ï¿½ Liquidating Account; 
2007: 22,405; 
2006: 22,030. 

Treasury: Exchange Stabilization Fund; 
2007: 16,436; 
2006: 15,711. 

OPM: Employees Health Benefits Fund; 
2007: 15,890; 
2006: 14,822. 

DOS: Foreign Service Retirement and Disability Fund; 
2007: 14,378; 
2006: 13,876. 

DOT: Highway Trust Fund; 
2007: 12,205; 
2006: 10,998. 

VA: National Service Life Insurance Fund; 
2007: 9,752; 
2006: 10,189. 

Other Programs and Funds; 
2007: 86,373; 
2006: 85,114. 

Total Intragovernmental Debt Holdings; 
2007: $3,944,348; 
2006: $3,649,853. 

[End of table] 

Social Security Administration (SSA); Office of Personnel Management 
(OPM); Department of Health and Human Services (HHS); Department of 
Defense (DOD); Department of Labor (DOL); Federal Deposit Insurance
Corporation (FDIC); Department of Energy (DOE); Department of Housing 
and Urban Development (HUD); Department of the Treasury (Treasury); 
Department of State (DOS); Department of Transportation (DOT);
Department of Veterans Affairs (VA).

Intragovernmental Debt Holdings primarily consist of GAS securities. 
Treasury issues GAS securities at either par value or at an amount that 
reflects a discount or a premium. The average interest rates for fiscal 
years 2007 and 2006 were 5.1 and 5.2 percent, respectively. The average 
interest rate represents the original issue weighted effective yield on 
securities outstanding as of September 30, 2007 and 2006. GAS 
securities are issued with a term of on demand to 30 years. GAS 
securities include TIPS, which are reported at an inflation-adjusted 
principal balance using the Consumer Price Index. As of September 30, 
2007 and 2006, the inflation-adjusted principal balance included 
inflation of $28,643 million and $19,576 million, respectively. 

Fiscal years-ended September 30, 2007 and 2006, occurred on a Sunday 
and Saturday, respectively. As a result, $53 million and $360 million 
of GAS securities held by Federal Agencies matured but not repaid is 
included in the balance of the Intragovernmental Debt Holdings as of 
September 30, 2007 and 2006, respectively. Settlement of these debt 
repayments occurred on Monday, October 1, 2007 and Monday, October 2, 
2006.

Note 4. Interest Expense: 

Table: Interest expense on Federal Debt Managed by BPD for fiscal years 
2007 and 2006 consisted of the following: 

Federal Debt Held by the Public: Accrued Interest; 
2007: $189,396; 
2006: $177,593. 

Federal Debt Held by the Public: Net Amortization; 
2007: 49,500; 
2006: 43,934. 

Total Interest Expense on Federal Debt Held by the Public; 
2007: 238,896; 
2006: 221,527. 

Intragovernmental Debt Holdings: Accrued Interest; 
2007: 195,445; 
2006: 186,108. 

Intragovernmental Debt Holdings: Net Amortization of Premiums and 
Discounts; 
2007: (1,116); 
2006: (3,269). 

Total Interest Expense on Intragovernmental Debt Holdings; 
2007: 194,329; 
2006: 182,839. 

Total Interest Expense on Federal Debt Managed by BPD; 
2007: $433,225; 
2006: $404,366. 

[End of table] 

The valuation of TIPS is adjusted daily over the life of the security 
based on the Consumer Price Index for all Urban Consumers. This daily 
adjustment is an interest expense for the Bureau of the Public Debt. 
Accrued interest on Federal Debt Held by the Public includes inflation 
adjustments of $10,276 million and $14,512 million for fiscal years 
2007 and 2006, respectively. Accrued interest on Intragovernmental Debt 
Holdings includes inflation adjustments of $378 million and $607 
million for fiscal years 2007 and 2006, respectively. 

Note 5. Fund Balance With Treasury: 

Appropriated Funds Obligated; 
As of September 30, 2007: $156; 
As of September 30, 2006: $152. 

[End of table] 

Appendix I: Comments from the Bureau of the Public Debt: 

Department of the Treasury: 
Bureau of the Public Debt: 
Parkersburg, WV 26106-1328: 
[hyperlink, http://www.treasurydirect.gov]: 

November 2, 2007: 

Mr. Gary T. Engel: 
Director: 
U.S. Government Accountability Office: 
441 F. Street, NW: 
Washington, DC 20548: 

Dear Mr. Engel: 

This letter is our response to your audit of the Schedules of Federal 
Debt Managed by the Bureau of the Public Debt for the fiscal years 
ended September 30, 2007 and 2006. We agree with your audit report's 
conclusions. 

As we conclude the eleventh consecutive year of our professional 
relationship, we appreciate the experience and professional attitude of 
your audit team. As your audit team expands, their ability to grasp the 
complexities surrounding the schedule greatly enhances the audit 
process. We would like to thank you and your staff for conducting an 
efficient and thorough audit of these schedules with increasingly 
stringent audit requirements. The usability of these reports continues 
to develop through combined efforts, and we look forward to continuing 
this productive and successful relationship. 

Sincerely, 

Signed by: 

Van Zeck: 

Commissioner: 

[End of section] 

Appendix II: GAO Contact and Staff Acknowledgments: 

GAO Contact: 

Gary Engel, (202) 512-3406: 

Acknowledgments: 

In addition to the individual named above, Dawn B. Simpson, Assistant 
Director; Dean D. Carpenter; Emily M. Clancy; Dennis L. Clarke; Chau L. 
Dinh; Lisa M. Galvan-Treviï¿½o; Vivian M. Gutierrez; Erik S. Huff; Bret 
R. Kressin; Nicole M. McGuire; and Jay R. McTigue made key 
contributions to this report. 

[End of section] 

Footnotes: 

[1] Intragovernmental debt holdings represent federal debt issued by 
Treasury and held by certain federal government accounts, such as the 
Social Security and Medicare trust funds. 

[2] See GAO, Our Nation's Fiscal Outlook: The Federal Government's Long-
Term Budget Imbalance, [hyperlink, 
http://www.gao.gov/special.pubs/longterm]. 

[3] The total burden is estimated based on the federal government's 
liabilities, commitments, and contingencies reported in the Financial 
Report of the U.S. Government for Fiscal Year 2006 adjusted for growth 
in debt held by the public during fiscal year 2007 and updated 
estimates of future social insurance obligations as reported in the 
2007 Trustees reports. 

[4] GAO, 21ST Century Challenges: Reexamining the Base of the Federal 
Government, GAO-05-325SP (Washington, D.C.: February 2005). 

[5] 31 U.S.C. ï¿½ 331(e). 

[6] Intragovernmental debt holdings represent federal debt issued by 
Treasury and held by certain federal government accounts, such as the 
Social Security and Medicare trust funds. 

[7] A significant deficiency is a control deficiency, or combination of 
control deficiencies, that adversely affects the entity's ability to 
initiate, authorize, record, process, or report financial data reliably 
in accordance with U.S. generally accepted accounting principles such 
that there is more than a remote likelihood that a misstatement of the 
entity's financial statements that is more than inconsequential will 
not be prevented or detected. A control deficiency exists when the 
design or operation of a control does not allow management or employees 
in the normal course of performing their assigned functions to prevent 
or detect misstatements on a timely basis. 

[8] Federal debt outstanding reported here differs from the amount 
reported in the Financial Report of the United States Government 
because of the securities not maintained or reported by the bureau and 
which are issued by the Federal Financing Bank and other federal 
government agencies. 

[9] Callable securities mature between fiscal years 2013 and 2015, but 
are reported by their call date. 

[10] The Social Security trust funds consist of the Federal Old-Age and 
Survivors Insurance Trust Fund and the Federal Disability Insurance 
Trust Fund. In addition, the Medicare trust funds are made up of the 
Federal Hospital Insurance Trust Fund and the Federal Supplementary 
Medical Insurance Trust Fund. 

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