Science and Technology: Information on Federal Programs and	 
Interagency Efforts That Support Small Businesses Engaged in	 
Manufacturing (18-MAY-07, GAO-07-714).				 
                                                                 
Small businesses engaged in manufacturing, typically those with  
500 or fewer employees, comprise about 90 percent of all U.S.	 
manufacturers and employ 6 million workers. Recent studies have  
shown that small manufacturing businesses face a number of	 
challenges in their efforts to remain competitive, including the 
inability to obtain operating and investment capital, a lack of  
familiarity with new business practices, and difficulty in	 
finding independent advice and skilled employees. To help these  
businesses overcome such challenges, many federal agencies	 
provide financial and nonfinancial technical services through	 
targeted or general programs or create interagency work groups to
better coordinate their efforts and more effectively support	 
these businesses. In this context, GAO identified (1) federal	 
programs that provide services to support small businesses	 
engaged in manufacturing and (2) federal interagency efforts that
focus on issues of concern to small manufacturing businesses. To 
identify these programs and efforts, GAO obtained documentation  
from 19 federal agencies. In commenting on a draft of this	 
report, 18 of the 19 agencies made technical comments that we	 
have incorporated as appropriate. GAO is not making		 
recommendations in this report. 				 
-------------------------Indexing Terms------------------------- 
REPORTNUM:   GAO-07-714 					        
    ACCNO:   A69768						        
  TITLE:     Science and Technology: Information on Federal Programs  
and Interagency Efforts That Support Small Businesses Engaged in 
Manufacturing							 
     DATE:   05/18/2007 
  SUBJECT:   Federal aid programs				 
	     Interagency relations				 
	     Manufacturing industry				 
	     Program evaluation 				 
	     Small business					 
	     Small business assistance				 
	     Strategic planning 				 
	     Technical assistance				 
	     Business planning					 
	     Government/business relations			 
	     Program coordination				 
	     Small Business Innovation Research 		 
	     Program						 
                                                                 

******************************************************************
** This file contains an ASCII representation of the text of a  **
** GAO Product.                                                 **
**                                                              **
** No attempt has been made to display graphic images, although **
** figure captions are reproduced.  Tables are included, but    **
** may not resemble those in the printed version.               **
**                                                              **
** Please see the PDF (Portable Document Format) file, when     **
** available, for a complete electronic file of the printed     **
** document's contents.                                         **
**                                                              **
******************************************************************
GAO-07-714

   

     * [1]Results in Brief
     * [2]Background
     * [3]Few Federal Programs Target Small Businesses Engaged in Manu

          * [4]Five Federal Programs Target Small Manufacturers
          * [5]Small Manufacturers May Obtain Services from 15 Federal Prog
          * [6]Small Manufacturers Can Also Access Services Offered by Many
          * [7]Small Manufacturers May Also Benefit from Many Federal Progr

     * [8]Six Interagency Efforts Support Manufacturing, and 14 Suppor
     * [9]Agency Comments
     * [10]Appendix I: Objectives, Scope, and Methodology
     * [11]Appendix II: Department of Agriculture - Programs that Offer
     * [12]Appendix III: Department of Commerce - Programs that Offer S
     * [13]Appendix IV: Department of Defense - Programs that Offer Ser
     * [14]Appendix V: Department of Education - Programs that Offer Se
     * [15]Appendix VI: Department of Energy - Programs that Offer Serv
     * [16]Appendix VII: Department of Health and Human Services - Prog
     * [17]Appendix VIII: Department of Homeland Security - Programs th
     * [18]Appendix IX: Housing and Urban Development - Programs that O
     * [19]Appendix X: Department of the Interior - Programs that Offer
     * [20]Appendix XI: Department of Labor - Programs that Offer Servi
     * [21]Appendix XII: Department of Transportation- Programs that Of
     * [22]Appendix XIII: Department of Veterans Affairs - Programs tha
     * [23]Appendix XIV: Environmental Protection Agency - Programs tha
     * [24]Appendix XV: Export-Import Bank - Programs that Offer Servic
     * [25]Appendix XVI: National Aeronautics and Space Administration
     * [26]Appendix XVII: National Science Foundation - Programs that O
     * [27]Appendix XVIII: Small Business Administration - Programs tha
     * [28]Appendix XIX: Appalachian Regional Commission - Programs tha
     * [29]Appendix XX: Robert C. Byrd National Technology Transfer Cen
     * [30]Appendix XXI: Interagency Efforts that Address Concerns of S
     * [31]Appendix XXII: Studies of Programs that Support Small Busine

          * [32]List of Studies

               * [33]Studies on Programs at the Department of Commerce
               * [34]Studies on Programs at the Department of Defense
               * [35]Studies on Programs at the Department of Energy
               * [36]Study on Programs at the Department of Health and Human
                 Serv
               * [37]Study on Programs at the Department of Transportation
               * [38]Studies on Programs at the Appalachian Regional
                 Commission
               * [39]Study on Programs at the Export-Import Bank
               * [40]Studies on Programs at the National Aeronautics and
                 Space Ad
               * [41]Studies on Programs at the Small Business Administration
               * [42]Studies on Programs at Multiple Agencies

     * [43]Appendix XXIII: GAO Contacts and Staff Acknowledgments

          * [44]GAO Contact
          * [45]Staff Acknowledgments

               * [46]Order by Mail or Phone

Report to Congressional Requesters

United States Government Accountability Office

GAO

May 2007

SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY

Information on Federal Programs and Interagency Efforts That Support Small
Businesses Engaged in Manufacturing

GAO-07-714

Contents

Letter 1

Results in Brief 3
Background 5
Few Federal Programs Target Small Businesses Engaged in Manufacturing, but
Services Are Available through over 200 Federal Programs That Broadly
Support the U.S. Business Sector 8
Six Interagency Efforts Support Manufacturing, and 14 Support All
Businesses, Including Manufacturers 19
Agency Comments 22
Appendix I Objectives, Scope, and Methodology 24
Appendix II Department of Agriculture - Programs that Offer Services to
Small Manufacturers and Types of Services 27
Appendix III Department of Commerce - Programs that Offer Services to
Small Manufacturers and Types of Services 33
Appendix IV Department of Defense - Programs that Offer Services to Small
Manufacturers and Types of Services 44
Appendix V Department of Education - Programs that Offer Services to Small
Manufacturers and Types of Services 54
Appendix VI Department of Energy - Programs that Offer Services to Small
Manufacturers and Types of Services 55
Appendix VII Department of Health and Human Services - Programs that Offer
Services to Small Manufacturers and Types of Services 58
Appendix VIII Department of Homeland Security - Programs that Offer
Services to Small Manufacturers and Types of Services 65
Appendix IX Housing and Urban Development - Programs that Offer Services
to Small Manufacturers and Types of Service 67
Appendix X Department of the Interior - Programs that Offer Services to
Small Manufacturers and Types of Services 70
Appendix XI Department of Labor - Programs that Offer Services to Small
Manufacturers and Types of Services 72
Appendix XII Department of Transportation- Programs that Offer Services to
Small Manufacturers and Types of Services 76
Appendix XIII Department of Veterans Affairs - Programs that Offer
Services to Small Manufacturers and Types of Services 80
Appendix XIV Environmental Protection Agency - Programs that Offer
Services to Small Manufacturers and Types of Services 83
Appendix XV Export-Import Bank - Programs that Offer Services to Small
Manufacturers and Types of Services 87
Appendix XVI National Aeronautics and Space Administration - Programs that
Offer Services to Small Manufacturers and Types of Services 88
Appendix XVII National Science Foundation - Programs that Offer Services
to Small Manufacturers and Types of Services 91
Appendix XVIII Small Business Administration - Programs that Offer
Services to Small Manufacturers and Types of Services 93
Appendix XIX Appalachian Regional Commission - Programs that Offer
Services to Small Manufacturers and Types of Services 101
Appendix XX Robert C. Byrd National Technology Transfer Center - Programs
that Offer Services to Small Manufacturers and Types of Services 103
Appendix XXI Interagency Efforts that Address Concerns of Small Businesses
and Businesses Regardless of Size and Type 104
Appendix XXII Studies of Programs that Support Small Businesses Engaged in
Manufacturing 110
List of Studies 110
Appendix XXIII GAO Contacts and Staff Acknowledgments 116

Tables

Table 1: Funding and Participation for 3 Programs That Serve Small
Businesses Engaged in Manufacturing, Fiscal Years 2004-2006 11
Table 2: Funding or Participation or Both for 7 Federal Programs That
Provided Services to Manufacturers, Regardless of Size, Fiscal Years
2004-2006 14
Table 3: Funding and Participation by Small Businesses in Federal Programs
That Serve Small Businesses, Regardless of Type, Fiscal Years 2004-2006 17
Table 4: Services Provided by 107 Federal Programs to Businesses,
Regardless of Size and Type 19
Table 5: Four Interagency Efforts Address Concerns of Small Businesses
Engaged in Manufacturing 20
Table 6: Two Interagency Efforts Address the Concerns of Manufacturers,
Regardless of Size 21
Table 7: Department of Agriculture Programs That Offer Services to Small
Businesses Engaged in Manufacturers by Agency, Target Businesses, and
Agency Description of Purpose 27
Table 8: Services Provided by Department of Agriculture Programs by
Agency, Target Businesses, and Type of Services 31
Table 9: Department of Commerce Programs That Offer Services to Small
Businesses Engaged in Manufacturers by Agency, Target Businesses, and
Agency Description of Purpose 33
Table 10: Services Provided by Department of Commerce Programs by Agency,
Target Businesses, and Type of Services 40
Table 11: Department of Defense Programs That Offer Services to Small
Businesses Engaged in Manufacturing by Agency, Target Businesses, and
Agency Description of Purpose 44
Table 12: Services Provided by Department of Defense Programs by Agency,
Target Businesses, and Type of Services 51
Table 13: Department of Education Programs That Offer Services to Small
Businesses Engaged in Manufacturing by Agency, Target Businesses, and
Agency Description of Purpose 54
Table14: Services Provided by Department of Education Programs by Agency,
Target Businesses, and Type of Services 54
Table 15: Department of Energy Programs That Offer Services to Small
Businesses Engaged in Manufacturing by Agency, Target Businesses, and
Agency Description of Purpose 55
Table 16: Services Provided by Department of Energy Programs by Agency,
Target Businesses, and Type of Services 57
Table 17: Department of Health and Human Services Programs That Offer
Services to Small Businesses Engaged in Manufacturing by Agency, Target
Businesses, and Agency Description of Purpose 58
Table 18: Services Provided by Department of Health and Human Services
Programs by Agency, Target Businesses, and Type of Services 62
Table 19: Department of Homeland Security Programs That Offer Services to
Small Businesses Engaged in Manufacturing by Agency, Target Businesses,
and Agency Description of Purpose 65
Table 20: Services Provided by Department of Homeland Security Programs by
Agency, Target Businesses, and Type of Services 66
Table 21: Department of Housing and Urban Development Programs That Offer
Services to Small Businesses Engaged in Manufacturing by Agency, Target
Businesses and Agency Description of Purpose 67
Table 22: Services Provided by Department of Housing and Urban Development
Programs by Agency, Target Businesses, and Type of Services 69
Table 23: Department of the Interior Programs That Offer Services to Small
Businesses Engaged in Manufacturing by Agency, Target Businesses, and
Agency Description of Purpose 70
Table 24: Services Provided by Department of the Interior Programs by
Agency, Target Businesses, and Type of Services 71
Table 25: Department of Labor Programs That Offer Services to Small
Businesses Engaged in Manufacturing by Agency, Target Businesses, and
Agency Description of Purpose 72
Table 26: Services Provided by Department of Labor Programs by Agency,
Target Businesses, and Type of Services 74
Table 27: Department of Transportation Programs That Offer Services to
Small Businesses Engaged in Manufacturing by Agency, Target Businesses,
and Agency Description of Purpose 76
Table 28: Services Provided by Department of Transportation Programs by
Agency, Target Businesses, and Type of Services 78
Table 29: Department of Veterans Affairs Programs That Offer Services to
Small Businesses Engaged in Manufacturing by Agency, Target Businesses,
and Agency Description of Purpose 80
Table 30: Services Provided by Department of Veterans Affairs Programs by
Agency, Target Businesses, and Type of Services 81
Table 31: Environmental Protection Agency Programs That Offer Services to
Small Businesses Engaged in Manufacturing by Agency, Target Businesses,
and Agency Description of Purpose 83
Table 32: Services Provided by Environmental Protection Agency Programs by
Agency, Target Businesses, and Type of Services 85
Table 33: Export-Import Bank Programs That Offer Services to Small
Businesses Engaged in Manufacturing by Agency, Target Businesses, and
Agency Description of Purpose 87
Table 34: Services Provided by Export-Import Bank Programs by Agency,
Target Businesses, and Type of Services 87
Table 35: National Aeronautics and Space Administration Programs That
Offer Services to Small Businesses Engaged in Manufacturing by Agency,
Target Businesses, and Agency Description of Purpose 88
Table 36: Services Provided by National Aeronautics and Space
Administration Programs by Agency, Target Businesses, and Type of Services
89
Table 37: National Science Foundation Programs That Offer Services to
Small Businesses Engaged in Manufacturing by Agency, Target Businesses,
and Agency Description of Purpose 91
Table 38: Services Provided by National Science Foundation Programs by
Agency, Target Businesses, and Type of Services 92
Table 39: Small Business Administration Programs That Offer Services to
Small Businesses Engaged in Manufacturing by Agency, Target Businesses,
and Purpose 93
Table 40: Services Provided by Small Business Administration Programs by
Agency, Target Businesses, and Type of Services 98
Table 41: Appalachian Regional Commission Programs That Offer Services to
Small Businesses Engaged in Manufacturing by Agency, Target Businesses,
and Agency Description of Purpose 101
Table 42: Services Provided by Appalachian Regional Commission Programs by
Agency, Target Businesses, and Type of Services 102
Table 43: Robert C. Byrd National Technology Transfer Center Programs That
Offer Services to Small Businesses Engaged in Manufacturing by Agency,
Target Businesses, and Agency Description of Purpose 103
Table 44: Services Provided by the Robert C. Byrd National Technology
Transfer Center Programs by Agency, Target Businesses, and Type of
Services 103
Table 45: Five Interagency Efforts Address the Concerns of Small
Businesses, Regardless of Type 104
Table 46: Nine Interagency Efforts Address the Concerns of All Businesses,
Regardless of Size or Type 106

Abbreviations

DSTARR Defense Small Business Technology and Readiness Resources Program
EPA Environmental Protection Agency
FSIS Food Safety and Inspection Service
ITA International Trade Administration
MEP Manufacturing Extension Partnership
MTAPP Manufacturing Technical Assistance Production Program
NAICS North American Industry Classification System
NIST National Institute of Standards and Technology
R&D Research and development
SBA Small Business Administration
SBIR Small Business Innovation Research Program
TAA Trade Adjustment Assistance
TIDE Technology Insertion, Demonstration, and Evaluation

This is a work of the U.S. government and is not subject to copyright
protection in the United States. It may be reproduced and distributed in
its entirety without further permission from GAO. However, because this
work may contain copyrighted images or other material, permission from the
copyright holder may be necessary if you wish to reproduce this material
separately.

United States Government Accountability Office
Washington, DC 20548

May 18, 2007

The Honorable Steve Chabot
Ranking Member
Committee on Small Business
House of Representatives

The Honorable Donald A. Manzullo
House of Representatives

The ability of U.S. manufacturers to successfully compete in the global
economy is essential to the nation's continued economic growth and
standard of living. Small businesses engaged in manufacturing (referred to
as "small manufacturers" in this report), typically those with 500 or
fewer employees, comprise over 90 percent of all U.S. manufacturers and
employ 6 million workers.1 Recent studies have shown that these small
manufacturers were particularly hard hit during the recession that began
in 2001 and the subsequent slow economic recovery, and that these
manufacturers continue to face serious challenges to their efforts to
remain competitive. These challenges include difficulties in obtaining
operating capital and investment funds to modernize their operations;
their relative lack of familiarity with changing technology, production
techniques, and business management practices; difficulties in finding
high-quality, independent advice and assistance; and difficulties in
obtaining skilled employees. While the federal government has devoted
considerable resources to programs that can help small businesses,
including manufacturers, to more effectively address these types of
challenges and compete in today's global market, industry analysts believe
that many small manufacturers may be unaware of this assistance.

Federal programs that support manufacturing and other businesses offer
services designed to help businesses improve their operations in a range
of areas. For example, programs may offer financial services in the form
of loans or loan guarantees to help businesses obtain funds for daily or
export operations or to acquire needed buildings or equipment. Federal
programs also may offer nonfinancial services, such as consulting or
assessments, to help businesses improve their efficiency, adopt modern
technologies, export their products, or train their workers.

1Department of Commerce, U.S. Census Bureau, Statistics of U.S. Businesses
- 2004.

In addition to programs that help individual businesses, federal support
for small businesses engaged in manufacturing may take the form of
interagency efforts that bring together officials from several federal
agencies to focus on specific challenges that businesses face. For
example, interagency efforts may focus on ensuring consistency in how a
program is implemented by more than one agency or in how a program might
better meet the needs of the businesses it serves. In other cases,
interagency efforts may address a specific task, such as coordinating
research programs across several agencies. These types of interagency
efforts may disband once their task is complete.

In this context we identified (1) those programs that provide services to
support manufacturing by U.S. small businesses and, for fiscal years 2004
through 2006, the services and funds these programs provided and their
levels of participation and (2) current federal interagency efforts that
support manufacturing by U.S. small businesses. In addition, we compiled a
list of studies that focused on federal programs that support small
businesses engaged in manufacturing. See appendix XXII.

To identify agencies and programs that provide services to support
manufacturing by small businesses, we obtained documentation and
interviewed officials at 17 executive departments, independent agencies,
and a government corporation, including the Departments of Agriculture,
Commerce, Defense, Education, Energy, Health and Human Services, Homeland
Security, Housing and Urban Development, the Interior, Labor,
Transportation, and Veterans Affairs; Environmental Protection Agency;
Export-Import Bank; National Aeronautics and Space Administration;
National Science Foundation; and Small Business Administration. Throughout
this report we refer collectively to these executive departments,
independent agencies, and the government corporation as "agencies". We
also searched the agencies' Web sites and the Catalog of Federal Domestic
Assistance and interviewed officials representing state governments and
trade associations. Through these efforts, we also identified relevant
federal efforts at the National Technology Transfer Center and the
Appalachian Regional Commission, bringing the total to 19 federal entities
that administer programs offering services to businesses, including small
manufacturers. We included assistance provided by federal entities and
through contracts or other agreements with state governments as well as
private and nonprofit entities that operate on the federal government's
behalf. We focused our work on federal programs that support businesses by
addressing challenges in the following five areas: obtaining capital;
developing or deploying new technologies; applying improved technology,
business, and management practices; exporting goods; and training workers.
Because agencies may not track funding and participation in a consistent
manner, the information they reported to us is an estimate of the minimum
funding provided and businesses served. We excluded federal research
programs that focus on advancing manufacturing-related knowledge and
tools, but that do not offer operational services or financing to
manufacturers. Because no comprehensive list of federal programs that
provide services to manufacturers or other businesses exists, we cannot
guarantee that we identified all such programs. However, we attempted to
verify the accuracy and completeness of the information we gathered with
relevant agency officials. Officials reviewed and verified information on
over 70 percent of the programs that we identified. The information we
included that was not reviewed by agency officials was obtained from
agency documents and information contained in agency Web sites. The
program descriptions included in this report, including the appendix
descriptions, were derived from agency materials and do not reflect
independent GAO legal analysis of any relevant program statutes,
regulations, or administrative guidance.

To identify interagency efforts to support small businesses, we searched
the agencies' Web sites; obtained documentation; and interviewed officials
at federal agencies and at organizations that represent state government
officials and trade associations. We included both ongoing interagency
efforts that coordinate the activities of programs that operate in
multiple agencies and task-specific interagency efforts that may disband
upon completion of an assigned task. We attempted to verify the
information we gathered on these interagency efforts with relevant agency
officials and reviewed available documentation on the mission, goals, and
accomplishments of each effort. We consulted GAO technical experts and
determined that the information and data were sufficiently reliable for
this report. See appendix I for more details on the objectives, scope, and
methodology. We conducted our work from May 2006 to April 2007 in
accordance with generally accepted government auditing standards.

Results in Brief

Of the 254 federal programs we identified that provide services that small
businesses engaged in manufacturing can avail themselves of, only 5
programs specifically target this class of businesses and 15 programs
target all manufacturers regardless of their size. Over $35 million was
provided from fiscal years 2004 to 2006, by 7 of the 20 programs that had
funding data on the services they provided to small businesses engaged in
manufacturing. The number of small manufacturing firms that received
services from these 7 programs ranged from about 8,000 in 2004 to over
9,000 in 2006. Regarding the types of services provided, we found that all
5 programs that specifically serve small businesses engaged in
manufacturing provide nonfinancial technical assistance to help
participants solve specific manufacturing problems or improve the
efficiency of their manufacturing operations and quality control
processes, and 1 program offers financial services. The 15 programs that
provide services to manufacturers, regardless of their size, offer similar
kinds of nonfinancial services, and 6 programs also offer financial
services. Small businesses engaged in manufacturing also can obtain
support from 127 other federal programs that assist small businesses
regardless of the type of business. About 60 percent of these 127 programs
provide only nonfinancial services, such as general business, management,
and export assistance; about 5 percent offer only financial services, such
as loans, grants, and access to contracting opportunities or export
assistance; and the remainder offer both financial and nonfinancial
services. Together, these 127 programs devoted an average of $90 billion
each year from 2004 to 2006 to provide services to about 1.6 million small
businesses, including manufacturers. Small businesses engaged in
manufacturing also may obtain general business, export, and financial
services from an additional 107 federal programs designed to support all
businesses, regardless of their size or type. However, it is unclear how
many small manufacturing firms received services from these general
assistance programs because not all of the participating agencies track
this information.

We identified 20 federal interagency efforts that were created to support
the U.S. business sector, 4 of these efforts focused on the challenges
faced by small businesses engaged in manufacturing, and 2 efforts focused
on the challenges faced by manufacturers, regardless of their size. For
example, in 3 of the 4 interagency efforts that focus on addressing the
challenges faced by small businesses engaged in manufacturing federal
agencies collaborate to expand and coordinate the services they offer to
these kinds of firms through nationwide networks of service centers.
Through the 4th interagency effort, federal agencies help small businesses
engaged in manufacturing use energy more efficiently and reduce the amount
of left over materials (waste) that result from their manufacturing
processes. Of the 2 interagency efforts that assist manufacturers,
regardless of their size, the 1st focuses on developing strategies to
improve the competitiveness of manufacturers and the 2nd focuses on
resolving issues associated with manufacturing-related research and
development policies, programs, and budgets. The remaining 14 interagency
efforts that we identified focus on the concerns of small businesses or of
all businesses in general and may address some issues that also are
relevant to small businesses engaged in manufacturing. In commenting on a
draft of this report, 18 of the 19 agencies provided technical comments
that we have incorporated, as appropriate.

Background

Manufacturing generally involves the mechanical, physical, or chemical
transformation of materials, substances, or components into new products,
including the production of food, automobiles, and clothing, among many
other things. The materials that manufacturers transform into new products
include raw materials from agricultural, forestry, fishing, mining, or
quarrying businesses as well as component items produced by other
manufacturers. Manufacturing also includes the assembly of components into
manufactured products. Businesses engaged in manufacturing often are
referred to as plants, factories, or mills, and most use power-driven
machines and materials-handling equipment. However, products that are made
by hand, or in a worker's home, and businesses that both make and sell
products at the same location, such as bakeries, also qualify as
manufacturers.

In its narrowest sense, manufacturing consists of "factory floor"
activities that contribute directly to the production of goods, such as
cutting, grinding, and assembly. More broadly, manufacturing can include a
range of activities that both precede and follow factory floor activities.
Some activities, such as product design, process improvements, and quality
management, are more specific to the manufacturing enterprise. Other
activities are common to many types of businesses, such as the effective
use of information technology, strategic planning, and administrative
operations.

Although no standard definition for small manufacturing businesses exists,
two systems that are widely used to classify businesses by type and size
can be used to define small businesses engaged in manufacturing (referred
to in this report as "small manufacturers"). Specifically, the North
American Industry Classification System (NAICS), which categorizes
businesses according to the principal activity in which they engage, has
three general classifications for businesses engaged in manufacturing. In
addition, the Small Business Administration (SBA) has size standards that
define small businesses on the basis of average annual revenue or number
of employees (typically, 500 or fewer).2 For this report, we define small
manufacturers as those businesses that have a NAICS manufacturing
classification and meet SBA's criteria for small businesses.

Small manufacturers are an important component of the manufacturing
sector. These businesses numbered over 300,000 in 2004 and accounted for
almost 45 percent of all U.S. manufacturing jobs. Many small manufacturers
also export their goods directly or indirectly as suppliers or contractors
for larger companies. In addition, small manufacturers are a significant
source of innovation in the U.S. economy. On average, small manufacturers
produce patents that are more frequently cited as important contributors
to new patents than do large manufacturers.

Over the past 14 years, studies have reported that small manufacturers
possess many strengths due to their size, such as the ability to respond
quickly to market changes. On the other hand, small manufacturers, like
small businesses in general, lack the staff, resources, and expertise of
their larger competitors and consequently face numerous challenges,
including (1) finding sources of operating capital and investment funds
(financial assistance); (2) bringing new products to market or finding new
uses for existing technology (technology development and deployment
assistance); (3) becoming familiar with new technologies, production
techniques, and business management practices (technology, business, and
management assistance); (4) competing in overseas markets (export
assistance); and (5) obtaining skilled employees (worker training
assistance).3

2Specific size standards are published by SBA for each NAICS industry
classification at 13 C.F.R. S 121.201. For manufacturing classifications
(sectors 31-33), these standards range from 500 to 1,500 employees.

3The Manufacturing Institute, The Future Success of Small and Medium
Manufacturers: Challenges and Policy Issues, 2006; U.S. Department of
Commerce, Manufacturing in America: A Comprehensive Strategy to Address
the Challenges to U.S. Manufacturers, January 2004; National Academy of
Public Administration, The National Institute of Standards and
Technology's Manufacturing Extension Partnership, Report I, September
2003; Northeast-Midwest Institute, Advancing U.S. Manufacturing:
Challenges Facing Small Manufacturers, 2004; Manufacturing Studies Board,
Commission on Engineering and Technical Systems, National Research
Council, Learning to Change: Opportunities to Improve the Performance of
Smaller Manufacturers, National Academy Press, 1993; and Northeast-Midwest
Institute, Advancing Manufacturing Competitiveness: A Practitioners' Guide
to Federal Assistance, 1995.

Federal programs offer a wide range of services to help businesses of all
sizes and types address these challenges. For example, federal programs
may offer financial services, such as grants, loans, loan guarantees, or
insurance. These financial services may be for general business purposes,
such as providing working capital or acquiring new equipment, or targeted
to a specific need, such as covering the expenses necessary to export
goods. Programs that offer nonfinancial services may include those that
help businesses acquire the various types of specialized knowledge and
skills they need to begin, operate, and expand their businesses;
commercialize the results of their research projects; export their goods;
or appropriately train their workforce. Federal programs also may provide
financial and nonfinancial services using federal employees or through
agreements with state governments, private entities, and nonprofit
organizations that act on behalf of the federal government.

Some federal programs are targeted to the needs of businesses of a
specific size, regardless of type, such as the assistance SBA offers to
small businesses. In other cases, federal programs target services to any
size business but of a specific type, such as the assistance that the Farm
Service Agency offers to food processors regardless of their size.
Assistance also may be targeted to businesses adversely affected by trade
policies or local disasters. Federal attention to the needs of
manufacturers increased following the economic recession that began in
2001 when manufacturing job losses were substantial and recovery in the
manufacturing sector lagged behind other sectors.

The extent to which agencies track program funding, the number of
businesses they assist, and the type of businesses they assist varies.
Agencies tend to track the financial services they provide in the form of
grants, loans, loan guarantees, letters of credit, or insurance, in terms
of both the value and the number of financial services. In addition,
agencies may track financial data according to the source of their funds.
For example, agencies may track the funds by their annual appropriations,
the obligations to which they dedicate the appropriated funds, or the
amount of dollars they expended in financial assistance. Agencies less
often track the funding for and participation in nonfinancial service
programs. Such services may be offered in single- or multipurpose "service
centers" that offer assistance on a range of issues, and may involve the
specialized expertise of staff from multiple agencies. Service centers may
track the number of individuals or firms they serve but not the specific
type of service provided to each business. Moreover, agencies may not
gather NAICS codes or other information on the type of businesses they
serve. Because of these differences, agencies may not track funding and
participation data in a consistent manner.

Federal agencies also may form interagency groups to coordinate the
operations of their programs and help ensure that resources are used
efficiently. These interagency efforts may focus on a specific program;
for example, multiple federal agencies share responsibility for
administering the Small Business Innovation Research Program and have
created an interagency group to help ensure that the program is being
implemented consistently across all of the agencies. Similarly, agencies
may form an interagency effort to address specific activities, such as
ensuring that small businesses have access to federal procurement
opportunities. In addition, multiple agencies may be tasked by the
President to focus their efforts on a specific topic of relevance to the
business community. These agencies may create interagency groups
consisting of representatives from multiple federal agencies to better
coordinate their individual programs and crosscutting activities. For
example, Commerce created an interagency group to implement its 2003
Manufacturing Initiative, which called for a comprehensive review of
issues affecting manufacturers' competitiveness and a strategy to foster
competition. Interagency groups that are set up to coordinate
task-specific efforts may disband upon completion of the assigned task.

Few Federal Programs Target Small Businesses Engaged in Manufacturing, but
Services Are Available through over 200 Federal Programs That Broadly Support
the U.S. Business Sector

Of the 254 federal programs we identified that provide financial or
nonfinancial services or both to support the U.S. business sector, 5
programs provide services specifically to small businesses engaged in
manufacturing, while an additional 15 programs target manufacturers,
regardless of their size. In addition, we identified 127 programs that
offer financial or nonfinancial assistance or both to small businesses,
regardless of type, and 107 other federal programs designed to support all
types of businesses, regardless of their size or type. Appendixes II
through XX provide detailed information on all 254 programs, by agency.

Five Federal Programs Target Small Manufacturers

We identified 5 federal programs that specifically provide services to
support small manufacturers. Each of the 5 programs offers various types
of nonfinancial business, management, and technical assistance that are
specifically related to manufacturing operations, processes, and problems.
Only 1 of the 5 programs offered financial assistance in addition to its
nonfinancial services. The types of services provided by the 5 programs
were generally aligned with the mission of the administering agency and
included the following:

           o The Outreach to Small and Very Small Plants program is
           administered by Agriculture's Food Safety and Inspection Service
           (FSIS), which regulates manufacturers of meat, poultry, and egg
           products of all sizes, and helps small meat and poultry processors
           comply with food safety regulations. FSIS delivers information
           through partnerships with colleges, universities, and other
           Agriculture agencies. Its services to small manufacturers include
           informational materials about regulatory compliance; referrals to
           other sources of information; funding for university workshops;
           and training materials such as videos. FSIS also offers education
           sessions to small and very small plant owners and operators on how
           to improve their food safety and food defense systems, and
           provides guidance regarding federal inspection of their products
           to small and very small plant owners who want to start operations.

           o MilTech, administered in the Office of the Secretary, is a
           partnership between Defense's TechLink Program and the Montana
           Manufacturing Extension Partnership Center. MilTech provides
           companies with engineering, manufacturing, and business
           development assistance to help accelerate the transition of new
           technology to the U.S. warfighter, lower the cost and cycle time
           of technology acquisition, and help Defense more fully benefit
           from its small business research and development investment.

           o The Defense Small Business Technology and Readiness Resources
           Program (DSTARR), is administered by the Navy. DSTARR provides
           assessments of participating small manufacturers' operational
           processes at their places of business, and develops detailed
           continuous improvement plans to help participants implement
           industry best practices, gain knowledge, and improve operations.
           In addition, DSTARR offers online access to information and
           training, and access to technical experts who provide both on-site
           and remote technical assistance and training in manufacturing and
           business processes. The goal of DSTARR is to develop a national
           network of small manufacturers and specialized information
           technology companies to meet Defense's needs. Prior to December
           2006, DSTARR was known as the Manufacturing Technical Assistance
           Partnership Program, The Next Generation.
           o The Manufacturing Technical Assistance Production Program
           (MTAPP) is administered by the Air Force. MTAPP provides technical
           and managerial assistance to enhance the capabilities of small
           manufacturers and increase their ability to deliver high-quality
           products to the Air Force, as well as to Defense, and its major
           contractors. Each participant receives an in-depth assessment of
           its operations and a continuous improvement plan. In addition,
           MTAPP provides hands on assistance with quality assurance,
           improving the efficiency of manufacturing operations, sales and
           marketing, information technology, and business planning.

           o The Technology Insertion, Demonstration, and Evaluation (TIDE)
           Program is also administered by the Air Force and is a federally
           funded research and development center that operates through
           Carnegie Mellon University with funding from Defense. TIDE
           encourages and assists small manufacturers--specifically, those
           that supply goods and services important to national defense--to
           adopt commercially available software and information technology.
           The program demonstrates to these firms the advantages of using
           advanced software and information technology in their operations
           and adapts existing commercial software and information technology
           for small manufacturers' use. TIDE also offers workshops,
           conferences, and courses that provide some of the training small
           manufacturers need to successfully adopt new technology.
           Specifically, TIDE has addressed product data management,
           electronic data distribution, data security, flexible scheduling
           of manufacturing operations, and computer simulation of
           manufacturing processes.

           Only the Defense agencies that administer 3 of the 5 programs that
           target small manufacturers tracked detailed information on annual
           funding and participation levels for their programs. As shown in
           table 1, these 3 programs provided $3.8 million and served 95
           small manufacturers on average each year from fiscal years 2004
           through 2006. For more information on these programs, see
           appendixes II and IV.

Table 1: Funding and Participation for 3 Programs That Serve Small
Businesses Engaged in Manufacturing, Fiscal Years 2004-2006

Dollars in                                                                             
millions                                                                               
                              Funding and participation, by fiscal year
                 2004                           2005                    2006
Department,                                                                            
agency, and                                                                            
program        Funding   Participation  Funding Participation  Funding   Participation 
Department of  $2.1      69 services    $2.2    862 services   Not       Not available 
Defense,                                                       available               
Navy, Defense                                                                          
Small                                                                                  
Business                                                                               
Technology                                                                             
and Readiness                                                                          
Resources                                                                              
Programab                                                                              
Department of  Not       54 firms       1.5     79 firms       1.2       92 firms      
Defense, Air   available                                                               
Force,                                                                                 
Manufacturing                                                                          
Technical                                                                              
Assistance                                                                             
Production                                                                             
Programc                                                                               
Department of  1.5       10 firms       0.5     21 firms       2.3       30 firms      
Defense,                                                                               
Office of the                                                                          
Secretary,                                                                             
MilTechd                                                                               
Total          $3.6      64 firms 69    $4.2    100 firms 862  $3.5      122 firms     
                         services               services                               

Source: GAO data.

Notes: Because a single business may receive more than one type of
financial or nonfinancial assistance, such as more than one loan or
assessment, participation data may overstate the number of unique
businesses that were helped.

All funding and participation data in the table above were reviewed and
verified by agency officials.

aThese figures reflect funding and participation prior to December 2006
when the program name was changed and the scope of services expanded to
include specialized information technology companies.

bThese figures are appropriations.

cThese figures are obligations.

dThese figures are technology transfer funding for small manufacturers.

Small Manufacturers May Obtain Services from 15 Federal Programs That Target
Manufacturers, Regardless of Size

Agencies within Agriculture, Commerce, Defense, Energy, Health and Human
Services, Housing and Urban Development, and Labor administered 15
programs that provided services specifically to manufacturers, regardless
of their size. As with federal programs designed to support small
manufacturers, the programs that target the needs of manufacturers in
general offer services aligned with the mission of the administering
agency. We identified 9 programs that offer only nonfinancial assistance
and 6 programs that offer both financial and nonfinancial assistance.
These programs include the following:

           o The Domestic Food Distribution Procurements and the
           International Food Aid Procurements, administered by Agriculture's
           Farm Service Agency, provide financial services, in the form of
           direct purchases, to processors of foods used for domestic food
           assistance, export, and foreign aid programs. Specifically, dairy,
           vegetable oil, and other processed commodities are purchased for
           various domestic and international food aid programs from food
           manufacturers, regardless of their size.
           o The Hollings Manufacturing Extension Partnership (MEP)
           administered by Commerce's National Institute of Standards and
           Technology, supports a nationwide network of not-for-profit
           centers in nearly 350 locations. The centers, funded by federal,
           state, local, and private resources, provide manufacturers with
           access to the expertise of knowledgeable manufacturing and
           business specialists all over the country. Each center works
           directly with area manufacturers to provide expertise and services
           tailored to their most critical needs, ranging from process
           improvements and worker training to business practices and
           applications of information technology. Solutions are offered
           through a combination of direct assistance from center staff and
           outside consultants. According to an agency official, 92 percent
           of the manufacturing businesses that the program serves are small
           manufacturing businesses.

           o The Trade Adjustment Assistance (TAA) for Firms Program,
           administered by Commerce's Economic Development Administration,
           offers only nonfinancial services to manufacturers that have
           experienced declines in sales or employment due to competition
           from imports in the preceding 2 years. TAA for Firms is a
           cost-sharing program that provides funds to pay one-half the cost
           of consultants or industry-specific experts for projects that
           improve a manufacturer's competitiveness.

           o The Textiles and Apparel Program, administered by Commerce's
           International Trade Administration, offers nonfinancial export
           assistance to textile manufacturers, such as oversight of
           strategies and programs to improve the domestic and international
           competitiveness of the U.S. fiber, textile, and apparel industries
           as well as industries that manufacture a wide range of consumer
           products. Among other things, the program performs research and
           analysis, compiles industry data, and promotes U.S. trade events
           for a whole spectrum of textiles and apparel.

           o The Manufacturing Technology (ManTech), the Next Generation
           Manufacturing Technology Initiative, and the Best Manufacturing
           Practices Programs, administered by the Office of the Secretary of
           Defense and the Navy, provide nonfinancial technical and business
           assistance to help large and small manufacturers, including ones
           that supply parts and equipment to Defense. These 3 programs help
           firms modernize their operations, apply information technology, or
           network with other businesses. In addition, ManTech provides
           financial assistance to manufacturers.

           o The Industrial Technologies Program, administered by Energy,
           works with manufacturers to improve industrial energy efficiency
           and environmental performance. The program, which offers both
           financial and nonfinancial assistance, invests in high-risk,
           high-value research and development to reduce industrial energy
           use while stimulating productivity and growth.

           o The Manufacturers' Assistance, Investigational New Drug
           Application, and Prescription Drug User Fee Act and Reductions for
           Small Business Programs, administered by Health and Human
           Services' Food and Drug Administration, offer nonfinancial
           services, such as training, and information to industry and trade
           associations on the policies and procedures relevant to those
           products that are regulated by the agency, such as vaccines.

           o The Research Program for the Manufacturing Sector, administered
           by Health and Human Services' National Institute for Occupational
           Safety and Health, offers nonfinancial services by partnering with
           manufacturers to develop practices and products for the workplace
           that can help prevent occupational diseases and injuries.
           o The Partnership for Advancing Technology in Housing Initiative,
           administered by Housing and Urban Development, is a public/private
           partnership that brings together key federal agencies with leaders
           of the home building, product manufacturing, insurance, and
           financial industries to develop and deploy innovative building
           technologies for the next generation of housing. The goal of this
           initiative is to identify techniques for building more affordable,
           durable, disaster-resistant, safe, and energy-efficient housing.
           o Dream It. Do It, a campaign launched by the Manufacturing
           Institute of the National Association of Manufacturers that is
           partially funded by Labor, provides nonfinancial assistance to
           develop tools and partnerships to help inform young people, their
           parents, and educators of career opportunities in advanced
           manufacturing. The initiative develops tools and partnerships
           among employers, training providers, and local Workforce
           Investment Boards in Kansas City and Washington State as well as
           in parts of Virginia, Ohio, Indiana, and the Dallas-Fort Worth
           metropolitan area.

           Only 7 of the 15 programs that we identified that target
           manufacturers, regardless of their size, had funding or
           participation data or both for fiscal years 2004 through 2006.
           This information is provided in table 2. Because not all of these
           programs gather data on the size of the manufacturing businesses
           they serve, we could not determine the extent to which small
           manufacturers avail themselves of the services that each of these
           programs offer. For more information on these programs, see
           appendixes II, III, IV, VI, VII, IX and XI.

Table 2: Funding or Participation or Both for 7 Federal Programs That
Provided Services to Manufacturers, Regardless of Size, Fiscal Years
2004-2006

Dollars in                                                                               
millions                                                                                 
                               Funding and Participation, by fiscal year
                        2004                     2005                     2006
Department,                                                                              
agency, and                                                                              
program        Funding   Participation  Funding   Participation  Funding   Participation 
Data for Small Businesses Engaged in Manufacturing
Commerce, International Trade Administration
Textiles and   Not       60 firms       Not       72 firms       Not       103 firms     
Apparel        available                available                available               
Commerce, National Institute of Standards and Technology
Hollings       Not       7,910 firms    Not       8,247 firms    Not       9,154 firms   
Manufacturing  available                available                available               
Extension                                                                                
Partnership                                                                              
Defense, Office of the Secretary
Next           $1.9      3 firms        Not       Not available  $2.6      9 firms       
Generation                              available                                        
Manufacturing                                                                            
Technology                                                                               
Initiativea                                                                              
Housing and Urban Development
Partnership    7.5       Not available  7.5       Not available  5.0       Not available 
for Advancing                                                                            
Technology in                                                                            
Housing                                                                                  
Initiativeb                                                                              
Subtotal for   $ 9.4     7,973 firms    $7.5      8,319 firms    $7.6      9,266 firms   
small                                                                                    
businesses                                                                               
engaged in                                                                               
manufacturing                                                                            
Data for Manufacturers, Regardless of Size
Commerce, Economic Development Administration
Trade          $11.9     177 firms      $12.0     133 firms      $14.3     137 firms     
Adjustment                                                                               
Assistance                                                                               
for Firmsa                                                                               
Commerce, National Institute of Standards and Technology
Hollings       38.6      736 firms      107.5     748 firms      104.6     803 firms     
Manufacturing                                                                            
Extension                                                                                
Partnershipb                                                                             
Defense, Office of the Secretary
Manufacturing  255.6     Not available  175.7     Not available  185.6     Not available 
Technology                                                                               
(ManTech)c                                                                               
Defense, Navy                                                                            
Best           2.0       10,800         2.0       4,187          2.0       5,673         
Manufacturing            services                 services                 services      
Practicesd                                                                               
Subtotal for   $308.1    913 firms      $297.3    881 firms      $306.5    940 firms     
manufacturers                                                                            
regardless of                                                                            
size                                                                                     
Total          $317.5    8,886 firms    $304.8    9,200 firms    $314.1    10,206 firms  
                                                                                         
                         10,800                   4,187                    5,673         
                         services                 services                 services      

Source: GAO data.

Notes: Because a single business may receive more than one type of
financial or nonfinancial service, such as more than one grant or
consultation, participation data may overstate the number of unique
businesses that were helped. In addition, not all agencies reported data
for each year.

All funding and participation data in the table above were reviewed and
verified by agency officials.

Funding data may not add because of rounding.

aThese figures are obligations.

bThese figures are appropriations.

cThese figures represent the funding provided by participating Defense
components, not the Office of the Secretary.

dThese figures are outlays.

Small Manufacturers Can Also Access Services Offered by Many Programs That
Target Small Businesses, Regardless of Type

We identified 127 federal programs administered by 18 agencies that target
small businesses regardless of type. Five agencies account for over
one-half of these small business programs: SBA has 35 programs, Veterans
Affairs has 10, Defense has 9, and Health and Human Services and
Transportation each have 8. Of the 127 programs, 7 offer only financial
services, such as loans or loan guarantees; 73 offer only nonfinancial
services, such as technical, business, and management assistance; 46 offer
both financial and nonfinancial services; and 1 did not specify the type
of services it offered. For example, of the 35 programs administered by
SBA, 16 offer both financial and nonfinancial services, and 19 offer only
nonfinancial services. In addition to administering these programs, SBA
helps coordinate and manage two multiagency programs: the Small and
Disadvantaged Business Utilization4 program and the Small Business
Innovation Research program. Fourteen agencies included in our review have
an Office of Small and Disadvantaged Business Utilization, these offices
conduct outreach and provide consulting or other nonfinancial services to
help small socially or economically disadvantaged businesses more
effectively compete for federal contracting opportunities. Similarly, 11
agencies included in our review administer Small Business Innovation
Research (SBIR) programs. SBIR provides funding for innovative research
projects. In 2004 and 2005, the most recent data available, almost 20
percent of SBIR awards, valued at about $360 million, funded
manufacturing-related research.5 For more information on all 127 programs,
see appendixes II through XIX.

Of the 18 administering agencies, only 14 collected data on the types of
businesses that their small business programs served or the funding
devoted to provide services through these programs. Table 3 shows the
number of small business programs administered by each of the 18 agencies
and the funding and participation data for the 14 agencies that tracked
these data.

4The Small Business Act, as amended (Pub. L. No. 85-536, 72 Stat. 384
(July 18, 1958), amended by Pub. L. No. 95-507, 92 Stat. 1757 (Oct. 24,
1978)), established an Office of Small and Disadvantaged Business
Utilization for each federal agency with procurement authority. See 15
U.S.C. S 644(k).

5Executive Order No. 13,329, 69 Fed. Reg. 9181 (Feb. 24, 2004) encourages
innovation in manufacturing by directing SBIR programs to give high
priority to manufacturing-related research and development projects,
whenever feasible.

Table 3: Funding and Participation by Small Businesses in Federal Programs
That Serve Small Businesses, Regardless of Type, Fiscal Years 2004-2006

Dollars in                                                                                           
millions                                                                                             
                                          Funding and participation, by fiscal year
                                    2004                      2005                     2006
                  Number                                                                             
Department or         of                                                                             
agency          programs     Funding Participation     Funding Participation   Funding Participation 
Appalachian                                                                                          
Regional                                                                                             
Commissiona            4        $1.7            85        $0.5           106      $0.7           367 
Agricultureb           6       128.6        10,564       126.8        11,296     106.7        10,442 
Commercec              7       164.2            91       205.2         1,150     212.0           614 
Defensed               9    96,580.5         3,849   118,843.4         4,014   1,316.6         3,755 
Educatione             2         8.9            53         8.4            36       8.7            58 
Energyf                6       119.0           421       118.8           412     120.4           429 
Health and                                                                                           
Human Servicesg        8       633.8        33,502       645.8        32,783     648.1        36,968 
Homeland                                                                                             
Securitye              6        19.6           131        23.0            90      30.6           N/A 
Housing and                                                                                          
Urban                                                                                                
Development            1         N/A           N/A         N/A           N/A       N/A           N/A 
Interior               6         N/A           N/A         N/A           N/A       N/A           N/A 
Labor                  7         N/A           N/A         N/A           N/A       N/A           N/A 
Transportationh        8        13.8            27        11.3            17       4.6             6 
Veterans                                                                                             
Affairs               10         N/A           N/A         N/A           N/A       N/A           N/A 
Environmental                                                                                        
Protection                                                                                           
Agencye                5         6.7            57         6.6            52       5.0            56 
Export-Import                                                                                        
Banki                  1     2,257.3         2,572     2,660.3         2,617   3,184.7         2,253 
National                                                                                             
Aeronautics and                                                                                      
Space                                                                                                
Administratione        4       131.5           533       136.8           497     126.9           497 
National                                                                                             
Science                                                                                              
Foundatione            2       100.4           558        89.9           320      98.4           406 
Small Business                                                                                       
Administrationj       35    20,459.7     1,468,211    19,496.8     1,756,842     175.3     1,431,011 
Totall               127  $120,625.8     1,520,654  $142,373.6     1,810,232  $6,038.7     1,486,862 

Source: GAO data.

Note: Because a single business may receive more than one type of
financial or nonfinancial service, such as more than one grant or
consultation, participation data may overstate the number of unique
businesses that were helped.

Agency officials reviewed and verified information on 92 of the 127
programs in the table above.

Funding or participation data were available for 53 of the 127 programs in
the table above. Agency officials reviewed and verified these data for 42
of these 53 programs.

N/A = Not available

aThese figures are primarily obligations. Figures for 1 program were
reported in outlays. Participation figures represent firms and
individuals.

bFunding figures are primarily in obligations, although figures for 1
program were reported in appropriations. Participation figures represent a
combination of awards, loans, firms and small emerging firms.

cFunding figures are primarily obligations, although figures for 2
programs were reported as outlays. Participation figures represent awards
and firms.

dThese figures were largely reported without specifying the type of funds,
although figures for 1 program were reported as obligations. Participation
data were reported in awards but were not reported for fiscal year 2006.

eThese figures are in obligations. Participation figures represent awards.

fThese figures are primarily in obligations, although figures for 1
program were reported in appropriations. Participation figures represent
awards.

gThese figures are in appropriations. Participation figures are largely
awards although figures for 2 programs were reported in firms.

hThese figures are in obligations. Participation figures represent loans.

iThese figures are in authorizations. Participation figures represent
transactions.

jThese figures are largely obligations, although figures for 1 program
were reported in guarantee authority, figures for 4 programs were reported
in appropriations, and figures for another program did not specify the
type of funding. Participation figures are largely reported as firms,
although figures for 1 program were reported as surety bonds, figures for
2 programs were reported as individuals, figures for 1 program were
reported as certifications, and figures for 2 programs were reported as
loans.

lData for fiscal year 2006 are incomplete.

Small Manufacturers May Also Benefit from Many Federal Programs That Target
Businesses, Regardless of Size or Type

We identified an additional 107 programs administered by 15 agencies
included in our review that offer financial or nonfinancial services or
both to businesses, regardless of the size or type of business. Over 60
percent of these programs are administered by agencies within Agriculture,
Commerce, Defense, and Health and Human Services. As with the
manufacturing-related and small business programs previously described,
the services these general business programs offer are aligned with the
mission of the administering agency. Specifically, we found that 7
programs in 3 agencies offer only financial services to businesses, 66
programs in 13 agencies offer only nonfinancial services, and 32 programs
provide both financial and nonfinancial services. Technical, business, or
management assistance was the most commonly offered nonfinancial service,
and worker training was the least commonly offered service. Information on
the services offered by these 107 programs by each of the 15 administering
agencies is shown in table 4. For more details on these 107 programs, see
appendixes II through XX.

Table 4: Services Provided by 107 Federal Programs to Businesses,
Regardless of Size and Type

                                             Type of service
                                        Technology Technical,                 
                     Number            development  business,                 
Department or         of                     or         or          Worker 
agency          programs  Financial  deployment management Export training 
Agriculture           13         11           0          2      8        1 
Commerce              27          3           3         18     13        1 
Defense               14          6           5          9      1        1 
Energy                 2          0           2          1      0        0 
Health and            14          4           5          9      0        1 
Human Services                                                             
Housing and            6          5           1          5      1        2 
Urban                                                                      
Development                                                                
Interior               1          0           0          0      0        1 
Labor                  6          2           3          5      0        6 
Transportation         3          0           2          1      1        0 
Appalachian            1          1           0          1      0        1 
Regional                                                                   
Commission                                                                 
Environmental          8          2           3          8      2        1 
Protection                                                                 
Agency                                                                     
National               8          4           6          4      1        1 
Aeronautics and                                                            
Space                                                                      
Administration                                                             
National               2          0           1          0      0        1 
Science                                                                    
Foundation                                                                 
National               1          0           1          1      0        0 
Technology                                                                 
Transfer Center                                                            
Small Business         1          1           0          0      0        1 
Administration                                                             
Total                107         39          32         64     27       18 

Source: GAO data.

Note: Totals for individual types of services may not sum to the total
number of programs because individual programs may offer more than one
type of service.

Agency officials reviewed and verified information on 73 of the 107
programs in the table above.

Six Interagency Efforts Support Manufacturing, and 14 Support All Businesses,
Including Manufacturers

Of the 20 federal interagency efforts we identified that address the
concerns of the business sector, 4 specifically focus on the challenges
faced by small manufacturers, 2 focus on issues faced by manufacturers in
general, and the remaining 14 focus on issues of concern to small
businesses or businesses in general. Tables 5 and 6 provide detailed
information on each of the interagency efforts that we identified on the
basis of the primary focus of the effort.

Table 5: Four Interagency Efforts Address Concerns of Small Businesses
Engaged in Manufacturing

Focus of interagency Participating        Description of interagency       
effort               agencies             effort                           
Help small           The Environmental    Since 2001, EPA and NIST's       
manufacturers        Protection Agency    Hollings Manufacturing Extension 
operate more         (EPA), the National  Partnership (MEP) have           
efficiently          Institute of         collaborated with state          
                        Standards and        pollution agencies and various   
                        Technology (NIST)    industries in the Green          
                        within the           Suppliers Network. The network   
                        Department of        provides assessments of work     
                        Commerce, and        processes on the premises of     
                        private sector       participating small              
                        firms.               manufacturers, and also provides 
                                             information to help these firms  
                                             improve their operations and     
                                             minimize the amount of waste     
                                             material generated by their      
                                             operations. The network also     
                                             works with large manufacturers   
                                             in the automotive, aerospace,    
                                             and other industries to engage   
                                             their small and medium-sized     
                                             suppliers in the program.        
Expand scope of      The National         Beginning in early 2006, the     
services offered to  Institute of         Hollings Manufacturing Extension 
small manufacturers  Standards and        Partnership (MEP), administered  
through Hollings     Technology (NIST)    by Commerce's National Institute 
Manufacturing        and the              of Standards and Technology and  
Extension            International Trade  International Trade              
Partnership and      Administration (ITA) Administration (ITA), began      
International Trade  both within the      collaborating to connect small   
Administration       Department of        manufacturers with trade         
service centers      Commerce             promotion specialists in ITA.    
                                             This partnership allows MEP      
                                             staff and manufacturing clients  
                                             to benefit from the expertise of 
                                             staff at ITA export assistance   
                                             centers in specific industry     
                                             sectors, such as machinery and   
                                             microelectronics. The            
                                             collaboration helps improve the  
                                             competitiveness of the small     
                                             manufacturers that MEP serves.   
Expand scope of      The Department of    In 2006, the National Institute  
services offered to  Commerce's National  of Standards and Technology's    
small manufacturers  Institute of         Hollings Manufacturing Extension 
through Hollings     Standards and        Partnership signed a memorandum  
Manufacturing        Technology (NIST),   of understanding with the        
Extension            the Department of    Association of Procurement       
Partnership and      Defense, and         Technical Assistance Centers.    
Procurement          interested public or Under this agreement, the        
Technical Assistance private sector       agencies take advantage of       
service centers      entities.            opportunities for complementary  
                                             training on Defense Radio        
                                             Frequency Identification         
                                             requirements and in-depth,       
                                             industry-related technical       
                                             assistance. In addition, the     
                                             service networks provide         
                                             training and counseling to       
                                             business and industries          
                                             concerning how to do business    
                                             with the federal government, and 
                                             document and share complementary 
                                             assistance best practices to     
                                             facilitate dissemination of new  
                                             manufacturing funding            
                                             initiatives, opportunities, and  
                                             implementation services          
                                             available to manufacturers.      
Expand scope of      Department of        In 2004, the Under Secretary of  
services offered to  Commerce's National  Commerce for Technology and      
small manufacturers  Institute of         Deputy Under-Secretary for       
through Hollings     Standards and        Defense for Advanced Systems and 
Manufacturing        Technology (NIST)    Concepts signed a memorandum of  
Extension            and the Department   understanding to help small      
Partnership service  of Defense.          manufacturers tap into Defense   
centers                                   technologies. The two agencies   
                                             facilitate the transfer of       
                                             Defense-developed technology to  
                                             the private sector while         
                                             simultaneously enhancing and     
                                             improving the productivity of    
                                             the manufacturing base that      
                                             provides parts and equipment to  
                                             Defense. Under the agreement,    
                                             Defense makes the expertise of   
                                             its technology transfer          
                                             partnership intermediaries       
                                             available to collaborate with    
                                             the Manufacturing Extension      
                                             Partnership (MEP) and its        
                                             centers in collaboration with    
                                             the Defense network of           
                                             Procurement Technical Assistance 
                                             Centers to educate small         
                                             manufacturers about requirements 
                                             Defense has established for its  
                                             suppliers, such as the use of    
                                             radio frequency identification   
                                             for parts and equipment. The     
                                             collaboration is modeled on the  
                                             success of two Defense programs  
                                             (TechLink and MilTech) in        
                                             helping small manufacturers      
                                             respond to Defense needs.        

Source: GAO data.

Table 6: Two Interagency Efforts Address the Concerns of Manufacturers,
Regardless of Size

Focus of interagency                             Description of            
effort                   Participating agencies  interagency effort        
Promote the              Seventeen participating In 2006, Commerce         
competitiveness of U.S.  federal agencies: the   convened the Interagency  
manufacturers            Departments of          Working Group on          
                            Agriculture, Commerce,  Manufacturing             
                            Defense, Education,     Competitiveness to        
                            Energy, Health and      develop new ways to       
                            Human Services,         implement its 2003        
                            Homeland Security,      Manufacturing Initiative, 
                            Justice, Labor, State,  which is designed to help 
                            Transportation, and the improve the               
                            Treasury; and the       competitiveness of all    
                            Environmental           manufacturers. The        
                            Protection Agency,      interagency group         
                            Export-Import Bank,     established three project 
                            Small Business          teams to focus on key     
                            Administration, Office  manufacturing issues:     
                            of Management and       improvements to the       
                            Budget, and U.S. Trade  analysis of the economic  
                            Representative.         impact of federal         
                                                    regulations, workforce    
                                                    development, and          
                                                    strengthening the         
                                                    transfer of federally     
                                                    developed technologies to 
                                                    the private sector.       
Coordinate federal       Fifteen participating   The Interagency Working   
manufacturing-related    federal agencies: the   Group on Manufacturing    
research and development Departments of          Research and Development  
(R&D) efforts            Agriculture, Commerce,  (R&D) was established as  
                            Defense, Education,     part of the National      
                            Energy, Health and      Science and Technology    
                            Human Services,         Council in 2004 to help   
                            Homeland Security,      develop consensus and     
                            Labor, and              resolve issues associated 
                            Transportation; and the with manufacturing R&D    
                            Environmental           policies, programs, and   
                            Protection Agency,      budgets. The group        
                            National Aeronautics    identifies and integrates 
                            and Space               requirements, conducts    
                            Administration,         joint program planning,   
                            National Science        and develops joint        
                            Foundation, Office of   strategies for the        
                            Management and Budget,  manufacturing R&D         
                            Office of Science and   programs conducted by the 
                            Technology Policy, and  federal government.       
                            Small Business                                    
                            Administration.                                   

Source: GAO data.

Of the remaining 14 interagency efforts that we identified, 5 focus on the
concerns of small businesses and 9 focus on the concerns of all businesses
in general, both of which may address some issues that are also relevant
to small businesses engaged in manufacturing. For example, these efforts
focus on such issues as ensuring access to federal contracting
opportunities, expanding services available to small businesses through
networks of service centers, streamlining electronic access to federal
business opportunities, and expanding export opportunities. For more
details on these 14 interagency efforts, see appendix XXI.

Agency Comments

We sent a draft of this report to the Departments of Agriculture,
Commerce, Defense, Education, Energy, Health and Human Services, Homeland
Security, Housing and Urban Development, the Interior, Labor,
Transportation, and Veterans Affairs, as well as the Environmental
Protection Agency, Export-Import Bank, National Aeronautics and Space
Administration, National Science Foundation, Small Business
Administration, Appalachian Regional Commission, and National Technology
Transfer Center. All of the agencies except for the Appalachian Regional
Commission provided technical comments that we have incorporated as
appropriate.

As agreed with your offices, unless you publicly announce its contents
earlier, we plan no further distribution of this report for 30 days after
the date of this letter. At that time, copies of this report will be sent
to interested congressional committees; the Secretaries of Agriculture,
Commerce, Defense, Education, Energy, Health and Human Services, Homeland
Security, Housing and Urban Development, the Interior, Labor,
Transportation, and Veterans Affairs; the Administrators of the
Environmental Protection Agency, Export-Import Bank, National Aeronautics
and Space Administration, and Small Business Administration; the Director
of the National Science Foundation; the Chairman and President of the
Export-Import Bank; the Executive Director of the Appalachian Regional
Commission; and the Vice-President of the National Technology Transfer
Center. We will also make copies available to others upon request. In
addition, this report will be available at no charge on GAO's Web site at
http://www.gao.gov .

If you or your staffs have any questions about matters contained in this
report, please contact me at (202) 512-3841 or [email protected] .
Contact points for our Offices of Congressional Relations and Public
Affairs may be found on the last page of this report. Key contributors to
this report are listed in appendix XXIII.

Anu K. Mittal
Director, Natural Resources and Environment

Appendix I: Objectives, Scope, and Methodology

We identified (1) those programs that provide services to support
manufacturing by U.S. small businesses and, for fiscal years 2004 through
2006, the services and funds these programs provided and their levels of
participation and (2) current federal interagency efforts that support
manufacturing by U.S. small businesses. In addition, we compiled a list of
studies that focuses on federal programs that support small businesses
engaged in manufacturing.

To identify agencies and programs that provide services to support
manufacturing by small businesses, we obtained documentation and
interviewed officials at 17 executive departments, independent agencies,
and a government corporation, including the Departments of Agriculture,
Commerce, Defense, Education, Energy, Health and Human Services, Homeland
Security, Housing and Urban Development, the Interior, Labor,
Transportation, and Veterans Affairs; the Environmental Protection Agency;
Export-Import Bank; National Aeronautics and Space Administration;
National Science Foundation; and Small Business Administration (SBA).
Throughout this report we refer collectively to these executive
departments, independent agencies, and the government corporation as
"agencies".

We selected these 17 agencies because each had participated in efforts by
Commerce to foster, serve, and promote the nation's economic development
and technological advancement and in the efforts of SBA to promote small
business development and entrepreneurship. We also searched the agencies'
Web sites and the Catalog of Federal Domestic Assistance and interviewed
officials representing state governments and trade associations. Through
these efforts, we also identified relevant federal efforts at the National
Technology Transfer Center and the Appalachian Regional Commission,
bringing the total to 19 federal entities that administer programs
offering services to support businesses, including small manufacturers. We
included assistance provided by federal entities and through contracts or
other agreements with state governments as well as private and nonprofit
entities that operate on the federal government's behalf.

We focused our work on federal programs that support businesses by
addressing challenges in the following five areas: obtaining capital;
developing or deploying new technologies; applying improved technology,
business, and management practices; exporting goods; and training workers.
Because agencies may not track funding and participation in a consistent
manner, the information they reported to us is an estimate of the minimum
funding provided and businesses served. We excluded federal research
programs that focus on advancing manufacturing-related knowledge and tools
but that do not offer operational services or financing to manufacturers.
Because no comprehensive list of federal programs that provide direct
services to manufacturers or other businesses exists, we cannot guarantee
that we identified all such programs. However, we attempted to verify the
accuracy and completeness of the information we gathered with relevant
agency officials. Officials reviewed and verified information on over 70
percent of the programs that we identified. The information we included
that was not reviewed by agency officials was obtained from agency
documents and information contained in agency Web sites. The program
descriptions included in this report, including the appendix descriptions,
were derived from agency materials and do not reflect independent GAO
legal analysis of any relevant program statutes, regulation, or
administrative guidance.

To identify interagency efforts to support manufacturing by small
businesses, we searched the agencies' Web sites; obtained documentation;
and interviewed officials at federal agencies and organizations that
represent state governments and trade associations. We included both
ongoing interagency efforts that coordinate the activities of programs
that operate in multiple agencies and task-specific interagency efforts
that may disband upon completion of an assigned task. We attempted to
verify information on these interagency efforts with relevant agency
officials and reviewed available documentation on the mission, goals, and
accomplishments of each effort. We consulted GAO technical experts and
determined that the information and data were sufficiently reliable for
this report. We conducted our work from May 2006 to April 2007 in
accordance with generally accepted government auditing standards.

To identify studies focused on federal programs that support domestic
manufacturing by small businesses, and other relevant studies, we
identified the following criteria for including a study in this report:
(1) only those studies about federal programs--specifically, those that
target small businesses engaged in manufacturing; any small businesses,
regardless of type; or any businesses engaged in manufacturing, regardless
of size; (2) only programs administered by the following agencies and
departments: the Departments of Agriculture, Commerce, Defense, Education,
Energy, Health and Human Services, Homeland Security, Housing and Urban
Development, Labor, and Transportation and the Appalachian Regional
Commission, Environmental Protection Agency, Export-Import Bank, National
Aeronautics and Space Administration, National Science Foundation, and
SBA; (3) only those studies that were published after October 1, 2000; and
(4) only those studies that included original research. We searched the
following databases in addition to GAO's reports database: ProQuest,
Nexis.com, EconLit, Tax & Accounting, WorldCat, DIALOG, Sociological
Abstracted, Cited References, Expanded Academic, the Congressional Budget
Office, the Congressional Research Service, the Defense Technical
Information Center, the Inspectors General's offices at each of the 16
agencies, the National Association of Public Administration, the National
Academies Press, PolicyFile, and the RAND Corporation. We used such search
terms as manufacture(s), manufacturing, manufacturer(s), industry, small
business(es), federal, and each of the agency names. We found 66 studies
that fit our criteria and completed a fatal flaw review for the 23 studies
that were not completed by GAO to ensure that each was conducted with
reasonable methodological soundness. Based on this review, we found that 4
of these 23 studies were outside of our scope or without a sound
methodology. We combined the 19 studies that met our criteria with 43
studies completed by GAO and then organized these 62 studies by the agency
that administers them and placed them in a bibliographic format.

Appendix II: Department of Agriculture - Programs that Offer Services to
Small Manufacturers and Types of Services

Table 7: Department of Agriculture Programs That Offer Services to Small
Businesses Engaged in Manufacturers by Agency, Target Businesses, and
Agency Description of Purpose

Agency, office,                       Agency description of program        
and program       Target businesses   purpose                              
Cooperative State Research, Education and Extension Service
Small Business     Small businesses,  The Small Business Innovation        
Innovation         regardless of type Research (SBIR) program makes        
Research Program                      competitively awarded grants to      
                                         qualified small businesses for the   
                                         purpose of supporting high quality   
                                         research proposals containing        
                                         advanced concepts related to         
                                         important scientific problems and    
                                         opportunities in agriculture that    
                                         could lead to significant public     
                                         benefit if the research is           
                                         successful. The objectives of the    
                                         SBIR program are to stimulate        
                                         technological innovations in the     
                                         private sector, strengthen the role  
                                         of small businesses in meeting       
                                         federal research and development     
                                         needs, increase private sector       
                                         commercialization of innovations     
                                         derived from Agriculture-supported   
                                         research and development efforts,    
                                         and foster and encourage             
                                         participation by women-owned and     
                                         socially and economically            
                                         disadvantaged small business firms   
                                         in technological innovations. Eight  
                                         Agriculture agencies participate in  
                                         SBIR including the Cooperative State 
                                         Research, Education and Extension    
                                         Service, Agricultural Research       
                                         Service, and the Forest Service.     
Farm Service Agency
Domestic Food Aid  Any business       The Domestic Food Aid Procurements   
Procurements       engaged in         are purchases of dairy and processed 
                      manufacturing,     commodities for domestic food        
                      regardless of size assistance programs, administered by 
                                         Agriculture's Food and Nutrition     
                                         Service, such as the National School 
                                         Lunch Program, the Commodity         
                                         Supplemental Food Program, the       
                                         Emergency Food Assistance Program,   
                                         and the Food Distribution Programs   
                                         on Indian Reservations. The Domestic 
                                         Procurement Division also purchases  
                                         butter, cheese and nonfat dry milk   
                                         at announced prices under the Milk   
                                         Price Support Program administered   
                                         by Commodity Operations.             
International Food Any business       International Food Aid Procurements  
Aid Procurements   engaged in         are purchases of processed vegetable 
                      manufacturing,     oil and other commodities that are   
                      regardless of size produced and manufactured within the 
                                         United States. Commodities are       
                                         shipped for overseas donation        
                                         through various humanitarian feeding 
                                         programs administered by the United  
                                         States Agency for International      
                                         Development and Agriculture's,       
                                         Foreign Agricultural Service.        
Food Safety and Inspection Service
Small and Very    Small businesses    The Small and Very Small Plant       
Small Plant       engaged in          Outreach program offers a central    
Outreach          manufacturing       source for small and very small food 
                                         processing plants to obtain          
                                         information, technical assistance,   
                                         and training to comply with food     
                                         safety regulations and promote food  
                                         safety. Since February 2006, an      
                                         interagency council coordinates the  
                                         outreach efforts across Agriculture  
                                         agencies. Through the program        
                                         Agriculture's Food Safety and        
                                         Inspection Service (FSIS) delivers   
                                         information through partnerships     
                                         with colleges, universities, and     
                                         other Agriculture agencies. Its      
                                         services to small manufacturers      
                                         include informational materials      
                                         about regulatory compliance,         
                                         referrals to other sources of        
                                         information, funding for university  
                                         workshops, and training materials    
                                         such as videos. FSIS also offers     
                                         education sessions to small and very 
                                         small plant owners and operators on  
                                         how to improve their food safety and 
                                         food defense systems, and provides   
                                         guidance to small and very small     
                                         plant owners who want to start       
                                         operations regarding federal         
                                         inspection of their product.         
Foreign Agricultural Service
Facility          Any business,       Agriculture's Facility Guarantee     
Guarantee Program regardless of size  Program is designed to expand sales  
                     or type             of U.S. agricultural products to     
                                         emerging markets where inadequate    
                                         storage, processing or handling      
                                         capacity limit trade potential. The  
                                         program targets export sales of U.S. 
                                         equipment or expertise to improve    
                                         ports, loading/unloading capacity,   
                                         refrigerated storage, warehouse and  
                                         distribution systems, and other      
                                         related facilities may qualify for   
                                         facility guarantees, as long as      
                                         these improvements are expected to   
                                         increase opportunities for U.S.      
                                         agricultural exports. The program    
                                         provides payment guarantees to       
                                         finance commercial exports of U.S.   
                                         manufactured goods and services that 
                                         will be used to improve              
                                         agriculture-related facilities.      
                                         Under the program, Agriculture's     
                                         Commodity Credit Corporation (CCC)   
                                         guarantees payments due from         
                                         approved foreign banks to exporters  
                                         or financial institutions in the     
                                         United States. Typically, a          
                                         guarantee covers 95 percent of       
                                         principal and a portion of interest. 
                                         The financing must be obtained       
                                         through normal commercial sources.   
                                         Agriculture's Foreign Agricultural   
                                         Service administers this program on  
                                         behalf of the CCC.                   
Market Access     Any business,       The Market Access Program (MAP) uses 
Program           regardless of size  funds from Agriculture's Commodity   
                     or type             Credit Corporation (CCC) to help     
                                         create, expand, and maintain foreign 
                                         markets for U.S. agricultural        
                                         products. MAP targets its            
                                         partnerships to non-profit U.S.      
                                         agricultural trade associations,     
                                         U.S. agricultural cooperatives,      
                                         non-profit state-regional trade      
                                         groups, and small U.S. businesses.   
                                         The MAP partner and CCC share the    
                                         costs of approved overseas marketing 
                                         and promotional activities such as   
                                         consumer promotions, market          
                                         research, trade shows, and trade     
                                         servicing.                           
Foreign Market    Any business,       The Foreign Market Development       
Development       regardless of size  program, also know as the            
Program           or type             "Cooperator Program," uses funds     
                                         from the Commodity Credit            
                                         Corporation (CCC) to create, expand, 
                                         and maintain long-term export        
                                         markets for U.S. agricultural        
                                         products. Through the Cooperator     
                                         program, CCC enters into trade       
                                         promotion partnerships with U.S.     
                                         agricultural producers and           
                                         processors, who are represented by   
                                         nonprofit commodity or trade         
                                         associations. Under this             
                                         partnership, Agriculture and the     
                                         Cooperators pool their technical and 
                                         financial resources to conduct       
                                         approved overseas market development 
                                         activities. The Cooperator Program   
                                         is administrated by Agriculture's    
                                         Foreign Agricultural Service.        
Emerging Markets  Any business,       The Emerging Markets Program is a    
Program           regardless of size  market access program that provides  
                     or type             funding for technical assistance     
                                         activities intended to promote       
                                         exports of U.S. agricultural         
                                         commodities and products to emerging 
                                         markets in all geographic regions,   
                                         consistent with U.S. foreign policy. 
                                         The program specifically targets     
                                         U.S. agricultural or agribusiness    
                                         organizations, universities, state   
                                         departments of agriculture,          
                                         Agriculture agencies, and for-profit 
                                         entities. Many types of technical    
                                         assistance activities that promote   
                                         markets for U.S. agricultural        
                                         products may be eligible for         
                                         funding, including feasibility       
                                         studies, market research, sectorial  
                                         assessments, orientation visits,     
                                         specialized training, and business   
                                         workshops.                           
Export Credit     Any business,       Export credit guarantee programs     
Guarantee Program regardless of size  help provide commercial financing of 
                     or type             U.S. agricultural exports.           
                                         Agriculture's Commodity Credit       
                                         Corporation (CCC) administers these  
                                         programs assist U.S. exporters of    
                                         agricultural products with exports   
                                         to countries where credit is         
                                         necessary to maintain or increase    
                                         U.S. sales, but where financing may  
                                         not be available without CCC         
                                         guarantees.                          
Dairy Export      Any business,       The Dairy Export Incentive Program   
Incentive Program regardless of size  helps exporters of U.S. dairy        
                     or type             products meet prevailing world       
                                         prices for targeted dairy products   
                                         and destinations. Under the program, 
                                         the U.S. Department of Agriculture   
                                         pays cash to exporters as bonuses,   
                                         allowing them to sell certain U.S.   
                                         dairy products at prices lower than  
                                         the exporter's costs of acquiring    
                                         them. The major objective of the     
                                         program is to develop export markets 
                                         for dairy products where U.S.        
                                         products are not competitive because 
                                         of the presence of subsidized        
                                         products from other countries.       
Export            Any business,       The Export Enhancement Program is    
Enhancement       regardless of size  designed to help U.S. farm products  
Program           or type             meet competition from subsidizing    
                                         countries, especially the European   
                                         Union. Under the program,            
                                         Agriculture pays cash to exporters   
                                         as bonuses, allowing them to sell    
                                         U.S. agricultural products in        
                                         targeted countries at prices below   
                                         the exporter's costs of acquiring    
                                         them. The major objectives are to    
                                         expand U.S. agricultural exports and 
                                         to challenge unfair trade practices. 
U.S. Exporter     Any business,       U.S. Exporter Assistance offers      
Assistance        regardless of size  on-line access to Foreign            
                     or type             Agricultural Service (FAS)           
                                         resources, products, and services    
                                         that can help companies explore the  
                                         potential for international sales.   
                                         Agriculture-FAS's Exporter           
                                         Assistance benefits primarily small  
                                         and medium-sized companies.          
Supplier Credit   Any business,       The Supplier Credit Guarantee        
Guarantee Program regardless of size  Program (SCGP) was designed to make  
                     or type             it easier for exporters to sell U.S. 
                                         food products overseas by insuring   
                                         short-term, open account financing.  
                                         SCGP was active until late 2005, but 
                                         has not been active since. Under the 
                                         security of the SCGP, U.S. exporters 
                                         could become more competitive by     
                                         extending longer credit terms or     
                                         increasing the amount of credit      
                                         available to foreign buyers without  
                                         increasing financial risk. SCGP      
                                         targeted U.S. exporters of           
                                         agricultural products, with an       
                                         emphasis on high-value products and  
                                         market potential.                    
Office of Small and Disadvantaged Business Utilization
Small Business    Any small business, The small business programs          
Programs          regardless of type  administered by Agriculture's Office 
                                         of Small and Disadvantaged Business  
                                         Utilization (OSDBU) are responsible  
                                         for fostering the use of small and   
                                         small disadvantaged businesses as    
                                         federal contractors. OSDBU's goal is 
                                         to provide as much information,      
                                         guidance and technical assistance as 
                                         possible to assist the small         
                                         business community in increasing its 
                                         competitiveness through increased    
                                         participation in Agriculture's       
                                         procurement and program activities.  
Customer Outreach Any small business, The Customer Outreach Services       
Services          regardless of type  administered by Agriculture's Office 
                                         of Small and Disadvantaged Business  
                                         Utilization help foster              
                                         participation by small businesses in 
                                         Agriculture' s procurement and       
                                         program activities. Specifically,    
                                         the program identifies and           
                                         eliminates barriers that prevent or  
                                         restrict access to Agriculture       
                                         procurements, educates small         
                                         businesses, and conducts monthly     
                                         vendor outreach.                     
Rural Development - Business and Cooperative Programs
Renewable Energy  Any small business, The Renewable Energy Systems and     
Systems and       regardless of type  Energy Efficiency Improvements       
Energy Efficiency                     Program funds grants, direct loans,  
Improvements                          and loan guarantees to agricultural  
Program - Section                     producers and rural small businesses 
9006 program                          that can demonstration financial     
                                         need to purchase renewable energy    
                                         systems and make energy efficiency   
                                         improvements. To be eligible for     
                                         grants, applicants must demonstrate  
                                         financial need. Projects must be for 
                                         the purchase of a renewable energy   
                                         system or to make energy efficiency  
                                         improvements. Eligible renewable     
                                         energy projects include systems that 
                                         generate energy from wind, solar,    
                                         biomass, or geothermal sources or    
                                         that produce hydrogen derived from   
                                         biomass or water using a renewable   
                                         energy source. Renewable energy      
                                         projects can include the generation  
                                         of electricity, heat, fuels, or      
                                         hydrogen. Energy efficiency projects 
                                         typically involve installing or      
                                         upgrading equipment that results in  
                                         a significant reduction in energy    
                                         use from current operations.         
Rural Business    Any business,       The purpose of the Rural Business    
Opportunity       regardless of size  Opportunity Grant program is to      
Grants            or type             promote sustainable economic         
                                         development in rural communities     
                                         with exceptional needs by making     
                                         grants to pay the costs of providing 
                                         economic planning for rural          
                                         communities, technical assistance    
                                         for rural businesses, or training    
                                         for rural entrepreneurs or economic  
                                         development officials. Eligible      
                                         applicants include public bodies,    
                                         nonprofit corporations, Indian       
                                         tribes, or cooperatives with members 
                                         who are primarily rural residents.   
                                         Applicants must be able to show that 
                                         the funding will result in economic  
                                         development of a rural area. In      
                                         addition, applicants must include a  
                                         basis for determining the success or 
                                         failure of the project and assessing 
                                         its impact.                          
Rural Business    Any small business, The Rural Business Enterprise Grants 
Enterprise Grants regardless of type  program awards grants to public      
                                         bodies, private nonprofit            
                                         corporations, and                    
                                         federally-recognized Indian tribes   
                                         to finance and facilitate            
                                         development of small and emerging    
                                         private businesses located in rural  
                                         areas. Eligible small and emerging   
                                         businesses must have fewer than 50   
                                         new employees and less than $1       
                                         million in gross annual revenues.    
                                         Funds may be used to finance or      
                                         develop small and emerging           
                                         businesses. Eligible uses include    
                                         technical assistance such as         
                                         marketing and feasibility studies,   
                                         business plans, and training;        
                                         purchases or leases of machinery and 
                                         equipment; the creation of revolving 
                                         loan funds small emerging businesses 
                                         may use to purchase equipment or     
                                         real estate; or provide working      
                                         capital or funds to construct        
                                         business incubators for small and    
                                         emerging businesses.                 
Business and      Any business,       The Business and Industry Guaranteed 
Industry          regardless of size  Loan program helps create jobs and   
Guaranteed Loan   or type             stimulates rural economies by        
                                         providing financial backing for      
                                         rural businesses. This program       
                                         provides guarantees up to 80 percent 
                                         of loans made by commercial lenders. 
                                         Loan proceeds may be used for        
                                         working capital, machinery and       
                                         equipment, buildings and real        
                                         estate, and certain types of debt    
                                         refinancing. The primary purpose is  
                                         to create and maintain employment    
                                         and improve the economic climate in  
                                         rural communities. Authorized        
                                         lenders include federal or state     
                                         chartered banks, credit unions,      
                                         insurance companies, savings and     
                                         loan associations, Farm Credit       
                                         Banks, the National Rural Utilities  
                                         Finance Corporation, and other       
                                         lenders approved by Business and     
                                         Cooperative Programs. A borrower may 
                                         be a cooperative organization,       
                                         corporation, partnership, or other   
                                         legal entity organized and operated  
                                         on a profit or nonprofit basis; an   
                                         Indian tribe on a federal or state   
                                         reservation or other federally       
                                         recognized tribal group; a public    
                                         body; or an individual. Individual   
                                         borrowers must be U.S. citizens or   
                                         legal residents. Corporations or     
                                         other nonpublic borrowers must be at 
                                         least 51 percent owned by persons    
                                         who are either U.S. citizens or      
                                         legal residents. Business and        
                                         Industry loans are normally          
                                         available in rural areas.            
Value Added       Any business,       Value Added Producer Grants may be   
Producer Grants   regardless of size  used for planning activities and for 
                     or type             working capital for marketing        
                                         value-added agricultural products    
                                         and for farm-based renewable energy. 
                                         Eligible applicants are independent  
                                         producers, farmer and rancher        
                                         cooperatives, agricultural producer  
                                         groups, and majority-controlled      
                                         producer-based business ventures.    
Intermediary      Any small business, The purpose of the Intermediary      
Relending Program regardless of type  Relending Program is designed to     
                                         alleviate poverty and increase       
                                         economic activity and employment in  
                                         rural communities, especially        
                                         disadvantaged and remote             
                                         communities, through financing       
                                         targeted primarily towards smaller   
                                         and emerging businesses, in          
                                         partnership with other public and    
                                         private resources, and in accordance 
                                         with state and regional strategy     
                                         based on identified community needs. 
                                         This purpose is achieved through     
                                         loans made to intermediaries that    
                                         establish programs for the purpose   
                                         of providing loans to ultimate       
                                         recipients for business facilities   
                                         and community developments in a      
                                         rural area. The program targets      
                                         small businesses in rural areas.     
Rural Economic    Any business,       The Rural Economic Development Loans 
Development Loans regardless of size  and Grants program must be used      
and Grants        or type             exclusively to promote rural         
                                         economic development and/or job      
                                         creation projects, including but not 
                                         limited to, project feasibility      
                                         studies, start-up costs, business    
                                         incubator projects, and other        
                                         reasonable expenses for the purpose  
                                         of fostering rural economic          
                                         development.                         

Source: GAO data.

Table 8: Services Provided by Department of Agriculture Programs by
Agency, Target Businesses, and Type of Services

                                                Type of service
                                          Technology  Technical,                 
                                          development business,                  
  Agency and    Target                      and/or        or             Worker  
  program       businesses      Financial deployment  management Export training 
  Cooperative State Research, Education and Extension Service
  Small         Any small                                                        
  Business      business,                                                        
  Innovation    regardless of                                                    
  Research      type                X          X          X                      
  Farm Service                                                                   
  Agency                                                                         
  Domestic Food Any business                                                     
  Aid           engaged in                                                       
  Procurements  manufacturing,                                                   
                regardless of                                                    
                size                X                     X        X       X     
  International Any business                                                     
  Food Aid      engaged in                                                       
  Procurements  manufacturing,                                                   
                regardless of                                                    
                size                X                              X       X     
  Food Safety and Inspection Service
  Small and     Small                                                            
  Very Small    businesses                                                       
  Plant         engaged in                                                       
  Outreach      manufacturing                             X                X     
  Foreign Agricultural Service
  Facility      Any business,                                                    
  Guarantee     regardless of                                                    
  Program       size or type        X                              X             
  Market Access Any business,                                                    
  Program       regardless of                                                    
                size or type        X                              X             
  Foreign       Any business,                                                    
  Market        regardless of                                                    
  Development   size or type                                                     
  Program                           X                              X             
  Emerging      Any business,                                                    
  Markets       regardless of                                                    
  Program       size or type        X                              X             
  Export Credit Any business,                                                    
  Guarantee     regardless of                                                    
  Program       size or type        X                              X             
  Dairy Export  Any business,                                                    
  Incentive     regardless of                                                    
  Program       size or type        X                                            
  Export        Any business,                                                    
  Enhancement   regardless of                                                    
  Program       size or type                                       X             
  U.S. Exporter Any business,                                                    
  Assistance    regardless of                                                    
                size or type                                       X             
  Supplier      Any business,                                                    
  Credit        regardless of                                                    
  Guarantee     size or type                                                     
  Program                           X                              X             
  Office of Small and Disadvantaged Business Utilization
  Small         Any small                                                        
  Business      business,                                                        
  Programs      regardless of                                                    
                type                                      X                      
  Customer      Any small                                                        
  Outreach      business,                                                        
  Services      regardless of                                                    
                type                                      X                      
  Rural Development, Business and Cooperative Programs
  Renewable     Any small                                                        
  Energy        business,                                                        
  Systems and   regardless of                                                    
  Energy        type                                                             
  Efficiency                                                                     
  Improvements                                                                   
  Program -                                                                      
  Section 9006                                                                   
  program                           X                                            
  Rural         Any business,                                                    
  Business      regardless of                                                    
  Opportunity   size or type                                                     
  Grants                            X                     X                X     
  Rural         Any small                                                        
  Business      business,                                                        
  Enterprise    regardless of                                                    
  Grants        type                X                     X                X     
  Business and  Any business,                                                    
  Industry      regardless of                                                    
  Guaranteed    size or type                                                     
  Loan                              X                                            
  Value Added   Any business,                                                    
  Producer      regardless of                                                    
  Grants        size or type        X                                            
  Intermediary  Any small                                                        
  Relending     business,                                                        
  Program       regardless of                                                    
                type                X                                            
  Rural         Any business,                                                    
  Economic      regardless of                                                    
  Development   size or type                                                     
  Loans and                                                                      
  Grants                            X                     X                      
  Renewable     Any small                                                        
  Energy        business,                                                        
  Systems and   regardless of                                                    
  Energy        type                                                             
  Efficiency                                                                     
  Improvements                                                                   
  Program -                                                                      
  Section 9006                                                                   
  program                           X                                            

Source: GAO data.

X

X

X

Any small business, regardless of type

X

Appendix III: Department of Commerce - Programs that Offer Services to
Small Manufacturers and Types of Services

Table 9: Department of Commerce Programs That Offer Services to Small
Businesses Engaged in Manufacturers by Agency, Target Businesses, and
Agency Description of Purpose

Agency, office, and                       Agency description of program    
program              Target businesses    purpose                          
Bureau of Industry and Security
Office of Exporter   Any business,        The Office of Exporter Services  
Services Table 29:   regardless of size   is responsible for counseling    
Department of        or type Agency,      exporters of all sizes,          
Veterans Affairs     office, and program  conducting export control        
Programs That Offer  Agency, office, and  seminars and drafting and        
Services to Small    program              publishing changes to the Export 
Businesses Engaged                        Administration Regulations. It   
in Manufacturing by                       is also responsible for          
Agency, Target                            compliance actions related to    
Businesses, and                           the Special Comprehensive        
Agency Description                        Licenses and the development of  
of Purpose                                export management systems. In    
                                             addition, the office processes   
                                             license applications and         
                                             commodity classifications.       
                                             Target businesses Target         
                                             businesses                       
Export Control       Any business,        A series of increasingly         
Seminar Program      regardless of size   detailed seminars led by Bureau  
                        or type Office of    of Industry and Security's       
                        Small and            professional counseling staff to 
                        Disadvantaged        provide an in-depth examination  
                        Business Utilization of the Export Administration     
                                             Regulations and to inform        
                                             exporters how to comply with     
                                             U.S. export control requirements 
                                             on commercial goods.             
Business and         Any business,        A web site to help make small    
Technology           regardless of size   and medium-sized businesses      
Enhancement          or type The Office   aware of the wide range of       
Opportunities and    of Small and         federal resources available to   
Partner Links Any    Disadvantaged        bolster their competitiveness in 
small business,      Business Utilization world markets. The Bureau of     
regardless of type   at Veterans Affairs  Industry and Security and        
                        advocates to         partner agencies offer a variety 
                        maximize             of innovative programs to assist 
                        participation of     such firms. The web site         
                        small, small         provides a brief description and 
                        disadvantaged,       links to various programs, many  
                        veteran-owned,       of which are defense-related.    
                        women-owned, and                                      
                        empowerment zone                                      
                        businesses in                                         
                        contracts awarded by                                  
                        Veterans Affairs and                                  
                        in subcontracts                                       
                        which are awarded by                                  
                        Veterans Affairs'                                     
                        prime contractors.                                    
Defense Trade        Any business,        The Defense Advocacy Program     
Advocacy Program Any regardless of size   helps companies succeed in       
small business,      or type The          today's highly competitive       
regardless of type   Historically         global defense market. They      
                        Underutilized        assist U.S. companies of all     
                        Business Zones       sizes. Trade and industry        
                        Program provides     analysts: 1) support U.S.        
                        federal contracting  defense companies' products and  
                        assistance for       services in international        
                        qualified small      procurement competitions, 2)     
                        businesses in        identify and disseminate         
                        historically         information on export market     
                        underutilized        opportunities, 3) provide market 
                        business zones to:   intelligence and business        
                        increase employment  counseling, and 4) generate      
                        opportunities,       high-level,                      
                        stimulate capital    government-to-government         
                        investment in those  advocacy on behalf of U.S. firms 
                        areas, and help      competing for international      
                        communities leverage defense projects.                
                        and reinvest their                                    
                        wages and taxes                                       
                        within the                                            
                        community.                                            
Defense Priorities   Any business,        The purpose of the Defense       
and Allocations      regardless of size   Priorities and Allocations       
System Program Any   or type The          System Program is to (1) assure  
small business,      Women-Owned Small    the timely availability of       
regardless of type   Business Program     industrial resources to meet     
                        directs acquisition  current national defense and     
                        officials to         emergency preparedness program   
                        facilitate,          requirements; and (2) provide an 
                        preserve, and        operating system to support      
                        strengthen women's   rapid industrial response in a   
                        business enterprises national emergency.              
                        and to ensure full                                    
                        participation by                                      
                        women in the free                                     
                        enterprise system by                                  
                        awarding prime                                        
                        contracts and                                         
                        subcontracts to                                       
                        women-owned                                           
                        businesses and by                                     
                        providing counseling                                  
                        to such businesses.                                   
                        The Office of Small                                   
                        and Disadvantaged                                     
                        Business Utilization                                  
                        is responsible for                                    
                        negotiating annual                                    
                        goals with Veteran                                    
                        Affairs acquisition                                   
                        officials to                                          
                        increase federal                                      
                        prime contracts with                                  
                        women-owned small                                     
                        businesses.                                           
Defense Industrial   Any business,        The Bureau of Industry and       
Capability and       regardless of size   Security conducts industry       
Technology           or type The Small    analyses to assess the           
Assessments Any      Business Program     capability of the U.S.           
small business,      implements the       industrial base to support       
regardless of type   requirements to aid, national defense. The Office of  
                        counsel, assist, and Technology Evaluation, an office 
                        protect the          within the Bureau, uses          
                        interests of small   industry-specific surveys to     
                        businesses to ensure provide essential employment,    
                        that they account    financial, production, research  
                        for a fair           and development, and other data  
                        proportion of        - information unavailable from   
                        Veterans Affairs'    any other source. The final      
                        total purchases,     reports provide findings and     
                        contracts, and       recommendations for government   
                        subcontracts for     policy-makers and industry       
                        property and         leaders. These studies are       
                        services.            conducted in cooperation with    
                                             experts from the private sector  
                                             and other U.S. government        
                                             agencies. The goal is to enable  
                                             the private sector and           
                                             government agencies to monitor   
                                             trends, benchmark industry       
                                             performance, and raise awareness 
                                             of diminishing manufacturing     
                                             capabilities. Customers for      
                                             these reports include the Armed  
                                             Services, Congress, and industry 
                                             associations.                    
Office of National   Any business,        The Office of National Security  
Security and         regardless of size   and Technology Transfer Controls 
Technology Transfer  or type The Small    (NSTTC) and the Office of        
Controls and Office  Business Act Section Nonproliferation and Treaty      
of Nonproliferation  8(a) Business        Compliance (NPTC) are            
and Treaty           Development Program  responsible for issues related   
Compliance Any small was created to help  to export and reexport controls. 
business, regardless small disadvantaged  They implement the Export        
of type              businesses compete   Administration Regulations to    
                        in the American      control the spread of            
                        economy through      commodities, technologies, and   
                        business development software that have both civilian 
                        and access to the    and defense uses. The offices    
                        federal procurement  are responsible for policy       
                        market.              actions, export licenses,        
                                             commodity classifications,       
                                             license determinations, advisory 
                                             opinions for affected            
                                             commodities, and interagency     
                                             commodity jurisdiction           
                                             assessments. Part of their       
                                             missions include interacting     
                                             with businesses of all sizes to  
                                             ensure compliance with U.S.      
                                             export regulations, and          
                                             supporting BIS outreach          
                                             activities. Business and         
                                             Industry Services (BIS) does not 
                                             provide financial assistance to  
                                             any business. Specifically,      
                                             NSTTC implements multilateral    
                                             dual-use export controls for     
                                             national security reasons to     
                                             comply with the Wassenaar        
                                             Arrangement. NSTTC is also       
                                             responsible for U.S. export      
                                             control policy for high          
                                             performance computers and        
                                             encryption, and administers the  
                                             export licensing                 
                                             responsibilities for foreign     
                                             nationals under the "deemed      
                                             export" technology rule It also  
                                             administers the "short supply"   
                                             provisions of the Export         
                                             Administration Regulations. NPTC 
                                             implements multilateral dual-use 
                                             export controls for              
                                             non-proliferation reasons to     
                                             comply with the Australia Group, 
                                             the Chemical Weapons Convention, 
                                             the Missile Technology Control   
                                             Regime, and the Nuclear          
                                             Suppliers Group. In addition,    
                                             NPTC is responsible for the      
                                             Inter-American Firearms          
                                             Convention, crime control, and   
                                             United Nations embargo           
                                             restrictions. Both offices       
                                             implement export controls for    
                                             anti-terrorism and regional      
                                             stability reasons. In addition,  
                                             NSTTC conducts outreach on       
                                             export controls to various       
                                             industry associations: in the    
                                             areas of night vision,           
                                             encryption and deemed exports.   
Economic Development Administration Any small business, regardless of type
Trade Adjustment     Any business engaged The Trade Adjustment Assistance  
Assistance for Firms in manufacturing,    (TAA) for Firms program is a     
                        regardless of size   matching funds program designed  
                        Veteran-Owned and    for manufacturers battling       
                        Operated Small       import competition. A firm may   
                        Business Program     be eligible if it experienced    
                                             sales and employment declines at 
                                             least partially due to imports   
                                             over the last 2 years. One of    
                                             the 11 regional non-profit       
                                             groups that manage the program   
                                             (known as Trade Adjustment       
                                             Assistance Centers or (TAACs)    
                                             makes an initial assessment of   
                                             eligibility. TAA for Firms       
                                             provides financial assistance to 
                                             offset the cost of projects that 
                                             strengthen operations and        
                                             sharpen competitiveness for      
                                             manufacturers in many            
                                             industries. This customized      
                                             business assistance is used for  
                                             a variety of projects, including 
                                             consultant services in the areas 
                                             of marketing, information        
                                             technology, manufacturing,       
                                             engineering, and quality. Any    
                                             small business, regardless of    
                                             type                             
International Trade Administration
Petition Counseling  Any business,        The Petition Counseling and      
and Analysis Unit    regardless of size   Analysis Unit helps U.S.         
Any small business,  or type Under the    Businesses understand U.S.       
regardless of type   authority granted in unfair trade laws dealing with   
                        section 308 of the   dumping and unfair foreign       
                        Veterans Benefits    government subsidies, and the    
                        Act of 2003, Pub. L. process of filing a petition     
                        108-183, Stat. 2651, requesting the initiation of an  
                        2662 (Dec. 16, 2003) investigation. It provides       
                        Veterans Affairs is  guidance to potential            
                        authorized to set    petitioners to assist them in    
                        aside contracts      determining what types of        
                        and/or award sole    information will be required in  
                        source contracts for order to pursue action against   
                        service-disabled     an industry suspected of unfair  
                        veterans. Veterans   trade practices. The PCAU also   
                        Affairs' goal for    assists potential petitioners in 
                        participation in     ensuring their petition is in    
                        procurement by       compliance with statutory        
                        service-disabled     initiation standards and         
                        veterans is 3        provides small businesses with   
                        percent. Beginning   publicly available tariff and    
                        in 2007, it will     trade data from the Departments  
                        place a greater      of Commerce and Treasury, and    
                        emphasis on such     the U.S. International Trade     
                        businesses.          Commission.                      
Subsidies            Any business,        The primary mission of the       
Enforcement Any      regardless of size   Subsidies Enforcement Office     
small business,      or type Veterans     (SEO) is to assist the private   
regardless of type   Affairs'             sector by monitoring foreign     
                        subcontracting       subsidies and identifying        
                        program promotes the subsidies that can be remedied   
                        involvement of small under the Subsidies Agreement of 
                        businesses at the    the World Trade Organization of  
                        subcontract level.   which the United States is a     
                        Recognizing that     member. As part of its           
                        small firms often do monitoring efforts, the SEO has  
                        not have the         created a Subsidies Library,     
                        capability to        which is available to the public 
                        perform as a prime   via the internet. The goal is to 
                        contractor on        create an easily accessible      
                        certain large        one-stop shop that provides      
                        contracts, Veterans  user-friendly information on     
                        Affairs requires     foreign government subsidy       
                        that any contractor  practices.                       
                        receiving a contract                                  
                        for more than                                         
                        $10,000 to agree                                      
                        that small business                                   
                        concerns have the                                     
                        maximum practicable                                   
                        opportunity to                                        
                        participate in                                        
                        contracts that                                        
                        Veterans Affairs has                                  
                        awarded.                                              
                        Furthermore, all                                      
                        prime contracts for                                   
                        construction that                                     
                        exceed $1,000,000                                     
                        and all other types                                   
                        of contracts that                                     
                        exceed $500,000 that                                  
                        are not awarded to                                    
                        small businesses and                                  
                        that offer                                            
                        subcontracting                                        
                        opportunities, must                                   
                        contain a                                             
                        subcontracting plan                                   
                        that includes                                         
                        percentage goals for                                  
                        participation by                                      
                        small businesses,                                     
                        small disadvantaged                                   
                        businesses, and                                       
                        women owned small                                     
                        businesses.                                           
Trade Remedy         Any business,        The Trade Remedy Compliance      
Compliance Any small regardless of size   Staff provides assistance to     
business, regardless or type The Center   U.S. businesses which feel that  
of type              for Veterans         their trade problems may stem    
                        Enterprise is a Web  from unfair trade practices or   
                        site that assists    the improper application of      
                        veterans in starting foreign unfair trade laws.       
                        and building                                          
                        businesses. The Web                                   
                        site serves as the                                    
                        federal government's                                  
                        portal for                                            
                        veteran-owned                                         
                        businesses known as                                   
                        VETBIZ.gov.                                           
Textiles and Apparel Any business engaged The Deputy Assistant Secretary   
                        in manufacturing,    (DAS) for Textiles and Apparel   
                        regardless of size   oversees programs and strategies 
                        Table 30: Services   to improve the domestic and      
                        Provided by          international competitiveness of 
                        Department of        the U.S. fiber, textile, and     
                        Veterans Affairs     apparel industries, as well as   
                        Programs by Agency,  industries which manufacture a   
                        Target Businesses,   wide range of consumer products. 
                        and Type of Services The DAS also serves as Chairman  
                                             of the Committee for the         
                                             Implementation of Textile        
                                             Agreements, which determines     
                                             when market disrupting factors   
                                             exist in the domestic fiber,     
                                             textile, and apparel             
                                             marketplace. The DAS also        
                                             administers U.S. textile quota   
                                             agreements, formulates trade     
                                             policy, performs research and    
                                             analysis, compiles industry      
                                             data, and promotes U.S. trade    
                                             events for a whole spectrum of   
                                             textiles and apparel.            
Export Certificate   Any business,        Through the Export Trade         
of Review Program    regardless of size   Certificate of Review Program,   
                        or type Type of      Commerce helps promote the       
                        service Type of      development of Joint Ventures    
                        service              and the use of Export Trade      
                                             Intermediaries. With this        
                                             Certificate, businesses limit    
                                             their domestic legal liability   
                                             when Joint Exporting or when     
                                             they have Joint Sales with a     
                                             Trading Partner in foreign       
                                             markets. Currently the more than 
                                             3,000 firms participate in the   
                                             program account for an average   
                                             of $12.3 billion in annual       
                                             export sales.                    
Safe Harbor          Any business,        In order to provide a            
Certification Target regardless of size   streamlined means for U.S.       
businesses Target    or type              organizations to comply with the 
businesses                                European.Union's (E.U.) data     
                                             protection directive, Commerce   
                                             and the European Union           
                                             negotiated the U.S.-E.U. Safe    
                                             Harbor Framework. The Safe       
                                             Harbor Framework allows U.S.     
                                             companies to avoid data flow     
                                             interruptions from the European  
                                             Union to the United States. To   
                                             be assured of "safe harbor," a   
                                             business must annually self      
                                             certify to Commerce that it      
                                             adheres to certain safe harbor   
                                             requirements of the E.U.         
                                             directive. Commerce maintains a  
                                             list of all organizations that   
                                             file self certification letters  
                                             and makes both the list and the  
                                             self certification letters       
                                             publicly available. Financial    
                                             Financial                        
Export Yellow Pages  Any business,        The Export Yellow Pages on-line  
Technical, business, regardless of size   or print directory helps         
or management        or type Export       businesses locate export or      
Technical, business, Export               trading partners, export trading 
or management                             companies, export management     
                                             companies and export             
                                             intermediaries. More than 27,000 
                                             firms currently advertise in the 
                                             Yellow Pages Worker training     
                                             Worker training                  
Market Development   Any small business,  Market Development Cooperator    
Cooperator Program   regardless of type   Program (MDCP) awards entail     
Office of Small and                       financial and technical          
Disadvantaged                             assistance from the              
Business Utilization                      International Trade              
                                             Administration (ITA) to support  
                                             projects that enhance the global 
                                             competitiveness of U.S.          
                                             manufacturing and services       
                                             industries. An MDCP award        
                                             establishes a partnership        
                                             between ITA and non-profit       
                                             industry groups such as trade    
                                             associations or chambers of      
                                             commerce. Such groups are        
                                             particularly effective in        
                                             reaching small- and medium-size  
                                             enterprises. The non-profit      
                                             groups compete for a limited     
                                             number of MDCP award             
                                             partnerships by proposing        
                                             innovative projects that enhance 
                                             the global competitive position  
                                             of their industry with a special 
                                             emphasis on small- and           
                                             medium-sized enterprises. These  
                                             industry groups pledge to pay a  
                                             minimum of two-thirds of the     
                                             project cost and to sustain the  
                                             project after the MDCP award     
                                             period ends. Office of Small and 
                                             Disadvantaged Business           
                                             Utilization                      
Strategy Targeting   Any business,        The Market Access and            
Organized Piracy     regardless of size   Compliance's Office of           
                        or type              Intellectual Property Rights has 
                                             undertaken numerous activities   
                                             to assist particularly small and 
                                             medium sized businesses in       
                                             protecting intellectual property 
                                             rights, both in the United       
                                             States and abroad. These         
                                             activities include hotlines to   
                                             file complaints; limited legal   
                                             counseling; country-specific     
                                             information on protecting        
                                             intellectual property rights;    
                                             guidance in securing supply      
                                             chains against fakes; protecting 
                                             intellectual property right at   
                                             trade fairs; training; and       
                                             information to raise consumer    
                                             awareness.                       
Commercial Services  Any business,        The U.S. Commercial Service      
                        regardless of size   promotes and protects U.S.       
                        or type X            commercial interests abroad and  
                                             delivers customized solutions to 
                                             ensure that U.S. businesses,     
                                             especially small and medium      
                                             sized enterprises, compete and   
                                             win in the international         
                                             marketplace through a global     
                                             network of trade professionals.  
The Advocacy Center  Any business,        Since its creation in 1993, the  
Any small business,  regardless of size   Advocacy Center has helped       
regardless of type   or type              hundreds of U.S.                 
                                             companies--small, medium and     
                                             large enterprises--in various    
                                             industry sectors win government  
                                             contracts across the globe.      
                                             Advocacy assistance is wide and  
                                             varied but often involves        
                                             helping companies communicate    
                                             with foreign governments or      
                                             government-owned corporations.   
                                             For example, on a case-by-case   
                                             basis, following its due         
                                             diligence process, the Advocacy  
                                             Center and, if necessary, the    
                                             Advocacy Network will make a     
                                             national interest determination  
                                             to identify whether the project  
                                             qualifies for federal support.   
                                             Typically, companies must        
                                             demonstrate how supporting their 
                                             bid will positively benefit the  
                                             U.S. economy, primarily in the   
                                             form of exports of goods and     
                                             services. Other factors may also 
                                             be taken into consideration.     
Foreign Trade Zones  Any business,        Manufacturing in a Foreign Trade 
Board X              regardless of size   Zone (FTZ) may offer cost        
                        or type              advantages to small and medium   
                                             sized manufacturers. FTZ staff   
                                             will provide information and     
                                             assistance to companies          
                                             considering whether to relocate  
                                             to an FTZ, which are specific    
                                             physical areas within the United 
                                             States that, for customs         
                                             purposes, are treated as if they 
                                             are outside U.S. borders. When a 
                                             company manufactures in an FTZ,  
                                             the company is treated (for      
                                             purposes of customs duties) as   
                                             if it is located outside the     
                                             United States. As a result, for  
                                             export shipments of the finished 
                                             product, U.S. import duties      
                                             don't have to be paid on         
                                             imported components. If the      
                                             finished product is ultimately   
                                             shipped to the U.S. market,      
                                             companies may have the option to 
                                             pay the finished product duty    
                                             rate rather than the component   
                                             duty rate.                       
Minority Business Development Agency Women-Owned Small Business Program
Minority Business    Any business,        The Minority Business            
Internet Portal      regardless of size   Development Agency's new         
                        or type              Minority Business Internet       
                                             Portal (website) is an           
                                             e-commerce solution designed for 
                                             the Minority Business Enterprise 
                                             (MBE) community. This Internet   
                                             platform provides MBEs with      
                                             access to customized tools and   
                                             business information to help     
                                             them grow and thrive in an       
                                             ever-changing digital economy.   
Minority Business    Any business,        According to Commerce, the       
Development Centers, regardless of size   Minority Business Development    
Native American      or type              Agency (MBDA) is the only        
Business Development                      federal agency created           
Centers, Business                         specifically to foster the       
Resource Centers                          establishment and growth of      
                                             minority-owned businesses in     
                                             America. The Agency's mission is 
                                             to actively promote the growth   
                                             and competitiveness of large,    
                                             medium and small minority        
                                             business enterprises. MBDA funds 
                                             a network of Minority Business   
                                             Development Centers, Native      
                                             American Business Development    
                                             Centers, and Business Resource   
                                             Centers located throughout the   
                                             Nation. The Centers are staffed  
                                             by business specialists who have 
                                             the knowledge and practical      
                                             experience needed to run         
                                             successful and profitable        
                                             businesses. Business referral    
                                             services are provided free of    
                                             charge. However, the network     
                                             generally charges nominal fees   
                                             for specific management and      
                                             technical assistance services.   
Minority Business    Any business,        The Minority Business            
Opportunity Centers  regardless of size   Opportunity Centers (MBOC) are   
Any small business,  or type              designed to coordinate federal,  
regardless of type                        state and local business         
                                             resources to benefit minority    
                                             business development. They       
                                             identify business and economic   
                                             opportunities in the community   
                                             and leverage those opportunities 
                                             to meet the needs of minority    
                                             business enterprises. The MBOC's 
                                             help broker contract             
                                             opportunities and financial      
                                             transactions for minority owned  
                                             businesses                       
National Institute of Standards and Technology X
Advanced Technology  Any business,        Although funding for new         
Program              regardless of size   projects was discontinued in     
                        or type              fiscal year 2005, the Advanced   
                                             Technology Program (ATP) did     
                                             receive funding to continue      
                                             existing projects. ATP provides  
                                             cost-shared multi-year funding   
                                             to single companies and          
                                             industry-led joint ventures to   
                                             accelerate the development and   
                                             broad dissemination of           
                                             challenging, high-risk           
                                             technologies with the potential  
                                             for significant commercial       
                                             payoffs and widespread benefits  
                                             for the nation. This unique      
                                             government-industry partnership  
                                             aids companies in accelerating   
                                             the development of emerging or   
                                             enabling technologies that lead  
                                             to revolutionary new products    
                                             and industrial processes and     
                                             services that can compete in     
                                             rapidly changing world markets.  
                                             ATP challenges the research and  
                                             development community to take on 
                                             higher technical risk projects   
                                             with commensurately higher       
                                             potential payoffs for the nation 
                                             than they would otherwise        
                                             pursue. ATP does not fund        
                                             product development,             
                                             manufacturing, marketing, or     
                                             commercialization activities.    
                                             Section 8(a) Business            
                                             Development Program              
Calibration services Any business,        The calibration services of the  
                        regardless of size   National Institute of Standards  
                        or type              and Technology (NIST) are        
                                             designed to help the makers and  
                                             users of precision instruments   
                                             achieve the highest possible     
                                             levels of measurement quality    
                                             and productivity. NIST recovers  
                                             the cost of providing            
                                             calibration services by charging 
                                             a fee for each calibration       
                                             performed. Calibration services  
                                             are offered to public and        
                                             private organizations and        
                                             individuals alike.               
Manufacturing        Any business,        The Manufacturing Engineering    
Engineering          regardless of size   Laboratory works to satisfy the  
Laboratory           or type              measurements and standards needs 
                                             of the U.S. manufacturers in     
                                             mechanical and dimensional       
                                             metrology and in advanced        
                                             manufacturing technology by      
                                             conducting research and          
                                             development, providing services, 
                                             and participating in standards   
                                             activities.                      
Hollings             Any business engaged The Hollings Manufacturing       
Manufacturing        in manufacturing,    Extension Partnership (MEP) is a 
Extension            regardless of size   nationwide network of            
Partnership Any                           not-for-profit centers in nearly 
small business,                           350 locations, whose purpose is  
regardless of type                        to provide manufacturers with    
                                             the services they need to        
                                             succeed. The centers, serving    
                                             all 50 States and Puerto Rico,   
                                             are linked together through      
                                             Commerce's National Institute of 
                                             Standards and Technology.        
                                             Centers are funded by federal,   
                                             state, local and private         
                                             resources to serve manufacturers 
                                             that make it possible for even   
                                             the smallest firms to tap into   
                                             the expertise of knowledgeable   
                                             manufacturing and business       
                                             specialists all over the United  
                                             States. These specialists are    
                                             people who have had experience   
                                             on manufacturing floors and in   
                                             plant operations. Each center    
                                             works directly with area         
                                             manufacturers to provide         
                                             expertise and services tailored  
                                             to their most critical needs,    
                                             which range from process         
                                             improvements and worker training 
                                             to business practices and        
                                             applications of information      
                                             technology. Solutions are        
                                             offered through a combination of 
                                             direct assistance from center    
                                             staff and outside consultants.   
                                             Centers often help small firms   
                                             overcome barriers in locating    
                                             and obtaining private-sector     
                                             resources.                       
X                    
                        
Veteran-Owned and Operated Small Business Program
National Institute of Standards and Technology - Information Technology
Laboratory           
Small Business       Any small business,  According to the National        
Computer Security    regardless of type X Institute of Standards and       
Workshops                                 Technology (NIST), it has the    
                                             mandate to help improve the      
                                             security of commercial           
                                             information technology products  
                                             and strengthen the security of   
                                             users' systems and               
                                             infrastructures. To this end,    
                                             NIST, in co-sponsorship with the 
                                             Small Business Administration    
                                             and the Federal Bureau of        
                                             Investigation, conducts          
                                             workshops on information         
                                             security threats and solutions.  
                                             The workshops resulting from     
                                             this partnership deliver         
                                             information security training    
                                             and are especially designed for  
                                             small businesses and             
                                             not-for-profit organizations.    
                                             Attendees will have the          
                                             opportunity to explore practical 
                                             tools and techniques that can    
                                             help them to assess, enhance,    
                                             and maintain the security of     
                                             their systems and information.   
National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration
Fisheries Finance    Any business,        The Fisheries Finance Program    
Program Any small    regardless of size   provides long-term financing for 
business, regardless or type              the cost of construction or      
of type                                   reconstruction of fishing        
                                             vessels, shoreline facilities,   
                                             and aquacultural facilities.     
                                             Specifically, the program does   
                                             not finance construction of new  
                                             vessels, but refinances the      
                                             previously paid cost of such     
                                             construction. Additionally, the  
                                             program provides long-term       
                                             financing of individual fishing  
                                             quotas in the Northwest Halibut  
                                             and Sablefish fisheries. Vessel  
                                             financing or refinancing that    
                                             could contribute to              
                                             overcapitalization by increasing 
                                             harvesting capacity is           
                                             prohibited by regulation.        
National Telecommunications and Information Administration X
Technology Transfer  Any business,        The Institute for                
                        regardless of size   Telecommunication Sciences (ITS) 
                        or type              participates in technology       
                                             transfer and commercialization   
                                             efforts by fostering cooperative 
                                             telecommunications research with 
                                             industry where benefits can      
                                             directly facilitate U.S.         
                                             competitiveness and market       
                                             opportunities. ITS has           
                                             participated for a number of     
                                             years in Cooperative Research    
                                             and Development Agreements       
                                             (CRADAs) with private sector     
                                             organizations to design,         
                                             develop, test and evaluate       
                                             advanced telecommunication       
                                             concepts. Cooperative research   
                                             with private industry has helped 
                                             ITS accomplish its mission to    
                                             support industry's productivity  
                                             and competitiveness by providing 
                                             insight into industry needs.     
                                             This has led to adjustments in   
                                             the focus and direction of other 
                                             Institute programs to improve    
                                             their effectiveness and value.   
                                             While most CRADAs are with small 
                                             businesses that gain access to   
                                             the Institute's facilities       
                                             through the agreement, these     
                                             businesses may not meet the      
                                             Small Business Administration's  
                                             definition of small. These       
                                             entities gain access to the      
                                             Table Mountain Field Site and    
                                             Radio Quiet Zone facilities to   
                                             conduct radio research           
                                             experiments that does not        
                                             involve the transfer of          
                                             technology from the government   
                                             to small businesses.             
                                             Subcontracting Program           
Office of the                                                              
Secretary                                                                  
Small Business       Any small business,  The Small Business Innovation    
Innovation Research  regardless of type   Research Program (SBIR) is       
Program                                   designed to ensure that small,   
                                             high-technology firms have       
                                             access to federal research and   
                                             development funds to pursue      
                                             advanced technologies and their  
                                             commercial applications. SBIR is 
                                             a competitive three-phase        
                                             program that reserves a specific 
                                             percentage of research and       
                                             development funding at certain   
                                             federal agencies for awards to   
                                             small businesses. Currently      
                                             eleven other federal agencies    
                                             provide the grant funds and      
                                             oversee the projects. The Small  
                                             Business Administration monitors 
                                             the SBIR program and provides    
                                             guidance. Two Commerce agencies  
                                             (the National Oceanic and        
                                             Atmospheric Administration and   
                                             National Institute of Standards  
                                             and Technology) administer SBIR  
                                             programs. SBIR funds the         
                                             critical startup and development 
                                             stages and it encourages the     
                                             commercialization of the         
                                             resulting technology, product,   
                                             or service. In accordance with   
                                             Executive Order No. 13,329, SBIR 
                                             programs will give a priority,   
                                             where feasible, to proposals     
                                             that are directed toward         
                                             innovations that will aid the    
                                             nation's manufacturing sector.   
Commerce's           Any small business,  The Commerce's Information       
Information          regardless of type   Technology Solutions Next        
Technology Solutions                      Generation (COMMITS NexGen)      
Next Generation Any                       levels the "playing field" as a  
small business,                           small business Government-Wide   
regardless of type                        Acquisition Contract (GWAC) that 
                                             is convenient for ordering       
                                             information technology (IT)      
                                             services from high quality small 
                                             businesses. In today's           
                                             streamlined acquisition          
                                             environment, many IT             
                                             requirements that once were      
                                             publicly announced are now met   
                                             through task and delivery order  
                                             contracts. COMMITS NexGen gives  
                                             small businesses the opportunity 
                                             to compete and grow.             
Office of Business   Any business,        The Office of Business Liaison   
Liaison X            regardless of size   serves as the primary point for  
                        or type X            contact between Commerce and the 
                                             business community.              
                                             Specifically, among other        
                                             things, the Office helps guide   
                                             individuals and businesses to    
                                             the Commerce offices and policy  
                                             experts best suited to respond   
                                             to their needs; helps to develop 
                                             a pro-active, responsive and     
                                             effective outreach program and   
                                             relationship with the business   
                                             community; informs the           
                                             Secretary, the Department and    
                                             Administration officials of the  
                                             critical issues facing the       
                                             business community; and informs  
                                             the business community of        
                                             Commerce and Administration      
                                             resources, policies and          
                                             programs.                        
Prime Contractor     Any small business,  Commerce's `Prime Contractor     
Directory Source:    regardless of type   Directory' is prepared to assist 
GAO data.                                 all small businesses, with their 
                                             marketing efforts in obtaining   
                                             suitable subcontracting          
                                             opportunities and presenting     
                                             their capabilities to Commerce   
                                             prime contractors. The Prime     
                                             Contractor Directory includes    
                                             product, service, and            
                                             construction related contractors 
                                             that have contracts with         
                                             Commerce which are valued at     
                                             $500,000 or more. These          
                                             companies have approved          
                                             subcontracting plans and their   
                                             progress toward achieving its    
                                             subcontracting goals is          
                                             monitored by the Office of Small 
                                             and Disadvantaged Utilization.   
Subcontracting       Any small business,  The subcontracting program       
Program Table 31:    regardless of type   creates many opportunities for   
Environmental        Agency, office, and  small, small disadvantaged,      
Protection Agency    program Agency,      HUBZone, veteran-owned, service  
Programs That Offer  office, and program  disabled veteran-owned small     
Services to Small    Agency, office, and  firms, and women-owned small     
Businesses Engaged   program              businesses. Commerce requires    
in Manufacturing by                       contractors to establish         
Agency, Target                            aggressive goals for             
Businesses, and                           subcontracting with small        
Agency Description                        businesses. The Office of Small  
of Purpose                                and Disadvantaged Business       
                                             Utilization monitors the         
                                             progress of prime contractors in 
                                             meeting the goals in their       
                                             subcontracting plans. Target     
                                             businesses Target businesses     
                                             Target businesses                
Office of Small and  Any small business,  Office of Small and              
Disadvantaged        regardless of type   Disadvantaged Business           
Business Utilization Office of            Utilization is an advocacy and   
                        Acquisition          advisory office responsible for  
                        Management           promoting the use of small,      
                                             small disadvantaged, Section     
                                             8(a), women-owned,               
                                             veteran-owned, service-disabled  
                                             veteran-owned, and HUBZone small 
                                             businesses within Commerce's     
                                             acquisition process.             
Technology Administration Any small business, regardless of type
National Technical   Any business,        The mission of the National      
Information Service  regardless of size   Technical Information Service    
                        or type Office of    (NTIS) is to promote progress by 
                        Enforcement and      serving as the federal           
                        Compliance Assurance government's central means of    
                                             making technical information     
                                             perpetually and widely           
                                             available. In performing its     
                                             mission, NTIS contributes        
                                             directly and substantially to    
                                             the larger mission of Commerce   
                                             which, according to Commerce's   
                                             Strategic Plan for Fiscal Years  
                                             2004-2009, is to create the      
                                             conditions for economic growth   
                                             and opportunity by promoting     
                                             innovation, entrepreneurship,    
                                             competitiveness, and             
                                             stewardship. Through NTIS, the   
                                             nation's research and scientific 
                                             community receives the fruits of 
                                             research that can be used to     
                                             create new or improved products  
                                             and services that enhance the    
                                             nation's competitiveness.        

Source: GAO data. Any business, regardless of size or type

Table 10: Services Provided by Department of Commerce Programs by Agency,
Target Businesses, and Type of Services The Environmental Protection
Agency, working with industry, academic institutions, environmental
groups, and other agencies, sponsors Compliance Assistance Centers that
address the requirements of specific sectors. Each Web-based Center
provides businesses, local governments, and federal facilities with
information and guidance on environmental requirements and ways to save
money through pollution prevention techniques.

                                                                                   Type of service
                                                                     Technology                                                    
                                                                    development     Technical,                                     
Agency and        Target                                               and/or      business, or                                    
program           businesses                          Financial      deployment     management       Export      Worker training   
Bureau of Industry and Security Any business, regardless of size or type
Office of         Any business,                                                                                    Through the     
Exporter Services regardless of                                                                                 Federal Technology 
                  size or type                                                                                     Transfer Act    
                                                                                                                 program, federal  
                                                                                                                 agencies conduct  
                                                                                                                  joint research   
                                                                                                                 with non-federal  
                                                                                                                   partners and    
                                                                                                                     protect       
                                                                                                                   intellectual    
                                                                                                                property that may  
                                                                                                                  be developed.    
                                                                                                                 Program partners  
                                                                                                                   benefit from    
                                                                                                                   cooperative     
                                                                                                                   research and    
                                                                                                                   development     
                                                                                                                  agreements by    
                                                                                                                tapping into EPA's 
                                                                                                                  resources and    
                                                                                                                knowledge base to  
                                                                                                                  conduct joint    
                                                                                                                   research and    
                                                                                                                    technology     
                                                                                                                commercialization. 
                                                                                                                  The program is   
                                                                                                                   conducted in    
                                                                                                                 accordance with   
                                                                                                                   the Federal     
                                                                                    X Federal        X Any          Technology     
                                                      Office of                     Technology     business,     Transfer Act of   
                                                     Research and                  Transfer Act  regardless of  1986 and preceding 
                                                     Development                     program      size or type     legislation.    
Business and      Any business,    The goal of the                                               The Superfund                     
Technology        regardless of    Environmental                                                   Innovative                      
Enhancement       size or type Any Technology                                                      Technology                      
Opportunities and business,        Verification                                                    Evaluation                      
Partner Links     regardless of    (ETV) program, a                                              (SITE) program                    
Environmental     size or type     public-private                                                     was                          
Technology                         partnership, is                                               established to                    
Verification                       to provide                                                     address the                      
program                            credible                                                       need for an                      
                                   performance data                                              alternative or                    
                                   for                                                             innovative                      
                                   commercial-ready                                                hazardous                       
                                   environmental                                                     waste                         
                                   technologies to                                                 treatment                       
                                   speed their                                                     technology                      
                                   implementation                                                 research and                     
                                   for the benefit                                               demonstration                     
                                   of vendors,                                                    program. The                     
                                   purchasers,                                                        SITE                         
                                   permitters, and                                               Demonstration                     
                                   the public. The                                                  Program                        
                                   ETV program                                                   encourages the                    
                                   develops testing                                               development                      
                                   protocols and                                                      and                          
                                   verifies the                                                  implementation                    
                                   performance of                                                of innovative                     
                                   innovative                                                      treatment                       
                                   technologies                                                   technologies                     
                                   with the                                                      for hazardous                     
                                   potential to                      Superfund                     waste site                      
                                   improve                           Innovative       X Any       remediation                      
                                   protection of                     Technology     business,    and monitoring                    
                                   human health and                  Evaluation   regardless of       and                          
                                   the environment.                   program      size or type   measurement.                     
Export Control    Any business,                                                                                                    
Seminar Program   regardless of                                                                                                    
Any small         size or type The                                                                                                 
business,         Environmental                                                                                                    
regardless of     Protection                                                                                                       
type              Agency (EPA) is                                                                                                  
                  one of 11                                                                                                        
                  federal agencies                                                                                                 
                  that participate                                                                                                 
                  in the Small                                                                                                     
                  Business                                                                                                         
                  Innovation                                                                                                       
                  Research (SBIR)                                                                                                  
                  program                                                                                                          
                  established by                                                                                                   
                  the Small                                                                                                        
                  Business                                                                                                         
                  Innovation                                                                                                       
                  Development Act                                                                                                  
                  of 1982, Pub. L.                                                                                                 
                  No. 97-219, 96                                                                                                   
                  Stat. 217 (July                                                                                                  
                  22, 1982). The                                                                                                   
                  purpose of this                                                                                                  
                  Act was to                                                                                                       
                  strengthen the                                                                                                   
                  role of small                                                                                                    
                  businesses in                                                                                                    
                  federally funded                                                                                                 
                  research and                                                                                                     
                  development and                                                                                                  
                  help develop a                                                                                                   
                  stronger                                                                                                         
                  national base                                                                                                    
                  for technical                                                                                                    
                  innovation. EPA                                                                                                  
                  issues annual                                                                                                    
                  solicitations                                                                                                    
                  for Phase I and                                                                                                  
                  Phase II                                                                                                         
                  research                                                                                                         
                  proposals from                                                                                                   
                  science and                                                                                   The purpose of the 
                  technology-based                                                                               Office of Small   
                  firms. Through a                                                                              and Disadvantaged  
                  phased approach                                                                                    Business      
                  to SBIR funding,                                                                                 Utilization     
                  EPA can                                                                                         (OSDBU) is to    
                  determine                                                                                       stimulate and    
                  whether the                                                                                      improve the     
                  research idea,                                                                                  involvement of   
                  often on                                                                                       small businesses  
                  high-risk                                                                                      and socially and  
                  advanced                                                                                         economically    
                  concepts, is                                                                                    disadvantaged    
                  technically                                                                                    small businesses  
                  feasible,                                                                                     in the overall EPA 
                  whether the firm                                                                                 procurement     
                  can do                                                                                          process. OSDBU   
                  high-quality                                                                                     monitors and    
                  research, and                                                                                  evaluates EPA's   
                  whether                                                                                         performance in   
                  sufficient                                                                                      achieving the    
                  progress has                                                                                       Agency's      
                  been made to                                                                                   contracting and   
                  justify a larger                                                                                subcontracting   
                  Phase II effort.                                                                                  goals, and     
                  Phase II                                                                                        recommends the   
                  contracts are                                                                                 assignment of the  
                  limited to small                                                                                Small Business   
                  businesses that                                                                                Representatives   
                  have                                                                                            from the Small   
                  successfully                                                                                       Business      
                  completed their                                                                                 Administration   
                  Phase I                                                                                       (SBA), who carries 
                  contracts. The                                                                                    out SBA's      
                  objective of                        Office of                    X Office of                     procurement     
                  Phase II is to                      Small and                     Small and     X Any small    oversight duties  
                  commercialize                     Disadvantaged                 Disadvantaged    business,       pursuant to     
                  the Phase I                          Business                      Business    regardless of   applicable laws   
                  technology.                        Utilization                   Utilization        type        and mandates.    
Defense Trade     Any business,    The purpose of                                                 X The Clean                      
Advocacy Program  regardless of    the Small                                                        Air Act                        
Small Business    size or type Any Business                                                      Amendments of                     
Ombudsman         small business,  Ombudsman is to                                               1990, Pub. L.                     
                  regardless of    serve as a                                                     No. 101-549,                     
                  type             conduit for                                                   104 Stat. 2399                    
                                   small business                                                  (Nov. 15,                       
                                   to access                                                         1990),                        
                                   Environmental                                                 required that                     
                                   Protection                                                      all states                      
                                   Agency and                                                      develop a                       
                                   facilitates                                                     program to                      
                                   communications                                                 assist small                     
                                   between the                                                   businesses in                     
                                   small business                                                 meeting the                      
                                   community and                                                  requirements                     
                                   the agency. The                                                of the Act.                      
                                   office reviews                                                     Such                         
                                   and resolves                                                    assistance                      
                                   disputes between                                              includes, but                     
                                   small businesses                                                  is not                        
                                   and the                                                        necessarily                      
                                   Environmental                                                  limited to,                      
                                   Protection                                                       adequate                       
                                   Agency and works                                              mechanisms to                     
                                   with                                                           assist small                     
                                   Environmental                                                   businesses                      
                                   Protection                                                         with                         
                                   Agency personnel                                                compliance                      
                                   to increase                                                    assistance,                      
                                   their                                                           pollution                       
                                   understanding of                                              prevention and                    
                                   small businesses                                                accidental                      
                                   in the                                                           release                        
                                   development and                                               detection and                     
                                   enforcement of                                                 prevention,                      
                                   environmental                                                     permit                        
                                   regulations.                                                  assistance and                    
                                                                                                  obligations.                     
                                                                                                 Section 507 of                    
                                                                                                 the Clean Air                     
                                                                                                 Act discusses                     
                                                                                                  specifics of                     
                                                                                                   the Small                       
                                                                                                    Business                       
                                                                                                   Assistance                      
                                                                                                    Program                        
                                                                                                  (SBAP). The                      
                                                                                                    SBAP is                        
                                                                                                 non-regulatory                    
                                                                                                 in nature and                     
                                                                                                  all services                     
                                                                                                      are                          
                                                                                                  confidential                     
                                                                                                  and free of                      
                                                                                                  charge. The                      
                                                                                                    SBAP is                        
                                                                                                 divided in to                     
                                                                                                  three major                      
                                                                                                  components:                      
                                                                                                 the Compliance                    
                                                                                                    Advisory                       
                                                                                                   Panel, the                      
                                                                                                 Ombudsman, and                    
                                                                                                 the Assistance                    
                                                                                                  Program. Due                     
                                                                                                 to geography,                     
                                                                                                  demographics                     
                                                                                                 and the unique                    
                                                                                                 environmental                     
                                                                                                 issues in each                    
                                                                   Small Business   Any small      state, the                      
                                                                   Environmental    business,     structure of                     
                                                                     Assistance   regardless of   each program                     
                                                                      Programs         type        may vary.                       
Defense           Any business,                                                   X WasteWise is                                   
Priorities and    regardless of                                                      a free,                                       
Allocations       size or type                                                      voluntary                                      
System Program                                                                     partnership                                     
                                                                                     program                                       
                                                                                  through which                                    
                                                                                  organizations                                    
                                                                                    eliminate                                      
                                                                                      costly                                       
                                                                                    municipal                                      
                                                                                   solid waste                                     
                                                                                    and select                                     
                                                                                    industrial                                     
                                                                                     wastes,                                       
                                                                                    benefiting                                     
                                                                                   their bottom                                    
                                                                                   line and the                                    
                                                                                   environment.                                    
                                                                                  WasteWise is a                                   
                                                                                     flexible                                      
                                                                                   program that                                    
                                                                                      allows                                       
                                                                                   partners to                                     
                                                                                   design their                                    
                                                                                    own waste                                      
                                                                                    reduction                                      
                                                                                     programs                                      
                                                                                   tailored to                                     
                                                                                   their needs.                                    
                                                                                    Large and                                      
                                                                                      small                                        
                                                                                    businesses                                     
                                                                                     from any                                      
                                                                                     industry                                      
                                                                                    sector may                                     
                                                                                   participate.                                    
                                                                                  Institutions,                                    
                                                                                     such as                                       
                                                                                  hospitals and                                    
                                                                                  universities,                                    
                                                                                   non-profits,                                    
                                                                                    and other                                      
                                                                                  organizations,                                   
                                                                                    as well as                                     
                                                                                   state, local                                    
                                                                                    and tribal                                     
                                                                   Any business,   governments,                                    
                                                      Waste Wise   regardless of     may also                                      
                                                       program      size or type   participate.                 Source: GAO data.  
Defense           Any business,                                                                                                    
Industrial        regardless of                                                                                                    
Capability and    size or type                                                                                                     
Technology                                                                                                                         
Assessments Table                                                                                                                  
32: Services                                                                                                                       
Provided by                                                                                                                        
Environmental                                                                                                                      
Protection Agency                                                                                                                  
Programs by                                                                                                                        
Agency, Target                                                                                                                     
Businesses, and                                                       Type of                      Agency and                      
Type of Services                                                      service           X           program     Target businesses  
Office of         Any business,    Technical,                                                                                      
National Security regardless of    business, or                                                                                    
and Technology    size or type     management                                                                                      
Transfer Controls Technology                                                                                                       
and Office of     development                                                                                                      
Nonproliferation  and/or                                                                                                           
and Treaty        deployment                                                                      X Office of                      
Compliance                                                             Worker                     Acquisition                      
Financial                                               Export        training          X          Management                      
Economic Development Administration Any small business, regardless of type
Trade Adjustment  Any business     X                                                                                               
Assistance for    engaged in                                                                       Office of                       
Firms             manufacturing,                                                                    Policy,                        
                  regardless of                                                                  Economics, and                    
                  size                                                                  X          Innovation           X          
International Trade Administration Any business, regardless of size or type
Petition          Any business,    X                                                                 Sector       Any business,    
Counseling and    regardless of                                                                    Strategies   regardless of size 
Analysis Unit     size or type                                                          X           Program          or type       
Subsidies         Any business,    X                                                               Office of                       
Enforcement       regardless of                                                                    Pollution                       
                  size or type                                                                   Prevention and                    
                                                                                        X            Toxics                        
Trade Remedy      Any business,                                                                                                    
Compliance Any    regardless of                                                                                                    
business,         size or type                                                                                                     
regardless of                                                                                                                      
size or type                                                             X                             X                           
Textiles and      Any business     Any business,                                                                                   
Apparel           engaged in       regardless of                                                                                   
                  manufacturing,   size or type                                                                                    
                  regardless of                                                                                                    
                  size Federal                                                                                                     
                  Technology                                                                                                       
                  Transfer Act                                                                                                     
                  program                                                               X             X X               X          
Export            Any business,    Any business,                                                                                   
Certificate of    regardless of    regardless of                                                                                   
Review Program    size or type     size or type                                                                                    
                  Environmental                                                                                                    
                  Technology                                                                                                       
                  Verification                                                                                                     
                  program                                                X              X             X X                          
Safe Harbor       Any business,    Any business,                                                                                   
Certification     regardless of    regardless of                                                                                   
                  size or type     size or type                                                                                    
                  Superfund                                                                                                        
                  Innovative                                                                                                       
                  Technology                                                                                                       
                  Evaluation                                                                                                       
                  program                                                X              X             X X                          
Export Yellow     Any business,    Any small                                                                                       
Pages             regardless of    business,                                                                                       
                  size or type     regardless of                                                                                   
                  Small Business   type                                                                                            
                  Innovation                                                                                                       
                  Research Program                                       X              X             X X                          
Market            Any small                                                                                                        
Development       business,                                                                                                        
Cooperator        regardless of                                                                                                    
Program           type Office of                     X Office of                                                                   
                  Small and                           Small and     X Any small                                                    
                  Disadvantaged                     Disadvantaged    business,                                                     
                  Business                             Business    regardless of                                                   
                  Utilization                        Utilization        type            X              X                X          
Trade Compliance  Any business,                                      Any small                                                     
Center            regardless of                                      business,                                                     
                  size or type                      Small Business regardless of                                                   
                                                      Ombudsman         type                           X                           
Commercial        Any business,                     Small Business   Any small                                                     
Services          regardless of                     Environmental    business,                                                     
                  size or type                        Assistance   regardless of                                                   
                                                       Programs         type            X              X                           
The Advocacy      Any business,                                                                                                    
Center            regardless of                       Office of                                                                    
                  size or type                       Solid Waste                        X              X                           
Foreign Trade     Any business,                                    Any business,                                                   
Zones Board       regardless of                       Waste Wise   regardless of                                                   
                  size or type                         program      size or type        X                                          
Minority Business Development Agency
Minority Business Any business,                                     Appendix XV:                                                   
Internet Portal   regardless of                                    Export-Import                                                   
                  size or type                                         Bank -                                                      
                  Source: GAO                                      Programs that   X Table 33:                                     
                  data.                                            Offer Services Export-Import                                    
                                                                      to Small    Bank Programs                                    
                                                                   Manufacturers    That Offer                                     
                                                                    and Types of   Services to                                     
                                                                      Services        Small                                        
                                                                    Appendix XV:    Businesses                                     
                                                                   Export-Import    Engaged in                                     
                                                                       Bank -     Manufacturing                                    
                                                                   Programs that    by Agency,                                     
                                                                   Offer Services     Target                                       
                                                                      to Small     Businesses,                                     
                                                                   Manufacturers    and Agency      Agency,                        
                                                                    and Types of  Description of  office, and                      
                                                                      Services       Purpose        program     Target businesses  
Minority Business Any business,                                                                                 The Export-Import  
Development       regardless of                                                                                 Bank of the United 
Centers, Native   size or type                                                                                    States (Ex-Im    
American Business Export Finance                                                                                   Bank) is the    
Development                                                                                                      official export   
Centers, Business                                                                                                credit agency of  
Resource Centers                                                                                                the United States. 
                                                                                                                   Ex-Im Bank's    
                                                                                                                  mission is to    
                                                                                                                    assist in      
                                                                                                                  financing the    
                                                                                                                  export of U.S.   
                                                                                                                goods and services 
                                                                                                                 to international  
                                                                                                                  markets. Ex-Im   
                                                                                                                  Bank estimates   
                                                                                                                  that about 85    
                                                                                                                  percent of its   
                                                                                                                   transactions    
                                                                                                                  support small    
                                                                                                                businesses. Small  
                                                                                                                  businesses can   
                                                                                                                 access all Ex-Im  
                                                                                                                  Bank products,   
                                                                                                                    including      
                                                                                                                specialized small  
                                                                                                                business financing 
                                                                                                                  tools such as    
                                                                                                  X Any small    working capital   
                                                                                     X Small       business,      guarantees and   
                                                                                     Business    regardless of    export credit    
                                                                                    Initiative        type          insurance.     
Minority Business Any business,    Table 34:                                                                                       
Opportunity       regardless of    Services                                                                                        
Centers Source:   size or type     Provided by                                                                                     
GAO data.                          Export-Import                                                                                   
                                   Bank Programs by                                                                                
                                   Agency, Target                                                                                  
                                   Businesses, and                                                  Type of                        
                                   Type of Services                                     X           service                        
Target businesses 
National Institute of Standards and Technology Financial
Advanced          Any business,    Worker training                                                                                 
Technology        regardless of                                                                                                    
Program           size or type                                                                                                     
Technical,        Export                                                                                            Any small      
business, or                                                          X Export                   Small Business     business,      
management                                                X           Finance                      Initiative   regardless of type 
Calibration       Any business,                                                                                                    
services X        regardless of                                                                   Source: GAO                      
                  size or type                            X                             X            data.                         
Manufacturing     Any business,    Agency, office,                                                                                 
Engineering       regardless of    and program                                                                                     
Laboratory        size or type     Agency, office,                                                                                 
Appendix XVI:     Table 35:        and program                                                                                     
National          National                                                                                                         
Aeronautics and   Aeronautics and                                                                                                  
Space             Space                                                                                                            
Administration -  Administration                                                                                                   
Programs that     Programs That                                                                                                    
Offer Services to Offer Services                                                                                                   
Small             to Small                                                                                                         
Manufacturers and Businesses                                                                                                       
Types of Services Engaged in                                                                                                       
Appendix XVI:     Manufacturing by                                                                                                 
National          Agency, Target                                                                                                   
Aeronautics and   Businesses, and                                                                                                  
Space             Agency                                              X Agency                                                     
Administration -  Description of                                   description of                                                  
Programs that     Purpose                                             program                                                      
Offer Services to                                      X Target    purpose Agency                                                  
Small                                                 businesses   description of                                                  
Manufacturers and                                       Target        program                    Goddard Space                     
Types of Services                                     businesses      purpose           X        Flight Center                     
Hollings          Any business                                                                                      X Regional     
Manufacturing     engaged in                                                                                        Technology     
Extension         manufacturing,                                                                                 Transfer Centers  
Partnership Any   regardless of                                                                                      expedite      
business,         size The Goddard                                                                                  technology     
regardless of     Space Flight                                                                                  transfer and spur  
size or type      Center and the                                                                                     economic      
                  Jet Propulsion                                                                                 development. The  
                  Laboratory, both                                                                               program divides   
                  within the                                                                                     the nation into   
                  National                                                                                       six regions and   
                  Aeronautics and                                                                                  relies on a     
                  Space                                                                                           network within   
                  Administration,                                                                                 each region to   
                  are the training                                                                              provide direct and 
                  centers for                                                                                   timely services to 
                  technical                                                                                       companies and    
                  training courses                                                                              other institutions 
                  in the                                                                                         nationwide. The   
                  fabrication,                                                                                     cooperative     
                  assembly and                                                                                      agreements     
                  inspection of                                                                                   covering these   
                  flight and                                                                                    Centers expired at 
                  ground support                                                                                 the end of 2006.  
                  equipment.                                                                                     Services will be  
                                                                                    X Regional       X Any      offered through an 
                                                      Innovative                    Technology     business,    outside contractor 
                                                     Partnerships                    Transfer    regardless of  beginning in March 
                                                    Program Office       X           Centers      size or type        2007.        
National Institute of Standards and Technology - Information Technology Laboratory Innovative Partnerships Program
Small Business    Any small        Office of                           X The                                                       
Computer Security business,        Technology                        Innovative                                                    
Workshops The     regardless of    Transfer                         Partnerships                                                   
Innovative        type                                                Program                                                      
Partnerships                                                        includes the                                                   
Program fosters                                                      Office of                                                     
technology                                                           Technology                                                    
partnerships,                                                        Transfer,                                                     
commercialization                                                   which has a                                                    
and innovation in                                                  mission to (1)                                                  
support of the                                                     facilitate the                                                  
agency's overall                                                    transfer of                                                    
mission and                                                          technology                                                    
national                                                            developed by                                                   
priorities.                                                         the National                                                   
                                                                    Aeronautics                                                    
                                                                     and Space                                                     
                                                                   Administration                                                  
                                                                   and for which                                                   
                                                                   the agency has                                                  
                                                                    title to the                                                   
                                                                   private sector                                                  
                                                                   for commercial                                                  
                                                                    application                                                    
                                                                     and other                                                     
                                                                    benefits to                                                    
                                                                    the nation;                                                    
                                                                   (2) facilitate                                                  
                                                                    partnerships                                                   
                                                                      with the                                                     
                                                                   private sector                                                  
                                                                     and other                                                     
                                                                      external                                                     
                                                                    entities to                                                    
                                                                      jointly                                                      
                                                                      develop                                                      
                                                                     technology                                                    
                                                                     with both                                                     
                                                                    defense and                                                    
                                                                   civilian uses                                                   
                                                                     and infuse                                                    
                                                                        such                                                       
                                                                     technology                                                    
                                                                      into the                                                     
                                                                      agency's                                                     
                                                                   missions; and                                                   
                                                                    (3) protect                                                    
                                                                        the                                                        
                                                    Any business,   government's                                  Any business,    
                                                    regardless of  rights in its                                regardless of size 
                                                     size or type   inventions.         X         Tech Briefs        or type       
National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration
Fisheries Finance Any business,                                                                                                    
Program Any       regardless of                                                                                                    
business,         size or type The                                                                                                 
regardless of     Enterprise                                                                                                       
size or type      Engine program                                                    The Small                                      
                  created a                                                          Business                                      
                  venture capital                                                   Innovation                                     
                  fund to provide                                                    Research                                      
                  the National                                                    (SBIR) program                                   
                  Aeronautics and                                                 funds research                                   
                  Space                                                              by small                                      
                  Administration                                                  businesses to                                    
                  with earlier and                                                 meet many of                                    
                  broader exposure                                                 the agency's                                    
                  to emerging                                                      research and                                    
                  technologies and                                                 development                                     
                  to leverage                                                     requirements.                                    
                  external venture                                                   The SBIR                                      
                  capital to                                                       program was                                     
                  develop products                                                established in                                   
                  likely to                                                          1982 to                                       
                  support the                                                     provide small                                    
                  agency's                                                          businesses                                     
                  mission.                             X Small                    with increased                                   
                  Effective fiscal                     Business      Any small       federal                                       
                  year 2007 the                       Innovation     business,     research and                   Small Business   
                  program was                          Research    regardless of   development                      Technology     
                  terminated.                          Program          type      opportunities.                 Transfer Program  
National Telecommunications and Information Administration Modeled after the Small Business Innovation Research program, the Small
Business Technology Transfer program is aimed specifically at technology transfer. The goal is to translate basic research into
economic advantage by advancing productivity growth and international economic competitiveness.
Technology        Any business,                                                                                                    
Transfer          regardless of                                                                    Office of                       
                  size or type                                           X                        Procurement                      
Office of the Secretary
Small Business    Any small                                                                                                        
Innovation        business,                                                                                                        
Research Program  regardless of                                                                                                    
Any business,     type The NASA                                                                                                    
regardless of     Acquisition                                                                                                      
size or type      Internet Service                                                                                                 
                  (NAIS) is a Web                                                                                                  
                  site, from which                                                                                                 
                  industry has                                                                                                     
                  immediate access                                                                                                 
                  to current                                                                                                       
                  acquisition                                                                                                      
                  information over                                                                                                 
                  the Internet.                                                                                                    
                  Users may                                                                                                        
                  subscribe to                                                                                                     
                  receive email                                                                                                    
                  notifications on                                                                              The Mentor Protege 
                  acquisitions of                                                                                   Program is     
                  interest. NAIS                                                                                   designed to     
                  is a feeder                                                                                   provide incentive  
                  system for                                                                                     to the agency's   
                  Federal E-Gov                                                                                    major prime     
                  Systems like the                                                                                contractors to   
                  Federal Business                                                                                 assist small    
                  Opportunities.                                                                                  disadvantaged    
                  NAIS provides                                                                                 business concerns, 
                  industry links                                                                                Historically Black 
                  to reference                                                                                     Colleges and    
                  such information                                                                                Universities),   
                  as regulations,                                                                                    minority      
                  provisions,                                                                                   institutions, and  
                  handbooks and                                                                                 women-owned small  
                  guidance. NAIS                                                                                  businesses in    
                  also provides                                                                                  expanding their   
                  industry with a                                                                                   technical      
                  center location                                                                               capabilities into  
                  to find each                                                                                   high technology   
                  NASA field                                                                       Any small     areas where such  
                  Center's                           X Office of                                   business,        firms are      
                  procurement home                  Small Business                Mentor Protege regardless of      currently      
                  page.                                Programs          X           Program          type      under-represented. 
Commerce's        Any small        The Office of                                                                                   
Information       business,        Small Business                                                                                  
Technology        regardless of    Programs is                                                                                     
Solutions Next    type Any small   responsible for                                                                                 
Generation Small  business,        integrating all                                                                                 
Business Programs regardless of    categories of                                                                                   
                  type             small businesses                                                                                
                                   (small                                                                                          
                                   businesses,                                                                                     
                                   small                                                                                           
                                   disadvantaged                                                                                   
                                   businesses,                                                                                     
                                   woman-owned                                                                                     
                                   small                                                                                           
                                   businesses,                                                                                     
                                   veteran- and                                                                                    
                                   service-disabled                                                                                
                                   veteran-owned                                                                                   
                                   small                                                                                           
                                   businesses,                                                                                     
                                   Historically                                                                                    
                                   Underutilized                                                                                   
                                   Business Zone                                                                                   
                                   (HUB Zone) small                                                                                
                                   businesses, and                                                                                 
                                   minority-serving                                                                                
                                   institutions)                                                                                   
                                   into the                                                                                        
                                   competitive base                                                                                
                                   of contractors                                                                                  
                                   from which the                                                                                  
                                   National                                                                                        
                                   Aeronautics and                                                                                 
                                   Space                                                                                           
                                   Administration                                                                                  
                                   and its various                                                                                 
                                   centers                                                                                         
                                   regularly                                                                      Any business,    
                                   purchase goods                  Office of the                                regardless of size 
                                   and services.                   Administrator        X          TechFinder        or type       
Office of         Any business,                       Table 36:                                                                    
Business Liaison  regardless of                        Services                                                                    
                  size or type                       Provided by                                                                   
                  Source: GAO                          National                                                                    
                  data.                              Aeronautics                                                                   
                                                      and Space                                                                    
                                                    Administration                                                                 
                                                     Programs by                                                                   
                                                    Agency, Target                                                                 
                                                     Businesses,                                                                   
                                                     and Type of                                                 Type of service   
                                                       Services                         X              X         Type of service   
Prime Contractor  Any small                                          Technology                                                    
Directory Agency  business,                                         development                                                    
and program       regardless of                                        and/or      X Technical,                                    
Agency and        type Target                                        deployment    business, or                                    
program           businesses                                         Technology     management                                     
                  Target                                            development     Technical,                                     
                  businesses                          Financial        and/or      business, or                  Worker training   
                                                      Financial      deployment     management   Export Export   Worker training   
Subcontracting    Any small        Manufacturing                                                                                   
Program Goddard   business,        Technology       Any business,                                                                  
Space Flight      regardless of    Transfer Centers regardless of                                                                  
Center            type                               size or type                      X X                              X          
Office of Small   Any small        Innovative                         Regional        X Any                                        
and Disadvantaged business,        Partnerships                      Technology     business,                                      
Business          regardless of    Program Office                     Transfer    regardless of                                    
Utilization X     type                                    X           Centers      size or type                         X          
Technology Administration X
National          Any business,    Innovative                                                                                      
Technical         regardless of    Partnerships     Any business,                                                                  
Information       size or type     Program          regardless of                                                                  
Service                                              size or type                      X X             X               X X         

Source: GAO data.



Appendix IV: Department of Defense - Programs that Offer Services to Small
Manufacturers and Types of Services

Table 11: Department of Defense Programs That Offer Services to Small
Businesses Engaged in Manufacturing by Agency, Target Businesses, and
Agency Description of Purpose

Agency, office, and     Target           Agency description of program     
program                 businesses       purpose                           
Department of the Air Force
Technology Insertion,   Small businesses The Technology Insertion,         
Demonstration, and      engaged in       Demonstration, and Evaluation     
Evaluation Program Tech manufacturing    (TIDE) program was founded to     
Briefs                  Any business,    encourage and assist small        
                           regardless of    manufacturers in the adoption of  
                           size or type     commercially available software   
                                            and information technology. The   
                                            TIDE program is specifically      
                                            focused on small manufacturers    
                                            that supply goods and services    
                                            important to the national         
                                            defense; however, much of the     
                                            work of the TIDE program is       
                                            broadly applicable to all small   
                                            businesses. The TIDE program      
                                            consists of three primary         
                                            elements: (1) technology          
                                            demonstration projects; (2)       
                                            workforce development course; and 
                                            (3) technology development        
                                            projects. This program is run     
                                            through Carnegie Mellon           
                                            University's Software Engineering 
                                            Institute.                        
Department of the Air Force - Air Force Outreach Program Office X
Manufacturing Technical Small businesses The purpose of the Air Force      
Assistance Production   engaged in       Manufacturing Technical           
Program                 manufacturing    Assistance Production Program is  
                                            to assist in increasing and       
                                            enhancing the competitiveness of  
                                            small manufacturing firms in      
                                            support of the Air Force in       
                                            Defense and their major prime     
                                            contractors by providing          
                                            technical and managerial          
                                            assistance. The program focuses   
                                            on: small business solutions to   
                                            industrial policy issues;         
                                            reducing critical shortages of    
                                            spare parts; sustaining legacy    
                                            weapons systems; maintaining      
                                            surge production capability;      
                                            reducing diminishing              
                                            manufacturing sources and         
                                            material shortages; increasing    
                                            competition in commodity areas    
                                            and providing a source of "Best   
                                            in Class" suppliers for the       
                                            government to increase            
                                            competition, reduce manufacturing 
                                            costs, reduce cycle times, and    
                                            increase flexibility in the       
                                            supply chain.                     
Department of the Air Force - Manufacturing Technology Division Any
business, regardless of size or type
Industrial Base         Any business,    The Industrial Base Information   
Information Center      regardless of    Center (IBIC) provides timely     
                           size or type X   information about the Defense     
                                            Technology and Industrial Base to 
                                            directly support the planning and 
                                            execution activities of the       
                                            Directorate and related           
                                            government users. IBIC services   
                                            are available to all federal      
                                            government employees and          
                                            contractors requiring information 
                                            on valid federal government       
                                            contracts. IBIC has access to an  
                                            extensive range of commercial and 
                                            government information sources.   
                                            On-line services include DIALOG,  
                                            Haystack, AFKS, and Jane's.       
                                            Databases available to IBIC       
                                            include DD350 government contract 
                                            data, Standard & Poor's Research  
                                            Insight, FEDLOG, Forecast         
                                            International, and others. IBIC   
                                            has used these and other sources  
                                            to provide analyses suited to a   
                                            variety of customers' needs.      
Department of the Air Force - Technology Transfer Branch
Technology Transfer     Any business,    The Air Force Technology Transfer 
Program Small Business  regardless of    Program assures that Air Force    
Innovation Research     size or type Any Science and science and           
Program                 small business,  engineering activities promote    
                           regardless of    the transfer and/or exchange of   
                           type             technology in a timely manner to  
                                            the private and public sectors.   
                                            Partnering with the Air Force can 
                                            be readily accomplished through a 
                                            variety of Technology Transfer    
                                            agreements, such as collaborative 
                                            research or licensing Air Force   
                                            technologies.                     
X                       
                           
X                       
Department of the Army - Joint Munitions Command Any small business,
regardless of type      
Armament Retooling and  Any business,    The Armament Retooling and        
Manufacturing Support   regardless of    Manufacturing Support (ARMS)      
Program X               size or type X   program--a cooperative            
                                            arrangement between the Army and  
                                            Agriculture--offers               
                                            commercial/industrial businesses  
                                            the opportunity to establish      
                                            business centers at eligible Army 
                                            production facilities. The ARMS   
                                            "Asset Management" model offers   
                                            mature infrastructure and         
                                            services to businesses seeking    
                                            manufacturing, office, warehouse, 
                                            and other industrial park         
                                            resources. The facility           
                                            contractor (property manager) at  
                                            the participating Army site       
                                            negotiates terms and conditions   
                                            with these clients reaching the   
                                            "fair market value" for needed    
                                            asset requirements. The ARMS      
                                            program offers leasehold          
                                            improvements to prospective       
                                            clients to upgrade the property,  
                                            meet code requirements, or adapt  
                                            existing infrastructure to        
                                            business client needs. As with    
                                            state and local economic          
                                            development agencies, the aim of  
                                            the ARMS Loan Guarantee Program   
                                            is to assist commercial           
                                            clients/tenants in capitalizing   
                                            their business opportunities.     
                                            This loan program provides        
                                            tenants with working capital,     
                                            equipment acquisition, building   
                                            modification, and other business  
                                            resources to locate at eligible   
                                            Army industrial facilities. X     
Department of the Navy - Best Manufacturing Practices Center of Excellence
X                       
Best Manufacturing      Any business     The Best Manufacturing Practices  
Practices Program       engaged in       (BMP) program operates out of the 
Office of Procurement   manufacturing,   Best Manufacturing Practices      
                           regardless of    Center of Excellence (BMPCOE), a  
                           size             partnership of the Office of      
                                            Naval Research's BMP, Commerce,   
                                            and the University of Maryland.   
                                            The program helps businesses      
                                            identify, research, and promote   
                                            exceptional manufacturing         
                                            practices, methods, and           
                                            procedures to allow them to       
                                            operate at a higher level of      
                                            efficiency and effectiveness. BMP 
                                            has three core competencies: (1)  
                                            Best Practices Surveys - to       
                                            identify, validate, and document  
                                            best practices, and encourage     
                                            government, industry, and         
                                            academia to share information and 
                                            implement the practices; (2)      
                                            Systems Engineering - facilitated 
                                            by the Program Manager's          
                                            WorkStation, a suite of           
                                            electronic tools that provide     
                                            risk management, engineering      
                                            support, and failure analysis     
                                            through integrated problem        
                                            solving; and (3) Web Technologies 
                                            - offered through the             
                                            Collaborative Work Environment to 
                                            provide users with an integrated  
                                            digital environment to access and 
                                            process a common set of documents 
                                            in a geographically dispersed     
                                            environment. The mission of the   
                                            BMPCOE is to provide a national   
                                            resource to foster the            
                                            identification and sharing of     
                                            best practices used in industry,  
                                            government, and academia, and to  
                                            coordinate efforts to strengthen  
                                            the U.S. industrial base for      
                                            global competition. The BMPCOE    
                                            staff assist projects with        
                                            systems engineering best          
                                            practices throughout a product's  
                                            life cycle using process-based    
                                            solutions to reduce risk and      
                                            eliminate surprises. NASA         
                                            Acquisition Internet Service      
Department of the Navy - Space and Naval Warfare Systems Center Charleston
Defense Small Business  Small businesses The Defense Small Business        
Technology and          engaged in       Technology and Readiness          
Readiness Resources     manufacturing X  Resources (DSTARR) program        
                                            supports Defense needs by         
                                            developing a national network of  
                                            technically competent small       
                                            businesses. DSTARR provides       
                                            technical assistance and          
                                            expertise to small businesses in  
                                            support of their efforts to       
                                            achieve process improvements, be  
                                            competitive in the global         
                                            marketplace, advance information  
                                            technology capabilities,          
                                            development leadership skills,    
                                            and achieve manufacturing         
                                            excellence. The program supports  
                                            small manufacturing and           
                                            specialized information           
                                            technology companies so they can  
                                            become viable suppliers, have the 
                                            appropriate infrastructure and    
                                            processes, and integrate into     
                                            supply chains that support        
                                            Defense. Prior to December 2006   
                                            this program was known as the     
                                            Manufacturing Technical           
                                            Assistance Production Program.    
Office of Small Business Programs
Office of the Secretary of Defense Mentor Protege Program
Next Generation         Any business     The purpose of the Next           
Manufacturing           engaged in       Generation Manufacturing          
Technology Initiative   manufacturing,   Technology Initiative (NGMTI) is  
                           regardless of    to accelerate the development and 
                           size             implementation of breakthrough    
                                            manufacturing technologies in     
                                            support of the transformation of  
                                            the defense industrial base and   
                                            the global economic               
                                            competitiveness of U.S.-based     
                                            manufacturing. With strong        
                                            Congressional, federal/Defense,   
                                            and industry support, NGMTI's     
                                            goal is not only to create        
                                            strategic investment plans for    
                                            innovative manufacturing          
                                            technologies, but also to drive   
                                            the implementation of those       
                                            technologies through focused      
                                            experiments and partnerships.     
TechMatch               Any business,    TechMatch web-based portal        
                           regardless of    designed to provide industry and  
                           size or type     academia a Defense-sponsored      
                                            solution to find research and     
                                            development opportunities,        
                                            licensable patents, and           
                                            information on nearly 120 Defense 
                                            labs located across the United    
                                            States. Registered users will     
                                            receive a daily e-mail taking     
                                            them to their matching research   
                                            and development opportunities     
                                            from FedBizOpps, Grants.gov,      
                                            SBIR/STTR solicitations; calendar 
                                            events; and licensable patents    
                                            relevant to their business.       
Technology Transition   Any business,    Congress established the          
Initiative Any small    regardless of    Technology Transition Initiative  
business, regardless of size or type     (TTI) in the Bob Stump National   
type                                     Defense Authorization Act for     
                                            fiscal year 2003, Pub. L. No.     
                                            107-314, Section 242, 116 Stat.   
                                            2458, 2494-2495 (Dec. 2, 2002)    
                                            to: (1) accelerate the            
                                            introduction of new technologies  
                                            into operational capabilities for 
                                            the armed forces, and (2)         
                                            successfully demonstrate new      
                                            technologies in relevant          
                                            environments. The Science and     
                                            Technology and Acquisition        
                                            executives of each military       
                                            department and each Defense       
                                            Agency and the commanders of the  
                                            unified and specified combatant   
                                            commands nominate projects to be  
                                            funded. The TTI Program Manager   
                                            identifies the projects that meet 
                                            Defense technology goals and      
                                            requirements in consultation with 
                                            the Technology Transition         
                                            Council. The transition costs can 
                                            be shared by the TTI Program      
                                            Manager and the appropriate       
                                            acquisition executive.            
                                            Service/Agency contribution can   
                                            be up to 50 percent of the total  
                                            project cost.                     
Manufacturing           Any business     The Defense Manufacturing         
Technology Program X    engaged in       Technology (ManTech) Program      
                           manufacturing,   focuses on the needs of weapon    
                           regardless of    system programs for affordable,   
                           size             low-risk development, and         
                                            production capabilities. It       
                                            provides a link between           
                                            technology invention and          
                                            development, and industrial       
                                            applications. It matures and      
                                            validates emerging manufacturing  
                                            technologies to support low-risk  
                                            implementation in industry and    
                                            Defense facilities (e.g., depots  
                                            and shipyards). The program       
                                            addresses production issues from  
                                            system development through        
                                            transition to production and      
                                            sustainment. The primary          
                                            customers of the Program are      
                                            acquisition and logistics program 
                                            managers who are responsible for  
                                            transitioning acquisition         
                                            programs from development into    
                                            production and for the repair,    
                                            maintenance, and overhaul of      
                                            systems currently in use. It      
                                            operates in the Army, Navy, Air   
                                            Force, Defense Logistics Agency,  
                                            and Defense Advanced Research     
                                            Projects Agency.                  
Defense Industry        Any business,    The purpose of the Defense        
Adjustment Office of    regardless of    Industry Adjustment program is to 
the Administrator       size or type     help communities respond          
                                            effectively to adverse Defense    
                                            impacts, such as termination of a 
                                            major defense contract. This      
                                            usually means helping communities 
                                            diversify defense-dependent       
                                            economies by developing community 
                                            strategies and initiatives to     
                                            assist firms and their employees. 
                                            Usually, the adjustment process   
                                            revolves around identifying an    
                                            organization to assume            
                                            responsibility for carrying out   
                                            the program, planning the         
                                            adjustment, and implementing the  
                                            strategy. Community responses may 
                                            include any or all of the         
                                            following: assistance for small   
                                            and medium-sized businesses;      
                                            business financing programs;      
                                            procurement assistance centers;   
                                            industry clusters; manufacturing  
                                            extension partnerships; export    
                                            assistance; workforce assistance  
                                            programs; business incubators;    
                                            and/or a comprehensive strategy   
                                            with multiple initiatives.        
                                            TechFinder                        
TechLink                Any business,    The TechLink Center was           
                           regardless of    established in 1996 at Montana    
                           size or type     State University in Bozeman,      
                                            Montana. TechLink is funded by    
                                            Defense to link companies with    
                                            federal laboratories for          
                                            technology licensing, research,   
                                            technology transfer, and          
                                            technology transition. TechLink's 
                                            expertise extends to many         
                                            industry areas including advanced 
                                            materials and nano technology,    
                                            aerospace, agricultural           
                                            technologies, biomedicine and     
                                            biotechnology, electronics,       
                                            environmental technologies,       
                                            information technologies and      
                                            software, photonics and sensors.  
                                            By understanding the technology   
                                            needs and strengths of both       
                                            industry and federal labs,        
                                            TechLink develops productive      
                                            partnerships for the licensing,   
                                            transfer, development, and        
                                            commercialization of technology.  
                                            X                                 
MilTech                 Small businesses MilTech leverages TechLink's      
                           engaged in       technology transfer activities    
                           manufacturing    and helps companies primarily in  
                                            the northwestern U.S. to          
                                            transition innovative technology  
                                            to Defense operational use. This  
                                            program is a partnership between  
                                            TechLink and the Montana          
                                            Manufacturing Extension           
                                            Partnership Center. MilTech       
                                            provides engineering,             
                                            manufacturing, and business       
                                            development assistance to these   
                                            companies to help accelerate the  
                                            transition of new technology to   
                                            the U.S. warfighter, lower the    
                                            cost and cycle time of technology 
                                            acquisition, and help Defense     
                                            more fully benefit from its small 
                                            business research and development 
                                            funding. Although MilTech is      
                                            primarily a regional program, it  
                                            operates outside of the           
                                            northwestern United States in two 
                                            different circumstances: (1) to   
                                            help TechLink licensees of        
                                            Defense technologies to           
                                            transition these technologies to  
                                            the U.S. warfighter, and (2) when 
                                            requested by Defense program      
                                            managers to help other companies  
                                            deliver critically needed         
                                            technology to Defense.            
Defense Technical       Any business,    The Defense Technical Information 
Information Center      regardless of    Center (DTIC) is an online source 
                           size or type     of information for the            
                                            acquisition, storage, retrieval,  
                                            and dissemination of information  
                                            about Defense's research and      
                                            scientific and technical          
                                            information. Its technical        
                                            information services are          
                                            available to anyone at no cost    
                                            and can help applicants for       
                                            research funds, such as Small     
                                            Business Innovation Research      
                                            program participants, to prepare  
                                            proposals, develop products,      
                                            market, and network. DTIC         
                                            provides access to citations of   
                                            unclassified documents, as well   
                                            as the electronic full-text of    
                                            many documents. Appendix XVII:    
                                            National Science Foundation -     
                                            Programs that Offer Services to   
                                            Small Manufacturers and Types of  
                                            Services Appendix XVII: National  
                                            Science Foundation - Programs     
                                            that Offer Services to Small      
                                            Manufacturers and Types of        
                                            Services                          
Value Engineering       Any business,    The objective of the Defense      
Agency, office, and     regardless of    Value Engineering program is to   
program Agency, office, size or type     identify improvements in defense  
and program             Target           systems that can reduce costs and 
                           businesses       increase performance. Defense     
                           Target           seeks to promote contractor       
                           businesses       participation in the program by   
                                            (1) providing                     
                                            informational/educational         
                                            material and assistance to        
                                            contractors and (2) providing     
                                            program advocates who can advise  
                                            and assist Defense prime          
                                            contractors and their             
                                            subcontractors in developing      
                                            proposals to change Value         
                                            Engineering contracts as well as  
                                            expediting the processing of      
                                            these change proposals.           
                                            Contractors receive a number of   
                                            benefits for their participation  
                                            in Value Engineering, including a 
                                            share of the savings that results 
                                            from Value Engineering contract   

                                            changes. Also, contractors may    
                                            benefit from reduced costs,       
                                            increased efficiencies, and       
                                            reduced overhead, among other     
                                            things. Agency description of     
                                            program purpose Agency            
                                            description of program purpose    
Office of the Secretary of Defense - Defense Logistics Agency Division of
Engineering Education and Centers
Procurement Gateway     Any business,    The Procurement Gateway is an     
Engineering Research    regardless of    integrated online collection of   
Centers                 size or type Any automated systems providing       
                           business,        oversight for the management of   
                           regardless of    procurement data. The Procurement 
                           size or type     Gateway allows prospective        
                                            government contractors to perform 
                                            comprehensive and detailed        
                                            searches against Request for      
                                            Quotation and Award documents.    
                                            Engineering Research Centers      
                                            (ERC) focus on the definition,    
                                            fundamental understanding,        
                                            development, and validation of    
                                            the technologies needed to        
                                            realize a well-defined class of   
                                            engineered systems with the       
                                            potential to spawn whole new      
                                            industries or radically transform 
                                            the product lines, processing     
                                            technologies, or service delivery 
                                            methodologies of current          
                                            industries. ERC faculty, students 
                                            and industry partners integrate   
                                            discovery and learning in an      
                                            interdisciplinary environment     
                                            that reflects the complexities    
                                            and realities of real-world       
                                            technology. ERC innovations in    
                                            research and education are        
                                            expected to impact curricula at   
                                            all levels from pre-college to    
                                            life-long learning and to be      
                                            disseminated to and beyond        
                                            academic and industry partners.   
                                            This partnership speeds the       
                                            transfer of knowledge and         
                                            technology to industry.           
Business Counseling     Any business,    The goal of the Business          
Center Division of      regardless of    Counseling Center (BCC) is to     
Industrial Innovation   size or type     assist vendors in their search    
and Partnerships                         for business opportunities and to 
                                            supply military customers with    
                                            on-time quality goods. BCC has    
                                            six state-of-the-art workstations 
                                            that can provide easy access to   
                                            view and quote on open            
                                            solicitations via the Defense     
                                            Supply Center Columbus Internet   
                                            Bid Board System. BCC also offers 
                                            contractors a free resource to    
                                            access comprehensive research and 
                                            logistics systems that include    
                                            data on millions of parts         
                                            purchased by the Department of    
                                            Defense. BCC provides training    
                                            sessions on the many facets of    
                                            the acquisition process, in       
                                            addition to a conference area for 
                                            contractors and Defense Supply    
                                            Center Columbus personnel to      
                                            discuss acquisition issues. Small 
                                            Business Technology Transfer      
                                            Program                           
Aging Systems           Any business,    The Aging Systems Sustainment and 
Sustainment and         regardless of    Enabling Technologies (ASSET)     
Enabling Technologies   size or type     program is a National Reinvention 
The primary objective                    Laboratory initiated in 1994 by   
of the National Science                  Oklahoma State University to      
Foundation's Small                       address Defense procurement       
Business Innovation                      problems. ASSET is a              
Research/Small Business                  government-academic-business      
Technology Transfer                      partnership. Technology           
Program (STTR)                           development, insertion activities 
increases the                            and virtual manufacturing         
incentives and                           capabilities developed by ASSET   
opportunities for small                  partners have resulted in grouped 
firms to undertake                       parts databases, parts-demand     
cutting-edge, high                       forecasting models,               
risk, high quality                       parts-on-demand manufacturing,    
scientific engineering,                  new materials technologies for    
or science and                           ceramic bearings, new processes   
engineering education                    to reduce corrosion of aging      
research with the                        systems, and new training         
potential for a high                     materials. The technologies and   
economic payoff. The                     processes developed in the ASSET  
STTR program further                     program increase the Defense      
expands the                              supply base, reduce the time and  
public/private                           cost associated with parts        
partnership to include                   procurement, and enhance military 
joint venture                            readiness. Small Business         
opportunities for small                  Innovation Research Program       
businesses and                                                             
non-profit research                                                        
institutions.                                                              
Procurement Technical   Any small        The Procurement Technical         
Assistance Program The  business,        Assistance Program provides       
Small Business          regardless of    Procurement Technical Assistance  
Innovation Research     type             Centers (PTACs) with Defense      
(SBIR) Program was                       support so that they may provide  
established to                           specialized and professional      
stimulate technological                  assistance to individuals and     
innovation, utilize                      businesses seeking to learn about 
small business to meet                   contracting and subcontracting    
federal research and                     opportunities, actively seeking   
development needs, and                   contracting and subcontracting    
increase private sector                  opportunities, and/or performing  
commercialization. SBIR                  under contracts and subcontracts  
is a highly competitive                  with Defense, other federal       
program that encourages                  agencies, or state and local      
small business to                        governments. This specialized and 
explore their                            professional assistance may       
technological potential                  consist of but is not limited to  
and provides the                         outreach and counseling type      
incentive to profit                      services to promote understanding 
from its                                 of federal, state, and local      
commercialization. By                    government requirements           
including qualified                      applicable to contracting for     
small businesses in the                  services, manufacturing, or other 
nation's research and                    markets, and assistance in        
development arena,                       pursuing and securing             
high-tech innovation is                  subcontracting opportunities.     
stimulated and the                       PTACs are to make a concerted     
United States gains                      effort to seek out and assist     
entrepreneurial spirit                   Small Businesses, Small           
as it meets its                          Disadvantaged Businesses,         
specific research and                    Women-Owned Small Businesses,     
development needs. In                    Historically Underutilized        
response to Executive                    Business Zone Small Business      
Order 13,329                             Concerns, Service-disabled        
encouraging innovation                   Veteran-owned Small Businesses,   
in Manufacturing, the                    and Historically Black Colleges   
SBIR program has                         and Minority Institutions.        
incorporated                                                               
manufacturing as a key                                                     
part of its Advanced                                                       
Materials, Chemical                                                        
Technology and                                                             
Manufacturing                                                              
Innovation topic.                                                          
Office of the Secretary of Defense - Office of Small Business Programs
Small Business          Any small        The Defense Small Business        
Innovation Research     business,        Innovation Research program is    
Program                 regardless of    made up of 12 participating       
                           type             components: Army, Navy, Air       
                                            Force, Missile Defense Agency,    
                                            Defense Advanced Research         
                                            Projects Agency, Chemical         
                                            Biological Defense, Special       
                                            Operations Command, Defense       
                                            Threat Reduction Agency, National 
                                            Geospatial-Intelligence Agency,   
                                            and the Office of the Secretary   
                                            of Defense. Beginning in fiscal   
                                            year 2007, the Defense Logistics  
                                            Agency and the Defense            
                                            Micro-Electronics Activity became 
                                            participating components. The     
                                            program funds early-stage         
                                            research and development at small 
                                            technology companies and is       
                                            designed to stimulate             
                                            technological innovation,         
                                            increase private sector           
                                            commercialization of federal      
                                            research and development,         
                                            increase small business           
                                            participation in federally funded 
                                            research and development, and     
                                            foster participation by minority  
                                            and disadvantaged firms in        
                                            technological innovation.         
Small Business          Any small        The Defense Small Business        
Technology Transfer     business,        Technology Transfer (STTR)        
Program                 regardless of    program is made up of 6           
                           type             participating components: Army,   
                                            Navy, Air Force, Missile Defense  
                                            Agency, Defense Advanced Research 
                                            Projects Agency, and Defense      
                                            Research and Engineering. STTR    
                                            competitively funds cooperative   
                                            research and development projects 
                                            involving a small business and a  
                                            research institution, such as a   
                                            university, federally-funded      
                                            research and development center,  
                                            or nonprofit research             
                                            institution. The purpose of STTR  
                                            is to create an effective vehicle 
                                            for moving ideas from the         
                                            nation's research institutions to 
                                            the market, where they can        
                                            benefit both private sector and   
                                            military customers.               
Mentor-Protege Program  Any small        The Mentor-Protege program        
Division of Industrial  business,        assists certain small businesses  
Innovation and          regardless of    (Proteges) to successfully        
Partnerships            type             compete for prime contract and    
                                            subcontract awards by partnering  
                                            with large companies (Mentors)    
                                            under individual, project-based   
                                            agreements. Mentors and Proteges  
                                            are solely responsible for        
                                            finding their counterpart. Many   
                                            mentors have made the program an  
                                            integral part of their sourcing   
                                            plans; while the proteges have    
                                            used their involvement to develop 
                                            much needed business and          
                                            technical capabilities to         
                                            diversify their customer base.    
                                            This program is operated through  
                                            the Air Force, Army, Navy,        
                                            Defense Information Systems       
                                            Agency, Defense Contracts         
                                            Management Agency, Defense        
                                            Intelligence Agency, Defense      
                                            Logistics Agency, National        
                                            Geospatial-Intelligence Agency,   
                                            Special Operations Command,       
                                            National Security Agency, Joint   
                                            Robotics Program, and Missile     
                                            Defense Agency.                   
                                            Industry-University Cooperative   
                                            Research Centers Program          
Women-Owned Small       Any small        The Defense Women-Owned Small     
Business Program The    business,        Business (WOSB) program           
Industry/University     regardless of    highlights the agency's efforts   
Cooperative Research    type             to achieve the 5 percent goal for 
Centers (I/URC) Program                  prime and subcontract awards to   
develops long-term                       small business concerns owned and 
partnerships among                       controlled by women. The program  
industry, academic                       objectives are to facilitate,     
institutions, and                        preserve, and strengthen full     
government for                           participation for WOSB concerns   
technology development,                  in the Defense acquisition        
but not deployment. The                  programs for goods and services   
centers are catalyzed                    and, through programs and         
by a small investment                    activities. It supports the       
from National Science                    growth of WOSB concerns through   
Foundation (NSF) and                     outreach, training, and technical 
are primarily supported                  assistance. All Defense           
by industry center                       subcontracting plans are required 
members, with NSF                        to have a separate goal for       
taking a supporting                      awards to WOSBs. Source: GAO      
role in their                            data.                             
development and                                                            
evolution. Each center                                                     
is established to                                                          
conduct research that                                                      
is of interest to both                                                     
the industry and the                                                       
center. The                                                                
partnerships feature                                                       
high-quality,                                                              
industrially relevant                                                      
fundamental research,                                                      
strong industrial                                                          
support of and                                                             
collaboration in                                                           
research, and direct                                                       
transfer of university                                                     
developed ideas,                                                           
research results, and                                                      
technology to U.S.                                                         
industry to improve its                                                    
competitive posture in                                                     
world markets. All the                                                     
companies will be                                                          
eligible to become a                                                       
member of the Centers                                                      
starting in the fall of                                                    
2007. NSF can partially                                                    
subsidize membership                                                       
for Small Business                                                         
Innovation Research                                                        
awardee firms.                                                             
Regional Councils for   Any small        The Defense Regional Councils for 
Small Business          business,        Small Business Education and      
Education and Advocacy  regardless of    Advocacy are a nationwide network 
Table 38: Services      type             of small business specialists     
Provided by National                     organized to promote the national 
Science Foundation                       small business programs of the    
Programs by Agency,                      United States. There are eight    
Target Businesses, and                   Regional Councils sponsored by    
Type of Services                         the Defense Office of Small       
                                            Business Programs governed by     
                                            individual by-laws: Northeast,    
                                            Mid-Atlantic, District of         
                                            Columbia, Southeastern, North     
                                            Central, South Central, Pacific   
                                            Northwest, and Western. The       
                                            Council's primary objective is to 
                                            promote the national small        
                                            business programs to include      
                                            small, historically underutilized 
                                            business zone (HUBZone) small,    
                                            small disadvantaged, women-owned  
                                            small, and veteran-owned small    
                                            business concerns; historically   
                                            black colleges and universities;  
                                            minority institutions; and tribal 
                                            colleges. Additional objectives   
                                            include promoting the exchange of 
                                            ideas and experiences, and        
                                            general information among small   
                                            business specialists and the      
                                            contracting community; and        
                                            developing closer relationships   
                                            and better communication among    
                                            government entities and the small 
                                            business community. Some Councils 
                                            invite Small Business Liaison     
                                            Officers representing prime       
                                            contractors in an effort to       
                                            promote small business            
                                            subcontracting.                   
Service Disabled        Any small        Defense conducts outreach to      
Veteran-Owned Small     business,        identify small business concerns  
Business Program Type   regardless of    that are owned and controlled by  
of service              type             service-disabled veterans. The    
                                            purpose of this outreach is to    
                                            improve prime and subcontracting  
                                            opportunities for service         
                                            disabled veteran-owned small      
                                            businesses throughout Defense     
                                            including the military services   
                                            and other Defense agencies.       
                                            Agency and program                
Indian Incentive        Any business,    The Indian Incentive Program is a 
Program                 regardless of    congressionally authorized        
                           size or type     program that provides a rebate to 
                           Financial        the Prime Contractor of 5-percent 
                                            of the total amount subcontracted 
                                            to an Indian-Owned Economic       
                                            Enterprise or Indian              
                                            Organization. The program         
                                            motivates Prime contractors to    
                                            utilize Indian organization and   
                                            Indian-owned economic             
                                            enterprises. Defense prime        
                                            contractors, regardless of size   
                                            of contract are eligible for      
                                            incentive payments. This is more  
                                            of a monetary incentive for       
                                            primes that will contract with    
                                            Indian organizations, thus        
                                            benefit those organizations by    
                                            giving increased opportunities.   
                                            Technology development and/or     
                                            deployment                        
HUBZone Empowerment     Any small        The purpose of the Historically   
Contracting Program     business,        Underutilized Business Zone       
Export                  regardless of    Empowerment Contracting Program   
                           type Worker      is to stimulate economic          
                           training         development and create jobs in    
                                            urban and rural communities by    
                                            providing federal contracting     
                                            preferences to small businesses.  
                                            The program provides federal      
                                            contracting opportunities for     
                                            qualified small businesses        
                                            located in distressed areas.      
Office of Small         Any small        The mission of the Office of      
Business Programs       business,        Small Business Programs is to (1) 
                           regardless of    advise the Secretary of Defense   
                           type Engineering on all matters related to small   
                           Research Centers business; (2) represent the       
                                            Secretary of Defense on major     
                                            matters addressed at the Office   
                                            of the Secretary of Defense       
                                            level; (3) develop Defense-wide   
                                            small business policy and provide 
                                            oversight to ensure compliance by 
                                            all military departments and      
                                            defense agencies; and (4) provide 
                                            military departments, Defense     
                                            agencies, and Procurement         
                                            Technical Assistance Centers with 
                                            training and tools to foster an   
                                            environment that encourages small 
                                            business participation in defense 
                                            acquisition. The Office of Small  
                                            Business Programs has the full    
                                            range of authority over Defense   
                                            small business programs. Any      
                                            business, regardless of size or   
                                            type                              
Office of the Secretary of Defense - Office of Technology Transition
Defense Production Act  Any business,    Title III of the Defense          
Title III Program       regardless of    Production Act of 1950, ch. 932,  
                           size or type     64 Stat. 798 (Sept. 8, 1950),     
                                            authorizes the federal government 
                                            to provide appropriate incentives 
                                            to develop, maintain, modernize,  
                                            and expand the productive         
                                            capacities of domestic sources    
                                            for critical components, critical 
                                            technology items, and industrial  
                                            resources essential for the       
                                            execution of the national         
                                            security strategy of the United   
                                            States. The purposes of a Title   
                                            III project is to create a        
                                            commercially viable domestic      
                                            industrial capability for         
                                            affordable, high quality, high    
                                            performance products that are     
                                            essential to national defense.    
                                            Additionally, sources             
                                            incentivized under Title III are  
                                            intended to be competitive in the 
                                            global market and remain a        
                                            reliable supplier for Defense and 
                                            its industry partners. X          

Source: GAO data. Division of Industrial Innovation and Partnerships

Table 12: Services Provided by Department of Defense Programs by Agency,
Target Businesses, and Type of Services Small Business Technology Transfer
Program

                                                                                         Type of service
                                                                           Technology       Technical,                                          
Agency and        Target                                               development and/or  business, or                                         
program           businesses                            Financial          deployment       management         Export        Worker training    
Department of the Air Force
Technology        Small                                                                                                                         
Insertion,        businesses                                                                                                                    
Demonstration,    engaged in                                                                                                                    
and Evaluation    manufacturing                    Industry-University                                                                          
Program           Industrial                           Cooperative       Any business,                                                          
                  Innovation and                    Research Centers   regardless of size                                                       
                  Partnerships                           Program            or type              X                                  X           
Department of the Air Force - Air Force Outreach Program Office
Manufacturing     Small                                                X Appendix XVIII:                                                        
Technical         businesses                                             Small Business                                                         
Assistance        engaged in                                            Administration -                                                        
Production        manufacturing                                          Programs that      X Table 39:                                         
Program           Source: GAO                                          Offer Services to  Small Business  Agency, office,                       
                  data.                                                      Small        Administration    and program                         
                                                                       Manufacturers and   Programs That  Agency, office,                       
                                                                       Types of Services  Offer Services    and program                         
                                                                        Appendix XVIII:      to Small     Agency, office,                       
                                                                         Small Business     Businesses      and program                         
                                                                        Administration -    Engaged in    Agency, office,  X Target businesses  
                                                                         Programs that     Manufacturing    and program     Target businesses   
                                                                       Offer Services to    by Agency,    Agency, office,   Target businesses   
                                                                             Small            Target        and program     Target businesses   
                                                                       Manufacturers and  Businesses, and Agency, office,   Target businesses   
                                                                       Types of Services      Purpose       and program     Target businesses   
Department of the Air Force - Manufacturing Technology Division
Industrial Base   Any business,   Any small           The Pollution                                                                             
Information       regardless of   business,           Control Loans                                                           The Qualified     
Center            size or type    regardless of    program is designed                                                     Employee Trusts Loan 
                  Pollution       type                 to provide                                                          Program is designed  
                  Control Loan                        financing to                                                         to provide financial 
                  Program                            eligible small                                                           assistance to     
                                                   businesses for the                                                         employee stock    
                                                    planning, design,                                                      ownership plans. The 
                                                   or installation of                                                      employee trust must  
                                                   a pollution control                                                      be part of a plan   
                                                     facility. This                                                          sponsored by the   
                                                      facility must                                                        employer company and 
                                                    prevent, reduce,                                                         qualified under    
                                                    abate or control                                                        regulations set by  
                                                       any form of                                                         either the Internal  
                                                       pollution,                                                          Revenue Service Code 
                                                        including                                                            (as an Employee    
                                                     recycling. The                                                        Stock Ownership Plan 
                                                     loans are Small                                                         or ESOP) or the    
                                                      Business Act                                                         Department of Labor  
                                                   Section 7(a) loans                                        Any small        (the Employee     
                                                     with a special                         X Qualified      business,      Retirement Income   
                                                       purpose of                         Employee Trusts  regardless of     Security Act or    
                                                   pollution control.                      Loan Program         type             ERISA).        
Department of the Air Force - Technology Transfer Branch Section 7(a) Loan Guarantees
Technology        Any business,   U.S. Community                           X The U.S.                                                           
Transfer Program  regardless of   Adjustment and                           Community                                                            
Section 7(a) Loan size or type    Investment                             Adjustment and                                                         
Guarantees help                   Program                              Investment Program                                                       
creditworthy                                                           was established to                                                       
small businesses,                                                         assist U.S.                                                           
including                                                              companies that are                                                       
manufacturers,                                                         doing business in                                                        
meet financing                                                            areas of the                                                          
needs when                                                             country that have                                                        
dealing with                                                            been negatively                                                         
commercial                                                             affected by North                                                        
bankers. These                                                           American Free                                                          
firms are often                                                         Trade Agreement                                                         
denied                                                                  (NAFTA) based on                                                        
conventional                                                           job losses and the                                                       
financing because                                                      unemployment rate.                                                       
the loans they                                                         Funds administered                                                       
seek are too                                                           by Treasury allow                                                        
small for private                                                      for the payment of                                                       
banks to pursue                                                         fees on eligible                                                        
or because they                                                        loans. These fees                                                        
need loans for a                                                          include the                                                           
longer period of                                                          Section 7(a)                                                          
time than a                                                            program guarantee                                                        
lender is willing                                                      fee (and subsidy)                                                        
to accept. This                                                         and the Section                                                         
is the Small                                                             504 Certified                                                          
Business                                                                  Development                                                           
Administration's                                                         Company (CDC)                                                          
most flexible                                                          Program guarantee,                                                       
business loan,                                                           CDC and lender                                                         
and can be used                                                        fees. This reduces                                                       
for a variety of                                                       borrower costs and                                                       
general business                                                         increases the                                                          
purposes                                                                availability of                                                         
including working                                                        these business                                                         
capital machinery                                                          assistance                                                           
and equipment,                                                             programs.                                                            
furniture and                                                            Eligibility is                                                         
fixtures, land                                                             limited to                                                           
and building,                                                           businesses that                                                         
leasehold                                                               reside in one of                                                        
improvements, and                                                      the more than 230                                                        
debt refinancing                                                         counties in 29                                                         
(under special                                                          states that are                                                         
conditions).                                                               currently                                                            
                                                                         designated as                      Export Legal                        
                                                   Any small business,     negatively                        Assistance    Any small business,  
                                                   regardless of type  affected by NATA.         X            Network       regardless of type  
Department of the Army - Joint Munitions Command Any small business, regardless of type
Armament          Any business,   Any small                                               SBA Export      Any small        The Export Express   
Retooling and     regardless of   business,                                               Express         business,        provides loans to    
Manufacturing     size or type    regardless of                                                           regardless of    assist small         
Support Program   International   type                                                                    type             businesses in        
                  Trade Loan                                                                                               developing or        
                                                                                                                           expanding export     
                                                                                                                           markets. Eligible    
                                                                                                                           use of proceeds      
                                                                                                                           include: 1)          
                                                                                                                           financing            
                                                     X International                                                       export-development   
                                                    Trade Loans help                                                       activities such as   
                                                    small businesses                                                       participation in a   
                                                       engaged in                                                          foreign trade show   
                                                       exporting,                                                          or translation of    
                                                   preparing to engage                                                     product literature,  
                                                    in exporting, or                                                       2)                   
                                                   adversely affected                                                      transaction-specific 
                                                   by competition from                                                     financing for        
                                                     imports. Small                                                        overseas orders, 3)  
                                                        Business                                                           revolving lines of   
                                                     Administration                                                        credit for export    
                                                   guarantees as much                                                      purposes, 4)         
                                                   as $1.25 million in                                                     acquiring,           
                                                        combined                                                           constructing,        
                                                   working-capital and                                                     renovating,          
                                                     facilities and                                                        improving or         
                                                    equipment loans.                                                       expanding facilities 
                                                     Proceeds can be                                                       or equipment used in 
                                                     used for fixed                                                        the U.S. to produce  
                                                    assets or working                                                      goods or services    
                                                        capital.                                                           for export.          
Department of the Navy - Best Manufacturing Practices Center of Excellence U.S. Export Assistance Centers
Best              Any business    Surety Guarantee                     Through the Surety                                                       
Manufacturing     engaged in      Program                              Guarantee program,                                                       
Practices Program manufacturing,                                       the Small Business                                                       
U.S. Export       regardless of                                          Administration                                                         
Assistance        size                                                     (SBA) can                                                            
Centers are                                                             guarantee bonds                                                         
multi-federal                                                           for contracts up                                                        
agency offices                                                           to $2 million,                                                         
that provide                                                             covering bid,                                                          
marketing,                                                              performance and                                                         
product                                                                payment bonds for                                                        
assistance and                                                         small and emerging                                                       
financial                                                               contractors who                                                         
assistance to                                                            cannot obtain                                                          
small- and                                                                surety bonds                                                          
medium-size U.S.                                                        through regular                                                         
businesses that                                                            commercial                                                           
would like to                                                           channels. SBA's                                                         
export. Twenty                                                          guarantee gives                                                         
centers are                                                               sureties an                                                           
nationwide.                                                               incentive to                                                          
                                                                        provide bonding                                                         
                                                                          for eligible                                                          
                                                                        contractors, and                                                        
                                                                            thereby                                                             
                                                                         strengthens a                                                          
                                                                          contractor's                                                          
                                                                       ability to obtain                                                        
                                                                          bonding and                                                           
                                                                       greater access to                                                        
                                                                          contracting                                                           
                                                                        opportunities. A                                                        
                                                                       surety guarantee,                                                        
                                                                          an agreement                                                          
                                                                        between a surety                                                        
                                                                          and the SBA,                                                          
                                                                       provides that SBA                                                        
                                                                         will assume a                                                          
                                                                         predetermined                                                          
                                                                       percentage of loss                                                       
                                                                        in the event the                                                        
                                                                       contractor should                   Small Business                       
                                                   Any small business,  breach the terms                     Investment    Any small business,  
                                                   regardless of type   of the contract.         X           Companies      regardless of type  
Department of the Navy - Space and Naval Warfare Systems Center Charleston
Defense Small     Small                                                                   X The Certified                                       
Business          businesses                                                                Development                                         
Technology and    engaged in                                                                  Company                                           
Readiness         manufacturing                                                             Guaranteed                                          
Resources Any     CAPlines is a                                                           Loans (Section                                        
small business,   loan umbrella                                                           504) loans are                                        
regardless of     program that                                                               long-term                                          
type              provides                                                                financing tools                                       
                  short-term and                                                           for economic                                         
                  cyclical                                                                  development                                         
                  working-capital                                                            within a                                           
                  needs. There                                                            community. The                                        
                  are five                                                                  Section 504                                         
                  short-term                                                                  program                                           
                  working capital                                                            provides                                           
                  loan programs                                                               growing                                           
                  for small                                                               businesses with                                       
                  businesses                                                                long-term,                                          
                  under this                                                                fixed-rate                                          
                  program:                                                                 financing for                                        
                  Seasonal Line;                                                            major fixed                                         
                  Contract Line;                                                          assets, such as                                       
                  Builders Line;                                                             land and                                           
                  Standard                                                                 buildings. A                                         
                  Asset-based                                                                Certified                                          
                  Line, and;                                                                Development                                         
                  Small                                                                    Company (CDC)                                        
                  Asset-Based                                                             is a nonprofit                                        
                  Line. This is a                                                         corporation set                                       
                  Section 7(a)                                                                 up to                                            
                  program.                                                                 contribute to                                        
                                                                                           the economic                                         
                                                                                          development of                                        
                                                                                          its community.                                        
                                                                                          CDCs work with                                        
                                                                                             the Small                                          
                                                                                             Business                                           
                                                                                          Administration                                        
                                                                                             (SBA) and                                          
                                                                                          private-sector                                        
                                                                                            lenders to                                          
                                                                                              provide                                           
                                                                                           financing to                                         
                                                                                               small                                            
                                                                                          businesses. The                                       
                                                                                            maximum SBA                                         
                                                                                           debenture is                                         
                                                                                          $1,500,000 when                                       
                                                                                          meeting the job                                       
                                                                                             creation                                           
                                                                                           criteria or a                                        
                                                                                             community                                          
                                                                                            development                                         
                                                                                               goal.                                            
                                                                                           Generally, a                                         
                                                                                           business must                                        
                                                                                             create or                                          
                                                                                          retain one job                                        
                                                                                             for every                                          
                                                                                              $50,000                                           
                                                                                          provided by the                                       
                                                                                          SBA except for                                        
                                                                                              "Small                                            
                                                                                          Manufacturers"                                        
                                                                                           which have a                                         
                                                                                           $100,000 job                                         
                                                                                            creation or                                         
                                                                                          retention goal                                        
                                                                                          (see below).The                                       
                                                                                            maximum SBA                                         
                                                                                           debenture is                                         
                                                                                           $2.0 million                                         
                                                                                          when meeting a                                        
                                                                                           public policy                                        
                                                                                          goal. Proceeds                                        
                                                                                          from 504 loans                                        
                                                                                           must be used                                         
                                                                                          for fixed asset                                       
                                                                                           projects such                                        
                                                                                          as: purchasing                                        
                                                                                             land and                                           
                                                                                           improvements,                                        
                                                                                             including                                          
                                                                                             existing                                           
                                                                                            buildings,                                          
                                                                                          grading, street                                       
                                                                                           improvements,                                        
                                                                                            utilities,                                          
                                                                                           parking lots                                         
                                                                                                and                                             
                                                                                           landscaping;                                         
                                                                                          construction of                                       
                                                                                          new facilities,                                       
                                                                                          or modernizing,                                       
                                                                                           renovating or                                        
                                                                                            converting                                          
                                                                                             existing                                           
                                                                                          facilities; or                                        
                                                                                            purchasing                                          
                                                                                             long-term                                          
                                                                                           machinery and                                        
                                                                                          equipment. The                                        
                                                                                            Section 504                                         
                                                                                          Program cannot                                        
                                                                                            be used for                                         
                                                                                          working capital                                       
                                                                                           or inventory,                                        
                                                        Certified                          consolidating                                        
                                                   Development Company     Any small        or repaying                     X Defense Loan and  
                                                    Guaranteed Loans       business,         debt, or                      Technical Assistance 
                                                      (Section 504)    regardless of type  refinancing.                          Program        
Office of the Secretary of Defense The Defense Loan and Technical Assistance Program (DELTA) program is designed to help eligible small
business contractors shift from defense to civilian markets. Small businesses are eligible for financial and technical assistance if they are
prime contractors, subcontractors, or suppliers detrimentally impacted by the closure, or substantial reduction, of a Defense installation or
program, or if the community they are in has been detrimentally impacted by such actions. Financial assistance is provided through the Small
Business Administration's existing Section 7(a) and Section 504 programs. Technical assistance is provided through small business development
centers, SCORE, and other federal agencies and other providers. It is a joint program with Defense. To be eligible for this program, small
businesses must have derived at least 25 percent of its revenues from Defense or Defense-related Energy contracts or subcontracts in support of
defense prime contracts in any one of five prior operating years.
Next Generation   Any business    The                                                                                                           
Manufacturing     engaged in      Prequalification                                                                                              
Technology        manufacturing,  Loan is a pilot                                                                                               
Initiative Loan   regardless of   program that                                                                                                  
Prequalification  size Any small  helps low income                                                                                              
                  business,       borrowers,                                                                                                    
                  regardless of   disabled                                                                                                      
                  type            business owners,                                                                                              
                                  new and emerging                                                         The Microloan                        
                                  businesses,                                                             Program provides                      
                                  veterans,                                                               very small loans                      
                                  exporters, rural                                                          to start-up,                        
                                  and specialized                                                              newly                            
                                  industries                                                              established, or                       
                                  develop viable                                                           growing small                        
                                  loan application                                                          businesses.                         
                                  packages and                                                               Under this                         
                                  secure loans up                                                           program, the                        
                                  to $250,000. The                                                         Small Business                       
                                  program is                                                               Administration                       
                                  administered by                                                           makes funds                         
                                  the Small                                                                 available to                        
                                  Business                                                                   nonprofit                          
                                  Administration's                                                        community based                       
                                  (SBA) Office of                                                             lenders                           
                                  Field Operations                                                        (intermediaries)                      
                                  and SBA district                                                        which, in turn,                       
                                  offices.                                                                 make loans to                        
                                  Intermediary                                                                eligible                          
                                  organizations                                                             borrowers in                        
                                  work with                                                               amounts up to a                       
                                  applicants to                                                              maximum of                         
                                  make sure their                                                           $35,000. The                        
                                  business plans                                                            average loan                        
                                  are complete and                                                         size is about                        
                                  that their                                                                  $13,000.                          
                                  applications are                                                        Applications are                      
                                  eligible and                                                            submitted to the                      
                                  have credit                                                             local lender and                      
                                  merit. If the                                                              all credit                         
                                  intermediary                                                             decisions are                        
                                  organization is                                                           made at the                         
                                  satisfied that                                                            local level.                        
                                  the application                                                         Individuals and                       
                                  has a chance for                                                        small businesses                      
                                  approval, it                                                              applying for                        
                                  will send it to                                                          microloans may                       
                                  SBA for                                                                  be required to                       
                                  processing.                                                             fulfill training                      
                                  Small Business                                                          and/or planning                       
                                  Development                                                               requirements                        
                                  Centers serving                                                          before a loan                        
                                  as                                                                       application is                       
                                  intermediaries                                                          considered, and                       
                                  do not charge                                                             lenders are                         
                                  fees for loan                                                             required to                         
                                  packaging, while                                          X Any small   provide business                      
                                  for-profit                                                 business,      training and                        
                                  organizations                           X Microloan      regardless of     technical                          
                                  charge fees.              X               Program            type         assistance.                         
TechMatch         Any business,   Any business,     The Disaster Loan                                                                           
                  regardless of   regardless of      Program offers                                                                             
                  size or type    size or type        low-interest,                                                                             
                  Disaster                         long-term financial                                                                          
                  Assistance                            loans to                                                                                
                                                       homeowners,                                                                              
                                                      renters, and                                                                              
                                                    businesses of all                                                                           
                                                     sizes that are                                                                             
                                                    trying to rebuild                                                                           
                                                     their homes and                                                                            
                                                    businesses in the                                                                           
                                                     aftermath of a                                                                             
                                                   disaster. Two types                                                                          
                                                   of loans--Physical                                                                           
                                                      Disaster and                                                                              
                                                        Economic                                                                                
                                                       Injury--are                                                                              
                                                   available. Physical                                                                          
                                                   Disaster Loans are                                                                           
                                                      available to                                                                              
                                                    businesses of all                                                                           
                                                   sizes and nonprofit                                                                          
                                                    organizations for                                                                           
                                                        permanent                                                                               
                                                     rebuilding and                                                                             
                                                     replacement of                                                                             
                                                      uninsured or                                                                              
                                                      underinsured                                                                              
                                                    disaster- damaged                                                                           
                                                     privately-owned                                                                            
                                                       real and/or                                                                              
                                                   personal property.                                                                           
                                                    This is the only                                                                            
                                                   SBA assistance that                                                                          
                                                    is not limited to                                                                           
                                                    small businesses.                                                                           
                                                     Economic Injury                                                                            
                                                   Disaster Loans are                                                                           
                                                    available only to                                                                           
                                                   small businesses to                                                                          
                                                    provide necessary                                                                           
                                                     working capital                                                                            
                                                      until normal                           Office of                                          
                                                    operations resume                     Entrepreneurial                                       
                                                    after a disaster.          X            Development                           SCORE         
Technology        Any business,   Small Business                        X Small Business                                                        
Transition        regardless of   Development                             Development                                                           
Initiative SCORE  size or type    Centers                                Centers (SBDC)                                                         
uses the                                                                serve as central                                                        
management                                                                sources for                                                           
experience and                                                           disseminating                                                          
business acumen                                                         information and                                                         
of retired and                                                         guidance to small                                                        
active corporate                                                          businesses,                                                           
professionals and                                                       company owners,                                                         
small business                                                         and entrepreneurs,                                                       
owners who                                                                many of whom                                                          
volunteer their                                                          cannot afford                                                          
time and                                                               private consulting                                                       
expertise to                                                           services. There is                                                       
assist small                                                           at least one SBDC                                                        
businesses and                                                           in each state,                                                         
prospective                                                               each with a                                                           
businesses.                                                            network of service                                                       
Counseling                                                               locations, to                                                          
services are free                                                       ensure that they                                                        
and business                                                               are easily                                                           
workshops and                                                            accessible. At                                                         
seminars are at                                                         least 50 percent                                                        
low cost. SCORE                                                          of clients are                                                         
pioneered online                                                       small businesses.                                                        
counseling with                                                         The program is a                                                        
the launch of its                                                      cooperative effort                                                       
Cyber Chapter in                                                         of the private                                                         
1996.                                                                     sector, the                                                           
                                                                          educational                                                           
                                                                         community and                                                          
                                                                       federal, state and                                                       
                                                                       local governments.                                                       
                                                                         Most SBDCs can                                                         
                                                                           help with                                                            
                                                                           marketing,                                                           
                                                                           financing,                                                           
                                                                          feasibility                                                           
                                                                       studies, technical                                                       
                                                                         problems, and                                                          
                                                                       financing issues.                                                        
                                                                          Special SBDC                                                          
                                                                          programs and                                                          
                                                                            economic                                                            
                                                                          development                                                           
                                                                       activities include                                                       
                                                                         international                                                          
                                                                       trade assistance,                                                        
                                                                         technology and                                                         
                                                                         manufacturing                                                          
                                                                           technical                                                            
                                                                          assistance,                                                           
                                                                          procurement                                                           
                                                                          assistance,                                                           
                                                                        venture capital                                                         
                                                                         formation and                                                          
                                                                       rural development.                                                       
                                                                         SBDCs focus on                                                         
                                                                           providing                                                            
                                                                         extended-term                                                          
                                                                         counseling to                                                          
                                                                        small businesses                                                        
                                                                          rather than                                                           
                                                   Any small business,     short-term                     Women's Business Any small business,  
                                                   regardless of type     assistance.                         Centers       regardless of type  
Manufacturing     Any business    Any small            X The Small                                                                              
Technology        engaged in      business,         Business Training                                                                           
Program           manufacturing,  regardless of     Network provides                                                                            
                  regardless of   type             online training to                                                                           
                  size Small                            meet the                            X Office of                                         
                  Business                         informational needs                      Government                                          
                  Training                         of prospective and                     Contracting and                                       
                  Network                            existing small                          Business                       X Prime Contracts   
                                                       businesses.             X            Development          X               Program        
Defense Industry  Any business,   Subcontracting                                                                                                
Adjustment The    regardless of   Assistance                                                                                                    
Prime Contracts   size or type    Program                                                                                                       
Program helps                                                                                                                                   
increase small                                                                                                                                  
businesses' share                                                                                                                               
of government                                                                                                                                   
contracts. Small                                                                                                                                
Business                                                                                                                                        
Administration                                                                                                                                  
(SBA) procurement                                                                                                                               
center                                                                                                                                          
representatives                                                                                                                                 
(PCR), located at                                                                                                                               
SBA procurement                                                                                                                                 
area offices and                                                                                                                                
federal buying                                                                                                                                  
centers across                                                                                                                                  
the country, help                                                                                                                               
small businesses                                                                                                                                
obtain federal                                                                                                                                  
contracts. There                                                       The Subcontracting                                                       
are two types of                                                       Assistance Program                                                       
PCRs: traditional                                                      promotes the prime                                                       
and breakout.                                                           contractors' use                                                        
Traditional PCRs                                                            of small                                                            
work to increase                                                       businesses. Small                                                        
the number of                                                               Business                                                            
procurements set                                                        Administration's                                                        
aside for small                                                            commercial                                                           
businesses.                                                                marketing                                                            
Breakout PCRs                                                           representatives                                                         
work to remove                                                             review the                                                           
components or                                                            subcontracting                                                         
spare parts from                                                         plans of prime                                                         
sole source                                                             contractors that                                                        
procurements to                                                         have one or more                                                        
procurements                                                             contracts that                                                         
through open                                                           exceed $500,000 to                                                       
competition,                                                                identify                                                            
which generates                                                        opportunities for                   X Business or                        
savings for the                                        X Any small      small businesses                    Procurement        X Any small      
federal                                                 business,         to serve as                       Matchmaking    business, regardless 
government.                                        regardless of type   subcontractors.          X           Initiative          of type        
TechLink          Any business,   Any small           X The Natural                                                                             
                  regardless of   business,             Resources                                                                               
                  size or type    regardless of    Assistance Program                                                                           
                  Natural         type               is intended to                                                                             
                  Resources                         ensure that small                                                                           
                  Assistance                       businesses obtain a                                                                          
                  Program                             fair share of                                                                             
                                                   government property                                                                          
                                                    sales and leases                                                                            
                                                      through small                                                                             
                                                        business                                                             The Historically   
                                                     set-asides. The                                                          Underutilized     
                                                     Small Business                                                           Business Zone     
                                                   Administration also                                                          (HUBZone)       
                                                   provides counseling                                                         Empowerment      
                                                        and other                                                          Contracting Program  
                                                   assistance to small                                                     stimulates economic  
                                                      businesses on                                                          development and    
                                                    government sales                                                         creates jobs in    
                                                    and leasing. The                                                         urban and rural    
                                                   program covers five                                                        communities by    
                                                      categories of                                                         providing federal   
                                                   federal resources:                                                          contracting      
                                                      1) timber and                                                        preferences to small 
                                                     related forest                                                         businesses. These   
                                                      products, 2)                                                          preferences go to   
                                                   strategic materials                                                       small businesses   
                                                    from the national                                                      that obtain HUBZone  
                                                      stockpile, 3)                                                         certification by,   
                                                     royalty oil, 4)                                                       among other things,  
                                                    leases involving                                                       employing staff and  
                                                   rights to minerals,                                       Any small        maintaining a     
                                                   coal, oil, and gas,                    X Historically     business,     principal office in  
                                                   5) surplus real and                     Underutilized   regardless of       a designated     
                                                   personal property.          X          Business Zones        type             HUBZone.       
MilTech Section   Small           The Small                                                                                                     
8(a) Business     businesses      Business Act                                                               The Mentor                         
Development       engaged in      Section 8(a)                                                            Protege program                       
Program           manufacturing   Program focuses                                                           enhances the                        
                  Any small       on business                                                              capability of                        
                  business,       development and                                                           Section 8(a)                        
                  regardless of   is designed to                                                          participants to                       
                  type            foster the                                                                compete more                        
                                  growth and                                                              successfully for                      
                                  competitive                                                                 federal                           
                                  viability of                                                             contracts. The                       
                                  Section 8(a)                                                                program                           
                                  firms through                                                              encourages                         
                                  technical                                                                private sector                       
                                  assistance                                                               relationships                        
                                  delivered over a                                                        and expands the                       
                                  9-year period.                                                           Small Business                       
                                  One of the                                                              Administration's                      
                                  benefits of the                                                            efforts to                         
                                  program is that                                                           identify and                        
                                  Section 8(a)                                                             respond to the                       
                                  firms, through                                                           developmental                        
                                  their own                                                               needs of Section                      
                                  self-marketing                                                           8(a) clients.                        
                                  efforts, can                                                            Mentors provide                       
                                  obtain sole                                                              technical and                        
                                  source contracts                                                           management                         
                                  of up to $5.5                                                             assistance,                         
                                  million for                                                                financial                          
                                  manufacturing                                                            assistance in                        
                                  and $3.5 million                                                          the form of                         
                                  for all other                                                                equity                           
                                  purposes that                                                             investments                         
                                  federal agencies                                                         and/or loans,                        
                                  make available                                                            subcontract                         
                                  for the Section                                                           support, and                        
                                  8(a) program.                                                            assistance in                        
                                  Qualified firms                                                         performing prime                      
                                  can also                                                                   contracts                          
                                  participate in                                                           through joint                        
                                  restricted                                                X Any small       venture                           
                                  competitions for                                           business,      arrangements                        
                                  federal                               X Mentor-Protege   regardless of    with Section                        
                                  contracts.                X               Program            type         8(a) firms.             X           
Defense Technical Any business,                                                                                                                 
Information       regardless of                                                                                                                 
Center Any small  size or type                                                                                                                  
business,         The Small                                                                                                                     
regardless of     Disadvantaged                                                                                                                 
type              Businesses                                                                                                                    
                  (SDB)                                                                                                                         
                  Certification                                                                                                                 
                  Program makes                                                                                                                 
                  qualified small                                                                                                               
                  businesses                                                                                                                    
                  eligible for                                                                                                                  
                  special bidding                                                                                                               
                  benefits in                                                                                                                   
                  federal                                                                                                                       
                  procurement.                                                                                                                  
                  Under new                                                                                                                     
                  federal                                                                                                                       
                  procurement                                                                                                                   
                  regulations,                                                                                                                  
                  the Small                                                                                                                     
                  Business                                                                                                                      
                  Administration                                                                                                                
                  certifies SDBs                                                                                                                
                  for                                                                          X The                                            
                  participation                                                           Certificate of                                        
                  in federal                                                                Competency                                          
                  procurements to                                                         Program allows                                        
                  help overcome                                                               a small                                           
                  the effects of                                                            business to                                         
                  discrimination.                                                            appeal a                                           
                  Evaluation                                                                contracting                                         
                  credits                                                                    officer's                                          
                  available to                                                             determination                                        
                  prime                                                                     that it is                                          
                  contractors                                                                unable to                                          
                  increase                                                                  fulfill the                                         
                  subcontracting                                                          requirements of                                       
                  opportunities                                                             a specific                                          
                  for SDBs. While                                                           government                                          
                  the Section                                                               contract on                                         
                  8(a) Program                                                            which it is the                                       
                  offers a broad                                                           apparent low                                         
                  scope of                                                                 bidder. When                                         
                  assistance to                                                              the small                                          
                  socially and                                                               business                                           
                  economically                                                             applies for a                                        
                  disadvantaged                                                           Certificate of                                        
                  firms, SDB                                                              Competency, the                                       
                  certification                                                           Small Business                                        
                  strictly                                                                Administration                                        
                  pertains to                                                             industrial and                                        
                  benefits in                                                                financial                                          
                  federal                                                                   specialists                                         
                  procurement.                                                               conduct a                                          
                  Section 8(a)                                                            detailed review                                       
                  firms                                                                    of the firm's                                        
                  automatically                                            Any small      capabilities to                                       
                  qualify for SDB                    Certificate of        business,      perform on the                      Small Business    
                  certification.                   Competency Program  regardless of type    contract.                     Innovation Research  
Value Engineering Any business,   Small Business                       The Small Business                                                       
The Small         regardless of   Technology                               Technology                                                           
Business          size or type    Transfer Program                      Transfer Program                                                        
Innovation                                                               (STTR) expands                                                         
Research (SBIR)                                                             funding                                                             
program is                                                              opportunities in                                                        
designed to                                                               the federal                                                           
ensure that                                                                innovation                                                           
small,                                                                    research and                                                          
high-technology                                                        development (R&D)                                                        
firms have access                                                        arena through                                                          
to federal                                                               public/private                                                         
research and                                                                 sector                                                             
development (R&D)                                                       partnerships to                                                         
funds to pursue                                                        include the joint                                                        
advanced                                                                    venture                                                             
technologies and                                                       opportunities for                                                        
their commercial                                                       small business and                                                       
applications.                                                          nonprofit research                                                       
SBIR is a                                                              institutions. STTR                                                       
competitive                                                             is a competitive                                                        
three-phase                                                               three-phase                                                           
program that                                                              program that                                                          
reserves a                                                                 reserves a                                                           
specific                                                                    specific                                                            
percentage of R&D                                                        percentage of                                                          
funding at                                                                federal R&D                                                           
certain federal                                                        funding for award                                                        
agencies for                                                           to small business                                                        
awards to small                                                          and nonprofit                                                          
businesses.                                                                 research                                                            
Currently 11                                                              institution                                                           
other federal                                                            partners. Five                                                         
agencies provide                                                            federal                                                             
the grant funds                                                         departments and                                                         
and oversee the                                                          agencies (the                                                          
projects. The                                                            Departments of                                                         
Small Business                                                          Defense, Energy,                                                        
Administration                                                           and Health and                                                         
monitors the SBIR                                                      Human Services as                                                        
program and                                                               well as the                                                           
provides                                                                    National                                                            
guidance. SBIR                                                          Aeronautics and                                                         
funds the                                                                    Space                                                              
critical startup                                                       Administration and                                                       
and development                                                           the National                                                          
stages and it                                                               Science                                                             
encourages the                                                          Foundation) are                                                         
commercialization                                                       required by STTR                                                        
of the resulting                                                          to reserve a                                                          
technology,                                                             portion of their                                                        
product, or                                                              R&D funds for                                                          
service.                                                                awards to small                                                         
                                                                       business/nonprofit                                                       
                                                       X Any small          research                                                            
                                                        business,         institution                                      Any small business,  
                                                   regardless of type    partnerships.                        Sub-Net       regardless of type  
Office of the Secretary of Defense - Defense Logistics Agency
Procurement       Any business,                                                           X Section 7(j)                                        
Gateway Any small regardless of                                                            of the Small                                         
business,         size or type                                                             Business Act                                         
regardless of     Tech-Net is an                                                          authorized the                                        
type              electronic                                                              Small Business                                        
                  gateway of                                                              Administration                                        
                  technology                                                               to enter into                                        
                  information and                                                             grants,                                           
                  resources for                                                             cooperative                                         
                  and about small                                                          agreements or                                        
                  high tech                                                               contracts, with                                       
                  businesses. It                                                             public or                                          
                  includes a                                                                  private                                           
                  search engine                                                            organizations                                        
                  for                                                                       to deliver                                          
                  researchers,                                                             management or                                        
                  scientists,                                                                technical                                          
                  state, federal                                                           assistance to                                        
                  and local                                                               individuals and                                       
                  government                                                                enterprises                                         
                  officials; a                                                             eligible for                                         
                  marketing tool                                                            assistance                                          
                  for small                                                               under the Act.                                        
                  firms; and                                                              This assistance                                       
                  links to                                                                 is delivered                                         
                  potential                                                                 through the                                         
                  investment                                                               Section 7(j)                                         
                  opportunities                                                           Management and                                        
                  for investors                                                              Technical                                          
                  and other                                                                 Assistance                                          
                  sources of                                                                Program to                                          
                  capital. The                                                             Section 8(a)                                         
                  system is also                                                             certified                                          
                  linked to                                                                firms, small                                         
                  technology                                                               disadvantaged                                        
                  sources of                                                                businesses,                                         
                  information,                                                              businesses                                          
                  assistance, and                                                          operating in                                         
                  training.                                                                areas of high                                        
                                                                                          unemployment or                                       
                                                                                           low-income or                                        
                                                                                          firms owned by                                        
                                                                                            low-income                                          
                                                                                           individuals.                                         
                                                                                           The Section7                                         
                                                                                            (j) program                                         
                                                                                              grants,                                           
                                                                                            cooperative                                         
                                                                                           agreements or                                        
                                                                                           contracts are                                        
                                                                                            awarded to                                          
                                                                                             qualified                                          
                                                                                              service                                           
                                                                                           providers who                                        
                                                                                             have the                                           
                                                                                           capability to                                        
                                                                                              provide                                           
                                                                                             business                                           
                                                                                            development                                         
                                                                                           assistance to                                        
                                                                                           the eligible                                         
                                                                                           clients. The                                         
                                                                                           Section 7(j)                                         
                                                                                          program funding                                       
                                                                                              is not                                            
                                                                                           available to                                         
                                                                                             finance a                                          
                                                                                             business;                                          
                                                                                            purchase a                                          
                                                                                           business; or                                         
                                                                                              use as                                            
                                                                                             expansion                                          
                                                                                          capital for an                                        
                                                                                             existing                                           
                                                                                             business.                                          
                                                                                             Financial                                          
                                                                                            assistance                                          
                                                                                             under the                                          
                                                                                          program may be                                        
                                                                                             given for                                          
                                                                                           projects that                                        
                                                                                            respond to                                          
                                                                                          needs outlined                                        
                                                                                           in a Section                                         
                                                                                           7(j) program                                         
                                                                                           solicitation                                         
                                                                                           announcement,                                        
                                                                                             or for an                                          
                                                                                            unsolicited                                         
                                                                                           proposal that                                        
                                                                                           could provide                                        
                                                                                             valuable                                           
                                                                                             business                                           
                                                                                            development                                         
                                                                                          assistance for                                        
                                                                                           Section 8(a)                                         
                                                                                             and other                                          
                                                                                           socially and                                         
                                                                                           economically                                         
                                                                                           disadvantaged                                        
                                                                                               small                                            
                                                                                            businesses.                                         
                                                                                           Technical and                                        
                                                                                            management                                          
                                                                                            assistance                                          
                                                                                            includes an                                         
                                                                                             executive                                          
                                                                                             education                                          
                                                                                            program for                                         
                                                                           Any small        owners and                                          
                                                      Section 7(j)         business,          senior                        Office of Veterans  
                                                         program       regardless of type    officers.                     Business Development 
Business          Any business,   The                                                                                                           
Counseling Center regardless of   Service-Disabled                                                                                              
Service-Disabled  size or type    Veteran Owned                                                                                                 
Veteran Owned     Any small       Small Business                                                                                                
Small Business    business,       Concern                                                                                                       
Concern Program   regardless of   (SDVOSBC)                                                                                                     
                  type            Program                                                                                                       
                                  establishes the                                                                                               
                                  criteria to be                                                                                                
                                  used in federal                                                                                               
                                  contracting to                                                                                                
                                  determine                                                                                                     
                                  service-disabled                                                                                              
                                  veteran status;                                                                                               
                                  business                                                                                                      
                                  ownership and                                                                                                 
                                  control                                                                                                       
                                  requirements;                                                                                                 
                                  guidelines for                                                                                                
                                  establishing                                                                                                  
                                  sole source and                                                                                               
                                  set-aside                                                                                                     
                                  procurement                                                                Table 40:                          
                                  opportunities;                                                              Services                          
                                  and procurement                                                           Provided by                         
                                  protest and                                                              Small Business                       
                                  appeal                                                                   Administration                       
                                  procedures for                                                            Programs by                         
                                  service-disabled                                                         Agency, Target                       
                                  veteran owned                                                           Businesses, and                       
                                  small business.                      Source: GAO data.         X        Type of Services                      
Aging Systems     Any business,                                                                                                 Technology      
Sustainment and   regardless of                                                                                             development and/or  
Enabling          size or type                                                                                                  deployment      
Technologies      Type of service                                                                                               Technology      
                  Type of service                  Agency and program  Target businesses                     Financial      development and/or  
                                                   Agency and program  Target businesses         X           Financial          deployment      
Procurement       Any small                                                                                                                     
Technical         business,                                                                                                                     
Assistance        regardless of                                                                                                                 
Program Export    type Worker                                                                                                                   
Export            training Worker                   Office of Capital                                                                           
                  training                               Access                                  X                                  X           
Office of the Secretary of Defense - Office of Small Business Programs
Small Business    Any small       Any small                                                                                                     
Innovation        business,       business,                                                                                                     
Research Program  regardless of   regardless of                                                                                                 
                  type Pollution  type                                                                                                          
                  Control Loan                                                                                                                  
                  Program                                   X                 X X                                X                              
Small Business    Any small       Any small                                                                                                     
Technology        business,       business,                                                                                                     
Transfer Program  regardless of   regardless of                                                                                                 
                  type Qualified  type                                                                                                          
                  Employee Trusts                                                                                                               
                  Loan Program                              X                 X X                                X                              
Mentor-Protege    Any small       Any small                                                                                                     
Program           business,       business,                                                                                                     
                  regardless of   regardless of                                                                                                 
                  type Section    type                                                                                                          
                  7(a) Loan                                                                                                                     
                  Guarantees                                X                 X X                X               X                              
Women-Owned Small Any small       Any small                                                                                                     
Business Program  business,       business,                                                                                                     
                  regardless of   regardless of                                                                                                 
                  type U.S.       type                                                                                                          
                  Community                                                                                                                     
                  Adjustment and                                                                                                                
                  Investment                                                                                                                    
                  Program                                                     X X                X               X                              
Regional Councils Any small       Any small                                                                                                     
for Small         business,       business,                                                                                                     
Business          regardless of   regardless of                                                                                                 
Education and     type Export     type                                                                                                          
Advocacy          Legal                                                                                                                         
                  Assistance                                                                                                                    
                  Network                                                                        X                                  X           
Service Disabled  Any small       Any small                                                                                                     
Veteran-Owned     business,       business,                                                                                                     
Small Business    regardless of   regardless of                                                                                                 
Program           type Export     type                                                                                                          
                  Working Capital                                                                                                               
                  Loan Program                                                X X                X                                  X           
Indian Incentive  Any business,   Any small                                                                                                     
Program           regardless of   business,                                                                                                     
                  size or type    regardless of                                                                                                 
                  International   type                                                                                                          
                  Trade Loan                                X                  X                                                    X           
HUBZone           Any small       Any small                                                                                                     
Empowerment       business,       business,                                                                                                     
Contracting       regardless of   regardless of                                                                                                 
Program           type SBA Export type                                                                                                          
                  Express                                                      X                 X               X                  X           
Office of Small   Any small       Any small                                                                                                     
Business Programs business,       business,                                                                                                     
                  regardless of   regardless of                                                                                                 
                  type U.S.       type                                                                                                          
                  Export                                                                                                                        
                  Assistance                                                                                                                    
                  Centers                                                      X                 X                                  X           
Office of the Secretary of Defense - Office of Technology Transition
Defense           Any business,   X                                                                                                             
Production Act    regardless of                                                                                                                 
Title III Program size or type                                                                                                                  
Any small                                                                                                                                       
business,                                                                                                                                       
regardless of                                                                                                                                   
type                                                        X                 X X                X                                              

Source: GAO data. Any small business, regardless of type

Enterprise Engine

X

Small Business Technology Transfer Program

Any business, regardless of size or type

Any small business, regardless of type

Office of Small and Disadvantaged Business Utilization

X

Any business, regardless of size or type

Source: GAO data.

Table 37: National Science Foundation Programs That Offer Services to
Small Businesses Engaged in Manufacturing by Agency, Target Businesses,
and Agency Description of Purpose

Any small business, regardless of type

Any small business, regardless of type

Any business, regardless of size or type

Target businesses

Technical, business, or management

Division of Engineering Education and Centers

X

Agency description of program purpose Agency description of program
purpose Agency description of program purpose Agency description of
program purpose Agency description of program purpose Agency description
of program purpose

Office of Capital Access

Any small business, regardless of type

The Export Legal Assistance Network offers free initial consultations with
international trade attorneys from the Federal Bar Association to small
businesses interested in exporting. Attorneys help businesses navigate
international legal issues, such as patents, copyrights, and trademarks;
help clients understand basic contractual, tax and regulatory
requirements; provide an indication of priorities among them; and give
businesses basic information on programs at other institutions that may be
able to help, such as international departments of near-by banks, freight
forwarders, insurance companies with international experience, and other
government programs.

Export Working Capital Loan Program

The Export Working Capital Program is a line of credit for financing
foreign accounts receivable and export inventory. It is a
transaction-based program and can be revolving or non-revolving. The Small
Business Administration provides a 90 percent guarantee to the lender.
Recipients are usually businesses that have been operating for at least 12
months prior to the application. Proceeds can be used to finance materials
and labor needed to manufacture or to purchase goods and services for sale
in foreign markets. Funds cannot be used to purchase long term fixed
assets. Loans are generally for 12 or fewer months, but can be reissued
for additional 12-month periods.

Any small business, regardless of type

Small Business Investment Companies (SBIC) are privately owned and managed
investment firms that provide venture capital and startup financing to new
and already established small businesses to ensure they have access to
long-term financing and venture capital they need to maintain and expand
their operations. Small Business Administration (SBA) licenses and
regulates the SBICs, and supports them with government backed funds that
are invested in small enterprises. SBICs are profit-motivated; they use
their own capital and with funds borrowed at favorable rates through the
federal government to invest in small businesses in exchange for a share
in the success of the small business if it grows and prospers.

CAPlines Loan Program

Any small business, regardless of type

Office of Disaster Assistance

Any small business, regardless of type

There are currently 99 Women's Business Centers (WBC) in 44 states and 3
territories. The mission of the WBC program is to target the economically
and socially disadvantaged population. WBCs promote the growth of
women-owned businesses through training, counseling, mentoring and
technical assistance programs. Each WBC provides assistance or training in
finance, management, marketing and procurement. In addition, each WBC
tailors its program to the needs of its constituency and many offer
programs and counseling in two or more languages.

Any small business, regardless of type

The Business or Procurement Matchmaking Initiative helps increase small
businesses' access to federal contracting opportunities. Federal, county
and state agencies, as well as private sector contractors, are matched
with small business sellers either in person or through facilitated phone
conferences.

Small Disadvantaged Business Certification Program

Any small business, regardless of type

Sub-Net is a Web site where prime contractors post subcontracting
opportunities. These may or may not be reserved for small businesses, and
they may include either solicitations or other notices. Small businesses
can review this Web site to identify opportunities in their areas of
expertise. While the Web site is designed primarily as a place for large
businesses to post solicitations and notices, it is also used by federal
agencies, state and local governments, non-profit organizations, colleges
and universities, and even foreign governments for the same purpose.

TECH-Net

Technical, business, or management Technical, business, or management

X

Surety Guarantee Program

Small Business Investment Companies

Appendix V: Department of Education - Programs that Offer Services to
Small Manufacturers and Types of Services

Table 13: Department of Education Programs That Offer Services to Small
Businesses Engaged in Manufacturing by Agency, Target Businesses, and
Agency Description of Purpose

Agency, office, and                    Agency description of program       
program             Target businesses  purpose                             
Institute of Education Sciences CAPlines Loan Program
Small Business      Any small          The Small Business Innovation       
Innovation Research business,          Research (SBIR) program helps       
Program             regardless of type stimulate technological innovation, 
                       X                  utilize small business to meet      
                                          federal research and development    
                                          needs, and increase private sector  
                                          commercialization. SBIR is a highly 
                                          competitive program that encourages 
                                          small business to explore their     
                                          technological potential and         
                                          provides the incentive to profit    
                                          from its commercialization. By      
                                          including qualified small           
                                          businesses in the nation's research 
                                          and development arena, high-tech    
                                          innovation is stimulated and the    
                                          United States gains entrepreneurial 
                                          spirit as it meets its specific     
                                          research and development needs.     
                                          Offices within Education that have  
                                          SBIR programs are as follows: the   
                                          Institute of Education Sciences and 
                                          the Office of Special Education and 
                                          Rehabilitative Services/National    
                                          Institute on Disability and         
                                          Rehabilitation Research.            
Office of the Deputy Secretary
Office of Small and Any small          The Office of Small and             
Disadvantaged       business,          Disadvantaged Business Utilization  
Business            regardless of type promotes and fosters opportunities  
Utilization         Certified          for small and socioeconomically     
                       Development        disadvantaged business concerns     
                       Company Guaranteed seeking to obtain prime contracts,  
                       Loans (Section     subcontracts, and grants that       
                       504)               support the programmatic and        
                                          operational functions of the        
                                          Department of Education. Any small  
                                          business, regardless of type        

Source: GAO data. X

Table14: Services Provided by Department of Education Programs by Agency,
Target Businesses, and Type of Services X

                                             Type of service
                                       Technology  Technical,                 
                                       development business,                  
Agency and    Target                  and/or        or             Worker  
program       businesses  Financial deployment  management Export training 
Institute of Education Sciences
Small         Any small                                                    
Business      business,                                                    
Innovation    regardless                                                   
Research      of type                                                      
Program                       X          X          X                      
Office of the                                                              
Deputy                                                                     
Secretary                                                                  
Office of     Any small                                                    
Small and     business,                                                    
Disadvantaged regardless                                                   
Business      of type                                                      
Utilization                              X          X                X     

Source: GAO data. SCORE

Any small business, regardless of type

X

Any small business, regardless of type

Any small business, regardless of type

X

Any business, regardless of size or type

Any small business, regardless of type

Appendix VI: Department of Energy - Programs that Offer Services to Small
Manufacturers and Types of Services

Table 15: Department of Energy Programs That Offer Services to Small
Businesses Engaged in Manufacturing by Agency, Target Businesses, and
Agency Description of Purpose

Agency, office,                              Agency description of program 
and program        Target businesses         purpose                       
Office of Advanced Scientific Computing Research
Small Business     Any small business,       The Small Business Technology 
Technology         regardless of type        Transfer (STTR) program       
Transfer Program                             expands funding opportunities 
                                                in the federal innovation     
                                                research and development      
                                                (R&D) arena through           
                                                public/private sector         
                                                partnerships to include joint 
                                                venture opportunities for     
                                                small business and nonprofit  
                                                research institutions. STTR   
                                                is a competitive three-phase  
                                                program that reserves a       
                                                specific percentage of        
                                                federal R&D funding for award 
                                                to small business and         
                                                nonprofit research            
                                                institution partners. Five    
                                                federal departments and       
                                                agencies (the Departments of  
                                                Defense, Energy, and Health   
                                                and Human Services, as well   
                                                as the National Aeronautics   
                                                and Space Administration and  
                                                National Science Foundation)  
                                                are required by STTR to       
                                                reserve a portion of their    
                                                R&D funds for awards to small 
                                                business/nonprofit research   
                                                institution partnerships.     
Any small          The Small Business                                      
business,          Innovation Research                                     
regardless of type (SBIR) program is                                       
                      designed to stimulate                                   
                      technological innovation,                               
                      utilize small business to                               
                      meet federal research and                               
                      development needs, and                                  
                      increase private sector                                 
                      commercialization. SBIR                                 
                      is a highly competitive                                 
                      program that encourages                                 
                      small business to explore                               
                      their technological                                     
                      potential and provides                                  
                      the incentive to profit                                 
                      from its                                                
                      commercialization. By                                   
                      including qualified small                               
                      businesses in the                                       
                      nation's research and                                   
                      development arena,                                      
                      high-tech innovation is                                 
                      stimulated and the United                               
                      States gains                                            
                      entrepreneurial spirit as                               
                      it meets its specific                                   
                      research and development                                
                      needs. Twelve Energy                                    
                      components participate in                               
                      the agency's SBIR                                       
                      program.                                                
Office of Energy Efficiency and Renewable Energy
Inventions and     Any small business,       Inventions and Innovation     
Innovation         regardless of type        (I&I) provides grants to      
                                                independent inventors and     
                                                small companies with sound    
                                                ideas for energy efficiency   
                                                technologies. I&I provides    
                                                grantees not only with        
                                                funding, but also with        
                                                additional resources such as  
                                                training, market assessments, 
                                                technical assistance, access  
                                                to promotional events and     
                                                materials, and special        
                                                contacts to aid in            
                                                commercialization endeavors.  
                                                In addition to the financial  
                                                assistance grant, I&I         
                                                provides awardees with        
                                                business planning assistance  
                                                and networking resources. For 
                                                grantees who demonstrate a    
                                                commitment to commercializing 
                                                their technology, I&I also    
                                                funds a market assessment and 
                                                offers business strategy      
                                                assistance. I&I recently      
                                                launched a Web site that      
                                                offers information tools and  
                                                valuable network resources    
                                                for the entrepreneur.         
                                                Finally, awardees have the    
                                                option of working with a      
                                                private organization of past  
                                                successful grantees that will 
                                                mentor or otherwise aid new   
                                                entrepreneurs graduating from 
                                                I&I. Since I&I's inception,   
                                                over 34,000 proposals have    
                                                been submitted, resulting in  
                                                over 900 projects selected    
                                                for financial and             
                                                commercialization assistance. 
                                                Awardees are monitored        
                                                annually until their          
                                                technologies are retired from 
                                                the market or they abandon    
                                                their efforts. Licensees are  
                                                monitored as long as the      
                                                technology remains on the     
                                                market.                       
Industrial         Any business engaged in   The Industrial Technologies   
Technologies       manufacturing, regardless Program (ITP) works with U.S. 
Program            of size                   industry to improve           
                                                industrial energy efficiency  
                                                and environmental             
                                                performance. The program      
                                                invests in high-risk,         
                                                high-value research and       
                                                development to reduce         
                                                industrial energy use while   
                                                stimulating productivity and  
                                                growth. Results of this       
                                                investment are seen in the    
                                                many ITP-funded technologies  
                                                in the marketplace today.     
Energy TechNet     Any business, regardless  Energy TechNet is a core      
                      of size or type           collection of information and 
                                                resources for anyone engaged  
                                                in developing and             
                                                commercializing advanced      
                                                energy technologies. From     
                                                idea development to market    
                                                assessment, intellectual      
                                                property protection to        
                                                financing, the Web site       
                                                addresses each stage of       
                                                technology development and    
                                                commercialization.            
FreedomCAR and     Any business, regardless  FreedomCAR and Vehicle        
Vehicle            of size or type           Technologies Program          
Technologies                                 professionals work with       
Program                                      industry leaders to develop   
                                                and deploy advanced           
                                                transportation technologies   
                                                that could achieve            
                                                significant improvements in   
                                                vehicle fuel efficiency and   
                                                displace oil with competitive 
                                                manner. Program activities    
                                                include research,             
                                                development, demonstration,   
                                                testing, technology           
                                                validation, technology        
                                                transfer, and education.      
Office of Small and Disadvantaged Business Utilization
Office of Small    Any small business,       The Office of Small and       
and Disadvantaged  regardless of type        Disadvantaged Business        
Business                                     Utilization is responsible    
Utilization                                  for increasing the            
                                                contracting opportunities     
                                                awarded to small and          
                                                disadvantaged businesses.     
                                                Energy purchases billions of  
                                                dollars worth of goods and    
                                                services annually including   
                                                remediation, research and     
                                                development, management and   
                                                scientific consulting, plate  
                                                work manufacturing,           
                                                engineering, and waste        
                                                treatment and disposal.       
Section 8(a) Pilot Any small business,       The Small Business Act        
Program            regardless of type        Section 8(a) (Section 8(a))   
                                                Pilot Program was established 
                                                in fiscal year 1991 to: 1)    
                                                target Section 8(a)           
                                                businesses for Energy         
                                                procurement opportunities at  
                                                the subcontract level. The    
                                                Section 8(a) Pilot Program    
                                                offers financial assistance   
                                                in the form of subcontracts.  
Mentor-Protege     Any small business,       The Mentor-Protege program is 
Program            regardless of type        designed to encourage Energy  
                                                prime contractors to assist   
                                                small disadvantaged firms     
                                                certified by the Small        
                                                Business Administration (SBA) 
                                                under Section 8(a) of the     
                                                Small Business Act, other     
                                                small disadvantaged           
                                                businesses, women-owned and   
                                                service disabled veteran      
                                                owned small businesses,       
                                                Historically Black Colleges   
                                                and Universities, and other   
                                                minority institutions of      
                                                higher learning, in business  
                                                and technical areas. The      
                                                program seeks to foster       
                                                long-term business            
                                                relationships between these   
                                                small business entities and   
                                                Energy prime contractors, and 
                                                to increase the overall       
                                                number of small businesses    
                                                that receive Energy contract  
                                                and subcontract awards.       

Source: GAO data.

Table 16: Services Provided by Department of Energy Programs by Agency,
Target Businesses, and Type of Services

                                                Type of service
                                          Technology  Technical,                 
                                          development business,                  
 Agency and     Target                      and/or        or             Worker  
 program        businesses      Financial deployment  management Export training 
 Office of Advanced Scientific Computing Research
 Small Business Any small                                                        
 Technology     business,                                                        
 Transfer       regardless of                                                    
 Program        type                X                                            
 Small Business Any small                                                        
 Innovation     business,                                                        
 Research       regardless of                                                    
 Program        type                X          X                           X     
 Office of Energy Efficiency and Renewable Energy
 Inventions and Any small                                                        
 Innovation     business,                                                        
                regardless of                                                    
                type                X          X          X                X     
 Industrial     Any business                                                     
 Technologies   engaged in                                                       
 Program        manufacturing,                                                   
                regardless of                                                    
                size                X          X          X                X     
 Energy TechNet Any business,                                                    
                regardless of                                                    
                size or type                   X          X                      
 FreedomCAR and Any business,                                                    
 Vehicle        regardless of                                                    
 Technologies   size or type                                                     
 Program                                       X                                 
 Office of Small and Disadvantaged Business Utilization
 Office of      Any small                                                        
 Small and      business,                                                        
 Disadvantaged  regardless of                                                    
 Business       type                                                             
 Utilization                        X                     X                      
 Section 8(a)   Any small                                                        
 Pilot Program  business,                                                        
                regardless of                                                    
                type                X                                            
 Mentor-Protege Any small                                                        
 Program        business,                                                        
                regardless of                                                    
                type                                      X                      

Source: GAO data.

Appendix VII: Department of Health and Human Services - Programs that
Offer Services to Small Manufacturers and Types of Services

Table 17: Department of Health and Human Services Programs That Offer
Services to Small Businesses Engaged in Manufacturing by Agency, Target
Businesses, and Agency Description of Purpose

Agency, office, and                      Agency description of program     
program              Target businesses   purpose                           
Centers for Disease Control and Prevention - National Institute for
Occupational Safety and Health
Occupational Health  Any business,       The National Institute for        
Training             regardless of size  Occupational Safety and Health    
                        or type             supports 16 university-based      
                                            Education and Research Centers    
                                            that offer short-term continuing  
                                            education for occupational safety 
                                            and health professionals and      
                                            others with worker safety and     
                                            health responsibilities.          
Research Program for Any business        The mission of the National       
the Manufacturing    engaged in          Institute for Occupational Safety 
Sector               manufacturing,      and Health (NIOSH) Research       
                        regardless of size  Program for the Manufacturing     
                                            sector is to eliminate            
                                            occupational diseases, injuries,  
                                            and fatalities among workers in   
                                            manufacturing industries through  
                                            a focused program of research and 
                                            prevention. NIOSH believes that   
                                            their research only realizes its  
                                            true value when put into          
                                            practice. Every research project  
                                            within the NIOSH program for the  
                                            Manufacturing sector formulates a 
                                            strategy to promote the transfer  
                                            and translation of research       
                                            findings into prevention          
                                            practices and products that will  
                                            be adopted in the workplace.      
                                            NIOSH partners with labor,        
                                            industry, government, and other   
                                            stakeholders to accomplish the    
                                            program goals. There is also a    
                                            research to practice component to 
                                            the program.                      
Summary Fact Sheets  Any business,       National Institute for            
                        regardless of size  Occupational Safety and Health    
                        or type             (NIOSH) makes available brief     
                                            documents, from1 to 4 pages that  
                                            describe occupational hazards or  
                                            NIOSH research activities.        
Alerts               Any business,       Alerts briefly present new        
                        regardless of size  information about occupational    
                        or type             illnesses, injuries, and deaths.  
                                            Alerts urgently request           
                                            assistance in preventing,         
                                            solving, and controlling newly    
                                            identified occupational hazards.  
                                            Workers, employers, and safety    
                                            and health professionals are      
                                            asked to take immediate action to 
                                            reduce risks and implement        
                                            controls. National Institute for  
                                            Occupational Safety and Health    
                                            has published more than 40 Alerts 
                                            on a variety of topics.           
NIOSH Pocket Guide   Any business,       This Guide is a source of general 
to Chemical Hazards  regardless of size  industrial hygiene information    
                        or type             for workers, employers, and       
                                            occupational health               
                                            professionals. It presents key    
                                            information and data in           
                                            abbreviated tabular form for 677  
                                            chemicals or substance groups     
                                            that are found in many work       
                                            environments.                     
Chemical Safety      Any business,       Chemical Safety Cards summarize   
Cards                regardless of size  essential safety and health       
                        or type             information about chemicals for   
                                            their use at the "shop floor"     
                                            level by workers and employers.   
                                            They are simpler than material    
                                            safety data sheets and designed   
                                            specifically for workers'         
                                            reference.                        
Health Hazard        Any business,       Health Hazard Evaluations (HHEs)  
Evaluations          regardless of size  are investigations conducted by   
                        or type             the National Institute for        
                                            Occupational Safety and Health in 
                                            response to concerns expressed by 
                                            employees, employee               
                                            representatives, or employers, to 
                                            find out whether there is a       
                                            health hazard to employees caused 
                                            by hazardous exposures and        
                                            conditions in the workplace. HHEs 
                                            are provided at no cost and may   
                                            be confidential.                  
Food and Drug Administration - Center for Biologics Evaluation and
Research             
Manufacturers'       Any business        The Center for Biologics          
Assistance           engaged in          Evaluation and Research (CBER)    
                        manufacturing,      has established a manufacturers'  
                        regardless of size  assistance program to provide     
                                            assistance and training to        
                                            industry, including large and     
                                            small manufacturers and trade     
                                            associations, and to respond to   
                                            requests for information          
                                            regarding CBER policies and       
                                            procedures. Manufacturers'        
                                            assistance is available in        
                                            numerous areas including:         
                                            clinical investigator             
                                            information, adverse event        
                                            reporting procedures, electronic  
                                            submissions guidance and          
                                            requirements, and information on  
                                            how to submit an investigational  
                                            new drug application to           
                                            administer an investigational     
                                            product to humans. This           
                                            assistance extends to             
                                            facilitating effective            
                                            development of all products       
                                            regulated by CBER including       
                                            products to diagnose, treat or    
                                            prevent outbreaks from exposure   
                                            to the pathogens that have been   
                                            identified as bioterrorist        
                                            agents. The Manufacturers         
                                            Assistance and Technical Training 
                                            Branch (MATTB) informs industry   
                                            and trade associations of the     
                                            status of CBER policies and       
                                            initiatives through regular       
                                            information dissemination and     
                                            training. MATTB also serves as    
                                            the CBER focal point for industry 
                                            and trade associations to provide 
                                            meeting support, and coordinates  
                                            external meetings with other Food 
                                            and Drug Administration Centers.  
Investigational New  Any business        Current federal law requires that 
Drug Application     engaged in          a drug be the subject of an       
                        manufacturing       approved marketing application    
                                            before it is transported or       
                                            distributed across state lines.   
                                            Because a sponsor (usually the    
                                            manufacturer or potential         
                                            marketer) will probably want to   
                                            ship the investigational drug to  
                                            clinical investigators in many    
                                            states, it must seek an exemption 
                                            from that legal requirement. The  
                                            Investigational New Drug          
                                            Application is the means through  
                                            which the sponsor technically     
                                            obtains this exemption from the   
                                            Food and Drug Administration.     
Prescription Drug    Any business        21 U.S.C. S 379h authorizes the   
User Fee Act and     engaged in          Food and Drug Administration to   
Reductions for Small manufacturing       collect and use fees from         
Business                                 companies that produce certain    
                                            human drug and biological         
                                            products. There are three types   
                                            of user fees - application fees,  
                                            establishment fees, and product   
                                            fees. Since the passage of PDUFA, 
                                            user fees have played an          
                                            important role in expediting the  
                                            drug approval process. The agency 
                                            will waive the application fee    
                                            for the first human drug          
                                            application that a small business 
                                            or its affiliate submits for      
                                            review.                           
Food and Drug Administration - Center for Devices and Radiological Health
Division of Small    Any business,       The Center for Devices and        
Manufacturers,       regardless of size  Radiological Health has a small   
International and    or type             manufacturers, international and  
Consumer Assistance                      consumer advice division which    
                                            offers many forms of services to  
                                            small manufacturers including     
                                            technical and regulatory          
                                            assistance. The division          
                                            participates in many workshops    
                                            which may be of educational value 
                                            to the general medical device     
                                            community.                        
Food and Drug Administration - Center for Drug Evaluation and Research
Investigational New  Any business,       Current federal law requires that 
Drug Application     regardless of size  a drug be the subject of an       
                        or type             approved marketing application    
                                            before it is transported or       
                                            distributed across state lines.   
                                            Because a sponsor (usually the    
                                            manufacturer or potential         
                                            marketer) will probably want to   
                                            ship the investigational drug to  
                                            clinical investigators in many    
                                            states, it must seek an exemption 
                                            from that legal requirement. The  
                                            Investigational New Drug          
                                            Application is the means through  
                                            which the sponsor technically     
                                            obtains this exemption from the   
                                            Food and Drug Administration.     
Prescription Drug    Any small business, 21 U.S.C. S 379h authorizes the   
User Fee Act and     regardless of type  Food and Drug Administration to   
Reductions for Small                     collect and use fees from         
Business                                 companies that produce certain    
                                            human drug and biological         
                                            products. There are three types   
                                            of user fees - application fees,  
                                            establishment fees, and product   
                                            fees. Since the passage of PDUFA, 
                                            user fees have played an          
                                            important role in expediting the  
                                            drug approval process. The agency 
                                            will waive the application fee    
                                            for the first human drug          
                                            application that a small business 
                                            or its affiliate submits for      
                                            review.                           
Small Business       Any small business, In the Center for Drug Evaluation 
Assistance           regardless of type  and Research (CDER), the Office   
                                            of Training and Communication     
                                            (OTCOM) provides ongoing          
                                            assistance to pharmaceutical      
                                            businesses with fewer than 500    
                                            employees. The assistance         
                                            includes a comprehensive website, 
                                            a ListServ of 2,500 subscribers,  
                                            a point of contact office for     
                                            specific questions, and a free    
                                            annual workshop on basic Food and 
                                            Drug Administration/CDER          
                                            organization and processes. The   
                                            OTCOM ListServ conveys important  
                                            emerging information to small     
                                            regulated industry, including     
                                            Federal Register notices,         
                                            guidance, etc., on a bi-weekly    
                                            basis.                            
Food and Drug Administration - Office of Orphan Product Development
Orphan Product       Any business,       Orphan Product Grants encourage   
Grants               regardless of size  clinical development of products  
                        or type             for use in rare diseases or       
                                            conditions, usually defined as    
                                            affecting fewer than 200,000      
                                            people in the United States. The  
                                            products studied can be drugs,    
                                            biologics, medical devices, or    
                                            medical foods. At this time, only 
                                            clinical studies qualify for      
                                            consideration. Each application   
                                            should propose one discrete       
                                            clinical study to facilitate Food 
                                            and Drug Administration approval  
                                            of the product for a rare disease 
                                            or condition. The study may       
                                            address an unapproved new product 
                                            or an unapproved new use for a    
                                            product already on the market.    
                                            Small businesses are encouraged   
                                            to apply.                         
National Institutes of Health - National Cancer Institute
Innovative Molecular Any small business, The Innovative Molecular Analysis 
Analysis             regardless of type  Technologies (IMAT) Program is    
Technologies Program                     aimed at the inception,           
                                            development, integration, and     
                                            application of novel and emerging 
                                            technologies in the support of    
                                            cancer research, treatment,       
                                            diagnosis, and prevention. The    
                                            IMAT Program is part of a broader 
                                            technology development initiative 
                                            within the National Cancer        
                                            Institute (NCI) to harness        
                                            specific technologies in the      
                                            fight against cancer. This        
                                            initiative underscores the desire 
                                            of NCI to develop and integrate   
                                            novel and emerging technologies   
                                            in support of cancer research,    
                                            diagnosis, and treatment. In the  
                                            research continuum of discovery,  
                                            development, and delivery, the    
                                            IMAT Program accelerates          
                                            development and delivery. This    
                                            specific program will therefore   
                                            serve as the discovery tool of a  
                                            larger NCI technology initiative  
                                            by soliciting and funding highly  
                                            innovative, high-risk and         
                                            cancer-relevant technology        
                                            development projects associated   
                                            with the molecular analysis of    
                                            cancer.                           
Unconventional       Any business,       To spur development of daring     
Innovations Program  regardless of size  technologic improvements in       
                        or type             cancer treatment and detection in 
                                            the 21st century, the National    
                                            Cancer Institute (NCI) created    
                                            the Unconventional Innovations    
                                            Program. This program seeks to    
                                            stimulate development of          
                                            radically new technologies in     
                                            cancer care that can transform    
                                            what is now impossible into the   
                                            realm of the possible for         
                                            detecting, diagnosing, and        
                                            intervening in cancer at its      
                                            earliest stages of development.   
                                            The program began in 1999 and is  
                                            targeted to invest $50 million    
                                            over a ten year period.           
Technology Transfer  Any business,       The Technology Transfer Branch    
Branch               regardless of size  (TTB) provides a complete array   
                        or type             of services to support the        
                                            National Cancer Institute's       
                                            technology development            
                                            activities. TTB negotiates the    
                                            following collaborative           
                                            agreements for laboratories:      
                                            Cooperative Research and          
                                            Development Agreements, Material  
                                            Transfer Agreements, Confidential 
                                            Disclosure Agreements, and        
                                            Clinical Trials Agreements. In    
                                            addition, TTB markets             
                                            technologies to outside           
                                            organizations in order to foster  
                                            research collaboration, gives     
                                            advice on intellectual property   
                                            issues, and keeps laboratories    
                                            posted on the latest developments 
                                            in technology development and     
                                            transfer.                         
National Institutes of Health - Office of Technology Transfer
Office of Technology Any business,       The Office of Technology Transfer 
Transfer             regardless of size  (OTT) retains title to inventions 
                        or type             developed in National Institutes  
                                            of Health's (NIH) intramural      
                                            laboratories and licensing of     
                                            these inventions to private       
                                            entities to ensure use,           
                                            commercialization, and public     
                                            availability. In a similar way,   
                                            extramural recipients of NIH      
                                            funds, such as universities, are  
                                            allowed to seek patent protection 
                                            for inventions arising from their 
                                            NIH-funded basic research and     
                                            license the rights to private     
                                            entities to promote               
                                            commercialization. Over the last  
                                            15 years, NIH has executed        
                                            thousands of license agreements.  
                                            These licenses transfer NIH and   
                                            FDA inventions to the private     
                                            sector for further research and   
                                            development and potential         
                                            commercialization that can lead   
                                            to significant public health      
                                            benefits.                         
National Institutes of Health - Office of the Director
Office of            Any business,       The Office of Acquisition         
Acquisition          regardless of size  Management and Policy (OAMP) is   
Management and       or type             committed to acquisition          
Policy                                   excellence by providing           
                                            leadership, advice and oversight  
                                            for all National Institute of     
                                            Health (NIH) acquisition and      
                                            financial advising services.      
                                            Through strategic partnership     
                                            with industry, the NIH strives to 
                                            acquire the best OAMP acquisition 
                                            value in products and services to 
                                            support the agency's mission      
                                            activities. Strategies and        
                                            efforts to promote business       
                                            interests and opportunities at    
                                            NIH include: strategic activities 
                                            for contracting and financial     
                                            program policies, procedures and  
                                            practices; organizational         
                                            guidance in advising on           
                                            acquisition and financial program 
                                            activities; oversight activities  
                                            to review compliance with         
                                            federal, HHS and NIH acquisition  
                                            regulations; outreach activities  
                                            for NIH personnel and the         
                                            business community; and           
                                            maintaining vendor resource       
                                            information.                      
e-Portals in         Any business,       e-PIC is an e-business system     
Commerce             regardless of size  designed to smartly capture the   
                        or type             global marketplace and profile    
                                            information about organizations   
                                            providing products and services.  
                                            The system is designed to         
                                            function on a Web platform and    
                                            links users of the system         
                                            conducting market research or     
                                            seeking sources of supplies and   
                                            services to this virtual market   
                                            place. It is a consolidated       
                                            database for storing and          
                                            maintaining vendor contact        
                                            information and contract services 
                                            that each can offer. Vendors can  
                                            easily add and update their       
                                            contact information to provide a  
                                            variety of search criteria for    
                                            providing sources for an          
                                            organization's acquisitions, and  
                                            to make such a system user        
                                            friendly and available to the     
                                            organization administrators.      
Small Business       Any small business, The Small Business Innovation     
Innovation Research  regardless of type  Research (SBIR) program was       
Program                                  established to stimulate          
                                            technological innovation, utilize 
                                            small business to meet federal    
                                            research and development needs,   
                                            and increase private sector       
                                            commercialization. SBIR is a      
                                            highly competitive program that   
                                            encourages small business to      
                                            explore their technological       
                                            potential and provides the        
                                            incentive to profit from its      
                                            commercialization. By including   
                                            qualified small businesses in the 
                                            nation's research and development 
                                            arena, high-tech innovation is    
                                            stimulated and the United States  
                                            gains entrepreneurial spirit as   
                                            it meets its specific research    
                                            and development needs.            
Small Business       Any small business, The Small Business Technology     
Technology Transfer  regardless of type  Transfer (STTR) program was       
Program                                  established to stimulate          
                                            technological innovation, utilize 
                                            small business to meet federal    
                                            research and development needs,   
                                            and increase private sector       
                                            commercialization. STTR is a      
                                            highly competitive program that   
                                            encourages small business to      
                                            explore their technological       
                                            potential and provides the        
                                            incentive to profit from its      
                                            commercialization. By including   
                                            qualified small businesses in the 
                                            nation's research and development 
                                            arena, high-tech innovation is    
                                            stimulated and the United States  
                                            gains entrepreneurial spirit as   
                                            it meets its specific research    
                                            and development needs. STTR       
                                            requires research partners at     
                                            universities and other non-profit 
                                            institutions to have a formal     
                                            collaborative relationship with   
                                            the small business concern.       
Office of the Secretary - Office of Small and Disadvantaged Business
Utilization          
Office of Small and  Any small business, The Office of Small &             
Disadvantaged        regardless of type  Disadvantaged Business            
Business Utilization                     Utilization has organized its     
                                            responsibilities, programs, and   
                                            activities under three lines of   
                                            business: Advocacy, outreach and  
                                            unification of the business       
                                            process. The results achieved     
                                            under all three lines of business 
                                            support the accomplishment of     
                                            Health and Human Services' (HHS)  
                                            strategic goal - to encourage and 
                                            assist the participation of all   
                                            small businesses in HHS'          
                                            contracts and grants. All of the  
                                            activities carried out by the HHS 
                                            Office of Small & Disadvantaged   
                                            Business Utilization are done in  
                                            support of its mission to give    
                                            small businesses equal            
                                            consideration in contracting      
                                            opportunities and to increase the 
                                            number of awards that are made to 
                                            small businesses.                 
Small Business       Any small business, Health and Human Services' Small  
Program Manual       regardless of type  Business Program Manual (SBPM)    
                                            supplements the Federal           
                                            Acquisition Regulation (FAR) and  
                                            the Health and Human Services     
                                            Acquisition Regulation (HHSAR).   
                                            It is non-regulatory in nature    
                                            and provides uniform procedures   
                                            to support and encourage small    
                                            business participation in the     
                                            Department's efforts to acquire   
                                            goods and services. The SBPM is   
                                            not a stand-alone document and    
                                            must be read with the FAR and     
                                            HHSAR.                            
Vendor Outreach      Any small business, The Office of Small and           
Sessions             regardless of type  Disadvantaged Business            
                                            Utilization hosts monthly Vendor  
                                            Outreach Session to educate       
                                            vendors on the preferential       
                                            procurement programs and to       
                                            provide information on how to     
                                            effectively market their products 
                                            and services to Health and Human  
                                            Services. These sessions are free 
                                            and are held on the second        
                                            Tuesday of each month, January -  
                                            November, from 8:30 a.m. - 12     
                                            noon.                             

Source: GAO data.

Table 18: Services Provided by Department of Health and Human Services
Programs by Agency, Target Businesses, and Type of Services

                                Type of service
                                          Technology  Technical,                 
                                          development business,                  
Agency and      Target                      and/or        or             Worker  
program         businesses      Financial deployment  management Export training 
Centers for Disease Control and Prevention - National Institute for Occupational
Safety and Health
Occupational    Any business,                                                    
Health Training regardless of                                                    
                size or type                                               X     
Research        Any business                                                     
Program for the engaged in                                                       
Manufacturing   manufacturing,                                                   
Sector          regardless of                                                    
                size                           X                                 
Summary Fact    Any business,                                                    
Sheets          regardless of                                                    
                size or type                              X                      
Alerts          Any business,                                                    
                regardless of                                                    
                size or type                              X                      
NIOSH Pocket    Any business,                                                    
Guide to        regardless of                                                    
Chemical        size or type                                                     
Hazards                                                   X                      
Chemical Safety Any business,                                                    
Cards           regardless of                                                    
                size or type                              X                      
Health Hazard   Any business,                                                    
Evaluations     regardless of                                                    
                size or type                              X                      
Food and Drug Administration - Center for Biologics Evaluation and Research
Manufacturers'  Any business                                                     
Assistance      engaged in                                                       
                manufacturing,                                                   
                regardless of                                                    
                size                                      X                      
Investigational Any business,                                                    
New Drug        regardless of                                                    
Application     size or type                              X                      
Prescription    Any small                                                        
Drug User Fee   business,                                                        
Act and         regardless of                                                    
Reductions for  type                                                             
Small Business                                            X                      
Food and Drug Administration - Center for Devices and Radiological Health
Division of     Any business,                                                    
Small           regardless of                                                    
Manufacturers,  size or type                                                     
International                                                                    
and Consumer                                                                     
Assistance                                                X                      
Food and Drug Administration - Center for Drug Evaluation and Research
Investigational Any small                                                        
New Drug        business,                                                        
Application     regardless of                                                    
                type                           X                                 
Prescription    Any small                                                        
Drug User Fee   business,                                                        
Act and         regardless of                                                    
Reductions for  type                                                             
Small                                                                            
Businesses                                     X          X                      
Small Business  Any small                                                        
Assistance      business,                                                        
                regardless of                                                    
                type                           X          X                X     
Food and Drug Administration - Office of Orphan Product Development
Orphan Product  Any business,                                                    
Grants          regardless of                                                    
                size or type        X          X                                 
National Institutes of Health - National Cancer Institute
Innovative      Any small                                                        
Molecular       business,                                                        
Analysis        regardless of                                                    
Technologies    type                                                             
Program                             X          X                                 
Unconventional  Any business,                                                    
Innovations     regardless of                                                    
Program         size or type        X          X          X                      
Technology      Any business,                                                    
Transfer Branch regardless of                                                    
                size or type        X          X                                 
National Institutes of Health - Office of Technology Transfer
Office of       Any business,                                                    
Technology      regardless of                                                    
Transfer        size or type        X          X                                 
National Institutes of Health - Office of the Director
Office of       Any business,                                                    
Acquisition     regardless of                                                    
Management and  size or type                                                     
Policy                                                    X                      
e-Portals in    Any business,                                                    
Commerce        regardless of                                                    
                size or type                              X                      
Small Business  Any small                                                        
Innovation      business,                                                        
Research        regardless of                                                    
Program         type                X          X          X                      
Small Business  Any small                                                        
Technology      business,                                                        
Transfer        regardless of                                                    
Program         type                X          X                                 
Office of the Secretary - Office of Small and Disadvantaged Business Utilization
Office of Small Any small                                                        
and             business,                                                        
Disadvantaged   regardless of                                                    
Business        type                                                             
Utilization                                               X                      
Small Business  Any small                                                        
Program Manual  business,                                                        
                regardless of                                                    
                type                                      X                      
Vendor Outreach Any small                                                        
Sessions        business,                                                        
                regardless of                                                    
                type                                      X                      

Source: GAO data.

Appendix VIII: Department of Homeland Security - Programs that Offer
Services to Small Manufacturers and Types of Services

Table 19: Department of Homeland Security Programs That Offer Services to
Small Businesses Engaged in Manufacturing by Agency, Target Businesses,
and Agency Description of Purpose

Agency, office, and  Target                                                
program              businesses    Agency description of program purpose   
Office of Small and Disadvantaged Business Utilization
Office of Small and  Any small     The Office of Small and Disadvantaged   
Disadvantaged        business,     Business Utilization (OSDBU) ensures    
Business Utilization regardless of Homeland Security complies with federal 
                        type          laws, regulations, and policies to      
                                      provide opportunities in its            
                                      acquisitions to small business,         
                                      including socially and economically     
                                      disadvantaged small businesses. OSDBU   
                                      is also responsible for Homeland        
                                      Security's subcontracting program.      
                                      OSDBU has small business specialists at 
                                      the Center for Domestic Preparedness,   
                                      U.S. Citizenship and Immigration        
                                      Services, Customs and Border            
                                      Protection, Federal Law Enforcement     
                                      Training Center, Immigration and        
                                      Customs Enforcement, Transportation     
                                      Security Administration, Federal        
                                      Emergency Management Agency, U.S.       
                                      Secret Service, and U.S. Coast Guard.   
Mentor-Protege       Any small     The Mentor-Protege program is designed  
program              business,     to motivate and encourage large prime   
                        regardless of contractors to provide developmental    
                        type          assistance to small businesses,         
                                      including socially and economically     
                                      disadvantaged small businesses. The     
                                      program is also designed to (1) improve 
                                      the performance of contracts and        
                                      subcontracts, (2) foster the            
                                      establishment of long-term business     
                                      relationships between large prime       
                                      contractors and small business          
                                      subcontractors, and (3) strengthen      
                                      subcontracting opportunities and        
                                      accomplishments through incentives. For 
                                      certain acquisitions, mentors may       
                                      receive credit in the source            
                                      selection/evaluation criteria process   
                                      and a post-award incentive for the      
                                      costs incurred by a mentor firm in      
                                      providing assistance to a protege firm. 
                                      In addition to the benefits available   
                                      to mentors, proteges may receive        
                                      technical, managerial, financial, or    
                                      any other mutually agreed upon benefit  
                                      from mentors.                           
Small Business       Any small     Small Business Vendor Outreach Sessions 
Vendor Outreach      business,     are a series of pre-arranged 15-minute  
Sessions             regardless of appointments with Small Business        
                        type          Specialists from various components of  
                                      the Homeland Security procurement       
                                      offices. These sessions provide small   
                                      businesses the opportunity to discuss   
                                      their capabilities and learn of         
                                      potential procurement opportunities.    
Office of the Secretary
Office of the        Any small     The Office of the Coordinator for Gulf  
Federal Coordinator  business,     Coast Rebuilding was created to help    
for Gulf Coast       regardless of devise a long-term plan for rebuilding  
Rebuilding           type          the region devastated by hurricanes     
                                      Katrina and Rita. One of its            
                                      initiatives is to provide support for   
                                      small business throughout the region    
                                      through disaster loans and other        
                                      relief. The overarching mission is to   
                                      identify the priority of needs for      
                                      long-term rebuilding; communicate those 
                                      realities to decision makers in         
                                      Washington; and advise the President    
                                      and senior leadership on effective,     
                                      integrated, and fiscally responsible    
                                      federal strategies to support a full    
                                      recovery.                               
Science and Technology Directorate
Small Business       Any small     The Small Business Innovation Research  
Innovation Research  business,     (SBIR) program's principal objectives   
program              regardless of are to (1) stimulate technological      
                        type          innovation by small business; (2)       
                                      increase small business participation   
                                      in meeting federal research and         
                                      development needs; (3) foster and       
                                      encourage participation by socially and 
                                      economically disadvantaged small        
                                      business; (4) increase the              
                                      commercialization of technology         
                                      development through federal research    
                                      and development; and (5) enhance        
                                      outreach efforts to ensure that all     
                                      qualified small businesses are aware of 
                                      the SBIR program and the many benefits  
                                      it provides.                            
Small Business       Any small     The Homeland Security Small Business    
Technology Transfer  business,     Technology Transfer (STTR) program      
program              regardless of began in early 2006 to help build       
                        type          partnerships among small businesses,    
                                      universities and research institutions  
                                      for research and development efforts.   
                                      The program encourages the transfer of  
                                      intellectual concepts and ideas from    
                                      research institutions through the       
                                      entrepreneurship of small business      
                                      concerns, as part of a larger goal to   
                                      develop innovative solutions to         
                                      challenging Homeland Security           
                                      scientific and engineering problems.    
                                      Due to a decline in its extramural      
                                      research budget for fiscal year 2007,   
                                      Homeland Security does not meet the     
                                      statutory requirement to have an STTR   
                                      program.                                

Source: GAO data.

Table 20: Services Provided by Department of Homeland Security Programs by
Agency, Target Businesses, and Type of Services

                                              Type of service
                                        Technology  Technical,                 
                                        development business,                  
Agency and     Target                  and/or        or             Worker  
program        businesses  Financial deployment  management Export training 
Office of Small and Disadvantaged Business Utilization
Office of      Any small                                                    
Small and      business,                                                    
Disadvantaged  regardless                                                   
Business       of type                                                      
Utilization                                          X                      
Mentor-Protege Any small                                                    
program        business,                                                    
                  regardless                                                   
                  of type                               X                      
Small Business Any small                                                    
Vendor         business,                                                    
Outreach       regardless                                                   
Sessions       of type                               X                      
Office of the Secretary
Office of the  Any small                                                    
Federal        business,                                                    
Coordinator    regardless                                                   
for Gulf Coast of type                                                      
Rebuilding                     X                                            
Science and Technology Directorate
Small Business Any small                                                    
Innovation     business,                                                    
Research       regardless                                                   
program        of type         X          X          X                      
Small Business Any small                                                    
Technology     business,                                                    
Transfer       regardless                                                   
program        of type         X          X                                 

Source: GAO data.

Appendix IX: Housing and Urban Development - Programs that Offer Services
to Small Manufacturers and Types of Service

Table 21: Department of Housing and Urban Development Programs That Offer
Services to Small Businesses Engaged in Manufacturing by Agency, Target
Businesses and Agency Description of Purpose

Agency, office, and                      Agency description of program     
program             Target businesses    purpose                           
Office of Community Planning and Development
Community           Any business,        Community Development Block       
Development Block   regardless of size   Grants support communities'       
Grants              or type              public facilities,                
                                            infrastructure, housing, and      
                                            economic development activities.  
                                            Many jurisdictions have used      
                                            funds to make loans or establish  
                                            revolving loan funds that may     
                                            help manufacturers that need      
                                            small amounts of capital for      
                                            improvement projects.             
Section 108 Loan    Any business,        The Section 108 Loan Guarantee    
Guarantee Program   regardless of size   Program assists communities with  
                       or type              financing for housing             
                                            rehabilitation, economic          
                                            development, and large-scale      
                                            physical development projects     
                                            using Housing and Urban           
                                            Development funds. These funds    
                                            enable local governments to       
                                            finance physical and economic     
                                            development projects too large    
                                            for front-end financing with      
                                            single-year Community Development 
                                            Block Grant allocations.          
Brownfields         Any business,        The Brownfields Economic          
Economic            regardless of size   Development Initiative (BEDI) is  
Development         or type              a key competitive grant program   
Initiative                               that Housing and Urban            
                                            Development administers to        
                                            stimulate and promote economic    
                                            and community development. BEDI   
                                            is designed to assist cities with 
                                            the redevelopment of abandoned,   
                                            idled and underused industrial    
                                            and commercial facilities where   
                                            expansion and redevelopment is    
                                            burdened by real or potential     
                                            environmental contamination. BEDI 
                                            grant funds are primarily         
                                            targeted for use with a           
                                            particular emphasis upon the      
                                            redevelopment of brownfields      
                                            sites in economic development     
                                            projects and the increase of      
                                            economic opportunities for        
                                            low-and moderate-income persons   
                                            as part of the creation or        
                                            retention of businesses, jobs and 
                                            increases in the local tax base.  
                                            BEDI funds are used as the        
                                            stimulus for local governments    
                                            and private sector parties to     
                                            commence redevelopment or         
                                            continue phased redevelopment     
                                            efforts on brownfields sites      
                                            where either potential or actual  
                                            environmental conditions are      
                                            known and redevelopment plans     
                                            exist.                            
Disaster Recovery   Any business,        Disaster Assistance Recovery      
Assistance          regardless of size   Grants are additional Community   
                       or type              Development Block Grant (CDBG)    
                                            funds to rebuild the areas        
                                            affected by disaster and bring    
                                            crucial seed money to stimulate   
                                            the recovery process. Depending   
                                            upon the size of the disaster and 
                                            the amount of CDBG supplemental   
                                            disaster funds appropriated,      
                                            eligible activities may cover a   
                                            broad range of community          
                                            development, housing and economic 
                                            development activities. If        
                                            Congress appropriates funds for   
                                            this purpose, Housing and Urban   
                                            Development provides flexible     
                                            grants to help cities, counties,  
                                            and states recover from           
                                            presidentially declared           
                                            disasters, especially in low- and 
                                            moderate-income areas.            
Rural Housing and   Any business,        The Rural Housing and Economic    
Economic            regardless of size   Development Program provides for  
Development         or type              capacity building at the State    
                                            and local level for rural housing 
                                            and economic development and to   
                                            support innovative housing and    
                                            economic development activities   
                                            in rural areas.                   
Office of Fair Housing and Equal Opportunity
Section 3 Program   Any business,        Section 3 is a provision of the   
                       regardless of size   Housing and Urban Development     
                       or type              (HUD) Act of 1968, Pub. L. No.    
                                            90-448, 82 Stat. 476 (Aug. 1,     
                                            1968), codified at 12 U.S.C. S    
                                            1701u, that helps foster local    
                                            economic development,             
                                            neighborhood economic             
                                            improvement, and individual       
                                            self-sufficiency. The program is  
                                            restricted to businesses that are 
                                            51 percent or more owned by low-  
                                            or very low-income persons or     
                                            businesses that substantially     
                                            employ (30 percent or more) low-  
                                            or very low-income persons,       
                                            regardless of size or type. The   
                                            Section 3 program requires that   
                                            recipients of certain HUD         
                                            financial assistance, to the      
                                            greatest extent feasible, provide 
                                            job training, employment, and     
                                            contracting opportunities for     
                                            low- or very-low income residents 
                                            in connection with projects and   
                                            activities in their               
                                            neighborhoods.                    
Office of Policy Development and Research
Partnership for     Any business engaged The Partnership for Advancing     
Advancing           in manufacturing,    Technology in Housing Initiative  
Technology in       regardless of size   is a public/private partnership   
Housing Initiative                       that brings together key federal  
                                            agencies with leaders of the home 
                                            building, product manufacturing,  
                                            insurance, and financial          
                                            industries to develop and deploy  
                                            innovative building technologies  
                                            for the next generation of        
                                            housing. The goal of this         
                                            initiative is to identify         
                                            techniques for building more      
                                            affordable durable, disaster      
                                            resistant, safe, and energy       
                                            efficient housing.                
Office of Small and Disadvantaged Business Utilization
Office of Small and Any small business,  The Office of Small and           
Disadvantaged       regardless of type   Disadvantaged Business            
Business                                 Utilization is responsible for    
Utilization                              ensuring that small businesses    
                                            are treated fairly and that they  
                                            have an opportunity to compete    
                                            and be selected for a fair amount 
                                            of Housing and Urban              
                                            Development's prime and           
                                            subcontracting opportunities.     

Source: GAO data.

Table 22: Services Provided by Department of Housing and Urban Development
Programs by Agency, Target Businesses, and Type of Services

                                                Type of service
                                          Technology  Technical,                 
                                          development business,                  
  Agency and    Target                      and/or        or             Worker  
  program       businesses      Financial deployment  management Export training 
  Office of Community Planning and Development
  Community     Any business,                                                    
  Development   regardless of                                                    
  Block Grants  size or type        X                     X                      
  Section 108   Any business,                                                    
  Loan          regardless of                                                    
  Guarantee     size or type                                                     
  Program                           X                     X                      
  Brownfields   Any business,                                                    
  Economic      regardless of                                                    
  Development   size or type                                                     
  Initiative                        X                     X                      
  Disaster      Any business,                                                    
  Recovery      regardless of                                                    
  Assistance    size or type        X          X          X        X       X     
  Rural Housing Any business,                                                    
  and Economic  regardless of                                                    
  Development   size or type        X                     X                      
  Office of Fair Housing and Equal Opportunity
  Section 3     Any business,                                                    
  Program       regardless of                                                    
                size or type                                               X     
  Office of Policy Development and Research
  Partnerships  Any business                                                     
  for Advancing engaged in                                                       
  Technologies  manufacturing,                                                   
  in Housing    regardless of                                                    
  Initiative    size                X          X                                 
  Office of Small and Disadvantaged Business Utilization
  Office of     Any small                                                        
  Small and     business,                                                        
  Disadvantaged regardless of                                                    
  Business      type                                                             
  Utilization                       X                                            

Source: GAO data.

Appendix X: Department of the Interior - Programs that Offer Services to
Small Manufacturers and Types of Services

Table 23: Department of the Interior Programs That Offer Services to Small
Businesses Engaged in Manufacturing by Agency, Target Businesses, and
Agency Description of Purpose

Agency, office, and   Target                                               
program               businesses    Agency description of program purpose  
Bureau of Indian                                                           
Affairs                                                                    
Loan Guaranty Program Any small     The Loan Guarantee program was         
                         business,     established to stimulate and increase  
                         regardless of Indian entrepreneurship and employment 
                         type          through establishment, acquisition or  
                                       expansion of Indian-owned economic     
                                       enterprises.                           
Bureau of Reclamation                                                      
Job Corps Civilian    Any business, The Job Corps Civilian Conservation    
Conservation Centers  regardless of Centers provides individuals, in       
                         size or type  addition to other training and         
                                       assistance, programs to gain work      
                                       experience designed to conserve,       
                                       develop, or manage public natural      
                                       resources, or public recreational      
                                       areas, or to develop community         
                                       projects in the public interest. The   
                                       Centers are located primarily in rural 
                                       areas.                                 
Office of Small and Disadvantaged Business Utilization
Office of Small and   Any small     The Office of Small and Disadvantaged  
Disadvantaged         business,     Business Utilization program strives   
Business Utilization  regardless of to improve and increase Interior's     
                         type          performance in utilizing small, small  
                                       disadvantaged, HUBZone, women-owned,   
                                       and veteran-owned businesses as        
                                       contractors and subcontractors.        
                                       Bureaus in Interior Bureaus in         
                                       Interior collectively spend over $2    
                                       billion in contracts with the private  
                                       sector, annually.                      
Small Disadvantaged   Any small     The Small Disadvantaged Business (SDB) 
Business Program and  business,     Program is designed to treat small     
Section 8(a) Business regardless of companies equitably and help them to   
Development Program   type          pursue business in both the private    
                                       and public sector contract arena. Once 
                                       a business is certified as SDB, it is  
                                       eligible for specific procurement      
                                       benefits. The Small Business Act       
                                       Section 8(a) Business Development      
                                       Program allows the government to       
                                       contract, on a noncompetitive basis,   
                                       with socially and economically         
                                       disadvantaged small businesses.        
HUBZone Empowerment   Any small     The HUBZone Empowerment Contracting    
Contracting Program   business,     program provides federal contracting   
                         regardless of opportunities for qualified small      
                         type          businesses located in distressed       
                                       areas. The program encourages economic 
                                       development in historically            
                                       underutilized zones (HUBZones) and     
                                       through the establishment of contract  
                                       preferences for businesses in          
                                       historically underutilized business    
                                       zones.                                 
Veteran and Service   Any small     The Veteran and Service Disabled       
Disabled Veteran      business,     Veteran is designed to assist          
                         regardless of businesses that are at least 51        
                         type          percent owned by one or more           
                                       service-disabled veterans or, in the   
                                       case of publicly owned businesses, not 
                                       less than 51 percent of the stock of   
                                       which is owned by one or more          
                                       service-disabled veterans, and the     
                                       management and daily business          
                                       operations of which are controlled by  
                                       one or more service-disabled veterans. 
                                       In the case of a veteran with a        
                                       permanent and severe disability, a     
                                       spouse or permanent caregiver of such  
                                       veteran may control the management and 
                                       daily business operations              
Woman-Owned Small     Any small     The Woman-Owned Small Business program 
Business              business,     is designed to assist women-owned      
                         regardless of small businesses pursue business in    
                         type          both the public and private contract   
                                       arena.                                 

Source: GAO data.

Table 24: Services Provided by Department of the Interior Programs by
Agency, Target Businesses, and Type of Services

                                             Type of service
                                       Technology  Technical,                 
                                       development business,                  
Agency and    Target                  and/or        or             Worker  
program       businesses  Financial deployment  management Export training 
Bureau of Indian Affairs
Loan Guaranty Any small                                                    
Program       business,                                                    
                 regardless                                                   
                 of type         X                                            
Bureau of Reclamation
Job Corps     Any                                                          
Civilian      business,                                                    
Conservation  regardless                                                   
Centers       of size or                                                   
                 type                                                   X     
Office of Small and Disadvantaged Business Utilization
Office of     Any small                                                    
Small and     business,                                                    
Disadvantaged regardless                                                   
Business      of type                                                      
Utilization                                         X                      
Small         Any small                                                    
Disadvantaged business,                                                    
Business      regardless                                                   
Program and   of type                                                      
Section 8(a)                                                               
Business                                                                   
Development                                                                
Program                                             X                      
HUBZone       Any small                                                    
Empowerment   business,                                                    
Contracting   regardless                                                   
Program       of type                               X                      
Veteran and   Any small                                                    
Service       business,                                                    
Disabled      regardless                                                   
Veteran       of type                               X                      
Woman-Owned   Any small                                                    
Small         business,                                                    
Business      regardless                                                   
                 of type                               X                      

Source: GAO data.

Appendix XI: Department of Labor - Programs that Offer Services to Small
Manufacturers and Types of Services

Table 25: Department of Labor Programs That Offer Services to Small
Businesses Engaged in Manufacturing by Agency, Target Businesses, and
Agency Description of Purpose

Agency, office, and                       Agency description of program    
program               Target businesses   purpose                          
Employment and Training Administration
Dream It. Do It.      Any business        Dream It. Do It is a campaign    
                         engaged in          launched by the Manufacturing    
                         manufacturing,      Institute of the National        
                         regardless of size  Association of Manufacturers, to 
                                             help inform young people, their  
                                             parents, and educators of career 
                                             opportunities in advanced        
                                             manufacturing. A grant from      
                                             Labor supports the development   
                                             of tools and partnerships        
                                             between employers, training      
                                             providers, and local Workforce   
                                             Investment Boards in Kansas      
                                             City, southwestern Virginia,     
                                             northeastern Ohio, the           
                                             Dallas-Fort Worth metro area,    
                                             southeastern Indiana, and        
                                             Washington State.                
High Growth Job       Any business,       The High Growth Job Training     
Training Initiative   regardless of size  initiative is a strategic effort 
                         or type             to prepare workers to take       
                                             advantage of new and increasing  
                                             job opportunities in 14 high     
                                             growth, high demand and          
                                             economically vital sectors of    
                                             the American economy. Grants are 
                                             available to develop and         
                                             implement numerous industry      
                                             specific solutions.              
Workforce Investment  Any business,       The federal Workforce Investment 
Act                   regardless of size  Act of 1998, Pub. L. No.         
                         or type             105-220, 112 Stat. 936 (Aug. 7,  
                                             1998) offers a comprehensive     
                                             range of workforce development   
                                             activities through statewide and 
                                             local organizations. These       
                                             activities can benefit job       
                                             seekers, laid off workers,       
                                             youth, incumbent workers, new    
                                             entrants to the workforce,       
                                             veterans, persons with           
                                             disabilities, and employers. The 
                                             purpose of these activities is   
                                             to improve the employment, job   
                                             retention, earnings, and         
                                             occupational skills of           
                                             participants. This, in turn,     
                                             improves the quality of the      
                                             workforce, reduces welfare       
                                             dependency, and improves the     
                                             productivity and competitiveness 
                                             of the nation. Businesses play   
                                             an active role in ensuring that  
                                             the system prepares people for   
                                             current and future jobs.         
Project GATE -        Any small business, Project GATE promotes individual 
Growing America       regardless of type  entrepreneurship, seeks to       
Through                                   energize local small business    
Entrepreneurship                          creation and help diverse urban  
                                             and rural populations create,    
                                             and support and expand small     
                                             businesses. Labor teams with the 
                                             Small Business Administration    
                                             through a microloan program that 
                                             is offered to small start-up     
                                             companies. Labor provides        
                                             microenterprise training and     
                                             assistance in One-Stop Centers.  
Apprenticeship        Any business,       The Apprenticeship Program is a  
Program               regardless of size  voluntary, industry-driven       
                         or type             initiative sponsored by employer 
                                             and labor groups. The federal    
                                             government encourages and        
                                             promotes the establishment of    
                                             apprenticeship programs and to   
                                             provide technical assistance to  
                                             program sponsors.                
Occupational Safety & Health Administration
Compliance Assistance Any small business, Small and new businesses may     
Quick Start           regardless of type  find the Compliance Assistance   
                                             Quick Start Web site useful as   
                                             an introduction to compliance    
                                             assistance available on          
                                             Occupational Safety & Health     
                                             Administration's (OSHA) Web      
                                             site. It offers a step-by-step   
                                             guide to identify many of the    
                                             major OSHA requirements and      
                                             guidance.                        
Consultation Program  Any business,       The Occupational Safety & Health 
                         regardless of size  Administration's On-site         
                         or type             Consultation Program provides    
                                             services to help employers,      
                                             particularly small businesses,   
                                             identify and correct hazards at  
                                             their worksites, and establish,  
                                             maintain, or enhance their       
                                             safety and health management     
                                             system.                          
Small Business        Any small business, The Occupational Safety & Health 
Handbook              regardless of type  Administration's Small Business  
                                             Handbook helps small business    
                                             employers meet the legal         
                                             requirements imposed by the      
                                             Occupational Safety and Health   
                                             Act of 1970, Pub. L. No. 91-596, 
                                             84 Stat. 1590 (Dec. 29, 1970),   
                                             and create and maintain          
                                             effective safety and health      
                                             management systems.              
Training Institute    Any business,       The Occupational Safety & Health 
and Training          regardless of size  Administration's Training        
Education Centers     or type             Institute and Training Education 
                                             Centers provide basic and        
                                             advanced courses in safety and   
                                             health at locations throughout   
                                             the country.                     
Office of Small Business Programs
Small Business        Any small business, The Small Business Resource      
Resource Center       regardless of type  Center is a Web site designed to 
                                             assist small business owners     
                                             understand the rules and         
                                             regulations that Labor           
                                             administers.                     
Office of Small and   Any small business, The Office of Small and          
Disadvantaged         regardless of type  Disadvantaged Business           
Business Utilization                      Utilization seeks to increase    
                                             opportunities for small          
                                             businesses to participate in the 
                                             agency's contract and grant      
                                             activities; conduct outreach to  
                                             increase awareness and           
                                             availability of qualified        
                                             providers; develop and issue     
                                             information on Labor's           
                                             procurement needs and            
                                             procedures; train agency staff   
                                             on program requirements and      
                                             capabilities; and monitor,       
                                             evaluate, and report results of  
                                             the agency's efforts.            
Small Business Vendor Any small business, Small Business Vendor Outreach   
Outreach Sessions     regardless of type  Sessions offer small businesses  
                                             the opportunity to market their  
                                             capabilities directly to Office  
                                             of Small Business Programs and   
                                             agency program officials and     
                                             learn about potential Labor      
                                             procurement opportunities.       
                                             Conversely, Labor procurement    
                                             officials can learn more about   
                                             the diverse small business       
                                             resources available to meet      
                                             their procurement needs.         
Small Business        Any small business, The Small Business Procurement   
Procurement Power     regardless of type  Power Web site is designed to    
Page                                      assist small businesses          
                                             interested in procurement        
                                             opportunities with Labor.        
Office of the                                                              
Secretary                                                                  
Job Corps             Any business,       Job Corps is a no-cost education 
                         regardless of size  and vocational training program  
                         or type             that helps young people ages 16  
                                             through 24 get a better job,     
                                             make more money, and take        
                                             control of their lives. Students 
                                             enroll to learn a trade, earn a  
                                             high school diploma or General   
                                             Education Development            
                                             certificate, and get help        
                                             finding a good job. Students are 
                                             paid a monthly allowance that    
                                             increases the longer they stay   
                                             with the program. Job Corps      
                                             provides career counseling and   
                                             transition support to its        
                                             students for up to 12 months     
                                             after they graduate from the     
                                             program.                         

Source: GAO data.

Table 26: Services Provided by Department of Labor Programs by Agency,
Target Businesses, and Type of Services

                                                 Type of service
                                           Technology  Technical,                 
                                           development business,                  
Agency and       Target                      and/or        or             Worker  
program          businesses      Financial deployment  management Export training 
Employee Benefits Security Administration
Compliance       Any business,                                                    
Assistance       regardless of                                                    
                 size or type                              X                      
Employment and Training Administration
Dream It. Do It. Any business                              X                X     
                 engaged in                                                       
                 manufacturing,                                                   
                 regardless of                                                    
                 size                                                             
High Growth Job  Any business,                                                    
Training         regardless of                                                    
Initiative       size or type        X          X          X                X     
Workforce        Any business,                                                    
Investment Act   regardless of                                                    
                 size or type        X          X          X                X     
Project Gate-    Any small                                                        
Growing America  business,                                                        
Through          regardless of                                                    
Entrepreneurship type                                      X                X     
Apprenticeship   Any business,                                                    
Program          regardless of                                                    
                 size or type                   X          X                X     
Occupational Safety & Health Administration
Compliance       Any small                                                        
Assistance Quick business,                                                        
Start            regardless of                                                    
                 type                                      X                X     
Consultation     Any business,                                                    
Program          regardless of                                                    
                 size or type                              X                X     
Small Business   Any small                                                        
Handbook         business,                                                        
                 regardless of                                                    
                 type                                      X                X     
Training         Any business,                                                    
Institute and    regardless of                                                    
Training         size or type                                                     
Education                                                                         
Centers                                                                     X     
Office of Small Business Programs
Small Business   Any small                                                        
Resource Center  business,                                                        
                 regardless of                                                    
                 type                                      X                      
Office of Small  Any small                                                        
and              business,                                                        
Disadvantaged    regardless of                                                    
Business         type                                                             
Utilization                          X                     X                      
Small Business   Any small                                                        
Vendor Outreach  business,                                                        
Sessions         regardless of                                                    
                 type                                      X                      
Small Business   Any small                                                        
Procurement      business,                                                        
Power Page       regardless of                                                    
                 type                                      X                      
Office of the Secretary
Job Corps        Any business,                                                    
                 regardless of                                                    
                 size or type                              X                X     

Source: GAO data.

Appendix XII: Department of Transportation- Programs that Offer Services
to Small Manufacturers and Types of Services

Table 27: Department of Transportation Programs That Offer Services to
Small Businesses Engaged in Manufacturing by Agency, Target Businesses,
and Agency Description of Purpose

Agency, office, and  Target                                                
program              businesses    Agency description of program purpose   
Federal Aviation Administration
Small Business       Any small     The Small Business Development Office   
Development Program  business,     develops and implements programs that   
                        regardless of help small businesses, including small  
                        type          businesses owned and controlled by      
                                      socially and economically disadvantaged 
                                      individuals, obtain procurement         
                                      opportunities with the Federal Aviation 
                                      Administration.                         
Federal Highway Administration
International        Any business, The Office of International Programs in 
Program              regardless of cooperation with the Affiliate Programs 
                        size or type  Team coordinates and arranges for       
                                      international training and professional 
                                      development activities. These           
                                      activities inform the U.S.              
                                      transportation community of             
                                      technological and innovative programs   
                                      abroad, promote U.S. transportation     
                                      expertise internationally, and increase 
                                      technology sharing between the U.S. and 
                                      the international community.            
Maritime                                                                   
Administration                                                             
National Maritime    Any business, The Maritime Administration (MARAD)     
Resource and         regardless of established the National Maritime       
Education Center     size or type  Resource and Education Center (NMREC)   
                                      in April 1994 to help improve the       
                                      international competitiveness of the    
                                      U.S. shipbuilders, ship repairers, ship 
                                      owner/operators and marine suppliers.   
                                      NMREC's services include: 1)            
                                      conferences and workshops; 2) energy    
                                      technologies information; 3) MARAD      
                                      guideline specifications for merchant   
                                      ship construction; 4) marine industry   
                                      standards library; 5) standards         
                                      organizations and information; and 6)   
                                      Title XI information.                   
Office of the Secretary, Office of Small and Disadvantaged Business
Utilization          
Subcontracting       Any small     Transportation's Office of Small and    
Program              business,     Disadvantaged Business Utilization      
                        regardless of (OSDBU), works closely with the Small   
                        type          Business Administration (SBA) and its   
                                      Procurement Center Representative (PCR) 
                                      to coordinate policy direction and      
                                      develop new initiatives on              
                                      subcontracting issues. A substantial    
                                      amount of Transportation subcontracting 
                                      opportunities are awarded to small      
                                      businesses. To maintain a strong        
                                      subcontracting program, OSDBU, in       
                                      conjunction with the SBA/PCR evaluate,  
                                      review, and make recommendations on     
                                      subcontracting plans. OSDBU also helps  
                                      large prime contractors in identifying  
                                      potential small businesses (including   
                                      veteran-owned, service-disabled         
                                      veteran-owned, HUBZone, disadvantaged,  
                                      and women-owned businesses) to help     
                                      attain subcontracting goals. Prime      
                                      contractors report their achievements   
                                      annually and semi-annually using an     
                                      electronic subcontracting reporting     
                                      system at Esrs.gov.                     
Small Business       Any small     Small Business Transportation Resource  
Transportation       business,     Centers: 1) disseminate information to  
Resource Centers     regardless of small and disadvantaged businesses on   
                        type          business opportunities in               
                                      Transportation-direct and               
                                      Transportation-funded activities; 2)    
                                      carry out market research, and business 
                                      analyses, to identify the training and  
                                      technical assistance needs of small     
                                      businesses to help them become better   
                                      prepared to compete for and receive     
                                      transportation-related contracts; 3)    
                                      design and carry out training and       
                                      technical assistance programs to        
                                      encourage, promote, and help minority   
                                      entrepreneurs and businesses in obtain  
                                      contracts, subcontracts, and projects   
                                      related to business opportunities in    
                                      Transportation-direct and               
                                      Transportation-funded activities; 4)    
                                      develop support mechanisms to help      
                                      minority entrepreneurs and businesses   
                                      take advantage of those business        
                                      opportunities; 5) assist minority       
                                      entrepreneurs and businesses by         
                                      identifying opportunities for obtaining 
                                      investment capital and debt financing,  
                                      including Transportation's Short Term   
                                      Lending Program; 6) participate in and  
                                      cooperate with federal and other        
                                      programs designed to provide financial  
                                      management and other forms of support   
                                      and assistance to minority              
                                      entrepreneurs and businesses; and 7)    
                                      conduct outreach and disseminate        
                                      information to small and disadvantaged  
                                      business across the nation at local,    
                                      regional and national transportation    
                                      and business related conferences,       
                                      seminars and workshops.                 
Disadvantaged        Any small     The Disadvantaged Business Enterprise   
Business Enterprise  business,     Program is designed to encourage,       
Program              regardless of promote and assist minority and women   
                        type          entrepreneurs and businesses to obtain  
                                      training and technical assistance       
                                      services. State Departments of Highways 
                                      and Transportation receive supportive   
                                      services funds from Transportation to   
                                      provide in-house supportive services or 
                                      hire consultants to provide supportive  
                                      services for disadvantages business     
                                      enterprises. These supportive services  
                                      help disadvantages business enterprises 
                                      compete in winning contracts.           
Short Term Lending   Any small     The Short Term Lending Program provides 
Program              business,     loan guarantees to enhance the lending  
                        regardless of opportunities for disadvantaged         
                        type          business enterprises and other small    
                                      and disadvantaged businesses to         
                                      increase the number of such businesses  
                                      that engage in transportation-related   
                                      contracts and to strengthen the         
                                      competitive and productive capabilities 
                                      of such businesses that currently do    
                                      business with Transportation, and its   
                                      grantees, recipients, contractors and   
                                      subcontractors.                         
Women Procurement    Any business, The Women's Procurement Assistance      
Assistance Committee regardless of Committee (WPAC), managed by            
                        size or type  Transportation's Office of Small and    
                                      Disadvantaged Business Utilization      
                                      (OSDBU), consists of at least one       
                                      representative from each Transportation 
                                      Operating Administration. The purpose   
                                      of the OSDBU WPAC is to promote,        
                                      coordinate, and monitor the plans and   
                                      programs towards achievement of the     
                                      five percent procurement goals in its   
                                      direct contracting activities. The      
                                      Committee works to provide forums,      
                                      workshops and best practices in order   
                                      to contribute to the growth and         
                                      economic development of women. In       
                                      addition, the Committee seeks to        
                                      enhance awareness of women-owned        
                                      businesses and ensure full              
                                      participation in the Transportation     
                                      procurement process.                    
Office of Small and  Any small     The Office of Small and Disadvantaged   
Disadvantaged        business,     Business Utilization (OSDBU) ensures    
Business Utilization regardless of that small and disadvantaged business   
                        type          policies and goals are developed and    
                                      implemented in a fair, efficient, and   
                                      effective manner to serve small and     
                                      disadvantaged businesses. To achieve    
                                      this goal OSDBU provides services       
                                      through the Procurement Assistance      
                                      Division, the Short Term Lending        
                                      Program, and Regional Small Business    
                                      Transportation Resource Centers. In     
                                      addition, OSDBU organizes, co-sponsors, 
                                      and participates in local, regional,    
                                      and national outreach events.           
National Information Any small     The National Information Clearinghouse  
Clearinghouse        business,     (NIC) serves as a central point of      
                        regardless of contact for the dissemination of        
                        type          program and procurement information,    
                                      procurement forecasts, forms, data,     
                                      public laws, orders, and other similar  
                                      information of interest to the small    
                                      business community. NIC customer        
                                      service representatives respond to      
                                      inquiries and questions received        
                                      through a dedicated toll-free number,   
                                      by written correspondence, or by e-mail 
                                      in the feedback section of the Office   
                                      of Small and Disadvantaged Business     
                                      Utilization Web site.                   
Research and Innovative Technology Administration
Small Business       Any small     The Small Business Innovation Research  
Innovation Research  business,     Program (SBIR) is designed to stimulate 
Program              regardless of technological innovation, utilize small 
                        type          business to meet federal research and   
                                      development needs, and increase private 
                                      sector commercialization. SBIR is a     
                                      highly competitive program that         
                                      encourages small business to explore    
                                      their technological potential and       
                                      provides the incentive to profit from   
                                      its commercialization. By including     
                                      qualified small businesses in the       
                                      nation's research and development       
                                      arena, high-tech innovation is          
                                      stimulated and the United States gains  
                                      entrepreneurial spirit as it meets its  
                                      specific research and development       
                                      needs.                                  

Source: GAO data.

Table 28: Services Provided by Department of Transportation Programs by
Agency, Target Businesses, and Type of Services

                                              Type of service
                                        Technology  Technical,                 
                                        development business,                  
Agency and     Target                  and/or        or             Worker  
program        businesses  Financial deployment  management Export training 
Federal Aviation Administration
Small Business Any small                                                    
Development    business,                                                    
Program        regardless                                                   
                  of type                               X                      
Federal Highway Administration
International  Any                                                          
Program        business,                                                    
                  regardless                                                   
                  of size or                                                   
                  type                       X                                 
Maritime Administration
National       Any                                                          
Maritime       business,                                                    
Resource and   regardless                                                   
Education      of size or                                                   
Center         type                       X          X        X             
Office of the Secretary, Office of Small and Disadvantaged Business
Utilization    
Subcontracting Any small                                                    
Program        business,                                                    
                  regardless                                                   
                  of type                               X                      
Small Business Any small                                                    
Transportation business,                                                    
Resource       regardless                                                   
Centers        of type                               X                X     
Disadvantaged  Any small                                                    
Business       business,                                                    
Enterprise     regardless                                                   
Program        of type                               X                      

                                               Type of service
                                         Technology  Technical,                 
                                         development business,                  
  Agency and       Target                  and/or        or             Worker  
  program          businesses  Financial deployment  management Export training 
  Small Business   Any small                                                    
  Development      business,                                                    
  Centers          regardless                                                   
                   of type                    X          X        X             
  Women's Business Any small                          Science                   
  Centers          business,                            and                     
                   regardless                        Technology                 
                   of type                           X Science                  
                                                        and                     
                                                     Technology                 
                                                      Science                   
                                                        and                     
                                                     Technology                 
                                                      Science                   
                                                        and                     
                                                     Technology                 
                                                      Science                   
                                                        and                     
                                                     Technology                 
                                                      Science                   
                                                        and                     
                                                     Technology                 
                                                      Science                   
                                                        and                     
                                                     Technology                 
                                                      Science                   
                                                        and                     
                                                     Technology                 
                                                      Science                   
                                                        and                     
                                                     Technology                 
                                                      Science                   
                                                        and                     
                                                     Technology                 
                                                      Science                   
                                                        and                     
                                                     Technology                 
                                                      Science                   
                                                        and                     
                                                     Technology                 
                                                      Science                   
                                                        and                     
                                                     Technology                 
                                                      Science                   
                                                        and                     
                                                     Technology                 
                                                      Science                   
                                                        and                     
                                                     Technology                 
                                                      Science                   
                                                        and                     
                                                     Technology                 
                                                      Science                   
                                                        and                     
                                                     Technology                 
  Small Business   Any small                                                    
  Training Network business,                                                    
                   regardless                                                   
                   of type                               X                      
  Office of Government Contracting and Business Development
  Prime Contracts  Any small                                                     
  Program          business                                                      
                   regardless                                                    
                   of type                               X                       
  Subcontracting   Any small                                                     
  Assistance       business                                                      
  Program          regardless                                                    
                   of type                               X                       
  Business or      Any small                                                     
  Procurement      business                                                      
  Matchmaking      regardless                                                    
  Initiative       of type                               X                       
  Natural          Any small                                                     
  Resources        business                                                      
  Assistance       regardless                                                    
  Program          of type                               X                       
  Historically     Any small                                                     
  Underutilized    business                                                      
  Business Zones   regardless                                                    
                   of type         X          X          X                X      
  Section 8(a)     Any small                                                     
  Business         business                                                      
  Development      regardless                                                    
  Program          of type         X          X          X        X       X      
  Mentor-Protege   Any small                                                     
  Program          business                                                      
                   regardless                                                    
                   of type                               X                       
  Small            Any small                                                     
  Disadvantaged    business                                                      
  Business         regardless                                                    
  Certification    of type                                                       
  Program                                                X                       
  Certificate of   Any small                                                     
  Competency       business                                                      
  program          regardless                                                    
                   of type                    X                                  
  Small Business   Any small                                                     
  Innovation       business                                                      
  Research         regardless                                                    
                   of type         X                                             
  Small Business   Any small                                                     
  Technology       business                                                      
  Transfer Program regardless                                                    
                   of type         X                                             
  Sub-Net          Any small                                                     
                   business                                                      
                   regardless                                                    
                   of type                    X                                  
  TECH-Net         Any small                                                     
                   business                                                      
                   regardless                                                    
                   of type                    X                                  
  Section 7(j)     Any small                                                     
  program          business                                                      
                   regardless                                                    
                   of type                    X                                  
  Office of Veterans Business Development
  Service-Disabled Any small                                                    
  Veteran Owned    business                                                     
  Small Business   regardless                                                   
  Concern Program  of type         X                                            

Source: GAO data.

Appendix XIII: Department of Veterans Affairs - Programs that Offer
Services to Small Manufacturers and Types of Services

Table 29: Department of Veterans Affairs Programs That Offer Services
to Small Businesses Engaged in Manufacturing by Agency, Target
Businesses, and Agency Description of Purpose

Agency description of program purpose Agency description of program
purpose

Office of Small and Disadvantaged Business Utilization

Historically Underutilized Business Zones Program

Women-Owned Small Business Program

Small Business Program

Section 8(a) Business Development Program

Small Disadvantaged Business Program

The Small Disadvantaged Business Program is responsible for the award of
contracts to small business concerns owned and controlled by socially and
economically disadvantaged individuals and encouraging greater economic
opportunity for minority entrepreneurs.

The Veteran-Owned and Operated Small Business program identifies small
businesses for inclusion Veterans Affairs' existing acquisition programs;
although it is not authorized to set aside contracts for veterans.
Veterans Affairs is the only agency which sets a goal and tracks
participation of veteran-owned small businesses. Beginning in 2007, it
will place a greater emphasis on such businesses.

Service Disabled Veteran Owned and Operated Small Business Program

Subcontracting Program

Center for Veterans Enterprise

Source: GAO data.

Table 30: Services Provided by Department of Veterans Affairs Programs by Agency, Target Businesses, and Type of Services

Agency and program Agency and program

Technology development and/or deployment Technology development and/or
deployment

Any small business, regardless of type

X

Historically Underutilized Business Zones Program

Any small business, regardless of type

X

Small Business Program

Any small business, regardless of type

X

Small Disadvantaged Business Program

X

Any small business, regardless of type

Service Disabled Veteran Owned and Operated Small Business Program

Any small business, regardless of type

X

Center for Veterans Enterprise

X

Appendix XIV: Environmental Protection Agency - Programs that Offer
Services to Small Manufacturers and Types of Services

Table 31: Environmental Protection Agency Programs That Offer Services
to Small Businesses Engaged in Manufacturing by Agency, Target
Businesses, and Agency Description of Purpose

Agency description of program purpose Agency description of program
purpose Agency description of program purpose

Mentor-Protege Program

The purpose of the Mentor-Protege Program is meant to stimulate and impact
the number of small disadvantaged businesses and women-owned businesses
engaged in Environmental Protection Agency contracts.

Compliance Assistance Centers

Any business, regardless of size or type

Design for the Environment program

The purpose of the Design for Environment (DfE) program is to work in
partnership with a broad range of stakeholders to reduce risk to people
and the environment by preventing pollution. DfE focuses on industries
that combine the potential for chemical risk reduction with a strong
motivation to make lasting, positive changes. DfE convenes partners,
including industry representatives and environmental groups to develop
goals and guide the work of the partnership. Partnerships evaluate the
human health and environmental considerations, performance, and cost of
traditional and alternative technologies, materials and processes. As
incentives ford participation and change DfE offers unique technical
tools, methodologies, and expertise.

Small Business Innovation Research Program

Office of Solid Waste

Mentor-Protege Program

National Environmental Performance Track

Design for the Environment program

Office of Research and Development

X

X

X

X

Agency description of program purpose

Agency and program

Technology development and/or deployment

Manufacturing Technology Transfer Centers

Any business, regardless of size or type

Tech Briefs provides on a monthly basis any technologies releasable for
dissemination to the public resulting from research funded by the National
Aeronautics and Space Administration (NASA). It is not restricted to
commercially significant technologies. Tech Briefs are typically cutting
edge reports on research and emerging technologies. Until fiscal year 2007
NASA funded the publication under a cooperative agreement.

Enterprise Engine

Any small business, regardless of type

NASA Acquisition Internet Service

TechFinder is a resource that enables commercial and private users to
perform simple or advanced searches or request more detailed information
for technology opportunities, licensing opportunities, past success
stories, and featured technologies leads.

X

X

Office of Technology Transfer

Appendix XIX: Appalachian Regional Commission - Programs that Offer
Services to Small Manufacturers and Types of Services

Table 41: Appalachian Regional Commission Programs That Offer Services to
Small Businesses Engaged in Manufacturing by Agency, Target Businesses,
and Agency Description of Purpose

Agency, office, and     Target        Agency description of program        
program                 businesses    purpose                              
Appalachian Regional Commission
Telecommunications      Any small     Appalachian Regional Commission's    
Initiative              business,     Information Age Appalachia           
                           regardless of telecommunications and information   
                           type          technology program was created to    
                                         promote the development of           
                                         telecommunications in Appalachia,    
                                         with a special focus on helping the  
                                         Region's distressed counties. The    
                                         focus of Information Age Appalachia  
                                         is not only on access to             
                                         infrastructure, but also, and more   
                                         importantly, on applications that    
                                         use that access. Instead of simply   
                                         promoting technology by itself, the  
                                         program seeks to stimulate economic  
                                         growth and improve the standard of   
                                         living in the Region through         
                                         technology-related avenues. Two key  
                                         areas of the program are e-commerce  
                                         and technology-sector job creation.  
                                         The focus of the program is to       
                                         ensure rural areas of Appalachia     
                                         have access to broadband services.   
                                         Training and education are included  
                                         in activities. The program has       
                                         provided broadband awareness         
                                         training and general e-commerce      
                                         training throughout the Appalachian  
                                         Region. It has also worked with      
                                         broadband service providers in       
                                         helping rural communities obtain     
                                         broadband access in unserved and     
                                         underserved areas.                   
Entrepreneurship        Any small     Small, homegrown businesses play an  
Initiative              business,     important role in creating           
                           regardless of self-sustaining local economies and  
                           type          improving the quality of life in     
                                         Appalachia. The Entrepreneurship     
                                         Initiative is a multi-year, $31      
                                         million effort that seeks to provide 
                                         communities with tools to assist     
                                         entrepreneurs in starting and        
                                         expanding local businesses. Two key  
                                         activities of the Initiative include 
                                         giving entrepreneurs greater access  
                                         to capital and educating and         
                                         training entrepreneurs.              
Business Development    Any small     The Business Development Revolving   
Revolving Loan Fund     business,     Loan Fund is a pool of money used by 
Grants                  regardless of an eligible grantee for the purpose  
                           type          of making loans to create and/or     
                                         retain jobs. As loans are repaid by  
                                         the borrowers, the money is returned 
                                         to the revolving loan fund to make   
                                         other loans that becomes an ongoing  
                                         or "revolving" financial tool to     
                                         retain and create private-sector     
                                         jobs.                                
Export Trade Promotion  Any small     Expanding trade opportunities for    
                           business,     Appalachian businesses is an         
                           regardless of important strategy for increasing    
                           type          job opportunities and per capita     
                                         income in the Region. The Export     
                                         Trade Advisory Council (ETAC)        
                                         advises the Commission on trade      
                                         policy issues, promotes advocacy in  
                                         national and regional venues, and    
                                         recommends specific programs for     
                                         promoting rural export trade in      
                                         Appalachia. The ETAC has initiated a 
                                         number of projects designed to help  
                                         small and medium-sized Appalachian   
                                         businesses increase their export     
                                         sales. Its activities include        
                                         education and training, market entry 
                                         for small and medium-sized firms,    
                                         advocacy, and research.              
Asset-Based Development Any business, Appalachian Regional Commission's    
Initiative              regardless of Area Development Program seeks to    
                           size or type  augment the Highway Program and      
                                         bring more of Appalachia's people    
                                         into America's economic mainstream.  
                                         The Asset-Based Development          
                                         Initiative seeks to help communities 
                                         identify and leverage local assets   
                                         to create jobs and build prosperity  
                                         while preserving the character of    
                                         their community. Development         
                                         strategies include, among other      
                                         things, capitalizing on traditional  
                                         arts, culture, and heritage; adding  
                                         value to farming through specialized 
                                         agricultural development, including  
                                         processing specialty food items,     
                                         fish farming, and organic farming;   
                                         and converting overlooked and        
                                         underused facilities into industrial 
                                         parks, business incubators, or       
                                         educational facilities.              

Table 42: Services Provided by Appalachian Regional Commission Programs by
Agency, Target Businesses, and Type of Services

                                                Type of service
                                          Technology  Technical,                 
                                          development business,                  
                    Target                  and/or        or             Worker  
 Agency and program businesses  Financial deployment  management Export training 
 Appalachian Regional Commission
 Telecommunications Any small                                                    
 Initiative         business,                                                    
                    regardless                                                   
                    of type         X          X          X                X     
 Entrepreneurship   Any small                                                    
 Initiative         business,                                                    
                    regardless                                                   
                    of type         X                                      X     
 Business           Any small                                                    
 Development        business,                                                    
 Revolving Loan     regardless                                                   
 Fund Grants        of type         X                     X                      
 Export Trade       Any small                                                    
 Promotion          business,                                                    
                    regardless                                                   
                    of type         X          X          X        X             
 Asset-Based        Any                                                          
 Development        business,                                                    
 Initiative         regardless                                                   
                    of size or                                                   
                    type            X                     X                X     

Source: GAO data.

Appendix XX: Robert C. Byrd National Technology Transfer Center - Programs
that Offer Services to Small Manufacturers and Types of Services 

Table 43: Robert C. Byrd National Technology Transfer Center Programs That
Offer Services to Small Businesses Engaged in Manufacturing by Agency,
Target Businesses, and Agency Description of Purpose

Agency, office, Target                                                     
and program     businesses    Agency description of program purpose        
Robert C. Byrd National Technology Transfer Center
National        Any business, The Robert C. Byrd National Technology       
Technology      regardless of Transfer Center (NTTC), a 501 (c)(3)         
Transfer Center size or type  organization, was established in 1989 to     
                                 link U.S. industry with federal laboratories 
                                 and universities that have the technologies  
                                 facilities and researchers that industry     
                                 needs to maximize product development        
                                 opportunities. The NTTC provides technology  
                                 assessment services and serves its clients   
                                 with an experienced professional staff that  
                                 includes intellectual-property management    
                                 experts, scientists and engineers, computer  
                                 information specialists and programmers,     
                                 market analysts, Web designers, security     
                                 experts, outreach specialists and technology 
                                 transfer negotiators. In addition, the NTTC  
                                 houses a demonstration and training          
                                 laboratory in which software and other       
                                 technologies are tested and demonstrated.    

Source: GAO data.

Table 44: Services Provided by the Robert C. Byrd National Technology
Transfer Center Programs by Agency, Target Businesses, and Type of
Services

                                             Type of service
                                       Technology  Technical,                 
                                       development business,                  
Agency and Target                     and/or        or             Worker  
program    businesses     Financial deployment  management Export training 
Robert C. Byrd National Technology Transfer Center
National   Any business,                                                   
Technology regardless of                                                   
Transfer   size or type                                                    
Center                                   X          X                      

Source: GAO data.

Appendix XXI: Interagency Efforts that Address Concerns of Small
Businesses and Businesses Regardless of Size and Type

Table 45: Five Interagency Efforts Address the Concerns of Small
Businesses, Regardless of Type

Focus of                                    Description of interagency     
interagency effort Participating agencies   effort                         
Coordinate program Twelve participating     The Small Business Innovation  
operations across  agencies including the   Research (SBIR) Program        
multiple agencies  Departments of           Managers Meetings is an        
                      Agriculture, Commerce,   interagency effort in which    
                      Defense, Education,      program managers from the      
                      Energy, Health and Human Small Business Administration  
                      Services, Homeland       and the 11 participating SBIR  
                      Security, and            agencies meet periodically to  
                      Transportation as well   discuss program-related topics 
                      as the Environmental     such as operations, approaches 
                      Protection Agency, the   to new initiatives, and policy 
                      National Aeronautics and changes.                       
                      Space Administration,                                   
                      the National Science                                    
                      Foundation, and the                                     
                      Small Business                                          
                      Administration.                                         
Encourage program  Twelve participating     The SBIR/STTR-Where Innovation 
participation by   agencies including the   Focuses Technology (SWIFT) is  
small businesses   Departments of           an interagency effort which    
in selected        Agriculture, Commerce,   outreaches to raise awareness  
geographic areas   Defense, Education,      of the SBIR and Small Business 
                      Energy, Health and Human Technology Transfer (STTR)     
                      Services, Homeland       programs in areas of the       
                      Security, and            country with low participation 
                      Transportation as well   in these programs. SWIFT       
                      as the Environmental     brings officials from          
                      Protection Agency, the   participating agencies to      
                      National Aeronautics and state-sponsored conferences to 
                      Space Administration,    discuss their research topic   
                      the National Science     areas and raise awareness of   
                      Foundation, and the      the funding opportunities      
                      Small Business           available to entrepreneurs,    
                      Administration.          scientists, business owners,   
                                               and others. Federal officials  
                                               may also conduct individual    
                                               meetings at these conferences  
                                               to discuss how small           
                                               businesses compete for SBIR    
                                               funding.                       
Enhance            Twelve participating     The Small Business Working     
participation in   agencies including the   Group is a subset of the Chief 
federal            Departments of           Acquisitions Officers Council  
contracting by     Agriculture, Commerce,   (CAOC). The CAOC consists of a 
small businesses   Defense, Education,      diverse group of acquisition   
                      Energy, Health and Human professionals in the Executive 
                      Services, Homeland       Branch established to provide  
                      Security, and            a senior level forum for       
                      Transportation, as well  monitoring and improving the   
                      as the Environmental     federal acquisition system.    
                      Protection Agency,       The CAOC promotes effective    
                      National Aeronautics and business practices that ensure 
                      Space Administration,    the timely delivery of best    
                      National Science         value products and services to 
                      Foundation, and Small    the agencies, achieve public   
                      Business Administration. policy objectives, and further 
                                               integrity, fairness,           
                                               competition, and openness in   
                                               the federal acquisition        
                                               system. The CAOC works closely 
                                               with the Administrator, Office 
                                               of Federal Procurement Policy, 
                                               and the Federal Acquisition    
                                               Regulatory Council to promote  
                                               these business practices in    
                                               the acquisition system. The    
                                               CAOC is focused on promoting   
                                               the President's Management     
                                               Agenda in all aspects of the   
                                               acquisition system. The CAOC   
                                               also promotes the President's  
                                               specific acquisition-related   
                                               initiatives and policies.      
Enhance            Twenty-five              The Federal Office of Small    
participation in   participating agencies   and Disadvantaged Business     
federal            including the            Utilization (OSDBU) Directors  
contracting by     Departments of:          Interagency Council exchanges  
small socially and Agriculture, Commerce,   information on methods,        
economically       Defense (Air Force,      initiatives, and processes     
disadvantaged      Army, and Navy),         that will permit respective    
businesses         Education, Energy,       agencies to more effectively   
                      Health and Human         utilize small businesses in    
                      Services, Homeland       prime contracts and            
                      Security, Housing and    subcontracts to the maximum    
                      Urban Development,       extent practicable. In         
                      Interior, Justice,       addition, the Council shall    
                      Labor, State,            collectively act in the        
                      Transportation,          interest of small businesses   
                      Treasury, and Veterans   on federal and national small  
                      Affairs; as well as the  business initiatives. More     
                      Environmental Protection specifically, the Council      
                      Agency, Executive Office disseminates information to    
                      of the President,        all OSDBU Directors and their  
                      Federal Deposit          staffs, advocates training for 
                      Insurance Corporation,   the federal procurement        
                      General Services         workforce, and provides a      
                      Administration, National forum where officials share    
                      Aeronautics and Space    ideas and experiences and work 
                      Administration, National with interested groups to      
                      Science Foundation,      develop solutions to           
                      Nuclear Regulatory       procurement issues that affect 
                      Commission, Office of    small businesses. The OSDBU    
                      Personnel Management,    Directors Council was          
                      Smithsonian Institution, established in the late 1980s  
                      and Social Security                                     
                      Administration.                                         
Expand scope of    Twelve participating     Interagency Network of         
services offered   agencies including 5     Enterprise Assistance          
to small           agencies in the          Providers brings together      
businesses through Department of Commerce   federal agencies to explore    
service centers    (International Trade     the concept, feasibility, and  
the agencies       Administration's Export  framework to develop a         
operate            Assistance Centers,      coordinated network of         
                      Economic Development     assistance programs that meets 
                      Agency, National         the needs of small businesses  
                      Institute of Standards   and manufacturers. Group       
                      and Technology's         members meet monthly to learn  
                      Manufacturing Extension  about each other's programs    
                      Partnership, Minority    and discuss mutually           
                      Business Development     beneficial opportunities for   
                      Agency, and Office of    pilot collaborations. To date, 
                      Intellectual Property    the group has discussed such   
                      Rights), the Small       topics as successful export    
                      Business                 strategies for small           
                      Administration's Small   manufacturers, the development 
                      Business Development     of a Web site for the          
                      Centers as well as the   coordinated network and        
                      Export-Import Bank,      available small business       
                      Environmental Protection innovation information.        
                      Agency, and the                                         
                      Departments of                                          
                      Agriculture, Defense,                                   
                      Energy, and Labor.                                      

Source: GAO data.

Table 46: Nine Interagency Efforts Address the Concerns of All Businesses,
Regardless of Size or Type

Focus of                                       Description of interagency  
interagency effort  Participating agencies     effort                      
Forum to raise      Twenty-six participating   Recognizing the potential   
bioengineering      agencies including NIH     benefits to human health to 
issues              Institutes Centers and     be realized from applying   
                       Offices (National          the field of                
                       Institutes for Cancer;     bioengineering, the NIH     
                       Biomedical Imaging and     Director formally           
                       Bioengineering; Allergy    established the             
                       and Infectious Diseases;   Bioengineering Consortium   
                       Eye; Heart, Lung, and      (BECON) was an interagency  
                       Blood; Aging; Alcohol      group convened by the NIH   
                       Abuse and Alcoholism;      Director in February 1997.  
                       Arthritis and              BECON is the focus of       
                       Musculoskeletal and Skin   bioengineering issues at    
                       Diseases; Child Health and the NIH and is composed of  
                       Human Development; Drug    senior-level                
                       Abuse; Deafness and Other  representatives from each   
                       Communication Disorders;   of the NIH centers,         
                       Dental and Craniofacial    institutes, and divisions.  
                       Research; Diabetes and     The Consortium also         
                       Digestive and Kidney       includes representatives of 
                       Diseases; Environmental    other federal agencies      
                       Health Sciences, General   concerned with biomedical   
                       Medical Sciences; Mental   research and development.   
                       Health; Neurological       The BECON is administered   
                       Disorders and Stroke; NIH  by the National Institute   
                       Centers for Scientific     of Biomedical Imaging and   
                       Review; Information        Bioengineering at the NIH.  
                       Technology; Research                                   
                       Resources; NIH Offices for                             
                       Intramural Research;                                   
                       Research Services; as well                             
                       as the Human Genome                                    
                       Research Institute,                                    
                       Clinical Center, and                                   
                       National Library of                                    
                       Medicine), the Department                              
                       of Energy, National                                    
                       Institute of Standards and                             
                       Technology in the                                      
                       Department of Commerce,                                
                       and the National Science                               
                       Foundation.                                            
Develop a single    Twenty-two participating   Business Gateway is a       
electronic point of agencies including the     partnership of federal      
contact for federal Departments of             agencies that provide a     
information to help Agriculture, Commerce,     single online access point  
businesses          Defense, Education,        for government services and 
                       Energy, Health and Human   information that can help   
                       Services, Homeland         businesses, called          
                       Security, Housing and      Business.gov. Launched in   
                       Urban Development,         2004, Business.gov          
                       Interior, Justice, Labor,  initially focused on        
                       State, Transportation,     starting, growing and       
                       Treasury, and Veteran      financing small businesses. 
                       Affairs and the            In October 2006, its focus  
                       Environmental Protection   shifted to helping          
                       Agency, General Services   businesses comply with      
                       Administration, Office of  federal regulations.        
                       Personnel Management,                                  
                       National Aeronautics and                               
                       Space Administration,                                  
                       National Science                                       
                       Foundation, Small Business                             
                       Administration and Social                              
                       Security Administration.                               
Coordinate efforts  Thirteen participating     Federal Laboratory          
to transfer         agencies including the     Consortium for Technology   
federally developed Departments of             Transfer (FLC), formed in   
technology to the   Agriculture, Commerce,     1974, is a nationwide       
private sector      Defense, Energy, Health    network of federal          
                       and Human Services, the    laboratories. FLC provides  
                       Interior, Justice,         a forum to develop          
                       Transportation, Treasury,  strategies and identify     
                       Veterans Affairs, as well  opportunities to link the   
                       as the Environmental       laboratories' mission       
                       Protection Agency,         technologies and expertise  
                       National Aeronautics and   with the marketplace. It    
                       Space Administration, and  serves as an interagency    
                       National Science           forum to develop and        
                       Foundation.                strengthen nationwide       
                                                  efforts to transfer         
                                                  federally developed         
                                                  technology to the private   
                                                  sector.                     
Coordinate efforts  Eleven participating       The Interagency Working     
to transfer         agencies including the     Group on Technology         
federally developed Departments of             Transfer is a longstanding  
technology to the   Agriculture, Commerce,     interagency effort that     
private sector      Defense, Energy, Health    includes senior policy      
                       and Human Services,        officials from most of the  
                       Homeland Security,         federal science and         
                       Interior, Transportation,  technology agencies. The    
                       Veterans Affairs, as well  group's activities are      
                       as the Environmental       coordinated through the     
                       Protection Agency and      Office of Technology Policy 
                       National Aeronautics and   in the Department of        
                       Space Administration.      Commerce. The group meets   
                                                  monthly to discuss policy   
                                                  issues and related topics   
                                                  of significant interest to  
                                                  the federal laboratory      
                                                  technology transfer         
                                                  community. One of the       
                                                  continuing discussion       
                                                  interests over the last     
                                                  several years has been the  
                                                  extent to which existing    
                                                  federal technology transfer 
                                                  mechanisms and programs     
                                                  work effectively to         
                                                  facilitate interaction with 
                                                  the private sector in such  
                                                  areas as the transfer of    
                                                  intellectual property       
                                                  rights, cooperative         
                                                  research and development    
                                                  relationships, and new      
                                                  technology development      
                                                  activities.                 
Share information   Thirteen participating     GIDEP is a cooperative      
on the development  organizations including    activity between government 
of information      the Army, Navy, Air Force, and industry participants   
technology systems  and Defense Logistics      that seek to share          
                       Agency in the Department   technical information       
                       of Defense, National       during research, design,    
                       Aeronautical and Space     development, production and 
                       Administration, Department operational phases of the   
                       of Energy, Department of   life cycle of systems,      
                       Labor, National Institute  facilities and equipment    
                       of Standards and           for the development,        
                       Technology in the          thereby reducing or         
                       Department of and          eliminating expenditures of 
                       Commerce, Federal Aviation resources, lowering total   
                       Administration, General    ownership cost, and         
                       Services Administration,   increasing reliability,     
                       National Security Agency,  readiness and safety.       
                       U.S. Postal Service, as                                
                       well as, the Canadian                                  
                       Department of Defense.                                 
Coordinate efforts  Seven participating        The Multi-Agency Tissue     
on tissue           agencies including the     Engineering Science (MATES) 
engineering         National Institute of      Interagency Working Group   
                       Standards and Technology   helps keep federal agencies 
                       in the Department of       involved in tissue          
                       Commerce, Department of    engineering informed of     
                       Energy, Defense Advanced   each other's activities and 
                       Research Projects Agency   helps the agencies better   
                       in the Department of       coordinate their efforts in 
                       Defense, two agencies in   this rapidly growing field. 
                       the Department of Health   The MATES Interagency       
                       and Human Services (Food   Working Group was organized 
                       and Drug Administration    under the auspices of the   
                       and National Institutes of Subcommittee on             
                       Health), the National      Biotechnology of the        
                       Aeronautics and Space      National Science and        
                       Administration, and the    Technology Council.         
                       National Science                                       
                       Foundation.                                            
Coordinate federal  Twenty-eight federal       The National Nanotechnology 
nano-technology and agencies participate in    Initiative (NNI) is a       
nano-science        the NNI including the      federal research and        
related research    Office of Science          development (R&D) program   
and development     Technology Policy, Office  established to coordinate   
(R&D) efforts       of Management and Budget,  multi-agency efforts in     
                       Consumer Product Safety    nanoscale science,          
                       Commission, Environmental  engineering, and            
                       Protection Agency,         technology. Thirteen        
                       Intelligence Technology    participating agencies have 
                       Innovation Center,         an R&D budget for           
                       International Trade        nanotechnology. Other       
                       Commission, National       Federal organizations       
                       Aeronautics and Space      contribute with studies,    
                       Administration, National   applications for the        
                       Science Foundation,        results from agencies that  
                       Nuclear Regulatory         perform R&D, and other      
                       Commission, two agencies   collaborations. The NNI is  
                       within the Department of   managed within the          
                       Agriculture (Cooperative   framework of the National   
                       State Research Extension   Science and Technology      
                       and Education Service and  Council, the Cabinet-level  
                       Forest Service), the       council that coordinates    
                       Department of Defense,     science, space, and         
                       four agencies within the   technology policies across  
                       Department of Commerce     the federal government. In  
                       (Bureau of Industry and    addition to funding         
                       Security, National         research, federal support   
                       Institute of Standards and through the NNI provides    
                       Technology, Technology     crucial funds for the       
                       Administration, and U.S.   creation of university and  
                       Patent and Trademark       government nanoscale R&D    
                       Office), the Departments   laboratories, and helps     
                       of Education and Energy,   educate the workforce       
                       three agencies within the  necessary for the future of 
                       Department of Health and   nanotechnology. The NNI     
                       Human Services (Food and   also plays a key role in    
                       Drug Administration,       fostering                   
                       National Institutes of     cross-disciplinary networks 
                       Health, and National       and partnerships, and       
                       Institute for Occupational disseminating information.  
                       Safety and Health), one    Finally, it enables small   
                       agency within Department   businesses to pursue        
                       of the Interior (U.S.      opportunities offered by    
                       Geological Survey), and    nanotechnology, and         
                       the Departments of         encourages all levels of    
                       Homeland Security,         business to exploit those   
                       Justice, Labor, State,     opportunities.              
                       Transportation, and                                    
                       Treasury.                                              
Develop and build   Six participating agencies Commerce has a leading role 
acceptance of       within the Department of   within the federal          
standards for a new Commerce including the     government to ensure that   
technology          Technology Administration, RFID is understood, that    
                       the National Institute of  both industry and consumer  
                       Standards and Technology,  concerns and views are      
                       the National               heard, and that accurate    
                       Telecommunications and     information about the       
                       Information                features and abilities of   
                       Administration, the        RFID are disseminated.      
                       International Trade                                    
                       Administration, the                                    
                       Economics and Statistics                               
                       Administration and the                                 
                       U.S. Patent and Trademark                              
                       Office.                                                
Streamline federal  Twenty participating       The Trade Promotion         
export services     agencies including the     Coordinating Committee      
                       Departments of             (TPCC) is composed of all   
                       Agriculture, Commerce,     the federal government's    
                       Defense, Energy, Homeland  agencies involved in export 
                       Security, Interior, Labor, promotion. The present TPCC 
                       Transportation, and        was formed in 1993 by       
                       Treasury, and the Council  Executive Order No. 12870,  
                       of Economic Advisors,      58 Fed. Reg. 51753 (Sept.   
                       Environmental Protection   30, 1993), pursuant to the  
                       Agency, Export-Import Bank Export Enhancement Act of   
                       of the United States,      1992, Pub. L. No. 102-429 S 
                       National Economic Council, 201, 106 Stat. 2186 (Oct.   
                       National Security Council, 21, 1992); 15 U.S.C. S      
                       Office of Management and   4727. The Trade Promotion   
                       Budget, Overseas Private   Coordinating Committee      
                       Investment Corporation,    (TPCC) is composed of all   
                       Small Business             the federal government's    
                       Administration, U.S.       agencies involved in export 
                       Agency for International   promotion. The Secretary of 
                       Development, U.S. Trade    Commerce is the designated  
                       and Development Agency,    chairperson. The TPCC is    
                       and United States Trade    mandated to streamline      
                       Representative.            export programs, leverage   
                                                  resources across agencies,  
                                                  develop a national export   
                                                  strategy, and report        
                                                  annually to Congress.       
                                                  Recent initiatives include  
                                                  joint marketing such as     
                                                  Export.gov; joint training  
                                                  such as the TPCC            
                                                  Interagency Trade Officer   
                                                  Training Program; program   
                                                  integration such as through 
                                                  the Small Business          
                                                  Administration and          
                                                  Export-Import Bank          
                                                  Co-Guarantee Program;       
                                                  strategic partnerships to   
                                                  broaden business outreach,  
                                                  such as with states,        
                                                  associations, and corporate 
                                                  partners; and coordination  
                                                  in priority markets, such   
                                                  as in key emerging markets. 

Source: GAO data.

Appendix XXII: Studies of Programs that Support Small
Businesses Engaged in Manufacturing

List of Studies

Studies on Programs at the Department of Commerce

Davila, Natalie A. "Evaluating Manufacturing Extension: A Multidimensional
Approach." Economic Development Quarterly. Vol. 18, no. 3 (2004): 286-302.

Ehlen, Mark A. "The Economic Impact of Manufacturing Extension Centers."
Economic Development Quarterly. Vol. 15, no. 1 (2001): 36-44.

Feldman, Maryann P., and Maryellen R. Kelley. "Leveraging Research and
Development: Assessing the Impact of the U.S. Advanced Technology
Program." Small Business Economics. Vol. 20, no. 2 (2003): 153-165.

Commerce Information Technology Solutions Next Generation Governmentwide
Acquisition Contract. [49]GAO-06-791R . Washington, D.C.: June 14, 2006.

Trade Adjustment Assistance: Experiences of Six Trade-Impacted
Communities. [50]GAO-01-838 . Washington, D.C.: August 24, 2001.

Trade Adjustment Assistance: Impact of Federal Assistance to Firms Is
Unclear. [51]GAO-01-12 . Washington, D.C.: December 15, 2000.

Reeder et al. The National Institute of Standards and Technology's
Manufacturing Extension Partnership Program - Report 1: Re-examining the
Core Premise of the MEP Program. Washington, D.C.: National Academy of
Public Administration, 2003.

Shapira, Philip. "US Manufacturing Extension Partnerships: Technology
Policy Reinvented?" Research Policy. Vol. 30 (2001): 977-992.

Voytek, Kenneth P., Karen L. Lellock, and Mark A. Schmit. "Developing
Performance Metrics for Science and Technology Programs: The Case of the
Manufacturing Extension Partnership Program." Economic Development
Quarterly. Vol. 18, no. 2 (2004): 174-185.

Studies on Programs at the Department of Defense

Ahmad, Mohamad, Radostin Krastev, and Arkadiusz Puciato. Military Business
Success. MBA Professional Report. Monterey, CA: Naval Postgraduate School,
2004.

Contract Management: Benefits of the DoD Mentor-Protege Program Are Not
Conclusive. [52]GAO-01-767 . Washington, D.C.: July 19, 2001.

Defense Commissaries: Additional Small Business Opportunities Should Be
Explored. [53]GAO-03-160 . Washington, D.C.: December 12, 2002.

Defense Manufacturing Technology Program: More Joint Projects and Tracking
of Results Could Benefit Program. [54]GAO-01-943 . Washington, D.C.:
September 28, 2001.

Green, Gregory Sean. Army Small Business Innovation Research: A Survey of
Phase II Awardees. Thesis. Monterey, CA: Naval Postgraduate School, 2001.

Peete, Danny A., and Paul J. Componation. "Predicting USMC SBIR Phase I to
II Transition Success by Evaluating Use of Systems Engineering
Capabilities." Engineering Management Journal. Vol. 15, no. 3 (2003):
21-27.

Studies on Programs at the Department of Energy

Department of Energy: Achieving Small Business Prime Contracting Goals
Involves Both Potential Benefits and Risks. [55]GAO-04-738T . Washington,
D.C.: May 18, 2004.

DOE Contracting: Improved Program Management Could Help Achieve Small
Business Goal. [56]GAO-06-501 . Washington, D.C.: April 7, 2006.

Small Business Participation in the Alaska Natural Gas Pipeline Project.
GAO-05-860R. Washington, D.C.: August 4, 2005.

Technology Transfer: Several Factors Have Led to a Decline in Partnerships
at DOE's Laboratories. [57]GAO-02-465 . Washington, D.C.: April 19, 2002.

Study on Programs at the Department of Health and Human Services

Toole, Andrew A., and Dirk Czarnitzki. Biomedical Academic
Entrepreneurship Through the SBIR Program. Cambridge, MA: National Bureau
of Economic Research, 2005.

Study on Programs at the Department of Transportation

Disadvantaged Business Enterprises: Critical Information Is Needed to
Understand Program Impact. [58]GAO-01-586 . Washington, D.C.: June 1,
2001.

Studies on Programs at the Appalachian Regional Commission

Greenwood Consulting Group, Inc. A Survey of Business Incubators in
Appalachia. A report prepared at the request of the Appalachian Regional
Commission. July 2005.

Plishker, Laurie, Gary Silverstein, and Joy Frechtling. Evaluation of the
Appalachian Regional Commission's Vocational Education and Workforce
Training Projects. A report prepared by Westat at the request of the
Appalachian Regional Commission. January 2002.

Study on Programs at the Export-Import Bank

Export-Import Bank: Changes Would Improve the Reliability of Reporting on
Small Business Financing. [59]GAO-06-351 . Washington, D.C.: March 3,
2006.

Studies on Programs at the National Aeronautics and Space Administration

Archibald, Robert B., and David H. Finifter. "Evaluating the NASA small
business innovation research program: preliminary evidence of a trade-off
between commercialization and basic research." Research Policy. Vol. 32,
no. 4 (2003): 605-619.

U.S. National Aeronautics and Space Administration. Commercial Technology
Division. Office of Aerospace Technology. NASA SBIR Program: Commercial
Metrics. Washington, D.C.: 2002.

Studies on Programs at the Small Business Administration

Major Management Challenges and Program Risks: Small Business
Administration. [60]GAO-03-116 . Washington, D.C.: January 1, 2003.

SBA Disaster Loan Program: Accounting Anomalies Resolved but Additional
Steps Would Improve Long-Term Reliability of Cost Estimates.
[61]GAO-05-409 . Washington, D.C.: April 14, 2005.

Small Business: HUBZone Program Suffers From Reporting and Implementation
Difficulties. [62]GAO-02-57 . Washington, D.C.: October 26, 2001.

Small Business: More Transparency Needed in Prime Contract Goal Program.
[63]GAO-01-551 . Washington, D.C.: August 1, 2001.

Small Business: Status of Small Disadvantaged Business Certifications.
GAO-01-273. Washington, D.C.: January 19, 2001.

Small Business Administration: Actions Needed to Provide More Timely
Disaster Assistance. [64]GAO-06-860 . Washington, D.C.: July 28, 2006.

Small Business Administration: Disaster Loan Program. [65]GAO-02-210R .
Washington, D.C.: November 16, 2001.

Small Business Administration: Improvements Made, but Loan Programs Face
Ongoing Management Challenges. [66]GAO-06-605T . Washington, D.C.: April
6, 2006.

Small Business Administration: Management Practices Have Improved for the
Women's Business Center Program. [67]GAO-01-791R . Washington, D.C.: June
13, 2001.

Small Business Administration: Model for 7(a) Program Subsidy Had
Reasonable Equations, but Inadequate Documentation Hampered External
Reviews. [68]GAO-04-9 . Washington, D.C.: March 31, 2004.

Small Business Administration: New Service for Lender Oversight Reflects
Some Best Practices, but Strategy for Use Lags Behind. [69]GAO-04-610 .
Washington, D.C.: June 8, 2004.

Small Business Administration: Observations on the Disaster Loan Program.
[70]GAO-03-721T . Washington, D.C.: May 1, 2003.

Small Business Administration: Response to September 11 Victims and
Performance Measures for Disaster Lending. [71]GAO-03-385 . Washington,
D.C.: January 29, 2003.

Small Business Administration: Section 7(a) General Business Loans Credit
Subsidy Estimates. [72]GAO-01-1095R . Washington, D.C.: August 21, 2001.

Small Business Administration: SBA Followed Appropriate Policies and
Procedures for September 11 Disaster Loan Applications. [73]GAO-04-885 .
Washington, D.C.: August 31, 2004.

Small Business Administration: Small Business Government Contracting
Programs; Subcontracting. [74]GAO-05-268R . Washington, D.C.: January 24,
2005.

Small Business Administration: The Commercial Marketing Representative
Role Needs to Be Strategically Planned and Assessed. [75]GAO-03-54 .
Washington, D.C.: November 1, 2002.

Waivers of the Small Business Administration's Nonmanufacturer Rule Have
Limited Effect. [76]GAO-03-311R . Washington, D.C.: December 19, 2002.

Ong, Paul M. "Set-aside contracting in SBA's 8(a) program." The Review of
Black Political Economy. Vol. 28, no. 3 (2001): 59-71.

Studies on Programs at Multiple Agencies

Anonymous. "Analyzing SBIR." Regulation Magazine. Vol. 23, no. 4 (2000):
14-15.

Audretsch, David B., Juergen Weigand, and Claudia Weigand. "The Impact of
the SBIR on Creating Entrepreneurial Behavior." Economic Development
Quarterly. Vol. 16, no. 1 (2002): 32-38.

Contract Management: Impact of Strategy to Mitigate Effects of Contract
Bundling on Small Business Is Uncertain. [77]GAO-04-454 . Washington,
D.C.: May 27, 2004.

Export Promotion: Government Agencies Should Combine Small Business Export
Training Programs. [78]GAO-01-1023 . Washington, D.C.: September 21, 2001.

Export Promotion: Trade Promotion Coordinating Committee's Role Remains
Limited. [79]GAO-06-660T . Washington, D.C.: April 26, 2006.

Federal Procurement: Trends and Challenges in Contracting With Women-Owned
Small Businesses. [80]GAO-01-346 . Washington, D.C.: February 16, 2001.

Federal Research: Observations on the Small Business Innovation Research
Program. [81]GAO-05-861T . Washington, D.C.: June 28, 2005.

Federal Research and Development: Contributions to and Results of the
Small Business Technology Transfer Program. [82]GAO-01-867T . Washington,
D.C.: June 21, 2001.

Federal Research and Development: Contributions to and Results of the
Small Business Technology Transfer Program. [83]GAO-01-766R . Washington,
D.C.: June 4, 2001.

Information on the Number of Small Business Set-Asides Issued and
Successfully Challenged. [84]GAO-03-242R . Washington, D.C.: November 1,
2002.

International Trade: Experts' Advice for Small Businesses Seeking Foreign
Patents. [85]GAO-03-910 . Washington, D.C.: June 26, 2003.

Small and Disadvantaged Businesses: Most Agency Advocates View Their Roles
Similarly. [86]GAO-04-451 . Washington, D.C.: March 22, 2004.

Small Business Contracting: Concerns About the Administration's Plan to
Address Contract Bundling Issues. [87]GAO-03-559T . Washington, D.C.:
March 18, 2003.

Small Business Innovation Research: Agencies Need to Strengthen Efforts to
Improve the Completeness, Consistency, and Accuracy of Awards Data.
[88]GAO-07-38 . Washington, D.C.: October 19, 2006.

Small Business Subcontracting Report Validation Can Be Improved.
GAO-02-166R. Washington, D.C.: December 13, 2001.

Pretorius, Jacob V.R., and Christopher L. Magee. "Observations on
collaborative practices and relative success of small
technology-innovating firms supported by the US SBIR initiative."
Entrepreneurship and Innovation Management. Vol. 5, nos. 1/2 (2005): 4-19.

van der Vlist, Arno, Shelby Gerking, and Henk Folmer. "What Determines the
Success of States in Attracting SBIR Awards?" Economic Development
Quarterly. Vol. 18, no. 1 (2004): 81-90.

Appendix XXIII: GAO Contacts and Staff Acknowledgments

GAO Contact

Anu Mittal, 202-512-3841 or [email protected]

Staff Acknowledgments

In addition to the contact named above, Cheryl Williams, (Assistant
Director); Stephen Cleary; Bernice Dawson; Holly Gerhart; Cindy Gilbert;
Nicole Harris; Matt Michaels; Rosario Montemayor; Alison O'Neill; and
Jerome Sandau made key contributions to this report.

(360715)

GAO's Mission

The Government Accountability Office, the audit, evaluation and
investigative arm of Congress, exists to support Congress in meeting its
constitutional responsibilities and to help improve the performance and
accountability of the federal government for the American people. GAO
examines the use of public funds; evaluates federal programs and policies;
and provides analyses, recommendations, and other assistance to help
Congress make informed oversight, policy, and funding decisions. GAO's
commitment to good government is reflected in its core values of
accountability, integrity, and reliability.

Obtaining Copies of GAO Reports and Testimony

The fastest and easiest way to obtain copies of GAO documents at no cost
is through GAO's Web site ( www.gao.gov ). Each weekday, GAO posts
newly released reports, testimony, and correspondence on its Web site. To
have GAO e-mail you a list of newly posted products every afternoon, go to
www.gao.gov and select "Subscribe to Updates."

Order by Mail or Phone

The first copy of each printed report is free. Additional copies are $2
each. A check or money order should be made out to the Superintendent of
Documents. GAO also accepts VISA and Mastercard. Orders for 100 or more
copies mailed to a single address are discounted 25 percent. Orders should
be sent to:

U.S. Government Accountability Office 441 G Street NW, Room LM Washington,
D.C. 20548

To order by Phone: Voice: (202) 512-6000 TDD: (202) 512-2537 Fax: (202)
512-6061

To Report Fraud, Waste, and Abuse in Federal Programs

Contact:

Web site: www.gao.gov/fraudnet/fraudnet.htm
E-mail: [email protected]
Automated answering system: (800) 424-5454 or (202) 512-7470

Congressional Relations

Gloria Jarmon, Managing Director, [email protected] (202) 512-4400 U.S.
Government Accountability Office, 441 G Street NW, Room 7125 Washington,
D.C. 20548

Public Affairs

Paul Anderson, Managing Director, [email protected] (202) 512-4800
U.S. Government Accountability Office, 441 G Street NW, Room 7149
Washington, D.C. 20548

www.gao.gov/cgi-bin/getrpt?GAO-07-714 .

To view the full product, including the scope
and methodology, click on the link above.

For more information, contact Anu K. Mittal at (202) 512-3841 or
[email protected].

Highlights of [97]GAO-07-714 , a report to congressional requesters

May 2007

SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY

Information on Federal Programs and Interagency Efforts That Support Small
Businesses Engaged in Manufacturing

Small businesses engaged in manufacturing, typically those with 500 or
fewer employees, comprise about 90 percent of all U.S. manufacturers and
employ 6 million workers. Recent studies have shown that small
manufacturing businesses face a number of challenges in their efforts to
remain competitive, including the inability to obtain operating and
investment capital, a lack of familiarity with new business practices, and
difficulty in finding independent advice and skilled employees. To help
these businesses overcome such challenges, many federal agencies provide
financial and nonfinancial technical services through targeted or general
programs or create interagency work groups to better coordinate their
efforts and more effectively support these businesses.

In this context, GAO identified (1) federal programs that provide services
to support small businesses engaged in manufacturing and (2) federal
interagency efforts that focus on issues of concern to small manufacturing
businesses. To identify these programs and efforts, GAO obtained
documentation from 19 federal agencies.

In commenting on a draft of this report, 18 of the 19 agencies made
technical comments that we have incorporated as appropriate.

GAO is not making recommendations in this report.

GAO identified 254 federal programs that provide services to support the
business sector, of which 5 provide services specifically to small
businesses engaged in manufacturing and an additional 15 target
manufacturers, regardless of their size. Seven of the 20 programs had data
on the level of services provided to small manufacturing businesses, and
between fiscal years 2004 through 2006 these programs provided over $35
million and served from about 8,000 small manufacturing businesses in 2004
to over 9,000 in 2006. The 5 programs that target small businesses engaged
in manufacturing provide primarily nonfinancial technical assistance to
help firms improve the efficiency of their manufacturing operations and
their quality control processes as well as to solve specific manufacturing
problems. These 5 programs also offer small manufacturing businesses
general assistance with their strategic and business planning, accounting
and financing, and sales and marketing. In addition, 1 of the 5 programs
offers financial assistance. Of the 15 programs that provide services to
manufacturers, regardless of their size, 9 offer only nonfinancial
services similar to the 5 that target small manufacturing firms, and 6
also provide financial services. Small businesses engaged in manufacturing
also can obtain services from 127 other federal programs that are
available to all small businesses, regardless of their business type. Many
of these programs provide general business and management services, and
about 35 percent also offer financial services, such as loans or grants.
Finally, small manufacturing businesses can obtain general business,
export, and financial services from an additional 107 federal programs
designed to help the business sector in general, regardless of the size or
type of the business involved. Because not all of these programs gather
data on the size of the businesses they serve, it is unclear how many
small manufacturing firms received services from these general programs.

GAO identified 20 federal interagency efforts that focus on supporting the
business sector. Of these 20 efforts, 4 were created specifically to focus
on the challenges that small businesses engaged in manufacturing face, and
2 were created to focus on issues relevant to manufacturers in general,
regardless of their size. The agencies involved in 3 of the 4 interagency
efforts that focus on the concerns of small manufacturing businesses
collaborate to expand and coordinate their services through national
networks of technical assistance centers. The 4^th effort involves efforts
to help small manufacturing businesses improve the efficiency of their
operations. The 2 interagency efforts that focus on issues relevant to
manufacturers in general focus on developing strategies to improve the
competitiveness of manufacturers and resolving issues associated with
manufacturing-related research and development policies, programs, and
budgets. The remaining 14 interagency efforts that GAO identified focus on
the concerns of small businesses or of all businesses in general, which
may include some issues that also are of concern to small manufacturing
businesses.

References

Visible links
  49. http://www.gao.gov/cgi-bin/getrpt?GAO-06-791R
  50. http://www.gao.gov/cgi-bin/getrpt?GAO-01-838
  51. http://www.gao.gov/cgi-bin/getrpt?GAO-01-12
  52. http://www.gao.gov/cgi-bin/getrpt?GAO-01-767
  53. http://www.gao.gov/cgi-bin/getrpt?GAO-03-160
  54. http://www.gao.gov/cgi-bin/getrpt?GAO-01-943
  55. http://www.gao.gov/cgi-bin/getrpt?GAO-04-738T
  56. http://www.gao.gov/cgi-bin/getrpt?GAO-06-501
  57. http://www.gao.gov/cgi-bin/getrpt?GAO-02-465
  58. http://www.gao.gov/cgi-bin/getrpt?GAO-01-586
  59. http://www.gao.gov/cgi-bin/getrpt?GAO-06-351
  60. http://www.gao.gov/cgi-bin/getrpt?GAO-03-116
  61. http://www.gao.gov/cgi-bin/getrpt?GAO-05-409
  62. http://www.gao.gov/cgi-bin/getrpt?GAO-02-57
  63. http://www.gao.gov/cgi-bin/getrpt?GAO-01-551
  64. http://www.gao.gov/cgi-bin/getrpt?GAO-06-860
  65. http://www.gao.gov/cgi-bin/getrpt?GAO-02-210R
  66. http://www.gao.gov/cgi-bin/getrpt?GAO-06-605T
  67. http://www.gao.gov/cgi-bin/getrpt?GAO-01-791R
  68. http://www.gao.gov/cgi-bin/getrpt?GAO-04-9
  69. http://www.gao.gov/cgi-bin/getrpt?GAO-04-610
  70. http://www.gao.gov/cgi-bin/getrpt?GAO-03-721T
  71. http://www.gao.gov/cgi-bin/getrpt?GAO-03-385
  72. http://www.gao.gov/cgi-bin/getrpt?GAO-01-1095R
  73. http://www.gao.gov/cgi-bin/getrpt?GAO-04-885
  74. http://www.gao.gov/cgi-bin/getrpt?GAO-05-268R
  75. http://www.gao.gov/cgi-bin/getrpt?GAO-03-54
  76. http://www.gao.gov/cgi-bin/getrpt?GAO-03-311R
  77. http://www.gao.gov/cgi-bin/getrpt?GAO-04-454
  78. http://www.gao.gov/cgi-bin/getrpt?GAO-01-1023
  79. http://www.gao.gov/cgi-bin/getrpt?GAO-06-660T
  80. http://www.gao.gov/cgi-bin/getrpt?GAO-01-346
  81. http://www.gao.gov/cgi-bin/getrpt?GAO-05-861T
  82. http://www.gao.gov/cgi-bin/getrpt?GAO-01-867T
  83. http://www.gao.gov/cgi-bin/getrpt?GAO-01-766R
  84. http://www.gao.gov/cgi-bin/getrpt?GAO-03-242R
  85. http://www.gao.gov/cgi-bin/getrpt?GAO-03-910
  86. http://www.gao.gov/cgi-bin/getrpt?GAO-04-451
  87. http://www.gao.gov/cgi-bin/getrpt?GAO-03-559T
  88. http://www.gao.gov/cgi-bin/getrpt?GAO-07-38
  97. http://www.gao.gov/cgi-bin/getrpt?GAO-07-714
*** End of document. ***