Prevalence of Domestic Violence, Sexual Assault, Dating Violence,
and Stalking (13-NOV-06, GAO-07-148R).
In hearings conducted between 1990 and 1994, Congress noted that
violence against women was a problem of national scope and that
the majority of crimes associated with domestic violence, sexual
assault, and stalking were perpetrated against women. These
hearings culminated in the enactment of the Violence Against
Women Act (VAWA) in 1994 to address these issues on a national
level. VAWA established grant programs within the Departments of
Justice (DOJ) and Health and Human Services (HHS) for state,
local, and Indian tribal governments and communities. These
grants have various purposes, such as providing services to
victims and training for law enforcement officers and
prosecutors. The 2006 reauthorization of VAWA expanded existing
grant programs and added new programs addressing, among other
things, young victims, the housing and economic needs of victims,
and the health care system's response to domestic violence,
dating violence, sexual assault, and stalking. Although criminal
justice, health, and domestic violence experts believe that valid
and reliable estimates have the potential to be of use to policy
makers, service providers, and researchers, there are concerns
that current crime statistics do not provide a full assessment of
the problem. The Violence Against Women and DOJ Reauthorization
Act of 2005, enacted January 5, 2006, requires GAO to conduct a
study and report on data indicating the prevalence of domestic
violence, dating violence, sexual assault, and stalking among
men, women, youth, and children, as well as services available to
these victims. We developed two objectives to respond to this
mandate: (1) To what extent do national data collection efforts
report prevalence of men, women, youth, and children who are
victims of domestic violence, sexual assault, dating violence,
and stalking, and (2) What support services (e.g., counseling,
medical, legal, etc.) are available to victims of these
categories of crime and what are the number and characteristics
of victims receiving these services by type of service. This
report addresses the first objective. Our work on the second
objective is ongoing.
-------------------------Indexing Terms-------------------------
REPORTNUM: GAO-07-148R
ACCNO: A63264
TITLE: Prevalence of Domestic Violence, Sexual Assault, Dating
Violence, and Stalking
DATE: 11/13/2006
SUBJECT: Crime prevention
Crime victims
Data collection
Data integrity
Domestic violence
Program evaluation
Rape
Reporting requirements
Sex crimes
Sexual abuse
Surveys
Domestic abuse
******************************************************************
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GAO-07-148R
te
n
November 13, 2006
Congressional Committees
Subject: Prevalence of Domestic Violence, Sexual Assault, Dating Violence,
and Stalking
In hearings conducted between 1990 and 1994, Congress noted that violence
against women was a problem of national scope and that the majority of
crimes associated with domestic violence, sexual assault, and stalking
were perpetrated against women. These hearings culminated in the enactment
of the Violence Against Women Act (VAWA) in 1994 to address these issues
on a national level.1 VAWA established grant programs within the
Departments of Justice (DOJ) and Health and Human Services (HHS) for
state, local, and Indian tribal governments and communities. These grants
have various purposes, such as providing services to victims and training
for law enforcement officers and prosecutors. The 2006 reauthorization of
VAWA expanded existing grant programs and added new programs addressing,
among other things, young victims, the housing and economic needs of
victims, and the health care system's response to domestic violence,
dating violence, sexual assault, and stalking.2 The total fiscal year 2006
appropriation level for violence against women programs is about $560
million--approximately $382 million for programs administered by DOJ and
about $178 million for programs administered by HHS.3
Although criminal justice, health, and domestic violence experts believe
that valid and reliable estimates have the potential to be of use to
policy makers, service providers, and researchers, there are concerns that
current crime statistics do not provide a full assessment of the problem.
The Violence Against Women and DOJ Reauthorization Act of 2005, enacted
January 5, 2006, requires GAO to conduct a study and report on data
indicating the prevalence of domestic violence, dating violence, sexual
assault, and stalking among men, women, youth, and children, as well as
services available to these victims.4 We developed two objectives to
respond to this mandate.
1Pub. L. No. 103-322, SS 40001-703, 108 Stat. 1796, 1902-55 (1994).
2Pub. L. No. 109-162, tits. I-VII, 119 Stat. 2960, 2972-3053 (2006).
3These amounts reflect the across-the-board rescission reductions of 1
percent for fiscal year 2006 discretionary appropriations.
4Pub. L. No. 109-162, S 119, 119 Stat. 2960, 2989-90 (2006).
1. To what extent do national data collection efforts report
prevalence of men, women, youth, and children who are victims of
domestic violence, sexual assault, dating violence, and stalking?
2. What support services (e.g., counseling, medical, legal, etc.)
are available to victims of these categories of crime and what are
the number and characteristics of victims receiving these services
by type of service?
This report addresses the first objective. Our work on the second
objective is ongoing.
To assess the extent to which national data collection efforts report
prevalence of victims of domestic violence, sexual assault, dating
violence, and stalking, we obtained information from and interviewed
officials at DOJ's Office of Justice Programs' Bureau of Justice
Statistics, National Institute of Justice, and Office of Juvenile Justice
and Delinquency Prevention, Office on Violence Against Women, and Federal
Bureau of Investigation's Criminal Justice Information Services Division.
We also obtained information and interviewed officials at HHS's National
Institutes of Health and Centers for Disease Control and Prevention's
National Center for Injury Prevention and Control--Division of Violence
Prevention. Further, we gathered information from research and advocacy
organizations related to the crimes under study, including the National
Academy of Sciences' National Research Council; Respecting Accuracy in
Domestic Abuse Reporting; Men's Health Network; Rape, Abuse, and Incest
National Network; National Center for Victims of Crime; National Domestic
Violence Hotline; and Stalking Resource Center. We reviewed pertinent
federal laws and conducted literature searches, focusing on reporting
systems and surveys from which results were issued or reported since
2001.5 However, we did not independently evaluate the methodology used in
any of these studies and we are not making any assessments regarding their
overall merit.
In October 2006, we briefed your offices on the results of our work or
provided a copy of our briefing slides to your staff. This report conveys
the information provided during those discussions.
We conducted our work from April through October 2006 in accordance with
generally accepted government auditing standards.
Results
Since 2001, the amount of national research that has been conducted on the
prevalence of domestic violence and sexual assault has been limited, and
even less research has been conducted on dating violence and stalking. No
single, comprehensive effort currently exists that provides nationwide
statistics on the prevalence of these four categories of crime among men,
women, youth, and children. Rather, various national efforts address
certain subsets of these crime categories among some segments of the
population. For example, the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention's
(CDC) National Violent Death Reporting System, which collects
incident-based data from multiple sources, such as coroner/medical
examiner reports, gathers information on violent deaths, including those
resulting from domestic violence and sexual assaults. This system and the
other national data collection efforts were not intended to provide
comprehensive estimates on the prevalence associated with domestic
violence, sexual assault, dating violence, and stalking. Some of these
national data collection efforts focus largely on incidence--the number of
separate times a crime is committed against individuals during a specific
time period--rather than prevalence--the unique number of individuals who
were victimized during a specific time period.6 Obtaining both incidence
and prevalence data is important for determining services to provide to
victims of crimes. In addition, HHS noted that both types of data are
important for determining the impact of violence and strategies to prevent
it from occurring. Table 1 in the attached briefing slides (see enc. II,
p. 29) shows the 11 national efforts we identified that have reported data
since 2001 on certain aspects of domestic violence, sexual assault, dating
violence, and stalking. More detailed information about these efforts is
contained at the end of enclosure II.
5Some of these systems and surveys obtain information about incidents not
reported to police or other authorities.
The national data collection efforts we reviewed cannot provide a basis
for combining their results to compute valid and reliable nationwide
prevalence estimates because the efforts use varying definitions. For
example, CDC's Youth Risk Behavior Surveillance System's definition of
dating violence included the intentional physical harm inflicted upon a
survey respondent by a boyfriend or girlfriend. In contrast, the
Victimization of Children and Youth Survey's definition did not address
whether the physical harm was intentional. Officials from the National
Institute of Justice (NIJ) and Bureau of Justice Statistics (BJS)
acknowledge that estimating prevalence in the absence of widely accepted
and used uniform definitions is a challenge.
Certain agencies have taken steps to build consistency in some of their
collection efforts. For example, CDC, in collaboration with the Office of
Justice Programs (OJP) and others, established uniform definitions for
certain forms of domestic violence in 1999 and for sexual assault in 2002,
with the intent of promoting and improving consistency among the research
community. CDC and OJP encourage but do not require grantees to use these
definitions as part of their research efforts and cannot always use these
definitions in their own work. Although CDC and OJP acknowledge that using
standard definitions of these offenses may be advantageous, they believe
there are circumstances that preclude such use. For example, CDC officials
said that some of the current data collection efforts, such as the Youth
Risk Behavior Surveillance System, were developed before CDC established
the uniform definitions. They also said it would be difficult to alter the
definitions used in these efforts because the efforts continue to be used
to provide comparable data to measure trends over time in the United
States. However, in 2004, the National Academy of Sciences' National
Research Council reported that top priority should be given to developing
clear definitions and cautioned that without consistency in the use of
terms across studies, accurate prevalence estimates will remain elusive.
6The following hypothetical statement illustrates incidence and
prevalence: 4,110 separate occurrences of domestic violence against women
were reported during 1938 (incidence); whereas 2,500 women were victims of
these 4,100 occurrences (prevalence).
Further, the national data collection efforts we reviewed cannot provide a
basis for combining their results to compute valid and reliable nationwide
prevalence estimates because the efforts have varying scopes in terms of
the incidents and categories of victims that are included. For example,
the National Child Abuse and Neglect Data System includes only reported
sexual assaults against children, not unreported incidents. Furthermore,
as noted earlier, CDC's Youth Risk Behavior Surveillance System definition
of dating violence includes intentional physical harm inflicted upon a
survey respondent, but excludes youth who are not in grades 9-12 and those
who do not attend school. In contrast, the Victimization of Children and
Youth Survey was addressed to youth ages 12 and older, or those who were
at least in the sixth grade.
Although perfect data may never exist because of the sensitivity of these
crimes and the likelihood that not all occurrences will be disclosed,
initiatives are under way to provide additional information related to the
prevalence of these issues. For example:
o Domestic violence, sexual assault, and stalking initiatives:
CDC, NIJ, and the Department of Defense are collaborating on a
National Intimate Partner and Sexual Violence Survey to address
certain forms of domestic violence, sexual assault, and stalking.
CDC reported that it expects the survey to be fully administered
by 2008. Although the survey will gather information regarding
experiences that occurred during an individual's life span, it
will not be administered to people under age 18.
o Other stalking initiatives: The Office on Violence Against Women
and BJS told us that they collaborated to conduct the National
Crime Victimization Survey--Stalking Supplement and expect to
report results in the summer of 2007. According to BJS, this
survey will obtain information about the identity of the stalker,
nature of the stalking incidents, consequences to the victim, and
actions the victim took about the incident, including whether it
was reported to the police. However, while this supplement will
gather data on stalking incidents involving adult victims, it will
not collect information on stalking associated with youth ages
12-17.
o Other domestic violence and sexual assault initiatives: CDC
began collecting data through a telephone survey on intimate
partner violence and sexual violence as part of its ongoing
Behavioral Risk Factor Surveillance System. In 2005, CDC
administered the intimate partner violence module to approximately
77,000 people in 16 states and administered the sexual violence
module to about 115,000 people in 26 states.
In addition to these efforts, under an Office of Juvenile Justice and
Delinquency Prevention (OJJDP) grant, the University of New Hampshire is
planning to conduct the National Study on Children's Exposure to Violence.
DOJ officials told us the data will be collected from September 2007 to
June 2008, and OJJDP officials said that the study will assess variations
in incidence and lifetime prevalence of children's exposure to a broad
array of violence and abuse. Furthermore, NIJ recently sponsored two
seminars aimed at identifying key issues related to measuring the
prevalence of dating violence, domestic violence, and sexual assault
against women, improving interagency coordination on these issues, and
highlighting the results of the latest efforts on domestic violence and
sexual assault.
If these efforts are completed as planned, CDC and DOJ will make progress
in collecting information needed to determine the extent to which men,
women, youth, and children are victims of domestic violence, sexual
assault, dating violence, and stalking. However, some information gaps
will remain, particularly in the areas of dating violence among victims
age 12 and older and stalking among victims under age 18.
To cost-effectively address information gaps, it is important to consider
additional costs that would be incurred in collecting new or different
data as well as the usefulness of such data. It is equally important to
consider the benefits resulting from the use of these data (different
allocations of resources) and the availability of funds to collect such
data (a cost-benefit analysis). According to DOJ officials, a cost-benefit
analysis should precede any future large-scale effort aimed at national
prevalence estimates.
Conclusions
Current national data collection efforts cover portions of domestic
violence, sexual assault, dating violence, and stalking among different
segments of the population. Because the efforts use different definitions
and vary in scope, they cannot be combined and leveraged to determine the
nationwide prevalence of these categories of crime. The absence of
comprehensive nationwide prevalence information somewhat limits the
ability to make informed policy and resource allocation decisions about
the statutory requirements and programs created to help address these four
categories of crime and victims. Although policymakers may never have
perfect data, DOJ and HHS have collaborated to obtain more uniformity
across research efforts and have initiatives in the early stages that
could be used to collect information regarding the prevalence of certain
crimes for some segments of the population. However, some information gaps
will remain. DOJ and HHS have not yet determined to what extent they can
cost-effectively revise current efforts or design new initiatives so as to
collect more consistent data that can be combined to better build
nationwide estimates. To decide on the cost-effectiveness of obtaining
better data, policymakers would need to consider the marginal costs to
collect more or different data, the utility of obtaining better data,
benefits to be derived from the use of better data (different allocations
of resources), and availability of funds to gather better data.
Recommendations for Executive Action
To provide Congress and agency decision makers with more comprehensive
information on the prevalence of domestic violence, sexual assault, dating
violence, and stalking to assist them in making policy decisions on grants
and other issues associated with these four categories of crime, we are
recommending that the Attorney General and the Secretary of Health and
Human Services collaboratively take the following four actions:
o determine the extent to which initiatives being planned or under
way can be designed or modified to address existing information
gaps;
o identify and evaluate alternatives for addressing any remaining
gaps;
o incorporate such alternatives deemed cost-effective in future
budget requests; and
o to the extent possible, require the use of common definitions
when conducting or providing grants for federal research to
leverage individual collection efforts so that the results of such
efforts can be readily combined to achieve nationwide prevalence
estimates.
Agency Comments
We provided a draft copy of this report with the attached briefing slides
to HHS and DOJ for comment. HHS provided formal written comments on a
draft of this report on October 25, 2006, which are presented in enclosure
III. In commenting on the draft report, HHS concurred with the
recommendations and stated that it will continue to expand its
collaborations with DOJ to improve data collection and monitoring of
violence. HHS also provided technical comments, which we have incorporated
as appropriate.
DOJ declined to provide formal written comments on a draft of this report.
However, DOJ provided technical comments on the draft briefing slides,
which we incorporated as appropriate. In its technical comments, DOJ
expressed concern regarding the potential costs associated with
implementing our proposed recommendations and suggested that a
cost-benefit analysis be conducted. We agree that performing a
cost-benefit analysis is a critical step, as acknowledged by our
recommendation that DOJ and HHS incorporate alternatives for addressing
information gaps deemed cost-effective in future budget requests. DOJ
officials also expressed concern that our work was primarily focused on
issues associated with prevalence data. As discussed in this report and
the attached briefing slides, we believe obtaining information on both
prevalence and incidence data is important for determining services to
provide to victims of crime. However, we did not conduct a detailed
analysis of incidence data because doing so was outside the scope of our
review.
- - - - - - - - - -
We are sending copies to the Senate Committee on Homeland Security and
Governmental Affairs, the House Committee on Government Reform, the
Secretary of Health and Human Services, the Attorney General, the Director
of the Office of Management and Budget, and other interested parties. We
will also make copies available to others on request.
In addition, the report will be available on GAO's Web site at
http://www.gao.gov.
If your office or staff have any questions concerning this report, please
contact me at (202) 512-8777 or by e-mail at [email protected] . Other
GAO contacts and key contributors to this report are listed in enclosure
IV.
Eileen Regan Larence, Director
Homeland Security and Justice Issues
Enclosures (4)
Enclosure I
List of Committees
The Honorable Arlen Specter
Chairman
The Honorable Patrick J. Leahy
Ranking Minority Member
Committee on the Judiciary
United States Senate
The Honorable Michael B. Enzi
Chairman
The Honorable Edward M. Kennedy
Ranking Minority Member
Committee on Health, Education, Labor, and Pensions
United States Senate
The Honorable F. James Sensenbrenner, Jr.
Chairman
The Honorable John Conyers, Jr.
Ranking Minority Member
Committee on the Judiciary
House of Representatives
The Honorable Joe Barton
Chairman
The Honorable John D. Dingell
Ranking Minority Member
Committee on Energy and Commerce
House of Representatives
Enclosure II Briefing to Congressional Committees
Enclosure III Comments from the Department of Health and Human Services
Appendix I: National Data Collection Efforts with Results Reported or
Issued since 2001
We identified 11 national data collection efforts that address various
aspects of domestic violence, sexual assault, dating violence, and
stalking from which results were reported or issued since 2001. The
national data collection efforts are discussed in table 2 and include
information on (1) the agency or sponsor responsible for conducting the
effort; (2) whether domestic violence, sexual assault, dating violence, or
stalking was included in the scope of the effort; (3) the frequency in
which the effort is conducted; and (4) the data limitations associated
with the determination of reliable prevalence estimates related to
domestic violence, sexual assault, dating violence, and stalking on a
national basis. These efforts provide a mixture of prevalence and
incidence data.
Table 2: National Data Collection Efforts with Results Reported or Issued
since 2001 Relevant to Domestic Violence, Sexual Assault, Dating Violence,
and Stalking
Data limitations
associated with
the
determination of
reliable
Data nationwide
Categories Collection prevalence
Data collection efforts Agency/sponsor Description of crime Frequency estimates
Summary Uniform Crime Reporting Program (UCR) Federal Bureau Summary UCR is Sexual Ongoing o Does not
of a DOJ assault include
[2]http://www.fbi.gov/ucr/ucr.htm Investigation statistical crimes that
program are not
[3]http://www.fbi.gov/ucr/05cius/ designed to reported to
measure the the police.
magnitude, o This effort
nature, and does not
impact of include the
certain crimes full range of
in the United sexual
States. More assaults
than 17,000 (i.e., male
law rapes,
enforcement forcible
agencies groping).
nationwide o Does not
(about 94 include data
percent of the on
total prevalence.
population in
2005)
voluntarily
report crime
data brought
to their
attention to
the Federal
Bureau of
Investigation,
and findings
are published
in a detailed
annual report.
National Incident- Based Reporting System (NIBRS) Federal Bureau NIBRS is an Domestic Ongoing o Does not
of incident-based violence, include
[4]http://www.fbi.gov/ucr/ucr.htm Investigation reporting sexual crimes that
system assault, are not
[5]http://www.fbi.gov/filelink.html?file=/ucr/cius_03/pdf/03sec5.pdf designed to stalking reported to
collect more the police.
See PDF file page 5 (report page 341) under center column heading detailed o Currently,
labeled "DATA". information 30 states as
than is well as the
reported under District of
the Columbia are
traditional NIBRS
Summary UCR certified. Of
program. these, 10
According to have
DOJ, to date participation
about 33 from all law
percent of the enforcement
17,000 law agencies in
enforcement their state.
agencies o Does not
nationwide include data
report crime on
information to prevalence.
the FBI using
NIBRS.
Enclosure II
Briefing to Congressional Committees
Data
limitations
associated with
the
determination
of reliable
Data nationwide
Categories Collection prevalence
Data collection efforts Agency/sponsor Description of crime Frequency estimates
National Crime Victimization Survey (NCVS) Bureau of NCVS is a DOJ Domestic Ongoing o Does not
Justice statistical violence, include
[6]http://www.ojp.usdoj.gov/bjs/cvict.htm Statistics program designed sexual individuals
to measure the assault under age
[7]http://www.ojp.usdoj.gov/bjs/abstract/cv05.htm magnitude, 12.
nature, and o Does not
impact of certain include
crimes in the individuals
United States, not living
including crimes in a
reported and not household.
reported to the o Does not
police. Twice a include
year, the U.S. homicides.
Census Bureau o Although
interviews BJS collects
household members data that
ages 12 and over could be
in a nationally used to
representative determine
sample of prevalence
approximately related to
42,000 households domestic
(about 75,000 violence and
people). sexual
assault, BJS
has declined
to produce
prevalence
estimates
because of
the
difficulties
and
complexities
associated
with the
task.
National Violent Death Reporting System (NVDRS) Centers for NVDRS collects Domestic Ongoing o Does not
Disease incident-based include
[8]http://www.cdc.gov/ncipc/profiles/nvdrs/facts.htm Control and data from Violence, incidents
Prevention multiple sources, sexual other than
[9]http://www.cdc.gov/mmwr/preview/mmwrhtml/mm5415a1.htm such as death assault violent
certificates, deaths.
coroner/medical o NVDRS is
examiner reports, used in 17
and police states.
reports.
Information is
collected about
the relationship
between victims
and suspects as
well as
circumstances
preceding the
death, such as
whether intimate
partner violence
was involved.
Youth Risk Behavior Surveillance System (YRBSS) Centers for YRBSS collects Sexual Biennial o Does not
Disease data through a assault, include
[10]http://www.cdc.gov/healthyyouth/yrbs/overview.htm Control and nationally dating individuals
Prevention representative who do not
[11]http://www.cdc.gov/mmwr/preview/mmwrhtml/mm5519a3.htm school-based violence attend
survey of school.
students in o Excludes
grades 9-12 that students in
monitors priority grades other
health risk than 9-12.
behaviors that o
contribute to the Respondents
leading causes of are asked
death, only one
disability, and question on
social problems physical
among youth and dating
adults in the violence and
United States. only one
Students are question on
asked to complete sexual
a assault.
self-administered
questionnaire
covering a
variety of health
risk behaviors
and topics.
Enclosure II
Briefing to Congressional Committees
Data
limitations
associated
with the
determination
of reliable
Data nationwide
Categories Collection prevalence
Data collection efforts Agency/sponsor Description of crime Frequency estimates
National Child Abuse and Neglect Data System (NCANDS) Children's NCANDS is a Sexual Ongoing o Excludes
Bureau, voluntary data on
[12]http://www.acf.hhs.gov/programs/cb/systems/ Administration system that assault abused
on Children, currently children
http://www.acf.hhs.gov/programs/cb/stats_research/index.htm#can Youth and collects not
Families, annual reported to
Administration case-level child
for Children child abuse protective
and Families and neglect service
data from agencies.
almost all
states (48
states and the
District of
Columbia for
fiscal year
2005) as well
as key
aggregated
child abuse
and neglect
statistics
from all
states' child
protective
services
agencies.
National Electronic Injury Surveillance System-All Injury Centers for NEISS-AIP Domestic Ongoing o Does not
Program (NEISS-AIP) Disease collects data violence, include
Control and about all sexual injuries
[13]http://www.cpsc.gov/cpscpub/pubs/3002.html Prevention and types and assault that are
the Consumer external not
[14]http://www.cdc.gov/mmwr/preview/mmwrhtml/mm5121a3.htm Product Safety causes of reported to
Commission nonfatal an
injuries and emergency
poisonings room.
treated in o Does not
emergency include
departments in data on
a subset of a prevalence.
nationally
representative
sample of 100
U.S.
hospitals. The
system
collects data
about the
relationship
of the
perpetrator to
the victim
(e.g., spouse,
parent), as
well as the
context of the
crime (e.g.,
sexual
assault).
Extent, Nature, and Consequences of Rape Victimization: Centers for This report Sexual Onetime o Does not
Findings from the National Violence Against Women Survey Disease was prepared assault include
(January 2006) Control and using data individuals
Prevention and collected in a that do not
[15]http://www.ojp.usdoj.gov/nij/pubs-sum/210346.htm National telephone live in a
Institute of survey residential
Justice administered household.
to a sample of o Does not
8,000 women include
and 8,005 men. individuals
Although this under age
report was 18.
issued in o Data are
2006, the data over 10
were years old.
originally o Does not
collected from include
November 1995 individuals
to May 1996 to without a
obtain telephone.
information
about lifetime
experiences
with various
types of
violence.
Enclosure II
Briefing to Congressional Committees
Data limitations
associated with
the determination
of reliable
Data nationwide
Categories Collection prevalence
Data collection efforts Agency/sponsor Description of crime Frequency estimates
The Harris Poll(R) #50 (June 2006) Harris An online Domestic Onetime o Does not
Interactive survey of violence, include
[16]http://www.harrisinteractive.com/harris_poll/index.asp?PID=677 2,377 adult sexual individuals
respondents assault under age 18.
ages 18 and o Does not
older was include
conducted to individuals
gauge the without a
magnitude of computer or
domestic Internet
violence in access.
the United o
States. Non-probability
sample.
The Victimization of Children and Youth: A Comprehensive, National University of This survey Sexual Onetime o Does not
Survey (February 2005) New Hampshire examined a assault, include
and University large spectrum dating individuals
[17]http://www.unh.edu/ccrc/pdf/CV74.pdf of North of violence, violence over age 17.
Carolina at crime, and o Does not
Chapel Hill victimization include
experiences in individuals
a nationally without a
representative telephone.
sample of
about 2,000
children and
youth ages 2
to 17 years in
the contiguous
United States.
Telephone
interviews
were conducted
with 1,000
children age
10 to 17 years
and the
caregivers for
1,030 children
age 2 to 9
years.
Injury Control and Risk Survey-2 (2006) Centers for The first Stalking Episodic o Does not
Disease survey, include
[18]http://www.ajpm-online.net/article/PIIS074937970600167X/abstract Control and conducted in individuals
Prevention 1994, involved under age 18.
a nationally o Does not
representative include
telephone individuals
survey of without a
5,238 telephone.
individuals
aged 18 and
older, and the
results were
reported in
1999. The
second
national
telephone
survey,
conducted from
2001 to 2003,
collected data
from a
nationally
representative
sample of
9,684
respondents
(4,877 women
and 4,807
men).
Source: GAO analysis of national data collection efforts.
Enclosure IV
GAO Contact and Staff Acknowledgments
GAO Contact: Eileen R. Larence, (202) 512-8777
Acknowledgments:
In addition to the contact named above, Debra B. Sebastian, Assistant
Director; David P. Alexander; Frances Cook; Katherine M. Davis; Melissa
Hermes; Varflay C. Kesselly; Deborah Ortega; and Clarence Tull made key
contributions to this report.
(440497)
References
Visible links
2. http://www.fbi.gov/ucr/ucr.htm
3. http://www.fbi.gov/ucr/05cius/
4. http://www.fbi.gov/ucr/ucr.htm
5. http://www.fbi.gov/filelink.html?file=/ucr/cius_03/pdf/03sec5.pdf
6. http://www.ojp.usdoj.gov/bjs/cvict.htm
7. http://www.ojp.usdoj.gov/bjs/abstract/cv05.htm
8. http://www.cdc.gov/ncipc/profiles/nvdrs/facts.htm
9. http://www.cdc.gov/mmwr/preview/mmwrhtml/mm5415a1.htm
10. http://www.cdc.gov/healthyyouth/yrbs/overview.htm
11. http://www.cdc.gov/mmwr/preview/mmwrhtml/mm5519a3.htm
12. http://www.acf.hhs.gov/programs/cb/systems/
13. http://www.cpsc.gov/cpscpub/pubs/3002.html
14. http://www.cdc.gov/mmwr/preview/mmwrhtml/mm5121a3.htm
15. http://www.ojp.usdoj.gov/nij/pubs-sum/210346.htm
16. http://www.harrisinteractive.com/harris_poll/index.asp?PID=677
17. http://www.unh.edu/ccrc/pdf/CV74.pdf
18. http://www.ajpm-online.net/article/PIIS074937970600167X/abstract
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