International Taxation: Information on Federal Contractors With  
Offshore Subsidiaries (02-FEB-04, GAO-04-293).			 
                                                                 
Every year, U.S.-based multinational corporations transfer	 
hundreds of billions of dollars of goods and services between	 
their affiliates in the United States and their foreign 	 
subsidiaries. Such transactions may be a part of normal business 
operations for corporations with foreign subsidiaries. However,  
it is generally recognized that given the variation in corporate 
tax rates across countries, an incentive exists for corporations 
with foreign subsidiaries to reduce their overall tax burden by  
maximizing the income they report in countries with low income	 
tax rates, and minimizing the income they report in or repatriate
to countries with high income tax rates. Various studies have	 
suggested that U.S.-based multinational corporations appear to	 
engage in transactions such as these that shift income from their
affiliates in high-tax countries to subsidiaries in low-tax	 
countries to take advantage of the differences in tax rates in	 
foreign countries. In 2002, GAO reported that 4 of the 100	 
largest publicly traded federal contractors are incorporated in a
"tax haven" country that either does not tax corporate income or 
taxes the income at a low rate. As a follow-up to the report,	 
Congress asked us to determine which, if any, of the 100 largest 
publicly traded federal contractors we identified in our 2002	 
report have subsidiaries that are incorporated in a tax haven	 
country. Congress further asked us to determine, to the extent	 
possible, which of these subsidiaries are Foreign Sales 	 
Corporations, a type of corporation that can exempt a portion of 
its foreign sales income from U.S. tax. 			 
-------------------------Indexing Terms------------------------- 
REPORTNUM:   GAO-04-293 					        
    ACCNO:   A09192						        
  TITLE:     International Taxation: Information on Federal	      
Contractors With Offshore Subsidiaries				 
     DATE:   02/02/2004 
  SUBJECT:   Federal taxes					 
	     Tax administration 				 
	     Tax shelters					 
	     Multinational corporations 			 
	     Reporting requirements				 
	     Income taxes					 

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GAO-04-293

Report to Congressional Requesters

February 2004

INTERNATIONAL TAXATION

Information on Federal Contractors With Offshore Subsidiaries

Contents

Tables

February 2, 2004Letter

The Honorable Byron Dorgan Ranking Minority Member Subcommittee on
Competition, Foreign Commerce, and Infrastructure Committee on Commerce,
Science, and Transportation United States Senate

The Honorable Carl Levin Ranking Minority Member Permanent Subcommittee on
Investigations Committee on Governmental Affairs United States Senate

Every year, U.S.-based multinational corporations transfer hundreds of
billions of dollars of goods and services between their affiliates in the
United States and their foreign subsidiaries. Such transactions may be a
part of normal business operations for corporations with foreign
subsidiaries. However, it is generally recognized that given the variation
in corporate tax rates across countries, an incentive exists for
corporations with foreign subsidiaries to reduce their overall tax burden
by maximizing the income they report in countries with low income tax
rates, and minimizing the income they report in or repatriate to countries
with high income tax rates. Various studies have suggested that U.S.-based
multinational corporations appear to engage in transactions such as these
that shift income from their affiliates in high-tax countries to
subsidiaries in low-tax countries to take advantage of the differences in
tax rates in foreign countries.1

In 2002, GAO reported that 4 of the 100 largest publicly traded federal
contractors are incorporated in a "tax haven" country that either does not
tax corporate income or taxes the income at a low rate.2 As a follow-up to
the report, you asked us to determine which, if any, of the 100 largest
publicly traded federal contractors we identified in our 2002 report have
subsidiaries that are incorporated in a tax haven country. You further
asked us to determine, to the extent possible, which of these subsidiaries
are Foreign Sales Corporations, a type of corporation that can exempt a
portion of its foreign sales income from U.S. tax.

To determine which, if any, of the 100 largest publicly traded federal
contractors (in terms of fiscal year 2001 contract obligations) we
identified in our 2002 report have subsidiaries in a tax haven country, we
reviewed various public documents the corporations filed with the
Securities and Exchange Commission (SEC) on its Electronic Data Gathering,
Analysis, and Retrieval (EDGAR) system. We used information from the
documents each corporation filed with the SEC that were the most recent
available at the time we reviewed that corporation's filings. However, as
the SEC only requires public corporations to report their significant
subsidiaries,3 we were only able to identify those subsidiaries that the
contractors reported to the SEC, or disclosed through other means. In
certain cases, we obtained subsidiary information from corporate
representatives or the corporations' Web sites. To determine whether a
country is considered a tax haven, we referred to the criteria the
Organisation of Economic Co-operation and Development (OECD) has developed
to characterize tax haven countries. We did not attempt to determine if
corporations with subsidiaries in tax haven countries engaged in
transactions with their subsidiaries intended to reduce their overall tax
burden. (For a more detailed discussion of our scope and methodology, see
app. I). We conducted our review between July and December 2003 in
accordance with generally accepted government auditing standards.

Results in Brief

Fifty-nine of the 100 largest publicly traded federal contractors from
fiscal year 2001 report having a subsidiary in a tax haven country.
Fifty-eight of these 59 corporations also report having additional foreign
subsidiaries in countries other than tax havens. Likewise, 26 of the 59
corporations that report having a subsidiary in a tax haven country report
that at least one of these subsidiaries is a Foreign Sales Corporation.
Four of these 26 contractors also report having additional Foreign Sales
Corporations in countries other than tax havens. However, as the SEC only
requires corporations to report their significant subsidiaries, there may
be additional corporations among the 100 largest publicly traded federal
contractors that have a subsidiary in a tax haven country. Likewise, some
corporations that report having a subsidiary in a tax haven country could
have additional subsidiaries in tax haven countries that they have not
reported.  The simple existence of a subsidiary in a tax haven country
does not signify that a corporation has established that subsidiary
primarily for the purpose of reducing its overall tax burden.

Background

There are few corporations of any significant size that are not faced with
applying international tax rules to some aspect of their business. Under
the U.S. income tax system, domestic corporations are taxed on income
regardless of where it is earned. Thus, U.S. corporations are subject to
U.S. tax on income from foreign operations in addition to the foreign tax
they pay on such income in the country where it is earned.4 However,
income a corporation's foreign subsidiary earns is usually not subject to
U.S. tax until the subsidiary repatriates the income to its U.S. parent.5
The deferral of U.S. tax liability from a foreign subsidiary's income can
provide that subsidiary's U.S. parent corporation with financial benefits
if this income is invested abroad on a long-term basis.

Likewise, every year, U.S.-based multinational corporations transfer
hundreds of billions of dollars of goods and services between their
affiliates in the United States and their foreign subsidiaries. Although
such transactions may be a part of normal business operations for
multinational corporations, variations in corporate tax rates across
countries create the potential for multinational corporations to engage in
transactions with their foreign subsidiaries with the purpose of reducing
their overall tax burden. For example, multinational corporations may try
to maximize the income they report in countries with low tax rates through
the pricing of intercompany transactions of goods or services. Pricing of
intercompany transactions across tax jurisdictions can affect the
distribution of profits and, therefore, taxable income among related
companies. Underpayment of U.S. income taxes can result from the
inappropriate pricing of transactions between interrelated companies with
operations in both the United States and in a country with a lower tax
rate.6 Likewise, multinational corporations may try to minimize income
reported in the United States through deductible interest payments to
their subsidiaries in low-tax countries. Under certain circumstances, the
interest expense that U.S. corporations pay on debt that their foreign
subsidiaries issue them is deductible for U.S. tax purposes, and can serve
to reduce a corporation's taxable income in the United States.
Transactions intended to reduce a corporation's overall tax burden may be
particularly relevant to corporations with subsidiaries in tax haven
countries that impose no or nominal tax on income.

The United States has, however, enacted various legislative provisions
since the 1970s intended to reduce the amount of U.S. tax that U.S.
corporations pay on income earned from the export of goods and services to
foreign countries. One set of these provisions, the Foreign Sales
Corporation (FSC) provisions, was enacted in 1984 as a replacement to the
Domestic International Sales Corporation (DISC) provisions (enacted in
1971).7 A Foreign Sales Corporation generally is not subject to U.S.
income tax on certain foreign trade income, and a U.S. corporation
generally is not subject to U.S. income tax on dividends paid by a Foreign
Sales Corporation out of certain earnings. As such, Foreign Sales
Corporations and their parent corporations can receive a tax benefit from
income reported in the United States that is not available to U.S.
corporations that report income from other types of foreign subsidiaries,
which is taxed without the FSC exemption, generally at the time it is
repatriated to the United States.

The Internal Revenue Service (IRS) estimates that in 2000, the latest year
for which data are available,8 there were 4,200 Foreign Sales Corporations
representing gross receipts of $349.0 billion, total income of $43.9
billion, taxable income of $6.7 billion, and a tax liability of $2.3
billion. An estimated 88 percent of these Foreign Sales Corporations
reported receipts from the sale of manufactured products. Foreign Sales
Corporations can only be established in U.S. possessions (excluding Puerto
Rico) or countries with whom the United States has an agreement on the
exchange of tax information, including a number of tax haven countries.

In 2000, the FSC Repeal and Extraterritorial Income Exclusion Act9
replaced the FSC provisions with the Extraterritorial Income (ETI)
provisions.10 The ETI provisions provide corporations with tax benefits
similar to those the FSC provisions provide. However, the ETI provisions
permit corporations to exclude certain qualifying foreign trade income
from U.S. tax, and are not restricted to the export of goods and services
through a foreign corporation. Although the FSC provisions were repealed
in 2000, Foreign Sales Corporations in existence prior to September 30,
2000, can continue to use the FSC rules for transactions related to a
binding contract with an outside party.

Over Half of the 100 Largest Publicly Traded Federal Contractors Report
Having a Subsidiary in a Tax Haven Country, Including Some that Report
Having a Foreign Sales Corporation in a Tax Haven Country

Eighty-six of the 100 largest publicly traded federal contractors from
fiscal year 2001 report having a foreign subsidiary, of which 59 report
having a subsidiary incorporated in a tax haven country. Of these 59
corporations, 58 also report having additional foreign subsidiaries in
countries other than tax havens. However, as the SEC only requires public
corporations to report their significant subsidiaries, there may be
additional corporations among the 100 largest publicly traded federal
contractors that have a subsidiary in a tax haven country. Likewise, some
corporations that report having a subsidiary in a tax haven country could
have additional subsidiaries in tax haven countries that they have not
reported. However, given SEC regulations, these subsidiaries would not be
"significant" in relation to their parent corporations' consolidated
assets or equity in income from continuing operations. (For a complete
list of the corporations among the 100 largest publicly traded federal
contractors from fiscal year 2001 that report having a subsidiary in a tax
haven country, see app. IV).

In addition, 26 of the 59 federal contractors that report having a
subsidiary in a tax haven country report that at least one of these
subsidiaries is a Foreign Sales Corporation. Four of these 26 corporations
also report having additional Foreign Sales Corporations in countries
other than tax havens. Other than these 26 corporations, one additional
corporation among the 100 largest publicly traded federal contractors
reports having a Foreign Sales Corporation. The predominance of Foreign
Sales Corporations incorporated in tax haven countries among the 100
largest publicly traded federal contractors is comparable to the
incorporation locations of all Foreign Sales Corporations. According to
the IRS, in 2000 an estimated 92 percent of all Foreign Sales Corporations
were incorporated in the tax haven countries of the U.S. Virgin Islands
(52 percent), Barbados (35 percent), and Bermuda (5 percent). According to
an IRS official, the vast majority of Foreign Sales Corporations are
incorporated in tax haven countries because, although a portion of the
income these corporations earn is exempt from U.S. tax, this income may be
subject to tax in the country where it is earned. As such, incorporating a
Foreign Sales Corporation in a country with a high tax rate would not
provide the overall tax savings that the FSC provisions would otherwise
provide.

As SEC regulations do not specifically require corporations to report if a
subsidiary is a Foreign Sales Corporation in their public filings,11
additional corporations among the 100 largest publicly traded federal
contractors that may have a Foreign Sales Corporation in a tax haven or
other country. Furthermore, some corporate representatives we spoke with
stated that their Foreign Sales Corporations are largely dormant or are
being phased out, given that the FSC benefit has been replaced by the ETI
benefit. (For a complete list of the corporations among the 100 largest
federal contractors from fiscal year 2001 that report having a Foreign
Sales Corporation in a tax haven country, see app. IV).

The simple existence of a subsidiary in a tax haven country does not
signify that a corporation has established that subsidiary primarily for
the purpose of reducing its overall tax burden (although the Foreign Sales
Corporation benefit was created for that express purpose). Likewise, we
did not attempt to determine if corporations with subsidiaries in tax
haven countries engaged in transactions with their subsidiaries intended
to reduce their overall tax burden.

Agency Comments

We provided a draft of this report to the IRS and the SEC for their
comment. In a letter dated January 12, 2004, the IRS stated that they had
no comments with regard to tax administration issues, and had referred the
report to the Department of The Treasury to comment on tax policy issues.
On January 12, Treasury provided oral comments on several technical
issues, which we incorporated into this report where appropriate. The SEC
stated in a January 13, 2004, letter that the report provided a useful
description of the 100 largest publicly traded federal contractors'
offshore subsidiaries and related tax matters. On the same date, the SEC
also provided an additional oral comment on a technical matter, which we
incorporated into this report.

As arranged with your offices, unless you publicly announce its contents
earlier, we plan no further distribution of this report until 30 days
after the date of this report. We will then send copies of this report to
the Commissioner of Internal Revenue, the Chairman, Securities and
Exchange Commission, and other interested parties. We will also make
copies available to others on request. In addition, this report will be
available at no charge on GAO's Web site at http://www.gao.gov.

If you have any questions concerning this report, please contact me on
(202) 512-9110. Key contributors to this report are listed in appendix V.

James R. White Director, Tax Issues

Scope and MethodologyAppendix I

We used the list of the 100 largest publicly traded federal contractors in
fiscal year 2001 identified in our October 2002 report, Information on
Federal Contractors That Are Incorporated Offshore (GAO-03-194R) as the
basis to determine which, if any, of the 100 largest publicly traded
federal contractors have subsidiaries in tax haven countries. To identify
which, if any, of these corporations report having a subsidiary in a tax
haven country, we reviewed various public documents the corporations filed
with the Securities and Exchange Commission (SEC) on its Electronic Data
Gathering, Analysis, and Retrieval (EDGAR) system. For U.S. corporations,
we reviewed the lists of subsidiaries that public corporations are
required to include as an exhibit (Exhibit 21)1 to a number of forms they
file with the SEC. We obtained this exhibit from each corporation's Form
10-K2 because, according to the SEC, although U.S. corporations can
include Exhibit 21 with a number of forms, they most often file this
exhibit with Form 10-K on an annual basis. However, for 2 U.S.
corporations, we obtained subsidiary information from Exhibit 21 to Form
S-1,3 because that form was the most recent filed with the SEC that
contained this exhibit. For foreign corporations, we obtained subsidiary
information from Form 20-F,4 or an exhibit to this form (Exhibit 8), which
foreign corporations registered with the SEC file on an annual basis
instead of Form 10-K. For each corporation, we reported information from
the Exhibit 21 or Form 20-F that was the most recent available at the time
we reviewed that corporation's filings with the SEC.

As the SEC only requires public corporations to report their significant
subsidiaries, we were only able to identify those subsidiaries the
contractors reported to the SEC or disclosed through other means. Within
Exhibit 21 or Form 20-F, public corporations may omit information on those
subsidiaries that do not constitute a significant subsidiary when
considered in the aggregate. The SEC considers a subsidiary to be
significant if: 1) the parent corporation and its other subsidiaries'
investments in and advances to the subsidiary exceed 10 percent of the
consolidated total assets of the parent corporation and its subsidiaries,
2) the parent corporation and its other subsidiaries' proportionate share
of the total assets (after intercompany eliminations) of the subsidiary
exceeds 10 percent of the consolidated total assets of the parent
corporation and its subsidiaries, or 3) the parent corporation and its
other subsidiaries' equity in the income from continuing operations5
exceeds 10 percent of the consolidated income from continuing operations
of the parent corporation and its subsidiaries. Corporations may also omit
information on consolidated wholly owned multiple subsidiaries carrying on
the same line of business (such as chain stores). Likewise, the SEC does
not specifically require corporations to report whether a subsidiary is a
Foreign Sales Corporation within their filings.6

For a number of corporations, we supplemented information from EDGAR with
information from corporate representatives or the corporations' Web sites.
For example, we contacted 22 corporations to clarify or supplement unclear
or incomplete information they reported in their Exhibit 21 filings. We
also obtained information on the principle subsidiaries for 5 foreign
corporations that are not registered with the SEC from annual reports or
other information available on these corporations' Web sites. Furthermore,
we contacted the 18 corporations that did not report having any foreign
subsidiaries in their SEC filings to verify this information. Some of
these corporations disclosed having foreign subsidiaries that they did not
report in their SEC filings (implying that in the aggregate, these
corporations did not deem these subsidiaries to be significant), including
4 that disclosed having a foreign subsidiary in a tax haven country (these
corporations are noted in apps. III and IV). We did not contact
corporations that reported having foreign subsidiaries only in countries
other than tax havens to determine if they had additional subsidiaries
incorporated in a tax haven country that they did not report.7

To determine whether a country is considered a tax haven, we referred to
the Organisation of Economic Co-operation and Development's work on tax
havens - OECD, Progress in Identifying and Eliminating Harmful Tax
Practices (2000); The OECD's Project on Harmful Tax Practices: The 2001
Progress Report (November 2001); and List of Unco-operative Tax Havens
(April 18, 2002, and revised on May 20, 2003). Although the OECD does not
provide a unique definition of the term "tax haven," we use the term in
this report because it is the term we used in our October 2002 report to
refer to countries that impose no or nominal tax on corporate income, and
because the OECD has established a set of criteria to characterize a tax
haven country or jurisdiction. Specifically, the OECD stipulates four
major features of a tax haven: 1) no or nominal income tax, 2) rules that
prevent the effective exchange of information with foreign tax
authorities, 3) a lack of transparency in the operation of legislative,
legal, or administrative provisions, and 4) the absence of a requirement
for a substantive local presence. In general, the OECD classifies a
country as a tax haven if it meets the criteria of no or nominal income
tax, and at least one of the other criteria. (For a list of countries the
OECD considers tax havens, see app. II).

Finally, although we identify the corporations among the 100 largest
publicly traded federal contractors that report having a subsidiary in a
tax haven country, we did not attempt to determine if these corporations
engaged in transactions with their subsidiaries intended to reduce their
overall tax burden.

List of Tax Haven Countries Appendix II

The Organisation of Economic Co-operation and Development (OECD) has
identified 39 countries or jurisdictions that they consider to be tax
havens.1 In this report we refer to these 39 countries and jurisdictions
as tax havens:

The 100 Largest Publicly Traded Federal Contractors (Fiscal Year
2001)Appendix III

The following table lists the 100 largest federal contractors that are
publicly traded corporations, their rank among the 100 largest publicly
traded federal contractors in fiscal year 2001, the dollar amount of their
fiscal year 2001 federal contracts, the state or country where they are
incorporated, and the number of their foreign subsidiaries. Unless
otherwise noted, we obtained the information on the number of each
corporation's foreign subsidiaries from forms filed with the Securities
and Exchange Commission. We were unable to provide information on the
number of foreign subsidiaries for the Lockheed Martin Corporation, which
did not include this information in an Exhibit 21 filing, and did not
respond to our request for this information before this report was
completed. Likewise, Honeywell International, Inc., which did not report
having any foreign subsidiaries in its Exhibit 21 filing, provided us with
information on its Foreign Sales Corporations, but not its other foreign
subsidiaries.

Table 1: The 100 Largest Publicly Traded Federal Contractors

                                        

                                Federal contract                    Number of 
       Company name     Rank obligations FY 2001  Incorporation       foreign 
                                     (dollars in     location    subsidiaries 
                                     thousands)a                 
Accenture, Inc.        58            $278,990  Bermuda                 153 
Affiliated Computer    37             451,067  Delaware                 24 
Services, Inc.                                                
Alliant Techsystems,   20             826,269  Delaware                  0 
Inc.                                                          
Altria Group, Inc.b    80             149,634  Virginia                263 
American Management    13           1,675,676  Delaware                 17 
Systems, Inc.                                                 
AmerisourceBergen      10           1,900,969  Delaware                 1r 
Corporation                                                   
Anteon International   41             406,304  Delaware                 4r 
Corporationc                                                  
Anthem, Inc.           55             293,153  Indiana                   0 
Archer Daniels         70             189,876  Delaware                  9 
Midland Company                                               
AT&T Corporation       43             398,326  New York               116r 
Avaya, Inc.            94             115,079  Delaware                 62 
BAE Systems, plc       16             972,526  United Kingdom          6ds 
Ball Corporation       78             153,613  Indiana                  47 
Bearingpoint, Inc.e    90             177,456  Delaware                101 
Berkshire Hathaway,    97             111,993  Delaware                 13 
Inc.                                                          
The Boeing Company      2          14,362,243  Delaware                 96 
BP, plc                36             480,858  United Kingdom           27 
CACI International,    46             380,524  Delaware                  2 
Inc.                                                          
Cardinal Health,       40             422,120  Ohio                     98 
Inc.                                                          
CNF, Inc.              54             295,113  Delaware                49r 
Computer Associates    75             172,202  Delaware                 45 
International                                                 
Computer Sciences      14           1,648,495  Nevada                   97 
Corporation                                                   
ConAgra Foods, Inc.    83             131,850  Delaware                  4 
Cubic Corporation      91             117,054  Delaware                  6 
DaimlerChrysler AG     38             435,921  Germany                   1 
Dell, Inc.f            34             493,423  Delaware                 76 
DRS Technologies,      93             116,395  Delaware                 10 
Inc.                                                          
Electronic Data        26             560,767  Delaware                313 
Systems Corporation                                           
Engineered Support     50             321,384  Missouri                 0r 
Systems, Inc.                                                 
Exxon Mobil            21             707,283  New Jersey               90 
Corporation                                                   
FedEx Corporation      64             214,907  Delaware                 75 
Fluor Corporation      18             931,885  Delaware                202 
Ford Motor Company     73             179,126  Delaware                 46 
Foster Wheeler, Ltd.   57             286,298  Bermuda                  92 
Furniture Brands       96             112,395  Delaware                  9 
International, Inc.                                           
GenCorp, Inc.          84             131,848  Ohio                     29 
General Dynamics        6           4,928,238  Delaware                26g 
Corporation                                                   
General Electric       12           1,808,984  New York                 10 
Company                                                       
General Motors         63             222,440  Delaware                200 
Corporation                                                   
Goodrich Corporation   52             308,283  New York                 62 
GTSI Corporation       42             402,408  Delaware                 0r 
Halliburton Company    30             534,177  Delaware                131 
Harris Corporation     45             389,970  Delaware                 32 
Health Net, Inc.       17             944,618  Delaware                  2 
Hillenbrand            95             114,456  Indiana                  27 
Industries, Inc.                                              
Holly Corporation      87             121,831  Delaware                  0 
Honeywell              15           1,442,018  Delaware                 3r 
International, Inc.                                           
Humana, Inc.           44             394,135  Delaware                  2 
International                                                              
Business Machines      33             498,656  New York                 98
Corporation                                                   
The IT Group, Inc.h    22             671,977  Delaware                25r 
ITT Industries, Inc.   19             879,772  Indiana                 142 
Jacobs Engineering     29             536,130  Delaware                 48 
Group, Inc.                                                   
Johnson Controls,      53             299,592  Wisconsin                76 
Inc.                                                          
L-3 Communications     35             482,248  Delaware                45r 
Holdings, Inc.                                                
Lockheed Martin         1          17,951,303  Maryland            unknown 
Corporation                                                   
Lucent Technologies,   98             107,402  Delaware                 93 
Inc.                                                          
ManTech                                                                    
International          56             291,513  New Jersey               15
Corporation                                                   
McDermott              11           1,885,243  Panama                   10 
International, Inc.                                           
McKesson Corporation   88             121,526  Delaware                  0 
Motor Oil (Hellas)                                                         
Corinth Refineries     69             199,462  Greece                   2s
S.A.                                                          
Motorola, Inc.         27             552,520  Delaware                 20 
Newport News            4           5,689,539  Delaware                  0 
Shipbuilding, Inc.i                                           
Northrop Grumman        5           5,636,124  Delaware                52r 
Corporationj                                                  
Olin Corporation      100             104,121  Virginia                 13 
Oracle Corporation     65             212,468  Delaware                 84 
Orbital Sciences       77             161,286  Delaware                  0 
Corporation                                                   
Oshkosh Truck          25             566,511  Wisconsin                20 
Corporation                                                   
Parker-Hannifin        79             153,562  Ohio                     95 
Corporation                                                   
PC Connection, Inc.    92             116,919  Delaware                  0 
Philipp Holzmann AG    23             655,360  Germany                  5s 
The Procter and        62             224,212  Ohio                    306 
Gamble Company                                                
Raytheon Company        3           6,123,605  Delaware                 95 
Rockwell Automation,   47             372,131  Delaware                 10 
Inc.k                                                         
Rockwell Collins,      61             234,075  Delaware                  2 
Inc.                                                          
Rolls-Royce, plc       49             327,792  United Kingdom         30ls 
Science Applications                                                       
International           8           2,654,492  Delaware                 15
Corporation                                                   
Siemens AG             85             124,452  Germany                 102 
Smiths Group, plc      72             184,232  United Kingdom          11s 
Sprint Corporation     82             136,200  Kansas                   56 
SRA International,     60             234,926  Delaware                  0 
Inc.                                                          
Telos Corporation      89             118,803  Maryland                0mr 
Tetra Tech, Inc.       66             211,705  Delaware                  3 
Texas Instruments,     74             178,631  Delaware                 51 
Inc.                                                          
Textron, Inc.          24             600,533  Delaware                 19 
The Titan              39             424,087  Delaware                  4 
Corporation                                                   
TRW, Inc.n              9           2,499,816  Ohio                    33r 
Tyco International,    68             206,387  Bermuda               1,736 
Ltd.                                                          
Unisys Corporation     28             549,905  Delaware                  8 
United Industrial      76             171,044  Delaware                  2 
Corporation                                                   
United Technologies     7           3,500,465  Delaware                 66 
Corporation                                                   
URS Corporation        59             262,489  Delaware                 94 
Valero Energy          51             310,202  Delaware                 10 
Corporation                                                   
Veridian               71             188,960  Delaware                  0 
Corporationo                                                  
Verizon                67             207,210  Delaware                  2 
Communications, Inc.                                          
The Wackenhut          48             356,968  Florida                  47 
Corporation p                                                 
Washington Group       31             531,234  Delaware                 35 
International, Inc.                                           
Weston Solutions,      86             124,380  Pennsylvania             1r 
Inc.q                                                         
WGL Holdings, Inc.     99             105,260  Virginia                  0 
WorldCom, Inc.         32             503,811  Georgia                 187 
Xerox Corporation      81             139,224  New York                216 
Total                            $101,770,865                 

Sources: General Services Administration, Securities and Exchange
Commission, corporate representatives, and GAO Internet research.

a Contract obligations include contracts with subsidiaries.

b Formerly Philip Morris Companies, Inc.

c Formerly Azimuth Technologies, Inc.

d BAE Systems, plc also participates in eight foreign joint ventures.

e Formerly  KPMG Consulting, Inc.

f Formerly Dell Computer Corporation.

g Does not include Veridian Corporation (or its subsidiaries), which
General Dynamics acquired after fiscal year 2001. Information on Veridian
Corporation and its subsidiaries are presented separately in this report.

h Assets acquired by the Shaw Group in May 2002; corporation still exists
in bankruptcy.

i Merged with Northrop Grumman Corporation in November 2001.

j Does not include Newport News Shipbuilding or TRW, Inc. (or their
subsidiaries), which Northrop Grumman acquired after fiscal year 2001.
Information on Newport News Shipbuilding and TRW, Inc., and their
subsidiaries are presented separately in this report.

k Formerly Rockwell International Corporation.

l Rolls-Royce, plc also participates in 20 foreign joint ventures.

m Telos Corporation also holds a 50 percent interest in a foreign joint
venture that has been inactive since 2000.

n Acquired by Northrop Grumman Corporation in December 2002.

o Acquired by General Dynamics Corporation in August 2003.

p Acquired by Group 4 Falck (Denmark) in May 2002; does not include
Wackenhut Corrections Corporation (or its subsidiaries), which is now an
independent corporation.

q Formerly Roy F. Weston, Inc. and now privately held.

r Corporation provided information on foreign subsidiaries directly to
GAO.

s Information on foreign subsidiaries from annual report or other
information available on corporation's Web site.

Federal Contractors that Report Having a Subsidiary in a Tax Haven
CountryAppendix IV

The following table shows the 59 corporations among the 100 largest
publicly traded federal contractors that report having a subsidiary
incorporated in a tax haven country. Although the dollar amount of
contract obligations for each corporation includes contracts with their
subsidiaries, we did not identify if these obligations were related to
subsidiaries in tax haven countries. The number of foreign subsidiaries
and number and location(s) of foreign subsidiaries in tax haven countries
include information on Foreign Sales Corporations. For the 26 corporations
that report having a subsidiary in a tax haven country that is a Foreign
Sales Corporation, separate information on the number of Foreign Sales
Corporations and the number and location(s) of Foreign Sales Corporations
in tax haven countries is provided. The information provided for each
corporation is based on its latest available information either filed with
the Securities and Exchange Commission, provided to GAO, or presented on
its Web site at the time we performed our review of that corporation.
Unless otherwise noted, we obtained the information on the number and
locations of foreign subsidiaries and Foreign Sales Corporations for each
corporation from forms filed with the SEC.

Table 2: Corporations Among the 100 Largest Publicly Traded Federal
Contractors that Report Having Subsidiaries and Foreign Sales Corporations
Incorporated in Tax Haven Countries

                                        

                    Federal                                 Number and    Number of   Number and 
                   contract                                location(s) subsidiaries  location(s) 
                obligations  Incorporation     Number of    of foreign     that are   of Foreign 
 Company name       FY 2001    location          foreign  subsidiaries      Foreign        Sales 
                (dollars in                subsidiariesb        in tax        Sales Corporations 
                thousands)a                                    havensb Corporations       in tax 
                                                                                          havens 
                                                                    19                           
                                                                                    
                                                           Andorra (1)              
                                                                                    
                                                           Bermuda (5)              
Accenture, Inc.    $278,990  Bermuda                 153                          0            0
                                                         Gibraltar (8)              
                                                                                    
                                                           Isle of Man              
                                                                   (2)              
                                                                                    
                                                         Mauritius (3)              
Affiliated                                                           2                           
Computer            451,067  Delaware                 24                          0            0
Services, Inc.                                                Barbados              
                                                                     9                           
                                                                                                 
                                                           Bahamas (1)                           
                                                                                                 
                                                               British                           
                                                                Virgin                         2
Altria Group,                                              Islands (1)              
Inc.c               149,634  Virginia                263                          2  U.S. Virgin
                                                                Cayman              
                                                           Islands (1)                   Islands
                                                                                    
                                                            Panama (3)              
                                                                                    
                                                           U.S. Virgin              
                                                           Islands (3)              
                                                                     1                           
Archer Daniels      189,876  Delaware                  9                          0            0
Midland Company                                                 Cayman              
                                                               Islands              
                                                     116             5                           
                                                                                               2 
                                             (Subsidiary    Cyprus (2)                           
AT&T                398,326  New York        information                          2  U.S. Virgin 
Corporation                                     provided    Panama (1)                           
                                             directly by                                 Islands
                                            corporation)   U.S. Virgin              
                                                           Islands (2)              
                                                                     4                           
                                                                                                 
                                                           Bahrain (1)                           
                                                                                               1
Avaya, Inc.         115,079  Delaware                 62  Barbados (1)            1 
                                                                                        Barbados
                                                         Gibraltar (1)              
                                                                                    
                                                            Panama (1)              
                                                                    22                           
                                                                                    
                                                             Aruba (2)              
                                                                                    
                                                          Barbados (1)              
                                                                                    
                                                           Bermuda (8)              
                                                                                    
Bearingpoint,                                                  British              
Inc.d               117,456  Delaware                101        Virgin            0            0
                                                           Islands (2)              
                                                                                    
                                                                Cayman              
                                                           Islands (2)              
                                                                                    
                                                           Netherlands              
                                                          Antilles (6)              
                                                                                    
                                                            Panama (1)              
                                                                    31                           
                                                                                                 
                                                           Bermuda (6)                           
                                                                                                 
                                                               British                         1 
The Boeing                                                      Virgin              
Company          14,362,243  Delaware                 96   Islands (1)            2  U.S. Virgin
                                                                                    
                                                                Cayman                   Islands
                                                           Islands (1)              
                                                                                    
                                                           U.S. Virgin              
                                                          Islands (23)              
                             United                                  1                           
BP, plc             480,858  Kingdom                  27                          0            0
                                                              Guernsey              
                                                                     5                           
                                                                                    
                                                          Barbados (1)              
                                                                                    
                                                           Bermuda (1)              
Cardinal                                                                            
Health, Inc.        422,120  Ohio                     98       British            0            0
                                                                Virgin              
                                                           Islands (1)              
                                                                                    
                                                             Malta (1)              
                                                                                    
                                                         St. Lucia (1)              
                                                      49                                         
                                                                                    
                                             (Subsidiary             3              
CNF, Inc.           295,113  Delaware        information                          0            0
                                                provided       Bermuda              
                                             directly by                            
                                            corporation)                            
Computer                                                             1                           
Associates          172,202  Delaware                 45                          0            0
International                                                  Bahrain              
                                                                     1                         1 
Cubic                                                                                            
Corporation         117,054  Delaware                  6   U.S. Virgin            1  U.S. Virgin 
                                                               Islands                           
                                                                                         Islands 
                                                                     3                           
                                                                                    
                                                          Barbados (1)              
Dell, Inc.e         493,423  Delaware                 76                          0            0
                                                                Cayman              
                                                           Islands (1)              
                                                                                    
                                                            Panama (1)              
                                                                     8                           
                                                                                                 
                                                           Bahrain (1)                         2 
Electronic Data                                                                                  
Systems             560,767  Delaware                313  Barbados (2)            2 Barbados (1) 
Corporation                                                                         
                                                           Bermuda (3)               Bermuda (1)
                                                                                    
                                                            Panama (2)              
Exxon Mobil                                                         11                           
Corporation         707,283  New Jersey               90                          0            0
                                                               Bahamas              
                                                                    13                           
                                                                                    
                                                           Antigua (1)              
                                                                                    
                                                           Bahamas (1)              
                                                                                    
                                                          Barbados (1)              
                                                                                    
                                                           Bermuda (1)              
                                                                                    
                                                                Cayman              
                                                           Islands (2)              
FedEx                                                                               
Corporation         214,907  Delaware                 75   Grenada (1)            0            0
                                                                                    
                                                           Netherlands              
                                                          Antilles (2)              
                                                                                    
                                                         St. Kitts (1)              
                                                                                    
                                                         St. Lucia (1)              
                                                                                    
                                                               Turks &              
                                                            Caicos (1)              
                                                                                    
                                                           U.S. Virgin              
                                                           Islands (1)              
                                                                    27                           
                                                                                                 
                                                          Barbados (5)                           
                                                                                    
                                                           Bermuda (7)              
                                                                                    
                                                               British                         2
Fluor               931,885  Delaware                202        Virgin            2 
Corporation                                                Islands (2)                  Barbados
                                                                                    
                                                          Guernsey (8)              
                                                                                    
                                                         Liechtenstein              
                                                                   (2)              
                                                                                    
                                                         Mauritius (3)              
                                                                     1                           
Ford Motor          179,126  Delaware                 46                          0            0
Company                                                         Cayman              
                                                               Islands              
                                                                     8                           
                                                                                    
                                                           Bermuda (6)              
Foster Wheeler,     286,298  Bermuda                  92                          0            0
Ltd.                                                     Mauritius (1)              
                                                                                    
                                                           Netherlands              
                                                          Antilles (1)              
Furniture                                                            3                           
Brands                                                                              
International,      112,395  Delaware                  9  Barbados (1)            0            0
Inc.                                                                                
                                                           Vanuatu (2)              
                                                                     2                           
                                                                                    
GenCorp, Inc.       131,848  Ohio                     29   Bermuda (1)            0            0
                                                                                    
                                                           U.S. Virgin              
                                                           Islands (1)              
                                                                     4                           
                                                                                                 
                                                                Cayman                         1 
General                                                    Islands (2)                           
Dynamics          4,928,238  Delaware                 26                          1  U.S. Virgin 
Corporationf                                                Cyprus (1)              
                                                                                         Islands
                                                           U.S. Virgin              
                                                           Islands (1)              
                                                                    13                           
                                                                                                 
                                                          Barbados (3)                           
                                                                                                 
                                                           Bermuda (2)                         3 
                                                                                                 
                                                                Cayman              Barbados (1) 
General Motors      222,440  Delaware                200   Islands (4)            3 
Corporation                                                                          U.S. Virgin
                                                         Mauritius (1)              
                                                                                     Islands (2)
                                                           Netherlands              
                                                          Antilles (1)              
                                                                                    
                                                           U.S. Virgin              
                                                           Islands (2)              
                                                                     7                           
                                                                                                 
                                                          Barbados (2)                           
                                                                                               2 
                                                                Cayman                           
Goodrich                                                   Islands (2)              Barbados (1) 
Corporation         308,283  New York                 62                          3              
                                                         Gibraltar (1)               U.S. Virgin
                                                                                    
                                                         Mauritius (1)               Islands (1)
                                                                                    
                                                           U.S. Virgin              
                                                           Islands (1)              
                                                                    17                           
                                                                                    
                                                                Cayman              
Halliburton                                               Islands (13)              
Company             534,177  Delaware                131                          0            0
                                                         Liechtenstein              
                                                                   (2)              
                                                                                    
                                                            Panama (2)              
                                                                     3                           
                                                                                                 
                                                           Bermuda (1)                         1 
Harris                                                                                           
Corporation         389,970  Delaware                 32        Cayman            1  U.S. Virgin 
                                                           Islands (1)              
                                                                                         Islands
                                                           U.S. Virgin              
                                                           Islands (1)              
                                                                     2                           
                                                                                    
Health Net,         944,618  Delaware                  2   Bermuda (1)            0            0
Inc.                                                                                
                                                                Cayman              
                                                           Islands (1)              
                                                                     2                           
Hillenbrand                                                                                    1 
Industries,         114,456  Indiana                  27  Barbados (1)            1              
Inc.                                                                                    Barbados
                                                           Bermuda (1)              
                                                       3                                         
                                                                                                 
Honeywell                                    (Subsidiary             2                         2 
International,    1,442,018  Delaware        information                          3 
Inc.                                            provided      Barbados                  Barbados
                                             directly by                            
                                            corporation)                            
                                                                     6                           
                                                                                                 
                                                           Bahamas (1)                           
International                                                                       
Business                                                  Barbados (1)                         1
Machine             498,656  New York                 98                          1 
Corporation                                                Bermuda (2)                  Barbados
                                                                                    
                                                               British              
                                                                Virgin              
                                                           Islands (2)              
                                                                     3                           
                                                                                               2 
                                                           Bermuda (1)                           
ITT Industries,                                                                      Bermuda (1) 
Inc.                879,772  Indiana                 142        Cayman            2              
                                                           Islands (1)               U.S. Virgin 
                                                                                                 
                                                           U.S. Virgin               Islands (1)
                                                           Islands (1)              
                                                                     5                           
                                                                                                 
                                                          Barbados (1)                           
Jacobs                                                                                         1
Engineering         536,130  Delaware                 48    Cyprus (1)            1 
Group, Inc.                                                                             Barbados
                                                            Panama (1)              
                                                                                    
                                                           U.S. Virgin              
                                                           Islands (2)              
                                                                     3                         3 
L-3                                                                                              
Communications      482,248  Delaware                 45   U.S. Virgin            3  U.S. Virgin 
Holdings, Inc.                                                 Islands                           
                                                                                         Islands 
                                                                     3                           
                                                                                                 
Lucent                                                    Barbados (1)                         1 
Technologies,       107,402  Delaware                 93                          1 
Inc.                                                       Bermuda (1)                  Barbados
                                                                                    
                                                            Cyprus (1)              
ManTech                                                              1                           
International       291,513  New Jersey               15                          0            0
Corporation                                                     Panama              
                                                                     9                           
                                                                                    
McDermott                                                Mauritius (1)              
International,    1,885,243  Panama                   10                          0            0
Inc.                                                       Netherlands              
                                                          Antilles (1)              
                                                                                    
                                                            Panama (7)              
                                                      52             2                           
                                                                                    
Northrop                                     (Subsidiary   Bermuda (1)              
Grumman           5,636,124  Delaware        information                          1            0
Corporationg                                    provided        Cayman              
                                             directly by   Islands (1)              
                                            corporation)                            
Olin                                                                 1                           
Corporation         104,121  Virginia                 13                          0            0
                                                               Bermuda              
                                                                     4                           
                                                                                                 
                                                                Cayman                           
Oracle                                                     Islands (2)                         1
Corporation         212,468  Delaware                 84                          1 
                                                          Barbados (1)                  Barbados
                                                                                    
                                                           Netherlands              
                                                          Antilles (1)              
Oshkosh Truck                                                        1                           
Corporation         566,511  Wisconsin                20                          0            0
                                                              Barbados              
                                                                     6                           
                                                                                                 
                                                          Barbados (2)                           
                                                                                    
                                                           Bermuda (2)                         1
The Procter &       224,212  Ohio                    306                          1 
Gamble Company                                                 British                  Barbados
                                                                Virgin              
                                                           Islands (1)              
                                                                                    
                                                                Cayman              
                                                           Islands (1)              
                                                                     4                         1 
                                                                                                 
Raytheon          6,123,605  Delaware                 95   Bermuda (1)            1  U.S. Virgin 
Company                                                                                          
                                                           U.S. Virgin                   Islands 
                                                           Islands (3)              
                                                     30h                                         
                                                                                    
                                             (Subsidiary                            
                             United          information             1              
Rolls-Royce plc     327,792  Kingdom       obtained from                          0            0
                                           annual report      Guernsey              
                                            available on                            
                                           corporation's                            
                                               Web site)                            
Science                                                              2                           
Applications                                                                        
International     2,654,492  Delaware                 15  Barbados (1)            0            0
Corporation                                                                         
                                                           Bermuda (1)              
                                                                     3                           
                                                                                    
Sprint              136,200  Kansas                   56   Bermuda (1)            0            0
Corporation                                                                         
                                                                Cayman              
                                                           Islands (2)              
                                                                     7                           
                                                                                                 
                                                           Bahamas (1)                           
                                                                                    
Texas                                                     Barbados (3)                         3
Instruments,        178,631  Delaware                 51                          3 
Inc.                                                       Bermuda (1)                  Barbados
                                                                                    
                                                                Cayman              
                                                           Islands (1)              
                                                                                    
                                                            Panama (1)              
                                                                     1                         1 
Textron, Inc.       600,533  Delaware                 19                          1              
                                                              Barbados                  Barbados 
                                                                     3                           
                                                                                    
                                                          Barbados (1)              
Titan                                                                               
Corporation         424,087  Delaware                  4        Cayman            0            0
                                                           Islands (1)              
                                                                                    
                                                           U.S. Virgin              
                                                           Islands (1)              
                                                      33                                         
                                                                     2                           
                                             (Subsidiary                                       1 
TRW, Inc.         2,499,816  Ohio            information  Barbados (1)            2 
                                                provided                                Barbados
                                             directly by   Bermuda (1)              
                                            corporation)                            
                                                                   115                           
                                                                                                 
                                                           Bahamas (8)                           
                                                                                                 
                                                         Barbados (17)                           
                                                                                    
                                                            Belize (1)              
                                                                                    
                                                          Bermuda (55)              
                                                                                    
                                                               British              
                                                                Virgin              
                                                           Islands (3)              
                                                                                    
                                                                Cayman              
                                                           Islands (5)                         1
Tyco                                                                                
International,      206,387  Bermuda               1,736    Cyprus (3)            1  U.S. Virgin
Ltd.                                                                                
                                                         Gibraltar (5)                   Islands
                                                                                    
                                                           Isle of Man              
                                                                   (1)              
                                                                                    
                                                            Jersey (2)              
                                                                                    
                                                              Marshall              
                                                           Islands (8)              
                                                                                    
                                                         Mauritius (3)              
                                                                                    
                                                            Panama (2)              
                                                                                    
                                                           U.S. Virgin              
                                                           Islands (2)              
United                                                               4                           
Technologies      3,500,465  Delaware                 66                          0            0
Corporation                                                     Cayman              
                                                               Islands              
                                                                     7                           
                                                                                    
                                                           Bermuda (1)              
                                                                                    
URS Corporation     262,489  Delaware                 94        Cayman            0            0
                                                           Islands (1)              
                                                                                    
                                                            Cyprus (4)              
                                                                                    
                                                            Panama (1)              
Valero Energy                                                        2                           
Corporation         310,202  Delaware                 10                          0            0
                                                               Bermuda              
Verizon                                                              1                           
Communications,     207,210  Delaware                  2                          0            0
Inc.                                                           Bermuda              
                                                                     3                           
The Wackenhut                                                                       
Corporationi        356,968  Florida                  47    Belize (1)            0            0
                                                                                    
                                                            Panama (2)              
Washington                                                           1                           
Group               531,234  Delaware                 35                          0            0
International                                                  Bermuda              
                                                                    10                           
                                                                                    
                                                          Barbados (1)              
                                                                                    
                                                           Bermuda (3)              
                                                                                    
WorldCom, Inc.      503,811  Georgia                 187       British            0            0
                                                                Virgin              
                                                           Islands (1)              
                                                                                    
                                                                Cayman              
                                                           Islands (1)              
                                                                                    
                                                            Panama (4)              
                                                                    24                           
                                                                                                 
                                                             Aruba (1)                           
                                                                                    
                                                          Barbados (4)              
                                                                                    
                                                          Bermuda (10)              
                                                                                    
                                                            Cyprus (1)              
Xerox                                                                                          2
Corporation         139,224  New York                216    Jersey (1)            2 
                                                                                        Barbados
                                                         Mauritius (1)              
                                                                                    
                                                           Netherlands              
                                                          Antilles (3)              
                                                                                    
                                                            Panama (2)              
                                                                                    
                                                               Turks &              
                                                            Caicos (1)              

Sources: General Services Administration, Securities and Exchange
Commission, corporate representatives, and GAO Internet research.

a Contract obligations include contracts with subsidiaries.

b Includes foreign sales corporations.

c Formerly Philip Morris Companies, Inc.

d Formerly  KPMG Consulting, Inc.

e Formerly Dell Computer Corporation.

f Subsidiary and Foreign Sales Corporation information does not include
Veridian Corporation (or its subsidiaries), which General Dynamics
acquired after fiscal year 2001. Information on Veridian Corporation and
its subsidiaries are presented separately in this report.

g Subsidiary and Foreign Sales Corporation information does not include
Newport News Shipbuilding or TRW, Inc. (or their subsidiaries), which
Northrop Grumman acquired after fiscal year 2001. Information on Newport
News Shipbuilding and TRW, Inc., and their subsidiaries are presented
separately in this report.

h Rolls-Royce, plc also participates in 20 foreign joint ventures,
including  one joint venture incorporated in the tax haven country of Isle
of Man.

i Acquired by Group 4 Falck (Denmark) in May 2002; does not include
Wackenhut Corrections Corporation (or its subsidiaries), which is now an
independent corporation.

GAO Contacts and Staff AcknowledgmentsAppendix V

GAO Contacts

James R. White, (202) 512-9110 Ralph T. Block, (415) 904-2150

Acknowledgments

In addition to the individuals above, Jeff Arkin, Amy Friedheim, Shirley
Jones, Amy Rosewarne, and Jennifer Wong made key contributions to this
report.

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