Social Security Numbers: Government Benefits from SSN Use but	 
Could Provide Better Safeguards (31-MAY-02, GAO-02-352).	 
                                                                 
The Social Security number (SSN) was created in 1936 as a means  
to track workers' earnings and eligibility for Social Security	 
benefits. When federal, state, and local agencies deliver	 
services and benefits to the public, they rely extensively on the
SSNs of those receiving the benefits and services. Because SSNs  
are unique identifiers and do not change, the numbers provide a  
convenient and efficient means of managing records. While	 
government agencies are making wide use of SSNs, they are also	 
taking some steps to safeguard the numbers; however, some	 
measures that could protect SSNs are not uniformly in place at	 
any level of government. Many of the state and county agencies	 
responding to GAO's survey maintain records that contain SSNs;	 
however, federal agencies maintain public records less		 
frequently. At the state and county levels, some offices, such as
state professional licensing agencies and county recorders'	 
offices, have traditionally been repositories for public records 
that may contain SSNs. Some government agencies are trying to	 
better safeguard the SSN by trying innovative approaches to	 
protect them from public display. For example, some agencies and 
courts are modifying their processes or their forms so that they 
can collect SSNs but prevent the number from becoming part of the
publicly available record. The most far-reaching efforts GAO	 
identified took place in states with a statewide initiative that 
established a policy and procedures designed to protect 	 
individuals' personal information, including SSNs, in all	 
circumstances where they collect, store, and use it.		 
-------------------------Indexing Terms------------------------- 
REPORTNUM:   GAO-02-352 					        
    ACCNO:   A03207						        
  TITLE:     Social Security Numbers: Government Benefits from SSN Use
but Could Provide Better Safeguards				 
     DATE:   05/31/2002 
  SUBJECT:   Internal controls					 
	     Social security number				 
	     Right of privacy					 
	     Public records					 
	     Intergovernmental relations			 
	     Computer matching					 
	     Census Bureau Survey of Income and 		 
	     Program Participation				 
                                                                 
	     Special Supplemental Program for Women,		 
	     Infants and Children				 
                                                                 
	     Temporary Assistance for Needy Families		 
	     Program						 
                                                                 
	     Supplemental Security Income  Program		 

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GAO-02-352
     
Report to Congressional Requesters

United States General Accounting Office

GAO

May 2002 SOCIAL SECURITY NUMBERS

Government Benefits from SSN Use but Could Provide Better Safeguards

GAO- 02- 352

Page i GAO- 02- 352 Government Benefits from SSN Use Letter 1

Results in Brief 3 Background 5 All Levels of Governments Use SSNs
Extensively for a Wide Range

of Purposes 13 Governments Are Taking Some Steps to Safeguard SSNs but

Important Measures Not Universally Employed 22 Open Nature of Certain
Government Records Results in Wide

Access to SSNs 33 Some Governments and Agencies Are Taking Innovative
Actions to

Limit Use and Display of SSNS in Public Records 41 Conclusions 47
Recommendations 48 Matter For Congressional Consideration 49 Agency Comments
49

Appendix I Scope and Methodology 52

Appendix II Federal Laws That Restrict SSN Disclosure 57

Appendix III Federal, State, and County Departments That Reported
Maintaining Public Records With SSNs 59

Appendix IV GAO Contacts and Staff Acknowledgments 61 GAO Contacts 61 Staff
Acknowledgments 61

Tables

Table 1: Examples of Federal Statutes That Authorize or Mandate the
Collection and Use of Social Security Numbers 7 Table 2: Comparison of Key
Provisions Concerning Disclosure of

SSNs 11 Table 3: Of Program Agencies That Share SSNs, Percentage That

Share Them with Specific NonGovernment Entities 19 Contents

Page ii GAO- 02- 352 Government Benefits from SSN Use

Table 4: Percentage of Government Entities That Provide Individuals with
Required Information When Collecting SSNs 23 Table 5: Percentage of Program
Agencies That Report Imposing

Selected Requirements on Outside Entities When Sharing SSNs 31 Table 6: Of
Courts, County Recorders, and State Licensing

Agencies; and of Program Agencies That Maintain Public Records, Percentage
That Maintain Public Records That Contain SSNs 34 Table 7: Number of
Programs within Federal Agencies That

Responded to Our Survey and Maintain Public Records, Identify SSNs on Those
Public Records, and Permit Access to Those Records on Their Web Sites 59
Table 8: Number and Type of State Departments and Agencies That

Maintain Public Records, Identify SSNs on Those Public Records, and Permit
Access to Those Records on Their Web Sites 60 Table 9: Number and Type of
County Departments and Agencies

that Maintain Public Records, Identify SSNs on Those Records, and Permit
Access to Those records on Their Web Sites 60

Figures

Figure 1: Percentage of Program Agencies Using SSNs for Each Reason Listed
14 Figure 2: Percentage of Government Personnel Departments That

Display SSNs on Different Types of Documents 21 Figure 3: Percentage of
State and County Entities that Display

SSNs on Each of the Types of Public Records Listed 36 Figure 4: Percentage
of State and County Entities that Display

SSNs on Each of the Types of Public Records Listed 38

Page iii GAO- 02- 352 Government Benefits from SSN Use Abbreviations

DOD Department of Defense FOIA Freedom of Information Act FTC Federal Trade
Commission IRS Internal Revenue Service OMB Office of Management and Budget
SSA Social Security Administration SSI Supplemental Security Insurance SSN
social security number TANF Temporary Assistance for Needy Families

Page 1 GAO- 02- 352 Government Benefits from SSN Use

May 31, 2002 The Honorable E. Clay Shaw, Jr., Chairman Subcommittee on
Social Security, Committee on House Ways and Means House of Representatives

The Honorable Dianne Feinstein, Chair The Honorable Jon Kyl, Ranking Member
Subcommittee on Technology, Terrorism,

and Government Information, Committee on the Judiciary United States Senate

The Honorable Charles Grassley, Ranking Member Subcommittee on Crime and
Drugs, Committee on the Judiciary United States Senate

The Social Security number (SSN) was created in 1936 as a means to track
workers? earnings and eligibility for Social Security benefits. Since that
time, the number has been used for myriad non- Social Security purposes.
Private sector use of the SSN has grown exponentially. For example,
businesses may ask individuals to provide their SSNs when they apply for
credit, seek medical or other insurance coverage, rent an apartment, or
place an order for merchandise. In addition, many federal, state, and local
government agencies also use the SSN. In some cases, these government
agencies use SSNs as they administer their programs to deliver services or
benefits to the public. Individuals who provide SSNs to receive these
services and benefits may expect the SSNs to be considered confidential and
thus protected from public disclosure. In other cases, government agencies
serve as the repository for records or documents that are routinely made
available to the public for inspection. These public records may contain
SSNs. 1 This use of SSNs by the private sector and government agencies has
raised public concern over how this personal information is

1 We found no commonly accepted definition of public records. For the
purposes of this report, when we use the term public record, we are
referring to a record or document that is routinely made available to the
public for inspection either by a federal, state, or local government agency
or a court, such as those readily available at a public reading room,
clerk?s office, or on the Internet.

United States General Accounting Office Washington, DC 20548

Page 2 GAO- 02- 352 Government Benefits from SSN Use

being used and protected. Further, the growth in electronic record keeping
and the explosion of the availability of information over the Internet,
combined with an apparent rise in identity theft, have heightened this
concern.

We have previously reported that certain public and private sector officials
told us that SSNs play an important role in their ability to deliver
services or conduct business. 2 In this report, you asked us to delve deeper
into the government uses of SSNs. Specifically, we studied (1) the extent
and nature of federal, state, and county government agencies? use of SSNs as
they administer programs to provide benefits and services; (2) the actions
government agencies take to safeguard these SSNs from improper disclosure
and use when they are used to administer programs; (3) the extent and nature
of federal, state, and county governments? use of SSNs when they are
contained in public records; and (4) the options available to better
safeguard SSNs that are found in these public records.

To address these issues we interviewed knowledgeable federal, state, and
county officials to identify government programs or activities that
frequently use SSNs. To develop information on the nature and extent of
governments? use of SSNs and their actions to protect individuals? privacy
when using SSNs, we mailed surveys to 18 federal agencies and those
departments that typically use SSNs in all 50 states, the District of
Columbia, and the 90 most populous counties. 3 We also conducted site visits
and in- depth interviews at six selected federal programs, three states, and
three counties. We met with officials responsible for programs, agencies, or
departments (hereinafter referred to generically as agencies) and courts
that make frequent use of SSNs. We report on only those government entities
that obtain, receive, or use SSNs. The information they provided was self-
reported, and we did not verify it. We conducted our work between February
2001 and March 2002 in accordance with

2 U. S. General Accounting Office, Social Security: Government and
Commercial Use of the Social Security Number is Widespread, GAO/ HEHS- 99-
28 (Washington, D. C.: Feb. 16, 1999).

3 We did not survey state Departments of Motor Vehicles or state agencies
that administer state tax programs because we have reported on these
activities separately. Nor did we focus on the requirements for the use and
dissemination of taxpayer information because they are distinct from many of
the requirements covered in this report. See U. S. General Accounting
Office, Child Support Enforcement: Most States Collect Drivers? SSNs and Use
Them to Enforce Child Support, GAO- 02- 239 (Washington, D. C.: Feb. 15,
2002) and

Taxpayer Confidentiality: Federal, State, and Local Agencies Receiving
Taxpayer Information, GAO- GGD- 99- 164 (Washington, D. C.: Aug. 30, 1999).

Page 3 GAO- 02- 352 Government Benefits from SSN Use

generally accepted government auditing standards. For additional information
on our approach, please see appendix 1.

When federal, state, and county government agencies administer programs that
deliver services and benefits to the public, they rely extensively on the
SSNs of those receiving the benefits and services. Because SSNs are unique
identifiers and do not change, the numbers provide a convenient and
efficient means of managing records. They are also particularly useful for
data sharing and data matching because agencies can use them to check or
compare their information quickly and accurately with that from other
agencies. In so doing, these agencies can better ensure that they pay
benefits or provide services only to eligible individuals and can more
readily recover delinquent debts individuals may owe. Using SSNs for these
purposes can save the government and taxpayer hundreds of millions of
dollars each year and help make sure programs are achieving their goals. In
addition to using SSNs to deliver services or benefits, agencies also use or
share SSNs to conduct statistical programs, research, and program
evaluations. Moreover, all government departments or agencies use their
employees? SSNs to varying extents to perform some of their responsibilities
as employers, such as paying their employees and providing health and other
insurance benefits. In the course of using SSNs to administer their programs
and as employers, agencies sometimes display these SSNs on documents, such
as program eligibility cards or employee badges, that can be seen by others
who may have no need for the SSN.

While government agencies are making wide use of SSNs, they are also taking
some steps to safeguard the numbers; however, certain measures that could
help protect SSNs are not uniformly in place at any level of government.
First, when requesting SSNs, government agencies are not consistently
providing individuals with information required by federal law. This
information, such as how the SSNs will be used and whether individuals are
required to provide their SSNs, is the first line of defense against
improper disclosure because it allows SSN holders to make informed decisions
about whether to provide their SSN to obtain the services in question.
Second, although agencies that use SSNs to provide benefits and services are
taking steps to safeguard the numbers from improper disclosure, our survey
identified potential weaknesses in the security of information systems at
all levels of government. Similarly, regarding the display of SSNs by these
agencies, we found numerous examples of actions taken to limit the presence
of SSNs on documents that are not intended to be public but are nonetheless
seen by others; however, Results in Brief

Page 4 GAO- 02- 352 Government Benefits from SSN Use

these changes are not systematic and many government agencies continue to
display SSNs on a variety of documents.

Regarding public records, many of the state and county agencies responding
to our survey reported maintaining records that contain SSNs; however,
federal program agencies maintain public records less frequently. At the
state and county levels, certain offices, such as state professional
licensing agencies and county recorders? offices, have traditionally been
repositories for public records that may contain SSNs. These records
chronicle the various life events and other activities of individuals as
they interact with the government, such as birth certificates, professional
licenses, and property title transfers. Officials who maintain these records
told us their primary responsibility is to preserve the integrity of the
record rather than protect the privacy of the individual SSN holder. In
addition, courts at all three levels of government maintain public records
that may contain SSNs, such as divorce decrees and child support orders. In
some cases, government agencies and the courts create these documents
containing SSNs themselves. In other cases, the documents are submitted by
others, such as when title companies submit documents to support property
title transfers and when attorneys submit evidence for the record.
Traditionally, the general public has gained access to public records by
visiting the office that maintains the records, which offers at least some
practical limitations on the volume of SSNs any one person can collect.
However, the growth of electronic record keeping has made it easier for a
few agencies to provide or even sell their data in bulk. Moreover, although
few entities report making SSNs available on the Internet, several officials
told us they are considering expanding the volume and type of public records
available on their Web site.

When SSNs have been found in public records, some government agencies are
trying to better safeguard the SSN by trying innovative approaches to
protect the SSNs from public display. For example, some agencies and courts
are modifying their processes or their forms so that they can collect SSNs
but prevent the number from becoming part of the publicly available record.
This is most effective when the agency or court prepares the document. When
others submit the document to become part of the public record, it is more
difficult to limit the appearance of the SSN unless the individual or
business submitting the document takes the initiative to omit the SSN or
include it only when absolutely necessary. Regarding placing public records
containing SSNs on Web sites, some agencies and courts have decided to limit
this practice as well; however, some have not. Overall, the most far-
reaching efforts we identified took place in states where there was a
statewide initiative that established a policy and

Page 5 GAO- 02- 352 Government Benefits from SSN Use

procedures designed to protect individuals? personal information, including
SSNs, in all of the different circumstances that governments collect, store,
and use it.

We are making recommendations in this report that the Office of Management
and Budget (OMB) direct federal agencies to review their practices for
securing SSNs and providing SSN holders with information required by federal
law and that OMB take steps to better inform state and local government
agencies that they are required to provide this information when they
request an individual?s SSN. We are also presenting a matter for
congressional consideration, suggesting that the Congress, in consultation
with the president, convene a representative group of federal, state, and
local officials to develop a unified approach to safeguarding SSNs used in
government and particularly those displayed in public records. The Social
Security Administration (SSA) and OMB generally agreed with our
recommendations.

Since the creation of the SSN, the number of federal agencies and others
that rely on it has grown beyond the original intended purpose, in part
because a number of federal laws authorize or require SSN use. Additionally,
the advent of computerized records further increased reliance on SSNs. This
growth in use and availability of SSNs is important because SSNs are often
the ?identifier? of choice among thieves who steal another individual?s
identity. Although no single federal law regulates overall use and
disclosure of SSNs by governments, when federal government agencies use
SSNs, several federal laws limit the use and disclosure of the number in
certain circumstances. 4 Also, state laws may vary in terms of the
restrictions imposed on SSN use and disclosure. Moreover, some records that
contain SSNs are considered part of the public record and, as such, are
routinely made available to the public for review.

SSA is the federal agency responsible for issuing SSNs, which are used to
track workers? earnings and eligibility for Social Security benefits.
Legislation enacted in 1935 created the SSA and made the agency responsible
for implementing a social insurance program designed to pay

4 In this review, we do not include criminal provisions that might apply to
the improper use of SSNs. Background

Use of SSN Has Grown, in Part, Because of Federal Requirements

Page 6 GAO- 02- 352 Government Benefits from SSN Use

benefits to retired workers to ensure a continuing portion of income after
retirement. 5 The amount of these benefits was based, in part, on the amount
of the workers? earnings. As a result, SSA needed a system to keep track of
earnings by individual worker and for employers to report these earnings. In
1936, SSA created a numbering system designed to provide a unique
identifier, the SSN, to each individual. Workers are now required by law to
provide SSA their number when they apply for benefits from SSA. As of
December 1998, SSA had issued 391 million SSNs.

Since the creation of the SSN, other entities in both the private and public
sectors have begun using SSNs, in part because of federal requirements.
Widespread SSN use in government began with a 1943 Executive Order issued by
President Franklin D. Roosevelt requiring that all federal agencies use the
SSN exclusively when agencies need to use identification systems for
individuals, rather than set up a new identification system. In later years,
the number of federal agencies and others relying on the SSN as a primary
identifier escalated dramatically, in part, because a number of federal laws
were passed that authorized or required its use for specific activities as
shown in table 1. In many instances, the laws required that SSNs be used to
determine individuals? eligibility for certain federally funded program
services or benefits, or they served as a unique identifier for such
government- related activities as paying taxes or reporting wages earned. In
some cases these statutes require that state and local governmental entities
collect SSNs.

5 The Social Security Act of 1935 created the Social Security Board, which
was renamed the Social Security Administration in 1946.

Page 7 GAO- 02- 352 Government Benefits from SSN Use

Table 1: Examples of Federal Statutes That Authorize or Mandate the
Collection and Use of Social Security Numbers Federal statute General
purpose for collecting or

using SSN Government entity and authorized or required use

Tax Reform Act of 1976 42 U. S. C. 405( c)( 2)( c)( i)

General public assistance programs, tax administration, driver?s license,
motor vehicle registration

Authorizes states to collect and use SSNs in administering any tax, general
public assistance, driver?s license, or motor vehicle registration law Food
Stamp Act of 1977 7 U. S. C. 2025( e)( 1)

Food Stamp Program Mandates the secretary of agriculture and state agencies
to require SSNs for program participation Deficit Reduction Act of 1984 42
U. S. C. 1320b- 7( 1)

Eligibility benefits under the Medicaid program Requires that, as a
condition of eligibility for Medicaid

benefits, applicants for and recipients of these benefits furnish their SSNs
to the state administering program Housing and Community Development Act of
1987 42 U. S. C. 3543( a)

Eligibility for the Department of Housing and Urban Development programs

Authorizes the secretary of the Department of Housing and Urban Development
to require program applicants and participants to submit their SSNs as a
condition of eligibility Family Support Act of 1988 42 U. S. C. 405( c)( 2)(
C)( ii)

Issuance of birth certificates Requires states to obtain parents? SSNs
before issuing a birth certificate unless there is good cause for not
requiring the number Technical and Miscellaneous Revenue Act of 1988 42 U.
S. C. 405( c)( 2)( D)( i)

Blood donation Authorizes states and political subdivisions to require that
blood donors provide their SSNs

Food, Agriculture, Conservation, and Trade Act of 1990 42 U. S. C. 405( c)(
2)( C)

Retail and wholesale businesses participation in food stamp program
Authorizes the secretary of agriculture to require the

SSNs of officers or owners of retail and wholesale food concerns that accept
and redeem food stamps Omnibus Budget Reconciliation Act of 1990 38 U. S. C.
510( c)

Eligibility for Veterans Affairs compensation or pension benefits programs

Requires individuals to provide their SSNs to be eligible for Department of
Veterans Affairs? compensation or pension benefits programs Social Security
Independence and Program Improvements Act of 1994 42 U. S. C. 405( c)( 2)(
E) Eligibility of potential jurors

Authorizes states and political subdivisions of states to use SSNs to
determine eligibility of potential jurors

Personal Responsibility and Work Opportunity Reconciliation Act of 1996 42
U. S. C. 666( a)( 13)

Various license applications, divorce and child support documents, death
certificates

Mandates that states have laws in effect that require collection of SSNs on
applications for driver?s licenses and other licenses; requires placement in
the pertinent records of the SSN of the person subject to a divorce decree,
child support order, paternity determination; requires SSNs on death
certificates; creates national database for child support enforcement
purposes Debt Collection Improvement Act of 1996 31 U. S. C. 7701( c)

Persons doing business with a federal agency Requires those doing business
with a federal agency

(i. e., lenders in a federal guaranteed loan program; applicants for federal
licenses, permits, right- of- ways, grants, or benefit payments; contractors
of an agency and others) to furnish SSNs to the agency Higher Education Act
Amendments of 1998 20 U. S. C. 1090( a)( 7)

Financial assistance Authorizes the secretary of education to include the
SSNs of parents of dependent students on certain financial assistance forms
Internal Revenue Code (various amendments) 26 U. S. C. 6109

Tax returns Authorizes the commissioner of the Internal Revenue Service to
require that taxpayers include their SSNs on tax returns

Source: GAO review of applicable federal laws

Page 8 GAO- 02- 352 Government Benefits from SSN Use

Private businesses, such as financial institutions and health care service
providers, also frequently ask individuals for their SSNs. In some cases,
they require the SSN to comply with federal laws but at other times, these
businesses routinely choose to use the SSNs to conduct business. SSNs are a
key piece of identification in building credit bureau databases, extracting
or retrieving data from consumers? credit histories, and preventing fraud.
Businesses routinely report consumers? financial transactions, such as
charges, loans, and credit repayments to credit bureaus. A representative
for the credit bureaus estimated that 80 percent of these transactions
include SSNs. Although the representative reported that credit bureaus use
other identifiers, such as names and addresses, to build and maintain
individuals? credit histories, credit bureaus view the SSN as one of the
most important identifiers for ensuring that correct information is
associated with the right individual because the SSN does not change as
would a name or address. The credit bureaus? representative told us that
without the SSN, or a similar stable identifier, such as a biometric
identifier, 6 credit bureaus could still conduct business but the level of
accuracy of individuals? credit records would be greatly reduced. The
fundamental goal of credit bureaus is ensuring that the credit information
provided to those who grant consumers credit is accurate. The less accurate
the information, the less value that information is to those who grant
credit. The credit bureaus? representative told us that until other stable
identifiers like biometrics gain widespread use, credit bureaus view the SSN
as the key tool for ensuring the accuracy of consumer credit histories.

The advent of computerized record keeping has implications for the
availability of SSNs and other sensitive data. Government entities are
beginning to make their records electronically available over the Internet.
Moreover, the Government Paperwork Elimination Act of 1998 requires that,
where practicable, federal agencies provide by 2003 for the option of the
electronic maintenance, submission, or disclosure of information. State
government agencies have also initiated Web sites to address electronic
government initiatives. Moreover, continuing advances in computer technology
and the ready availability of computerized data have spurred the growth of
new business activities that involve the compilation

6 Biometric identification uses automated methods of recognizing a person
based on a physiological or behavioral characteristic including
fingerprints, speech, face, retina, iris, handwritten signature, hand
geometry, and wrist veins.

Page 9 GAO- 02- 352 Government Benefits from SSN Use

of vast amounts of personal information about members of the public,
including SSNs, that businesses sell.

This growth in the use of SSNs is important to individual SSN holders
because these numbers, along with names and birth certificates, are among
the three personal identifiers most often sought by identity thieves. 7
Identity theft is a crime that can affect all Americans. It occurs when an
individual steals another individual?s personal identifying information and
uses it fraudulently. For example, SSNs and other personal information are
used to fraudulently obtain credit cards, open utility accounts, access
existing financial accounts, commit bank fraud, file false tax returns, and
falsely obtain employment and government benefits. SSNs play an important
role in identity theft because they are used as breeder information to
create additional false identification documents, such as drivers? licenses.

Most often, identity thieves use SSNs belonging to real people rather than
making one up; however, on the basis of a review of identity theft reports,
victims usually (75 percent of the time) did not know where or how the
thieves got their personal information. 8 In the 25 percent of the time when
the source was known, the personal information, including SSNs, usually was
obtained illegally. In these cases, identity thieves most often gained
access to this personal information by taking advantage of an existing
relationship with the victim. The next most common means of gaining access
were by stealing information from purses, wallets, or the mail. In addition,
individuals can also obtain SSNs from their workplace and use them or sell
them to others. Finally, SSNs and other identifying information can be
obtained legally through Internet sites maintained by both the public and
private sectors and from records routinely made available to the public by
government entities and courts. Because the sources of identity theft cannot
be more accurately pinpointed, it is not possible at this time to determine
whether SSNs that are used improperly are obtained most frequently from the
private sector or the government.

7 United States Sentencing Commission, Identity Theft Final Alert
(Washington, D. C.: Dec. 15, 1999). 8 This information is based on a review
of 39 cases involving SSN theft drawn from the Federal Trade Commission?s
fiscal year 1998 data files. Identity Thieves Often Use

Others? SSNs

Page 10 GAO- 02- 352 Government Benefits from SSN Use

Recent statistics collected by federal and consumer reporting agencies
indicate that the incidence of identity theft appears to be growing. 9 The
Federal Trade Commission (FTC), the agency responsible for tracking identity
theft, reports that complaint calls from possible victims of identity theft
grew from about 445 calls per week in November 1999, when it began
collecting this information, to about 3,000 calls per week by December 2001.
However, FTC noted that this increase in calls might also, in part, reflect
enhanced consumer awareness. In addition, SSA?s Office of the Inspector
General, which operates a fraud hotline, reports that allegations of SSN
misuse increased from about 11,000 in fiscal year 1998 to more than 65,200
in fiscal year 2001. Additionally, SSA reported that almost 39,000 other
allegations of program fraud also include an element of SSN misuse during
fiscal year 2001. Most of these allegations relate to identity theft.
However, some of the reported increase may be a result of a growth in the
number of staff SSA assigned to field calls to the Fraud Hotline during this
period. SSA staff increased from 11 to over 50 during this period, which
allowed personnel to answer more calls. Also, officials from two of the
three national consumer reporting agencies report an increase in the number
of 7 year fraud alerts placed on consumer credit files, which they consider
to be reliable indicators of the incidence of identity theft. 10 Finally, it
is difficult to determine how many individuals are prosecuted for identity
theft because law enforcement entities report that identity theft is almost
always a component of other crimes, such as bank fraud or credit card fraud,
and may be prosecuted under the statutes covering those crimes.

No single federal law regulates the overall use or restricts the disclosure
of SSNs by governments; however, a number of laws limit SSN use in specific
circumstances. Generally, the federal government?s overall use and
disclosure of SSNs are restricted under the Freedom of Information Act
(FOIA) and the Privacy Act. Broadly speaking, the purpose of the Privacy Act
is to balance the government?s need to maintain information about
individuals with the rights of individuals to be protected against

9 U. S. General Accounting Office, Identity Theft: Prevalence and Cost
Appear to be Growing, GAO- 02- 363 (Washington, D. C.: Mar. 1, 2002). 10 A
fraud alert is a warning that someone may be using the consumer?s personal
information to fraudulently obtain credit. When a fraud alert is placed on a
consumer?s credit card file, it advises credit grantors to conduct
additional identity verification before granting credit. The third consumer
reporting agency offers fraud alerts that can vary from 2 to 7 years at the
discretion of the individual. In Some Instances SSNs

are to Be Protected from Public Disclosure

Page 11 GAO- 02- 352 Government Benefits from SSN Use

unwarranted invasions of their privacy by federal agencies. Also, the Social
Security Act Amendments of 1990 also provide some limits on disclosure, and
these limits apply to state and local governments as well. In addition, a
number of federal statutes impose certain restrictions on SSN use and
disclosure for specific programs or activities. 11 At the state and county
level, each state may have its own statutes addressing the public?s access
to government records and privacy matters; therefore, states may vary in
terms of the restrictions they impose on SSN use and disclosure. Table 2
shows key laws that may affect SSN disclosure at the federal, state, and
county level. For more information on the specific provisions in the federal
laws, including a summary of the privacy principles that underlie the
Privacy Act, see appendix II.

Table 2: Comparison of Key Provisions Concerning Disclosure of SSNs Federal
State County

The Freedom of Information Act of 1966- presumes government records are
available upon formal request, but exempts certain personal information,
such as SSNs

Open records laws or ?sunshine? laws- vary by state but all 50 states and
the District of Columbia have such statutes

Governed by state and/ or local laws

The Privacy Act of 1974- regulates certain types of federal recordkeeping;
generally prohibits disclosure of personal information, such as SSNs, with
exceptions

A number of states have enacted their own privacy laws or they rely on other
guidance; at least 17 states have statutes that specifically address SSN use
or disclosure

Governed by state and/ or local laws

The Social Security Act Amendments of 1990

-bars disclosure of SSNs collected because of laws enacted on or after
October 1, 1990

The Social Security Act Amendments of 1990 The Social Security Act
Amendments of 1990

Source: GAO review of federal laws, and The Privacy Journal, Compilation of
State and Federal Laws, 1997 edition with updates in a1999 Supplement and a
2000 Supplement.

In addition, a number of laws provide protection for sensitive information,
such as SSNs, when maintained in computer systems and other government
records. Most recently, the Government Information Security Reform
provisions of the Fiscal Year 2001 Defense Authorization Act require that
federal agencies take specific measures to safeguard

11 For example, the Internal Revenue Code, which requires the use of SSNs
for certain purposes, declares tax return information, including SSNs, to be
confidential, limits access to specific organizations, and prescribes both
civil and criminal penalties for unauthorized disclosure. For more
information, see GAO- GGD- 99- 164. Also, the Personal Responsibility and
Work Opportunity Act of 1996 explicitly restricts the use of SSNs to
purposes set out in the Act, such as locating absentee parents to collect
child support payments.

Page 12 GAO- 02- 352 Government Benefits from SSN Use

computer systems that may contain SSNs. 12 For example, federal agencies
must develop agency- wide information security management programs,
establish security plans for computer systems, and conduct information
security awareness training for employees. These laws do not apply to state
and local governments; however, in some cases state and local governments
have developed their own statutes or put requirements in place to similarly
safeguard sensitive information, including SSNs, kept in their computer
systems.

In some cases, government entities, particularly at the state and county
levels, maintain public records that are routinely made available to the
public for inspection. For state and county executive branch agencies, state
law generally governs whether and under what circumstances these records are
made available to the public, and they vary from state- to- state. Records
may be made available for a number of reasons. These include the presumption
that citizens need government information to assist in oversight and ensure
that government is accountable to the people. In addition, some government
agencies, such as county clerks or recorders, exist primarily to create or
maintain records to assist the public and private sector in the conduct of
business, legal, or personal affairs. These records may contain SSNs.

Certain records maintained by the federal, state, and county courts are also
made available to the public. In principle, these records are open to aid in
preserving the integrity of the judicial process and to enhance the public
trust and confidence in the judicial process. Courts are generally not
subject to FOIA or other open record laws. At the federal level, access to
court documents generally has its grounding in common law and constitutional
principles. In some cases, public access is also required by statute, as is
the case for papers filed in a bankruptcy proceeding. As with federal
courts, requirements regarding access to state and local court records may
have a state common law or constitutional basis or may be based on state
laws. Although states? laws may vary, generally, custodians of court records
must identify a statute, court rule, or a case law or common law basis to
preclude public access to a particular record;

12 These provisions supplement information security requirements established
in the federal Computer Security Act of 1987, the Paperwork Reduction Act of
1995, the ClingerCohen Act of 1996, and Office of Management and Budget
guidance. SSNs Are Found in Some

Public Records

Page 13 GAO- 02- 352 Government Benefits from SSN Use

otherwise the record is presumed to be accessible to the public and must be
disclosed to the public upon request.

SSNs are widely used by federal, state, and county government agencies when
they provide services and benefits to the public. These agencies use SSNs
both to manage their records and to facilitate data sharing with others.
They share SSNs and other personal information to verify eligibility for
benefits, collect debts owed the government, and conduct or support research
and evaluation. In addition to using SSNs for program purposes, many of
these agencies also reported using their employees? SSNs for activities such
as payroll, wage reporting, and providing employee benefits. As a result of
this widespread SSN usage, these agencies occasionally display SSNs on
documents that may be viewed by others who do not have a need for this
personal information.

Most of the agencies we surveyed at all levels of government reported using
SSNs extensively to administer their programs. As shown in figure 1, more
agencies reported using SSNs for internal administrative purposes, that is,
they use them to identify, retrieve, and update their records, than for any
other purpose. SSNs are so widely used for this purpose, in part, because
each number is unique to an individual and does not change, unlike some
other personal identifying information, such as names and addresses. For
this reason, SSNs can provide a convenient and efficient means to manage
records, particularly electronic records, that catalog services or benefits
government agencies provide individuals or families. All Levels of

Governments Use SSNs Extensively for a Wide Range of Purposes

Agencies Use SSNs to Administer Programs That Provide Benefits or Services
to Individuals

Page 14 GAO- 02- 352 Government Benefits from SSN Use

Figure 1: Percentage of Program Agencies Using SSNs for Each Reason Listed

Legend: N is the number of respondents upon which the percentage is based.
Source: GAO surveys of federal, state, and county departments and agencies.
Figure includes departments and agencies that administer programs and
excludes courts, county clerks and recorders, and state licensing agencies.

Many agencies also use SSNs to share information with other entities to
bolster the integrity of the programs they administer. For example,
individuals are often asked to report their income, citizenship status, and
household composition to determine their eligibility for government benefits
or services. To avoid paying benefits or providing services or loans to
individuals who are not really eligible for them, agencies use applicants?
SSNs to match the information they provide with information in other data
bases, such as other federal benefit paying agencies, state unemployment
agencies, the Internal Revenue Service (IRS), or employers. As unique
identifiers, SSNs help ensure that the agency is obtaining or matching
information on the correct person.

Percentage 0 10

20 30

40 50

60 70

80 90

100 82

90 89 73

83 82 40

34 25

53 44

26 4

18 7

Federal (N = 55) State (N = 44) County (N = 197)

Internal administrative

Verify applicants' eligibility; monitor

accuracy of information Collect debtsindividuals owe

Conduct internal research or

Provide data to outside researchers individuals provide

agency/ government purposes

program evaluation

Page 15 GAO- 02- 352 Government Benefits from SSN Use

As shown in figure 1, the majority of agencies at all three levels of
government reported sharing information containing SSNs for the purpose of
verifying an applicant?s eligibility for services or benefits. These
datasharing activities can help save the government and taxpayers hundreds
of millions of dollars. In some cases, the Congress has recognized the
benefits of this data sharing for federally funded programs and has either
explicitly permitted or required agencies to share data for these purposes.
Examples of SSN use for verifying and monitoring eligibility include the
following:

 Individuals confined to a correctional facility for at least 1 full month
are ineligible to continue receiving federal Supplemental Security Income
(SSI) program benefits. 13 SSA, the federal agency that administers this
program, uses SSNs to match records with state and local correctional
facilities to identify individuals for whom the agency should terminate
benefit payments. We reported that between January and August 1996, the
sharing of prisoner data between SSA and state and local correctional
facilities helped SSA identify about $151 million overpayments already made
and prevented about $173 million in additional overpayments to ineligible
prisoners. 14

 When individuals apply for Temporary Assistance for Needy Families (TANF),
a program designed to help low- income families, the law requires them to
provide program administrators their SSNs and information about their income
and resources. 15 Some agencies that administer this program use SSNs to
share data to determine the applicants? and current recipients? eligibility
and to verify self- reported information. The state of New York alone
estimated that by checking state wage data records, it saved about $72
million in unpaid benefits between January and September 1999. 16

13 SSI provides cash assistance to needy individuals who are aged, blind, or
disabled. 14 U. S. General Accounting Office, Supplemental Security Income:
Incentive Payments Have Reduced Benefit Overpayments to Prisoners, GAO/
HEHS- 00- 2 (Washington, D. C.: Nov. 22, 1999).

15 TANF was created by the Personal Responsibility and Work Opportunity
Reconciliation Act of 1996. The program has been implemented in the form of
block grants to states and is designed to help low- income families with
children reduce their reliance on welfare and move toward economic
independence.

16 U. S. General Accounting Office, Benefit and Loan Programs: Improved Data
Sharing Could Enhance Program Integrity, GAO/ HEHS- 00- 119 (Washington, D.
C.: Sept. 13, 2000). SSNs Are Used to Verify

Eligibility

Page 16 GAO- 02- 352 Government Benefits from SSN Use

SSNs can also help ensure program integrity when they are used to collect
delinquent debts, and some agencies at each level of government reported
sharing data containing SSNs for this purpose. Individuals may owe such
debts to government agencies when they fall behind in loan repayments, have
underpaid taxes, or are found to have fraudulently received benefits. For
example:

 The Department of Education uses SSNs to match data on defaulted education
loans with the National Directory of New Hires. This database, which was
implemented in October 1997, contains the names and SSNs, among other
information, of individuals that employers reported hiring after
implementation. 17 As a result of this matching, which was implemented in
fiscal year 2001, the department reported collecting $130 million from
defaulted student loans borrowers in 2001.

 The Department of the Treasury, as the federal government?s lead agency
for debt collection, also uses the SSN. For example, when an individual
falls behind in payments owed the federal government, the agency owed the
debt provides Treasury with the debtors? SSN and debt information. Treasury
then uses the SSN to determine whether individuals owe the federal
government money before making certain payments, such as tax refunds. If
Treasury finds the individual is delinquent in paying a debt to the
government, the agency will offset certain payments due the individual to
satisfy the debt. Using this approach, Treasury used tax refund offsets to
collect over $1 billion in federal nontax debt in 2001.

Certain statistical agencies, which are responsible for collecting and
maintaining data for statistical programs that are required by statute, make
use of SSNs. In some cases, these data are compiled using information
provided for another purpose. For example, the Bureau of the Census prepares
annual population estimates for states and counties using individual income
tax return data linked over time by SSN to determine

17 The Department of Health and Human Services? National Directory of New
Hires is a national database containing new hire and wage data from every
state and federal agency and unemployment insurance data from state
unemployment security agencies. This directory was mandated by the Personal
Responsibility and Work Opportunity Reconciliation Act of 1996 to help
enforce child support obligations. At a minimum, the database includes the
individual?s name, address, and SSN, as well as the employer?s name,
address, and identification number. This data is also used for various
program enforcement purposes by a limited number of state and federal
agencies. SSNs Are Used to Collect Debt

SSNs Are Used for Statistics, Research, and Evaluation

Page 17 GAO- 02- 352 Government Benefits from SSN Use

migration rates between localities. 18 For its Survey of Income and
Population Participation, the bureau asks survey participants for various
demographic characteristics and types of incomes received. The bureau also
asks participants to provide their SSNs, informing them that the SSNs will
be used to obtain information from other government agencies to avoid asking
for information already reported to the government. As is the case for all
government information collections, OMB must approve the collection of data
for such statistical and research purposes.

In addition, SSNs along with other program data, are sometimes used for
research and evaluation. SSNs provide government agencies and others with an
effective mechanism for linking data on program participation with data from
other sources to help evaluate the outcomes or effectiveness of government
programs. 19 This information can prove invaluable to program administrators
as well as policymakers. As shown in table 3, more than one- third of
federal, state, and county agencies combined reported using SSNs to conduct
internal research or program evaluation, and almost one- fifth of state
agencies provide data containing SSNs to outside researchers. Examples of
SSN use for evaluation and research include the following:

 As one of its many uses, Census may match the Survey of Income and
Population Participation responses with data contained in records for
programs such as TANF, Supplemental Security Income, and food stamp
programs. Linking various data by SSN helps policymakers assess the extent
to which these federal programs together assist lowincome individuals.

 Health departments may provide SSN information to outside researchers,
including universities or foundations, or provide SSN information to other
organizations such as the National Center for Health Statistics, which
compile national data on subjects such as infant birth and mortality data.

18 Census is authorized by statute to collect a variety of information, and
the Bureau is also prohibited from making it available, except in certain
circumstances. 19 In some cases, records containing SSNs are sometimes
matched across multiple agency or program databases. The statistical and
research communities refer to the process of matching records containing
SSNs for statistical or research purposes as ?record linkage.? See U. S.
General Accounting Office, Record Linkage and Privacy: Issues in Creating
New Federal Research and Statistical Information, GAO- 01- 126SP
(Washington, D. C.: Apr. 2001).

Page 18 GAO- 02- 352 Government Benefits from SSN Use

In addition to the above reasons for sharing data that focus primarily on
program integrity and research, some agencies use SSNs as a means of sharing
data to improve services. For example, in light of major changes to the
nation?s welfare program in 1996, welfare agencies are focusing on moving
needy families toward economic independence and are drawing on numerous
federal and state programs to provide a wide array of services, such as
child care, food stamps, and employment and training. Sharing data can help
them identify what services beneficiaries have received and what additional
services are available or needed.

All government agencies that administer programs and share records
containing individuals? SSNs with other entities reported sharing SSNs with
at least one other government agency. 20 Aside from sharing with other
government agencies, the largest percentage of federal and state program
agencies report sharing SSNs with contractors, and a relatively large
percentage of county program agencies report sharing with contractors as
well, as shown in table 3. Agencies across all levels of government use
contractors to help them fulfill their program responsibilities. Contractors
most frequently determine eligibility for services, provide services,
conduct data processing activities, and perform research and evaluation. In
addition to sharing SSNs with contractors, government agencies also share
SSNs with private businesses, such as credit bureaus and insurance
companies, as well as debt collection agencies, researchers, and, to a
lesser extent, with private investigators.

20 On the federal level, data sharing often involves computerized record
matching. The Computer Matching and Privacy Protection Act of 1988, which
amended the Privacy Act, specifies procedural safeguards affecting agencies?
use of Privacy Act records in performing certain types of computerized
matching program, including due process rights for individuals whose records
are being matched. These due process rights were further clarified in the
Computer Matching and Privacy Protection Amendments of 1990. Other Program
Uses

Agencies Are Most Likely to Share SSNs with Other Government Agencies and
Contractors

Page 19 GAO- 02- 352 Government Benefits from SSN Use

Table 3: Of Program Agencies That Share SSNs, Percentage That Share Them
with Specific NonGovernment Entities

Government Agencies Reporting Sharing SSNs Entities That Receive SSNs from
Government agencies Federal State County

Contractors 54% 39% 28%

(39) (149) (138) Credit bureaus 31% 17% 10%

(32) (145) (138) Insurance companies 24% 28% 31%

(33) (147) (139) Debt collection agencies 29% 16% 10%

(31) (140) (136) Researchers 12% 33% 14%

(34) (147) (135) Private investigators 0% 7% 7%

(0) (141) (138) Marketing companies 0% 2% 1%

(0) (139) (137) Legend: The number in parentheses is the number of
respondents upon which the percentage is based.

Source: GAO survey of federal, state, and county agencies, using responses
from those that reported sharing SSNs. Table includes departments and
agencies that administer programs for the public and excludes courts, county
clerks and recorders, and state licensing agencies.

All government personnel departments we surveyed reported using their
employees? SSNs to fulfill at least some of their responsibilities as
employers. As with many of the program- related SSN uses described earlier,
these employer uses involve data sharing among governments and other
agencies. Personnel departments responding to our questionnaire said they
use SSNs to help them maintain internal records and provide employee
benefits. To provide these benefits, employers often share data on employees
with other entities, such as health care providers or pension plan
administrators. As an example, employers submit employees? SSNs along with
certain information about employees to health insurers and retirement plan
administrators. Health insurers may use the SSNs to identify enrollment in
health plans and verify eligibility for payments for health services.
Retirement plan administrators use the SSN to record the contribution in the
correct employee account, and when they make payments to individuals, they
are required to report the payments using the individuals? SSNs to the IRS.
Governments Use

Employees? SSNs for Employer- Related Activities

Page 20 GAO- 02- 352 Government Benefits from SSN Use

In addition, employers are required by law to use employees? SSNs when
reporting wages. Wages are reported to SSA, and the agency uses this
information to update earnings records it maintains for each individual.
These earnings ultimately determine eligibility for and the amount of Social
Security benefits. After processing these reported wages, SSA provides the
information to the IRS, which uses it to monitor individuals? compliance
with the federal personal income tax rules. The IRS uses SSNs to match these
employer wage reports with amounts individuals report on personal income tax
returns. Finally, federal law requires that states maintain employers?
reports of newly hired employees, identified by SSNs. States must forward
this information to a national database that is used by state child support
agencies to locate parents who are delinquent in child support payments.

In the course of delivering their services or benefits, many government
agencies occasionally display SSNs on documents that may be viewed by
others, some of whom may not have a need for this personal information.
Figure 2 shows a variety of ways SSNs are displayed, as reported in our
survey by federal, state, and county personnel departments. When SSNs appear
on payroll checks, rather than on the more easily safeguarded pay stub, any
number of individuals can view the employee?s SSN depending on where the
check is cashed. To receive services at government rates, government
employees may be required to provide hotel employees and others documents
such as travel orders or tax exemption forms that display their SSNs.
Government Agencies

Occasionally Display SSNs on Documents That May Be Viewed by Others

Page 21 GAO- 02- 352 Government Benefits from SSN Use

Figure 2: Percentage of Government Personnel Departments That Display SSNs
on Different Types of Documents

Legend: N is the number of respondents upon which the percentage is based.
Source: GAO surveys of federal, state, and county personnel administrators.

Some federal agencies and a few state and county personnel departments
reported displaying employees? SSNs on their employee badges. Notably, the
Department of Defense (DOD), which has over 2.7 million active and reserve
military personnel, displays SSNs on its identification cards for these
personnel. According to DOD officials, the Geneva Convention suggests that
military personnel have an identification number displayed on their
identification card, and DOD has chosen to use the SSN for this purpose. On
the state level, the Department of Criminal Justice in one state, which has
about 40,000 employees, displays SSNs on all employee identification cards.
According to that state?s Department of Criminal Justice officials, some of
their employees have taken actions such as taping over their SSNs so that
prison inmates and others cannot view this personal information.

Percentage 0 10

20 30

40 50

60 70

80 90

100 67

59 57 33

27 20

53 5

9 13

32 24

100 41

9 73

27 2

27 5

9

Federal (N = 55) State (N = 44) County (N = 197)

Vouchers/ authorizations for dependent childcare credits Payroll or other

reimbursement checks

Vouchers/ authorizations for public transportation subsidies

Promotion lists Travel orders/ authorizations Authorizations for

training outside of the agency

Employees' badges/ identification cards

Page 22 GAO- 02- 352 Government Benefits from SSN Use

SSNs are also displayed on documents that are not employee- related. For
example, some benefit programs display the SSN on the benefit checks and
eligibility cards, and over one- third of federal respondents reported
including the SSN on official letters mailed to participants. Further, some
state institutions of higher education display students? SSNs on
identification cards. Finally, SSNs are sometimes displayed on business
permits that must be posted in public view at an individual?s place of
business.

When agencies that deliver services and benefits use SSNs to administer
programs, they are taking some steps to safeguard SSNs, but certain measures
that could provide more assurances that these SSNs are secure are not
universally in place at any level of government. First, when federal, state,
and county agencies request SSNs, they are not consistently informing the
SSN holders of whether they must provide the SSN to receive benefits or
services and how the SSN will be used. In addition, although some agencies
are using identifiers other than the SSNs in their records, most report it
would be difficult to stop using SSNs. When agencies do use the SSN, we
found weaknesses in their information systems security at all levels of
government, which indicate SSNs may be at risk of improper disclosure.
Finally, although some agencies are taking action to limit the display of
SSNs on documents that are not intended to be public but may be viewed by
others, these actions are sometimes taking place in a piecemeal manner
rather than as a result of a systematic effort.

When a government agency requests an individual?s SSN, the individual needs
certain information to make an informed decision about whether to provide
their SSN to the government agency or not. Accordingly, section 7 of the
Privacy Act requires that any federal, state, or local government agency,
when requesting an SSN from an individual, provide that individual with
three key pieces of information. 21 Government entities must

 tell individuals whether disclosing their SSNs is mandatory or voluntary,

21 Section 7 of the Privacy Act is not codified with the rest of the act,
but rather is found in the note section to 5 U. S. C. 552a. Governments Are

Taking Some Steps to Safeguard SSNs but Important Measures Not Universally
Employed

Many Government Entities Collect SSNs without Providing Required Information

Page 23 GAO- 02- 352 Government Benefits from SSN Use

 cite the statutory or other authority under which the request is being
made, and

 state what uses government will make of the individual?s SSN. This
information, which helps the individual make an informed decision, is the
first line of defense against improper use.

Although nearly all government entities we surveyed collect and use SSNs for
a variety of reasons, many of these entities reported they do not provide
individuals the information required under section 7 of the Privacy Act when
requesting their SSNs. As shown in table 4, federal agencies were more
likely to report that they provided the required information to individuals
when requesting their SSNs than were states or local government agencies.
Even so, federal agencies did not consistently provide this required
information; 32 percent reported that they did not inform individuals of the
statutory authority for requesting the SSN and 21 percent of federal
agencies reported that they did not inform individuals of how their SSNs
would be used.

Table 4: Percentage of Government Entities That Provide Individuals with
Required Information When Collecting SSNs

Informs Individuals Federal State County

That providing SSN is voluntary 90% 38% 42%

(10) (78) (74) Of legal authority to request SSNs 68% 51% 39%

(37) (147) (161) How SSNs will be used 79% 51% 36%

(57) (270) (294) Legend: The number in parentheses is the number of
respondents upon which the percentage is based.

Source: Data from GAO surveys of federal, state, and county departments,
using responses from all government entities.

For federal agencies, OMB is responsible for assisting with and overseeing
the implementation of the Privacy Act. Although OMB has issued guidance for
federal agencies to follow in implementing the act overall, OMB?s guidance
does not address section 7. 22 However, there is another provision

22 The Department of Justice has on its Web site an overview of the Privacy
Act that references section 7. This information was prepared in coordination
with OMB.

Page 24 GAO- 02- 352 Government Benefits from SSN Use

of the act that contains requirements similar to those of section 7, and OMB
guidance does address this provision. 23 This provision requires agencies to
inform individuals from whom they request information (1) the legal
authority that authorizes the collection and whether disclosure is voluntary
or mandatory, (2) the purposes for which the information is intended to be
used, (3) the routine uses to be made of the information, and (4) the
effects on the individual of not providing all or any part of the
information. Agencies must provide this information on the forms they use to
collect the information or on a separate form that can be retained by the
individual. However, this provision differs from section 7 in important
ways. It applies only to federal agencies that maintain a system of records,
as defined under the act, whereas section 7 applies to all agencies at the
federal, state, and local level and contains no provision limiting its
coverage to agencies maintaining a system of records. 24

Regarding how OMB oversees implementation of the Privacy Act, OMB officials
told us that they review certain federal agency actions related to the
Privacy Act, such as notices placed in the federal register to inform the
public of changes to agency systems of records; however it is not their role
to monitor day- to- day federal agency compliance with the many provisions
of the act. 25 For this ongoing compliance monitoring, OMB officials said
that they rely on agency privacy officers, general counsels, and inspector
generals. 26 In addition, under the Act, individuals can bring a civil
action against a federal agency requesting the SSN if they believe that the
agency has not complied with the section 7 requirements and if this failure
to comply results in an adverse effect on the individual.

At the state and county levels of government, it is not clear who has
responsibility for overseeing the section 7 requirements placed on state

23 5 U. S. C. 552a( e)( 3). 24 Of the 58 federal programs that responded to
our survey, 39 reported that some portion of their records were covered by
the Privacy Act, 3 reported that no portion of their records were covered by
the act, and the remaining 16 agencies did not know if their records were
covered by the Privacy Act.

25 Under the Paperwork Reduction Act, OMB is, however, responsible for
reviewing and approving all collections of information including forms,
surveys, telephonic requests, or various other formats used by federal
agencies when requesting SSNs and other information from an SSN holder,
state or local governments, and others. Thus the agency also has this
opportunity to influence the collection of SSNs.

26 According to OMB officials, all federal agencies have an officer
responsible for implementing the Privacy Act.

Page 25 GAO- 02- 352 Government Benefits from SSN Use

and local governments. In fact, some state and local officials we spoke with
were unaware of the requirements. Moreover, OMB officials told us that they
have not issued any implementing regulations or guidance for section 7 for
state and county government agencies, and no federal agency has assumed
overall responsibility for monitoring these agencies and informing them of
their obligations under section 7 of the Privacy Act. 27 According to OMB
officials, their role with respect to state and local governments is limited
to advising state and county officials who raise questions about the act. In
addition, OMB officials also work with the National Association of State
Chief Information Officers and other organizations to discuss and share
ideas on information management issues.

Further, unlike the federal government, courts have disagreed on whether
individuals have a right of civil action against state and county
governments when these individuals believe state or county agencies are not
complying with section 7 of the Privacy Act. For example, a Ninth Circuit
Court of Appeals decision held that individuals do not have a right of
action against state and local governments for violating the Privacy Act. 28
Conversely, other courts have recognized implied remedies against state
governments for violations of the act. For example, in Louisiana, a district
court ordered that the state stop asking for SSNs as a prerequisite to voter
registration, based partially on the court?s determination that the
Louisiana commissioner of elections was violating section 7 of the act. 29
Similarly, a district court found that Virginia violated the act when
collecting SSNs for voter registration because it did not provide required
notice when requesting individuals? SSNs. 30

27 When federal agencies provide states with funding for specific programs,
they could include requirements that the entities implementing the program
comply with section 7 of the Privacy Act.

28 Dittman v. California, 191 F. 3d 1020 (9th Cir. 1999) (citing Unt v.
Aerospace Corp, 765 F. 2d 1440 (9th Cir. 1981)). The Ninth Circuit Court of
Appeals covers California, Oregon, Washington, Arizona, Montana, Idaho,
Nevada, Alaska, Hawaii, Guam, and the Northern Mariana Islands.

29 McKay v. Altobello, No. 96- 3458, 1997 WL 266717 (E. D. La. May 16,
1997). 30 Griedinger v. Davis, 782 F. Supp. 1106 (E. D. Va. 1992), reversed
and remanded on other grounds, 988 F. 2d 1344 (4th Cir. 1993).

Page 26 GAO- 02- 352 Government Benefits from SSN Use

When government agencies collect SSNs that are not part of public records,
they have a number of options available to them to limit the risk of
improper disclosure. These agencies can

 use numbers other than SSNs for some program activities;

 implement a number of controls to ensure that when they use SSNs, they are
properly safeguarded; and

 limit the use of SSNs on documents that may be viewed by others who do not
have a need to access this personal information.

Despite the widespread use of SSNs at all levels of government, not all
agencies use the SSN. Some respondents (19 from state departments and 33
from county departments) reported that they do not obtain, receive, or use
the SSNs of program participants, service recipients, or individual members
of the public. Moreover, of those who do use the SSN, not all use it as
their primary identification number for record- keeping purposes. Of federal
respondents, 65 percent use SSN as their primary identifier, while 50
percent of state and 38 percent of county agencies reported doing so. In
addition, when agencies do use the SSN as their primary identification
number, some agencies also maintain an alternative number that is used in
addition to or in lieu of SSNs for certain activities. In fact, at least
onefourth of the respondents across all levels of government said they used
SSNs as the primary identifier and also assigned alternative identifiers (38
federal, 30 state, and 25 percent county). There are a number of reasons why
agencies use identification numbers other than SSNs. Officials from two
county health departments told us that they do not require applicants for
the Women, Infant, and Children Program to provide their SSNs because
eligibility is determined based on client- provided information. 31 Under
these circumstances, program administrators do not need to use SSNs to match
data to verify program eligibility. Two officials said that their county
health departments use numbers the departments assign as the primary
identifier. In such cases, however, health care providers may use SSNs to
track patients? medical care across multiple providers or to

31 However, state auditors in one state told us that when programs do not
require an SSN, such as the Women, Infants, and Children Program, it is more
difficult to audit the program for compliance because they have to rely on
matching data on individuals using name, address, and wage records to ensure
that the appropriate people are receiving services. They said this process
is time consuming and is not 100 percent accurate. They believe that the use
of SSNs for the program would speed up and improve the accuracy of data
matches. More Can Be Done to

Protect SSNs from Improper Public Disclosure

Some Agencies Use Alternate Numbers, but Most Report it Would Be Difficult
to Stop Using SSNs

Page 27 GAO- 02- 352 Government Benefits from SSN Use

coordinate benefit payments. Finally, law enforcement agencies we met with
are less likely to consider SSNs as their primary identification number
because criminals often have multiple or stolen identities and SSNs.

We asked those agencies that used SSNs as their primary identifier and did
not use alternate identification numbers how difficult it would be to change
their procedures to permit using different identification numbers in place
of SSNs. More than 85 percent of agencies in this category at all levels of
government reported that it would be somewhat or very difficult to make this
change (93 percent of federal agencies, 93 percent of state agencies, and 87
percent of county agencies). The top four reported reasons why programs
might have difficulty making these changes, were (1) that it would prevent
interfacing with the computer systems of other departments or programs that
use SSNs, (2) it would be too costly, (3) the program?s current software
would not support the change, and (4) it would require a change in law.

When government agencies collect and use SSNs as an essential component of
their operations, they need to take steps to mitigate the risk of
individuals gaining unauthorized access to SSNs or making improper
disclosure or use of SSNs. As discussed earlier in this report, agencies at
all levels of government use SSNs extensively for a wide range of purposes.
Further, they store and use SSNs in varied formats. Over 90 percent of our
survey respondents reported using both hard copy and electronic records
containing SSNs when conducting their program activities. When using
electronic media, many employ personal computers linked to computer networks
to store and process the information they collect. This extensive use of
SSNs, as well as the various ways in which SSNs are stored and accessed or
shared, increase the risks to individuals? privacy and make it both
important and challenging for agencies to take steps to safeguard these
SSNs.

Uniform guidelines that cut across all levels of government do not exist to
specify what actions governments should take to safeguard personal
information that includes SSNs. However, certain federal laws lay out a
framework for federal agencies to follow when establishing information
security programs to protect sensitive personal information, such as Many
Agencies Using SSNs to

Administer Programs Do Not Have in Place Uniform Information Security
Controls

Page 28 GAO- 02- 352 Government Benefits from SSN Use

SSNs. 32 The federal framework is consistent with strategies used by those
private and public organizations that we previously reported have strong
information security programs. 33 The federal framework includes four
principles that are important to an overall information security program.
These are to periodically assess risk, implement policies and controls to
mitigate risks, promote awareness of risks for information security, and
continually monitor and evaluate information security practices. To gain a
better understanding of whether agencies had in place measures to safeguard
SSNs that are consistent with the federal framework, we selected eight
commonly used practices found in information security programs- two for each
principle. Use of these eight practices could give an indication that an
agency has an information security program that follows the federal
framework. 34 We surveyed the federal, state, and county programs and
agencies on their use of the following eight practices:

Periodically assess risk

 Conduct risk assessments for computer systems that contain SSNs

 Develop written security plan for computer systems that contain SSNs

Implement policies and controls to mitigate risks

 Develop written policies for handling records with SSNs

 Control access to computerized records that contain SSNs, such as
assigning different levels of access and using methods to identify employees
(e. g., use ID cards, PINS, or passwords)

32 See federal Government Information Security Reform provisions of the
fiscal year 2001 Defense Authorization Act, the federal Computer Security
Act of 1987, the Paperwork Reduction Act of 1995, the Clinger- Cohen Act of
1996, and OMB guidance.

33 U. S. General Accounting Office, Executive Guide: Information Security
Management, Learning From Leading Organizations, GAO/ AIMD- 98- 68
(Washington, D. C.: May 1998) reported on strategies used by private and
public organizations- a financial services corporation, a regional utility,
a state university, a retailer, a state agency, a nonbank financial
institution, a computer vendor, and an equipment manufacturer- that were
recognized as having strong information security programs. The information
security strategies discussed in the report were only a part of the
organizations? broader information management strategies.

34 States may also require any number of the eight practices, but the
requirements would vary from state to state.

Page 29 GAO- 02- 352 Government Benefits from SSN Use Promote awareness of
risks for information security

 Provide employees training or written materials on responsibilities for
safeguarding records

 Take disciplinary actions against employees for noncompliance with
policies, such as placing employees on probation, terminating employment, or
referring to law enforcement

Continually monitor and evaluate information security practices

 Monitor employees? access to computerized records with SSNs, such as
tracking browsing and unusual transactions

 Have computer systems independently audited Responses to our survey
indicate that agencies that administer programs at all levels of government
are taking some steps to safeguard SSNs; however, potential weaknesses exist
at all levels. Many survey respondents reported adopting some of the
practices; however, none of the eight practices were uniformly adopted at
any level of government. Of the eight practices, the largest percentage of
agencies at all three levels of government combined reported controlling
access to computerized records that contain SSNs and taking disciplinary
actions against employees for noncompliance with policies. The smallest
percentage of agencies at all three levels of government combined reported
developing written policies for handling records with SSNs and having their
information systems security independently audited. Overall, opportunities
exist at all levels of government to increase protections against improper
access, disclosure, or use of personal information, including SSNs. In
general, when compared to state and county government agencies, a higher
percentage of federal agencies reported using most of the eight practices.

It is important to note that since 1996 we have consistently identified
significant information security weaknesses across the federal government.
In early 2002, based on a review of 24 of the largest federal agencies, we
reported that federal agencies had not established information security
programs consistent with legislative requirements. 35 We found that
significant information security weaknesses continued to

35 U. S. General Accounting Office, Information Security: Additional Actions
Needed to Fully Implement Reform Legislation, GAO- 02- 470T (Washington, D.
C.: Mar. 6, 2002).

Page 30 GAO- 02- 352 Government Benefits from SSN Use

exist in all major areas for information security programs. For example, (1)
risk assessments had not been conducted for all computer systems, (2)
polices may have been inadequate or excessive because risks had not been
adequately assessed, (3) employees may have been unaware of their security
responsibilities because agencies provided little or no training, and (4)
effectiveness of security practices was unknown because of inadequate
testing and evaluation of security controls. Further, in its February 2001
report to the Congress, OMB noted that many federal agencies have
significant deficiencies in every important area of security. 36 Although
information security weaknesses may have been reported for certain states
and counties, we are not aware of a comparable, comprehensive assessment of
information security for either state or county government.

Further, when SSNs are passed from a government agency to another entity,
agencies need to take additional steps to continue protections for sensitive
personal information that includes SSNs, such as imposing restrictions on
the entities to help ensure that the SSNs are safeguarded. OMB guidance
specifies a number of requirements federal agencies must follow for certain
sharing of personal information. 37 For example, the guidance specifies that
federal agencies should prohibit recipient agencies from redisclosing data,
except as allowed by law; employ effective security controls; and include
mechanisms to hold recipients of data accountable for compliance. The
guidance does not prescribe specific steps agencies should take when sharing
information containing SSNs and other personal information. Moreover,
although state and county governments may establish their own requirements,
these would apply only to their respective jurisdiction. In the absence of
uniform prescribed steps agencies should take when sharing data, we surveyed
agencies on whether they implemented selected requirements when sharing
information containing SSNs with outside entities.

As shown in table 5, agency responses indicate that, although most include
security requirements in contracts or data sharing agreements, many did

36 Office of Management and Budget, FY 2001 Report to Congress on Federal
Government Information Security Reform (Washington, D. C.: February 2002) 37
OMB Memorandum 01- 05 applies to federal data sharing activities covered by
the Computer Matching and Privacy Protection Act, as amended. The covered
activities are computer- matching for purposes such as verifying program
eligibility for federal benefits or recovering delinquent debt. The
memorandum states that federal agencies should consider applying the
concepts to other data sharing arrangements.

Page 31 GAO- 02- 352 Government Benefits from SSN Use

not have a process in place to ensure compliance. Most agencies reported
requiring those receiving personal data to restrict access to and disclosure
of records containing SSNs to authorized persons and to keep records in
secured locations. However, fewer agencies reported having provisions in
place to oversee or enforce compliance. For example, only about half of the
agencies at all levels of government combined reported using audits to
monitor receivers? compliance with requirements. As a result, there is
little assurance that entities receiving SSNs from government agencies have
upheld their obligation to protect the confidentiality and security of SSNs.

Table 5: Percentage of Program Agencies That Report Imposing Selected
Requirements on Outside Entities When Sharing SSNs

Government agencies sharing SSNs Requirement imposed on receivers Federal
State County SSNs must be safeguarded

Access to SSNs must be restricted to authorized persons 100% 90% 84%

(33) (134) (76) Disclosure of SSNs must be restricted to authorized persons
88% 92% 81%

(33) (135) (78) Records with SSNs must be kept in secure location 97% 88%
78%

(33) (135) (78)

Oversight provisions

Entity must self- report compliance 34% 32% 29%

(32) (120) (76) Entity must be independently audited for compliance 59% 55%
50%

(32) (124) (76) Agency imposes penalties for noncompliance 67% 69% 50%

(30) (124) (76) Legend: The number in parentheses is the number of
respondents upon which the percentage is based.

Source: GAO survey of federal, state, and county departments and agencies,
using responses from those that reported sharing SSNs. Table includes
departments and agencies that administer programs for the public and
excludes courts, county recorders, and state licensing agencies.

Efforts are underway at the federal level to more closely review individual
federal agencies? security practices. At the direction of the President?s
Council on Integrity and Efficiency, officials from 15 federal agencies?
offices of the inspector general are reviewing their respective agency
practices in using and safeguarding SSNs. At the state and county levels,
opportunities exist for associations that represent these jurisdictions
nationwide to conduct educational programs to highlight the importance

Page 32 GAO- 02- 352 Government Benefits from SSN Use

of safeguarding SSNs, encourage agencies to strengthen how they safeguard
SSNs, and develop recommended policies and practices for safeguarding SSNs.
38

We identified a number of instances where the Congress or governmental
entities have taken or are considering action to reduce the presence of SSNs
on documents that may be viewed by others who may not have a need to view
this personal information. Examples of recent efforts to reduce display
follow.

 Treasury relocated the placement of SSNs on Treasury checks to a location
that cannot be viewed through the envelope window.

 The Defense Commissary Agency stopped requiring SSNs on checks written by
members because of concerns about improper use of the SSNs and identity
theft. 39

 SSA has truncated individuals? SSNs that appear on the approximately 120
million benefits statements it mails each year. At the top of this
statement, SSA has included a notice warning individuals to protect their
SSNs.

 A state comptroller?s office changed its procedures so that it now offers
vendors the option of not displaying SSNs on their business permits.

 One state has a statute that prohibits display of SSNs on licenses issued
by the state?s health department.

 Some states have passed laws prohibiting the use of SSNs as a student
identification number.

 Almost all states have modified their policies on placing SSNs on state
drivers? licenses. Although it was common practice to find SSNs on

38 In some cases, where federal agencies administer programs that provide
federal funds to states and counties, the federal agency has spelled out
program- specific requirements for information security that state and
county government agencies are expected to follow when they use federal
funds to operate these programs.

39 As of March 2002, the Navy Exchange System still requires SSNs on checks.
Officials told us they hope to implement a system similar to the DOD
Commissary by the end of 2002. Some Agencies Are Beginning

to Take Steps to Limit SSN Display on Documents That May Be Viewed by Others

Page 33 GAO- 02- 352 Government Benefits from SSN Use

licenses only a few years ago, today only ten states routinely display SSNs
as a recognizable nine- digit number. 40

It is important to note that these steps to limit the display of SSNs do not
mean the agency has stopped collecting SSNs. In fact, in some cases, the
agency may be required by law to collect the SSN but the number need not
always be placed on a document or record that is seen by the public.

Agencies are taking these actions even though it is not clear that the SSN
displays we identified are, in fact, prohibited. Limitations on disclosing
the SSN vary from use to use and among governmental entities. For example,
on the federal level, the Privacy Act permits the disclosure of information
in a record covered by the act if the agency can show that the use is
compatible with the purpose for which it was collected. At the state level,
depending on the state and applicable state laws, information about public
employees may be considered public information and available upon request.
Nonetheless, the efforts to reduce display suggest a growing awareness that
SSNs are private information, and the risk to the individual of placing an
SSN on a document that others can see may be greater than the benefit to the
agency of using the SSN in this manner. However, despite this growing
awareness and the actions cited above, many government agencies continue to
display SSNs on a variety of documents that can be seen by others.

In addition to the above actions taken by agencies at different levels of
government, several bills have been introduced in the Congress that propose
to more broadly limit or restrict the display of SSNs by all government
entities. For example, some specifically prohibit SSN display on benefit
checks or employee identity badges.

Many of the respondents to our survey reported maintaining public records
that contain SSNs. Many of these records are maintained by county clerks or
recorders and certain state agencies. In addition, courts at all three
levels of government maintain records that contain SSNs and are available to
the public. Some of the documents in these records that contain SSNs are
created by the governmental entity itself, while others

40 SSNs are displayed on all licenses in one state, on all licenses except
where the driver has asked that they be omitted in nine states, and only on
licenses requested by the driver in 14 states. Open Nature of

Certain Government Records Results in Wide Access to SSNs

Page 34 GAO- 02- 352 Government Benefits from SSN Use

are submitted by members of the public, attorneys, or financial
institutions. The public has traditionally gained access to these public
records by visiting the offices where they are maintained and requesting
certain documents or by browsing among hard copies or microfilm to find the
desired information. This has served, at least in part, as a practical
deterrent to the widespread collection and use of others? SSNs from public
records. However, the growth of electronic record keeping has enabled a few
agencies to provide or even sell their data in bulk. Moreover, although few
entities report making SSNs available on the Internet, several officials
told us they are considering expanding the volume and type of public records
available on their Web site.

As shown in table 6, all of the federal courts and over two- thirds of the
state and county courts, county recorders, and state licensing agencies that
reported maintaining public records indicated that these records contained
SSNs. In addition, some program agencies also reported maintaining public
records that contain SSNs. (For more information on the types of federal
programs and state and county agencies that reported maintaining public
records, see app. III).

Table 6: Of Courts, County Recorders, and State Licensing Agencies; and of
Program Agencies That Maintain Public Records, Percentage That Maintain
Public Records That Contain SSNs

Federal State County

Courts, recorders, and licensing agencies that maintain public records with
SSNs 100% 68% 77%

(3) a (31) (95) Program agencies that maintain public records with SSNs 23%
29% 33%

(22) (189) (140) a All three respondents were from federal courts.

Legend: The number in parentheses is the number of respondents upon which
the percentage is based.

Source: Data from GAO survey of federal, state, and county departments and
agencies.

County clerks or recorders (hereinafter referred to as recorders) and
certain state agencies often maintain records that contain SSNs because
these offices have traditionally been the repository for key information
that, among other things, chronicles various life events and other
activities Many State and County

Public Records Contain SSNs

Page 35 GAO- 02- 352 Government Benefits from SSN Use

of individuals as they interface with government. 41 For example, they often
maintain records on an individual?s birth, marriage, and death. They
maintain documentation that an individual has been licensed to work in
certain professions, such as medical, legal, and public accounting. In
addition, they may maintain documentation on certain transactions, such as
property ownership and title transfer. This is done, according to recorders
we met with, to make ownership known and detect any liens on a parcel of
land before making a purchase.

SSNs appear in these public records for a number of reasons. They may
already be a part of a document that is submitted to a recorder for official
preservation. For example, military veterans are encouraged to file their
discharge papers with their local recorder?s office to establish a readily
available record of their military service, and these documents contain the
SSN because that number is the individual?s military identification number.
42 Also, documents that record financial transactions, such as tax liens and
property settlements, contain SSNs to help identify the correct individual.
In other cases, government officials are required by law to collect SSNs.
For example, to aid in locating noncustodial parents who are delinquent in
their child support payments, the federal Personal Responsibility and Work
Opportunity Reconciliation Act of 1996 requires that states have laws in
effect to collect SSNs on applications for marriage, professional, and
occupational licenses. Moreover, some state laws allow government entities
to collect SSNs on voter registries to help avoid duplicate registrations.
Again, although the law requires public entities to collect the SSN as part
of these activities, this does not necessarily mean that the SSNs always
must be placed on the document that becomes part of the public record.
Figure 3 shows the percentage of state and county entities that display SSNs
on each of the types of public records listed.

41 It varies from state to state as to whether certain records, such as
marriage licenses and birth certificates, are maintained in county or state
offices. Certain documents, however, such as land and title transfers, are
almost always maintained at the local, or county, level.

42 Veterans are advised that these are important documents, which can be
registered/ recorded in most states or localities for a nominal fee making
retrieval easy. In October 2001, DOD added a cautionary statement that
recording these documents could subject them to public access in some states
or localities.

Page 36 GAO- 02- 352 Government Benefits from SSN Use

Figure 3: Percentage of State and County Entities that Display SSNs on Each
of the Types of Public Records Listed

Legend: N is the number of respondents upon which the percentage is based.
Source: GAO surveys of state and county government agencies, using responses
from those that reported maintaining at least one of the above listed public
records containing SSNs.

Courts at all three levels of government also collect and maintain records
that are routinely made available to the public. Court records overall are
presumed to be public; however, each court may have its own rules or
practices governing the release of information. 43 The rationale for making
these records public is that keeping court activities open helps ensure that

43 In some states, for example, adoption records, grand jury records, and
juvenile court records are not part of the public record. In addition, some
court documents pertinent to the cases may or may not be in the public
record, depending on local court practice. Finally, the judge can choose to
explicitly seal a record to protect the information it contains from public
review.

Property settlement Percentage

0 10

20 30

40 50

60 Death 41

54 27

42 16

41 24

33 27

30 59

26 18 17 18 17

2 9

State (N = 49) County (N = 92)

certificates documents

Land ownershiprecords Birth certificates

Marriage permits/ licenses Professional/

occupational licenses Taxpayer records

Jury lists Voter registries

Page 37 GAO- 02- 352 Government Benefits from SSN Use

justice is administered fairly. In addition, the legal requirement that
bankruptcy court documents remain open for public inspection is to ensure
that bankruptcy proceedings take place in a public forum to best serve the
rights of both creditors and debtors.

As with recorders, SSNs appear in court documents for a variety of reasons.
In many cases, SSNs are already a part of documents that are submitted by
attorneys or individuals. These documents could be submitted as part of the
evidence for a proceeding or could be included as part of a petition for an
action, such as a judgment or a divorce. In other cases, courts include SSNs
on documents they and other government officials create, such as criminal
summonses, arrest warrants, and judgments, to increase the likelihood that
the correct individual is affected (i. e., to avoid arresting the wrong John
Smith). In some cases federal law requires that SSNs be placed in certain
records that courts maintain. For example, the Personal Responsibility and
Work Opportunity Reconciliation Act of 1996 requires that SSNs be placed in
records that pertain to child support orders, divorce decrees, and paternity
determinations. Again, this assists child support enforcement agencies in
efforts to help parents collect money that is owed to them. These documents
may also be maintained at county clerk or recorders? offices. Figure 4 shows
percentage of state and county entities that display SSNs on each of the
types of public records listed.

Page 38 GAO- 02- 352 Government Benefits from SSN Use

Figure 4: Percentage of State and County Entities that Display SSNs on Each
of the Types of Public Records Listed

Legend: N is the number of respondents upon which the percentage is based.
Source: GAO survey of state and county government agencies, using responses
from state county courts and county recorders that report maintaining at
least one of the above listed records containing SSNs.

When federal, state, or county entities, including courts, maintain public
records, they are generally prohibited from altering the formal documents.
Officials told us that their primary responsibility is to preserve the
integrity of the record rather than protecting the privacy of the individual
named in the record. Officials told us they believe they have no choice but
to accept the documents with the SSNs and fulfill the responsibility of
their office by making them available to the general public.

Percentage 0 10

20 30

40 50

60 70

58 65

60 50

53 45 47

40 44

31

State (N = 45) County (N = 86)

Judgments Child support orders Divorce

petitions/ decrees

Child custody documents Paternity

determinations

Page 39 GAO- 02- 352 Government Benefits from SSN Use

Traditionally, the public has been able to gain access to SSNs contained in
public records by visiting the recorder?s office, state office, or court
house; however, the requirement to visit a physical location and request or
search for information on a case- by- case basis offers some measure of
protection against the widespread collection and use of others? SSNs from
public records. 44 Depending on the local practice, a member of the public
may request specific documents from a clerk or may be able to browse through
thousands of hard copies of documents, often dating back many decades or
more. In addition, some counties make available documents that have been
microfilmed or microfiched. Under these circumstances, it may be somewhat
easier to find information on individuals; however, the information
available would be limited to the type of record that is microfilmed (e. g.,
property settlement documents). In other words, the effort involved in
obtaining documents by visiting local offices in effect helps insulate
individuals from possible harm that could result from SSN misuse because of
the time and effort required. A county recorder told us that the individuals
willing to expend the time and effort to visit local offices to review
public records generally have a business need to do so.

However, this limited access to information in public records is not always
the case. We found examples where members of the public can obtain easy
access to larger volumes of documents containing SSNs. Some offices that
maintain public records offer computer terminals set up where individuals
can look up electronic files from a site- specific database. In one of the
offices we visited, documents containing SSNs that are otherwise accessible
to the public are also made available in bulk to certain groups. In one
county we visited, title companies have an arrangement to scan court
documents to add to their own databases before the documents are filed in
the county recorder?s office.

When comparing the sharing practices of courts, state licensing agencies,
and county recorders to program agencies that collect and use SSNs, a higher
percentage of county recorders reported sharing information containing SSNs
with credit bureaus, researchers, debt collection agencies, private
investigators, and marketing companies. When courts, state licensing
agencies, or county recorders share public records containing SSNs, they do
not restrict receivers? use or disclosure of the data.

44 Some jurisdictions also permit citizens to request public records through
the mail. Traditional Access to

Public Records Has Practical Limitations That Would Not Exist on the
Internet

Page 40 GAO- 02- 352 Government Benefits from SSN Use

Government offices may charge fees when providing copies of records in
various formats that may contain SSNs and other personal information. More
than 20 percent of county agencies and 25 percent of state agencies reported
charging fees when providing SSNs to a contractor, researcher, individual,
or other entity during the last 12 months. 45 In most cases, the fees only
covered costs for providing the information. However, 13 percent of the
state respondents and 44 percent of the county respondents that charged fees
reported making a profit from charging a fee. At the state level, the
smallest profit reported from this sale of records over the last 12 months
was $5,000, and the largest was $2,068,400. On the county level, the
smallest profit reported over the same period was $200, and the largest was
more than $2 million. The range in revenue may be partially explained by the
fact that officials from these agencies may sell these records to
individuals requesting one or a small number of documents, or they may sell
these records in bulk. For example, one state sells its unclaimed property
database, which often contains SSNs.

Finally, few agencies reported that they place SSNs on their Internet sites;
however, this practice may be growing. Of those agencies that reported
having public records containing SSNs, only 3 percent of the state
respondents and 9 percent of the county respondents reported that the public
can access these documents on their Web site. In some cases, such as the
federal courts, documents containing SSNs are available on the Internet only
to paid subscribers. In other cases, large numbers of SSNs may be available
to the general public. For example, one state?s Office of the Comptroller of
Public Accounts displays SSNs of business owners on their public web site
embedded in Vendor/ Taxpayer Identification Numbers. Moreover, increasing
numbers of departments are moving toward placing more information on the
Internet. We spoke with several officials that described their goals for
having records available electronically within the next few years. Providing
this easy access of records potentially could increase the opportunity to
obtain records that contain SSNs that otherwise would not have been obtained
by visiting the government agency.

45 Our surveys were mailed first in August 2001, and the last surveys
analyzed were received in March 2002.

Page 41 GAO- 02- 352 Government Benefits from SSN Use

When SSNs are found in public records, some government entities are trying
to strike a new balance between their responsibility to allow the general
public access to documents that have traditionally been made available for
public review and an increased interest in protecting the privacy of
individuals. This is possible primarily for those records the agency or
court creates. In these cases, the government entity may still collect SSNs,
which may be required by law or important for recordkeeping purposes, but
the number itself need not be displayed. For those records and documents
submitted by others, it is more difficult to exclude the SSN unless the
individual or business preparing the document omits it before submission.

When government agencies create public documents or records, such as
marriage licenses, some are trying new innovative approaches that protect
SSNs from public display. Some agencies have developed alternative types of
forms to keep SSNs and other personal information separate from the portion
of a document that is accessible to the general public. In these cases, even
if the government agency is required by law to record the SSN, the number
does not always need to be displayed on the copy of the document that is
made available to the public. 46 Changing how the information is captured on
the form can help solve the dilemma of many county recorders who, because
they are the official record keepers of the county, are usually not allowed
to alter an original document after it is officially filed in their office.
For example, a county recorder told us that Virginia recently changed its
three part marriage application and license form. Currently, only one copy
of the form is routinely made available to the general public and that copy
does not contain the SSN while the other two copies do contain the SSN.
However, a county recorder told us that even this seemingly simple change in
the format of a document can be challenging because, in some cases, the
forms used for certain transactions are prescribed by the state.

In addition to these efforts at recorders offices, courts at all three
levels of government have made efforts to protect SSNs in documents that the
general public can access through court clerk offices. For example, one
state court offers the option of filing a separate form containing the SSN

46 In other cases, the law requires that the SSN appear on the document
itself, as on death certificates. Some Governments

and Agencies Are Taking Innovative Actions to Limit Use and Display of SSNS
in Public Records

Alternatives to Displaying SSNs in Public Records Exist

Page 42 GAO- 02- 352 Government Benefits from SSN Use

that is then kept separate from the part of the record that is available for
public inspection.

These solutions, however, are most effective when the recorder?s office,
state agencies, and courts prepare the documents themselves. In those many
instances where others file the documents, such as individuals, attorneys,
or financial institutions, the receiving agency has less control over what
is contained in the document and, in many cases, must accept it as
submitted. Officials told us that, in these cases, educating the individuals
who submit the documents for the record may be the most effective way to
reduce the appearance of SSNs. Such educational efforts could begin with
informing individuals who submit documents to these offices that, once
submitted, anything in that document is open to the public for review. 47
For example, one individual who submitted his military discharge papers to
his county recorder?s office expressed concern about having done so after he
found out that his document was available for anyone to review. Several
officials suggested placing signs in offices where public records are
maintained. Others suggested finding additional ways to notify the public of
the nature of public records and the consequences of submitting documents
with SSNs on them. 48 In addition, financial institutions, title companies,
and attorneys submit a large portion of the documents that become part of
the public record in recorder?s offices and the courts. These entities could
begin to consider whether SSNs are required on the documents they submit. It
may be possible to limit the display of SSNs on some of these documents or,
where SSNs are deemed necessary to help identify the subject of the
documents, it may be possible to truncate the SSN to the last four digits.

While the above options are available for public records created after an
office institutes changes, fewer options exist to limit the availability of
SSNs in records that have already been officially filed or created. One
option is redacting or removing SSNs from documents before they are made
available to the general public. In our fieldwork, we found instances

47 In these cases when the governmental office is not requesting that the
individual disclose his or her SSN, the receiving office is not required to
provide the individual with the information required under section 7 of the
Privacy Act.

48 There are few appropriate vehicles available to notify large segments of
the public of this type of information. SSA has a public education campaign
and also sends a statement of earnings and projected benefits to about 123
million people each year. Redacting SSNs from

Existing Records Can Be Difficult

Page 43 GAO- 02- 352 Government Benefits from SSN Use

where departments redact SSNs from copies of documents that are made
available to the general public, but these tended to be situations where the
volume of records and number of requests were minimal, such as in a small
county. Most other officials told us redaction was not a practical
alternative for public records their offices maintain. Although redaction
would reduce the likelihood of SSNs being released to the general public, we
were told it is time- consuming, labor intensive, difficult, and in some
cases would require change in law. In documents filed by others outside of
the office, SSNs do not appear in a uniform place and could appear many
times throughout a document. In these cases, it is particularly
laborintensive and a lengthy process to find and redact SSNs.

In addition, especially in large offices that receive hundreds of requests
for general public documents per day, we were told redacting SSNs from each
document before giving it to a member of the general public would require
significant staff resources. In one large urban county, the district clerk?s
office sells about 930,000 certified pages a year from family law cases. The
district clerk estimates that it would cost his office an additional $1
million per year in staff time and related expenses to redact SSNs from all
of those documents before they are made available to the general public.

Moreover, redaction would be less effective in those offices where members
of the general public can inspect and copy large numbers of documents
without supervision from office staff. In these situations, officials told
us that they could change their procedures for documents that they collect
in the future, but it would be extremely difficult and expensive to redact
SSNs on documents that have already been collected and filed. In several of
these offices we visited, documents are available in hard copy, on
microfilm, on microfiche, or in electronic format. Copies of thousands of
documents, often dating back many decades or more, are kept in large rooms
where anyone can browse through them. In addition, some counties have
computer terminals set up where individuals can look up electronic files on
their own. In these cases, the only way to prevent disclosure of SSNs would
be to redact them from all of the past records, which officials told us
would be extraordinarily costly and in some cases (e. g., on microfiche and
electronically scanned documents) would be extremely difficult.

Some of the bills currently before the Congress call for redacting SSNs from
public records or otherwise ensuring that the public does not have access to
the numbers. In some cases, the proposals would apply to all SSN displays
originally occurring after 3 years from the date of their enactment. In
other cases, the proposal calls for redacting all SSNs that

Page 44 GAO- 02- 352 Government Benefits from SSN Use

are routinely placed in a consistent and predictable manner on a public
record by the government entity, but it would not require redacting SSNs
that are found in varying places throughout the record.

To protect SSNs that the general public can access on the Internet, some
courts and government agencies are examining their policies to decide
whether SSNs should be made available on documents on their Web sites. In
our fieldwork, we heard many discussions of this issue, which is
particularly problematic for courts and recorders, who have a responsibility
to make large volumes of documents accessible to the general public. On the
one hand, officials told us placing their records on the Internet would
simply facilitate the general public?s ability to access the information.
Furthermore, officials expressed concern that placing documents on the
Internet would remove the natural deterrent of having to travel to the
courthouse or recorder?s office to obtain personal information on
individuals.

Again, we found examples where government entities are searching for ways to
strike a balance. For example, the Judicial Conference of the United States
recently released a statement on electronic case file availability and
Internet use in federal courts. They recommended that documents in civil
cases and bankruptcy cases should be made available electronically, but SSNs
contained in the documents should be truncated to the last four digits.
Also, we spoke to one county recorder?s office that had recently put many of
its documents on their web site, but had decided not to include categories
of documents that were known to contain SSNs. In addition, some states are
taking action to limit the display of SSNs on the Internet. Laws in Arizona
and Rhode Island prohibit the display of students? SSNs on the Internet.
Even though the incidence of SSNs on government Web sites is minimal right
now, some officials told us they were considering or were in the process of
making more documents available on the Internet. Without some kind of
forethought about the inherent risk posed by making SSNs and other personal
information available on the Internet, it is possible that SSNs will become
increasingly available to the general public via the Internet.

The examples of efforts to limit the disclosure of SSNs cited above stem
from initiatives taken by certain offices within states or from state laws
that restrict specific types of SSN uses. By their nature, these efforts are
limited only to the specific offices or types of use. However, efforts to
protect individuals? privacy can be more far- reaching when the initiatives
Agencies Are Considering

Limiting Information Placed on the Internet

Statewide Efforts Have Had Far- Reaching Effects

Page 45 GAO- 02- 352 Government Benefits from SSN Use

are statewide. For example, in April 2000, the governor of Washington signed
an executive order intended to strengthen privacy protections for personal
information held by state agencies on the citizens, as well as ensure that
state agencies comply fully with state public disclosure and open government
laws. Under Washington?s executive order, state agencies are required to
protect personal information to the maximum extent possible by (1)
minimizing the collection, retention, and release of personal information by
the state,( 2) prohibiting the unauthorized sale of citizens? personal
information by state government, and (3) making certain that businesses that
contract with the state use personal information only for the contract
purposes and cannot keep or sell the information for other purposes.

A number of actions to limit SSN use and display resulted from this order.
In response to the executive order, state agencies across Washington
reviewed their forms and documents on which SSNs appeared and identified
displays that were deemed unnecessary, that is, displays where the
appearance of the SSN on the document was not deemed vital to the business
of the agency. In these cases, agency officials removed the SSNs from the
forms or documents. For example, the state Department of Natural Resources
removed SSNs from employee performance evaluation notices and worklists,
individual employee training profiles, and employee exit questionnaire
forms. Officials told us that they have also discontinued requiring SSNs on
leave requests, travel reimbursements, and training forms. The Washington
Office of the Attorney General deleted SSNs from training and attendance
forms, personnel questionnaires, employee separation forms, flexiplace work
schedule forms, and others. In addition, the Washington Department of Labor
and Industries separated information in personnel files that may be reviewed
by supervisors from payroll documents. In addition, private information,
such as SSNs, is being redacted from employee documents that can be viewed
by others, and applicants for jobs in a county we visited are not required
to provide their SSN until they are offered a job.

Washington agencies also changed the format of certain public records to
limit the disclosure of SSNs. For example, the SSN and other personal
information are only included on the back of the marriage certificate form,
which is not supposed to be copied or given to the general public. In
certain Washington courts, SSNs and other personal information required in
family law cases must be written on a separate form from the rest of the
court document, and this form is then kept in a restricted access file. This
means that the public does not have access to the information, and internal
access is limited to judges, commissioners, other court personnel,

Page 46 GAO- 02- 352 Government Benefits from SSN Use

and certain state administrative agencies that administer family law
programs. Anyone else requesting access to these case records must petition
the court and make a showing of good cause as to why access should be
granted.

Agencies for Washington state also reviewed and certified all contracts
involving data sharing as having appropriate requirements to prevent and
detect contractors? unauthorized SSN use. In fact, we were told of one case
where the Washington state Department of Licensing monitored a contractor?s
compliance with maintaining the privacy of personal information by, in part,
providing the contractor with certain easily identifiable information that
other entities did not have. By tracing the flow if this information,
officials discovered that the contractor had improperly disclosed personal
information and terminated the contract.

Minnesota is another example of a state where action on the state level, in
this case in the form of a law, has made a difference in how SSNs are
treated in public records. The Minnesota Government Data Practices Act,
which predates the federal Privacy Act, regulates the handling of all
government data that are created, collected, received, or released by a
state entity, political subdivision, or statewide system, no matter what
form the data are in, or how they are stored or used. Referred to as the
nation?s first privacy act, Minnesota?s statute regulates what information
can be collected, who can see or have copies of the information, and civil
penalties for violation of the act. Minnesota uses a detailed approach to
classifying data as not public. One statutory provision specifically
classifies SSNs collected by state and local government agencies as not
public. As a result of this law, individuals must be informed either orally
or in writing of their privacy rights whenever the state collects sensitive
information about them. In addition, individuals filing a civil court
document can either put their personal information on a separate form or
submit two copies of the document, only one of which contains SSNs. The
information containing SSNs is then filed separately from the rest of the
court document and is not open to the general public.

Neither state tracked costs for making changes to better protect personal
information, such as SSNs. Generally, state officials reported that the
costs for implementing the initiative in Washington and carrying out the
state statute in Minnesota are absorbed in the cost of the states? overall
operations.

Page 47 GAO- 02- 352 Government Benefits from SSN Use

SSNs are widely used in all levels of government and play a central role in
how government entities conduct their business. As unique identifiers, SSNs
are used to help make record keeping more efficient and are most useful when
government entities share information about individuals with others outside
their organization. The various benefits from sharing data help ensure that
government agencies fulfill their mission and meet their obligation to the
taxpayer by, for example, making sure that the programs serve only those
eligible for services.

However, as governments enjoy the benefits from using SSNs, they are not
consistently safeguarding this personal information. They are not
consistently providing individuals with required information about how their
numbers will be used, thus depriving SSN holders of the basis to make a
fully informed decision about whether to provide their SSN. Nor do
governments have in place uniform information systems security measures.
This suggests that these numbers and other sensitive information are at risk
for improper disclosure and that more can be done to implement practices to
help protect them. Further, when government agencies display the SSN on
documents, such as employee identification badges and benefit eligibility
cards, that are viewed by others who may not have a need for this personal
information, the agency displaying the SSN increases the risk that the
number may be improperly obtained and misused. In some cases, the risk for
misuse may outweigh any benefit of its display.

Safeguarding SSNs in public records offers an even greater challenge because
of the inherent tension between the nature of public records, that is, the
need for transparency in government activities, and the need to protect
individuals? privacy. Plans to bring public records on- line and make them
available over the Internet add urgency to this issue. Although the on- line
access to such records will greatly increase convenience for those members
of the public who use them, personal information like SSNs that is contained
in some of these records will also be made readily available to the public.
Addressing the issues of whether the traditional rules of public access
should apply to electronic records, particularly those found on the
Internet, is both urgent and vital. Without policies specifying ways to
safeguard SSNs on the Internet, the potential for compromising individuals?
privacy and the potential for SSN misuse will increase significantly.

Further, although improving safeguards for government use of SSNs and other
personal information is important, even the most successful efforts by
government agencies cannot eliminate the risk to individuals that their
Conclusions

Page 48 GAO- 02- 352 Government Benefits from SSN Use

SSNs will be misused because SSNs are so widely used in the private sector
as well. Any effort to significantly reduce the risk of improper disclosure
and misuse of SSNs would require added safeguards and limits on private
sector use and display of the SSN as well. Nonetheless, measures to protect
privacy by public sector entities could at least help minimize the risk of
misuse.

Under current law, weaknesses in the safeguards applied to SSNs can be more
readily addressed in the federal government than in the state and local
governments. Federal laws lay out a framework for information systems
security programs to help protect sensitive information overall. More
specific to the SSN, the Privacy Act places broad restrictions on federal
government use and disclosure of personal information such as the SSN.
Improved federal implementation of these requirements can be accomplished
within current law.

On the state and local level, the Privacy Act does have a provision that
applies to state and local governments albeit more limited than the
requirements on the federal government. This requirement- that all levels of
government provide certain information to SSN holders, such as how their
SSNs will be used- is not consistently applied. However, strengthening
enforcement of this provision of the act, while important, will not address
the more basic protection issues related to information security and public
display. Doing so by mandating stronger state and local government
safeguards for such personal information as the SSN, however, confronts
questions of jurisdiction and policy that are beyond the scope of this
report. Nonetheless, such questions should be addressed quickly, before
public sector information is compromised and before public records become
fully electronic. Accordingly, we are making recommendations to OMB to help
strengthen safeguards in federal agencies, and we are presenting a matter
for congressional consideration to facilitate intergovernmental
collaboration in strengthening safeguards at the state and local levels.

The Privacy Act and other federal laws prescribe actions federal departments
and agencies must take to assure the security of SSNs and other personal
information. Because these requirements may not be uniformly observed, we
recommend that the administrator, Office of Information and Regulatory
Affairs, OMB, direct federal agencies to review their practices for securing
SSNs and providing required information. As part of this effort, agencies
should also review their practices for displaying SSNs. Recommendations

Page 49 GAO- 02- 352 Government Benefits from SSN Use

To better inform state and local governments of their responsibilities under
section 7 of the Privacy Act, we recommend that the administrator, Office of
Information and Regulatory Affairs, OMB, direct his staff to augment the
Privacy Act guidance by specifically noting that section 7 applies to all
federal, state and local government agencies that request SSNs, or take
other appropriate steps.

To address SSN security and display issues in state and local government and
in public records, including those maintained by the judicial branch of
government at all levels, the Congress may wish to convene, in consultation
with the president, a representative group of federal, state and local
officials including, for example, state attorneys general, county recorders,
and state and local chief information officers, selected members of the
Congress, and state or local elected officials, to develop a unified
approach to safeguarding SSNs used in all levels of government and
particularly those displayed in public records. This approach could include
recommendations for congressional consideration. GAO could assist in
identifying representative participants and in convening the group.

We requested comments on a draft of this report from the director of OMB and
the commissioner of SSA or their designees. We also requested that other
officials review the technical accuracy of their respective agency or entity
activities discussed in the draft, and we incorporated their changes where
appropriate.

SSA officials informed us that they would not provide written comments on
the draft because the report does not make recommendations to the agency and
comments were not required. However, we were told that the deputy
commissioner shares the concerns expressed in the report and agrees with the
conclusions.

We did not receive written comments from the OMB director; however, other
OMB officials provided us oral comments on the draft. They generally agreed
with our recommendation that OMB direct federal agencies to review their
practices for securing SSNs and providing the required information. In
regard to our recommendation that OMB augment Privacy Act guidance or take
other appropriate steps to better inform state and local governments of
their responsibilities under section 7 of the Act, OMB officials told us
that they are unsure of the need for additional OMB guidance in this area.
They indicated that guidance on section 7 already Matter For

Congressional Consideration

Agency Comments

Page 50 GAO- 02- 352 Government Benefits from SSN Use

exists in a publicly- available format on the Justice Department's Web site.
In addition, they believe the section 7 provision is quite short and appears
to be fairly self- explanatory. As the guidance in the Justice Web site
indicates, some interpretive issues have arisen in litigation; however, OMB
officials said the Justice guidance readily explains those issues. In
addition, they said, the report does not indicate substantive areas where
additional interpretive guidance is needed. However, they noted that the
report does suggest that state and local officials may not be aware of
section 7 provisions. In that case, they said increasing awareness of these
legal requirements may warrant further consideration. Accordingly, OMB plans
to consider, in consultation with other federal agencies, options for
increasing state and local officials? awareness on this subject.

Although OMB correctly points out that the overview of the Privacy Act on
the Department of Justice Web site refers to the requirements of section 7,
we believe our finding that a significant percentage of state and local
agencies reported they do not routinely provide individuals with the
information required under section 7 supports the need for additional
action. We agree that state and local officials may not be aware of section
7 requirements, and we believe there is a need to increase the awareness
both of state and local officials administering the programs and of those
monitoring compliance at the state and local levels. Because OMB is the
federal agency responsible for assisting with and overseeing the
implementation of the Privacy Act, we believe it should take the lead on
increasing state and local awareness of section 7. However, we recognize
that OMB?s role with respect to state and local governments is limited and
support the agency?s idea to act in consultation with other federal agencies
to take other steps it deems appropriate to accomplish this increased
awareness.

We are sending copies of this report to the Honorable Jo Anne B. Barnhart,
commissioner of SSA, Mr. Mitchell E. Daniels Jr., the director of OMB, and
others who are interested. Copies will also be made available to others upon
request.

Page 51 GAO- 02- 352 Government Benefits from SSN Use

If you or your staff have any questions concerning this report, please call
me on (202) 512- 7215. The major contributors to this report are listed in
appendix IV.

Sincerely yours, Barbara D. Bovbjerg Director, Education, Workforce, and

Income Security Issues

Appendix I: Scope and Methodology Page 52 GAO- 02- 352 Government Benefits
from SSN Use

To complete the objectives for this assignment, we used a combination of in-
depth interviews, site visits, and mail surveys. To gain a preliminary
understanding of how governments use and protect SSNs and to help design our
survey and site- visit questions, we met with a number of government
agencies, associations, and privacy experts. At the federal level, we
interviewed officials from OMB, the Office of Personnel Management, SSA, and
the FTC. At the state level, we interviewed officials from the National
Governors Association, the National Association of State Auditors,
Comptrollers, and Treasurers, the American Association of Motor Vehicle
Administrators, the National Conference of State Legislatures, and the
National Association of State Chief Information Officers, which represents
state chief information officers, and the state of Maryland. At the county
level, we interviewed officials from the National Association of County
Election Officials, Clerks, and Recorders, the National Association of
Counties, and Fairfax and Fauquier Counties, Virginia. We also met with or
contacted officials/ organizations regarded as experts in the privacy area,
which included a privacy consultant and an official from the Privacy
Journal. In addition, we reviewed published reports and studies on SSN use
and privacy issues.

To gain an understanding of the requirements for both using and protecting
SSNs, we reviewed pertinent federal legislation, federal guidance and
directives regarding the use and handling of SSNs and other personal
information, GAO reports, and various studies of state SSN use and privacy
laws. To develop our criteria for assessing the actions government agencies
take to protect SSNs, we drew from applicable federal laws, primarily the
Government Information Security Reform provisions of the Fiscal Year 2001
Defense Authorization Act, OMB Circular A- 130 and other guidance, and the
Federal Information System Controls Audit Manual that specifies guidelines
for federal agencies to safeguard sensitive information stored in computer
systems. We also drew from our work on best practices used by private
companies and public sector organizations identified in our Executive Guide:
Information Security Management, Learning From Leading Organizations. 1
Finally, we held a 1- day seminar on innovative practices used by the
private sector to protect sensitive information. Attendees included
officials from the Private Sector Council and member firms, including Kaiser
Permanente, a health care provider; State Street Bank, a large commercial
bank; and Allstate, an insurance company.

1 GAO/ AIMD- 98- 68. Appendix I: Scope and Methodology

Appendix I: Scope and Methodology Page 53 GAO- 02- 352 Government Benefits
from SSN Use

Our surveys, site visits, and in depth interviews with officials of targeted
federal, state, and county programs focused on the following areas: how SSNs
are used (for both programmatic and personnel- related purposes), how and
why SSNs are shared with other entities (including contractors), what
information programs provide individuals when agencies collect and use their
SSNs, how agencies maintain and safeguard SSNs and other personal data, and
the cost for minimizing use or implementing alternatives to using SSNs.

At the federal level, we surveyed all 14 cabinet- level agencies plus the
Environmental Protection Agency, the Small Business Administration, SSA, and
the federal court system. The latter three agencies and the federal court
system were added for breadth of coverage to ensure that we covered
regulatory agencies, independent agencies, and courts. 2 We asked that each
agency identify the five programs that maintain documents containing the
SSNs of the largest number of individuals and then asked representatives of
those programs to complete a questionnaire. To the extent that an agency had
a program whose primary purpose was to conduct research that used records
with individuals? SSNs as part of that research, we asked that it be
substituted for one of the five programs. Finally, we distributed a
different survey to agency personnel offices to determine how agencies used
and protected the SSNs of their employees. The federal agency and the
federal personnel questionnaires were each pretested at least twice. Because
we don?t know how many programs within the federal agencies we surveyed
maintain records containing individuals? SSNs, we cannot calculate a
response rate for the federal agency questionnaire. In total, 58 federal
programs, agencies, or courts returned a completed questionnaire. Of the 18
federal agencies to which we sent a questionnaire, 15 returned a completed
questionnaire for at least one program. We now know that one of the 18
agencies that received a questionnaire did not have any programs that
maintained records containing SSNs. In addition, 18 federal personnel
offices received our personnel questionnaire, and of those 15 returned
completed questionnaires, for a response rate of 83 percent.

At the state level, our work covered all 50 states and the District of
Columbia. In each state, we distributed the surveys to seven preselected

2 Although the IRS uses and shares SSNs with a number of governmental
entities, we did not focus on the requirements for the use and dissemination
of taxpayer information because they are distinct from many of the
requirements covered in this report. See GGD99- 164.

Appendix I: Scope and Methodology Page 54 GAO- 02- 352 Government Benefits
from SSN Use

programs or functions that were identified by others as likely to be ones
that maintained documents containing the SSNs of the largest number of
individuals. These included the departments of (1) human services, (2)
health services and vital statistics, (3) education, (4) labor and
licensing, (5) judiciary, (6) public safety and corrections, and (7) law
enforcement. 3 Finally, we also surveyed each state?s personnel office. The
state department and personnel questionnaires were each pretested twice. In
total, 424 state programs or functions were mailed a questionnaire, and of
those 307 returned completed questionnaires, for a response rate of 72
percent. In addition, of the 51 state personnel offices that were mailed our
state personnel questionnaire, 42 completed and returned it, for a response
rate of 82 percent.

At the local level, we selected 90 counties with the largest populations in
the nation as our focus. Our goal was to choose areas with large numbers of
persons that would be affected by the way local government agencies handled
SSNs. We again focused on those preselected programs or functions that
county officials reported as ones that maintained documents containing the
SSNs of the largest number of individuals. These are, in general, the same
programs or functions that we focused on in the states; we also surveyed the
county clerk or recorder, which was identified as a place that maintained a
large number of records containing individuals? SSNs. Finally, we surveyed
each county?s personnel office. The county department and personnel
questionnaires were each pretested twice. In total, 488 county programs or
functions were mailed a questionnaire, and of those 344 returned completed
questionnaires, for a response rate of 70 percent. In addition, 90 county
personnel offices were mailed our county personnel questionnaire, and of
those 64 completed and returned it, for a response rate of 71 percent.

In- depth interviews and site visits to federal agencies, states, and
counties were used to supplement the survey data by providing more detailed
information on the uses of SSNs, reasons for their use, and challenges
encountered in protecting them. Interviews and site visits for federal
programs were selected based on breadth of coverage, novel or innovative
steps to protect SSNs, and special interest by the requestors. We

3 We did not target state Departments of Motor Vehicles; instead we
incorporated information gathered by another GAO team studying SSN use in
these state agencies for child support enforcement efforts. See GAO- 02-
239. In addition, we did not focus on state tax agencies because the
requirements for sharing taxpayer information are distinct from the other
requirements in this report.

Appendix I: Scope and Methodology Page 55 GAO- 02- 352 Government Benefits
from SSN Use

conducted in- depth interviews with officials from the (1) Federal Court
System - Administrative Office of the U. S. Courts; (2) Centers for Medicare
and Medicaid Services; (3) Department of Education?s Student Financial
Assistance; (4) Department of Housing and Urban Development?s Low Income
Housing Programs; (5) DOD Commissaries; and (6) the U. S. Marshals Service.
At the state level, we conducted site visits to the states of Texas,
Washington, and Minnesota. We selected these states because their legal
framework and practices regarding the openness of government records and the
privacy of individuals varied. Texas has a strong open records tradition;
Washington state has an executive order in place that has serves to limit
the availability of certain personal information; and Minnesota has a
privacy law that also serves to limit the availability of certain types of
information. At the county level, we conducted site visits to Harris County,
Texas; King County, Washington; and Aitkin County in Minnesota. 4 We visited
counties located in states we selected for site visits to help us understand
how state policy affects local practices. Also, we selected Aitkin County,
Minnesota to gain the perspectives of a smaller rural county. During our
site visits, we met with officials from the departments or agencies that
were considered heavy users of SSNs. We also met on two occasions with a
group of county clerks and recorders from urban and smaller rural counties.

To provide information on the role of government use of SSNs in identity
theft, we incorporated information provided by GAO?s Tax Administration and
Justice group, which was obtained as part of a broader effort to describe
the prevalence and cost of identity theft. 5 The information we used from
that effort is based on interviews with and documentation provided by the
FTC, SSA?s Office of Inspector General, IRS, Federal Bureau of
Investigation, U. S. Secret Service, and credit bureaus among others.

We performed our work at SSA headquarters in Baltimore, Maryland; at
Maryland state offices in Annapolis, Maryland; Washington D. C.; and at
selected locations including Austin, Texas; Harris County, Texas; Olympia,
Washington; King County, Washington; St. Paul Minnesota; and Aitkin County
Minnesota. We conducted our work between February 2001 and

4 We also visited court officials at Anoka County, Minnesota. 5 U. S.
General Accounting Office, Identity Theft: Prevalence and Cost Appear to be
Growing, GAO- 02- 363 (Washington D. C.: Mar. 1, 2002).

Appendix I: Scope and Methodology Page 56 GAO- 02- 352 Government Benefits
from SSN Use

March 2002 in accordance with generally accepted government auditing
standards.

Appendix II: Federal Laws That Restrict SSN Disclosure

Page 57 GAO- 02- 352 Government Benefits from SSN Use

The following federal laws establish a framework for restricting SSN
disclosure:

The Freedom of Information Act (FOIA) (5 U. S. C. 552) - This act
establishes a presumption that records in the possession of agencies and
departments of the executive branch of the federal government are accessible
to the people. FOIA, as amended, provides that the public has a right of
access to federal agency records, except for those records that are
protected from disclosure by nine stated exemptions. One of these exemptions
allows the federal government to withhold information about individuals in
personnel and medical files and similar files when the disclosure would
constitute a clearly unwarranted invasion of personal privacy. According to
Department of Justice guidance, agencies should withhold SSNs under this
FOIA exemption. This statute does not apply to state and local governments.

The Privacy Act of 1974 (5 U. S. C. 552a) - The act regulates federal
government agencies? collection, maintenance, use and disclosure of personal
information maintained by agencies in a system of records. 1 The act
prohibits the disclosure of any record contained in a system of records
unless the disclosure is made on the basis of a written request or prior
written consent of the person to whom the records pertains, or is otherwise
authorized by law. The act authorizes 12 exceptions under which an agency
may disclose information in its records. However, these provisions do not
apply to state and local governments, and state law varies widely regarding
disclosure of personal information in state government agencies? control.
There is one section of the Privacy Act, section 7, that does apply to state
and local governments. Section 7 makes it unlawful for federal, state, and
local agencies to deny an individual a right or benefit provided by law
because of the individual?s refusal to disclose his SSN. This provision does
not apply (1) where federal law mandates disclosure of individuals? SSNs or
(2) where a law existed prior to January 1, 1975 requiring disclosure of
SSNs, for purposes of verifying the identity of individuals, to federal,
state or local agencies maintaining a system of records existing and
operating before that date. Section 7 also requires federal, state and local
agencies, when requesting SSNs, to inform the individual (1) whether
disclosure is voluntary or mandatory, (2) by

1 The Privacy Act defines a system of records as a group of records under
the control of the agency from which information is retrieved by the name of
the individual or by some identifying number, symbol, or other identifier
assigned to the individual, such as an SSN. Appendix II: Federal Laws That
Restrict SSN

Disclosure

Appendix II: Federal Laws That Restrict SSN Disclosure

Page 58 GAO- 02- 352 Government Benefits from SSN Use

what legal authority the SSN is solicited, and (3) what uses will be made of
the SSN. The act contains a number of additional provisions that restrict
federal agencies? use of personal information. For example, an agency must
maintain in its records only such information about an individual as is
relevant and necessary to accomplish a purpose required by statute or
executive order of the president, and the agency must collect information to
the greatest extent practicable directly from the individual when the
information may result in an adverse determination about an individual?s
rights, benefits and privileges under federal programs.

The Social Security Act Amendments of 1990 (42 U. S. C. 405( c)( 2)( C)(
viii))

- A provision of the Social Security Act bars disclosure by federal, state
and local governments of SSNs collected pursuant to laws enacted on or after
October 1, 1990. This provision of the act also contains criminal penalties
for ?unauthorized willful disclosures? of SSNs; the Department of Justice
would determine whether to prosecute a willful disclosure violation. Because
the act specifically cites willful disclosures, careless behavior or
inadequate safeguards may not be subject to criminal prosecution. Moreover,
applicability of the provision is further limited in many instances because
it only applies to disclosure of SSNs collected in accordance with laws
enacted on or after October 1, 1990. For SSNs collected by government
entities pursuant to laws enacted before October 1, 1990, this provision
does not apply and therefore, would not restrict disclosing the SSN.
Finally, because the provision applies to disclosure of SSNs collected
pursuant to laws requiring SSNs, it is not clear if the provision also
applies to disclosure of SSNs collected without a statutory requirement to
do so. This provision applies to federal, state and local governmental
agencies; however, the applicability to courts is not clearly spelled out in
the law.

Appendix III: Federal, State, and County Departments That Reported
Maintaining Public Records With SSNs

Page 59 GAO- 02- 352 Government Benefits from SSN Use

The following tables provide additional information on the types of
departments or agencies that reported maintaining records that are routinely
made available to the public and, of those, the ones that reported that
their public records contained SSNs.

Table 7: Number of Programs within Federal Agencies That Responded to Our
Survey and Maintain Public Records, Identify SSNs on Those Public Records,
and Permit Access to Those Records on Their Web Sites

Maintain public records Public records

identify SSNs Public has

access to records with SSNs via

Web site Yes No Yes No Yes No All federal programs 26 31 7 18 3 4

Agriculture 13 0 1 00 Commerce 01 0 0 00 Defense 12 0 1 00 Education 23 0 2
00 Health H uman S ervices 02 0 0 00 Housing U rban D evelopment 23 0 2 00
Interior 22 1 1 01 Justice 05 0 0 00 Labor 4 1 0 4 00 Transportation 13 0 1
01 Treasury 31 1 2 01 Veterans A dministration 21 1 1 01 Small B usiness A
dministration 22 0 2 00 Social S ecurity A dministration 32 1 1 01 Federal
Court System 3 0 3 0 30

Source: GAO survey of federal agencies.

Appendix III: Federal, State, and County Departments That Reported
Maintaining Public Records With SSNs

Appendix III: Federal, State, and County Departments That Reported
Maintaining Public Records With SSNs

Page 60 GAO- 02- 352 Government Benefits from SSN Use

Table 8: Number and Type of State Departments and Agencies That Maintain
Public Records, Identify SSNs on Those Public Records, and Permit Access to
Those Records on Their Web Sites

Maintain public records Public records

identify SSNs Public has access to

records with SSNs via Web site Yes No Yes No Yes No All state departments
241 36 75 145 2 70 a

State Courts 26 5 19 5 0 17 a State Law Enforcement 26 3 8 16 0 8 State
Human Services 31 4 8 20 0 8 State Health & Vital Statistics 28 4 7 17 0 7
State Labor 31 6 7 23 1 6 State Licensing 7 0 2 5 0 2 State Education (K-
12) 38 4 11 23 1 9 State Education (Higher Education) 14 5 1 12 0 1 State
Public Safety 25 5 7 15 0 7 State Corrections 34 4 12 18 0 12

a One state entity indicated a ?not applicable? response because it did not
have a Web site. Source: GAO survey of state agencies.

Table 9: Number and Type of County Departments and Agencies that Maintain
Public Records, Identify SSNs on Those Records, and Permit Access to Those
records on Their Web Sites

Maintain public records Public records

identify SSNs Public has access to

records with SSNs via Web site Yes No Yes No Yes No All county departments
251 46 119 116 11 105 a

Social Services 35 24 13 19 0 13 Health Department 43 9 10 31 0 10 County
Sheriff 55 7 21 28 0 20 a Court Clerks 39 3 30 7 2 28 County Recorders 61 2
43 15 9 32 Superintendent of Schools 18 1 2 16 0 2

a Two county departments answered ?not applicable? because the departments
did not have a Web site. Source: GAO survey of county agencies.

Appendix IV: GAO Contacts and Staff Acknowledgments

Page 61 GAO- 02- 352 Government Benefits from SSN Use

Kay Brown (202) 512- 3674 Jacquelyn Stewart (202) 512- 7232

The following team members contributed to all aspects of this report
throughout the review: Lindsay Bach, Jeff Bernstein, Jacqueline Harpp,
Daniel Hoy, Raun Lazier, James Rebbe, Vernette Shaw, and Anne Welch. In
addition, Richard Burkard, Patrick Dibattista, Joel Grossman, Debra Johnson,
Carol Langelier, Minette Richardson, Robert Rivas, Ron Salo, Rich Stana, and
William Thompson also made contributions to this report. Appendix IV: GAO
Contacts and Staff

Acknowledgments GAO Contacts Staff Acknowledgments

(130014)

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