Treaty of Guadalupe Hidalgo: Definition and List of Community Land Grants in New Mexico (Exposure Draft) (Letter Report, 01/24/2001, GAO/GAO-01-330). With the Treaty of Guadalupe Hidalgo in 1848, which formally ended the Mexican- American War, the United States assumed control over vast new territories, including much of what is now the state of New Mexico. Under the treaty, the United States agreed to recognize ownership of property, including the ownership of land grants, in the ceded areas. Whether the United States carried out the provisions of the treaty, especially with regard to community land grants, has been a controversial issue for generations. Land grant documents contained no direct reference to "community land grants" nor do Spanish and Mexican laws define or use this term. GAO did find, however, that some grants refer to lands set aside for general communal use or for specific purposes, such as hunting, maintaining pastures, wood gathering, or watering. Scholars, the land grant literature, and popular terminology commonly use the phrase "community land grants" to denote land grants that set aside common lands for the use of the entire community. GAO adopted this broad definition in determining which Spanish and Mexican land grants can be identified as community land grants. GAO identified 152 community land grants out of 295 land grants in New Mexico. GAO divided these community land grants into three distinct types: 79 of these were grants in which the shared lands formed part of the grant according to the original grant documentation; 51 were grants that scholars, grantee heirs, or others believed to contain common lands; and 22 were grants extended to the indigenous pueblo cultures in New Mexico. --------------------------- Indexing Terms ----------------------------- REPORTNUM: GAO-01-330 TITLE: Treaty of Guadalupe Hidalgo: Definition and List of Community Land Grants in New Mexico (Exposure Draft) DATE: 01/24/2001 SUBJECT: Treaties Land transfers Land management Property rights IDENTIFIER: New Mexico Spain Mexico ****************************************************************** ** This file contains an ASCII representation of the text of a ** ** GAO Testimony. ** ** ** ** No attempt has been made to display graphic images, although ** ** figure captions are reproduced. Tables are included, but ** ** may not resemble those in the printed version. ** ** ** ** Please see the PDF (Portable Document Format) file, when ** ** available, for a complete electronic file of the printed ** ** document's contents. ** ** ** ****************************************************************** GAO-01-330 A January 2001 TREATY OF GUADALUPE HIDALGO Definition and List of Community Land Grants in New Mexico Exposure Draft GAO- 01- 330 NOTICE An electronic version of this Exposure Draft is available in English and Spanish from GAO's World Wide Web server at the following address: http:// www. gao. gov/ Additional hard copies of this draft can also be obtained from Room 1100 at 700 4th St. NW, Washington, D. C., by request to U. S. General Accounting Office, Washington, D. C. 20548, or by calling (202) 512- 6000, or TDD (202) 512- 2537. Copies of this draft will be available in New Mexico in both languages. We are issuing this report as an Exposure Draft to identify and to gather information about community land grants that is not readily available to us in published research and public documents and to obtain comments about our definition and our identification of community land grants. We will use such information and comments to prepare a final report. If you have any information or supporting documentation about the matters included in this Exposure Draft, we would appreciate receiving them during the comment period. All comments will be reviewed in preparation of a final GAO report. Comments in English or Spanish should be sent by April 2, 2001, electronically through GAO's web page (listed above), or by e- mail to landgrants@ gao. gov, fax to 202- 512- 7703, or mail to the following: Office of General Counsel U. S. General Accounting Office 441 G Street, NW Washington, D. C. 20548 Attention: Alan R. Kasdan All comments should contain your name, address, phone number, fax, email address, interest in land grants (e. g., heir, scholar, government official, or interested organization), and supporting documentation. For comments sent via the web page or e- mail, supporting data should be subsequently sent to Mr. Kasdan by fax or at the address above. We will consider all comments and supporting documentation provided to us in preparation of a final report. Changes will be based on documentation. Original documentation should not be provided to GAO; we cannot return any material submitted to GAO. Any questions concerning this notice should be addressed to Mr. Kasdan or to Ms. Susan A. Poling at (202) 512- 7648. Letter 5 Appendixes Appendix I: Detailed Data on the 295 Spanish and Mexican Land Grants in New Mexico 22 Appendix II: Objectives, Scope, and Methodology 33 Appendix III: Bibliography 37 Appendix IV: Contacts and Staff Acknowledgments 44 Tables Table 1: 79 Community Land Grants Identified Through Original Grant Documentation 14 Table 2: 51 Community Land Grants Identified by Grant Heirs and Others 17 Table 3: 22 Community Land Grants Issued to Indian Pueblos 20 Figures Figure 1: Territory Ceded by M�xico Under the Treaty of Guadalupe Hidalgo in 1848 and the Gadsden Purchase of 1853. 8 Figure 2: Types of Community Land Grants in New Mexico, by County 12 January 24, 2001 Lett er The Honorable Pete Domenici The Honorable Jeff Bingaman United States Senate From the end of the seventeenth century to the mid- nineteenth century, Spain (and later M�xico) made land grants to individuals, towns, and groups to promote development in the frontier lands that now constitute the American Southwest. In New Mexico, these land grants fulfilled several purposes: to encourage settlement, reward patrons of the Spanish government, and create a buffer zone to separate hostile Native American tribes from the more populated regions of New Spain. Spain also extended land grants to several indigenous pueblo cultures, which had occupied the areas granted long before Spanish settlers arrived in the Southwest. Under Spanish and Mexican law, common land was set aside as part of the original grant for the use of the entire community. Literature on land grants in New Mexico and popular terminology generally distinguish between two kinds of land grants: “community land grants” and “individual land grants.” Our research identified a total of 295 grants made by Spain and M�xico during this period. Appendix I contains a list of these grants. With the Treaty of Guadalupe Hidalgo in 1848, which formally ended the Mexican- American War, the United States assumed control over vast new territories, including much of what is now the state of New Mexico. Under the treaty, the United States agreed to recognize ownership of property, including the ownership of land grants, in the ceded areas. Over the next half century, the United States developed procedures to validate land grants in the territory of New Mexico in order to implement the treaty provisions. Whether the United States carried out the provisions of the treaty, especially with regard to community land grants, has been a controversial issue for generations. Many persons, including grantee heirs, scholars, and legal experts, still claim that the United States did not protect the property of Mexican- Americans and their descendants, particularly the common lands of community land grants. They charge that the common lands were lost in many ways and that this loss threatened the economic stability of small Mexican- American farms and the farmers' rural lifestyle. Concerned that the Congress and the courts have validated only about 25 percent of the total land grant claims in New Mexico and that most of the lost lands stemmed from community land grants, you asked us to answer several questions concerning community land grants and procedures under the treaty. In this report, the first in a series, we agreed to (1) define the concept of community land grants and (2) identify the types of community land grants in New Mexico that meet the definition. Subsequently, we will describe the procedures established to implement the treaty, identify concerns about how the treaty was implemented, and what alternatives, if any are needed, may be available to address these concerns. To define community land grants, we reviewed land grant documents filed with the U. S. government; Spanish colonial, Mexican, and current New Mexican laws; federal, state, and territorial court cases; and the land grant literature. To identify land grants meeting the definition of community land grants, we reviewed U. S. records on Spanish and Mexican land grant claims; literature on land grants, including materials on specific grants; and federal court cases. We also spoke with scholars, legal experts, and grant heirs familiar with the issues. For the most part, we relied on English translations of Spanish documents in U. S. government files and other sources. Our identification of a land grant as a community land grant in this report, however, does not constitute our opinion as to the validity of any land grant claim. Many of these land grants have already been subject to congressional review or court adjudication. Appendix II contains a complete description of our methodology. We are issuing this report as an Exposure Draft in English and Spanish to gather and to identify information on community land grants that was not readily available to us in published research and public documents. We would also like to obtain comments about our definition and our identification of community land grants. We will use such information and comments when preparing our final report. The NOTICE located on the inside cover of this report provides information about how additional copies of the Exposure Draft can be obtained and when and to whom comments should be sent. Results in Brief Land grant documents contain no direct reference to “community land grants” nor do Spanish and Mexican laws define or use this term. We did find, however, that some grants refer to lands set aside for general communal use ( ejidos) or for specific purposes, including hunting ( caza), pasture (pastos), wood gathering ( le�a), or watering ( abrevederos). Scholars, the land grant literature, and popular terminology commonly use the phrase “community land grants” to denote land grants that set aside common lands for the use of the entire community. We adopted this broad definition in determining which Spanish and Mexican land grants can be identified as community land grants. We identified 152 community land grants (or 52 percent) out of the total of 295 land grants in New Mexico. We divided these community land grants into three distinct types: 79 of these were grants in which the shared lands formed part of the grant according to the original grant documentation; 51 were grants that scholars, grantee heirs, or others believed to contain common lands; and 22 were grants extended to the indigenous pueblo cultures in New Mexico. Background From the end of the seventeenth century to the middle of the nineteenth century, Spain and M�xico issued grants of land to individuals, groups, towns, pueblos, and other settlements in order to populate present- day New Mexico. Academic treatises and popular literature typically divide these grants into two types: “individual grants” and “community land grants.” Grants to towns and other settlements were modeled on similar communities created in Spain, where the king granted lands adjacent to small towns for common use by all town residents. Under Spanish and Mexican law in the territory of New Mexico, officials made grants to towns and other communities. Such grants were in keeping with Spanish laws, including the 1680 Recopilaci�n de las Leyes de los Reynos de las Indias. However, local laws, practices, and customs often dictated how grants were made and confirmed. After achieving independence from Spain in 1821, M�xico continued to adhere to Spanish law by extending additional land grants to individuals to encourage settlements in unoccupied areas and to stave off U. S. encroachment on Mexican territory. The Mexican- American War began in 1846 and formally ended with the signing of the Treaty of Guadalupe Hidalgo in 1848. Under the treaty, M�xico ceded most of what is presently the American Southwest, including the present day states of New Mexico and California, to the United States for $15 million. Figure 1 shows the territory ceded by M�xico under the treaty. Figure 1: Territory Ceded by M�xico Under the Treaty of Guadalupe Hidalgo in 1848 and the Gadsden Purchase of 1853. Idaho Minn. S. Dak. Wyo. Iowa Nev. Nebr. Utah Colo. Calif. Kans. Mo. Ariz. Okla. Ark. N. Mex. La. Texas Republic of Texas, 1836- 1845; annexed by U. S. 1845 Disputed area: Claimed by Texas 1836- 1845; claimed by U. S. 1845- 1848 a Mexican Cession, 1848 Gadsden Purchase, 1853 a When Texas was officially recognized as a state in 1845, it included the light- gray area, which was also claimed by M�xico. The Treaty of Guadalupe Hidalgo resolved this dispute, with Texas claiming the disputed land. In 1850, Texas transferred part of this land to the federal government, which became the eastern portion of the territory of New Mexico. While the treaty provided protection for property in the ceded area, Article X expressly addressed land grant protection. However, U. S. President James Polk objected to the provision, fearing that a revival of land grant claims had the potential to jeopardize the grants already settled in Texas. As a result, the Congress struck Article X before ratifying the treaty. Subsequently, in 1848, the United States and M�xico signed the Protocol of Quer�taro, which clarified certain aspects of the treaty, including Article 2, in which the United States stated that the exclusion of Article X in no way meant that it planned to annul the land grants. The Protocol specifically provided that land grant titles would be protected under the treaty and that grantees could have their ownership of land acknowledged before American tribunals. With the Gadsden Purchase of 1853, the United States purchased additional land from M�xico for $15 million, including the southwest corner of the present state of New Mexico. The treaty, which confirmed the terms of the Gadsden Purchase, incorporated by reference the property provisions of the Treaty of Guadalupe Hidalgo. To implement the treaties, the Congress enacted legislation in 1854 to establish the Office of Surveyor General of New Mexico. The surveyors general were charged with examining documents and verifying the ownership of land grants. The United States government required individuals or towns and other communities to prove ownership or property interests in grant lands. After reviewing the land grant documentation, the surveyor general recommended to the Congress which grants should be rejected or confirmed. If the Congress approved the grant, the U. S. government issued a patent, which conveyed the property's title to the owner. The Congress reviewed and confirmed 64 of the surveyor generals' recommendations, but in the late 1870s, the congressional review of recommendations ceased. In 1891, the Congress established the Court of Private Land Claims to adjudicate the outstanding claims reviewed by the surveyors general, though not yet approved by the Congress, and other claims presented to the court. In United States v. Sandoval et al., 167 U. S. 278 (1897), a case on appeal from the Court of Private Land Claims, the Supreme Court held that M�xico, not the local community, had title to all common lands in community land grants issued before 1848. Consequently, under the Treaty of Guadalupe Hidalgo, M�xico had transferred ownership of these communal lands to the United States. Although the Sandoval decision did not overturn previous court confirmations of land grants, it did affect all subsequent claims adjudicated by the Court of Private Land Claims. In 1904, the court finished its work, approving claims and land surveys that represented approximately 6 percent of the acreage claimed. The Congress and the Court of Private Land Claims confirmed 155 grants of the total of 295 grants we identified, and patents were issued for 142 of these grants. Appendix I lists all the land grants we identified, the grants patented, and the acreage patented. The completion of the Court of Private Land Claims' work did not quell the controversy surrounding the loss of the common lands. Many persons, including grantee heirs, scholars, and legal experts, still claim that the United States failed to uphold the provisions of the Treaty of Guadalupe Hidalgo to protect the property of Mexican- Americans and their descendants. They are critical of the federal courts' treatment of the common lands and the failure to approve more of the acreage claimed. They also assert that common lands were lost by other means, and that this loss deprived many small Mexican- American farmers of their livelihoods. The Concept of Land grant documents contain no direct reference to “community land Common Lands grants” nor do Spanish and Mexican laws define or use this term. Scholars, land grant literature, and popular terminology use the phrase “community Defines Community land grants” to denote land grants that set aside common lands for the use Land Grants of the entire community. We adopted this broad definition for the purposes of this report. To determine the meaning of the term “community land grants,” we first reviewed land grant documents, and found that grant documents do not describe grants as community land grants. We also did not find applicable Spanish and Mexican laws that defined or used the term. However, as a result of our review of land grant literature, court decisions, and interviews with scholars, legal experts, and grantee heirs, we found that the term is frequently used to refer to grants that set aside some land for general communal use ( ejidos) or for specific purposes, including hunting ( caza), pasture ( pastos), wood gathering ( le�a), or watering ( abrevederos). Our definition coincides with the way in which scholars, the land grant literature, and grant heirs use the term. Under Spanish and Mexican law, common lands set aside as part of an original grant could not be sold. Typically, in addition to use of common lands, settlers on a community land grant would receive individual parcels of land designated for dwelling ( solar de casa) and growing food ( suerte). Unlike the common lands, these individual parcels could be sold or otherwise disposed of by a settler who fulfilled the requirements of the grant, such as occupying the individual parcel for a continuous period. For example, the documentation for the Ant�n Chico grant, issued by M�xico in 1822, contains evidence that common lands were part of the original grant. The granting document provided for individual private allotments and common lands. Congress confirmed the Ant�n Chico grant in 1860 and the grant was patented in 1883. Approximately Fiftytwo Using the definition, we identified three types of community land grants, Percent of All New totaling 152 grants, or approximately 52 percent of the 295 land grants in New Mexico. In 79 of the community land grants, the common lands Mexico Land Grants formed part of the grant according to the grant documentation. Scholars, May Be Classified as grant heirs, and others have found an additional 51 grants that they believe Community Land to contain communal lands; and we located 22 grants of communal lands to the indigenous pueblo cultures in New Mexico. Figure 2 shows the Grants location, by county, of the three types of community land grants. Figure 2: Types of Community Land Grants in New Mexico, by County San Juan R. Rio Arriba Taos Colfax 11 12 2 11 3 2 1 Rio Chama Grande Rio Mora 2 1 McKinley Sandoval Santa Fe 1 8 8 8 San Miguel Rio 15 15 5 Pecos 7 2 1 Puerco Santa Fe R. Rio San Jose 6 3 1 Albuquerque 2 2 Bernalillo Guadalupe Cibola 2 3 1 Torrance Valencia 3 Pecos R. Socorro 3 1 Grande Rio Sierra Gila R. 1 Grant 1 Otero Dona Ana 1 5 1 Pecos R. Community grants identified through documentation Community grants identified by land grant heirs and others Community grants to Indian pueblos Note: The numbers inside each symbol represent the number of each type of grant in each county. One document referenced a grant for which the primary county could not be identified. County boundaries have changed markedly since 1850. Common Lands Formed The first type of community land grant we identified is a grant in which Part of the Grant According common lands formed part of the original grant. From our review of grant to Grant Documentation documents, Spanish and Mexican law, New Mexican law, and grant literature, as well as interviews with grantee heirs, scholars, legal experts, and others, common lands were part of the original grant in the following three instances: ? The grant document itself declares part of the land be made available for communal use, using such terms as “common lands” or “pasturage and water in common.” We identified 29 grants that contain this or similar language. For example, the 1815 Spanish Los Trigos grant, which was issued to three individuals, made pasture available to the settlers of the grant. Also, an 1846 Mexican land grant provided land to John Scolly and several associates, to set aside wood and common pasture for the use of all the settlers. Current New Mexico law treats grants that make specific reference to common lands as community land grants. 1 ? The grant was made for the purpose of establishing a town or other new settlement. Spanish laws and customs concerning territories in the New World provided that new settlements, cities, and towns would include common lands. Although M�xico obtained its independence in 1821, Mexican land grants continued to follow Spanish laws and customs. We identified 13 grants as Spanish and Mexican grants to towns. For example, in 1768, Spain issued the Ojo de San Jos� grant to six individuals for the purpose of establishing a town. Similarly, M�xico issued the Do�a Ana Bend Colony grant in 1840 to 116 petitioners to establish a town, which would then set aside an area for the town commons. New Mexico law currently considers grants to a town, community, colony, pueblo, or individual for the purpose of establishing a town to be community land grants. 2 ? The grant was issued to 10 or more settlers. Spanish law governing settlement in the New World stated that 10 or more married persons could obtain a land grant, if they agreed to form a settlement indicating that a grant would contain common lands. For example, the 1807 Spanish Juan Bautista Valdez grant was made to 10 settlers and the 1842 1 New Mexico law provides for the management of the common lands of Spanish and Mexican community land grants through a board of trustees or a community land grant corporation. N. M. Stat. Ann. 49- 1- 3 and 49- 2- 1 (2000). 2 N. M. Stat Ann. 49- 1- 2 (2000). Mexican Angostura del Pecos grant to 54 settlers. We identified 37 grants of this type. Table 1 lists 79 grants in which common lands were part of the original grant. Table 1: 79 Community Land Grants Identified Through Original Grant Documentation Year Location (by Grant granted county) Alamitos (Juan Salas) 1840 Santa F� Alexander Valle (Ca��n de Pecos; Juan 1815 San Miguel de Dios Pe�a) Angostura del Pecos 1842 Guadalupe Ant�n Chico (Town of) 1822 Guadalupe Arroyo Hondo (Gaspar Ort�z; La Talaya; 1815 Taos Manuel Fern�ndez; Jos� Ignacio Mart�nez; Felipe Medina; Miguel Ch�vez) Badito (El) 1835 Santa F� Barranca (Geronimo Mart�n) 1735 R�o Arriba Bartolom� Trujillo (San Jos� de Garc�a) 1734 R�o Arriba Bel�n (Town of) 1740 Socorro Bernab� Manuel Monta�o 1753 Sandoval Bracito (El; Hugh Stephenson) 1823 Do�a Ana Cadillal 1846 Santa F� Caja del R�o 1742 Santa F� Ca�ada de los Alamos (1) (Lorenzo 1785 Santa F� Marquez) Ca�ada de los Mesta�os 1828 Taos Ca�ada de San Francisco (Nazario 1840 Santa F� Gonzales; Jos� Francisco Baca y Terrus) Ca��n de Carnue (San Miguel de Laredo) 1819 Bernalillo Ca��n de Chama (San Joaqu�n R�o de 1806 R�o Arriba Chama; Chama River Ca��n) Ca��n de San Diego (San Diego de 1798 Sandoval J�mez) Casa Colorado (Town of) 1823 Socorro Cebolla (Juan Carlos Santistevan) 1846 Taos Domingo Fern�ndez (Ethan W. Eaton; 1827 Santa F� Pueblo de San Crist�bal) (Continued From Previous Page) Year Location (by Grant granted county) Don Fernando de Taos (Merced de 1796 Taos Fernandes (San Fernande) de Taos) Do�a Ana Bend Colony (P. M. Thompson 1840 Do�a Ana (Gregorio Dabolas)) Elena Gallegos (Ranchos de 1724 Bernalillo Albuquerque; Los Ranchos) Galisteo (Town of; Juan Ort�z; Francisco 1814 Santa F� Almazan) Gervacio Nolan 1845 Mora John Scolly (La Junta de los R�os Mora y 1846 San Miguel Sanello) Juan Bautista Valdez (Ca��n de Pedernal; 1807 R�o Arriba Encinas) Juan de Gabald�n (William T Russell) 1752 Santa F� Los Conejos 1842 Taos Los Manuelitas (Apolonio Vigil) 1845 San Miguel Los Serrillos (Cerrillos) 1692 Santa F� Los Trigos 1815 San Miguel Mesilla Civil Colony (Meregildo Guerra) 1853 a Do�a Ana Mesita Blanca 1843 Santa F� Nicol�s Dur�n de Ch�ves 1739 Valencia Nuestra Se�ora del Rosario, San 1754 R�o Arriba Fernando, y Santiago (Isabel Jaramillo de Romero (Rancho las Truchas)) Ojo Caliente (Antonio Joseph) 1793 R�o Arriba Ojo de San Jos� (Santo Toribo; Pueblo of 1768 Sandoval San Jos�) Petaca (Jos� Antonio Garc�a) 1836 R�o Arriba Pueblo of Quemado (Rito Quemado) 1721 Santa F� Ranchito (El Ranchito) 1700 Sandoval Rancho de Ysleta (Pueblo de San Antonio 1828 Otero de Isleta) Rancho del R�o Grande 1795 Taos Refugio Civil Colony 1852 Do�a Ana R�o del Picur�s (Jos� Dolores Fern�ndez; 1832 Taos R�o del Pueblo) San Antonio de las Huertas 1767 Sandoval San Antonio del R�o Colorado (Town of 1842 Taos R�o) San Antonito (Crist�bal Jaramillo) 1840 Bernalillo (Continued From Previous Page) Year Location (by Grant granted county) San Joaqu�n del Nacimiento (San Pablo y 1769 Sandoval Nacimiento; Nacimiento del R�o Puerco) San Miguel del Vado (Bado) 1794 San Miguel San Pedro 1844 Santa F� Santa B�rbara (Plaza of the) 1796 Taos Santa Cruz (de la Ca�ada; Juan Salas) 1695 Santa F� Santa F� 1715 b Santa F� Santo Tom�s de Yturbide 1853 Do�a Ana Santo Toribio (de J�mez) c Sandoval Sevilleta (La Joya) 1819 Socorro Socorro (Town of) 1817 Socorro Tierra Amarilla 1832 R�o Arriba Town of Abiqui� 1754 R�o Arriba Town of Albuquerque 1706 Bernalillo Town of Atrisco 1692 Bernalillo Town of Cebolleta 1800 Sandoval Town of Chaperito 1846 San Miguel Town of Chilil� 1841 Bernalillo Town of Cieneguilla 1795 Taos Town of Cubero 1833 Valencia Town of Las Trampas (Santo Tom�s 1751 Taos (Apostal) del R�o de las Trampas) Town of Las Vegas 1835 San Miguel Town of Manzano 1829 Torrance Town of Mora 1835 Mora Town of Tajique 1834 Torrance Town o f Tej �n (Tungue) 1840 Sandoval Town o f Tom� 1739 Valencia Town o f Tor r e�n 1841 Torrance Town of Vallecito de Lovato (S Endicott 1824 R�o Arriba Peabody; Jos� Salazar y Ort�z; Jos� R. Zamora) Vallecito (de San Antonio) 1807 R�o Arriba a M�xico issued this grant from lands subsequently included in the Gadsden Purchase. b The only grant actually given to Santa F� residents was for some common pasture land and water (1715). c Prior to 1800. Grant Heirs or Others State The second type of community land grant we identified is a grant that a Grant Contained Common person or persons stated included common lands. Our review of the papers Lands filed with each grant claim to the surveyors general and the Court of Private Land Claims, and those of a legal scholar, 3 disclosed that, in some instances, the only mention of common lands was found in a claimant's petition or other documents. In these cases, the files did not contain any grant documents showing that the common lands were part of the original grant. We also identified grants in this category as community land grants after interviewing grantee heirs, scholars, and others knowledgeable about a grant's history, and reviewing other information provided to us. Again, no existing grant document supported the claim, although some claimants stated that such documentation had been lost or destroyed. Furthermore, some scholars raised the issue that, in some individual grants, common lands had been set aside by the grantees, their heirs, or other grant settlers to encourage additional settlement after the original grant was made. In these instances, there would not be any supporting official documentation because the grant predated the setting aside of common lands. For example, one scholar believed that the Sangre de Cristo grant, which M�xico originally issued as an individual grant in 1843, later evolved into a community land grant when an heir of the original grantee provided land to new settlers and set aside additional land for communal use. Table 2 lists the 51 grants identified by grantee heirs, scholars, or others as having common lands but lacking grant documentation. Table 2: 51 Community Land Grants Identified by Grant Heirs and Others Year Location Grant granted (by county) Antonio Baca (Nuestra Se�ora de la Luz de 1762 Sandoval las Lagunitas) Antonio de Salazar 1714 R�o Arriba Arkansas (Beales Colony) 1826 Colfax Arquito (Rumaldo Archiveque) a Sandoval 3 J. J. Bowden, Private Land Claims in the Southwest (1969) (unpublished LLM. thesis [6 Vols.], Southern Methodist University.) (Continued From Previous Page) Year Location Grant granted (by county) Bartolom� S�nchez 1707 R�o Arriba Black Mesa 1743 R�o Arriba Bosque Grande (Miguel y Santiago Montoya) 1767 Sandoval Chaca Mesa (Ignacio Ch�vez) 1768 Sandoval Cuyamungu� 1731 Santa F� Embudo (of Picures) 1725 R�o Arriba Francisco de Anaya Almaz�n 1693 Santa F� (Cieneguilla; Ci�nega; Andres Montoya; Feliciano Montoyo) Gijosa (Francisco Antonia de) 1715 Taos Gotera 1830 Santa F� Guadalupita 1837 Mora Hacienda del Alamo b Santa F� (John) Heath (Juan Gid) 1823 Do�a Ana Jos� Ignacio Alari (Juan Antonio Quintana) 1768 R�o Arriba Jos� Trujillo (Mesilla (of San Ildefonso) Tract; 1700 Santa F� Arroyo Seco) Juan de Ulibarri 1710 R�o Arriba La Majada 1695 Santa F� Las Lagunitas (Antonio Sandoval) a Bernalillo Maragua (Santo Domingo de; Jos� Francisco 1826 Santa F� Baca y Pino) Mesita de Juana L�pez 1782 Santa F� Montoya 1740 c Ojito de Galisteo 1799 Santa F� Pajarito (Sitio de) d Bernalillo Pedro Armendariz #33 (Valverde & Fray 1819 Socorro Crist�bal) Pedro Armendariz #34 1820 Socorro Plaza Colorado 1739 R�o Arriba Polvadera (Polvareda; Juan Pablo Mart�n) 1766 R�o Arriba Rancho de Nuestra Se�ora de la Luz (Bishop 1807 Santa F� John Lamy) R�o del Oso (Jos� Antonio Valdez) 1840 R�o Arriba R�o Tesuque (Town of; Bishop's Ranch) 1747 Santa F� San Clemente 1716 Valencia San Crist�bal (Father Jos� Antonio Mart�nez) 1835 Taos San Marcos Pueblo (San Marcos Springs) 1754 Santa F� (Continued From Previous Page) Year Location Grant granted (by county) Sangre de Cristo 1844 Taos Sanguijuela 1843 San Miguel Santa Rita del Cobre (Santa Rita Mine) 1801 Grant Santa Rosa de Cubero 1761 Sandoval Santo Domingo de Cundiyo (Jos� Antonio 1743 Santa F� Vigil) Sebasti�n Mart�n 1705 R�o Arriba Tacubaya 1843 Santa F� Town of Alameda (Francisco Montes Vigil) 1710 Bernalillo Town of Bernalillo (Felipe Guti�rrez; Felipe 1708 Sandoval Gonzales) Town of Ca�delarios 1600 e Bernalillo Town of Chamita 1724 R�o Arriba Town of El Rito (Joaqu�n Garc�a) 1780 R�o Arriba Town of Real de Dolores del Oro 1830 Santa F� Town of San Isidro 1786 Sandoval Town of Tecolote (Salvador Montoya et al.) 1824 San Miguel a No date specified. b Prior to 1714. c No county specified. d Prior to 1746. e Approximate date. Common Lands of The third type of community land grants we identified encompasses grants Indigenous Pueblo Cultures extended by Spain to the indigenous pueblo cultures in New Mexico to Antedated Arrival of protect communal lands that had existed for centuries before the Spanish Spanish Explorers settlers arrived. For the most part, the pueblo settlements these colonists encountered in the sixteenth century were permanent, communally owned villages, where inhabitants engaged in agricultural pursuits. Spain declared itself guardian of these communities, respected their rights to land adjacent to the pueblos, and protected pueblo lands from encroachment by Spanish colonists. Spain made grants to these communities in recognition of their communal ownership of village lands. M�xico continued to recognize pueblo ownership of land and considered pueblo residents to be Mexican citizens. After the Treaty of Guadalupe Hidalgo, the Congress required the Surveyor General to investigate and report on pueblo claims. The Congress subsequently confirmed Spanish grants to 22 pueblos on the recommendation of the Surveyor General. Table 3 lists the pueblo grants. Table 3: 22 Community Land Grants Issued to Indian Pueblos Location Original Spanish Grants Year Granted (by county) Pueblo of Acoma 1689 Valencia Pueblo of Cochit� 1689 Sandoval Pueblo of Isleta a Val enci a Pueblo of J�mez 1689 Sandoval Pueblo of Laguna 1689 Valencia Pueblo of Namb� a Santa F� Pueblo of Pecos 1689 San Miguel Pueblo of Picur�s 1689 Taos Pueblo of Pojoaque 1699 b Santa F� Pueblo of San Crist�bal 1689 Santa F� Pueblo of San Felipe 1689 Sandoval Pueblo of San Ildefonso 1704 Santa F� Pueblo of San Juan 1689 R�o Arriba Pueblo of Sand�a 1748 Sandoval Pueblo of Santa Ana a Sandoval Pueblo of Santa Clara 1699 b Santa F� Pueblo of Santo Domingo 1689 Sandoval Pueblo of Taos 1816 Taos Pueblo of Tesuque a Santa F� Pueblo of Z�a 1689 Sandoval Pueblo of Zu�� 1689 McKinley Pueblos of Z�a, J�mez, & Santa Ana 1766 Sandoval (Ojo del Esp�ritu Santo) a No date specified. b Approximate date. Request for Comments We are issuing this report as an Exposure Draft to identify and to gather information about community land grants that is not readily available to us in published research and public documents and to obtain comments about our definition and our identification of community land grants. We will use such information and comments to help prepare a final report. The NOTICE on the inside cover of this report provides information about how additional copies of the Exposure Draft can be obtained and where and when comments should be sent. As agreed with your offices, this report will be issued in English and Spanish versions. We plan to send copies to the New Mexico congressional delegation. We will distribute copies in both languages in New Mexico and provide copies upon request. GAO contacts and key contributors to this report are listed in appendix IV. Susan A. Poling Associate General Counsel Natural Resources and Environment Appendi xes Detailed Data on the 295 Spanish and Mexican Appendi x I Land Grants in New Mexico Date confirmed Date Acreage Name or other action a patented b patented Alternative grant identifiers c Agapito Ortega Dismissed by claimant Agua Negra 1860 1900 17, 361. 11 Agua Salada 1893 1909 10, 694. 48 Alamitos 1896 1914 297.55 Juan Salas Alamo Rejected Alexander Valle 1860 1927 1, 242.00 Ca��n de Pecos; Juan de Dios Pe�a Alfonso Rael de Aguilar (2) Dismissed by claimant (Vincente Romero) Alphonso Rael de Aguilar Dismissed by claimant (1) Anc�n Colorado Dismissed by claimant Angostura 1897 1906 1, 579.48 Juan- Jos� Gallegos Angostura del Pecos Dismissed by claimants Antoine Leroux 1869 1911 56, 428. 31 Los Luceros Ant�n Chico (Town of) 1860 1883 383, 856. 10 Antonio Armijo Dismissed by claimant Antonio Baca 1895 1902 47, 196. 50 Nuestra Se�ora de la Luz de las Lagunitas Antonio de Abeytia 1894 1910 721.42 Baltazar Cisneros Antonio de Salazar Dismissed by claimants Antonio de Ulibarri Dismissed by claimant Pueblo Colorado Antonio Dom�nguez Rejected Antonio Mart�nez 1893 1896 61, 605. 46 Lucero de Godoi Antonio Ort�z 1869 1877 163,921. 680 Archuleta (Juan Antonio de) Dismissed by claimant & Gonzales (Leonardo) Arkansas Rejected by Circuit Court Beales Colony Arquito Dismissed by claimant Rumaldo Archiveque Arroyo de San Lorenzo Rejected Antonio Ch�vez Arroyo Hondo 1892 1908 20, 000. 38 Gaspar Ort�z; La Talaya; Manuel Fern�ndez; Jos� Ignacio Mart�nez; Felipe Medina; Miguel Ch�vez) Badito (El) Rejected Juan Ortiz Baltazar Baca Rejected San Jos� del Encinal Barranca Rejected Geronimo Mart�n (Continued From Previous Page) Date confirmed Date Acreage Name or other action a patented b patented Alternative grant identifiers c Bartolom� Baca Rejected Bartolom� Fern�ndez (de 1894 1903 25, 455. 24 Guadalupe la Pedresa) Bartolom� S�nchez 1897 1914 4, 469.83 Bartolom� Trujillo Rejected San Jos� de Garc�a Bel�n (Town of) 1858 1871 194,663. 750 Bernab� Manuel Monta�o 1892 1908 44, 070. 66 Bernal Spring Dismissed by claimants Black Mesa 1894 1907 19, 171. 35 Bosque Del Apache 1860 1877 60, 117. 39 Antonio Sandoval Bosque Grande 1896 1925 2, 967.57 Miguel y Santiago Montoya Bracito (El) 1860 d d Hugh Stephenson; Brazito Cadillal e e Caja del R�o 1893 1897 66, 849. 78 Felipe Delgado Ca�ada Ancha 1897 1917 200.82 Salvador Gonzales Ca�ada de Cochit� 1894 1901 19, 112. 78 Antonio Lucero; Manuel Hurtado Ca�ada de Los Alamos (1) 1893 1896 12, 068. 39 Lorenzo Marquez Ca�ada de los Alamos (2) 1894 1911 4, 106.66 Miera y Pacheco & Padilla Ca�ada de Los Apaches 1892 1907 86, 249. 09 Antonio Sedillo Ca�ada de Los Mesta�os Rejected Ca�ada de San Francisco Rejected Nazario Gonzales; Jos� Francisco Baca y Terrus Ca�ada de Santa Clara 1894 1909 490.62 Ca��n de Carnue 1894 1903 2, 000.59 San Miguel de Laredo; Ca��n de Carmel; Ca��n de Carnuel Ca��n de Chama 1894 1905 1, 422.62 San Joaqu�n R�o de Chama; Chama River Ca��n Ca��n de San Diego 1860 1881 116, 286. 89 San Diego de J�mez Ca��n del Agua 1866 1896 341.04 Ca��n del R�o (Colorado) Rejected Antonio Elias Armenta Casa Colorado (Town of) 1858 1909 131,779. 370 Catarina Maese Dismissed by claimant Cebolla 1896 f f Juan Carlos Santistevan Chaca Mesa 1895 1899 47, 258. 71 Ignacio Ch�vez Chamisos Arroyo Rejected Bartolom� Marques & Francisco Padilla Chupaderos de la Lagunita Rejected San Joaqu�n del Nacimiento (Continued From Previous Page) Date confirmed Date Acreage Name or other action a patented b patented Alternative grant identifiers c Corpos Cristo Dismissed by claimant Crist�bal de la Serna 1892 1903 Los Ranchos de Taos Crist�val Crespin Dismissed by claimant Jes�s Crespin Cuyamungu� 1895 1909 604.27 Diego Arias de Quiros Rejected Diego de Belasco (Velasco) Dismissed by claimant Domingo Fern�ndez 1860 1880 81,032. 670 Ethan W. Eaton; Pueblo de San Crist�bal Domingo Valdez Rejected Don Fernando de Taos 1897 1909 1, 817.34 Merced de Fern�ndes (San Fernande) de Taos Do�a Ana Bend Colony 1896 1907. 35,399. 017 P. M. Thompson (Gregorio Dabolas) El Pino Dismissed by claimant Elena Gallegos 1893 1909 35, 048. 78 Ranchos de Albuquerque; Los Ranchos; Donaciano Gurule Embudo (of Picures) Rejected Estancia Rejected Antonio Sandoval, Antonio Mart�nez & Diego Lucero Godoi Felipe Pacheco Dismissed by claimant Felipe Tafoya (1) Dismissed by claimant Felipe Tafoya (2) 1895 1902 4, 340.23 Francisco de Anaya 1897 1916 3, 202.79 Cieneguilla; Ci�nega; Andres Almazan Montoya; Feliciano Montoyo Francisco Garc�a Dismissed by claimant Francisco Montes Vigil 1892 1899 8, 253.74 Francisco X. Romero Dismissed by claimant Santa Cruz Galisteo (Town of) 1894 1927 260.790 Juan Ortiz; Francisco Almazan Gaspar Ort�z 1860 g g Vincente Dur�n de Armijo Gervacio Nolan Rejected Gijosa (Francisco Antonia 1893 1908 16, 240. 64 Gijosa Rancho de Taos de) Gotera Rejected Guadalupe Miranda Dismissed by claimant Guadalupita Dismissed by claimants Hacienda del Alamo Rejected (John) Heath Rejected Juan Gid Joaqu�n (de) Mestas Rejected Santa Teresa de Jes�s (Continued From Previous Page) Date confirmed Date Acreage Name or other action a patented b patented Alternative grant identifiers c Joaqu�n Sedillo & Antonio 1897 1909 22, 636. 92 San Clemente; Barrancas; Guti�rrez Bosque de los Pinos John Scolly 1860 1893 25, 000. 00 La Junta de los R�os Mora y Sanello Jornado del Muerto Rejected Juan Bautista Vigil y Alarid Jos� Antonio Lucero Rejected Jos� Antonio Torres Dismissed by claimant Jos� de Leyba Rejected Jos� Dom�nguez Rejected by Surveyor General Jos� Garc�a Rejected Jos� Ignacio Alari Dismissed by claimants Juan Antonio Quintana; Jos� Ignacio Alarid; Gabriel Quintana Jos� Leandro Perea 1860 1877 17, 712. 00 Rancho de los Esteros Jos� Manuel S�nchez Baca 1900 1902 3, 530.60 Jos� Romula de Vera Dismissed by claimant Jos� Sutton Rejected Jos� Trujillo Dismissed by claimants Mesilla (of San Ildefonso) Tract; Arroyo Seco Juan Antonio Flores Dismissed by claimant Juan Bautista Valdez 1898 1913 1, 468.57 Ca��n de Pedernal; Encinas Juan Cayentano Lovato Rejected Juan de Gabald�n 1893 1902 10, 690. 05 William T. Russell Juan de Mestas Dismissed by claimant Anastacio Romero Juan de Ulibarri Dismissed by claimants Juan Dur�n Rejected Juan Estevan Garc�a de Rejected Geronimo Mart�n Noriega Juan Felipe Rodriguez Dismissed by claimant Juan G. Pinard No action taken by Bautista Llara; Carlos Salazar Surveyor General Juan Jos� Archuleta Rejected Juan Jos� Lovato 1894 1902 205, 615. 72 Crist�bal de Torres Juan Jos� Moreno Dismissed by claimants Juan Jos� S�nchez Rejected (Continued From Previous Page) Date confirmed Date Acreage Name or other action a patented b patented Alternative grant identifiers c Juan Manuel Cordova No action taken by Juan Mart�n; Basilio Gonzales; Surveyor General Santiago Bone (Pueblo de Santiago); Jos� Ta pi a; J os � Francisco Dur�n J u a n M o n t e s V i g i l 1 9 31 by District Court h 379.36 Town of Pe�a Blanca; Jacinto Pelaes; Juan Fern�ndez de la Pesnera Juan Tafoya Dismissed by claimant Juana Baca Rejected Pueblo of Cochit� Pasture La Majada 1894 1908 54, 404. 10 La Nasa Dismissed by claimant Las Lagunitas Not acted on Antonio Sandoval Las Lomitas Dismissed by claimant Lo de Basquez Dismissed by claimants Lo de Padilla 1896 1908 51, 940. 82 El Tajo; Los Padillas; Franz Huning; Diego Padilla Los Conejos Rejected Los Manuelitas Rejected Apolonio Vigil Los Serrillos (Cerrillos) 1894 1897 1, 478.81 Los Trigos 1860 1909 7, 342.00 Luis de Armenta No claim filed with Court Luis Maria Cabeza de Baca 1860 i 198, 578. 78 Baca Location #1 Maes (Juan Miguel) & j jj Las Cieneguitas Gallego (Pedro) Manuel Tenorio Dismissed by claimant Manuela Garc�a de las Dismissed by claimant Isabel Montoya Ribas Maragua Rejected Santo Domingo de; Jos� Francisco Baca y Pino Maxwell Grant 1860 1879 1,714, 764. 94 Beaubien & Miranda Mesilla Civil Colony 1899 1909 21, 628. 52 Meregildo Guerra Mesita Blanca Dismissed by claimant Mesita de Juana L�pez 1879 Sitio de Juana L�pez Montoya k kk No specific information available Nepumecina Mart�nez de Dismissed by claimant Rancho de Coyote Arag�n Nerio Antonio Montoya Rejected Ojo de Borrego (Borrego Spring) Nicol�s Dur�n de Ch�ves 1896 No indication one was issued (Continued From Previous Page) Date confirmed Date Acreage Name or other action a patented b patented Alternative grant identifiers c Nuestra Se�ora de Rejected Abo Guadalupe Mine Nuestra Se�ora del los Rejected Dolores Mine Nuestra Se�ora del 1892 1905 14, 786. 58 Isabel Jaramillo de Romero Rosario, San Fernando, y (Rancho Las Truchas) Santiago Ocate Rejected Manuel Alvarez Ojito de Galisteo Dismissed by claimant Juan Cruz Arag�n Ojito de los Medanos Rejected Lucero Spring Ojo Caliente 1894 1894 2, 244.98 Antonio Joseph Ojo de Borrego (Borrego 1894 1913 16, 079. 80 Domingo Romero & Spring) Miguel/ Manuel Ort�z; Nereo (Nerio) Antonio Montoya Ojo de la Cabra Rejected Juan Otero Ojo de San Jos� 1894 1912 4, 340.28 Santo Toribo de Jems; Pueblo of San Jos�; Ojo de San Juan Ojo del Apache (Apache Rejected Bentura Truxillo Spring) Ojo del Esp�ritu Santo 1869 1916 113, 141. 15 Tom�s Cabeza de Baca Orejas del Llano de los Rejected Juan de Jes�s Lucero Aguajes Ort�z Mine 1861 1876 69, 199. 33 Elisha Whittlesey; Antonio Cano (Ignacio Cano & Francisco Ort�z) Pablo Montoya 1869 1877 655, 468. 07 Pacheco (Joseph) 1892 1913 500.00 Pajarito (Sitio de) 1894 1914 28, 724. 22 Paraje del Punche Dismissed by claimant Pedro Armendariz #33 1860 1878 352, 504. 50 Valverde & Fray Crist�bal Pedro Armendariz #34 1860 1878 95, 030. 00 Peralta (1) (La) Rejected Peralta (2) Rejected Reavis Petaca 1896 1901 1, 392.10 Jos� Antonio Garc�a Piedra Lumbre 1893 1902 49, 747. 89 Casa de (Jos�) Riano; Pedro Mart�n Serrano Plaza Colorado 1893 1907 7, 577.92 Plaza Colorado Valdez Plaza Blanca 1894 1914 8, 955.11 Manuel Bustos Polvadera (Polvareda) 1893 1900 35, 761. 14 Juan Pablo Mart�n Preston Beck Jr. 1860 1883 318, 699. 72 (Continued From Previous Page) Date confirmed Date Acreage Name or other action a patented b patented Alternative grant identifiers c Pueblo of Acoma 1858 1877 95, 791. 66 Pueblo of Cochit� 1858 1864 24, 256. 50 Pueblo of Isleta 1858 1864 131, 495. 30 Pueblo of J�mez 1858 1864 17, 510. 45 Pueblo of Laguna 1897 1909 17, 328. 91 Pueblo of Namb� 1858 1864 13, 586. 33 Pueblo of Pecos 1858 1864 18, 763. 33 Pueblo of Picur�s 1858 1864 14, 953. 39 Pueblo of Pojoaque 1858 1864 13, 520. 38 Pueblo of Quemado Dismissed by claimant Rito Quemado Pueblo of San Crist�bal l ll Pueblo of San Felipe 1858 1864 34, 766. 86 Pueblo of San Ildefonso 1858 1864 17, 292. 64 Pueblo of San Juan 1858 1864 17, 544. 77 Pueblo of Sand�a 1858 1864 24, 034. 87 Pueblo of Santa Ana 1869 1883 17, 360. 56 Pueblo of Santa Clara 1858 1864 17, 368. 52 Pueblo of Santo Domingo 1858 1864 74, 743. 11 Pueblo of Santo Domingo & 1898 1905 1, 070.68 San Felipe Pueblo of Taos 1859 1864 17, 360. 55 Pueblo of Tesuque 1858 1864 17, 471. 12 Pueblo of Z�a 1858 1864 17, 514. 63 Pueblo of Zu�� m mm Pueblos of Z�a, J�mez, & Rejected Ojo del Esp�ritu Santo Santa Ana Ram�n Vigil 1860 1908 31, 209. 52 Pedro S�nchez Ranchito (El) 1897 1909 4, 250.63 Rancho de (los) Dismissed by claimant Comanches Rancho de Abiqui� Dismissed by claimant Rancho de Coyote Rancho de Coyote Dismissed by claimant El Coyote Rancho de Gigante 1860 1884 25, 233. 18 Laguna Pueblo tracts Rancho de la Gallina Dismissed by claimant Rancho de Coyote Rancho de la Santisima Rejected ; dismissed by Rancho de Galvan; Francisco Trinidad claimants Sandoval; Ignacio S�nchez Ver gara (Continued From Previous Page) Date confirmed Date Acreage Name or other action a patented b patented Alternative grant identifiers c Rancho de los Corrales Dismissed by claimant (Comales) Rancho de los Rincon( es) Dismissed by claimant Rancho de Coyote Rancho de Nuestra Se�ora 1860 1874 16, 546. 85 Bishop John Lamy de la Luz Rancho de Paguate 1860 75, 406. 27 Laguna Pueblo tracts Rancho de San Juan 1860 1884 25, 233. 18 Laguna Pueblo tracts Rancho de R�o Arriba Dismissed by claimant Rancho de Coyote Rancho de R�o Puerco Dismissed by claimant Rancho de Santa Ana 1860 1884 871.33 Laguna Pueblo tracts Rancho de Ysleta Rejected Pueblo de San Antonio de Isleta Rancho del R�o Grande 1892 1901 91, 813. 15 Rancho el Rito 1860 1884 25, 233. 18 Laguna Pueblo tracts; El Rito (Colorado); El Rillito Refugio Civil Colony 1901 1910 11, 524. 30 R�o de Chama Dismissed by claimant Rancho de la Merced del San Joaqu�n del R�o Chama R�o del Oso Dismissed by claimants Jos� Antonio Valdez R�o del Picur�s Rejected Jos� Dolores Fern�ndez; R�o del Pueblo R�o Tesuque (Town of) 1897 Bishop's Ranch; Juan Benabides Rito de los Frijoles Rejected Andres Montoya; Antonio Salas R�mulo Barela (Varela) Rejected Juan Manuel de Herrera Roque Jacinto Jaramillo Rejected Roque Lovato (Lobato) Rejected Salvador Lovato Dismissed by claimant Lorenzo Lobato San Acasio Dismissed by claimant San Antonio de Las 1897 1907 4, 763.85 Huertas San Antonio del R�o Rejected Town of R�o Colorado San Antonito Rejected Crist�bal Jaramillo San Clemente 1896 1909 37, 099. 29 San Crist�bal Rejected by Surveyor Father Jos� Antonio Mart�nez; General Cristoval de la Serna San Joaqu�n del Rejected San Pablo y Nacimiento; Nacimiento Nacimiento del R�o Puerco San Marcos Pueblo 1892 1896 1, 895.44 San Marcos Springs (Continued From Previous Page) Date confirmed Date Acreage Name or other action a patented b patented Alternative grant identifiers c San Mateo Spring( s) 1895 1907 4,340. 276 Santiago Dur�n y Ch�ves San Miguel del Vado 1894 1910 5, 207.73 (Bado) San Pedro 1860 1875 31, 594. 76 Sangre de Cristo 1860 1880 998, 780. 46 Sanguijuela Rejected Santa B�rbara (Plaza of 1894 1905 30, 638. 28 the) Santa Cruz (de la Ca�ada) 1899 & 1900 1910 4, 567.60 Juan Salas Santa F� 1894 n n Santa F� Ca��n Rejected Santa Rita Del Cobre Rejected by Santa Rita Mine Commissioner of the General Land Office Santa Rosa de Cubero 1898 Santa Teresa 1900 1909 8, 478.51 Santiago Bone Dismissed by claimants James Boney; Mar�a Cleofas Bone; Estanislado Sandoval (Jos� Manuel Cordova) Santiago Ramirez 1897 1912 272.17 Pe�asco Largo Santo Domingo de Cundiyo 1900 1903 2, 137.08 Jos� Antonio Vigil Santo Tom�s de Yturbide 1900 1905 9, 622.34 Sto. Tom�s de Iturbide Colony Santo Toribio (de J�mez) Rejected Sebasti�n De Vargas 1893 1900 Sebasti�n Mart�n 1860 1893 51, 387. 20 Sevilleta 1893 Dispersals Not specified La Joya begun in 1915 Sierra Mosca 1896 o o Juan Luis Ort�z Sitio de Juana L�pez 1894 1897 1, 108.61 Sitio de Los Serrillos 1894 1897 572.04 (Cerrillos) Socorro (Town of) 1892 1896 17, 371. 18 Tacubaya Dismissed by claimant Talaya Hill 1895 1917 922.52 Manuel Trujillo The Baird's Ranch Rejected Ranchos de Chino Tejano Tierra Amarilla 1860 1881 594, 515. 55 Tom�s Tapia Rejected Town of Abiqui� 1894 1909 16, 547. 20 Town of Alameda 1892 1920 89, 346. 00 Francisco Montes Vigil (Continued From Previous Page) Date confirmed Date Acreage Name or other action a patented b patented Alternative grant identifiers c Town of Albuquerque 1892 None specified Not specified Villa de Albuquerque Town of Atrisco 1894 1905 82, 728. 72 Town of Bernalillo 1897 1900 3, 404.67 Felipe Guti�rrez; Felipe Gonzales Town of Candelarios p pp Town of Cebolleta 1869 1882 199, 567. 92 Town of Chamita 1860 1929 1, 636.29 Town of Chaperito 1890 Town of Chilil� 1858 1909 41, 481. 00 Town of Cieneguilla Rejected Town of Cubero 1892 1900 16, 490. 94 Town of El Rito Dismissed by claimants Joaqu�n Garc�a Town of Jacona 1893 1909 6, 952.84 Ignacio de Roibal Town of Las Trampas 1860 1903 28, 131. 67 Santo Tom�s (Apostal) del R�o de Las Trampas Town of Las Vegas 1860 1903 431, 653. 65 Town of Manzano 1860 1907 17, 360. 24 Town of Mora 1860 1876 827, 621. 10 Town of Real de Dolores Rejected del Oro Town of San Isidro 1860 1936 11, 476. 88 Town of Tajique 1860 1912 7,185. 550 Tajaque Town of Tecolote 1858 1902 48,123. 380 Salvador Montoya et al. Town o f Tej �n (Tungue) 1860 1882 12, 801. 46 Town o f Tom� 1858 1871 121, 594. 53 Town o f Tor r e�n 1860 1909 14, 146. 11 Town of Vallecito de Lovato Rejected S. Endicott Peabody; Jos� Salazar y Ort�z; Jos� R. Zamora U�a Del Gato Rejected by Secretary of Interior Vallecito (de San Antonio) Dismissed by claimants Vertientes de Navaj� Rejected Rafael Armijo (Sitio del Navaj�); Ca�ada de los Alamos a Grant confirmed by Congress or Court of Private Land Claims. b A patent conveys legal title to the grant. c Based on documents submitted to the Surveyor General or the Court of Private Land Claims. d There were extensive attempts to obtain grants that were never successfully completed. The Court of Private Land Claims recognized the grant as valid and ordered it surveyed and partitioned. However, problems arose when attempts were made to identify the common boundary with the Santo Tom�s Yturbide Colony Grant. A patent was not issued because claimants argue the Confirmation Act of 1860 conveyed the title; a final survey yielded 14,808.075 acres. e The grant was located within the confirmed Domingo Fern�ndez grant, so no action was taken on the claim. f Based on a U. S. Supreme Court decision that found, among other things, that the grant had not been given in accordance with Mexican law. g The grant apparently lies within the Pueblo of Namb� grant, and has not been patented. h No actual claim was presented to the Court, and therefore no actual confirmation was made by either the Congress or the Court. When the Majada grant was confirmed, this was apparently sufficient for the Town of Pe�a Blanca residents. In 1931, the New Mexico District Court confirmed acreage not previously part of the Pueblo of Cochit� lands. i The Town of Las Vegas grant was apparently in conflict with the Baca grant. The Congress recognized the conflict and allowed the Baca heirs to obtain equivalent acreage elsewhere in the Territory. Of five tracts selected two were in New Mexico, known as Float # 1 (Sandoval County) and Float # 2 (San Miguel County), each containing 99,289.39 acres. j The claimants probably obtained title through the Act of March 3, 1891. This act allowed those settlers, who had lived on the land for more than 20 years before an official survey of a township was conducted, to a patent of up to 160 acres of land. There was no documentation of the grant, and no claim was submitted to the Court of Private Land Claims. k No specific information is available. l The purported grant document was filed with the Surveyor General but was later proven to be fraudulent. m As the result of the establishment of a reservation in 1877, as revised in 1883, 1885, and 1917, the pueblo's claim was not presented to the Court of Private Land Claims. n The only grant actually given to Santa F� residents was for some common pasture land and water (1715). Congress ultimately granted to the City of Santa F� all lands not already used by the United States or confirmed as private land grants. The confirmed amount is based on the Surveyor General's preliminary survey of 4 square leagues. o The U. S. Supreme Court found the Court of Private Land Claims in error and directed a reversal. The grant was rejected in 1900. p Although a petition was filed in 1872, no further action was taken by the claimants to pursue recognition of the claim. Therefore, there is no formal decision on the matter. Appendi x II Objectives, Scope, and Methodology Concerned about whether the United States fulfilled its obligations under the Treaty of Guadalupe Hidalgo with regard to community land grants made by Spain and M�xico in what is now the state of New Mexico, Senators Pete Domenici and Jeff Bingaman asked us to study numerous issues regarding the treaty and its implementation. We plan to answer their questions in a series of reports. This first report defines the concept of community land grants, identifies three types of grants that meet this definition, and lists the grants we identified in each category. In accordance with the request, we limited our review to community land grants made by Spain or M�xico between 1689 and 1846 that are now either wholly or partially situated within the area of what is now the state of New Mexico and that were subject to the Treaty of Guadalupe Hidalgo. We also included grants in what is now New Mexico made up to 1853 that were part of the Gadsden Purchase, since they too are subject to the Treaty. We analyzed land grants in New Mexico for which we could find evidence to identify community land grants. To respond to this request, we collected and reviewed documents from the U. S. National Archives and Records Administration in Washington, D. C.; the National Archives and Records Administration in Denver; the New Mexico State Records Center and Archives; archives at the U. S. Bureau of Land Management and the U. S. Forest Service; various libraries, including the Center for Southwest Research at the University of New Mexico Zimmerman Library and the Special Collections at the University of New Mexico Law School Library; the U. S. National Park Service's Spanish Colonial Research Center at the University of New Mexico; scholars, land grant heirs, lawyers representing land grant interests; and other individuals or entities associated with land grants in New Mexico. We researched, collected, and reviewed published and unpublished material on land grants, including books, articles, monographs and unpublished theses. Our search for relevant materials included a search for articles published in M�xico that address the issues in this report. A list of materials consulted can be found in appendix III. During the course of our review, we interviewed dozens of land grant heirs in New Mexico and a representative of a pueblo; historians, researchers, and other academicians studying land grant issues, including scholars in M�xico; lawyers representing the interests of land grant heirs and an Indian pueblo; officials at the U. S. Bureau of Land Management (BLM) and the U. S. Forest Service; local government officials with the state of New Mexico, including the Office of the Attorney General, and with several counties in which land grants exist; and various representatives of other entities or interests associated with land grant issues in New Mexico to gain a better understanding of community land grant issues. To determine how community land grants are defined, we reviewed numerous documents that addressed land grants in New Mexico, including English translations of original grant documents; English translations of Spanish and Mexican laws; federal, state, and territorial court decisions on land grants; scholarly articles describing customs associated with land grants; and various academic materials analyzing land grants. In interviews with academicians and other experts on land grants, lawyers dealing with land grant issues or cases, land grant heirs, and other observers of land grants (e. g., federal employees, librarians, graduate students at the University of New Mexico Law School Library and University of New Mexico Library), we asked for their views on defining community land grants. We also asked several experts to comment on our preliminary definition of community land grants. To identify the universe of Spanish and Mexican land grants in New Mexico, we used a variety of historical data. We started with an unpublished master of laws (LL. M.) thesis by J. J. Bowden at Southern Methodist University Law School, entitled Private Land Claims in the Southwest, to develop our initial list of Spanish and Mexican grants. This six- volume thesis describes 280 grants in great detail and includes English translations of parts of the granting documents. The work also identifies many of the different names for the grants. We next examined documents on file at various archives from the Surveyor General and Court of Private Land Claims- the two entities responsible for carrying out the legal processes set in place in the nineteenth century to implement the treaty. Where possible, we reviewed English translations of the original granting documents. We also used other sources of information, including those provided by land grant heirs. If discrepancies were found among various documents, we deferred to documents in the archives from the Surveyor General or Court of Private Land Claims files. To distill community land grants from this universe of land grants, we applied our definition, searching for clues in the granting documents and other sources. For example, some grants contained the following language and would be considered community land grants: “pasturage and watering places shall be in common” (Caja del R�o), the “pastures and woodlands in common” (Barranca), “the public square is also common among all” (Ca��n de Carnue), and “set aside for the commons of the town” (Do�a Ana Bend Colony). Criteria for inclusion as a community land grant included not just language denoting common lands but language indicating that a grant had been made to a town or settlement, since under Spanish law and custom, grants to towns included common lands. We also included grants made to 10 or more people, since Spanish law states in the Recopilaci�n de las Leyes de los Reynos de las Indias that a grant could be made to 10 or more married persons to form a settlement, indicating that the grant was a community grant. Historical treatises and interviews with scholars and grant heirs alerted us to the possibility of additional community grants. Although grants may have originally been issued to individuals, sometimes land was subsequently set aside for common use and thus these grants should be considered community land grants. Such evolutions are not captured in grant documents. Other grant heirs and advocates assert that certain grants are community land grants, but we do not know the basis for the assertion. We included grants identified by heirs and others as being community land grants in a second list. We make no judgment as to the efficacy of these assertions but list them for the Congress' consideration. We also found that Spain issued land grants to indigenous pueblo cultures already resident in the colonial territories. According to scholars, these cultures held the lands communally. We list these grants separately because the lands in common existed before Spanish settlement and because of the unique relationship between Native Americans and the Spanish, Mexican and U. S. governments. We used surveyor general documents and public laws to ascertain the number of grants made to Native Americans. To list each land grant by county, we compared county data in several federal, state, and independent databases listing New Mexican land grants to determine the level of reliability of the databases. We also recognized that the county boundaries have changed markedly since 1850. We found significant discrepancies among the various databases because of, in part, conflicting interpretations of which county contained the largest area when a grant straddled county lines. This is particularly problematic in unsurveyed grants. In an effort to maintain consistency in listing counties and to minimize errors, we used official federal, state, and county government maps and the unpublished thesis of J. J. Bowden entitled Private Land Claims in the Southwest. The maps relied on actual survey data of certain land grants. We visually reviewed the maps to determine the primary county for each of the land grants illustrated. However, we recognized that the maps contained limited information. We therefore used J. J. Bowden's thesis, one of the more thorough reports on land grants in New Mexico, to complete the county listings. We did not verify the accuracy of either the official maps or of J. J. Bowden's thesis. In creating the map to represent the location of each land grant, we learned that no map illustrating all grants existed. Officials from federal and state agencies, as well as independent researchers, told us that current maps only listed certain land grants, such as those grants that had been confirmed and surveyed. It should be noted that we relied on published and unpublished documents and archives, primarily in New Mexico, Colorado and Washington, D. C. The quantity, quality, availability and reliability of the evidence for the various grants varied considerably. For example, the Do�a Ana Bend Colony files contain extensive documents pertaining to the establishment of the colony and the location of tracts, while the Hacienda del Alamo file contains only the claimant's petition with no original grant documents to verify the claim. We relied on official translations of the original granting documents wherever possible. The Surveyor General's office included an individual responsible for translating the documents submitted. However, we did not independently assess any translation. We also note that the names of some grants in Private Land Claims in the Southwest, the Surveyor General documents, and the Court of Private Land Claims files are not always consistent. We have identified the other names of grants in appendix I. We conducted our review from April through December 2000, according to generally accepted government auditing standards. Appendi x I II Bibliography “Algunos Documentos Sobre el Tratado de Guadalupe y la Situacione M�xico Durante la Invasi�n Americana.” Archivo Historico Diplomatico Mexicano, No. 31 (1930). Arellano, Anselmo F. “The Never Ending Land Grant Struggle.” (Austin, Texas, University of Texas, undated) www. dla. utexas. edu/ depts/ anthro/ activist/ Essay8. htm (downloaded Apr. 6, 2000). _____. Through Thick and Thin: Evolutionary Transitions of Las Vegas Grandes and Its Pobladores (1990) (unpublished Ph. D. dissertation, University of New Mexico). Beck, Warren A. New Mexico: A History of Four Centuries. Norman, OK: University of Oklahoma Press. Bloom, John Porter, ed. The Treaty of Guadalupe Hidalgo, 1848: Papers of the Sesquicentennial Symposium. Las Cruces, NM: Do�a Ana County Historical Society and Yucca Tree Press, 1999. Bowden, J. J. Private Land Claims in the Southwest (1969) (unpublished LLM. thesis [6 Vols.], Southern Methodist University). _____. Spanish and Mexican Land Grants in the Chihuahuan Acquisition. El Paso, TX: University of Texas at El Paso, 1971. _____. “Spanish and Mexican Land Grants in the Southwest.” Land and Water Law Revi ew, Vol. 8, No. 2 (1973), pp. 467- 512. Bradfute, Richard Wells. The Court of Private Land Claims: The Adjudication of Spanish and Mexican Land Grant Titles; 1841- 1904. Albuquerque, NM: The University of New Mexico Press, 1975. Brayer, Herbert O. Pueblo Indian Land Grants of the “Rio Abajo.” Albuquerque, NM: The University of New Mexico Press, 1939. Briggs, Charles L. and John R. Van Ness, eds. Land, Water, and Culture: New Perspectives on Hispanic Land Grants. Albuquerque, NM: The University of New Mexico Press, 1987. Calendar to the Microfilm Edition of the Land Records of New Mexico: Spanish Archives of New Mexico, Series I, Surveyor General Records, and the Records of the Court of Private Land Claims. Santa F�, NM: National Historical Publications and Records Commission and the New Mexico State Records Center and Archives, 1987 1 (a microfilm project). Cameron, Christopher D. R. “Symposium: Understanding the Treaty of Guadalupe Hidalgo on Its 150 th Anniversary: ‘Friends' or ‘Enemies? ' The Status of Mexicans and Mexican- Americans in the United States on the Sesquicentennial of the Treaty of Guadalupe Hidalgo.” Southwestern Journal of Law and Trade in the Americas, Vol. 5 (1998), pp. 5 et seq. Carlson, Alvar W. The Spanish- American Homeland. Baltimore, MD: The Johns Hopkins University Press, 1990. Cheever, Federico M. “Comment: A New Approach to Spanish and Mexican Land Grants and the Public Trust Doctrine: Defining The Property Interest Protected by the Treaty of Guadalupe- Hidalgo.” UCLA Law Review, Vol. 33 (1986), pp. 1364- 1409. Codgell, Thomas. “A Brief Historical Survey of the Treaty of Guadalupe Hidalgo.” (Austin, Texas, undated) www. jump. net/- treaty/ survey (downloaded Aug. 10, 2000). DeBuys, William. “Fractions of Justice: A Legal and Social History of the Las Trampas Land Grant, New Mexico.” New Mexico Historical Review, Vol. 56, No. 1 (1981), pp. 71 et seq. Ebright, Malcolm. Land Grant Community Associations in New Mexico (1994) (research paper, Center for Land Grant Studies, University of New Mexico). _____. Land Grants and Law Suits in Northern New Mexico. Albuquerque, NM: The University of New Mexico Press, 1994. _____. ed. Spanish and Mexican Land Grants and the Law. Manhattan, KS: Sunflower University Press, 1991. 1 The microfilm archives were accessed at the New Mexico State Records Center and Archives in Santa F�, New Mexico; at the National Archives and Records Administration in Denver, Colorado; and at the National Archives and Records Administration in Washington, D. C. _____. “The San Joaquin Grant: Who Owned the Common Lands? A Historical- Legal Puzzle.” New Mexico Historical Review, Vol. 57, No. 1 (1982), pp. 5- 26. _____. The Tierra Amarilla Grant: A History of Chicanery. Santa F�, NM: The Center for Land Grant Studies Press, 1993. Espinosa, Gilberto. “New Mexico Land Grants.” The State Bar of New Mexico 1962 Journal, Vol. 1, No. 2 (1962), pp. 3- 13. Gates, Paul W. and Robert W. Swenson. History of Public Land Law Development. Washington, DC: U. S. Government Printing Office, 1968. Gomez, Placido. “The History and Adjudication of the Common Lands of Spanish and Mexican Land Grants.” Natural Resources Journal, Vol. 25, No. 1 (1985), pp. 1039- 1080. Griswold del Castillo, Richard. The Treaty of Guadalupe Hidalgo: A Legacy of Conflict. Norman, OK: University of Oklahoma Press, 1990. Guadalupe Hidalgo Treaty of Peace 1848 and The Gadsden Treaty with Mexico 1853. Seattle, WA: Tate Gallery Publisher, 1963. Hall, G. Emlen. Four Leagues of Pecos: A Legal History of the Pecos Grant, 1800- 1933. Albuquerque, NM: The University of New Mexico Press, 1984. _____. “Tularosa and the Dismantling of New Mexico Community Ditches.” New Mexico Historical Review, Vol. 75, No. 1 (2000), pp. 77- 106. Index to Special District Governments in New Mexico. Santa F�, NM: New Mexico Legislative Council Service, 1983. Jenkins, Myra Ellen. “The Baltasar Baca ‘Grant': History of an Encroachment.” El Palacio (Spring 1961), pp. 47- 105. Knowlton, Clark S. Land- Grant Problems Among the State's Spanish Americans (undated) (unpublished paper, University of Texas). _____. The Las Vegas Community Land Grant: Its Decline and Fall. Salt Lake City, UT: Center for Land Grant Studies, University of Utah, 1980. _____. “The Mora Land Grant: A New Mexican Tragedy.” Journal of the West, Vol. 27, No. 3 (undated), pp. 189- 218. _____. “The Study of Land Grants as an Academic Discipline.” The Social Science Journal, Vol. 13, No. 3 (1976), pp. 3- 7. Kutsche, Paul and John R. Van Ness. Canones: Values, Crisis, and Survival in a Northern New Mexico Village. Salem, WI: Sheffield Publishing Co., 1981. Lamar, Howard R. The Far Southwest 1846- 1912. A Territorial History. New Haven, CT: Yale University Press, 1966. Land Title Study Prospectus: Prospectus No. 2. Santa F�, NM: State Planning Office, 1969. Leonard, Olen E. The Role of the Land Grant in the Social Organization and Social Processes of a Spanish- American Village in New Mexico. Albuquerque, NM: Calvin Horn Publisher, Inc., 1970. Luna, Guadalupe T. “Symposium: En El Nombre de Dios Todo- Poderoso: The Treaty of Guadalupe Hidalgo and Narrativos Legales.” Southwestern Journal of Law and Trade in the Americas, Vol. 5 (1998) pp. 45 et seq. Luna, Hilario. San Joaquin del Nacimiento. No city, state or publisher indicated, 1975. Lutz, Robert E. “Symposium: The Mexican War and the Treaty of Guadalupe Hidalgo: What's Best and Worst About Us.” Southwestern Journal of Law and Trade in the Americas, Vol. 5 (1998) pp. 27- 29. Matthews- Lamb, Sandra K. The “Nineteenth” Century Cruzate Grants: Pueblos, Peddlers, and the Great Confidence Scam? (1998) (unpublished Ph. D. dissertation, University of New Mexico). Meyer, Michael C. The Contemporary Significance of the Treaty of Guadalupe Hidalgo to Land Use Issues in Northern New Mexico. Tucson, AZ: Northern New Mexico Stockman's Association and the Institute of Hispanic American Culture, 1998. _____. Water in the Hispanic Southwest: A Social and Legal History 1550- 1850. Tucson, AZ: The University of Arizona Press, 1984. Morrow, William W. Spanish and Mexican Private Land Grants. San Francisco and Los Angeles, CA: Bancroft- Whitney Company, 1923. Nabokov, Peter. Tijerina and the Courthouse Raid. Albuquerque, NM: The University of New Mexico Press, 1970. “New Mexico Land Grant Claims.” AMIGOS- Q uien junto al agua tiene su tierra, primero riega, Vol. 7, Nivel 2, No. 6 (undated). Poldervaart, Arie W. Black- Robed Justice. Santa F�, NM: Historical Society of New Mexico, 1948. Remote Claims Impact Study: Lot II- A, Study of the Problems that Result from Spanish and Mexican Land Grant Claims. Albuquerque, NM. Submitted to the Farmers Home Administration in Washington, D. C. by the Natural Resources Center, University of New Mexico School of Law, 1980. Reynolds, Matthew G. Spanish and Mexican Land Laws. St. Louis, MO: Buxton & Skinner Stationery Co., 1895. Rivera, Jose A. Acequia Culture: Water, Land, & Community in the Southwest. Albuquerque, NM: The University of New Mexico Press, 1998. Rock, Michael J. “The Change in Tenure New Mexico Supreme Court Decisions Have Effected Upon the Common Lands of Community Land Grants in New Mexico.” The Social Science Journal, Vol. 13, No. 3 (1976), pp. 53- 63. Rowley, Ralph A. Precedents and Influences Affecting the Treaty of Guadalupe Hidalgo (1970) (unpublished M. A. thesis, University of New Mexico). Sanchez, George I. Forgotten People: A Study of New Mexicans. Albuquerque, NM: Calvin Horn, Publisher, 1967. Sanchez, Jane C. “Law of the Land Grant: The Land Laws of Spain.” (Albuquerque, New Mexico: Los Sanchez, Jan. 2000) http:// home. sprintmail. com/~ sanchezj/ 1- title. htm (downloaded Aug. 23, 2000). Sando, Joe S. Pueblo Nations: Eight Centuries of Pueblo Indian History. Santa F�, NM: Clear Light Publishers, 1992. Simmons, Marc. Spanish Government in New Mexico. Albuquerque, NM: The University of New Mexico Press, 1968. Smith, Andrew T. “The Founding of the San Antonio de las Huertas Grant.” The Social Science Journal, Vol. 13, No. 3 (1976), pp. 35- 43. Status Database of New Mexico Land Grants. Santa F�, NM: Bureau of Land Management, 2000. The Lands of New Mexico Supplement. No city indicated, NM: Museum of New Mexico, date unreadable. The New Mexico Legal Rights Demonstration Land Grant Project- An Analysis of the Land Title Problems in the Santo Domingo De Cundiyo Land Grant. Albuquerque, NM: New Mexico Legal Rights Demonstration Land Grant Project, Legal Aid Society of Albuquerque, Inc., 1976. Torrez, Robert J. “From Empire to Statehood: A History of New Mexico's Spanish and Mexican Archives.” Colonial Latin American Historical Review (Spring 1996), pp. 333- 353. _____. “New Mexico's Spanish and Mexican Land Grants.” New Mexico Genealogist (Dec. 1997), pp. 143 et seq. Van Ness, John R. “Spanish American vs. Anglo American Land Tenure and the Study of Economic Change in New Mexico.” The Social Science Journal, Vol. 13, No. 3 (1976), pp. 45- 52. Westphall, Victor. “Fraud and Implications of Fraud in the Land Grants of New Mexico.” New Mexico Historical Review, Vol. 49, No. 3 (1974), pp. 189218. _____. Mercedes Reales: Hispanic Land Grants of the Upper Rio Grande Region. Albuquerque, NM: The University of New Mexico Press, 1983. _____. The Public Domain in New Mexico 1854- 1891. Albuquerque, NM: The University of New Mexico Press, 1965. _____. Thomas Benton Catron and His Era. Tucson, AZ: The University of Arizona Press, 1973. White, Koch, Kelley and McCarthy, Attorneys at Law and The New Mexico State Planning Office. Land Title Study. Santa F�, NM: State Planning Office, 1971 (reprinted 1981). Appendi x V I Contacts and Staff Acknowledgments GAO Contacts Susan A. Poling and Alan R. Kasdan (202- 512- 7648) Staff In addition to those named above, Robert C. Arsenoff, John C. Furutani, Acknowledgments Robert E. S�nchez, Jos� Alfredo G�mez, Barry T. Hill, Jeffrey D. Malcolm, David A. Rogers, James R. Yeager, Jonathan S. McMurray, Carol Herrnstadt Shulman, Alice A. Feldesman, William D. Updegraff, Stephen F. Palincsar, Etana Finkler, Veronica C. Sandidge, Gloria Sutton, Susan Conlon, Moza AlSuylaiti, and Heather Tierney made key contributions to this report. We also wish to acknowledge the following staff of the GAO Library, whose research assistance and help in locating materials and court cases greatly facilitated our work on this report: librarians, Rennese D. Bumbray, Maureen K. Cummings, Eunwa Kim, Bonita L. Miller, Audrey L. Ruge, and Kimberly R. Walton; and technicians, Patricia A. Givens, William R. Haynos, Geraldine B. Howard, Edna Legrant, Alice E. Paris, and Ester L. Saunders. (976001) Lett er Ordering Information The first copy of each GAO report is free. 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Orders by Internet: For information on how to access GAO reports on the Internet, send an e- mail message with “info” in the body to: info@ www. gao. gov or visit GAO's World Wide Web home page at: http:// www. gao. gov To Report Fraud, Contact one: Waste, or Abuse in ? Web site: http:// www. gao. gov/ fraudnet/ fraudnet. htm Federal Programs ? e- mail: fraudnet@ gao. gov ? 1- 800- 424- 5454 (automated answering system) GAO United States General Accounting Office Page 1 GAO- 01- 330 Guadalupe Hidalgo Exposure Draft Page 2 GAO- 01- 330 Guadalupe Hidalgo Exposure Draft Page 3 GAO- 01- 330 Guadalupe Hidalgo Exposure Draft Contents Page 4 GAO- 01- 330 Guadalupe Hidalgo Exposure Draft Page 5 GAO- 01- 330 Guadalupe Hidalgo Exposure Draft United States General Accounting Office Washington, D. C. 20548 Page 5 GAO- 01- 330 Guadalupe Hidalgo Exposure Draft Page 6 GAO- 01- 330 Guadalupe Hidalgo Exposure Draft Page 7 GAO- 01- 330 Guadalupe Hidalgo Exposure Draft Page 8 GAO- 01- 330 Guadalupe Hidalgo Exposure Draft Page 9 GAO- 01- 330 Guadalupe Hidalgo Exposure Draft Page 10 GAO- 01- 330 Guadalupe Hidalgo Exposure Draft Page 11 GAO- 01- 330 Guadalupe Hidalgo Exposure Draft Page 12 GAO- 01- 330 Guadalupe Hidalgo Exposure Draft Page 13 GAO- 01- 330 Guadalupe Hidalgo Exposure Draft Page 14 GAO- 01- 330 Guadalupe Hidalgo Exposure Draft Page 15 GAO- 01- 330 Guadalupe Hidalgo Exposure Draft Page 16 GAO- 01- 330 Guadalupe Hidalgo Exposure Draft Page 17 GAO- 01- 330 Guadalupe Hidalgo Exposure Draft Page 18 GAO- 01- 330 Guadalupe Hidalgo Exposure Draft Page 19 GAO- 01- 330 Guadalupe Hidalgo Exposure Draft Page 20 GAO- 01- 330 Guadalupe Hidalgo Exposure Draft Page 21 GAO- 01- 330 Guadalupe Hidalgo Exposure Draft Page 22 GAO- 01- 330 Guadalupe Hidalgo Exposure Draft Appendix I Appendix I Detailed Data on the 295 Spanish and Mexican Land Grants in New Mexico Page 23 GAO- 01- 330 Guadalupe Hidalgo Exposure Draft Appendix I Detailed Data on the 295 Spanish and Mexican Land Grants in New Mexico Page 24 GAO- 01- 330 Guadalupe Hidalgo Exposure Draft Appendix I Detailed Data on the 295 Spanish and Mexican Land Grants in New Mexico Page 25 GAO- 01- 330 Guadalupe Hidalgo Exposure Draft Appendix I Detailed Data on the 295 Spanish and Mexican Land Grants in New Mexico Page 26 GAO- 01- 330 Guadalupe Hidalgo Exposure Draft Appendix I Detailed Data on the 295 Spanish and Mexican Land Grants in New Mexico Page 27 GAO- 01- 330 Guadalupe Hidalgo Exposure Draft Appendix I Detailed Data on the 295 Spanish and Mexican Land Grants in New Mexico Page 28 GAO- 01- 330 Guadalupe Hidalgo Exposure Draft Appendix I Detailed Data on the 295 Spanish and Mexican Land Grants in New Mexico Page 29 GAO- 01- 330 Guadalupe Hidalgo Exposure Draft Appendix I Detailed Data on the 295 Spanish and Mexican Land Grants in New Mexico Page 30 GAO- 01- 330 Guadalupe Hidalgo Exposure Draft Appendix I Detailed Data on the 295 Spanish and Mexican Land Grants in New Mexico Page 31 GAO- 01- 330 Guadalupe Hidalgo Exposure Draft Appendix I Detailed Data on the 295 Spanish and Mexican Land Grants in New Mexico Page 32 GAO- 01- 330 Guadalupe Hidalgo Exposure Draft Page 33 GAO- 01- 330 Guadalupe Hidalgo Exposure Draft Appendix II Appendix II Objectives, Scope, and Methodology Page 34 GAO- 01- 330 Guadalupe Hidalgo Exposure Draft Appendix II Objectives, Scope, and Methodology Page 35 GAO- 01- 330 Guadalupe Hidalgo Exposure Draft Appendix II Objectives, Scope, and Methodology Page 36 GAO- 01- 330 Guadalupe Hidalgo Exposure Draft Page 37 GAO- 01- 330 Guadalupe Hidalgo Exposure Draft Appendix III Appendix III Bibliography Page 38 GAO- 01- 330 Guadalupe Hidalgo Exposure Draft Appendix III Bibliography Page 39 GAO- 01- 330 Guadalupe Hidalgo Exposure Draft Appendix III Bibliography Page 40 GAO- 01- 330 Guadalupe Hidalgo Exposure Draft Appendix III Bibliography Page 41 GAO- 01- 330 Guadalupe Hidalgo Exposure Draft Appendix III Bibliography Page 42 GAO- 01- 330 Guadalupe Hidalgo Exposure Draft Appendix III Bibliography Page 43 GAO- 01- 330 Guadalupe Hidalgo Exposure Draft Page 44 GAO- 01- 330 Guadalupe Hidalgo Exposure Draft Appendix IV United States General Accounting Office Washington, D. 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