TITLE:  CRAssociates, Inc., B-282075.2; B-282075.3, March 15, 2000
BNUMBER:  B-282075.2; B-282075.3
DATE:  March 15, 2000
**********************************************************************
CRAssociates, Inc., B-282075.2; B-282075.3, March 15, 2000

Decision

Matter of: CRAssociates, Inc.

File: B-282075.2; B-282075.3

Date: March 15, 2000

Devon E. Hewitt, Esq., Steve Y. Kim, Esq., Shaw Pittman, for the protester.

Robert S. Ryland, Esq., James S. Hostetler, Esq., and Kathleen A. Buck,
Esq., Kirkland & Ellis, for United Payors and United Providers, an
intervenor.

Terrence J. Tychan and Michael Colvin, Department of Health & Human
Services, for the agency.

Paul E. Jordan, Esq., and Paul Lieberman, Esq., Office of the General
Counsel, GAO, participated in the preparation of the decision.

DIGEST

Source selection decision is not reasonable where it is based on a
misevaluation of the protester's and awardee's proposals in numerous areas,
and the agency failed to conduct meaningful discussions with the protester.

DECISION

CRAssociates, Inc. (CRA) protests the award of a contract to United Payors
and United Providers (UP) under request for proposals (RFP) No.
282-99-0001, issued by the Department of Health and Human Services (HHS) for
health care services for alien detainees. CRA alleges that HHS misevaluated
CRA's and UP's proposals, failed to conduct meaningful discussions with CRA,
and unreasonably determined that UP's proposal represented the best value.

We sustain the protest.

BACKGROUND

The Immigration and Naturalization Service (INS) is responsible for the care
and custody of detained aliens located throughout the United States who are
held in INS Service Processing Centers (SPC), Contract Detention Centers
(CDC), and state, county, or local correctional facilities or jails. The HHS
Division of Immigration Health Services (DIHS) supports the INS mission by
providing or arranging appropriate and cost effective health care for the
detainees. Primary care at all SPCs and some CDCs is provided by U.S. Public
Health Service physicians, pharmacists, physician assistants, nurse
practitioners, and nurses. Specialized services are provided through a
nationwide integrated health care system. The RFP at issue here contemplated
the award of a cost-reimbursement plus fixed-fee contract for specified
health care services for a period of 5 years.

According to the RFP's statement of work (SOW), section C.4, the successful
contractor is responsible for four tasks. Task I, "staffing," requires the
contractor to provide full-time, part-time, and short-term substitution
staffing at SPCs and CDCs. The contractor is responsible for identifying,
screening, employing, and paying identified practitioners for ongoing needs
and unanticipated circumstances such as a sudden influx of aliens or
unforeseen shortages of professional staff. Short-term vacancies are to be
filled through contractor-developed local staffing pools to meet same-day
replacement requirements. Other replacements and provision of consultants
are to be provided within specified periods after DIHS requests. Task II,
"on-site medical and support services," requires the provision of services
such as psychiatric, dental, radiological, and medical laboratory. Task III,
"integrated health care support system," requires the establishment of a
comprehensive preferred provider network, claims adjudication, and payment
processing system, along with computer support systems. Task IV, "fiscal
intermediary," requires the contractor to review and pay claims for medical
services rendered to detainees. An estimated $198,884,911 in claims are
anticipated over the life of the contract and all offerors were required to
include this plug figure in their cost proposals.

According to the RFP sect. M.3, the technical evaluation was to be based on the
completeness and thoroughness of the technical proposals. Specifically,
technical proposals were evaluated under the following factors: (1)
technical approach (40 points); (2) understanding the problem (15 points);
(3) key personnel (15 points); (4) organizational experience (15 points);
and (5) adequacy of program management (15 points). The agency also
evaluated whether offerors possessed sufficient cash reserves to accomplish
task IV. RFP sect. M.4.

For competitive range proposals, the agency also evaluated past performance.
Under past performance, the agency was to assess the relative risks
associated with each offeror, including those associated with an offeror's
likelihood of success in performing the contract requirements. Past
performance was to be assigned a narrative rating of "excellent," "good,"
"none," "marginal," or "poor." RFP sect. M.5. Overall, evaluation of the
technical proposals was to receive paramount consideration. Cost was to be
evaluated on the basis of cost realism "defined as the offerors' ability to
project costs which are reasonable and indicate that the offeror understands
the nature and extent of the work to be performed." RFP sect. M.2. Award was to
be made to the offeror whose proposal was determined most advantageous to
the government.

Four offerors including CRA and UP submitted proposals by the initial
closing date of December 4, 1998. After review of the initial proposals, the
agency determined that CRA's and another proposal should be excluded from
the competitive range. CRA filed a protest with our Office challenging this
determination, in response to which and the agency took corrective action
and included CRA's proposal in the competitive range. The agency conducted
two rounds of discussions with each of the three competitive range offerors
and required them to completely revise their technical and business
proposals before final submission at the end of July 1999.

The final evaluation scores of the CRA and UP proposals are as follows:

 Factor (points) /Offeror          UP            CRA

 Technical Approach (40)           34.6          25.2

 Understanding Problem (15)        14            11

 Key Personnel (15)                7.4           8.8

 Organizational Experience (15)    10.3          15

 Program Management (15)           13.6          10

 Technical Total (100)             79.9 [80]     70

 Past Performance                  Good          Good

 Evaluated Cost                    $252,436,233  [deleted]

In his tradeoff memorandum, the chairman of the technical evaluation panel
(TEP) recommended award to UP because its proposal was the best technically
and therefore afforded the least amount of risk. While CRA's evaluated cost
was lower, the TEP chairman concluded that CRA's proposal "did not
demonstrate . . . a clear, confident, capability to perform." Tradeoff
Memorandum, Oct. 21, 1999 (Tradeoff Memo) para. 2. Based on the TEP chairman's
recommendation, the contracting officer, as the source selection authority
(SSA), awarded the contract to UP.

After receiving notice of the award and a debriefing, CRA filed this protest
with our Office, which it supplemented after reviewing the agency report.
The agency has stayed contract performance pending our decision.

ANALYSIS

CRA challenges the evaluation of both its own proposal and that of UP. In
this regard, it identifies mistakes in the mathematical scoring of the
proposals, instances in which the agency treated the offerors unequally, and
a lack of meaningful discussions. CRA also challenges the SSA's award
determination on the basis that the cost/technical tradeoff was based on the
faulty technical evaluation. [1] In addition, CRA questions the SSA's
rationale for finding that CRA's lower cost did not outweigh UP's perceived
technical superiority.

In reviewing protests against allegedly improper evaluations, it is not our
role to reevaluate proposals. Rather, our Office examines the record to
determine whether the agency's judgment was reasonable and in accord with
the RFP's stated evaluation criteria. Abt Assocs., Inc., B-237060.2, Feb.
26, 1990, 90-1 CPD para. 223 at 4. In order for our Office to perform a
meaningful review of an agency's selection determination, an agency is
required to have adequate documentation to support its evaluation of
proposals and its selection decision. Opti-Lite Optical, B-281693, Mar. 22,
1999, 99-1 CPD para. 61 at 4. The source selection documentation must include
the rationale for any business judgments and tradeoffs made or relied on by
the SSA, including benefits associated with additional costs. FAR sect. 15.308.
Where, as here, the SSA's selection determination is based on the TEP
chairman's recommendation, the underlying evaluation which led to that
recommendation must adequately support it. Without adequate support for the
technical evaluation, an award determination lacks a reasonable basis.
Mechanical Contractors, S.A., B-277916, Oct. 27, 1997, 97-2 CPD para. 121 at 3.

Here, the record evidences numerous errors in the technical evaluations,
compounded by a lack of meaningful discussions and mathematical errors in
scoring the proposals, to CRA's detriment. These errors in turn are
compounded by a cost/technical tradeoff rationale that is not properly
substantiated. While, as explained below, no one of the individual
deficiencies by itself warrants sustaining the protest, taken together, the
cumulative effect of these shortcomings calls into question the
reasonableness of the evaluation and the resulting award determination.

Technical Evaluation Errors

In CRA's debriefing, the agency identified 13 areas which constituted
weaknesses or deficiencies in CRA's proposal, only two of which were
specifically relied upon by the SSA. Neither of these identified
deficiencies provides adequate support for the

SSA's award selection because one reflects unequal treatment of the two
offerors and the other represents a matter on which the SSA appears to have
placed undue emphasis. [2]

First, under the "understanding the problem" factor, the evaluators deducted
a total of [deleted] points because CRA's contract compliance matrix
included food service and housing/hygiene inspections, which were agency
responsibilities and not SOW requirements. Tradeoff Memo para. 8. Despite the
fact that the entry correctly identified these tasks as agency
responsibilities, CRA's decision to include the entry led the evaluators,
and the SSA in the Tradeoff Memo, to conclude that this "demonstrates a very
poor understanding of what the Government is asking for." Id. However, while
UP's contract compliance matrix contains a similar entry, its proposal was
not similarly downgraded in the evaluation. [3] It is a fundamental
principle of government procurement that the contracting agency must treat
all offerors equally; it must evaluate offers evenhandedly against common
requirements and evaluation criteria. U.S. Property Management Serv. Corp.,
B-278727, Mar. 6, 1998, 98-1 CPD para. 88 at 6. Clearly, the agency failed to
adhere to this standard with respect to its evaluation of the two offerors'
similar entries here.

The agency explains that the matrix entry was simply an example of CRA's
lack of understanding and identifies several other matters which ostensibly
support the SSA's assessment. Although two of these matters were identified
by some evaluators, they were not included in the contemporaneous Tradeoff
Memo. While we consider the entire record, including statements and
arguments made in response to a protest in determining whether a selection
decision is supportable, we accord much greater weight to contemporaneous
source selection materials than to judgments, such as the selection
official's additional rationales here, made in response to protest
contentions. Southwest Marine, Inc.; American Sys. Eng'g Corp., B-265865.3,
B-265865.4, Jan. 23, 1996, 96-1 CPD para. 56 at 10; Dyncorp, B-245289,
B-245289.2, Dec. 23, 1991, 91-2 CPD para. 575 at 7 n.13. This reflects our
concern that reevaluations and redeterminations prepared in the heat of an
adversarial process may not represent the fair and considered judgment of
the agency, which is a prerequisite of a rational evaluation and source
selection process. Boeing Sikorsky Aircraft Support, B-277263.2, B-277263.3,
Sept. 29, 1997, 97-2 CPD para. 91 at 15. Here, in our view, the contemporaneous
record evidences that the agency inappropriately relied on CRA's compliance
matrix entry as a basis to downgrade CRA's understanding of the requirement,
and the post-protest augmentation and explanation by the agency do not
establish otherwise.

The other technical deficiency specified by the SSA in the Tradeoff Memo
concerned CRA's [deleted]. Tradeoff Memo para. 6. The Tradeoff Memo explains at
some length why the evaluators were not convinced that CRA's [deleted].
While we find nothing inherently improper in the agency's assessment of this
aspect of CRA's proposal, the record suggests that the SSA placed undue
emphasis upon it. As noted by CRA, only one of five evaluators expressed
concern with CRA's [deleted]. Protester's Comments at 18. Another evaluator
commented favorably on CRA's realistic methods for staffing and the fact
that CRA had proposed [deleted], while another observed that CRA had
acknowledged [deleted]. Id. Further, as observed by the protester, UP
proposed [deleted].

Lack of Meaningful Discussions

In discussions, an agency "shall . . . indicate to, or discuss with, each
offeror still being considered for award, significant weaknesses,
deficiencies, and other aspects of its proposal (such as cost, price,
technical approach, past performance, and terms and conditions) that could,
in the opinion of the contracting officer, be altered or explained to
enhance materially the proposal's potential for award." FAR sect. 15.306(d)(3).
It is a fundamental precept of negotiated procurement that discussions, when
conducted, must be meaningful and must not prejudicially mislead offerors.
Cotton & Co., LLP, B-282808, Aug. 30, 1999, 99-2 CPD para. 48 at 6. SRS Techs.,
B-254425.2, Sept. 14, 1994, 94-2 CPD para. 125 at 6.

While not relied upon in the Tradeoff Memo, the agency identified two other
areas as deficiencies at the debriefing. The first concerned CRA's failure
to identify [deleted]. The second concerned its proposal to designate
[deleted]. CRA's initial, revised, and final proposals addressed these
matters in the same fashion, yet neither deficiency was discussed with the
protester. While the agency argues that the [deleted]
matters were the subject of questions and answers, we could not find any
reference to the matters in the discussions record. [4] Further, while the
agency
argues that [deleted] changed in the final proposal, in fact, CRA's
[deleted] clearly described its plan to [deleted]. The agency could have
raised both matters in its final discussions held on July 19, but did not.

While these negative evaluations were not specifically relied upon in the
SSA's tradeoff, we cannot conclude that they did not have an impact on CRA's
overall rating. Had the agency pointed out these matters, CRA could have
added additional information and either changed the staff coordinator's
designation or furnished additional information to convince the agency that
the additional responsibility would not adversely affect the employee's
ability to perform normal duties. Discussions cannot be meaningful where, as
here, the agency fails to advise the offeror, in some way, of material
proposal deficiencies. CitiWest Properties, Inc., B-274689.4, Nov. 26, 1997,
98-1 CPD para. 3 at 5; Price Waterhouse, B-254492.2, Feb. 16, 1994, 94-1 CPD para.
168 at 9.

Mathematical Errors

In its comments on the agency report, CRA observed that the agency had not
accurately totaled the evaluation scores for CRA's or UP's proposals.
Specifically, CRA identified an additional 2 points to which it was entitled
and 2 points to which it is clear from the record that UP was not entitled.
Protester's Comments at 9-10. When these points are added to CRA's
evaluation score, it increases to 72 points and when deducted from UP's
evaluation score, it drops to 78. The agency maintains the difference in
points would have no effect on its award determination because it was based
on the "strengths and weaknesses of the proposals and the reasonableness of
the costs proposed." Supplemental Agency Report, Jan. 31, 2000, at 3. While
this may be true, the fact remains that the assessment of strengths and
weaknesses took into account an evaluation with a larger point spread than
that actually reflected in the evaluation. Further, if additional
adjustments are made for the evaluation errors and discussion issues
addressed above, the point spread could easily be smaller still. For
example, based on the contract compliance matrix point deficiency, CRA's
proposal lost 2 total points. Either adding these to CRA's total or
deducting them from UP's total would reduce the technical point difference
to only 4 points. In view of the significant cost difference between the
proposals (approximately 23 percent), the smaller point difference in
technical merit raises doubt as to whether the technical differences are
sufficient to support the SSA's tradeoff determination.

Cost/Technical Tradeoff Rationale

In addition to the shortcomings associated with the agency's technical
evaluation, there is insufficient support in the record for the SSA's
determination that UP's technical superiority outweighed CRA's lower cost.
The SSA based his tradeoff on UP's incumbent status, CRA's predicted staff
retention difficulties, and the likelihood of increased costs associated
with CRA.

With regard to UP's technical superiority, the SSA focused primarily on UP's
incumbent status. For example, he noted UP's sound plan for recruiting,
managing, and delivering medical staff and support; continuation of
established working relationships with vendors, providers, and suppliers;
currently operating preferred provider network; and existing computer
databases of medical and ancillary services. Tradeoff Memo para.para. 7, 9-10. He
also found UP's preferred provider network to be the largest of any
proposed, and that its diversity and locations would be important if there
were a "substantial increase in the level of effort required," such as a
"large alien influx." Tradeoff Memo para. 9. Because UP was the incumbent, the
SSA had the "utmost confidence" in its performance, noting that
"[m]aintaining the current circumstances will reduce both start up effort
and [performance] risk." Tradeoff Memo para. 7, 9-10.

While an agency may properly recognize an incumbent's experience and
additional value in making a tradeoff determination, here, the SSA does not
acknowledge the relevant "incumbent" experience of CRA's management team
members (including the chief executive officer, chief operating officer, and
the executive vice president), who held senior management positions at PHP
prior to their forming CRA. Protest at 2 n.1; Protester's Comments at 27. In
addition, we note that for 2 years, PHP Healthcare Corporation was the
incumbent for this requirement, and it submitted the original proposal. It
was not until after PHP declared bankruptcy that UP purchased it, including
the incumbent contract, and continued in the procurement process. At the
time of the SSA's selection decision, UP had performed the contract for less
than 6 months. In view of UP's limited experience in performing the contract
and the failure to acknowledge CRA's incumbent connection, it appears that
the SSA placed undue reliance on UP's incumbent status.

With regard to the greater risk associated with CRA's proposal, the SSA
found that CRA's [deleted] were less realistic than UP's [deleted]. Tradeoff
Memo para.para. 3, 4-5. He also noted that proposed [deleted] appeared low. Id.
para.para. 4-5. Consequently, he anticipated additional costs to the government for
[deleted]. Id. para. 5. In his view it would "become necessary . . . to instruct
[CRA] to increase [deleted] causing a substantial increase in cost to the
Government." Tradeoff Memo para. 11. The SSA also was concerned over CRA's
ability to successfully perform the requirement without "substantial
intervention" by the agency. Id.

Although the record is not entirely clear (and, again, our references to the
SSA's findings in fact refer to the Tradeoff Memo, which he did not sign),
it appears that the SSA was primarily concerned about CRA's ability to
perform at the cost proposed. Before we turn to the question of cost-related
risks, we note that, if the SSA had any concern about performance risk not
based on cost, this view is not substantiated in this record. In this
regard, RFP sect. M.5 provided for the evaluation of risk as follows:

The Government will assess the relative risks associated with each offeror.
Performance risks are those associated with an offeror's likelihood of
success in performing the acquisition requirements as indicated by that
offeror's record of past performance.

Both CRA and UP were evaluated as "good" with regard to past performance. A
"good" rating is defined as "[b]ased on the offeror's performance record,
little doubt exists that the offeror will successfully perform the required
effort." RFP sect. M.5. Here, the record reflects a favorable evaluation of
CRA's past performance, and the SSA has not provided any substantiation for
his conclusory statements questioning CRA's ability to successfully perform.

We recognize that the agency, and the SSA, could properly base a risk
assessment on cost realism. The RFP specifically provided: "If a cost
realism analysis is performed, cost realism may be considered by the [SSA]
in evaluating performance or schedule risk." RFP sect. L.1.(f)(9). Here,
however, a cost evaluation was performed by the cost analyst, who found that
CRA's proposed costs were reasonable. Specifically, the cost analyst did not
take any exception to CRA's proposed [deleted] rates. On the contrary, in
the initial cost evaluation of [deleted], the cost analyst observed that the
proposal was based on data [deleted]. CRA Cost Analysis, Apr. 28, 1999, note
A. In the final cost analysis, the cost analyst noted that [deleted]. Based
on the review of supporting documentation, the analyst found CRA's direct
labor costs to be "fair and reasonable." CRA Cost Analysis, Aug. 16, 1999,
note A. The cost analyst took no exceptions to the [deleted] the same
assessment the analyst had of UP's [deleted]. Id., note B. While the cost
analyst approved of CRA's [deleted], the cost analyst who assessed UP's
costs found [deleted] inadequate. UP Cost Analysis, Aug. 11, 1999, at 1. She
recommended acceptance pending submission of proper support.

The lack of stated concerns by the cost team does not bar the SSA from
reaching his own--and different--conclusions regarding the realism of CRA's
proposed costs and the probable cost of that firm's proposal, so long as
those conclusions have a rational basis. ITT Fed. Servs. Int'l Corp., B-
283307.2, Nov. 3, 1999, 99-2 CPD para. 76 at 8. However, the SSA's conclusory
findings in the Tradeoff Memo that some CRA rates [deleted] do not in
themselves provide a rational basis for disagreeing with the cost analysts.
Neither the evaluation record, nor any of the protest submissions provide
adequate support for the reasonableness of the SSA's stated concerns and, as
a result, his tradeoff decision lacks a rational basis.

The SSA's understanding of the relative magnitude of the cost difference
between the two proposals also is open to question. In this regard, the
proposed cost differential is approximately $10 million. In the agency
report, the SSA refers to the difference as accounting for approximately "2
ï¿½ months of work on a 5-year project" and that this is "easily worth the
security and assurance attained by awarding to the clearly more competent
and capabl[e] offeror." Agency Report, Contracting Officer's Statement of
Fact, at 25. Since this assessment was not included in the original
determination, it is entitled to less weight than we would otherwise accord
it. Boeing Sikorsky Aircraft Support, supra. However, even if the SSA had
included this assessment, we would ascribe it little weight. In this regard,
the SSA's assessment ignores that both offerors' cost proposals include the
same plug amount of nearly $200 million for claims that the contractor must
settle. Since this same amount is present regardless of which contractor is
selected, it is more accurate to assess cost differences based on the costs
associated with each offeror's unique approach. In this case, the $10
million difference should be assessed in light of UP's $52 million proposal
and CRA's $42 million proposal. When this is done the cost difference
represents more than 1 year of the 5ï¿½-year contract period or some 23
percent, not simply 2 ï¿½ months.

Our Office will not sustain a protest unless the protester demonstrates a
reasonable possibility that it was prejudiced by the agency's actions, that
is, unless the protester demonstrates that, but for the agency's actions, it
would have had a substantial chance of receiving the award.
McDonald-Bradley, B-270126, Feb. 8, 1996, 96-1 CPD para. 54 at 3; see
Statistica, Inc. v. Christopher, 102 F.3d 1577, 1581 (Fed. Cir. 1996). While
the agency argues that the matters identified by CRA would not have affected
its source selection, we conclude, particularly in light of the multiple,
material errors explained above, that the source selection cannot be viewed
as reasonable and that the protester was prejudiced by the agency's actions.

RECOMMENDATION

We recommend that the agency reopen negotiations with the competitive range
offerors, obtain best and final offers, reevaluate the proposals, and make a
new, properly documented, award determination. [5] We also recommend that
CRA be reimbursed the reasonable costs of filing and pursuing the protest,
including attorneys' fees. 4 C.F.R. sect. 21.8(d)(1) (1999). The protester
should submit its certified claim for such costs, detailing the time
expended and the costs incurred, directly to the contracting agency within
60 days after receipt of this decision.

The protest is sustained.

Comptroller General

of the United States

Notes

1. CRA also argued that the SSA failed to exercise his independent judgment
in making his award determination because he did not create a separate
source selection document. While Federal Acquisition Regulation (FAR)
sect. 15.308 contemplates a separate source selection document, we do not
believe the failure to create one is fatal to an otherwise reasonable
selection determination. Here the SSA explains in the agency report that he
used his own judgment to determine that award to UP was in the government's
best interest. Supplemental Agency Report, Jan. 31, 2000, sect. A. In this
regard, he states that he consulted with the TEP chairman and contract
specialist, and he reviewed and made suggestions for revisions to the TEP
chairman's memorandum. Id. Accordingly, in this decision we will consider
the memorandum as essentially the SSA's document.

2. Of the six deficiencies challenged by CRA only two appear to be valid
without question: CRA's proposal of computer equipment and its orientation
schedule. With regard to the computer equipment, [deleted] CRA Proposal at
2-10. An offeror is responsible for affirmatively demonstrating the merits
of its proposal and risks the rejection of its proposal if it fails to do
so. DBA Sys., Inc., B-241048, Jan. 15, 1991, 91-1 CPD para. 36 at 4.

3. CRA also argues that it received unequal treatment regarding the
evaluation of the availability of its psychiatric services. The SOW required
services rendered under Task IIIA (Preferred Provider Networks) to be
available from providers within 30 miles of designated detention centers.
CRA's compliance with this requirement was the subject of discussions and it
lost points in the final evaluation under the "technical approach" factor.
[deleted].

4. To the extent the agency relies on a CRA question regarding the
government's request for "specific providers in specific instances," we do
not believe this is sufficient evidence that the agency's concerns were
communicated to the protester. Discussions Memorandum, Apr. 28, 1999, Q.2,
at 4.

5. We have not addressed every error alleged by CRA or the agency's
responses thereto. We suggest that the agency ensure that all its concerns
are raised in discussions, which will afford the offerors the opportunity to
address all matters identified by the agency.