[Federal Register Volume 90, Number 95 (Monday, May 19, 2025)]
[Proposed Rules]
[Pages 21254-21263]
From the Federal Register Online via the Government Publishing Office [www.gpo.gov]
[FR Doc No: 2025-08728]
=======================================================================
-----------------------------------------------------------------------
ENVIRONMENTAL PROTECTION AGENCY
40 CFR Part 52
[EPA-R05-OAR-2024-0537; EPA-R05-OAR-2024-0538; EPA-R05-OAR-2024-0539;
FRL-12534-01-R5]
Air Plan Approval; Ohio; Second Maintenance Plan for 2008 Ozone
NAAQS
AGENCY: Environmental Protection Agency (EPA).
ACTION: Proposed rule.
-----------------------------------------------------------------------
SUMMARY: The Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) is proposing to
approve revisions to the Ohio State Implementation Plan (SIP). On
November 6, 2024, the Ohio Environmental Protection Agency (Ohio EPA)
submitted the state's plans for maintaining the 2008 ozone National
Ambient Air Quality Standard (NAAQS or standard) in the Columbus, Ohio;
Cleveland-Akron-Lorain, Ohio; and Cincinnati, Ohio-Kentucky-Indiana
areas. EPA is proposing to approve these maintenance plans because they
provide for the maintenance of the 2008 ozone NAAQS for each area for
10 additional years as required by the Clean Air Act (CAA). EPA is also
initiating the adequacy review process for motor vehicle emission
budgets (Budgets) for each area. This action, if finalized, would make
certain commitments related to maintenance of the 2008 ozone NAAQS in
these areas federally enforceable as part of the Ohio SIP.
DATES: Comments must be received on or before June 18, 2025.
ADDRESSES: Submit your comments, identified by Docket ID No. EPA-R05-
OAR-2024-0537 (Cincinnati); EPA-R05-OAR-2024-0538 (Cleveland-Akron-
Lorain), EPA-R05-OAR-2024-0539 (Columbus) at https://www.regulations.gov, or via email to [email protected]. For
comments submitted at Regulations.gov, follow the online instructions
for submitting comments. Once submitted, comments cannot be edited or
removed from the docket. EPA may publish any comment received to its
public docket. Do not submit to EPA's docket at https://www.regulations.gov any information you consider to be Confidential
Business Information (CBI), Proprietary Business Information (PBI), or
other information whose disclosure is restricted by statute. Multimedia
submissions (audio, video, etc.) must be accompanied by a written
comment. The written comment is considered the official comment and
should include discussion of all points you wish to make. EPA will
generally not consider comments or comment contents located outside of
the primary submission (i.e. on the web, cloud, or other file sharing
system). For additional submission methods, please contact the person
identified in the FOR FURTHER INFORMATION CONTACT section. For the full
EPA public comment policy, information about CBI, PBI, or multimedia
submissions, and general guidance on making effective comments, please
visit https://www.epa.gov/dockets/commenting-epa-dockets.
FOR FURTHER INFORMATION CONTACT: Delaney Kilgour, Air and Radiation
Division (AR-18J), Environmental Protection Agency, Region 5, 77 West
Jackson Boulevard, Chicago, Illinois 60604, (312) 886-1106,
[email protected]. The EPA Region 5 office is open from 8:30 a.m.
to 4:30 p.m., Monday through Friday, excluding Federal holidays.
SUPPLEMENTARY INFORMATION: Throughout this document whenever ``we,''
``us,'' or ``our'' is used, we mean EPA. This supplementary information
section is arranged as follows:
I. Summary of EPA's Proposed Action
II. Background
III. EPA's Evaluation of Ohio's SIP Submittal
A. Second Maintenance Plan
B. Transportation Conformity
IV. What action is EPA taking?
V. Statutory and Executive Order Reviews
I. Summary of EPA's Proposed Action
EPA is proposing to approve, as revisions to the Ohio SIP, the 2008
ozone NAAQS maintenance plans for the Columbus, Cleveland-Akron-Lorain,
and Cincinnati Ohio-Kentucky-Indiana areas. The Columbus area includes
Delaware, Fairfield, Franklin, Knox, Licking, and Madison Counties in
Ohio. The Cleveland-Akron-Lorain area includes Ashtabula, Cuyahoga,
Geauga, Lake, Lorain, Medina, Portage, and Summit Counties in Ohio. The
Cincinnati area includes Butler, Clermont, Clinton, Hamilton, and
Warren Counties in Ohio, part of Dearborn County in Indiana, and parts
of Boone, Campbell, and Kenton Counties in Kentucky. The maintenance
plans are designed to keep the Columbus area in attainment of the 2008
ozone NAAQS through 2036, and the Cleveland-Akron-Lorain and Cincinnati
areas in attainment of the 2008 ozone NAAQS through 2037.
II. Background
Ground-level ozone is formed when nitrogen oxides (NOX)
and volatile organic compounds (VOC) react in the presence of sunlight.
These two pollutants are referred to as ozone precursors. Scientific
evidence indicates that adverse public health effects occur following
exposure to ozone.
On March 12, 2008, under section 109 of the CAA, EPA promulgated a
revised primary and secondary 8-hour ozone NAAQS of 0.075 parts per
million (ppm). See 73 FR 16436 (March 27, 2008). Under EPA's
regulations at 40 CFR part 50, the 2008 ozone NAAQS is attained in an
area when the 3-year average of the annual fourth highest daily maximum
8-hour average concentration is equal to or less than
[[Page 21255]]
0.075 ppm, when truncated after the thousandth decimal place, at all of
the ozone monitoring sites in the area. See 40 CFR 50.15 and appendix P
to 40 CFR part 50.
Following promulgation of a new or revised NAAQS, EPA is required
by the CAA to designate areas throughout the nation as attaining or not
attaining the NAAQS. On May 21, 2012 (77 FR 30088), EPA designated
areas for the 2008 ozone NAAQS, including the following areas in Ohio,
as nonattainment: Columbus (Delaware, Fairfield, Franklin, Knox,
Licking, and Madison Counties in Ohio), Cleveland-Akron-Lorain
(Ashtabula, Cuyahoga, Geauga, Lake, Lorain, Medina, Portage, and Summit
Counties in Ohio), and Cincinnati (Butler, Clermont, Clinton, Hamilton,
and Warren Counties in Ohio; part of Dearborn County in Indiana; and
parts of Boone, Campbell, and Kenton Counties in Kentucky). These
designations became effective on July 20, 2012. Under the CAA, States
are required to adopt and submit SIPs to implement, maintain, and
enforce the NAAQS in designated nonattainment areas and throughout the
State.
When a nonattainment area has three years of complete, certified
air quality data that has been determined to attain the 2008 ozone
NAAQS, and the area has met other required criteria described in
section 107(d)(3)(E) of the CAA, the state can submit to EPA a request
to be redesignated to attainment, referred to as a ``maintenance
area.'' \1\ One of the criteria for redesignation is to have an
approved maintenance plan under section 175A of the CAA. The
maintenance plan must demonstrate that the area will continue to
maintain the standard for the period extending 10 years after
redesignation, and it must contain such additional measures as
necessary to ensure maintenance and such contingency provisions as
necessary to ensure that violations of the standard will be promptly
corrected. At the end of the eighth year after the effective date of
the redesignation, the state must submit a second maintenance plan to
ensure ongoing maintenance of the standard for an additional 10 years.
See section 175A of the CAA.
---------------------------------------------------------------------------
\1\ Section 107(d)(3)(E) of the CAA sets out the requirements
for redesignation. They include attainment of the NAAQS, full
approval of the SIP under section 110(k) of the CAA, determination
that improvement in air quality is a result of permanent and
enforceable reductions in emissions, demonstration that the state
has met all applicable section 110 and part D requirements, and a
fully approved maintenance plan under CAA section 175A.
---------------------------------------------------------------------------
EPA has published long-standing guidance for states on developing
maintenance plans.\2\ The Calcagni Memorandum provides that states may
generally demonstrate maintenance by either performing air quality
modeling to show that the future mix of sources and emission rates will
not cause a violation of the NAAQS or by showing that future emissions
of a pollutant and its precursors will not exceed the level of
emissions during a year when the area was attaining the NAAQS (i.e.,
attainment year inventory). See Calcagni Memorandum at 9.
---------------------------------------------------------------------------
\2\ ``Procedures for Processing Requests to Redesignate Areas to
Attainment,'' Memorandum from John Calcagni, Director, Air Quality
Management Division, September 4, 1992 (the ``Calcagni
Memorandum'').
---------------------------------------------------------------------------
On June 16, 2016, Ohio EPA submitted a request to EPA to
redesignate the Columbus nonattainment area to attainment for the 2008
ozone NAAQS. This submittal included a plan to maintain the 2008 ozone
NAAQS in the Columbus area through 2030 as a revision to the Ohio SIP.
EPA approved the Columbus maintenance plan and the state's request to
redesignate the area to attainment for the 2008 ozone NAAQS on December
21, 2016 (81 FR 93631).
On July 6, 2016, Ohio EPA submitted a request to EPA to redesignate
the Cleveland-Akron-Lorain nonattainment area to attainment for the
2008 ozone NAAQS. This submittal included a plan to maintain the 2008
ozone NAAQS in the Cleveland-Akron-Lorain area through 2030 as a
revision to the Ohio SIP. EPA approved the Cleveland-Akron-Lorain
maintenance plan and the state's request to redesignate the area to
attainment for the 2008 ozone NAAQS on January 6, 2017 (82 FR 1603).
On April 21, 2016, Ohio EPA submitted a request to EPA to
redesignate the Ohio portion of the Cincinnati nonattainment area to
attainment for the 2008 ozone NAAQS. This submittal included a plan to
maintain the 2008 ozone NAAQS in the Cincinnati area through 2030 as a
revision to the Ohio SIP. EPA approved the Cincinnati maintenance plan
and the state's request to redesignate the Ohio portion of the area to
attainment for the 2008 ozone NAAQS on December 16, 2016 (81 FR 91035).
Under section 175A(b) of the CAA, States must submit a revision to
the first maintenance plan eight years after redesignation to provide
for maintenance of the NAAQS for ten additional years following the end
of the first 10-year period. On November 6, 2024, Ohio EPA submitted a
second maintenance plan which shows attainment of the 2008 ozone NAAQS
for Columbus through 2036, Cleveland-Akron-Lorain through 2037, and
Cincinnati through 2037, each through the end of the full 20-year
maintenance period for each of the areas.
III. EPA's Evaluation of Ohio's SIP Submittal
A. Second Maintenance Plan
Section 175A of the CAA sets forth the elements of a maintenance
plan for areas seeking redesignation from nonattainment to attainment.
Under section 175A, the maintenance plan must demonstrate continued
attainment of the NAAQS for at least 10 years after the Administrator
approves a redesignation to attainment. Eight years after the
redesignation, the state must submit a revised maintenance plan which
demonstrates that attainment of the NAAQS will continue for an
additional 10 years beyond the initial 10-year maintenance period. To
address the possibility of future NAAQS violations, the maintenance
plan must contain contingency measures, as EPA determines necessary, to
ensure prompt correction of the future NAAQS violation.
The Calcagni Memorandum provides further guidance on the content of
a maintenance plan, explaining that a maintenance plan should address
five elements: (1) an attainment emission inventory; (2) a maintenance
demonstration; (3) a commitment for continued air quality monitoring;
(4) a process for verification of continued attainment; and (5) a
contingency plan.
On November 6, 2024, Ohio EPA submitted, as a SIP revision, plans
to provide for maintenance of the 2008 ozone standard in the Columbus
area through 2036, the Cleveland-Akron-Lorain area through 2037, and
the Cincinnati area through 2037, each more than 20 years after the
effective date of the redesignation to attainment. As discussed below,
EPA is proposing to find that Ohio EPA's second maintenance plans
include the necessary components and to approve the maintenance plans
as revisions to the Ohio SIP.
1. Attainment Inventory
The CAA section 175A maintenance plans approved by EPA for the
first 10-year period included attainment inventories for the Columbus,
Cleveland-Akron-Lorain, and Cincinnati areas that reflected typical
summer day VOC and NOX emissions in 2014. In addition,
because the areas continued to monitor attainment of the 2008 ozone
NAAQS in 2016, 2016 is an appropriate year to use for an attainment
year inventory. For the Columbus and
[[Page 21256]]
Cleveland-Akron-Lorain area attainment inventories of area, nonroad,
and point sources, Ohio EPA is using 2016 summer day emissions from the
2016v2 Emissions Modeling Platform provided by EPA.\3\ On-road mobile
source emissions for the Columbus and Cleveland-Akron-Lorain areas were
calculated from EPA's 2023 Motor Vehicle Emission Simulator
(MOVES4).\4\ For the Cincinnati attainment inventory, Ohio and Indiana
emissions of area, nonroad, and point sources, and Kentucky emissions
of area and nonroad sources were based upon the 2016v2 Emissions
Modeling Platform provided by EPA. Kentucky point source emissions
(electric generating unit (EGU) and non-EGU) were derived from the
Kentucky emissions reporting system, provided in tons per year (tpy),
and based upon the actual locations of the sources within the partial
areas of Kentucky counties in the maintenance area. Kentucky point
source emissions were converted to tons per day (tpd) by multiplying by
the ratio of average July day emissions to annual emissions for the
point sector from the 2016v2 Emissions Modeling Platform. On-road
mobile source emissions for the Cincinnati area were calculated from
EPA's 2023 MOVES4. All sectors of Kentucky emissions were multiplied by
fractions representing the maintenance portions of the Kentucky
counties. On-road mobile source emissions for Indiana were based on the
partial maintenance area in Dearborn County, and remaining source
sectors were based on the entire county. Attainment inventories for the
Columbus area are in Tables 1 and 2, attainment inventories for the
Cleveland-Akron-Lorain area are in Tables 3 and 4, and attainment
inventories for the Cincinnati area are in Tables 5 and 6.
---------------------------------------------------------------------------
\3\ The inventory documentation for this modeling platform can
be found here: https://gaftp.epa.gov/Air/emismod/2016/v2/.
\4\ The documentation for MOVES4 can be found here: https://www.epa.gov/moves/moves-versions-limited-current-use.
Table 1--Columbus Area Typical Summer Day VOC Emissions for Attainment Year 2016
[Tons/day (tpd)]
----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Point Area Nonroad On-road Total
----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Ohio:
Delaware.................... 0.27 6.30 4.44 2.67 13.68
Fairfield................... 0.34 4.93 1.26 1.91 8.44
Franklin.................... 1.25 35.99 8.20 19.23 64.67
Knox........................ 0.10 3.40 0.94 0.61 5.05
Licking..................... 0.44 7.15 1.52 2.85 11.96
Madison..................... 0.13 2.85 0.66 1.27 4.91
-------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Total................... 2.53 60.62 17.02 28.54 108.71
----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Table 2--Columbus Area Typical Summer Day NOX Emissions for Attainment Year 2016
[Tons/day (tpd)]
----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Point Area Nonroad On-road Total
----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Ohio:
Delaware.................... 0.09 3.23 2.77 3.45 9.54
Fairfield................... 1.71 0.52 1.47 2.45 6.15
Franklin.................... 1.46 8.05 7.71 25.47 42.69
Knox........................ 0.05 0.49 1.05 0.79 2.38
Licking..................... 0.82 0.81 1.59 3.86 7.08
Madison..................... 0.02 0.77 1.15 1.70 3.64
-------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Total................... 4.15 13.87 15.74 37.72 71.48
----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Table 3--Cleveland-Akron-Lorain Area Typical Summer Day VOC Emissions for Attainment Year 2016
[Tons/day (tpd)]
----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Point Area Nonroad On-road Total
----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Ohio:
Ashtabula................... 8.12 3.91 4.76 1.13 17.92
Cuyahoga.................... 1.78 42.27 13.05 13.77 70.87
Geauga...................... 0.03 3.41 2.70 1.30 7.44
Lake........................ 0.50 8.55 4.24 2.81 16.10
Lorain...................... 0.76 9.04 4.48 3.41 17.69
Medina...................... 0.13 6.99 2.09 2.97 12.18
Portage..................... 1.04 6.55 5.18 2.06 14.83
Summit...................... 0.53 18.51 5.50 6.51 31.05
-------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Total................... 12.89 99.23 42.00 33.96 188.08
----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
[[Page 21257]]
Table 4--Cleveland-Akron-Lorain Area Typical Summer Day NOX Emissions for Attainment Year 2016
[Tons/day (tpd)]
----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Point Area Nonroad On-road Total
----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Ohio:
Ashtabula................... 0.97 4.14 3.08 2.04 10.23
Cuyahoga.................... 7.37 12.56 10.23 26.63 56.79
Geauga...................... 0 0.57 1.47 2.55 4.59
Lake........................ 2.30 4.83 3.84 5.44 16.41
Lorain...................... 14.22 5.94 3.61 6.63 30.40
Medina...................... 0.05 1.89 1.63 5.92 9.49
Portage..................... 0.30 3.82 2.09 3.70 9.91
Summit...................... 0.47 5.12 3.44 11.13 20.16
-------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Total................... 25.68 38.87 29.39 64.04 157.98
----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Table 5--Cincinnati-OH-KY-IN Area Typical Summer Day VOC Emissions for Attainment Year 2016
[Tons/day (tpd)]
----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Point Area Nonroad On-road Total
----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Ohio:
Butler...................... 1.77 14.59 2.91 5.23 24.50
Clermont.................... 0.23 6.65 2.44 3.12 12.44
Clinton..................... 1.42 7.16 1.87 0.30 10.75
Hamilton.................... 1.74 36.15 9.63 11.36 58.88
Warren...................... 2.76 19.39 4.11 3.35 29.61
Indiana:
Dearborn.................... 6.21 1.38 0.37 0.20 8.16
Kentucky:
Boone....................... 2.23 9.53 1.53 1.47 14.76
Campbell.................... 0.30 2.43 0.35 0.75 3.83
Kenton...................... 0.47 2.35 0.43 1.52 4.77
-------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Total................... 17.13 99.63 23.64 27.30 167.70
----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Table 6--Cincinnati-OH-KY-IN Area Typical Summer Day NOX Emissions for Attainment Year 2016
[Tons/day (tpd)]
----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Point Area Nonroad On-road Total
----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Ohio:
Butler...................... 9.43 4.44 2.54 9.84 26.25
Clermont.................... 18.83 1.20 1.62 6.02 27.67
Clinton..................... 0.52 1.37 2.03 0.26 4.18
Hamilton.................... 17.61 6.79 11.17 25.62 61.19
Warren...................... 0.57 4.36 3.60 9.32 17.85
Indiana:
Dearborn.................... 1.75 0.33 0.38 0.57 3.03
Kentucky:
Boone....................... 10.87 2.22 1.36 6.07 20.52
Campbell.................... 0.30 1.24 0.26 2.05 3.85
Kenton...................... 0.26 1.50 0.37 5.15 7.28
-------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Total................... 60.14 23.45 23.33 64.90 171.82
----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
2. Maintenance Demonstration
Ohio EPA demonstrates maintenance through 2036 for the Columbus
area and through 2037 for the Cleveland-Akron-Lorain and Cincinnati
areas by showing that future VOC and NOX emissions remain at
or below attainment year emission levels. 2036 is an appropriate
maintenance year for the Columbus area and 2037 is an appropriate
maintenance year for the Cleveland-Akron-Lorain and Cincinnati areas
because these years are more than 10 years beyond the first 10-year
maintenance period. The maintenance year emissions inventories of area,
nonroad, and point sources are projected from the EPA 2016v2 Emissions
Modeling Platform, which includes emissions for the modeling years of
2016, 2023, 2026, and 2032. The 2036 and 2037 maintenance year
emissions were projected from the platform by linear extrapolation. If
the extrapolation resulted in a negative value, Ohio EPA assumed that
maintenance year emissions would remain at the levels from the 2032
modeling year included in the 2016v2 platform, which is a conservative
assumption as emissions have been shown to be decreasing. On-road
mobile source emissions for maintenance years were calculated from
EPA's 2023 MOVES4. For the Cincinnati area, all sectors of Kentucky
emissions were multiplied by fractions representing the maintenance
portions of the Kentucky counties. On-road mobile source
[[Page 21258]]
emissions for Indiana were based on the partial maintenance area in
Dearborn County, and remaining source sectors were based on the entire
county.
The 2036 summer day emissions inventories for the Columbus area are
in Tables 7 and 8, and changes in VOC and NOX emissions in
the Columbus area between 2016 and 2036 are summarized in Table 9. The
2037 summer day emissions inventories for the Cleveland-Akron-Lorain
area are in Tables 10 and 11, and changes in VOC and NOX
emissions in the Cleveland-Akron-Lorain area between 2016 and 2037 are
summarized in Table 12. The 2037 summer day emissions inventories for
the Cincinnati area are in Tables 13 and 14, and changes in VOC and
NOX emissions in the Cincinnati area between 2016 and 2037
are summarized in Table 15.
In summary, the maintenance demonstrations show maintenance of the
2008 ozone standard by providing emissions information to support the
demonstration that future emissions of NOX and VOC will
remain at or below 2016 emission levels when considering both future
source growth and implementation of future controls. In the Columbus
area, Table 9 shows that VOC and NOX emissions are projected
to decrease by 14.45 tpd and 41.42 tpd, respectively, between 2016 and
2036. In the Cleveland-Akron-Lorain area, Table 12 shows that VOC and
NOX emissions are projected to decrease by 35.31 tpd and
85.94 tpd, respectively, between 2016 and 2037. In the Cincinnati area,
Table 15 shows that VOC and NOX emissions are projected to
decrease by 20.88 tpd and 109.16 tpd, respectively, between 2016 and
2037.
Table 7--Columbus Area Typical Summer Day VOC Emissions for Maintenance Year 2036
[Tons/day (tpd)]
----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Point Area Nonroad On-road Total
----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Ohio:
Delaware.................... 0.29 8.91 2.20 1.52 12.92
Fairfield................... 0.34 5.90 0.76 0.84 7.84
Franklin.................... 1.12 38.80 7.10 7.55 54.57
Knox........................ 0.10 3.51 0.47 0.25 4.33
Licking..................... 0.43 8.03 1.00 1.26 10.72
Madison..................... 0.13 2.79 0.43 0.53 3.88
-------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Total................... 2.41 67.94 11.96 11.95 94.26
----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Table 8--Columbus Area Typical Summer Day NOX Emissions for Maintenance Year 2036
[Tons/day (tpd)]
----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Point Area Nonroad On-road Total
----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Ohio:
Delaware.................... 0.09 2.30 1.41 0.81 4.61
Fairfield................... 2.26 0.50 0.54 0.43 3.73
Franklin.................... 1.55 7.27 3.68 4.26 16.76
Knox........................ 0.05 0.40 0.35 0.13 0.93
Licking..................... 0.83 0.79 0.57 0.69 2.88
Madison..................... 0.02 0.57 0.28 0.28 1.15
-------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Total................... 4.80 11.83 6.83 6.60 30.06
----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Table 9--Change in Typical Summer Day VOC and NOX Emissions in the Columbus Area Between 2016 and 2036
[Tons/day (tpd)]
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
VOC NOX
-----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Net change Net change
2016 2036 (2016-2036) 2016 2036 (2016-2036)
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Point................................................... 2.53 2.41 -0.12 4.15 4.80 0.65
Area.................................................... 60.62 67.94 7.32 13.87 11.83 -2.04
Nonroad................................................. 17.02 11.96 -5.06 15.74 6.83 -8.91
On-road................................................. 28.54 11.95 -16.59 37.72 6.60 -31.12
-----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Total........................................... 108.71 94.26 -14.45 71.48 30.06 -41.42
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Table 10--Cleveland-Akron-Lorain Area Typical Summer Day VOC Emissions for Maintenance Year 2037
[Tons/day (tpd)]
----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Point Area Nonroad On-road Total
----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Ohio:
Ashtabula................... 8.93 4.13 1.98 1.24 16.28
Cuyahoga.................... 1.77 38.49 10.99 4.77 56.02
Geauga...................... 0.02 4.04 1.79 0.48 6.33
[[Page 21259]]
Lake........................ 0.53 8.64 2.18 0.94 12.29
Lorain...................... 0.71 9.08 2.79 1.34 13.92
Medina...................... 0.13 8.59 1.55 1.04 11.31
Portage..................... 1.01 7.18 2.55 0.73 11.47
Summit...................... 0.52 18.42 3.94 2.27 25.15
-------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Total................... 13.62 98.57 27.77 12.81 152.77
----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Table 11--Cleveland-Akron-Lorain Area Typical Summer Day NOX Emissions for Maintenance Year 2037
[Tons/day (tpd)]
----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Point Area Nonroad On-road Total
----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Ohio:
Ashtabula................... 1.90 3.12 1.85 2.29 9.16
Cuyahoga.................... 6.37 10.21 5.94 3.60 26.12
Geauga...................... 0.00 0.53 0.80 0.35 1.68
Lake........................ 2.80 3.74 2.26 0.69 9.49
Lorain...................... 2.39 4.16 1.95 0.97 9.47
Medina...................... 0.05 1.65 0.67 0.74 3.11
Portage..................... 0.33 2.72 1.39 0.50 4.94
Summit...................... 0.52 3.99 2.06 1.50 8.07
-------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Total................... 14.36 30.12 16.92 10.64 72.04
----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Table 12--Change in Typical Summer Day VOC and NOX Emissions in the Cleveland-Akron-Lorain Area Between 2016 and 2037
[Tons/day (tpd)]
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
VOC NOX
-----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Net change Net change
2016 2037 (2016-2037) 2016 2037 (2016-2037)
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Point................................................... 12.89 13.62 0.73 25.68 14.36 -11.32
Area.................................................... 99.23 98.57 -0.66 38.87 30.12 -8.75
Nonroad................................................. 42.00 27.77 -14.23 29.39 16.92 -12.47
On-road................................................. 33.96 12.81 -21.15 64.04 10.64 -53.40
-----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Total........................................... 188.08 152.77 -35.31 157.98 72.04 -85.94
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Table 13--Cincinnati-OH-KY-IN Area Typical Summer Day VOC Emissions for Maintenance Year 2037
[Tons/day (tpd)]
----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Point Area Nonroad On-road Total
----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Ohio:
Butler...................... 1.82 15.01 2.23 1.96 21.02
Clermont.................... 0.19 8.08 1.47 1.28 11.02
Clinton..................... 1.40 7.27 1.00 0.22 9.89
Hamilton.................... 1.64 36.22 8.16 4.42 50.44
Warren...................... 2.76 23.22 2.47 1.62 30.07
Indiana:
Dearborn.................... 6.24 1.58 0.27 0.07 8.16
Kentucky:
Boone....................... 0.90 7.18 1.23 0.81 10.12
Campbell.................... 0.23 1.35 0.21 0.35 2.14
Kenton...................... 0.35 2.46 0.41 0.74 3.96
-------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Total................... 15.53 102.37 17.45 11.47 146.82
----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
[[Page 21260]]
Table 14--Cincinnati-OH-KY-N Area Typical Summer Day NOX Emissions for Maintenance Year 2037
[Tons/day (tpd)]
----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Point Area Nonroad On-road Total
----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Ohio:
Butler...................... 9.14 3.27 1.25 1.47 15.13
Clermont.................... 5.85 0.82 0.84 0.89 8.40
Clinton..................... 0.57 1.20 0.58 0.12 2.47
Hamilton.................... 5.50 5.43 4.87 3.85 19.65
Warren...................... 0.60 3.54 1.51 1.68 7.33
Indiana:
Dearborn.................... 1.51 0.25 0.17 0.09 2.02
Kentucky:
Boone....................... 0.34 2.80 0.55 0.97 4.66
Campbell.................... 0.16 0.41 0.15 0.26 0.98
Kenton...................... 0.16 0.90 0.20 0.76 2.02
-------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Total................... 23.83 18.62 10.12 10.09 62.66
----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Table 15--Change in Typical Summer Day VOC and NOX Emissions in the Cincinnati Area Between 2016 and 2037
[Tons/day (tpd)]
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
VOC NOX
-----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Net change Net change
2016 2037 (2016-2037) 2016 2037 (2016-2037)
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Ohio Portion of the Area:
Point............................................... 7.92 7.81 -0.11 46.96 21.66 -25.30
Area................................................ 83.94 89.80 5.86 18.16 14.26 -3.90
Nonroad............................................. 20.96 15.33 -5.63 20.96 9.05 -11.91
On-road............................................. 23.36 9.50 -13.86 51.06 8.01 -43.05
-----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Total........................................... 136.18 122.44 -13.74 137.14 52.98 -84.16
Entire Area:
Point............................................... 17.13 15.53 -1.60 60.14 23.83 -36.31
Area................................................ 99.63 102.37 2.74 23.45 18.62 -4.83
Nonroad............................................. 23.64 17.45 -6.19 23.33 10.12 -13.21
On-road............................................. 27.30 11.47 -15.83 64.90 10.09 -54.81
-----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Total........................................... 167.70 146.82 -20.88 171.82 62.66 -109.16
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
3. Continued Air Quality Monitoring
Ohio EPA has committed to continue operating an approved ozone
monitoring network in the Columbus, Cleveland-Akron-Lorain, and
Cincinnati areas. Ohio EPA has committed to consult with EPA prior to
making changes to the existing monitoring network should changes become
necessary in the future. Ohio EPA remains obligated to meet monitoring
requirements and to continue to quality assure monitoring data in
accordance with 40 CFR part 58, and to enter all data into the Air
Quality System in accordance with Federal guidelines.
4. Verification of Continued Attainment
Ohio EPA has the legal authority to enforce and implement the
requirements of the maintenance plans for the Columbus, Cleveland-
Akron-Lorain, and Cincinnati areas. This includes the authority to
adopt, implement, and enforce any subsequent emission control measures
determined to be necessary to correct future ozone attainment problems.
Verification of continued attainment is accomplished through
operation of the ambient ozone monitoring network and the periodic
update of the areas' emission inventories. Ohio EPA will continue to
operate an approved ozone monitoring network in the Columbus,
Cleveland-Akron-Lorain, and Cincinnati maintenance areas. Ohio EPA will
not discontinue operation, relocate, or otherwise change the existing
ozone monitoring network other than through revisions in the network
approved by EPA.
In addition, to track future levels of emissions, Ohio EPA will
continue to develop and submit to EPA updated emission inventories for
all source categories at least once every three years consistent with
the requirements of 40 CFR part 51, subpart A, and 40 CFR 51.122.
5. Contingency Plan
Section 175A of the CAA requires that the state must adopt a
maintenance plan, as a SIP revision, that includes such contingency
measures as EPA deems necessary to ensure that the state will promptly
correct a violation of the NAAQS that occurs after redesignation of the
area to attainment of the NAAQS. The maintenance plan must identify:
the contingency measures to be considered and, if needed for
maintenance, adopted and implemented; a schedule and procedure for
adoption and implementation; and a time limit for action by the state.
The state should also identify specific indicators to be used to
determine when the contingency measures need to be considered, adopted,
and implemented. The maintenance plan must include a commitment that
the State will implement all measures with respect to the control of
the pollutant that were contained in the SIP before
[[Page 21261]]
redesignation of the area to attainment in accordance with section
175A(d) of the CAA. See Calcagni Memorandum at 12-13.
As required by section 175A of the CAA, Ohio EPA has adopted
contingency plans for the Columbus, Cleveland-Akron-Lorain, and
Cincinnati areas to address possible future ozone air quality problems.
The contingency plans adopted by Ohio EPA have two levels of response:
a warning level response and an action level response.
In Ohio EPA's plans, a warning level response will be triggered
when an annual fourth highest 8-hour average ozone concentration of
0.079 ppm or higher is monitored within the maintenance area. A warning
level response will consist of Ohio EPA conducting a study to determine
whether the ozone value indicates a trend toward higher ozone values or
whether emissions appear to be increasing. The study will evaluate
whether the trend, if any, is likely to continue, and if so, the
control measures necessary to reverse the trend. The study will
consider ease and timing of implementation as well as economic and
social impacts. Implementation of necessary controls in response to a
warning level response trigger will take place within 12 months from
the conclusion of the most recent ozone season.
In Ohio EPA's plans, an action level response will be triggered
when a 2-year average of the annual fourth highest 8-hour average ozone
concentration of 0.076 ppm or higher is monitored within the
maintenance area. A violation of the standard within the maintenance
area also triggers an action level response. When an action level
response is triggered, Ohio EPA, in conjunction with the metropolitan
planning organization or regional council of governments, will
determine what additional control measures are needed to ensure future
attainment of the ozone standard. Control measures selected will be
adopted and implemented within 18 months from the close of the ozone
season that prompted the action level. Ohio EPA may also consider if
significant new regulations not currently included as part of the
maintenance provisions will be implemented in a timely manner and would
thus constitute an adequate contingency measure response.
Ohio EPA included the following list of potential contingency
measures in its maintenance plans:
a. Tighten VOC Reasonably Available Control Technology (RACT) on
existing sources covered by EPA Control Technique Guidelines issued
after the 1990 CAA.
b. Apply VOC RACT to smaller existing sources.
c. One or more transportation control measures sufficient to
achieve at least half a percent reduction in actual area wide VOC
emissions. Transportation measures will be selected from the following,
based upon the factors listed above, after consultation with affected
local governments:
i. Trip reduction programs, including, but not limited to,
employer-based transportation management plans, area-wide rideshare
programs, work schedule changes, and telecommuting;
ii. Traffic flow and transit improvements; and
iii. Other new or innovative transportation measures, not yet in
widespread use, that affected local governments deem appropriate.
d. Alternative fuel and diesel retrofit programs for fleet vehicle
operations.
e. Require VOC or NOX emission offsets for new and
modified major sources.
f. Increase the ratio of emission offsets required for new sources.
g. Require VOC or NOX controls on new minor sources
(less than 100 tons).
h. Adopt additional NOX RACT for existing combustion
sources.
EPA concludes that the maintenance plans adequately address the
five basic components of a maintenance plan required under section 175A
of the CAA: an attainment emissions inventory, a maintenance
demonstration, a commitment for continued air quality monitoring, a
verification of continued attainment, and a contingency plan. As such,
EPA proposes to find that the maintenance plan SIP revisions submitted
by Ohio EPA for the Columbus, Cleveland-Akron-Lorain, and Cincinnati
areas meet the requirements of Section 175A of the CAA.
B. Transportation Conformity
Under section 176(c) of the CAA, new transportation plans,
programs, or projects that receive Federal funding or support, such as
the construction of new highways, must ``conform'' to (i.e., be
consistent with) the SIP. Conformity to the SIP means that
transportation activities will not cause or contribute to any new air
quality violations, increase the frequency or severity of any existing
air quality problems, or delay timely attainment or any required
interim emissions reductions or any other milestones. Regulations at 40
CFR part 93 set forth EPA policy, criteria, and procedures for
demonstrating and ensuring conformity of transportation activities to a
SIP. Transportation conformity is a requirement for nonattainment and
maintenance areas.
Under the CAA, states are required to submit, at various times,
control strategy SIPs for nonattainment areas and maintenance plans for
areas seeking redesignations to attainment of the ozone standard and
for continuing maintenance of attainment. See the SIP requirements for
the 2008 ozone standard in EPA's March 6, 2015, implementation rule (80
FR 12264). These control strategy SIPs and maintenance plans must
include Budgets for criteria pollutants, including ozone, and their
precursor pollutants (VOC and NOX) to address pollution from
on-road transportation sources. The Budgets are the portion of the
total allowable emissions that are allocated to highway and transit
vehicle use that, together with emissions from other sources in the
area, will provide for attainment or maintenance. See 40 CFR 93.101.
Under 40 CFR part 93, Budgets for a maintenance area must be
established for the last year of the maintenance period. The Budgets
serve as a ceiling on emissions from an area's planned transportation
system. The Budgets concept is further explained in the preamble to the
November 24, 1993, Transportation Conformity Rule (58 FR 62188). The
preamble also describes how to establish the Budgets in the SIP and how
to revise the Budgets, if needed, after initially establishing Budgets
in the SIP.
As discussed earlier, Ohio's maintenance plans include
NOX and VOC Budgets for the last year of the maintenance
periods for the Columbus area (2036), the Cleveland-Akron-Lorain area
(2037), and the Cincinnati area (2037). EPA has reviewed Ohio's
NOX and VOC Budgets for the areas and, in this action, is
proposing to approve them.\5\ Ohio's November 6, 2024, maintenance plan
submissions, including the Budgets for the three maintenance areas, are
available for public comment via this proposed rulemaking. The
submission was endorsed by the Governor's designee and Ohio EPA
provided opportunity for a public hearing. The Budgets were developed
as part of an interagency consultation process which includes Federal,
state, and local agencies. The Budgets were clearly identified and
precisely quantified. These Budgets, when considered together with all
other
[[Page 21262]]
emission sources, are consistent with maintenance of the 2008 ozone
NAAQS.
---------------------------------------------------------------------------
\5\ See 40 CFR 93.118(f)(2) for requirements associated with
making adequacy findings through rulemaking on a submitted SIP.
---------------------------------------------------------------------------
The Budgets for the Columbus area are in Table 16 and the Budgets
for the Cleveland-Akron-Lorain area are in Table 17. The Budgets for
the Ohio and Indiana portions of the Cincinnati multi-state area are in
Table 18 and the Kentucky portion of the Cincinnati multi-state area
are in Table 19. For ease of planning, the smaller Dearborn County,
Indiana area is added to the Ohio Budget. As shown, the 2036 and 2037
Budgets exceed the estimated 2036 and 2037 estimated on-road sector
emissions. To accommodate future variations in travel demand models and
vehicle miles traveled forecast, Ohio EPA allocated a portion of the
safety margin, described further below, to the mobile source sector.
Ohio EPA has demonstrated that the Columbus area can maintain the 2008
ozone NAAQS in the 2036 maintenance year with on-road mobile source
emissions of 13.74 tpd of VOC and 7.59 tpd of NOX in 2036.
Similarly, Ohio EPA has demonstrated that the Cleveland-Akron-Lorain
area can maintain the 2008 ozone NAAQS in the 2037 maintenance year
with mobile source emissions of 14.73 tpd of VOC and 12.24 tpd of
NOX. Lastly, Ohio EPA has demonstrated that the Cincinnati
area can maintain the 2008 ozone NAAQS in the 2037 maintenance year
with mobile source emissions in the Ohio and Indiana portions of the
area of 11.01 tpd of VOC and 9.32 tpd of NOX and with mobile
source emissions in the Kentucky portion of the area of 2.19 tpd of VOC
and 2.29 tpd of NOX. Despite partial allocation of the
safety margin for each area, emissions will remain under attainment
year emission levels.
A ``safety margin'' is the amount by which the total projected
emissions from all sources of a given pollutant are less than the total
emissions that would satisfy the applicable requirement for
maintenance. See 40 CFR 93.101. As noted in Table 9, the emissions in
the Columbus area are projected to have safety margins of 41.42 tpd for
NOX and 14.45 tpd for VOC in 2036. The safety margin is
calculated as the difference between emissions in the 2016 attainment
year and projected emissions in the 2036 maintenance year for all
sources in the Columbus area. Similarly, as shown in Table 12, the
emissions in the Cleveland-Akron-Lorain area are projected to have
safety margins of 85.94 tpd for NOX and 35.31 tpd for VOC in
2037. Lastly, as shown in Table 15, the emissions in the Cincinnati
area are projected to have safety margins of 109.16 tpd for
NOX and 20.88 tpd for VOC in 2037. Even if emissions
exceeded projected levels by the full amount of the safety margin, the
counties would still demonstrate maintenance since emission levels
would equal those in the attainment year.
Ohio EPA is allocating a portion of that safety margin to the
mobile source sector. Specifically, for the Columbus area, shown in
Table 16, in 2036, Ohio EPA is allocating 0.99 tpd and 1.79 tpd of the
NOX and VOC safety margins, respectively. In the Cleveland-
Akron-Lorain area, shown in Table 17, in 2037, Ohio EPA is allocating
1.60 tpd and 1.92 tpd of the NOX and VOC safety margins,
respectively. In the entire multi-state Cincinnati area, summed from
Tables 18 and 19, in 2037, Ohio EPA is allocating 1.52 tpd and 1.73 tpd
of the NOX and VOC safety margins, respectively. Ohio EPA is
not requesting allocation to the Budgets of the entire available safety
margins reflected in the demonstration of maintenance. In fact, the
amount allocated to the Budgets represents only a portion of the
maintenance year safety margins. Therefore, even though the state is
requesting Budgets that exceed the projected on-road mobile source
emissions for the maintenance years contained in the demonstration of
maintenance, the increase in on-road mobile source emissions that can
be considered for transportation conformity purposes is within the
safety margins of the ozone maintenance demonstration. Further, once
allocated to mobile sources, these safety margins will not be available
for use by other sources.
Table 16--Budgets for the Columbus Area
[Tons/day (tpd)]
----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Attainment 2036 Estimated 2036 Mobile
year 2016 on- on-road safety margin 2036 Budgets
road emissions emissions allocation
----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
VOC............................................. 28.54 11.95 1.79 13.74
NOX............................................. 37.72 6.60 0.99 7.59
----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Table 17--Budgets for the Cleveland-Akron-Lorain Area
[Tons/day (tpd)]
----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Attainment 2037 Estimated 2037 Mobile
year 2016 on- on-road safety margin 2037 Budgets
road emissions emissions allocation
----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
VOC............................................. 33.96 12.81 1.92 14.73
NOX............................................. 64.04 10.64 1.60 12.24
----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Table 18--Budgets for the Ohio and Indiana Portions of the Cincinnati OH-KY-IN Area
[Tons/day (tpd)]
----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Attainment
year 2016 on- 2037 Estimated 2037 Mobile
road on-road safety margin 2037 Budgets
emissions emissions allocation
----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
VOC............................................. 23.56 9.57 1.44 11.01
[[Page 21263]]
NOX............................................. 51.63 8.10 1.22 9.32
----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Table 19--Budgets for the Kentucky Portion of the Cincinnati OH-KY-IN Area
[Tons/day (tpd)]
----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Attainment 2037 Estimated 2037 Mobile
year 2016 on- on-road safety margin 2037 Budgets
road emissions emissions allocation
----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
VOC............................................. 3.74 1.90 0.29 2.19
NOX............................................. 13.27 1.99 0.30 2.29
----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
EPA is proposing to find adequate and approve the Budgets for use
to determine transportation conformity in the areas of Columbus,
Cleveland-Akron-Lorain, and Cincinnati because EPA has determined that
the areas can maintain attainment of the 2008 ozone NAAQS for the
relevant maintenance year periods with mobile source emissions at the
levels of the Budgets. Also, EPA has reviewed the Budgets and proposes
to find that the submitted Budgets meet the adequacy criteria in the
transportation conformity regulations (40 CFR 93.118(e)(4)). As
required by the transportation conformity rule (40 CFR 93.118(f)(2)),
EPA is using this proposal to notify the public that EPA is beginning a
30-day comment period on the adequacy of the submitted motor vehicle
emissions budgets. Comments on the adequacy of the Budgets should be
submitted to the docket for this proposal. EPA will make a final
determination on the adequacy of the submitted Budgets either in a
final action on this proposal or by notifying the state in writing,
notifying the public by publishing a Federal Register notice, and
announcing the determination on EPA's adequacy web page.
IV. What action is EPA taking?
EPA is proposing to approve the second maintenance plans for the
2008 ozone NAAQS submitted by Ohio EPA on November 6, 2024, under
sections 110(k) and 175A of the CAA for the reasons set forth above for
the Columbus, Cleveland-Akron-Lorain, and Cincinnati areas as a
revision to the Ohio SIP. These second maintenance plans are designed
to keep the Columbus area in attainment of the 2008 ozone NAAQS through
2036, the Cleveland-Akron-Lorain area in attainment of the 2008 ozone
NAAQS through 2037, and the Cincinnati area in attainment of the 2008
ozone NAAQS through 2037. EPA is proposing to find adequate and approve
the newly established Budgets for the Columbus, the Cleveland-Akron-
Lorain, and the Ohio portion of the Cincinnati maintenance areas.
V. Statutory and Executive Order Reviews
Under the CAA, the Administrator is required to approve a SIP
submission that complies with the provisions of the CAA and applicable
Federal regulations. 42 U.S.C. 7410(k); 40 CFR 52.02(a). Thus, in
reviewing SIP submissions, EPA's role is to approve state choices,
provided that they meet the criteria of the CAA. Accordingly, this
action merely approves State law as meeting Federal requirements and
does not impose additional requirements beyond those imposed by state
law. For that reason, this action:
Is not a significant regulatory action subject to review
by the Office of Management and Budget under Executive Order 12866 (58
FR 51735, October 4, 1993);
Is not subject to Executive Order 14192 (90 FR 9065,
February 6, 2025) because SIP actions are exempt from review under
Executive Order 12866;
Does not impose an information collection burden under the
provisions of the Paperwork Reduction Act (44 U.S.C. 3501 et seq.);
Is certified as not having a significant economic impact
on a substantial number of small entities under the Regulatory
Flexibility Act (5 U.S.C. 601 et seq.);
Does not contain any unfunded mandate or significantly or
uniquely affect small governments, as described in the Unfunded
Mandates Reform Act of 1995 (Pub. L. 104-4);
Does not have federalism implications as specified in
Executive Order 13132 (64 FR 43255, August 10, 1999);
Is not subject to Executive Order 13045 (62 FR 19885,
April 23, 1997) because it approves a state program;
Is not a significant regulatory action subject to
Executive Order 13211 (66 FR 28355, May 22, 2001); and
Is not subject to requirements of section 12(d) of the
National Technology Transfer and Advancement Act of 1995 (15 U.S.C. 272
note) because application of those requirements would be inconsistent
with the Clean Air Act.
In addition, the SIP is not approved to apply on any Indian
reservation land or in any other area where EPA or an Indian Tribe has
demonstrated that a Tribe has jurisdiction. In those areas of Indian
country, the rulemaking does not have Tribal implications and will not
impose substantial direct costs on Tribal governments or preempt Tribal
law as specified by Executive Order 13175 (65 FR 67249, November 9,
2000).
List of Subjects in 40 CFR Part 52
Environmental protection, Air pollution control, Incorporation by
reference, Intergovernmental relations, Nitrogen oxides, Ozone,
Reporting and recordkeeping requirements, Volatile organic compounds.
Dated: May 5, 2025.
Anne Vogel,
Regional Administrator, Region 5.
[FR Doc. 2025-08728 Filed 5-16-25; 8:45 am]
BILLING CODE 6560-50-P