[Federal Register Volume 89, Number 152 (Wednesday, August 7, 2024)]
[Proposed Rules]
[Pages 64750-64778]
From the Federal Register Online via the Government Publishing Office [www.gpo.gov]
[FR Doc No: 2024-16665]



[[Page 64749]]

Vol. 89

Wednesday,

No. 152

August 7, 2024

Part V





Department of the Treasury





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Internal Revenue Service





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26 CFR Parts 1 and 301





Rules Regarding Dual Consolidated Losses and the Treatment of Certain 
Disregarded Payments; Proposed Rule

  Federal Register / Vol. 89 , No. 152 / Wednesday, August 7, 2024 / 
Proposed Rules  

[[Page 64750]]


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DEPARTMENT OF THE TREASURY

Internal Revenue Service

26 CFR Parts 1 and 301

[REG-105128-23]
RIN 1545-BQ72


Rules Regarding Dual Consolidated Losses and the Treatment of 
Certain Disregarded Payments

AGENCY: Internal Revenue Service (IRS), Treasury.

ACTION: Notice of proposed rulemaking.

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SUMMARY: This document contains proposed regulations that address 
certain issues arising under the dual consolidated loss rules, 
including the effect of intercompany transactions and items arising 
from stock ownership in calculating a dual consolidated loss. The 
proposed regulations also address the application of the dual 
consolidated loss rules to certain foreign taxes that are intended to 
ensure that multinational enterprises pay a minimum level of tax, 
including exceptions to the application of the dual consolidated loss 
rules with respect to such foreign taxes. Finally, the proposed 
regulations include rules regarding certain disregarded payments that 
give rise to losses for foreign tax purposes.

DATES: Written or electronic comments and requests for a public hearing 
must be received by October 7, 2024.

ADDRESSES: Commenters are strongly encouraged to submit public comments 
electronically via the Federal eRulemaking Portal at https://www.regulations (indicate IRS and REG-105128-23) by following the 
online instructions for submitting comments. Requests for a public 
hearing must be submitted as prescribed in the ``Comments and Requests 
for a Public Hearing'' section. Once submitted to the Federal 
eRulemaking Portal, comments cannot be edited or withdrawn. The 
Department of the Treasury (Treasury Department) and the IRS will 
publish for public availability any comments submitted to the IRS's 
public docket. Send paper submissions to: CC:PA:01:PR (REG-105128-23), 
Room 5203, Internal Revenue Service, P.O. Box 7604, Ben Franklin 
Station, Washington, DC 20044.

FOR FURTHER INFORMATION CONTACT: Concerning the proposed regulations 
generally, Andrew L. Wigmore at (202) 317-5443; concerning the proposed 
regulations regarding intercompany transactions, Julie Wang at (202) 
317-6975; concerning submissions of comments or requests for a public 
hearing, Publications and Regulations Section at (202) 317-6901 (not 
toll-free numbers) or by email at [email protected] (preferred).

SUPPLEMENTARY INFORMATION:

Background

I. The Dual Consolidated Loss Rules

A. In General
    Section 1503(d) was enacted in response to concerns that taxpayers 
were isolating expenses in dual resident corporations to enable two 
profitable companies, subject to tax in two different jurisdictions, to 
use the dual resident corporation's losses. See S. Rep. No. 99-313, 
99th Cong., 2nd Sess., at 419-421 (1986). Section 1503(d) and the 
regulations thereunder are intended to prevent this result and to 
neutralize other types of ``double-deduction outcomes,'' that is, where 
the same economic loss could be used to offset or reduce both income 
subject to U.S. tax (but not a foreign jurisdiction's tax) and income 
subject to the foreign jurisdiction's tax (but not U.S. tax). See id. 
and TD 9315 (72 FR 12902).
    Section 1503(d)(1) generally provides that a dual consolidated loss 
of a domestic corporation cannot reduce the taxable income of a 
domestic affiliate (a ``domestic use''). See also Sec. Sec.  1.1503(d)-
2 and 1.1503(d)-4(b). Except as provided in regulations under section 
1503(d)(2)(B), section 1503(d)(2)(A) defines a dual consolidated loss 
as any net operating loss of a domestic corporation which is subject to 
an income tax of a foreign country without regard to whether such 
income is from sources in or outside of such foreign country, or is 
subject to such a tax on a residence basis. Section 1503(d)(3) provides 
regulatory authority to treat any loss of a separate unit of a domestic 
corporation as a dual consolidated loss.\1\ Accordingly, Sec.  
1.1503(d)-1(b)(5) defines a dual consolidated loss as a net operating 
loss of a dual resident corporation or the net loss of a domestic 
corporation attributable to a separate unit.
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    \1\ Although the term ``separate unit'' is not defined in the 
statute, the legislative history to section 1503(d)(3) provides one 
example: a foreign branch the losses of which are, under foreign 
law, able to offset income of an affiliated foreign corporation. See 
H.R. Rep. No. 100-795, 100th Cong., 2d Sess., at 292-93 (1988).
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    A dual resident corporation is generally defined as a domestic 
corporation that is subject to an income tax of a foreign country on 
its worldwide income or on a residence basis. See Sec.  1.1503(d)-
1(b)(2)(i). A separate unit is generally defined as either a foreign 
branch (defined in Sec.  1.1503(d)-1(b)) or an interest in a hybrid 
entity \2\ that is carried on or owned, as applicable, directly or 
indirectly, by a domestic corporation (a ``domestic owner'' of the 
separate unit). See Sec.  1.1503(d)-1(b)(4)(i). An affiliated dual 
resident corporation and an affiliated domestic owner are defined as a 
dual resident corporation and a domestic owner, respectively, that is a 
member of a consolidated group. See Sec.  1.1503(d)-1(b)(10).
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    \2\ Hybrid entity means an entity that is not taxable as an 
association for U.S. tax purposes but is subject to an income tax of 
a foreign country as a corporation (or otherwise at the entity 
level) either on its worldwide income or on a residence basis. Sec.  
1.1503(d)-1(b)(3).
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    Pursuant to section 1503(d)(2)(B), the dual consolidated loss 
regulations provide certain exceptions to the general prohibition 
against the domestic use of a dual consolidated loss. For example, the 
domestic use limitation does not apply if, pursuant to a ``domestic use 
election,'' the taxpayer certifies that there has not been and will not 
be a ``foreign use'' of the dual consolidated loss during a 
certification period.\3\ See Sec.  1.1503(d)-6(d). If a foreign use or 
other triggering event occurs during the certification period, the dual 
consolidated loss must be recaptured, and an interest charge is imposed 
on the recaptured amount. See Sec.  1.1503(d)-6(e)(1). In general, a 
foreign use occurs when any portion of the dual consolidated loss is 
made available under the income tax laws of a foreign country to offset 
or reduce, directly or indirectly, the income of a foreign corporation 
or the direct or indirect owner of a hybrid entity that is not a 
separate unit. See Sec.  1.1503(d)-3(a)(1). Other triggering events 
include certain transfers of the interests in or assets of a separate 
unit, as well as the failure to satisfy various certification 
requirements. See Sec.  1.1503(d)-6(e).
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    \3\ Section 1.1503(d)-6(b) (involving certain elective 
agreements between the United States and a foreign country) and 
Sec.  1.1503(d)-6(c) (if it can be demonstrated that there is no 
possibility of a foreign use) also provide exceptions to the 
prohibition on domestic use.
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B. Computing Income or Dual Consolidated Loss
    In general, the income or dual consolidated loss of a dual resident 
corporation for a taxable year is computed based on the dual resident 
corporation's items of income, gain, deduction, and loss for the 
taxable year. See Sec.  1.1503(d)-5(b)(1). Similarly, the income or 
dual consolidated loss of a separate unit is generally computed as if 
the separate unit were a domestic corporation and based solely on the 
items of income, gain, deduction, and

[[Page 64751]]

loss of the domestic owner of the separate unit that are attributable 
to the separate unit. See Sec.  1.1503(d)-5(c)(1). If the dual resident 
corporation or domestic owner is a member of a consolidated group, then 
the computations are made in accordance with rules under section 1502 
regarding the computation of consolidated taxable income. See Sec.  
1.1503(d)-5(b)(1) and (c)(1).
    The income or dual consolidated loss of a dual resident corporation 
or separate unit does not, however, include items attributable to an 
interest in a ``transparent entity.'' See Sec.  1.1503(d)-5(b)(2)(iii), 
(c)(1)(i) and (iii). A transparent entity is an entity that (i) is not 
taxable as an association for U.S. tax purposes, (ii) is not subject to 
income tax in a foreign country as a corporation either on its 
worldwide income or on a residence basis, and (iii) is not a pass-
through entity under the laws of the foreign country under which the 
relevant separate unit or dual resident corporation is subject to tax. 
See Sec.  1.1503(d)-1(b)(16)(i). A domestic limited liability company 
that, for U.S. tax purposes, is either disregarded as an entity 
separate from its owner or classified as a partnership is an example of 
a business entity that may be a transparent entity if the foreign 
jurisdiction does not view it as a pass-through entity. Because it is 
unlikely that items attributable to an interest in a transparent entity 
are taken into account by the jurisdiction in which the dual resident 
corporation or separate unit is subject to tax, such items should not 
affect the calculation or use of a dual consolidated loss. See TD 9315 
(72 FR 12902, 12904-05).
    For purposes of attributing items to a separate unit, only items of 
the domestic owner of the separate unit that are regarded for U.S. tax 
purposes are taken into account. See Sec.  1.1503(d)-5(c)(1)(ii). Thus, 
items related to disregarded transactions--irrespective of whether such 
items are regarded and taken into account for foreign tax or accounting 
purposes--are not taken into account for purposes of determining the 
amount of income or dual consolidated loss of the separate unit. See 
id.; see also Sec. Sec.  1.1503(d)-7(c)(6)(iii), 1.1503(d)-7(c)(23), 
and 1.1503(d)-7(c)(24) for examples illustrating this treatment for 
various types of disregarded payments.
    In the case of a foreign branch separate unit (as defined in Sec.  
1.1503(d)-1(b)(4)(i)(A)), items of the domestic owner generally are 
attributable to the separate unit based on rules under section 864 and 
Sec.  1.882-5 (by treating the domestic owner as a foreign corporation 
and the foreign branch separate unit as a trade or business within the 
United States). See Sec.  1.1503(d)-5(c)(2).
    In the case of a hybrid entity separate unit (as defined in Sec.  
1.1503(d)-1(b)(4)(i)(B)), items of a domestic owner generally are 
attributable to the separate unit to the extent they are reflected on 
the books and records of the hybrid entity. See Sec.  1.1503(d)-
5(c)(3)(i). These items reflected on the books and records must, 
however, be adjusted to conform to U.S. tax principles. Id.
    Pursuant to a special rule, any amount included in income of a 
domestic owner arising from the ownership of stock in a foreign 
corporation through a separate unit (for example, a subpart F 
inclusion) is attributable to the separate unit if an actual dividend 
from such foreign corporation would have been so attributed. See Sec.  
1.1503(d)-5(c)(4)(iv); see also Sec.  1.1503(d)-7(c)(24) for an example 
illustrating the application of Sec.  1.1503(d)-5(c)(4)(iv).
    In general, these rules are intended to attribute items existing 
for U.S. tax purposes to a separate unit to the extent that it is 
likely that the relevant foreign country would take into account the 
item (assuming the item is recognized) for tax purposes, with such 
approach serving as a proxy for determining whether a double-deduction 
outcome could result. See TD 9315 (72 FR 12902, 12908).
C. Made Available Standard and All or Nothing Principle
    A foreign use may occur if any portion of a dual consolidated loss 
is made available to offset income, even if there are no items of 
income to actually offset in that taxable year. See Sec.  1.1503(d)-
3(b). This ``made available'' standard was adopted because of the 
administrative complexity that would result from having a foreign use 
occur only when the dual consolidated loss actually offsets income. See 
REG-102144-04 (70 FR 29868, 29872-73). For example, if a portion of a 
dual consolidated loss is made available to be used by another person, 
and that person already has a loss before accounting for the dual 
consolidated loss, then a portion of the dual consolidated loss could 
become part of a loss carryover, which could be available to be carried 
forward or carried back to offset income in different taxable years. 
Departing from the made available standard would require that the 
portion of the loss carryforward or carryback that was taken into 
account in computing the dual consolidated loss be identified and 
tracked, which would require detailed ordering rules for determining 
when such losses were used and an understanding of the timing and base 
differences between the United States and the foreign jurisdiction. See 
id.
    In general, any amount of the dual consolidated loss being put to a 
foreign use would cause the entire amount of the dual consolidated loss 
to be recaptured and reported as income. See Sec.  1.1503(d)-6(e)(1). 
This ``all or nothing'' principle was adopted because, like the made 
available standard, departing from it would have led to significant 
administrative complexity and the need for detailed ordering rules. See 
TD 9315 (72 FR 12902, 12910-11). For example, to depart from this 
standard and determine the amount of recapture on actual foreign use, 
taxpayers and the IRS would need to undertake a complex analysis of 
foreign law and distinguish a permanent (or base) difference from a 
timing difference, to ensure that the portion of the dual consolidated 
loss that is not recaptured will not be available for a foreign use at 
some point in the future. See id.
D. Mirror Legislation Rule
    A foreign use of a dual consolidated loss may also be deemed to 
occur pursuant to the ``mirror legislation'' rule if the foreign income 
tax laws would deny any opportunity for the foreign use of the dual 
consolidated loss in the year in which the dual consolidated loss is 
incurred (assuming the foreign country recognized the loss in the same 
year), provided that the foreign use of the loss is denied under such 
laws for any of the following reasons: (i) the dual resident 
corporation or separate unit that incurred the loss is subject to 
income taxation by another country (for example, the United States) on 
its worldwide income or on a residence basis; (ii) the loss may be 
available to offset income (other than income of the dual resident 
corporation or separate unit) under the laws of another country (for 
example, the United States); or (iii) the deductibility of any portion 
of a deduction or loss taken into account in computing the dual 
consolidated loss depends on whether such amount is deductible under 
the laws of another country (for example, the United States). See Sec.  
1.1503(d)-3(e). Thus, in order for the rule to apply, two requirements 
must be satisfied: the income tax laws of the foreign country must deny 
any opportunity for a foreign use, and the reason for such denial must 
be described in one of the three enumerated paragraphs in Sec.  
1.1503(d)-3(e)(1). In other words, being described in one of the three 
enumerated paragraphs alone does not cause a foreign law to be treated 
as mirror

[[Page 64752]]

legislation (if, for example, the dual consolidated loss could 
nevertheless be put to a foreign use).
    The mirror legislation rule is intended to prevent foreign 
jurisdictions from enacting legislation that gives taxpayers no choice 
but to use a dual consolidated loss to offset an affiliate's income in 
the United States. See REG-102144-04 (70 FR 29868, 29873-74). A lack of 
choice is contrary to the approach in the dual consolidated loss rules 
providing taxpayers the option of putting a dual consolidated loss to 
either a domestic use or a foreign use (but not both). See id.
E. Foreign Income Tax
    Section 1503(d)(2)(A) defines a dual consolidated loss as any net 
operating loss of a domestic corporation which is subject to an income 
tax of a foreign country on its income without regard to whether such 
income is from sources in or outside of such foreign country, or is 
subject to such a tax on a residence basis. The exception to the 
definition of a dual consolidated loss under section 1503(d)(2)(B) 
similarly references ``foreign income tax law.'' The legislative 
history to section 1503(d) references foreign taxes on income without 
further discussion of the characteristics of a foreign income tax. See, 
for example, S. Rep. No. 99-313, 99th Cong., 2nd Sess., at 419-421 
(1986). Similarly, the regulations only reference a foreign income tax 
when setting forth many dual consolidated loss rules. See, for example, 
Sec. Sec.  1.1503(d)-(1)(b)(2) (dual resident corporation definition), 
1.1503(d)-(1)(b)(3) (hybrid entity definition), 1.1503(d)-(1)(b)(16) 
(transparent entity definition) and 1.1503(d)-(3)(a)(1) (foreign use 
definition). Thus, the dual consolidated loss rules neither define the 
term ``income tax'' nor describe the characteristics that distinguish 
an income tax from another type of tax.

II. The Intercompany Transaction Regulations and the Matching Rule

    The regulations under Sec.  1.1502-13 (the ``intercompany 
transaction regulations'') provide rules for taking into account items 
of income, gain, deduction, and loss of consolidated group members from 
intercompany transactions (as defined in Sec.  1.1502-13(b)(1)(i)). 
Their purpose is to provide rules to clearly reflect the taxable income 
(and tax liability) of the group as a whole by preventing intercompany 
transactions from creating, accelerating, avoiding, or deferring 
consolidated taxable income (or consolidated tax liability). This is 
accomplished by treating the selling member (``S'') and the buying 
member (``B'') as separate entities for some purposes, but as divisions 
of a single corporation for other purposes. S's income, gain, 
deduction, or loss arising from an intercompany transaction is an 
intercompany item, and B's income, gain, deduction, or loss arising 
from an intercompany transaction, or from property acquired in an 
intercompany transaction, is the corresponding item. The amount and 
location of S's intercompany items and B's corresponding items are 
determined on a separate entity basis (``separate entity treatment''). 
The timing, character, source, and other attributes of the intercompany 
items and corresponding items, although initially determined on a 
separate entity basis, generally are redetermined under the 
intercompany transaction regulations to produce the effect of 
transactions between divisions of a single corporation (``single entity 
treatment'').
    One of the principal rules within the intercompany transaction 
regulations that implements single entity treatment is the matching 
rule of Sec.  1.1502-13(c). Section 1.1502-13(c)(1) requires the 
attributes of the intercompany and corresponding items to be 
redetermined to the extent necessary to achieve the same overall effect 
as if the members were divisions of a single corporation.
    Under the matching rule, although treated as divisions of a single 
corporation, S and B are treated as engaging in their actual 
transaction and owning any actual property involved in the transaction 
(rather than treating the transaction as not occurring). Accordingly, 
under Sec.  1.1502-13(c), the existence of the intercompany transaction 
and the intercompany items generally is not disregarded. Although 
treated in the same manner as divisions of a single corporation, S and 
B are treated as having any special status that they have under the 
Code or regulations.
    Section 1.1502-13(c)(4) provides rules for allocating and 
redetermining attributes under the matching rule. To the extent that 
B's corresponding item matches S's intercompany item in amount, the 
attributes of B's corresponding item generally will control S's 
offsetting intercompany item. The symmetry that is ordinarily required 
under the matching rule by conforming the source, character, and other 
attributes of one member's items to the other member's items is 
expressly overridden when either S or B has a ``special status.'' 
Section 1.1502-13(c)(5) provides that, when the attributes otherwise 
determined under Sec.  1.1502-13(c)(1)(i) for a member's item are 
permitted or not permitted under the Code or regulations because of a 
member's special status, the attributes required by the Code or 
regulations apply to that member's items, but not to the items of 
another member. The special status rule lists examples of members with 
special status, including banks, life insurance companies, and a member 
carrying forward a loss subject to limitation under the separate return 
limitation year (``SRLY'') rules.

III. Sections 301.7701-1 Through 301.7701-3--Classification of Business 
Entities

    Sections 301.7701-1 through 301.7701-3 classify a business entity 
with two or more members as either a corporation or a partnership, and 
a business entity with a single owner as either a corporation or 
disregarded as an entity separate from its owner (``disregarded 
entity''). Certain business entities with a single owner are classified 
as disregarded entities by default or through an election. See Sec.  
301.7701-3(a) through (c).

IV. Pillar Two

A. GloBE Model Rules
    On December 20, 2021, the OECD/G20 Inclusive Framework on BEPS 
published model rules (the ``GloBE Model Rules'') \4\ to assist in the 
implementation of a reform to the international tax system. See OECD/
G20, Tax Challenges Arising from the Digitalisation of the Economy 
Global Anti-Base Erosion Model Rules (Pillar Two). The GloBE Model 
Rules create a coordinated system of minimum taxation intended to 
ensure that certain large Multinational Enterprise Groups (``MNE 
Groups'') pay a minimum level of tax based on the income, adjusted for 
certain items, arising in each of the jurisdictions where they 
operate.\5\
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    \4\ As the context requires, references to the GloBE Model Rules 
include references to a foreign jurisdiction's legislation 
implementing the GloBE Model Rules.
    \5\ Capitalized terms used in this part IV of the Background 
section and parts I.D of the Explanation of Provisions section of 
this preamble, but not defined herein, have the meanings ascribed to 
such terms under the GloBE Model Rules.
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    Under the GloBE Model Rules, an in-scope MNE Group must compute the 
GloBE Income or Loss of each of its Constituent Entities.\6\ The 
computation of GloBE Income or Loss generally begins with the net 
income or loss of a Constituent Entity determined using the accounting 
standard used in preparing the Consolidated Financial Statements and 
without any consolidation

[[Page 64753]]

adjustments that would eliminate income or expense attributable to 
intra-group transactions. To reflect GloBE policy outcomes, this amount 
is then adjusted for specific items to determine the Constituent 
Entity's GloBE Income or Loss.\7\
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    \6\ Constituent Entities include legal persons (other than a 
natural person), arrangements that prepare separate financial 
accounts (such as a partnership or trust), or a Permanent 
Establishment.
    \7\ In addition to adjustments to reflect common differences 
between the applicable financial accounting standard and the local 
income tax rules, the computation of a Low-Tax Entity's GloBE Income 
or Loss excludes any expense attributable to an Intragroup Financing 
Arrangement that can reasonably be anticipated to increase the 
expenses of the Low-Tax Entity without resulting in a commensurate 
increase in the taxable income of the High-Tax Counterparty.
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    The MNE Group must then calculate its Effective Tax Rate (``ETR'') 
for each jurisdiction in which it operates. The ETR of a jurisdiction 
equals (i) the sum of Adjusted Covered Taxes of each Constituent Entity 
located in the jurisdiction, divided by (ii) the Net GloBE Income of 
the jurisdiction for the Fiscal Year. The Net GloBE Income of the 
jurisdiction is determined by aggregating the GloBE Income or Loss of 
all Constituent Entities of the MNE Group located in the same 
jurisdiction.\8\ This ``jurisdictional blending'' is mandatory and is 
intended to avoid distortions arising from tax consolidation and 
similar regimes and shifting income and taxes between Constituent 
Entities located in the same jurisdiction. See OECD (2024), Tax 
Challenges Arising from the Digitalisation of the Economy--Consolidated 
Commentary to the Global Anti-Base Erosion Model Rules (2023); 
Inclusive Framework on BEPS, OECD Base Erosion and Profit Shifting 
Project, April 2024, OECD Publishing, Paris (``GloBE Model Rules 
Consolidated Commentary''), Article 5.1.1, Paragraph 4. If the ETR in 
that jurisdiction would be below the 15% Minimum Rate, a top-up tax may 
be imposed and collected under a Qualified Domestic Minimum Top-up Tax 
(``QDMTT''), an IIR (the income inclusion rule), or a UTPR (commonly 
referred to as the undertaxed profits rule) to the extent necessary to 
ensure that the MNE Group's Excess Profits in the jurisdiction is taxed 
at the Minimum Rate. Certain countries have enacted, and others have 
proposed, legislation to implement taxes based on the GloBE Model Rules 
for fiscal years beginning as early as December 31, 2023.\9\
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    \8\ However, a Stateless Constituent Entity (such as a Reverse 
Hybrid Entity) is treated as a single Constituent Entity located in 
a separate and unspecified jurisdiction; the GloBE Income or Loss of 
a Reverse Hybrid Entity is not aggregated with that of any other 
Constituent Entity.
    \9\ The UTPR will generally be effective for Fiscal Years 
beginning on or after December 31, 2024. Under the European Union 
(EU) Directive requiring the adoption of the GloBE Model Rules, EU 
Member States will apply the UTPR for years beginning on or after 
December 31, 2023, but only in limited circumstances. See Council 
Directive 2022/2523, art. 50, 2022 OJ (L 328) 1, 55.
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    On December 20, 2022, the OECD/G20 Inclusive Framework on BEPS 
published the Safe Harbours and Penalty Relief document, which includes 
guidelines on aspects of the design and operation of a Transitional 
CbCR Safe Harbour to the GloBE Model Rules. See OECD (2022), Safe 
Harbours and Penalty Relief: Global Anti-Base Erosion Rules (Pillar 
Two), December 2022, OECD/G20 Inclusive Framework on BEPS, OECD, 
Paris.\10\ The Transitional CbCR Safe Harbour is designed to ameliorate 
the compliance burden of undertaking full GloBE calculations during the 
Transition Period \11\ by limiting the circumstances in which an MNE 
will be required to perform such calculations to a smaller number of 
higher-risk jurisdictions. An MNE Group uses its Qualified CbC Report 
and financial accounting data to determine if its operations in a 
jurisdiction qualify for the Transitional CbCR Safe Harbour and, if 
such operations qualify, the jurisdiction is effectively excluded from 
the scope of the GloBE Model Rules. Specifically, under the 
Transitional CbCR Safe Harbour, the Jurisdictional Top-up Tax in a 
jurisdiction for a Fiscal Year beginning on or before December 31, 2026 
\12\ is deemed to be zero if (i) the MNE Group reports Total Revenue of 
less than EUR 10 million and Profit (Loss) before Income Tax of less 
than EUR 1 million in the jurisdiction on its Qualified CbC Report for 
the Fiscal Year, (ii) the MNE Group has a Simplified ETR that is equal 
to or greater than the Transition Rate in the jurisdiction for the 
Fiscal Year, or (iii) the MNE Group's Profit (Loss) before Income Tax 
in such jurisdiction is equal to or less than the Substance-based 
Income Exclusion amount, for Constituent Entities resident in that 
jurisdiction under the Qualified CbC Report, as calculated under the 
GloBE Model Rules. Expenses and losses are relevant in determining 
whether each of these three tests is satisfied.
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    \10\ https://www.oecd.org/tax/beps/safe-harbours-and-penalty-relief-global-anti-base-erosion-rules-pillar-two.pdf. The Safe 
Harbours have since been incorporated into the GloBE Model Rules 
Consolidated Commentary.
    \11\ The Transition Period covers all of the Fiscal Years 
beginning on or before December 31, 2026, but not including a Fiscal 
Year that ends after June 30, 2028.
    \12\ Other than a Fiscal Year that ends after June 30, 2028. The 
Safe Harbour takes a ``once out, always out'' approach under which, 
if an MNE Group does not apply the Safe Harbour with respect to a 
jurisdiction in a Fiscal Year in which it is subject to the GloBE 
Rules, the MNE Group cannot qualify for the Safe Harbour for that 
jurisdiction in a subsequent year, except where the MNE Group did 
not have any Constituent Entities located in the jurisdiction in the 
previous Fiscal Year.
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B. Notice 2023-80
    On December 11, 2023, the Treasury Department and the IRS released 
Notice 2023-80, which, among other things, described the interaction of 
the dual consolidated loss rules with the GloBE Model Rules. The notice 
explains that in certain cases, the aggregation of GloBE Income or Loss 
of Constituent Entities in the same jurisdiction in calculating the ETR 
can be viewed as giving rise to double-deduction outcomes that the dual 
consolidated loss rules were intended to address. Moreover, the notice 
recognizes that these concerns could exist with respect to a dual 
consolidated loss incurred in a taxable year ending before the 
effective date of foreign legislation implementing the GloBE Model 
Rules, for example, due to certain timing differences. The notice also 
recognizes that certain features of the GloBE Model Rules may differ 
from traditional foreign income tax systems. For example, the GloBE 
Model Rules do not include a mechanism that would permit taxpayers to 
forgo the aggregation of GloBE Income and GloBE Losses, and in some 
cases where the ETR in the jurisdiction is or would otherwise be at or 
above the Minimum Rate, a loss may not reduce the amount of a 
Jurisdictional Top-up Tax.
    The notice announces limited guidance that would be proposed for 
certain ``legacy DCLs,'' which in general are dual consolidated losses 
that a taxpayer incurred before the effective date of the GloBE Model 
Rules.\13\ Under that guidance, a foreign use does not occur with 
respect to a legacy DCL solely because all or a portion of the 
deductions or losses that comprise the legacy DCL are taken into 
account under the GloBE Model Rules, subject to an anti-abuse rule. 
Where a taxpayer uses a fiscal year for tax purposes that ends after 
2024, the foreign use exception is conditioned on the relevant MNE 
Group using the same fiscal year when applying the GloBE Model Rules. 
This condition ensures that the legacy DCL rule applies only to the 
extent of book-tax timing differences, and not due to a mismatch 
between the U.S. taxable year

[[Page 64754]]

and fiscal year used under the GloBE Model Rules.
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

    \13\ The notice defines legacy DCLs as dual consolidated losses 
incurred in (i) taxable years ending on or before December 31, 2023, 
or (ii) provided the taxpayer's taxable year begins and ends on the 
same dates as the Fiscal Year of the MNE Group that could take into 
account as an expense any portion of a deduction or loss comprising 
such a DCL, taxable years beginning before January 1, 2024, and 
ending after December 31, 2023.
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

    Finally, the notice states that the Treasury Department and the IRS 
are studying the interaction of the dual consolidated loss rules and 
the GloBE Model Rules and the notice requests comments on the 
interaction of the dual consolidated loss rules with the GloBE Model 
Rules, including Article 3.2.7 (relating to Intragroup Financing 
Arrangements), which is intended to prevent certain avoidance 
transactions involving arbitrage. The notice also states that the 
Treasury Department and the IRS are studying the interaction of the 
GloBE Model Rules with the anti-hybrid rules under sections 245A(e) and 
267A.
C. Administrative Guidance Addressing Hybrid Arbitrage Arrangements
    On December 15, 2023, the OECD/G20 Inclusive Framework on BEPS 
published additional Administrative Guidance on the GloBE Model Rules 
(``December 2023 Administrative Guidance''). See OECD (2023), Tax 
Challenges Arising from the Digitalisation of the Economy--
Administrative Guidance on the Global Anti-Base Erosion Model Rules 
(Pillar Two), December 2023, OECD/G20 Inclusive Framework on BEPS, 
OECD, Paris.\14\ Among other issues, the December 2023 Administrative 
Guidance addresses the treatment under the Transitional CbCR Safe 
Harbour of Hybrid Arbitrage Arrangements entered into after December 
15, 2022.
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

    \14\ https://www.oecd.org/tax/beps/administrative-guidance-global-anti-base-erosion-rules-pillar-two-december-2023.pdf. The 
December 2023 Administrative Guidance has since been incorporated 
into the GloBE Model Rules Consolidated Commentary.
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

    The December 2023 Administrative Guidance involving Hybrid 
Arbitrage Arrangements is intended, in part, to address avoidance 
transactions that are designed to exploit differences between tax and 
financial accounting treatment to allow a Tested Jurisdiction to 
qualify for the Transitional CbCR Safe Harbour, which would be contrary 
to the purposes of the GloBE Model Rules. One of the Hybrid Arbitrage 
Arrangements addressed under the guidance is a ``duplicate loss 
arrangement.'' A duplicate loss arrangement includes an arrangement 
that results in an expense or loss being included in the financial 
statement of a Constituent Entity to the extent that the arrangement 
also gives rise to a duplicate amount that is deductible for purposes 
of determining the taxable income of another Constituent Entity in 
another jurisdiction. An arrangement will not be a duplicate loss 
arrangement, however, to the extent that the amount of the relevant 
expense is offset against revenue or income that is included in both 
(i) the financial statements of the Constituent Entity including the 
expense or loss in its financial statements; and (ii) the taxable 
income of the Constituent Entity claiming the deduction for the 
relevant expense or loss. Under this guidance, a Tested Jurisdiction's 
Transitional CbCR Safe Harbour calculation is adjusted by excluding any 
expense or loss arising as a result of a duplicate loss arrangement 
from the Tested Jurisdiction's profit before tax.
    The December 2023 Administrative Guidance states that further 
guidance will be provided to address Hybrid Arbitrage Arrangements, 
including those addressed in the December 2023 Administrative Guidance, 
that may otherwise affect the application of the GloBE Model Rules 
outside the context of the Transitional CbCR Safe Harbour.

Explanation of Provisions

I. Dual Consolidated Loss Rules

A. Interaction With the Intercompany Transaction Regulations
    As discussed in part I.B of the Background section of this 
preamble, the dual consolidated loss regulations provide that, in the 
case of an affiliated dual resident corporation or an affiliated 
domestic owner acting through a separate unit (a ``section 1503(d) 
member''), the computation of income or dual consolidated loss takes 
into account rules under section 1502 regarding the computation of 
consolidated taxable income. No specific guidance is provided as to the 
interaction of rules under section 1502 and those under section 
1503(d).
    Comments with respect to proposed regulations addressing certain 
hybrid arrangements that were published in the Federal Register on 
December 28, 2018 (REG-104352-18, 83 FR 67612) (the ``2018 proposed 
regulations''), addressed the interaction of the matching rule under 
Sec.  1.1502-13(c) with the computation of income or dual consolidated 
loss. The preamble to final regulations published in the Federal 
Register on April 8, 2020 (TD 9896, 85 FR 19830), stated that the 
Treasury Department and the IRS were studying this issue.
    The comments recommended that the Treasury Department and the IRS 
clarify that the matching rule does not apply to cause regarded items 
to be redetermined (and thus effectively disregarded) for purposes of 
the dual consolidated loss rules. The comments stated that such an 
approach promotes the policies of the dual consolidated loss rules and 
leads to more accurate computations. In addition, a comment asserted 
that such an approach is consistent with how taxpayers generally apply 
the rules, and that for these taxpayers a contrary approach could have 
a significant and unanticipated effect on existing structures.
    However, one of the comments cautioned that, if the dual 
consolidated loss rules were to apply differently with respect to an 
item arising from an intercompany transaction and an item arising from 
a disregarded transaction, then the disparity could produce 
inappropriate policy outcomes. For example, a taxpayer might structure 
its internal transactions so that (i) payments by separate units are 
made pursuant to disregarded transactions, such that the payments would 
not increase or create a dual consolidated loss, and (ii) payments to 
separate units are made pursuant to intercompany transactions, such 
that the payments would reduce or eliminate a dual consolidated loss. 
The comment described additional rules--including a rule that would 
require a consolidated group to treat intercompany transactions and 
disregarded payments consistently for purposes of the dual consolidated 
loss rules--that might minimize tax planning opportunities arising from 
any such disparity. These proposed regulations address the concern 
raised in this comment with the disregarded payment loss rules, as 
discussed in part II of this Explanation of Provisions.
    Another comment raised the possibility that taxpayers may have 
differing views regarding the interaction of the matching rule with the 
dual consolidated loss rules under current law. As a result, taxpayers 
currently may be adopting different treatments of the section 1503(d) 
member's intercompany (or corresponding) items. Accordingly, the 
comment recommended clarifying how these rules interact.
    The dual consolidated loss rules are intended to take into account 
an item of a dual resident corporation, or attribute an item of a 
domestic owner to a separate unit, to the extent that the item is 
likely taken into account for foreign tax purposes. Because it is 
unlikely that a foreign jurisdiction would disregard an intercompany 
transaction (or, more generally, transactions between separate legal 
entities), it is consistent with the policies of the dual consolidated 
loss rules to take into account items arising from an intercompany 
transaction on a separate entity basis, to the extent of the 
application of section 1503(d). In

[[Page 64755]]

addition, the failure to take items arising from an intercompany 
transaction into account in an appropriate manner for the section 
1503(d) rules could lead to distortive results--both an under- and 
over-inclusive application of the dual consolidated loss rules--and 
could create inappropriate planning opportunities.
    Accordingly, and consistent with the approach recommended by the 
comments, the proposed regulations would amend Sec.  1.1502-13 to 
clarify the treatment of items that are subject to the section 1503(d) 
rules and the intercompany transaction regulations. Specifically, the 
proposed regulations clarify that a section 1503(d) member has special 
status under Sec.  1.1502-13(c)(5) for purposes of applying the dual 
consolidated loss rules. This approach is consistent with treating a 
member with losses from separate return limitation years as having 
special status under Sec.  1.1502-13(c)(5) for purposes of determining 
the member's SRLY limitation. See Sec.  1.1502-13(c)(7)(ii)(J)(4).
    As a result, if a section 1503(d) member's intercompany (or 
corresponding) loss otherwise would be taken into account in the 
current year, and if the dual consolidated loss rules apply to limit 
the use of that loss (causing the loss to not be currently deductible), 
the intercompany transaction regulations would not redetermine that 
loss as not being subject to the limitation under section 1503(d). 
Therefore, a section 1503(d) member's intercompany (or corresponding) 
loss could be limited (and therefore not currently deductible) under 
the dual consolidated loss rules, even though such an outcome is 
inconsistent with single entity treatment.
    In conjunction with the special status rule for the section 1503(d) 
member, the proposed regulations also clarify the treatment of the 
section 1503(d) member's counterparty in an intercompany transaction. 
Proposed Sec.  1.1502-13(j)(10)(iv) applies Sec.  1.1502-13(c) (the 
matching rule), or principles of the matching rule as relevant in Sec.  
1.1502-13(d) (the acceleration rule), to the counterparty member as if 
the section 1503(d) member were not subject to the dual consolidated 
loss rules. This approach is consistent with the special status rule in 
Sec.  1.1502-13(c)(5), which provides that, even though the Code or 
regulations require certain treatment of the special status member's 
items by reason of its special status, that treatment does not affect 
the attributes of the counterparty member's items under the matching 
rule.
    For example, assume that, in the current year, S (the counterparty 
member) has interest income, and B (a section 1503(d) member) has an 
interest deduction on an intercompany loan. Even if B's interest 
deduction were limited under the domestic use limitation under Sec.  
1.1503(d)-4(b) and therefore not currently deductible, S nevertheless 
would take its interest income into account in the current year under 
proposed Sec.  1.1502-13(j)(10)(iv). In other words, this rule 
clarifies that the intercompany transaction regulations would not 
redetermine the attributes of S's interest income to match the 
treatment of B's interest deduction in situations where B's deduction 
is limited due to B's special status as a section 1503(d) member. The 
Treasury Department and the IRS are of the view that redetermining S's 
interest income as not currently includible in these situations 
effectively would give the consolidated group the benefit of B's 
deduction and would not achieve the appropriate result under dual 
consolidated loss policy.
    These proposed regulations also clarify the order of operation 
between Sec.  1.1502-13 and the dual consolidated loss rules. The dual 
consolidated loss rules apply to an item only to the extent that the 
item is otherwise taken into account in income or loss. Consistent with 
this general rule, the proposed regulations clarify that (i) the 
intercompany transaction regulations apply first to determine when an 
intercompany (or corresponding) item is taken into account, and (ii) 
such item is then included in the dual consolidated loss computations. 
Thus, for example, in a year in which an intercompany deduction of S (a 
section 1503(d) member) is deferred under the intercompany transaction 
regulations, the deduction would not be included in computing S's 
income or dual consolidated loss for that year under section 1503(d). 
Moreover, when S's deduction is taken into account under the matching 
rule in a later year, that deduction would be included in S's dual 
consolidated loss computations for that year. See proposed Sec.  
1.1502-13(j)(15)(xi) for an example illustrating the application of the 
matching rule.
B. Computing Income or Dual Consolidated Loss
1. Items Arising From Ownership of Stock
    As discussed in part I.B of the Background section of this 
preamble, an item of income, gain, deduction, or loss is generally 
taken into account for purposes of computing income or dual 
consolidated loss to the extent it is likely that the relevant foreign 
country would take into account the item (assuming the item is 
recognized) for tax purposes. In many cases, gain from the sale or 
exchange of stock of a corporation, or a dividend from a corporation, 
is unlikely to be included in income in the foreign country due to, for 
example, a participation exemption or indirect foreign tax credits. In 
addition, an inclusion with respect to stock of a foreign corporation 
(such as under section 951(a)(1)(A) or 951A(a)) is unlikely to be taken 
into account (and therefore is unlikely to be included in income) in 
the foreign country; moreover, the difference resulting from these 
inclusions is likely to be permanent because the related earnings of 
the foreign corporation are unlikely to be included in income in the 
foreign country when distributed.
    Further, the Treasury Department and the IRS are aware that 
taxpayers may be affirmatively structuring into these rules to produce 
inappropriate double-deduction outcomes. For example, in order to 
eliminate a dual consolidated loss otherwise attributable to an 
interest in a disregarded entity, a domestic corporation could transfer 
the stock of a controlled foreign corporation (as defined in section 
957(a)) that gives rise to inclusions under section 951A(a) to that 
disregarded entity, even though the foreign country in which the 
disregarded entity is subject to tax does not tax income of, or 
distributions from, the controlled foreign corporation.
    In light of the prevalence of participation exemptions (or similar 
regimes that exempt income with respect to stock), coupled with 
taxpayers structuring into the rules to reduce or eliminate dual 
consolidated losses, the Treasury Department and the IRS are of the 
view that the rules should be revised. The proposed regulations 
therefore generally provide that items arising from the ownership of 
stock--such as gain recognized on the sale or exchange of stock, 
dividends (including by reason of section 1248), inclusions under 
section 951(a) (including by reason of section 245A(e)(2) or 964(e)(4)) 
or 951A(a), as well as deductions with respect thereto (including under 
section 245A(a) or 250(a)(1)(B))--are not taken into account for 
purposes of computing income or a dual consolidated loss. See proposed 
Sec.  1.1503(d)-5(b)(2)(iv)(A) and (c)(4)(iv)(A). These rules are not 
limited to items arising from the ownership of stock of a foreign 
corporation because, for example, a dividend from a domestic 
corporation may be eligible for a

[[Page 64756]]

participation exemption under the laws of the foreign country.
    However, these rules do not apply with respect to a dividend (or 
other inclusion) arising from a separate unit or dual resident 
corporation's ownership of portfolio stock of a corporation (domestic 
or foreign), which generally is defined as stock representing less than 
ten percent of the value of the corporation. See proposed Sec.  
1.1503(d)-5(b)(2)(iv)(B) and (c)(4)(iv)(B) and (C). In these cases, the 
items are likely to be included (or the related earnings are likely to 
be subsequently included when distributed) in income in the foreign 
country in which the separate unit or dual resident corporation is 
subject to tax. The proposed regulations are intended to ensure that 
these items, as offset or reduced by any deductions with respect to the 
items for U.S. tax purposes, are taken into account for purposes of 
computing income or a dual consolidated loss.
    The Treasury Department and the IRS are of the view that this 
approach is simpler and more administrable than an alternative approach 
that would consider the extent to which an item is, or will be, 
actually taken into account under the tax law of the foreign country in 
which the separate unit or dual resident corporation is subject to tax 
and not offset or reduced by an exemption, exclusion, deduction, 
credit, or other similar relief particular to the item. Further, in 
most cases a more precise approach would not lead to significantly 
different results given the likelihood that items of income arising 
from the ownership of stock will be offset or reduced under the tax 
laws of the foreign country.
    The Treasury Department and the IRS recognize that certain amounts 
included in the income of a domestic owner arising from the ownership 
of stock in a foreign corporation (in the case of a separate unit, 
regardless of whether the stock of the foreign corporation is held 
through the separate unit) may reflect amounts that have been subject 
to tax, to some extent, by both the foreign jurisdiction and the United 
States. For example, where a domestic owner of a separate unit that is 
taxed as a resident in a particular foreign jurisdiction holds stock of 
a controlled foreign corporation that is also taxed as a resident in 
the same foreign jurisdiction, the controlled foreign corporation's 
income may be taxed, to some extent, under the income tax laws of the 
foreign jurisdiction and by the United States through inclusions under 
section 951(a) or 951A(a); this could occur regardless of whether the 
inclusion itself is taken into account by the same foreign 
jurisdiction. To the extent such amounts are taxed in the same manner 
and to the same extent as if they were earned directly by the domestic 
owner, they could be viewed as representing dual inclusion income (that 
is, items that are included in income in both the United States and the 
foreign country and not offset or reduced by certain amounts particular 
to the item) that could be taken into account when determining the dual 
consolidated loss attributable to the separate unit.
    The proposed regulations do not provide a rule that would permit 
taxpayers to identify and take into account such amounts as dual 
inclusion income. Doing so would require complicated rules, and raise 
related administrability concerns, to isolate the amount of dual 
inclusion income with respect to a particular foreign jurisdiction (for 
example, where a controlled foreign corporation owns one or more 
disregarded entities that are subject to tax in different foreign 
jurisdictions). Such an approach would also need to take into account 
rate disparities (for example, as a result of the deduction allowed 
under section 250(a)(1)(B) with respect to inclusions under section 
951A) and other differences that may result between income earned 
directly by a domestic owner and earned indirectly through a controlled 
foreign corporation.
2. Adjustments To Conform to U.S. Tax Principles
    As discussed in part I.B of the Background section of this 
preamble, regarded items of a domestic owner generally are attributable 
to a hybrid entity separate unit to the extent they are reflected on 
the books and records of the hybrid entity. These items reflected on 
the books and records must, however, be adjusted to conform to U.S. tax 
principles. Such adjustments would include, for example, adjustments to 
reflect differences in the calculation of depreciation for accounting 
and tax purposes, and adjustments to eliminate items reflected on the 
books and records that are not deductible for tax purposes (such as a 
penalty or fine). See Sec.  1.1503(d)-7(c)(25) for an example 
illustrating adjustments to conform to U.S. tax principles.
    The Treasury Department and the IRS are aware that certain 
taxpayers may be taking the position that items that are not reflected 
on the books and records of a hybrid entity may nevertheless be 
attributable to the hybrid entity separate unit. Specifically, 
taxpayers may assert that the adjustments to the books and records 
necessary to conform to U.S. tax principles can include an item that 
has not been (and will not be) reflected on the books and records of 
the hybrid entity. For example, if a hybrid entity provides services to 
its domestic owner and receives a payment as compensation for those 
services that is generally disregarded for U.S. tax purposes, a 
taxpayer may take the position that a portion of the domestic owner's 
regarded income can be reallocated to the books and records of the 
hybrid entity (and, thus, taken into account by the hybrid entity 
separate unit) under, for example, the principles of section 482 or 
section 864(c).
    This position is incorrect under the current regulations and 
misinterprets the required adjustments under Sec.  1.1503(d)-
5(c)(3)(i). Such adjustments account for discrepancies between 
accounting treatment and U.S. tax treatment; they are not permitted to 
give effect to disregarded payments that Sec.  1.1503(d)-5(c)(1)(ii) 
explicitly excludes from the calculation of income or dual consolidated 
loss. See Sec.  1.1503(d)-7(c)(23) for an example illustrating the 
application of Sec.  1.1503(d)-5(c). Further, this position is contrary 
to the policy underlying Sec.  1.1503(d)-5(c)(3), which is to take into 
account only items that are regarded for U.S. tax purposes and also are 
(or have been or will be) reflected on the books and records of the 
hybrid entity. Nevertheless, for the avoidance of doubt, the proposed 
regulations clarify that the adjustments necessary to conform to U.S. 
tax principles do not permit the attribution to a hybrid entity 
separate unit, or an interest in a transparent entity, of any item that 
has not been and will not be reflected on the books and records of the 
hybrid entity or transparent entity. See proposed Sec.  1.1503(d)-
5(c)(3)(i); see also proposed Sec.  1.1503(d)-7(c)(23)(iii) for an 
example illustrating the application of Sec.  1.1503(d)-5(c); but see 
Sec. Sec.  1.1503(d)-5(c)(4)(iii), 1.1503(d)-5(c)(4)(v) and 1.1503(d)-
5(c)(4)(vi) (special attribution rules that do not require that an item 
be reflected on the books and records to be taken into account).
C. Anti-Avoidance Rule
    As discussed in sections I.A (interaction with the matching rule), 
I.B.1 (items arising from ownership of stock), I.B.2 (adjustments to 
conform to U.S. tax principles), and II.A. (disregarded payment losses) 
of this Explanation of Provisions, the Treasury Department and the IRS 
continue to learn of transactions or structures that attempt to obtain 
a double-deduction outcome while avoiding the application of the dual 
consolidated loss rules. In

[[Page 64757]]

addition, the Treasury Department and the IRS are aware of other 
avoidance transactions that may facilitate a double-deduction outcome 
by manipulating the computation of income or a dual consolidated loss 
with items that are not included in income, or do not give rise to tax, 
in the foreign country. For example, income-producing assets located 
within the United States could be transferred to, or otherwise be 
acquired by, a separate unit that is a tax resident in a jurisdiction 
that, pursuant to a participation exemption or similar regime 
(including a regime that grants a foreign tax credit for foreign taxes 
paid on foreign income), would exempt or otherwise not tax the income 
derived from those assets. Because such assets are located in the 
United States, however, taxpayers could assert that they would not give 
rise to a foreign branch separate unit and, assuming they are not held 
by a transparent entity, take the position that income derived from 
those assets would reduce or eliminate a dual consolidated loss 
(despite not being subject to tax in the foreign jurisdiction).
    Even if these particular transactions were also addressed by new 
rules in these proposed regulations, other avoidance transactions could 
continue to be developed. Accordingly, and rather than continuing to 
address these transactions on a case-by-case basis, the proposed 
regulations include an anti-avoidance rule that, in general, is 
intended to address additional transactions, or interpretations, that 
may attempt to avoid the purposes of the dual consolidated loss rules. 
See proposed Sec.  1.1503(d)-1(f); see also Sec.  1.1503(d)-7(c)(43) 
for an example illustrating the application of the anti-avoidance rule 
to a transfer of assets located in the United States to a separate 
unit. This anti-avoidance rule also applies with respect to 
transactions that attempt to avoid the purposes of the disregarded 
payment loss rules because, as discussed in part II of this Explanation 
of Provisions, such rules are also intended to address transactions 
that raise policy concerns similar to those arising under the dual 
consolidated loss rules. See proposed Sec.  1.1503(d)-1(f).
D. GloBE Model Rules
1. General Applicability of Dual Consolidated Loss Rules
    As discussed in part IV.B of the Background section of this 
preamble, Notice 2023-80 requested comments on the interaction of the 
dual consolidated loss rules with the GloBE Model Rules. In response, 
comments requested that the dual consolidated loss rules be made 
inapplicable with respect to a foreign tax based on the GloBE Model 
Rules. In support of these recommendations, comments asserted that the 
QDMTT, IIR, and UTPR have unique characteristics that are not present 
in the income taxes that were in existence when section 1503(d) was 
enacted. According to some comments, these taxes are not based on the 
traditional concept of tax residency and thus do not present the 
possibility for the mismatches in tax residency that the dual 
consolidated loss rules were intended to address. Comments further 
noted that the QDMTT, IIR, and UTPR are minimum taxes based on an MNE 
Group's financial accounting income and, in contrast to typical tax 
consolidation or group relief regimes, the aggregation of revenue or 
expense under the GloBE Model Rules is not elective. Finally, comments 
asserted that the IIR differs from a typical foreign income tax because 
it is not a tax on an entity's income (including income imputed from a 
subsidiary) arising in the foreign jurisdiction where the entity is a 
tax resident. According to these comments, a foreign use cannot occur 
under the current dual consolidated loss rules as a result of a loss 
being taken into account under an IIR if the entity incurring the loss 
is not a tax resident in the foreign jurisdiction imposing the IIR--
that is, these comments assert a foreign use can only occur if a dual 
consolidated loss is made available under the laws of the foreign 
jurisdiction in which the loss arises.
    As indicated in Notice 2023-80, the Treasury Department and the IRS 
are of the view that the aggregation of items of revenue and expense of 
Constituent Entities in the same jurisdiction in calculating the ETR 
can result in double-deduction outcomes that the dual consolidated loss 
rules were intended to address. First, despite the differences between 
the GloBE Model Rules and more traditional foreign income tax systems, 
the GloBE Model Rules can also present a typical example of tax 
residency arbitrage that the dual consolidated loss rules were intended 
to address. For example, assume USP, a domestic corporation, owns all 
the interests in DEx, an entity organized under the laws of Country X 
that is disregarded as an entity separate from its owner. DEx, in turn, 
owns all the stock in CFCx, a foreign corporation organized under the 
laws of Country X. DEx incurs a $100x loss and CFCx generates $100x of 
income. If Country X does not impose an income tax on Country X 
entities, then the $100x loss incurred by DEx would not be a dual 
consolidated loss with respect to USP's interests in DEx. See Sec.  
1.1503(d)-1(b)(5)(ii), (b)(3), and (b)(4)(i). This is appropriate as 
the loss could not be used to offset CFCx's income and give rise to a 
double-deduction outcome because there is no Country X income tax that 
could be reduced as a result of the offset. If, however, Country X 
enacted a QDMTT that is an income tax, and absent the application of 
the dual consolidated loss rules, the $100x loss of DEx could then be 
available to reduce U.S. tax imposed on USP's income as well as the 
Country X QDMTT imposed on CFCx's income. The Treasury Department and 
the IRS are of the view that as a matter of the policy underlying the 
dual consolidated loss rules there is no meaningful distinction between 
using DEx's $100x loss to offset the Country X QDMTT versus using the 
loss to instead offset a more traditional income tax imposed by Country 
X; both cases give rise to a double-deduction outcome. Further, a 
double-deduction outcome could also occur if the loss were to offset 
income under another country's IIR, rather than under a QDMTT.
    Moreover, the features of the IIR or QDMTT noted by comments--such 
as using financial accounting income as a starting point for purposes 
of determining GloBE Income or Loss, or being a minimum tax--do not 
preclude an IIR or QDMTT from being the type of tax to which the dual 
consolidated loss rules were intended to apply. Indeed, these types of 
features are included in the U.S. income tax. See, for example, 
sections 55, 56A, and 59 (corporate alternative minimum tax). The 
sharing of the loss through the mechanics of calculating Net GloBE 
Income similarly is an insufficient basis to distinguish the IIR or 
QDMTT from a more traditional foreign income tax where the loss is 
shared pursuant to a consolidation election or similar loss-sharing 
regime.
    As an alternative to a foreign use exception, some comments 
recommended an anti-abuse rule that provides that a foreign use can 
only occur as a result of aggregation under the GloBE Model Rules if 
the losses were created for a tax-avoidance purpose. These proposed 
regulations do not provide such an anti-abuse rule because there is no 
indication in the statutory language or legislative history that the 
application of the dual consolidated loss rules should be limited to 
losses incurred for a tax-

[[Page 64758]]

avoidance purpose.\15\ Many deductions that can be structured to give 
rise to a double-deduction outcome are incurred for non-tax business 
reasons, such as interest expense incurred on external debt that is 
issued to acquire property or fund business operations.
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

    \15\ In contrast, the anti-avoidance rule under proposed Sec.  
1.1503(d)-1(f) is intended to backstop the dual consolidated loss 
rules, which apply to losses without regard to whether incurred for 
a tax-avoidance purpose.
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

    Accordingly, the proposed regulations provide that an income tax 
may include a tax that is intended to ensure a minimum level of 
taxation on income or computes income or loss by reference to financial 
accounting net income or loss. See proposed Sec.  1.1503(d)-
1(b)(6)(ii). Therefore, an IIR or QDMTT may be an income tax for 
purposes of the dual consolidated loss rules and a foreign use may 
occur under such tax by reason of a loss being used in the calculation 
of Net GloBE Income or to qualify for a Transitional CbCR Safe Harbour. 
See proposed Sec.  1.1503(d)-7(c)(3)(ii) for an example illustrating 
the application of the dual consolidated loss rules with respect to a 
QDMTT. These proposed regulations do not, however, provide specific 
guidance regarding the UTPR. The Treasury Department and the IRS 
continue to analyze issues related to the UTPR.
2. Effect on Certain Entities and Foreign Business Operations
    As discussed in parts I.A, I.B, and I.E of the Background section 
of this preamble, the definitions of hybrid entity, hybrid entity 
separate unit, and dual resident corporation are each based, in part, 
on whether the relevant entity is subject to an income tax of a foreign 
country on its worldwide income or on a residence basis. The definition 
of a foreign branch separate unit, on the other hand, is based on the 
level of activities required to constitute a foreign branch under Sec.  
1.367(a)-6T(g)(1) (subject to an exception where business operations do 
not constitute a permanent establishment under an applicable income tax 
convention). Among other requirements, an entity is a transparent 
entity only if it is not subject to an income tax of a foreign country 
on its worldwide income or on a residence basis.
    As discussed in part IV.A of the Background section of this 
preamble, a top-up tax may be collected by a jurisdiction with respect 
to the Net GloBE Income of a Constituent Entity under a QDMTT or an 
IIR. The top-up tax under an IIR with respect to the Net GloBE Income 
of an entity located in one jurisdiction may be collected by a 
different jurisdiction from another Constituent Entity in the MNE 
Group. As mentioned in part I.D.1 of this Explanation of Provisions, 
comments have asserted that the IIR is not based on the traditional 
concept of tax residency and, if a loss does not arise in the foreign 
jurisdiction that assesses the tax, the dual consolidated loss rules do 
not apply.
    The Treasury Department and the IRS are of the view, that where a 
loss reduces or eliminates the amount of Net GloBE Income in a 
jurisdiction, the results under the dual consolidated loss rules should 
be the same regardless of the jurisdiction collecting tax with respect 
to the amount of Jurisdictional Top-up Tax. For example, assume a 
domestic corporation (``DC'') owns a foreign disregarded entity 
(``FDEx''), a tax resident in Country X that imposes a QDMTT that is an 
income tax. Further assume that FDEx owns all the stock of a foreign 
corporation organized under the laws of Country X (``CFCx'') and that 
is also a tax resident in Country X. FDEx should be treated as subject 
to the QDMTT, and as a hybrid entity as a result of being subject to 
the QDMTT, to prevent the double-deduction outcome discussed in part 
I.D.1 of this Explanation of Provisions.
    Alternatively, assume that DC owns another disregarded entity 
(``FDEy''), that is a tax resident in Country Y, a jurisdiction that 
imposes an IIR that is income tax, and FDEy owns FDEx, which owns CFCx, 
and that Country X does not impose a QDMTT. In this case, a loss of 
FDEx can reduce the GloBE Income of CFCx for purposes of the Country Y 
IIR and, as was the case with a Country X QDMTT (that is also 
calculated in part by reference to FDEx's income), a double-deduction 
outcome may result. The treatment of an interest in FDEx as a separate 
unit should not be affected if, instead of the QDMTT being collected 
from FDEx with respect to its GloBE Income, an IIR is collected on 
FDEy, the owner of FDEx, with respect to the GloBE Income of FDEx. 
Moreover, a loss of FDEx cannot offset income of a Country Y 
Constituent Entity for purposes of the Country Y IIR and, therefore, 
the FDEx separate unit should not be part of a combined separate unit 
that includes FDEy, which would otherwise distort the calculation of 
income or loss attributable to the combined Country Y separate unit. In 
other words, specifically identifying these separate units is necessary 
to apply the separate unit combination rule, including for purposes of 
describing the location of separate units arising from a QDMTT or an 
IIR.
    Accordingly, the proposed regulations generally provide that if the 
income or loss of a foreign entity that is not taxed as an association 
for Federal income tax purposes is taken into account in determining 
the amount of tax under an IIR, then a domestic corporation's directly 
or indirectly held interest in such an entity is a hybrid entity 
separate unit. See proposed Sec.  1.1503(d)-1(b)(4)(i)(B)(2). Further, 
such a hybrid entity separate unit would form part of a combined 
separate unit based on where the relevant entity is located for 
purposes of the IIR. See proposed Sec.  1.1503(d)-1(b)(4)(ii)(A) and 
(b)(4)(ii)(B)(2). Thus, in both variations of the example in the 
preceding paragraph, the interest in FDEx would, by reason of the 
relevant foreign income tax, be treated as a separate unit in Country 
X, which is the country in which FDEx is located for purposes of the 
QDMTT and IIR. Further, because a double-deduction outcome may also 
result from a place of business conducted by a domestic corporation 
outside the United States that is treated as a Permanent Establishment 
with respect to a QDMTT or an IIR, the proposed regulations would treat 
such a place of business as a foreign branch separate unit. See 
proposed Sec.  1.1503(d)-1(b)(4)(i)(A)(2).
    These new definitions of hybrid entity separate unit and foreign 
branch separate unit do not apply to an interest in an entity, or place 
of business, respectively, that would otherwise qualify as a separate 
unit under the definitions included in the current regulations. This is 
because a loss attributable to a separate unit as defined under the 
current regulations is already a dual consolidated loss and, thus, 
additional rules are not necessary to prevent a double-deduction 
outcome from occurring as a result of the use of losses attributable to 
such separate units for purposes of a QDMTT or IIR. For example, if a 
hybrid entity's loss is also taken into account in determining the 
amount of tax under an IIR, a foreign use may result if a dual 
consolidated loss attributable to an interest in the entity is made 
available to offset income either for purposes of the foreign income 
tax to which the entity is subject or for purposes of the IIR.
    Under the proposed regulations, being subject to an IIR would not 
cause an interest in a Tax Transparent Entity to be a hybrid entity 
separate unit. See proposed Sec.  1.1503(d)-1(b)(4)(i)(B)(2). Although 
a calculation of GloBE Income or Loss is required for a Tax Transparent 
Entity, for purposes of an IIR, all of the entity's Financial 
Accounting Net Income or Loss is allocated to its owners

[[Page 64759]]

(or to a permanent establishment of the entity) and, thus, it is 
unlikely that a loss attributable to an interest in such an entity 
could give rise to a double-deduction outcome. This treatment is also 
consistent with the treatment, and policy rationale, under the existing 
dual consolidated loss rules that an interest in a partnership that is 
not a hybrid entity is not a separate unit.
    The Treasury Department and the IRS are of the view that the 
treatment of a foreign entity or a place of business outside the United 
States as a Stateless Constituent Entity should not preclude treating a 
domestic corporation's interest in such an entity or the place of 
business as an individual separate unit. Even though the GloBE Income 
or Loss of a Stateless Constituent Entity is not combined with the 
GloBE Income or Loss of any other Constituent Entity, treating an 
interest in such an entity or a place of business as an individual 
separate unit is appropriate to prevent double-deduction outcomes that 
may nevertheless arise (for example, if the foreign entity were to 
generate a loss during the first half of the taxable year and then 
elect to be treated as a foreign corporation for U.S. tax purposes).
    The income or loss of a domestic entity may also be taken into 
account in determining the amount of tax imposed under an IIR (for 
example, if a domestic corporation were wholly owned by a foreign 
corporation organized under the laws of a jurisdiction that imposed an 
IIR). However, the Treasury Department and the IRS are of the view that 
the IIR alone should not cause a domestic entity to be treated as a 
dual resident corporation or a hybrid entity. The dual consolidated 
loss rules are intended to prevent double-deduction outcomes that can 
arise from structures involving the possibility of a form of arbitrage, 
such as from an entity or place of business being subject to tax in 
more than one country, or from the entity or place of business having 
different tax classifications under U.S. and foreign tax law. Absent 
this type of arbitrage, the dual consolidated loss rules would not 
apply to limit the deductibility of a domestic entity's loss due to 
that entity's income or loss being reflected in the amount of tax 
imposed under an IIR (or a similar shareholder-level tax). Moreover, if 
a loss of a domestic entity were viewed as giving rise to a second 
deduction because it is taken into account to determine the amount of 
tax imposed under an IIR, the loss is likely only available to offset 
dual inclusion income (and therefore would not give rise to a double-
deduction outcome) since the income of any domestic affiliate that 
could be offset by the loss for domestic tax purposes should also be 
taken into account in determining the amount of tax imposed under the 
IIR. Accordingly, under the proposed regulations a domestic entity is 
not treated as a dual resident corporation or a hybrid entity solely as 
a result of the domestic entity's income or loss being taken into 
account in determining the amount of an IIR. See proposed Sec.  
1.1503(d)-7(c)(3)(iii) for an example illustrating the treatment of 
domestic entities under an IIR. Applying the dual consolidated loss 
rules only when there is an element of hybridity (or mismatch) is 
consistent with the scope of both the current dual consolidated loss 
regulations and the OECD reports addressing hybrid and branch mismatch 
arrangements.\16\
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

    \16\ See, for example, OECD/G20, Neutralising the Effects of 
Hybrid Mismatch Arrangements, Action 2: 2015 Final Report (October 
2015) (``Hybrid Mismatch Report''), Part I recommendations, 
paragraph 13 (``While cross-border mismatches arise in other 
contexts (such as the payment of deductible interest to a tax exempt 
entity), the only types of mismatches targeted by this report are 
those that rely on a hybrid element to produce such outcomes.'').
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

3. Application to Transitional CbCR Safe Harbour
    Comments requested guidance providing that, even if the dual 
consolidated loss rules apply with respect to the GloBE Model Rules, a 
foreign use should not occur solely because a dual consolidated loss is 
taken into account for purposes of the Transitional CbCR Safe Harbour. 
The comments noted that, unlike the QDMTT, IIR, and UTPR, the 
Transitional CbCR Safe Harbour is not a collection mechanism and thus 
does not operate to impose a tax liability. Instead, according to some 
comments, the Transitional CbCR Safe Harbour can be viewed as a 
``gating'' mechanism to determine if a taxpayer is subject to tax, 
similar to a determination of whether activity rises to the level of a 
permanent establishment under an applicable tax treaty. Further, 
comments claimed that the calculation of income and expenses under the 
Transitional CbCR Safe Harbour is substantially different from such 
calculations under the general GloBE Model Rules and generally accepted 
accounting principles.
    Because the Transitional CbCR Safe Harbour is intended to serve as 
a simplified proxy for determining whether the Tested Jurisdiction is 
likely to have an ETR that is at or above the minimum rate, the 
Treasury Department and the IRS are of the view that a foreign use 
exception for the Transitional CbCR Safe Harbour is not appropriate 
where, in the absence of the Transitional CbCR Safe Harbour, a dual 
consolidated loss could be made available to reduce the amount of 
income subject to a Top-up Tax. In other words, the use of a loss or 
expense to qualify for the Transitional CbCR Safe Harbour, and thereby 
avoid tax that may otherwise be imposed under the GloBE Model Rules 
absent the application of the Transitional CbCR Safe Harbour, has the 
same double-deduction outcome effect as if the loss or expense were 
made available to directly reduce the tax. As a result, a foreign use 
may occur with respect to the application of the Transitional CbCR Safe 
Harbour. See proposed Sec.  1.1503(d)-7(c)(3)(ii) for an example 
illustrating that duplicate loss arrangement rules may prevent such a 
foreign use.
    Finally, one comment requested guidance that jurisdictional 
blending in a Tested Jurisdiction under the GloBE Model Rules does not 
constitute a foreign use of a dual consolidated loss if the 
Transitional CbCR Safe Harbour is satisfied in that Tested Jurisdiction 
after the application of the duplicate loss arrangement rules. This 
concern could arise because satisfying the Transitional CbCR Safe 
Harbour in a Tested Jurisdiction technically does not preclude the 
application of the GloBE Model Rules (and, thus, technically would not 
preclude a foreign use that could occur under the ``made available'' 
standard), but rather only deems the Jurisdictional Top-up Tax in the 
Tested Jurisdiction to be zero. Consistent with the guidance requested 
in this comment, the proposed regulations provide a limited foreign use 
exception under which there is deemed to be no foreign use with respect 
to the GloBE Model Rules where the Transitional CbCR Safe Harbour is 
satisfied and no foreign use occurs with respect to the Transitional 
CbCR Safe Harbour due to the application of the duplicate loss 
arrangement rules. See proposed Sec.  1.1503(d)-3(c)(9). For the 
avoidance of doubt, however, this foreign use exception does not 
preclude a foreign use from occurring if the duplicate loss arrangement 
rules do not apply and a dual consolidated loss is taken into account 
in determining whether the Transitional CbCR Safe Harbour is satisfied.
4. Mirror Legislation
    As discussed in part IV.C. of the Background section of this 
preamble, the December 2023 Administrative Guidance contains rules that 
disallow expenses for purposes of qualifying for the Transitional CbCR 
Safe Harbour if there is a duplicate loss arrangement. An arrangement 
qualifies as a duplicate loss arrangement, in relevant part, if an

[[Page 64760]]

expense or loss in the financial statements of a Constituent Entity 
also gives rise to a duplicate amount that is deductible in determining 
the taxable income of another Constituent Entity in another 
jurisdiction. Comments requested guidance as to whether the duplicate 
loss arrangement rules in the December 2023 Administrative Guidance 
constitute mirror legislation (within the meaning of Sec.  1.1503(d)-
3(e)(1)).
    As discussed in part I.D of the Background section of this 
preamble, the taxpayer's ability to choose the jurisdiction in which a 
dual consolidated loss is used is a long-standing feature of the dual 
consolidated loss rules. The mirror legislation rule was issued to 
address situations where foreign legislation undermines the taxpayer's 
ability to choose by denying any opportunity for a foreign use of a 
particular dual consolidated loss and thereby compelling the taxpayer 
to make a domestic use election. However, not all forms of foreign law 
that deny the foreign use of deductions composing a dual consolidated 
loss are mirror legislation. See Sec.  1.1503(d)-7(c)(18)(iii) for an 
example illustrating that a foreign law similar to the dual 
consolidated loss rules is not mirror legislation because it permits 
the loss to be used in that jurisdiction if the loss is not used in 
another jurisdiction.
    The Treasury Department and the IRS are of the view that a 
taxpayer's ability to choose whether to put a dual consolidated loss to 
a domestic use or a foreign use can be preserved even if the foreign 
law does not explicitly provide an election to use the loss (like the 
dual consolidated loss rules) and instead only denies a loss to avoid a 
double-deduction outcome. The duplicate loss arrangement rules in the 
December 2023 Administrative Guidance preserve such a choice and thus 
do not constitute mirror legislation because a dual consolidated loss 
could be put to a foreign use for purposes of the Transitional CbCR 
Safe Harbour. That is, if no domestic use election is made with respect 
to a dual consolidated loss, then the loss is subject to the domestic 
use limitation, and the duplicate loss arrangement rules should not 
apply because the loss would not be deductible for purposes of 
determining the taxable income of another Constituent Entity in another 
jurisdiction. If, on the other hand, a domestic use election is made 
for a dual consolidated loss, then the loss would be put to a domestic 
use and the duplicate loss arrangement rules should prevent the expense 
or loss from being taken into account for purposes of the Transitional 
CbCR Safe Harbour (that is, they should prevent a foreign use). Thus, 
through its ability to make or forgo a domestic use election, a 
taxpayer retains the choice to put a dual consolidated loss to a 
domestic use or a foreign use (but not both). For the same reason, the 
double-deduction rules included in the OECD report addressing hybrid 
and branch mismatch arrangements,\17\ which similarly deny the foreign 
use of a dual consolidated loss to the extent it is deductible in 
another jurisdiction, do not constitute mirror legislation.\18\ 
Accordingly, the proposed regulations clarify that foreign law that 
preserves a taxpayer's choice to put a dual consolidated loss to a 
domestic use or a foreign use (but not both) does not constitute mirror 
legislation, even if there are specific instances where the foreign law 
denies the foreign use of a deduction or expense to the extent 
necessary to prevent a double-deduction outcome. See proposed Sec.  
1.1503(d)-7(c)(18)(iv) for an example illustrating a foreign law that 
provides such a choice.
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

    \17\ See the Hybrid Mismatch Report; OECD/G20, Neutralising the 
Effects of Branch Mismatch Arrangements, Action 2: Inclusive 
Framework on BEPS (July 2017).
    \18\ See, for example, New Zealand's Tax Information Bulletin, 
Vol. 31 No. 3 April 2019 at p. 50, which discusses New Zealand's 
deduction disallowance rules that are based on the double-deduction 
rules in the Hybrid Mismatch Report. In discussing the interaction 
of the New Zealand rules with the dual consolidated loss rules, the 
Bulletin provides:
    Expenditure incurred by a US taxpayer, or a New Zealand hybrid 
entity which is deductible by a US owner, will not be subject to 
[New Zealand's deduction disallowance rules] so long as the US 
taxpayer is subject to the [dual consolidated loss] rules and has 
not made a domestic use election. If the US taxpayer has made a 
domestic use election, then [the New Zealand deduction disallowance 
rules] will apply to deny a deduction for the expenditure. That is 
because the domestic use election is an election that the [dual 
consolidated loss] rules do not apply to the US taxpayer in respect 
of the relevant expenditure.
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

5. Transition Rules
    As discussed in part IV.B of the Background section of this 
preamble, Notice 2023-80 announced that future regulations would be 
promulgated concerning legacy DCLs (that is, certain dual consolidated 
losses incurred before any legislation enacting the GloBE Model Rules 
is effective).
    Several comments requested that the foreign use exception described 
in Notice 2023-80 be extended to include dual consolidated losses 
incurred in taxable years beginning after December 31, 2023 (for 
example, for taxable years ending on or before December 31, 2024, or 
taxable years beginning in the year that final regulations concerning 
the applicability of the dual consolidated loss rules with respect to 
the QDMTT and IIR are issued). Comments asserted that the extension of 
the foreign use exception is warranted to provide certainty and to take 
into account further developments from the OECD, such as the possible 
future application of the duplicate loss arrangement rules outside the 
context of the Transitional CbCR Safe Harbour.
    The Treasury Department and the IRS are of the view that it is 
appropriate to extend, for a limited period, relief from the 
application of the dual consolidated loss rules with respect to the 
GloBE Model Rules. This would provide taxpayers more certainty, allow 
for further consideration of these proposed regulations and comments 
that may be submitted, and allow for consideration of any future 
developments at the OECD. Extending the relief only for a limited 
period is intended to minimize the double-deduction outcomes that may 
result. Accordingly, and subject to an anti-abuse rule, these proposed 
regulations provide that the dual consolidated loss rules apply without 
taking into account QDMTTs or Top-up Taxes with respect to losses 
incurred in taxable years beginning before August 6, 2024. See proposed 
Sec.  1.1503(d)-8(b)(12).
    In addition to not being limited to legacy DCLs, this transition 
relief differs from the relief provided in Notice 2023-80 in that it 
applies beyond foreign use, applying with respect to all the dual 
consolidated loss rules (including foreign use). This broader relief is 
intended, in part, to relieve the administrative burden of having to 
file a domestic use election and annual certifications for dual 
consolidated losses that would otherwise qualify for the foreign use 
exception described in Notice 2023-80 (or for the additional relief 
provided under the proposed regulations). Further, this would prevent a 
loss from being subject to recapture as a result of a triggering event 
other than a foreign use, such as the failure to file an annual 
certification.
6. Interaction With Anti-Hybrid Rules
    As noted in part IV.B of the Background section of this preamble, 
the Treasury Department and the IRS are studying the interaction of the 
GloBE Model Rules with the rules under sections 245A(e) and 267A and 
request comments in this regard. For example, the Treasury Department 
and the IRS are considering whether a foreign country's traditional 
income tax and a Top-up Tax with respect to the operations in the 
foreign country should be viewed as part of the same ``tax laws''

[[Page 64761]]

of the country for purposes of section 267A.
E. Applicability Dates
    Proposed Sec.  1.1502-13(j)(10), relating to the interaction of the 
dual consolidated loss rules with the intercompany transaction 
regulations, is proposed to apply to taxable years for which the 
original Federal income tax return is due (without extensions) after 
the date that final regulations are published in the Federal Register. 
See proposed Sec.  1.1502-13(l)(11). However, taxpayers may apply 
proposed Sec.  1.1502-13(j)(10), once published in the Federal Register 
as final regulations, to an earlier taxable year that remains open, 
provided that the taxpayer and all members of its consolidated group 
apply the regulations consistently in that taxable year and each 
subsequent taxable year. See id.
    The parenthetical in proposed Sec.  1.1503(d)-1(c)(1)(ii), 
clarifying that a specified foreign tax resident that is a disregarded 
entity can be related to a domestic consenting corporation for purposes 
of Sec.  1.1503(d)-1(c)(1)(ii), is proposed to apply to determinations 
relating to taxable years ending on or after August 6, 2024. See 
proposed Sec.  1.1503(d)-8(b)(6).
    Proposed Sec.  1.1503(d)-5(b)(2)(iv) and (c)(4)(iv), relating to 
the attribution of items arising from ownership of stock, are proposed 
to apply to taxable years ending on or after August 6, 2024. See 
proposed Sec.  1.1503(d)-8(b)(9).
    The fourth and fifth sentences of proposed Sec.  1.1503(d)-
5(c)(3)(i), relating to the adjustments to conform to U.S. tax 
principles, are proposed to apply to taxable years ending on or after 
August 6, 2024. See proposed Sec.  1.1503(d)-8(b)(10). As noted in part 
I.B.2 of this Explanation of Provisions, the proposed addition of these 
two sentences is intended merely to clarify the existing regulation for 
the avoidance of any doubt. The IRS may challenge contrary positions 
for taxable years ending before August 6, 2024 under the rules 
applicable to such taxable years.
    Proposed Sec.  1.1503(d)-8(b)(12), relating to the application of 
the dual consolidated loss rules without regard to QDMTTs or Top-up 
Taxes, applies with respect to losses incurred in taxable years 
beginning before August 6, 2024.
    Proposed Sec.  1.1503(d)-3(c)(9), relating to the foreign use 
exception for qualification for the Transitional CbCR Safe Harbour, is 
proposed to apply to taxable years beginning on or after August 6, 
2024. See proposed Sec.  1.1503(d)-8(b)(13).
    Proposed Sec. Sec.  1.1503(d)-1(b)(4)(i)(A)(2), 1.1503(d)-
1(b)(4)(i)(B)(2), and 1.1503(d)-1(b)(4)(ii)(B)(2), relating to separate 
units arising as a result of a QDMTT or IIR, apply to taxable years 
beginning on or after August 6, 2024. See proposed Sec.  1.1503(d)-
8(b)(14).
    Proposed Sec.  1.1503(d)-1(f), relating to an anti-avoidance rule, 
is proposed to apply to taxable years ending on or after August 6, 
2024. See proposed Sec.  1.1503(d)-8(b)(15).
    Proposed Sec.  1.1503(d)-1(b)(6)(ii), relating to minimum taxes and 
taxes based on financial accounting principles, is proposed to apply to 
taxable years ending on or after August 6, 2024. See proposed Sec.  
1.1503(d)-8(b)(16).
    A taxpayer may rely on these proposed regulations for any taxable 
year ending on or after August 6, 2024 and beginning on or before the 
date that regulations finalizing these proposed regulations are 
published in the Federal Register, provided that the taxpayer and all 
members of its consolidated group apply the proposed regulations in 
their entirety and in a consistent manner for all taxable years 
beginning with the first taxable year of reliance until the 
applicability date of those final regulations. In addition, a taxpayer 
may rely on the foreign use exception described in Notice 2023-80 for 
any taxable year ending on or after December 11, 2023 and before August 
6, 2024, provided that the taxpayer and all members of its consolidated 
group apply those rules in their entirety and in a consistent manner 
for all taxable years beginning with the first taxable year of reliance 
until the applicability date of the final regulations on this topic.

II. Rules Regarding Disregarded Payment Losses

A. Overview
    The preamble to the 2018 proposed regulations describes structures 
involving payments from foreign disregarded entities to their domestic 
corporate owners that are regarded for foreign tax purposes but 
disregarded for U.S. tax purposes. For foreign tax purposes, the 
payments give rise to a deduction or loss that, for example, can be 
surrendered (or otherwise used, such as through a consolidation regime) 
to offset non-dual inclusion income. The preamble notes that these 
structures are not addressed under the current section 1503(d) 
regulations but give rise to significant policy concerns that are 
similar to those arising under sections 245A(e), 267A, and 1503(d). In 
addition, the preamble states that the Treasury Department and the IRS 
are studying these transactions and request comments.
    In response to this request, a comment agreed that these structures 
can produce a deduction/no-inclusion (``D/NI'') outcome. In a similar 
context, the comment asserted that arriving at the correct result would 
generally require, for U.S. tax purposes, disaggregating a disregarded 
payment into a regarded item of deduction and a regarded item of 
income, and taking such items into account for purposes of the dual 
consolidated loss rules to the extent reflected on the books and 
records of the entity. However, the comment did not recommend this 
approach due to complexity, noting, for example, that it would require 
tracking of transactions between a foreign disregarded entity and its 
domestic corporate owner, as well as determining the character and 
source of items that would not otherwise exist for U.S. tax purposes. 
To mitigate certain D/NI outcomes, the comment recommended an 
alternative approach, which would track disregarded items only so as to 
offset regarded items, and thus not so as to create items of income and 
deduction. The comment conceded, however, that this approach would not 
address the paradigm structure involving only disregarded deductions 
that give rise to D/NI outcomes and therefore would not address the 
policy concerns. The comment queried whether it might be better for the 
dual consolidated loss rules not to apply, with the expectation that 
the foreign jurisdiction could, in some cases, eliminate D/NI outcomes 
by denying the foreign tax deduction.
    The Treasury Department and the IRS are of the view that treating 
items otherwise disregarded for U.S. tax purposes as regarded could 
give rise to considerable complexity, and that the alternative approach 
recommended by the comment would not address the paradigm structure, 
and therefore would not sufficiently address the policy concerns 
underlying these structures. Accordingly, neither of these approaches 
is adopted. However, the Treasury Department and the IRS are not of the 
view that these structures should be addressed only to the extent of 
applicable foreign tax rules addressing D/NI outcomes; in the absence 
of a foreign tax rule denying a foreign tax deduction, these structures 
would continue to give rise to the significant policy concerns noted 
above. In addition, the OECD/G20 recommends defensive rules that 
require income inclusions to neutralize D/NI outcomes. See, for 
example, Hybrid Mismatch

[[Page 64762]]

Report Recommendations 1.1(b) and 3.1(b).
    Accordingly, the proposed regulations address these structures 
through the entity classification rules under section 7701 and the dual 
consolidated loss rules under section 1503(d), in a manner that is 
consistent with the ``domestic consenting corporation'' approach under 
Sec. Sec.  301.7701-3(c)(3) and 1.1503(d)-1(c) addressing domestic 
reverse hybrids. Under this approach, when certain eligible entities 
(``specified eligible entities'') are treated as disregarded entities 
for U.S. tax purposes, a domestic corporation that acquires, or on the 
effective date of the election directly or indirectly owns, interests 
in such a specified eligible entity consents to be subject to the rules 
of proposed Sec.  1.1503(d)-1(d). See proposed Sec.  301.7701-
3(c)(4)(i).
    Pursuant to these rules (the ``disregarded payment loss'' rules), 
and as further discussed in part II.B. of this Explanation of 
Provisions, the domestic corporation agrees that it will monitor a net 
loss of the entity under a foreign tax law that is composed of certain 
payments that are disregarded for U.S. tax purposes and, if a D/NI 
outcome occurs as to the loss, include in gross income an amount equal 
to the loss. See proposed Sec.  1.1503(d)-1(d)(1). The Treasury 
Department and the IRS are of the view that the domestic corporation's 
inclusion of the amount in gross income generally neutralizes the D/NI 
outcome, and places the parties in approximately the same position in 
which they would have been had the specified eligible entity not been 
permitted to be classified as a disregarded entity. In addition, the 
Treasury Department and the IRS are of the view that this approach is 
more administrable than alternative approaches, such as disaggregating 
each disregarded payment into a regarded item of deduction and income, 
or, upon a D/NI outcome as to the loss, terminating the specified 
eligible entity's classification retroactive to the taxable year in 
which the loss was incurred. These alternative approaches would have 
the same effect of giving rise to an item of income to the domestic 
corporation because the payment would be regarded.
    The proposed regulations also include a deemed consent rule 
pursuant to which, beginning on the date that is twelve months after 
the date that the disregarded payment loss rules are applicable, a 
domestic corporation that directly or indirectly owns interests in a 
specified eligible entity is deemed to consent to be subject to the 
rules, to the extent it has not otherwise so consented. See proposed 
Sec.  301.7701-3(c)(4)(iii) and (vi). This default rule is intended to 
reflect the result that taxpayers would be expected to favor (for 
example, to avoid the various income inclusion rules that would 
typically apply upon the conversion of a hybrid entity to a foreign 
corporation). However, the deemed consent can be avoided if the 
specified eligible entity elects to be treated as an association.\19\ 
See proposed Sec.  301.7701-3(c)(4)(iv). Further, the twelve-month 
delay for deemed consent provides an opportunity to restructure 
existing arrangements to avoid the application of the disregarded 
payment loss rules without changing the classification of a specified 
eligible entity.
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

    \19\ The deemed consent rule could also be avoided by 
restructuring such that the rule would not apply, for example, by 
contributing the interests in the specified eligible entity to a 
foreign corporation or by converting the entity into a partnership.
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

B. Consequences of Consent
1. In General
    When a domestic corporation consents to be subject to the 
disregarded payment loss rules, the domestic corporation agrees that if 
the specified eligible entity (described below) incurs a disregarded 
payment loss during a certification period (discussed in section II.B.3 
of this Explanation of Provisions) and a triggering event occurs with 
respect to that loss, then the domestic corporation will include in 
gross income the DPL inclusion amount. See proposed Sec.  1.1503(d)-
1(d)(1)(i). These rules also apply to a disregarded payment loss of a 
foreign branch of the domestic corporation because disregarded payments 
from the domestic corporation to the specified eligible entity may, 
under the branch's tax law, be attributable to, and deductible by, the 
branch and thus could produce a D/NI outcome (for example, if the 
branch surrendered the loss to a foreign corporation). See id.
    In general, a specified eligible entity is an entity that, when 
classified as a disregarded entity, could pay or receive amounts that 
could give rise to a D/NI outcome by reason of being disregarded for 
U.S. tax purposes but deductible for foreign tax purposes. Thus, a 
specified eligible entity includes an eligible entity (regardless of 
whether domestic or foreign) that is a foreign tax resident (which, in 
the case of a domestic eligible entity, may occur, for example, if the 
entity is managed and controlled in a foreign country), because amounts 
paid by such an entity may be disregarded for U.S. tax purposes but 
deductible for foreign tax purposes. See proposed Sec.  301.7701-
3(c)(4)(i).
2. Disregarded Payment Loss Computation
    A disregarded payment loss with respect to a specified eligible 
entity or a foreign branch (in either case, a ``disregarded payment 
entity,'' and the domestic corporation that consents to be subject to 
the disregarded payment loss rules, the ``specified domestic owner'' of 
the disregarded payment entity) is computed for each foreign taxable 
year of the entity. See proposed Sec.  1.1503(d)-1(d)(6)(ii). The 
disregarded payment loss generally measures the entity's net loss, if 
any, for foreign tax purposes that is composed of certain payments that 
are disregarded for U.S. tax purposes as transactions between the 
disregarded payment entity and its tax owner (for example, a payment by 
the disregarded payment entity to the specified domestic owner or to 
another disregarded payment entity of the specified domestic owner), or 
as a transaction between a foreign branch and its home office (for 
example, a payment by the foreign branch to a disregarded entity of the 
specified domestic owner). See id. That is, it generally measures the 
entity's net loss that, but for the disregarded payment loss rules, 
could produce a D/NI outcome. For example, if for a foreign taxable 
year a disregarded payment entity's only items are a $100x interest 
deduction and $70x of royalty income, and if each item were disregarded 
for U.S. tax purposes as a payment between a disregarded entity and its 
tax owner (but taken into account under foreign law), then the entity 
would have a $30x disregarded payment loss for the taxable year.
    In general, the items of deduction taken into account for purposes 
of computing a disregarded payment loss include any item that is 
deductible under the relevant foreign tax law, is disregarded for U.S. 
tax purposes and, if regarded for U.S. tax purposes, would be interest, 
a structured payment, or a royalty within the meaning of Sec.  1.267A-
5(a)(12), (b)(5)(ii), or (a)(16), respectively. See proposed Sec.  
1.1503(d)-1(d)(6)(ii)(C). Similar rules apply for determining items of 
income that offset the items of income for purposes of determining a 
disregarded payment loss. See proposed Sec.  1.1503(d)-1(d)(6)(ii)(D). 
The Treasury Department and the IRS are of the view that defining a 
duplicated payment loss in this manner tailors the application of the 
rules to arrangements that are likely structured to produce a D/NI 
outcome. Moreover, this approach is consistent with the scope of 
section 267A. In addition, only items generated or incurred during a

[[Page 64763]]

period in which an interest in the disregarded payment entity is a 
separate unit are taken into account. See proposed Sec.  1.1503(d)-
1(d)(6)(ii). In other words, items generally are taken into account 
only to the extent they would be subject to the dual consolidated loss 
rules but for the items being disregarded for U.S. tax purposes. Thus, 
for example, if a domestic corporation becomes a dual resident 
corporation as a result of changing its place of management, 
disregarded payments made to or from a domestic disregarded entity held 
by the domestic corporation are not taken into account in computing a 
disregarded payment loss to the extent such payments gave rise to a 
deduction under the relevant foreign law before the domestic 
corporation was a dual resident corporation subject to the dual 
consolidated loss rules.
    The rules for computing a disregarded payment loss therefore differ 
in certain respects from comparable rules applicable for purposes of 
computing a dual consolidated loss. For example, the latter rules do 
not take into account the deductibility of an item under a foreign tax 
law and are not limited to interest, structured payments, or royalties. 
See Sec.  1.1503(d)-5(b) through (d).
3. Triggering Events
    In general, the specified domestic owner must include in gross 
income the DPL inclusion amount with respect to a disregarded payment 
loss if either of two triggering events occurs with respect to the loss 
during a certification period (the ``DPL certification period''). See 
proposed Sec.  1.1503(d)-1(d)(2)(i). The DPL certification period 
includes the foreign taxable year in which the disregarded payment loss 
is incurred, any prior foreign taxable year, and the subsequent 60-
month period. See proposed Sec.  1.1503(d)-1(d)(6)(iii); but see 
proposed 1.1503(d)-1(d)(7)(iii) (terminating the certification period 
upon a sale of the disregarded payment entity). This proposed 
definition is consistent with the certification period under the dual 
consolidated loss rules, which is revised to include at least the 60-
month period following the year in which the dual consolidated loss is 
incurred, as well as all taxable years (unlike the disregarded payment 
loss rules, as determined under U.S. tax law) before the taxable year 
in which a dual consolidated loss is incurred. See proposed Sec.  
1.1503(d)-1(b)(20).
    The two triggering events are based on certain principles of the 
dual consolidated loss rules. See proposed Sec.  1.1503(d)-1(d)(3). The 
first triggering event addresses likely D/NI outcomes--that is, a 
foreign use of the disregarded payment loss (determined by taking into 
account the exceptions described in Sec.  1.1503(d)-3(c)).\20\ See 
proposed Sec.  1.1503(d)-1(d)(3)(i). However, for purposes of 
determining whether a foreign use occurs (and unlike the approach under 
the dual consolidated loss rules), only persons that are related to the 
specified domestic owner are taken into account. See id. This 
limitation is intended to minimize triggering events resulting from 
transactions that are not tax motivated, such as a foreign use 
resulting from the sale of a disregarded payment entity to an unrelated 
person, yet still deter arrangements structured to produce D/NI 
outcomes that typically involve related parties. Thus, for example, a 
foreign use triggering event occurs if, under a foreign tax law, a 
deduction taken into account in computing the disregarded payment loss 
is made available (including by reason of a foreign consolidation 
regime or similar regime, or a sale, merger, or similar transaction) to 
offset an item of income that, for U.S. tax purposes, is an item of a 
foreign corporation, but only if that foreign corporation is related to 
the specified domestic owner of the disregarded payment entity.
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

    \20\ Because an expense resulting from an Intragroup Financing 
Arrangement is generally excluded from the calculation of a Low-Tax 
Entity's GloBE Income or loss if there is no commensurate increase 
in the taxable income of the High-Tax Counterparty, a disregarded 
payment loss (that is, a payment that generally does not increase 
U.S. taxable income) should generally not be put to a foreign use as 
a result of jurisdictional blending under the GloBE Model Rules.
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

    The second triggering event is a failure by the specified domestic 
owner to comply with certification requirements. See proposed Sec.  
1.1503(d)-1(d)(3)(ii). In general, the specified domestic owner must, 
for the foreign taxable year in which a disregarded payment loss is 
incurred, and for each subsequent taxable year within the DPL 
certification period, file a statement providing information about the 
disregarded payment loss of such entity and certifying that a foreign 
use of the disregarded payment loss has not occurred. See proposed 
Sec.  1.1503(d)-1(d)(4). Relief is available for a failure to properly 
comply with the certification requirements. See proposed Sec.  
1.1503(d)-1(e).
    For simplicity purposes, the proposed regulations include fewer 
triggering events than the dual consolidated loss rules. For example, 
the disregarded payment loss triggering events do not include specific 
triggering events related to the transfer of assets of, or interests 
in, a disregarded payment entity. Nevertheless, the scope of the 
disregarded payment loss triggering events is, in general, consistent 
with that of the dual consolidated loss triggering events because a 
foreign use triggering event typically occurs, or will occur, in 
connection with other dual consolidated loss triggering events that are 
not rebutted. For example, the transfer of all the interests in a 
disregarded entity by its domestic owner to a related and wholly owned 
foreign corporation would constitute a triggering event described in 
Sec.  1.1503(d)-6(e)(1)(v) (transfer of 50 percent or more of an 
interest in a separate unit). However, such a transfer would also 
typically give rise to a foreign use triggering event described in 
Sec.  1.1503(d)-6(e)(1)(i) because a portion of a deduction or loss 
taken into account in computing the dual consolidated loss would 
generally carry over under foreign law following the transfer and thus 
be made available to offset or reduce an item that is recognized as 
income or gain under foreign law and that is, or would be, considered 
under U.S. tax principles to be an item of a foreign corporation. See 
Sec.  1.1503(d)-3(a)(1). Many of these non-foreign use dual 
consolidated loss triggering events are intended to heighten awareness 
that certain transactions or events are likely to give rise to a 
foreign use, which results in a double-deduction outcome, and therefore 
serve to increase compliance with the rules. Because D/NI outcomes from 
disregarded payment losses involve only related parties and typically 
are highly-structured, however, the Treasury Department and the IRS are 
of the view that the foreign use and certification triggering events 
are sufficient for purposes of the disregarded payment loss rules.
4. DPL Inclusion Amount
    In general, the DPL inclusion amount is, with respect to a 
disregarded payment loss as to which a triggering event occurs during 
the DPL certification period, the amount of the disregarded payment 
loss. See proposed Sec.  1.1503(d)-1(d)(2)(i). For U.S. tax purposes, 
the DPL inclusion amount is treated as ordinary income and 
characterized in the same manner as if the amount were interest or 
royalty income paid by a foreign corporation. See proposed Sec.  
1.1503(d)-1(d)(2)(ii).
    In certain cases, the DPL inclusion amount is reduced by the 
positive balance, if any, of the ``DPL cumulative register'' with 
respect to the disregarded payment entity. See proposed Sec.  
1.1503(d)-1(d)(5)(i). The DPL cumulative register is similar to the 
cumulative register for dual

[[Page 64764]]

consolidated loss purposes, and generally reflects each disregarded 
payment loss or amount of ``disregarded payment income'' of a 
disregarded payment entity. See Sec.  1.1503(d)-1(d)(5)(ii). 
Disregarded payment income is computed in a manner similar to that of 
computing a disregarded payment loss, and measures a disregarded 
payment entity's net income, if any, for a foreign taxable year that is 
composed of certain disregarded payments attributable to interest, 
structured payments, or royalties. See proposed Sec.  1.1503(d)-
1(d)(6)(ii). Taking into account whether there is sufficient cumulative 
register to absorb a disregarded payment loss is intended to ensure 
that the DPL inclusion amount represents only the portion of the 
disregarded payment loss that is available to be put to a foreign use 
under the foreign tax law. For example, if a disregarded payment entity 
incurs a $100x disregarded payment loss in year 1 and has $80x of 
disregarded payment income in year 2, only $20x of the disregarded 
payment loss is likely available under the foreign tax law to be put to 
a foreign use. As such, if a triggering event occurs at the end of year 
2, then the specified domestic owner must include in gross income $20x 
(rather than the entire $100x of the disregarded payment loss).
5. Disregarded Payment Entity Combination Rule
    Similar to the dual consolidated loss rules, the proposed 
regulations include a rule pursuant to which disregarded payment 
entities for which the relevant foreign tax law is the same 
(``individual disregarded payment entities'') are generally combined 
and treated as a single disregarded payment entity (``combined 
disregarded payment entity'') for purposes of the disregarded payment 
loss rules. See proposed Sec.  1.1503(d)-1(d)(7)(i); see also Sec.  
1.1503(d)-1(b)(4)(ii) (combined separate unit rule for dual 
consolidated loss purposes). Accordingly, for a foreign taxable year, 
only a single amount of disregarded payment income or a single 
disregarded payment loss exists with respect to the combined 
disregarded payment entity. This amount is computed by first 
determining the disregarded payment income or loss with respect to each 
of the individual disregarded payment entities and then aggregating 
such amounts.
    This combination rule is intended to prevent the application of the 
disregarded payment loss rules to cases in which, taking into account 
the overall effect of disregarded payments under a foreign tax law, 
there is not an opportunity for a disregarded payment loss of an 
individual disregarded payment entity to produce a D/NI outcome. For 
example, assume USP, a domestic corporation, wholly owns DE1X, which 
wholly owns DE2X, and each of DE1X and DE2X is a disregarded payment 
entity tax resident in Country X. Further assume that, computed on a 
separate basis during a foreign taxable year, DE1X has a $100x 
disregarded payment loss (consisting solely of a $100x payment by DE1X 
to DE2X), and DE2X has $100x of disregarded payment income (consisting 
solely of the $100x payment received by DE2X from DE1X). Absent the 
combination rule, the specified domestic owner of DE1X would be 
required to monitor DE1X's disregarded payment loss and annually 
certify that no foreign use has occurred with respect to the loss. 
However, taking into account the overall effect of the payment under 
Country X law, there is likely to be no net loss attributable to the 
payment and, as a result, there likely is not an opportunity for the 
payment to give rise to a D/NI outcome. The combination rule thus 
limits the application of the disregarded payment loss rules to cases 
in which it is likely that disregarded payments could give rise to a D/
NI outcome.
6. Application to Dual Resident Corporations
    The proposed regulations include special rules pursuant to which 
the disregarded payment loss rules also apply to dual resident 
corporations, because a disregarded payment by a dual resident 
corporation to its disregarded entity could also give rise to a D/NI 
outcome (for example, if the dual resident corporation surrenders the 
loss to a foreign corporation). Thus, pursuant to the consent rules 
described in part II.A of this Explanation of Provisions, a dual 
resident corporation that directly or indirectly owns interests in an 
eligible entity that is classified as a disregarded entity agrees, for 
purposes of the disregarded payment loss rules, to be treated as a 
disregarded payment entity and as a specified owner of such disregarded 
payment entity. See proposed Sec. Sec.  1.1503(d)-1(d)(1)(ii) and 
301.7701-3(c)(4)(ii).
C. Interaction With Dual Consolidated Loss Rules
    Although the disregarded payment loss rules address similar policy 
concerns as, and rely on certain aspects of, the existing dual 
consolidated loss rules, the Treasury Department and the IRS are of the 
view that integrating the two regimes would result in considerable 
complexity and administrative burden. For example, integrating the 
regimes could require rules pursuant to which a disregarded payment 
entity's deduction under a foreign tax law for a disregarded payment is 
considered to in part offset the entity's items of regarded income 
(which would have the effect of increasing a dual consolidated loss, 
relative to not taking into account the payment for purposes of the 
dual consolidated loss rules) and to in part offset the entity's items 
of income that are disregarded for U.S. tax purposes (which would have 
the effect of decreasing a disregarded payment loss, relative to only 
taking into account the payment for purposes of the disregarded payment 
loss rules).
    The disregarded payment loss rules therefore operate independently 
of the dual consolidated loss rules. Thus, for example, only items that 
are regarded for U.S. tax purposes are taken into account in computing 
a dual consolidated loss (or cumulative register), and only items that 
are disregarded for U.S. tax purposes are taken into account in 
computing a disregarded payment loss (or DPL cumulative register). In 
addition, a disregarded payment entity may have both a dual 
consolidated loss and a disregarded payment loss for the same taxable 
year, and both of these items could be triggered by a single event 
(such as a foreign use pursuant to a foreign loss surrender regime); in 
contrast, a foreign use could be avoided both for a dual consolidated 
loss and disregarded payment loss of the same disregarded payment 
entity if, for example, an election is required to enable a foreign use 
and no such election is made.
    As discussed in part I.B of the Background section of this 
preamble, the dual consolidated loss rules do not take into account 
disregarded transactions (that typically are regarded for foreign tax 
purposes) for purposes of attributing items to a separate unit or an 
interest in a transparent entity. This approach, which minimizes the 
need for additional complex rules, can result in both the over- and 
under-application of the dual consolidated loss rules as compared to 
more precise rules that would take into account such items to the 
extent necessary to neutralize double-deduction outcomes. Thus, the 
decision to ignore disregarded transactions in the dual consolidated 
loss rules for this purpose reflects a balance of policy and 
administrability. In other contexts, various policy objectives have 
required giving effect to certain disregarded transactions. See, for

[[Page 64765]]

example, Sec.  1.904-4(f)(2)(vi) (attributing gross income to a foreign 
branch) and Sec.  1.951A-2(c)(7)(ii)(B)(2) (determining gross income 
for purposes of applying the high-tax exception). The Treasury 
Department and the IRS are of the view that, in light of the policies 
underlying the enactment of sections 245A(e), 267A, and 1503(d), the 
disregarded payment loss rules are another case where it is necessary 
to take into account disregarded transactions; the absence of such 
rules would otherwise permit taxpayers to continue to implement 
structures involving such payments to obtain D/NI outcomes. The 
Treasury Department and the IRS will continue to study the treatment of 
disregarded items for purposes of the dual consolidated loss rules, 
including whether it may be appropriate to take into account items of 
disregarded income, gain, deduction or loss in other cases.
D. Applicability Date
    The proposed rules relating to consent to be subject to the 
disregarded payment loss rules are proposed to apply to entity 
classification elections filed on or after August 6, 2024 (regardless 
of whether the election is effective before August 6, 2024). See 
proposed Sec.  301.7701-3(c)(4)(vi)(A). The proposed rule relating to 
deemed consent is proposed to apply on or after August 6, 2025. See 
proposed Sec.  301.7701-3(c)(4)(vi)(B). The proposed rules relating to 
disregarded payment losses are proposed to apply to taxable years 
ending on or after August 6, 2024. See proposed Sec.  1.1503(d)-
8(b)(11).

Conforming Amendments to Other Regulations

    The Treasury Department and the IRS intend to make conforming 
amendments to the regulations under section 1503(d), including with 
respect to examples, upon finalization of the proposed regulations.

Special Analyses

I. Regulatory Planning and Review

    Pursuant to the Memorandum of Agreement, Review of Treasury 
Regulations under Executive Order 12866 (June 9, 2023), tax regulatory 
actions issued by the IRS are not subject to the requirements of 
section 6 of Executive Order 12866, as amended. Therefore, a regulatory 
impact assessment is not required.

II. Paperwork Reduction Act

    The Paperwork Reduction Act of 1995 (44 U.S.C. 3501-3520) (``PRA'') 
requires that a Federal agency obtain the approval of the OMB before 
collecting information from the public, whether such collection of 
information is mandatory, voluntary, or required to obtain or retain a 
benefit. Section 1.1503(d)-1(d)(4) of these proposed regulations 
requires the collection of information.
    As discussed in part II.B of this Explanation of Provisions, the 
proposed regulations require certain taxpayers to certify that no 
foreign use has occurred with respect to a disregarded payment loss. 
The IRS will use this information to determine the extent to which 
these taxpayers need to recognize income under the proposed 
regulations.
    The reporting burden associated with this collection of information 
will be reflected in the PRA submissions associated with Form 1120 (OMB 
control number 1545-0123). The Treasury Department and the IRS do not 
have readily available data to determine the number of taxpayers 
affected by this collection of information because no reporting module 
currently identifies these types of disregarded payments. The Treasury 
Department and the IRS request comments on all aspects of information 
collection burdens related to the proposed regulations, including ways 
for the IRS to minimize the paperwork burden.

III. Regulatory Flexibility Act

    When an agency issues a rulemaking proposal, the Regulatory 
Flexibility Act (5 U.S.C. chapter 6) (``RFA'') requires the agency to 
prepare and make available for public comment an initial regulatory 
flexibility analysis that will describe the impact of the proposed rule 
on small entities. See 5 U.S.C. 603(a). Section 605 of the RFA provides 
an exception to this requirement if the agency certifies that the 
proposed rulemaking will not have a significant economic impact on a 
substantial number of small entities. A small entity is defined as a 
small business, small nonprofit organization, or small governmental 
jurisdiction. See 5 U.S.C. 601(3) through (6).
    The Treasury Department and the IRS do not expect that the proposed 
dual consolidated loss regulations described in parts I.A, I.B, and I.C 
of the Explanation of Provisions will have a significant economic 
impact on a substantial number of small entities because those 
regulations refine computations under the current dual consolidated 
loss regulations without changing the economic impact of the current 
regulations. Further, the Treasury Department and the IRS do not expect 
the proposed dual consolidated loss regulations described in parts 
I.D.1 through I.D.6 of the Explanation of Provisions will have a 
significant economic impact on a substantial number of small entities 
because they provide exceptions and other rules that limit the 
application of the current dual consolidated loss regulations. However, 
because there is a possibility of significant economic impact on a 
substantial number of small entities, an initial regulatory flexibility 
analysis for the regulation is provided below. The Treasury Department 
and the IRS request comments from the public on the number of small 
entities that may be impacted and whether that impact will be 
economically significant.
A. Reasons Why Action Is Being Considered
    The proposed dual consolidated loss regulations described in parts 
I.A through I.D of the Explanation of Provisions address potential 
uncertainty, and refine or adjust certain computations, under current 
law. In addition, the proposed dual consolidated loss regulations 
provide limited exceptions to the application of the dual consolidated 
loss rules where not inconsistent with the general policy underlying 
those rules. As a result, this portion of the proposed regulations 
increases the precision of the dual consolidated loss regulations and 
reduces inappropriate planning opportunities.
    As explained in part II.A of the Explanation of Provisions, the 
proposed disregarded payment loss regulations address certain hybrid 
payments that can give rise to deduction/no-inclusion outcomes.
B. Objectives of, and Legal Basis for, the Proposed Regulations
    The proposed regulations described in parts I.A, I.B, I.C, I.D.1, 
I.D.2, and I.D.4 of the Explanation of Provisions address potential 
uncertainty, and refine or adjust certain computations, under the 
current dual consolidated loss regulations. The proposed dual 
consolidated loss regulations described in parts I.D.3 and I.D.5 of the 
Explanation of Provisions limit the application of the current dual 
consolidated loss regulations. The proposed disregarded payment loss 
regulations described in part II of the Explanation of Provisions 
require an income inclusion for U.S. tax purposes to eliminate the 
deduction/no-inclusion outcome that would otherwise arise from certain 
hybrid payments. The legal basis for these regulations is contained in 
sections 1502, 1503(d), 7701, and 7805.

[[Page 64766]]

C. Small Entities to Which These Regulations Will Apply
    Because an estimate of the number of small businesses affected is 
not currently feasible, this initial regulatory flexibility analysis 
assumes that a substantial number of small businesses will be affected. 
The Treasury Department and the IRS do not expect that these proposed 
regulations will affect a substantial number of small nonprofit 
organizations or small governmental jurisdictions.
D. Projected Reporting, Recordkeeping, and Other Compliance 
Requirements
    The proposed dual consolidated loss regulations do not impose 
additional reporting or recordkeeping obligations. The proposed 
disregarded payment loss regulations impose a certification requirement 
that is filed with a domestic corporation's tax return.
E. Duplicate, Overlapping, or Relevant Federal Rules
    These proposed regulations would replace portions of the dual 
consolidated loss regulations. The Treasury Department and the IRS are 
not aware of any Federal rules that duplicate, overlap, or conflict 
with these proposed regulations.
F. Alternatives Considered
    The Treasury Department and the IRS did not consider any 
significant alternative to the proposed dual consolidated loss 
regulations. The proposed regulations described in parts I.A, I.B, I.C, 
I.D.1, I.D.2, and I.D.4 of the Explanation of Provisions simply address 
potential uncertainty, or refine or adjust certain computations, under 
current law. The proposed regulations described in parts I.D.3 and 
I.D.5 of the Explanation of Provisions limit the application of the 
dual consolidated loss regulations. As a result, the proposed dual 
consolidated loss regulations do not impose an additional economic 
burden and, consequently, the regulations represent the approach with 
the least economic impact.
    As discussed in part II.A of the Explanation of Provisions, the 
proposed disregarded payment loss regulations address policy concerns 
that are similar to the concerns underlying the enactment of sections 
245A(e), 267A, and 1503(d). Sections 245A, 267A, and 1503(d) apply 
uniformly to large and small business entities, and the Treasury 
Department and the IRS are of the view that the proposed disregarded 
payment loss regulations should generally apply without regard to the 
size of the corporation--a small business exception would undermine the 
anti-hybridity policies underlying these regulations. Accordingly, 
there is no viable alternative to the proposed regulations for small 
entities.
    Pursuant to section 7805(f) of the Code, the proposed regulations 
have been submitted to the Chief Counsel for Advocacy of the Small 
Business Administration for comment on their impact on small 
businesses. The Treasury Department and the IRS also request comments 
from the public on the analysis in part III of the Special Analyses.

IV. Unfunded Mandates Reform Act

    Section 202 of the Unfunded Mandates Reform Act of 1995 (``UMRA'') 
requires that agencies assess anticipated costs and benefits and take 
certain other actions before issuing a final rule that includes any 
Federal mandate that may result in expenditures in any one year by a 
State, local, or Tribal government, in the aggregate, or by the private 
sector, of $100 million in 1995 dollars, updated annually for 
inflation. The proposed rules do not include any Federal mandate that 
may result in expenditures by State, local, or Tribal governments, or 
by the private sector in excess of that threshold.

V. Executive Order 13132: Federalism

    Executive Order 13132 (Federalism) prohibits an agency from 
publishing any rule that has federalism implications if the rule either 
imposes substantial, direct compliance costs on State and local 
governments, and is not required by statute, or preempts State law, 
unless the agency meets the consultation and funding requirements of 
section 6 of Executive Order 13132. The proposed rules do not have 
federalism implications and do not impose substantial direct compliance 
costs on State and local governments or preempt State law within the 
meaning of Executive Order 13132.

Incorporation by Reference

    Sections 1.1503(d)-1(b)(4)(i)(A)(2), (b)(4)(i)(B)(2), 
(b)(4)(ii)(B)(2), and (b)(21), and Sec. Sec.  1.1503(d)-3(c)(9), 
1.1503(d)-7(b)(16) and (c)(3), and 1.1503(d)-8(b)(12) of these proposed 
regulations use terminology based on their definitions under the GloBE 
Model Rules and the GloBE Model Rules Consolidated Commentary. The 
Office of the Federal Register has regulations concerning incorporation 
by reference. 1 CFR part 51. These regulations require that agencies 
must discuss in the preamble to a rule or proposed rule the way in 
which materials that the agency incorporates by reference are 
reasonably available to interested persons, and how interested parties 
can obtain the materials. 1 CFR 51.5(b).
    The GloBE Model Rules and Administrative Guidance addressing Hybrid 
Arbitrage Arrangements are discussed in Part IV of the Background 
section of this preamble. The GloBE Model Rules and the GloBE Model 
Rules Consolidated Commentary were issued by the OECD on December 20, 
2021, and April 25, 2024, respectively, and are available at 
www.oecd.org/tax/beps/tax-challenges-arising-from-the-digitalisation-of-the-economy-global-anti-base-erosion-model-rules-pillar-two.htm. The 
Administrative Guidance was issued on December 15, 2023, and is 
available at www.oecd.org/tax/beps/administrative-guidance-global-anti-base-erosion-rules-pillar-two-june-2024.pdf.

Comments and Requests for Public Hearing

    Before these proposed amendments to the final regulations are 
adopted as final regulations, consideration will be given to comments 
that are submitted timely to the IRS as prescribed in this preamble 
under the ADDRESSES heading. In addition to the comments specifically 
requested in the Explanation of Provisions, the Treasury Department and 
the IRS request comments on all other aspects of the proposed 
regulations. Any comments submitted will be made available at https://www.regulations.gov or upon request.
    A public hearing will be scheduled if requested in writing by any 
person who timely submits electronic or written comments. Requests for 
a public hearing are also encouraged to be made electronically. If a 
public hearing is scheduled, notice of the date and time for the public 
hearing will be published in the Federal Register.

Drafting Information

    The principal authors of these regulations are Andrew L. Wigmore of 
the Office of Associate Chief Counsel (International) and Julie Wang of 
the Office of Associate Chief Counsel (Corporate). However, other 
personnel from the Treasury Department and the IRS participated in 
their development.

Statement of Availability of IRS Documents

    IRS Revenue Procedures, Revenue Rulings, Notices, and other 
guidance cited in this document are published in the Internal Revenue 
Bulletin or Cumulative Bulletin and are available from the 
Superintendent of Documents, U.S. Government Publishing Office, 
Washington, DC 20402, or by visiting the IRS website at https://www.irs.gov.

[[Page 64767]]

List of Subjects

26 CFR Part 1

    Income taxes, Reporting and recordkeeping requirements.

26 CFR Part 301

    Employment taxes, Estate taxes, Excise taxes, Gift taxes, Income 
taxes, Penalties, Reporting and recordkeeping requirements.

Proposed Amendments to the Regulations

    Accordingly, the Treasury Department and the IRS propose to amend 
26 CFR parts 1 and 301 as follows:

PART 1--INCOME TAXES

0
Paragraph 1. The authority citation for part 1 is amended by removing 
the entry for section 1.1503(d) and adding entries for sections 
1.1503(d)-1 through 1.1503(d)-8 in numerical order to read as follows:

    Authority:  26 U.S.C. 7805 * * *
* * * * *
    Sections 1.1503(d)-1 through 8 also issued under 26 U.S.C. 
953(d), 26 U.S.C. 1502, 26 U.S.C. 1503(d), 26 U.S.C. 1503(d)(2)(B), 
26 U.S.C. 1503(d)(3), and 26 U.S.C. 1503(d)(4).
* * * * *
0
Par. 2. Section 1.1502-13, as proposed to be amended at 88 FR 52057 
(August 7, 2023) and at 88 FR 78134 (November 14, 2023), is further 
amended by:
0
1. In paragraph (a)(6)(ii) in the table revising the entry ``(G) 
Miscellaneous operating rules''.
0
2. In paragraph (c)(5), adding the language ``See paragraph (j)(10) of 
this section for rules regarding the special status of a section 
1503(d) member.'' after the last sentence.
0
3. Redesignating paragraph (j)(10) as paragraph (j)(15).
0
4. Adding new paragraph (j)(10).
0
5. Adding and reserving paragraphs (j)(11) through (14).
0
6. Adding paragraphs (j)(15)(x) and (xi), and (l)(11).
    The additions and revision read as follows:


Sec.  1.1502-13  Intercompany transactions.

    (a) * * *
    (6) * * *
    (ii) * * *

----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
                 Rule                        General location               Paragraph               Example
----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
 
                                                  * * * * * * *
(G) Miscellaneous operating rules....  Sec.   1.1502-13(j)(15).....  (i)....................  Example 1.
                                                                                               Intercompany sale
                                                                                               followed by
                                                                                               section 351
                                                                                               transfer to
                                                                                               member.
                                                                     (ii)...................  Example 2.
                                                                                               Intercompany sale
                                                                                               of member stock
                                                                                               followed by
                                                                                               recapitalization.
                                                                     (iii)..................  Example 3. Back-to-
                                                                                               back intercompany
                                                                                               transactions--mat
                                                                                               ching.
                                                                     (iv)...................  Example 4. Back-to-
                                                                                               back intercompany
                                                                                               transactions--acc
                                                                                               eleration.
                                                                     (v)....................  Example 5.
                                                                                               Successor group.
                                                                     (vi)...................  Example 6.
                                                                                               Liquidation--80%
                                                                                               distributee.
                                                                     (vii)..................  Example 7.
                                                                                               Liquidation--no
                                                                                               80% distributee.
                                                                     (viii).................  Example 8. Loan by
                                                                                               section 987 QBU.
                                                                     (ix)...................  Example 9. Sale of
                                                                                               property by
                                                                                               section 987 QBU.
                                                                     (x)....................  Example 10.
                                                                                               Interest on
                                                                                               intercompany
                                                                                               obligation.
                                                                     (xi)...................  Example 11. Loss
                                                                                               of a section
                                                                                               1503(d) member.
----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------

* * * * *
    (j) * * *
    (10) Dual consolidated loss rules--(i) Scope. The rules of this 
paragraph (j)(10) apply to an intercompany transaction if either party 
to the transaction is a section 1503(d) member. A section 1503(d) 
member is a member that is--
    (A) An affiliated dual resident corporation (as defined in Sec.  
1.1503(d)-1(b)(10)); or
    (B) An affiliated domestic owner (as defined in Sec.  1.1503(d)-
1(b)(10)) acting through a separate unit (as defined in Sec.  
1.1503(d)-1(b)(4)) that is not regarded as separate from the domestic 
owner for Federal income tax purposes.
    (ii) Ordering rule for the section 1503(d) member. In determining 
when the section 1503(d) member's intercompany (or corresponding) item 
is taken into account, the dual consolidated loss rules under section 
1503(d) and the regulations thereunder (the dual consolidated loss 
rules) do not apply to the relevant item until that item would 
otherwise be taken into account under paragraph (c) or (d) of this 
section.
    (iii) Status as a section 1503(d) member. A section 1503(d) member 
has special status under paragraph (c)(5) of this section with respect 
to its intercompany (or corresponding) items for purposes of applying 
the dual consolidated loss rules to those items. Therefore, for 
purposes of applying the dual consolidated loss rules, paragraph 
(c)(1)(i) of this section does not apply to redetermine the attributes 
of the section 1503(d) member's intercompany (or corresponding) items.
    (iv) Application of the matching rule to the counterparty member. 
The special status of a section 1503(d) member does not affect the 
application of the matching rule in paragraph (c) of this section (or 
under paragraph (d) of this section, to the extent the matching rule 
principles are applicable) to the counterparty member in an 
intercompany transaction. For example, assume S sells depreciable 
property to B (a section 1503(d) member) at a gain, and the property is 
also subject to depreciation in the hands of B. For purposes of taking 
into account S's items, the matching rule applies as if B were not a 
section 1503(d) member. Therefore, even if B's annual depreciation 
deduction on the acquired property is limited under the dual 
consolidated loss rules and not currently deductible, S nevertheless 
takes into account a portion of its intercompany gain pursuant to the 
matching rule every year as if B were entitled to deduct the additional 
depreciation resulting from the intercompany sale.
* * * * *
    (15) * * *

    (x) Example 10. Interest on intercompany obligation--(A) Facts. 
S lends money to B, an affiliated dual resident corporation (a 
section 1503(d) member), with $10 of interest due annually for Year 
1 through Year 5. For the years at issue, B has a dual consolidated 
loss (within the meaning of Sec.  1.1503(d)-1(b)(5)(i)) with respect 
to which it makes a domestic use election (within the meaning of 
Sec.  1.1503(d)-6(d)).
    (B) Analysis--(1) Interest expense deduction of the section 
1503(d) member. For each year at issue, B has $10 of interest 
expense deduction. Under paragraph

[[Page 64768]]

(j)(10)(ii) of this section, the matching rule in paragraph (c) of 
this section applies first (before the dual consolidated loss rules) 
to determine if B's deduction is taken into account. Pursuant to 
paragraph (c)(2)(i) of this section, B would take its $10 of 
interest deduction into account annually. Therefore, the amount of 
B's dual consolidated loss in each year reflects the $10 of interest 
expense.
    (2) Interest income of the counterparty member. For each year at 
issue, S has $10 of interest income. Although B has a dual 
consolidated loss for each year at issue, B makes a domestic use 
election and deducts the $10 of interest expense annually. Under the 
matching rule in paragraph (c) of this section, for each year, S 
takes into account its $10 of interest income to match B's $10 of 
interest deduction.
    (C) Treatment for counterparty member when deduction is 
deferred. The facts are the same as in paragraph (j)(15)(x)(A) of 
this section, except that for the years at issue, B's interest 
expense deduction would be limited under the domestic use limitation 
rule of Sec.  1.1503(d)-4(b) (and no exception under Sec.  
1.1503(d)-6 applies) and is not currently deductible for the years 
at issue. Under paragraph (j)(10)(iv) of this section, the matching 
rule applies to S (the counterparty member) as if B did not have 
section 1503(d) member status. Therefore, for the purpose of 
determining S's income inclusion, B is treated as deducting $10 of 
interest expense per year. Thus, S's interest income is not 
redetermined to be deferred, even though B's interest expense 
deduction is deferred under the dual consolidated loss rules.
    (D) Treatment for counterparty member when a dual consolidated 
loss is recaptured. The facts are the same as in paragraph 
(j)(15)(x)(A) of this section, with B making a domestic use election 
(within the meaning of Sec.  1.1503(d)-6(d)) in Year 1 and deducting 
$10 of interest expense in Year 1. Then in Year 2, B is required 
under Sec.  1.1503(d)-6(e) to recapture and report as ordinary 
income $10 (plus applicable interest) with respect to the $10 of 
interest expense incurred in Year 1. Because the matching rule 
applies to S (the counterparty member) as if B did not have its 
section 1503(d) member status, the recapture of B's Year 1 dual 
consolidated loss will not affect the treatment of S's intercompany 
interest income. See paragraph (j)(10)(iv) of this section.
    (E) Intercompany obligation involving an affiliated domestic 
owner. The facts are the same as in paragraph (j)(15)(x)(A) of this 
section, except that B is an affiliated domestic owner with respect 
to a directly owned foreign branch separate unit, S lends money to 
this separate unit of B, and the $10 of interest expense, when it is 
taken into account under the section 1503(d) rules, would be 
attributable to B's foreign branch separate unit for the years at 
issue. The analysis and treatment of S's intercompany item and B's 
corresponding item (attributable to the separate unit) are the same 
as in paragraphs (j)(15)(x)(B), (C), and (D) of this section. 
However, if B does not act through its separate unit in entering the 
intercompany loan with S, the rules of paragraph (j)(10) of this 
section do not apply. See paragraph (j)(10)(i) of this section.
    (xi) Example 11. Loss of a section 1503(d) member--(A) Facts. S 
is an affiliated dual resident corporation (a section 1503(d) 
member). S owns inventory with a basis of $100. In Year 1, S sells 
the inventory to B for $60. In Year 3, B sells the inventory to X 
for $110. For the years at issue, S's $40 of loss is subject to the 
domestic use limitation rule of Sec.  1.1503(d)-4(b) (and no 
exception under Sec.  1.1503(d)-6 applies) and would not be 
currently deductible.
    (B) Analysis--(1) Year 1 and Year 2: timing. S recognizes $40 of 
loss on the intercompany inventory sale to B. Pursuant to the 
ordering rule in paragraph (j)(10)(ii) of this section, in each 
year, the matching rule in paragraph (c) of this section applies 
first to determine whether S's loss is taken into account. In Year 1 
and Year 2, because the $40 of loss is deferred under the matching 
rule, no amount of loss from the sale is subject to the dual 
consolidated loss rules in those years.
    (2) Year 3: timing and attributes. In Year 3, B sells the 
inventory to X for $110, for a $50 gain. Consequently, under the 
matching rule (disregarding the application of section 1503(d)), S's 
$40 of loss would be taken into account in that year. Since S's item 
would otherwise be taken into account, the section 1503(d) rules are 
applicable to the $40 loss in Year 3, and the loss would be subject 
to the domestic use limitation under Sec.  1.1503(d)-4(b) and would 
not be currently deductible. The application of Sec.  1.1503(d)-4(b) 
to limit S's loss is not subject to redetermination under paragraph 
(c)(1)(i) of this section, because S has special status. See 
paragraph (j)(10)(iii) of this section. Moreover, B's gain is taken 
into account in Year 3, without regard to S's status as a section 
1503(d) member. See paragraph (j)(10)(iv) of this section.
    (C) Intercompany transaction involving a separate unit of an 
affiliated domestic owner. The facts are the same as in paragraph 
(j)(15)(xi)(A) of this section, except that S is an affiliated 
domestic owner with respect to a directly owned foreign branch 
separate unit, and S acts through the foreign branch separate unit 
in selling the inventory to B such that the loss on the inventory, 
when it is taken into account under the section 1503(d) rules, would 
be attributable to S's foreign branch separate unit. The analysis 
and treatment of S's intercompany item (attributable to the foreign 
branch separate unit) and B's corresponding item are the same as in 
paragraphs (j)(15)(xi)(B)(1) and (2) of this section.
* * * * *
    (l) * * *
    (11) Applicability date. Paragraph (j)(10) of this section applies 
to taxable years for which the original Federal income tax return is 
due (without extensions) after [DATE OF PUBLICATION OF THE FINAL 
REGULATIONS IN THE FEDERAL REGISTER]. However, taxpayers may choose to 
apply these provisions to an earlier taxable year, if the period for 
the assessment of tax for that taxable year has not expired, provided 
the taxpayer and all members of its consolidated group apply these 
provisions consistently for that taxable year and each subsequent 
taxable year.
* * * * *
0
Par. 3. Section 1.1503(d)-1 is amended by:
0
1. Revising the section heading.
0
2. Revising the third sentence in paragraph (a) and adding three new 
sentences at the end.
0
3. Revising paragraphs (b)(4)(i) and (ii), and (b)(6).
0
4. In the second sentence of paragraph (b)(16)(i), removing the 
language ``An entity'' and adding the language ``Other than an entity 
described in paragraph (b)(4)(i)(B)(2) of this section, an entity'' in 
its place.
0
5. In paragraph (b)(20),
0
a. Adding the language ``(not less than 60 months)'' after ``time''; 
and
0
b. Adding the language ``, as well as any prior taxable years'' after 
``incurred'' at the end of the sentence.
0
6. Adding paragraph (b)(21).
0
7. In paragraph (c)(1)(ii), adding the language ``(including, in the 
case of a specified foreign tax resident that under Sec. Sec.  
301.7701-1 through 301.7701-3 of this chapter is disregarded as an 
entity separate from its owner for U.S. tax purposes, by reason of its 
tax owner bearing)'' after the language ``bears.''
0
8. Redesignating paragraph (d) as paragraph (e).
0
9. Adding paragraphs (d) and (f).
    The revisions and additions read as follows:


Sec.  1.1503(d)-1  Definitions, special rules, and filings.

    (a) * * * Paragraph (c) of this section provides rules for a 
domestic consenting corporation. Paragraph (d) of this section provides 
rules for disregarded payment losses. Paragraph (e) of this section 
provides relief for certain compliance failures due to reasonable cause 
and a signature requirement for filings. Paragraph (f) of this section 
provides an anti-avoidance rule.
    (b) * * *
    (4) * * *
    (i) In general. The term separate unit means either a foreign 
branch separate unit or a hybrid entity separate unit.
    (A) Foreign branch separate unit. The term foreign branch separate 
unit means either of the following that is carried on, directly or 
indirectly, by a domestic corporation (including a dual resident 
corporation):
    (1) Except to the extent provided in paragraph (b)(4)(iii) of this 
section, a business operation outside the United States that, if 
carried on by a U.S. person, would constitute a foreign branch as 
defined in Sec.  1.367(a)-6T(g)(1).

[[Page 64769]]

    (2) A place of business (including a deemed place of business) 
outside the United States that is a Permanent Establishment with 
respect to a QDMTT or an IIR, provided that the Permanent Establishment 
is not otherwise described in paragraph (b)(4)(i)(A)(1) of this 
section.
    (B) Hybrid entity separate unit. The term hybrid entity separate 
unit means either of the following that is owned, directly or 
indirectly, by a domestic corporation (including a dual resident 
corporation):
    (1) An interest in a hybrid entity; and
    (2) An interest in a foreign entity (other than a Tax Transparent 
Entity with respect to an IIR) that is not taxed as an association for 
Federal tax purposes and the net income or loss of which is taken into 
account in determining the amount of tax under an IIR, provided that 
the interest is not otherwise described in paragraph (b)(4)(i)(B)(1) of 
this section. See Sec.  1.1503(d)-7(c)(3)(iii) for an example 
illustrating the application of this rule.
    (ii) Separate unit combination rule--(A) In general. Except as 
otherwise provided in paragraph (b)(4)(ii)(B) of this section, if a 
domestic owner, or two or more domestic owners that are members of the 
same consolidated group, have two or more separate units (individual 
separate units), then all such individual separate units that are 
located (in the case of a foreign branch separate unit or a hybrid 
entity separate unit described in paragraph (b)(4)(i)(B)(2) of this 
section) or subject to an income tax either on their worldwide income 
or on a residence basis (in the case of a hybrid entity an interest in 
which is a hybrid entity separate unit described in paragraph 
(b)(4)(i)(B)(1) of this section) in the same foreign country are 
treated as one separate unit (combined separate unit). See Sec.  
1.1503(d)-7(c)(1) for an example illustrating the application of this 
paragraph (b)(4)(ii)(A). Except as specifically provided in this 
section or Sec. Sec.  1.1503(d)-2 through 1.1503(d)-8, any individual 
separate unit composing a combined separate unit loses its character as 
an individual separate unit.
    (B) Special rules--(1) Certain dual resident corporations. Separate 
units of a foreign insurance company that is a dual resident 
corporation under paragraph (b)(2)(ii) of this section are not combined 
with separate units of any other domestic corporation.
    (2) Location of separate units arising from a QDMTT or an IIR. For 
purposes of paragraph (b)(4)(ii)(A) of this section, a separate unit 
described in paragraph (b)(4)(i)(A)(2) or (b)(4)(i)(B)(2) of this 
section is located in the country in which it is located for purposes 
of the relevant QDMTT or IIR. If such place of business or entity is 
not located in a specific jurisdiction (for example, because the entity 
is a stateless entity for purposes of an IIR), the individual separate 
unit is not combined with any other separate units. See Sec.  
1.1503(d)-7(c)(3)(iii) for an example illustrating the application of 
this paragraph (b)(4)(ii)(B)(2).
* * * * *
    (6) Tax determination--(i) Subject to tax. For purposes of 
determining whether a domestic corporation or another entity is subject 
to an income tax of a foreign country on its income, the fact that it 
has no actual income tax liability to the foreign country for a 
particular taxable year shall not be taken into account.
    (ii) Minimum taxes and taxes computed by reference to financial 
accounting principles. For purposes of section 1503(d) and the 
regulations in this part issued under section 1503(d), the 
determination of whether a tax is an income tax is made without regard 
to whether the tax is intended to ensure a minimum level of taxation on 
income or computes income or loss by reference to financial accounting 
net income or loss.
* * * * *
    (21) Pillar Two terminology. Qualified Domestic Minimum Top-up Tax 
(QDMTT), Income Inclusion Rule (IIR), and any other capitalized terms 
that are used in connection with or are otherwise relevant to a minimum 
tax based on a QDMTT or IIR have the same meaning ascribed to such 
terms under the material listed in paragraphs (b)(21)(i) through (iii) 
of this section. These materials are incorporated by reference into 
Sec. Sec.  1.1503(d)-1 through 1.1503(d)-8 with the approval of the 
Director of the Federal Register under 5 U.S.C. 552(a) and 1 CFR part 
51. This material is available for inspection at the IRS and at the 
National Archives and Records Administration (NARA). Contact the IRS 
at: IRS FOIA Request, Headquarters Disclosure Office, CL:GLD:D, 1111 
Constitution Avenue NW, Washington, DC 20224; phone: +1 312 292 3297; 
website: https://foiapublicaccessportal.for.irs.gov/app/Home.aspx. For 
information on the availability of this material at NARA, email: 
[email protected], or go to: www.archives.gov/federal-register/cfr/ibr-locations. This material may be obtained from the Organisation 
for Economic Co-operation and Development (OECD) at: 2, rue 
Andr[eacute] Pascal, 75016 Paris; phone: +33 1 45 24 82 00; website: 
www.oecd.org/tax/beps/tax-challenges-arising-from-the-digitalisation-of-the-economy-global-anti-base-erosion-model-rules-pillar-two.htm.
    (i) OECD (2021), Tax Challenges Arising from the Digitalisation of 
the Economy--Global Anti-Base Erosion Model Rules (Pillar Two): 
Inclusive Framework on BEPS, OECD, Paris, December 20, 2021. (Available 
at www.oecd.org/tax/beps/tax-challenges-arising-from-the-digitalisation-of-the-economy-global-anti-base-erosion-model-rules-pillar-two.htm.)
    (ii) OECD (2024), Tax Challenges Arising from the Digitalisation of 
the Economy--Consolidated Commentary to the Global Anti-Base Erosion 
Model Rules (2023): Inclusive Framework on BEPS, OECD/G20 Base Erosion 
and Profit Shifting Project, OECD Publishing, Paris, April 23, 2024. 
(Available at https://doi.org/10.1787/b849f926-en.)
    (iii) OECD (2024), Tax Challenges Arising from the Digitalisation 
of the Economy--Administrative Guidance on the Global Anti-Base Erosion 
Model Rules (Pillar Two), June 2024, OECD/G20 Inclusive Framework on 
BEPS, OECD, Paris, December 15, 2023. (Available at www.oecd.org/tax.beps/administrative/guidance/global/anti-base-erosion-rules-pillar-two-june-2024.pdf.)
* * * * *
    (d) Disregarded payment loss rules--(1) Consequences of consent--
(i) In general. As provided in Sec.  301.7701-3(c)(4)(i) of this 
chapter, a domestic corporation that directly or indirectly owns 
interests in a specified eligible entity (as defined in Sec.  301.7701-
3(c)(4)(i) of this chapter) classified as a disregarded entity consents 
to be subject to the disregarded payment loss rules of this paragraph 
(d). Pursuant to such consent, the domestic corporation agrees that if 
the specified eligible entity or a foreign branch of the domestic 
corporation (the specified eligible entity or such a foreign branch, a 
disregarded payment entity, and the domestic corporation, a specified 
domestic owner) incurs a disregarded payment loss (other than a 
disregarded payment loss described in paragraph (d)(7)(iii) of this 
section) and a triggering event occurs with respect to the disregarded 
payment loss during the DPL certification period, then, for the taxable 
year of the specified domestic owner during which the triggering event 
occurs, the specified domestic owner includes in gross income the DPL 
inclusion amount. See Sec.  1.1503(d)-7(c)(42) for an example 
illustrating the application of the disregarded payment loss rules.
    (ii) Special rule regarding dual resident corporations. As provided 
in

[[Page 64770]]

Sec.  301.7701-3(c)(4)(ii) of this chapter, a dual resident corporation 
that directly or indirectly owns an interest in an eligible entity 
classified as a disregarded entity consents to be subject to the 
disregarded payment loss rules of this paragraph (d). Pursuant to such 
consent, the dual resident corporation agrees, for purposes of this 
paragraph (d), to be treated as a disregarded payment entity and as a 
specified domestic owner of such disregarded payment entity. In such a 
case, if the dual resident corporation has disregarded payment income 
or a disregarded payment loss for a foreign taxable year, then with 
respect to a disregarded payment loss, it generally must comply with 
the certification requirements of paragraph (d)(4) of this section and, 
upon a triggering event, include in gross income an amount equal to the 
DPL inclusion amount.
    (2) DPL inclusion amount--(i) In general. A DPL inclusion amount 
means, with respect to a disregarded payment loss as to which a 
triggering event occurs during the DPL certification period, an amount 
equal to the disregarded payment loss (or, if applicable, the reduced 
amount, as described in paragraph (d)(5)(i) of this section).
    (ii) Character and source. A DPL inclusion amount is, for U.S. tax 
purposes, treated as ordinary income, and characterized, including for 
purposes of sections 904(d) and 907, in the same manner as if the 
amount were interest or royalty income paid by a foreign corporation 
(taking into account, for example, section 904(d)(3) if such foreign 
corporation would be a controlled foreign corporation). For these 
purposes, the DPL inclusion amount is considered comprised of interest 
or royalty income based on the proportion of interest or royalty 
deductions taken into account, respectively, in computing the 
disregarded payment loss relative to all the deductions taken into 
account in computing the disregarded payment loss.
    (iii) Translation into U.S. dollars. A DPL inclusion amount is 
translated into U.S. dollars (if necessary) using the yearly average 
exchange rate (within the meaning of Sec.  1.987-1(c)(2)) for the 
taxable year of the specified domestic owner during which the 
triggering event occurs.
    (3) Triggering events. An event described in paragraph (d)(3)(i) or 
(ii) of this section is a triggering event with respect to a 
disregarded payment loss of a disregarded payment entity.
    (i) Foreign use. A foreign use of the disregarded payment loss. For 
this purpose, a foreign use is determined under the principles of Sec.  
1.1503(d)-3 (including the exceptions in Sec.  1.1503(d)-3(c)), by 
treating the disregarded payment loss as a dual consolidated loss, 
treating the disregarded payment entity as a separate unit (or, in the 
case of a disregarded payment entity that is a dual resident 
corporation, by treating the disregarded payment entity as a dual 
resident corporation), and, in Sec.  1.1503(d)-3(a)(1)(i) and (ii), 
only taking into account a person that is related to the specified 
domestic owner of the disregarded payment entity. Thus, for example, a 
foreign use of a disregarded payment loss occurs if, under a relevant 
foreign tax law, any portion of a deduction taken into account in 
computing the disregarded payment loss is made available (including by 
reason of a foreign consolidation regime or similar regime, or a sale, 
merger, or similar transaction) to offset an item of income that, for 
U.S. tax purposes, is an item of a foreign corporation, but only if 
such foreign corporation is related to the specified domestic owner of 
the disregarded payment entity.
    (ii) Failure to comply with certification requirements. A failure 
by the specified domestic owner of the disregarded payment entity to 
comply with the certification requirements of paragraph (d)(4) of this 
section.
    (4) Certification requirements. Except as otherwise provided in 
publications, forms, instructions, or other guidance, a specified 
domestic owner of a disregarded payment entity must satisfy the 
certification requirements of this paragraph (d)(4) with respect to a 
disregarded payment loss of the disregarded payment entity, other than 
a disregarded payment loss described in paragraph (d)(7)(iii) of this 
section. To satisfy the certification requirements, the specified 
domestic owner must meet the requirements in paragraphs (d)(4)(i) and 
(ii) of this section.
    (i) For its taxable year that includes the date on which the 
foreign taxable year in which the disregarded payment loss is incurred 
ends, the specified domestic owner must attach with its timely filed 
tax return a certification labeled ``Initial Disregarded Payment Loss 
Certification,'' which must contain--
    (A) The information set forth in Sec.  1.1503(d)-6(c)(2)(ii) 
(determined by substituting the phrase ``disregarded payment entity'' 
for the phrase ``separate unit'');
    (B) A statement of the amount of the disregarded payment loss; and
    (C) A statement that a foreign use of the disregarded payment loss 
has not occurred during the DPL certification period.
    (ii) During the DPL certification period, for each of its 
subsequent taxable years that includes a date on which a foreign 
taxable year ends, the specified domestic owner must attach with its 
timely filed tax return a certification labeled ``Annual Disregarded 
Payment Loss Certification'' and satisfying the requirements of this 
paragraph (d)(4)(ii). Certifications with respect to multiple 
disregarded payment losses may be combined in a single certification, 
but each disregarded payment loss must be separately identified. To 
satisfy the requirements of this paragraph (d)(4)(ii), the 
certification must--
    (A) Identify the disregarded payment loss to which it pertains by 
setting forth the foreign taxable year in which the disregarded payment 
loss was incurred and the amount of such loss;
    (B) State that there has been no foreign use of the disregarded 
payment loss; and
    (C) Warrant that arrangements have been made to ensure that there 
will be no foreign use of the disregarded payment loss and that the 
specified domestic owner will be informed of any such foreign use.
    (5) Reduction of DPL inclusion amount in certain cases. With 
respect to a disregarded payment loss as to which a triggering event 
occurs during the DPL certification period, the following rules apply:
    (i) The reduced amount means the excess (if any) of the disregarded 
payment loss over the positive balance (if any) of the DPL cumulative 
register with respect to the disregarded payment entity, computed as of 
the end of the foreign taxable year during which the triggering event 
occurs but not taking into account the disregarded payment loss. If 
during a taxable year of a specified domestic owner a triggering event 
occurs as to multiple disregarded payment losses of a disregarded 
payment entity of the specified domestic owner (each such loss, a 
triggered loss), then, when computing the DPL cumulative register for 
purposes of determining the reduced amount with respect to a triggered 
loss incurred in an earlier foreign taxable year, a triggered loss 
incurred in a later foreign taxable year is not taken into account.
    (ii) The term DPL cumulative register means, with respect to the 
disregarded payment entity, an account the balance of which is computed 
at the end of each foreign taxable year of the entity, and which 
(except as provided in paragraph (d)(5)(i) of this section) is 
increased by

[[Page 64771]]

disregarded payment income of the entity for the taxable year or 
decreased by a disregarded payment loss of the entity for the foreign 
taxable year. The account balance may be positive or negative.
    (iii) The reduced amount must be demonstrated to the satisfaction 
of the Commissioner. To so demonstrate, the specified domestic owner of 
the disregarded payment entity must attach a statement labeled 
``Reduction of Disregarded Payment Loss Amount'' to the income tax 
return for the taxable year in which the triggering event occurs and 
provide any other information as requested by the Commissioner. The 
statement must show the disregarded payment income or disregarded 
payment loss of the disregarded payment entity for each foreign taxable 
year up to and including the foreign taxable year during which the 
triggering event occurs.
    (6) Definitions. The following definitions apply for purposes of 
this paragraph (d).
    (i) The term disregarded payment entity has the meaning set forth 
in paragraph (d)(1)(i) of this section, and includes a dual resident 
corporation treated as a disregarded payment entity pursuant to 
paragraph (d)(1)(ii) of this section.
    (ii) The terms disregarded payment income and disregarded payment 
loss have the meanings set forth in this paragraph (d)(6)(ii). For 
purposes of computing the disregarded payment income or disregarded 
payment loss of a disregarded payment entity, an item is taken into 
account only if it gives rise to income or a deduction under the 
relevant foreign tax law during a period in which an interest in the 
disregarded payment entity is a separate unit (or the disregarded 
payment entity is a dual resident corporation); for purposes of 
allocating an item to a period, the principles of Sec.  1.1502-76(b) 
apply. Items taken into account in computing disregarded payment income 
or disregarded payment loss are calculated in the currency used to 
determine tax under the relevant foreign tax law.
    (A) Disregarded payment income. Disregarded payment income means, 
with respect to a disregarded payment entity and a foreign taxable year 
of the entity, the excess (if any) of the sum of the items described in 
paragraph (d)(6)(ii)(D) of this section over the sum of the items 
described in paragraph (d)(6)(ii)(C) of this section.
    (B) Disregarded payment loss. Disregarded payment loss means, with 
respect to a disregarded payment entity and a foreign taxable year of 
the entity, the excess (if any) of the sum of the items described in 
paragraph (d)(6)(ii)(C) of this section over the sum of the items 
described in paragraph (d)(6)(ii)(D) of this section.
    (C) Items of deduction. With respect to a disregarded payment 
entity and a foreign taxable year of the entity, an item is described 
in this paragraph (d)(6)(ii)(C) to the extent that it satisfies the 
requirements set forth in paragraphs (d)(6)(ii)(C)(1) through (3) of 
this section. In addition, an item is described in this paragraph 
(d)(6)(ii)(C) if, under the relevant foreign tax law, it is a deduction 
with respect to equity (including deemed equity) allowed to the entity 
in such taxable year (for example, a notional interest deduction) or a 
deduction for an imputed interest payment with respect to a debt 
instrument (such as a deduction for an imputed interest payment with 
respect to an interest-free loan).
    (1) Under the relevant foreign tax law, the entity is allowed a 
deduction in such taxable year for the item.
    (2) The payment, accrual, or other transaction giving rise to the 
item is disregarded for U.S. tax purposes as a transaction between a 
disregarded entity and its tax owner (for example, a payment by a 
disregarded entity to its tax owner or to another disregarded entity 
held by its tax owner, or a payment from a dual resident corporation to 
its disregarded entity) or as a transaction between a foreign branch 
and its home office (for example, a payment attributable to a foreign 
branch to a disregarded entity of its home office).
    (3) If the payment, accrual, or other transaction were regarded for 
U.S. tax purposes, it would be interest, a structured payment, or a 
royalty within the meaning of Sec.  1.267A-5(a)(12), (b)(5)(ii), or 
(a)(16), respectively.
    (D) Items of income. With respect to a disregarded payment entity 
and a foreign taxable year of the entity, an item is described in this 
paragraph (d)(6)(ii)(D) to the extent that it satisfies the 
requirements set forth in paragraphs (d)(6)(ii)(D)(1) through (3) of 
this section.
    (1) Under the relevant foreign tax law, the entity includes the 
item in income in such taxable year.
    (2) The payment, accrual, or other transaction giving rise to the 
item is disregarded for U.S. tax purposes as a transaction between a 
disregarded entity and its tax owner (for example, because it is a 
payment to a disregarded entity from the disregarded entity's tax owner 
or from another disregarded entity held by its tax owner, or a payment 
to a dual resident corporation from its disregarded entity) or as a 
transaction between a foreign branch and its home office (for example, 
a payment to a foreign branch by a disregarded entity of its home 
office).
    (3) If the payment, accrual, or other transaction were regarded for 
U.S. tax purposes, it would be interest, a structured payment, or a 
royalty with the meaning of Sec.  1.267A-5(a)(12), (b)(5)(ii), or 
(a)(16), respectively.
    (iii) The term DPL certification period includes, with respect to a 
disregarded payment loss, the foreign taxable year in which the 
disregarded payment loss is incurred, any prior foreign taxable years, 
and, except as provided in paragraph (d)(7)(iv) of this section, the 
60-month period following the foreign taxable year in which the 
disregarded payment loss is incurred.
    (iv) The term foreign branch means a branch (within the meaning of 
Sec.  1.267A-5(a)(2)) that gives rise to a taxable presence under the 
tax law of the foreign country where the branch is located.
    (v) The term foreign taxable year means, with respect to a 
disregarded payment entity, the entity's taxable year for purposes of a 
relevant foreign tax law.
    (vi) The term related has the meaning provided in this paragraph 
(d)(6)(vi). A person is related to a specified domestic owner if the 
person is a related person within the meaning of section 954(d)(3) and 
the regulations thereunder, determined by treating the specified 
domestic owner as the ``controlled foreign corporation'' referred to in 
that section.
    (vii) The term relevant foreign tax law means, with respect to a 
disregarded payment entity, any tax law of a foreign country of which 
the entity is a tax resident (within the meaning of Sec.  1.267A-
5(a)(23)(i)) or, in the case of a disregarded payment entity that is a 
foreign branch, the tax law of the foreign country where the branch is 
located.
    (viii) The term specified domestic owner has the meaning provided 
in paragraph (d)(1)(i) of this section, and includes a dual resident 
corporation treated as a specified domestic owner pursuant to paragraph 
(d)(1)(ii) of this section and any successor to the corporation 
described in either of those paragraphs.
    (7) Special rules--(i) Disregarded payment entity combination rule. 
For purposes of this paragraph (d), disregarded payment entities for 
which the relevant foreign tax law is the same (for example, because 
the entities are tax residents of the same foreign country) are 
combined and treated as a combined disregarded payment entity under the 
principles of paragraph (b)(4)(ii) of this

[[Page 64772]]

section, provided that the entities have the same foreign taxable year 
and are owned either by the same specified domestic owner or by 
specified domestic owners that are members of the same consolidated 
group. However, this paragraph (d)(7)(i) does not apply with respect to 
a dual resident corporation treated as a disregarded payment entity 
pursuant to paragraph (d)(1)(ii) of this section. In determining the 
disregarded payment income or disregarded payment loss of a combined 
disregarded payment entity, the principles of Sec.  1.1503(d)-
5(c)(4)(ii) apply. Thus, for example, if multiple individual 
disregarded payment entities are treated as a combined disregarded 
payment entity pursuant to this paragraph (d)(7)(i), then the combined 
disregarded payment entity has either a single amount of disregarded 
payment income or a single amount of disregarded payment loss.
    (ii) Partial ownership of disregarded payment entity. If a 
specified domestic owner of a disregarded payment entity indirectly 
owns less than all the interests in the entity (for example, if the 
specified domestic owner and another person are partners in a 
partnership that owns all the interests in the entity), then the rules 
of this paragraph (d) are applied on a proportionate basis as to the 
specified domestic owner, based on the percentage of interests (by 
value) of the disregarded payment entity that the specified domestic 
owner directly or indirectly owns. In such a case, as to the specified 
domestic owner, only a proportionate share of the disregarded payment 
entity's items of deduction or income are taken into account in 
computing disregarded payment income or disregarded payment loss of the 
entity. In addition, with respect to the disregarded payment loss as so 
computed, the specified domestic owner generally must comply with the 
certification requirements of paragraph (d)(4) of this section and, 
upon a triggering event, directly include in gross income an amount 
equal to the DPL inclusion amount.
    (iii) Termination of DPL certification period. With respect to a 
disregarded payment loss of a disregarded payment entity, the DPL 
certification period does not include any date after the end of the 
specified domestic owner's taxable year during which the specified 
domestic owner, or a person related to the specified domestic owner, no 
longer holds directly or indirectly any of the interests in, or, in the 
case of a disregarded payment entity that is a foreign branch, 
substantially all of the assets of the foreign branch. In such a case, 
the specified domestic owner ceases to be subject to the rules of 
paragraph (d)(1) of this section with respect to the disregarded 
payment loss; thus, for example, beyond the end of such taxable year 
the specified domestic owner is not subject to the certification 
requirements of paragraph (d)(4)(ii) of this section with respect to 
the loss, and will not be required to include in gross income the DPL 
inclusion amount with respect to such loss.
    (iv) Common parent as agent for specified domestic owner. If a 
specified domestic owner is a member, but not the common parent, of a 
consolidated group, then the common parent is the agent of the 
specified domestic owner under Sec.  1.1502-77(a)(1). Thus, for 
example, the common parent must attach to its tax return any 
certification or statement required or permitted to be filed pursuant 
to this paragraph (d), and references in this paragraph (d) to a 
timely-filed tax return of the specified domestic owner include a 
timely-filed tax return of the consolidated group.
    (v) Coordination with foreign hybrid mismatch rules. Whether a 
disregarded payment entity is allowed a deduction under a relevant 
foreign tax law is determined with regard to hybrid mismatch rules, if 
any, under the relevant foreign tax law. Thus, for example, if a 
relevant foreign tax law denies a deduction for an item to prevent a 
deduction/no-inclusion outcome (that is, a payment that is deductible 
for the payer jurisdiction and is not included in the ordinary income 
of the payee), the item is not taken into account for purposes of 
computing the amount of disregarded payment income or disregarded 
payment loss. For this purpose, the term hybrid mismatch rules has the 
meaning provided in Sec.  1.267A-5(b)(10).
    (vi) DPL inclusion amount not taken into account for dual 
consolidated loss purposes. A DPL inclusion amount included in the 
gross income of a dual resident corporation or a domestic owner of a 
separate unit is not taken into account for purposes of determining the 
income or dual consolidated loss of the dual resident corporation, or 
the income or dual consolidated loss attributable to the separate unit, 
under Sec.  1.1503(d)-5(b) or (c).
* * * * *
    (f) Anti-avoidance rule. If a transaction, series of transactions, 
plan, or arrangement is engaged in with a view to avoid the purposes of 
section 1503(d) and the regulations in this part issued under section 
1503(d), then appropriate adjustments will be made. A transaction, 
series of transactions, plan, or arrangement (including an arrangement 
to reflect, or not reflect, items on books and records) engaged in with 
a view to avoid the purposes of section 1503(d) and the regulations 
issued in this part under section 1503(d) includes one engaged in with 
a view to reduce or eliminate a dual consolidated loss or a disregarded 
payment loss while putting an item of deduction or loss that composes 
(or would compose) the dual consolidated loss or disregarded payment 
loss to a foreign use (determined under Sec.  1.1503(d)-3 or the 
principles thereof). Such appropriate adjustments may include 
adjustments to disregard the transaction, series of transactions, plan, 
or arrangement, or adjustments to modify the items that are taken into 
account for purposes of determining the income or dual consolidated 
loss of or attributable to a dual resident corporation or a separate 
unit, or for purposes of determining income or loss of an interest in a 
transparent entity under Sec.  1.1503(d)-5. See Sec.  1.1503(d)-
7(c)(43) for an example illustrating the application of this paragraph 
(f).
* * * * *
0
Par. 4. Section 1.1503(d)-3 is amended by:
0
1. In paragraph (c)(1), removing the language ``Paragraphs (c)(2) 
through (9)'' and adding the language ``Paragraphs (c)(2) through 
(10)'' in its place.
0
2. Redesignating paragraph (c)(9) as paragraph (c)(10) and adding a new 
paragraph (c)(9).
    The addition reads as follows:


Sec.  1.1503(d)-3  Foreign use.

* * * * *
    (c) * * *
    (9) Qualification for Transitional CbCR Safe Harbour. This 
paragraph (c)(9) applies with respect to a dual consolidated loss 
incurred in a taxable year in a Tested Jurisdiction where the 
Transitional CbCR Safe Harbour is satisfied (such that the 
Jurisdictional Top-up Tax in that jurisdiction is deemed to be zero for 
that taxable year), and no foreign use occurs with respect to the 
Transitional CbCR Safe Harbour due to the application of rules 
addressing Duplicate Loss Arrangements. In such a case, no foreign use 
is considered to occur with respect to that dual consolidated loss 
solely because any portion of the deductions or losses that compose the 
dual consolidated loss is taken into account in determining the Net 
GloBE Income in that jurisdiction for that taxable year. See Sec.  
1.1503(d)-7(c)(3)(ii)(C) for an

[[Page 64773]]

example illustrating the application of this paragraph (c)(9).
* * * * *
0
Par. 5. Section 1.1503(d)-5 is amended by:
0
1. In paragraph (b)(1):
0
a. Adding the language ``(including the special rules under Sec.  
1.1502-13(j)(10) concerning the treatment of intercompany (or 
corresponding) items (as defined in Sec.  1.1502-13(b)(2) and (3))'' in 
the second sentence after the language ``1502.''
0
b. Adding a sentence after the second sentence.
0
2. Removing the language ``the following shall not be taken into 
account--'' from the introductory text of paragraph (b)(2) and adding 
the language ``any item described in paragraphs (b)(2)(i) through (iv) 
is not taken into account.'' in its place.
0
3. Revising paragraphs (b)(2)(i) through (iii).
0
4. Adding paragraph (b)(2)(iv).
0
5. In paragraph (c)(1)(i):
0
a. Adding the language ``(including the special rules under Sec.  
1.1502-13(j)(10) concerning the treatment of intercompany (or 
corresponding) items (as defined in Sec.  1.1502-13(b)(2) and (3)) 
attributable to a separate unit'' in the second sentence after the 
language ``1502.''
0
b. Adding a sentence after the second sentence.
0
6. Adding two sentences after the third sentence of paragraph 
(c)(3)(i).
0
7. Revising paragraph (c)(4)(iv).
    The revisions and additions read as follows:


Sec.  1.1503(d)-5  Attribution of items and basis adjustments.

* * * * *
    (b) * * *
    (1) * * * For examples illustrating the interaction of the 
intercompany transaction rules in Sec.  1.1502-13 with the dual 
consolidated loss rules, see Sec.  1.1502-13(j)(15)(x) and (xi). * * *
    (2) * * *
    (i) Net capital loss. An item described in this paragraph (b)(2)(i) 
is any net capital loss of the dual resident corporation.
    (ii) Carryover or carryback loss. An item described in this 
paragraph (b)(2)(ii) is any carryover or carryback loss.
    (iii) Item attributable to a separate unit or transparent entity. 
An item described in this paragraph (b)(2)(iii) is any item of income, 
gain, deduction, or loss that is attributable to a separate unit or an 
interest in a transparent entity of the dual resident corporation.
    (iv) Items arising from ownership of stock--(A) In general. Except 
as provided in paragraph (b)(2)(iv)(B) of this section, an item 
described in this paragraph (b)(2)(iv)(A) is an amount that the dual 
resident corporation takes into account in its gross income as a result 
of ownership of stock in a corporation (including as a result of a sale 
or other disposition), as well as any deduction or loss with respect to 
such amount. Thus, for example (and except as provided in paragraph 
(b)(2)(iv)(B) of this section), an item described in this paragraph 
(b)(2)(iv)(A) includes gain recognized on the sale or exchange of 
stock, a dividend (including an amount under section 78), a deduction 
allowed under section 245A(a) with respect to a dividend, an amount 
included in gross income under section 951 or 951A, foreign currency 
gain or loss under section 986(c), and a deduction allowed under 
section 250(a)(1)(B) with respect to an inclusion under section 951A.
    (B) Exception for portfolio stock. Paragraph (b)(2)(iv)(A) of this 
section does not apply to a dividend received by the dual resident 
corporation from a corporation, any other amount that the dual resident 
corporation includes in its gross income as a result of ownership of 
stock in a corporation, or any deduction with respect to either such 
amount, if the dual resident corporation owns less than ten percent of 
the sum of the value of all classes of stock of the corporation. For 
purposes of the preceding sentence, the percentage of stock owned by 
the dual resident corporation is determined as of the beginning of the 
taxable year of the dual resident corporation in which it receives the 
dividend, includes in gross income another amount as a result of 
ownership of stock, or claims a deduction with respect to the dividend 
or inclusion in gross income, and by applying the rules of section 
318(a) (except that in applying section 318(a)(2)(C), the phrase ``ten 
percent'' is used instead of the phrase ``50 percent'').
    (c) * * *
    (1) * * *
    (i) * * * For examples illustrating the interaction of the 
intercompany transaction rules in Sec.  1.1502-13 with the dual 
consolidated loss rules, see Sec.  1.1502-13(j)(15)(x) and (xi). * * *
* * * * *
    (3) * * *
    (i) * * * For this purpose, an adjustment to conform to U.S. tax 
principles does not include the attribution to a hybrid entity separate 
unit or an interest in a transparent entity of any items that have not 
and will not be reflected on the books and records of the hybrid entity 
or transparent entity; for example, items that are reflected on the 
books and records of the domestic owner cannot be attributed to a 
hybrid entity separate unit or an interest in a transparent entity as a 
result of disregarded payments made between the domestic owner and the 
hybrid entity or transparent entity. See Sec.  1.1503(d)-5(c)(1)(ii) 
(providing that items reflected on the books and records of the hybrid 
entity or transparent entity are eliminated if they are otherwise 
disregarded for U.S. tax purposes). See also Sec.  1.1503(d)-7(c)(6) 
and (c)(23) through (25) for examples illustrating the application of 
this paragraph (c)(3)(i). * * *
    (4) * * *
    (iv) Items arising from ownership of stock--(A) In general. Except 
as provided in paragraph (c)(4)(iv)(B) of this section, for purposes of 
determining the items of income, gain, deduction, and loss of a 
domestic owner that are attributable to a separate unit or an interest 
in a transparent entity, any amount that the domestic owner includes in 
gross income as a result of ownership of stock in a corporation 
(including as a result of a sale or other disposition), as well as any 
deduction or loss with respect to such an amount, is not taken into 
account. Thus, for example (and except as provided in paragraph 
(c)(4)(iv)(B) of this section), gain recognized by a domestic owner on 
the sale or exchange of stock is not attributable to a separate unit of 
the domestic owner; in addition, neither a dividend received by a 
domestic owner (including an amount under section 78), nor any 
deduction allowed under section 245A(a) with respect to a dividend, is 
attributable to a separate unit of the domestic owner; further, neither 
an amount included in gross income by a domestic owner under section 
951 or 951A, foreign currency gain or loss under section 986(c), nor 
any deduction under section 250(a)(1)(B) with respect to an inclusion 
under section 951A, is attributable to a separate unit of the domestic 
owner. See Sec.  1.1503(d)-7(c)(24) for an example illustrating the 
application of this paragraph (c)(4)(iv)(A).
    (B) Exception for portfolio stock. Paragraph (c)(4)(iv)(A) of this 
section does not apply to a dividend received by a domestic owner from 
a corporation, any other amount that is included in gross income by the 
domestic owner as a result of ownership of stock in a corporation, or 
any deduction with respect to either such amount, if the domestic owner 
owns less than ten percent of the sum of the value of all classes of 
stock of the corporation. For purposes of the preceding sentence, the 
percentage of stock owned by the

[[Page 64774]]

domestic owner is determined as of the beginning of the taxable year of 
the domestic owner in which it receives the dividend or includes in 
gross income the other amount, and by applying the rules of section 
318(a) (except that in applying section 318(a)(2)(C), the phrase ``ten 
percent'' is used instead of the phrase ``50 percent'').
    (C) Additional rules for portfolio stock. For purposes of 
determining the items of income, gain, deduction, and loss of a 
domestic owner that are attributable to a separate unit or an interest 
in a transparent entity--
    (1) The amount of a dividend described in paragraph (c)(4)(iv)(B) 
of this section that is taken into account is equal to the amount of 
the dividend less the amount of any deduction with respect to the 
dividend; and
    (2) Any other amount described in paragraph (c)(4)(iv)(B) of this 
section is taken into account if an actual dividend from the 
corporation described in paragraph (c)(4)(iv)(B) of this section would 
be attributable to the separate unit or interest in the transparent 
entity.
* * * * *


Sec.  1.1503(d)-6  [Amended]

0
Par. 6. Section 1.1503(d)-6 is amended by:
0
1. In paragraph (d)(2):
0
a. Removing the language ``there is a triggering event in the year the 
dual consolidated loss is incurred'' in the paragraph heading and 
adding the language ``a triggering event has occurred'' in its place; 
and
0
b. Adding the language ``or before'' immediately before the language 
``such taxable year'' in the first sentence.
0
Par. 7. Section 1.1503(d)-7 is amended by:
0
1. Adding paragraph (b)(16).
0
2. Revising and republishing paragraph (c)(3).
0
3. Adding a sentence after the first sentence in paragraph 
(c)(6)(iii)(B).
0
4. In paragraph (c)(18)(iii):
0
a. Removing the language ``the Country X mirror legislation'' from the 
first sentence and adding the language ``instead of Country X mirror 
legislation, Country X law'' in its place.
0
b. Removing the language ``mirror legislation'' from the third sentence 
and adding the language ``law'' in its place.
0
c. Removing the language ``Sec.  1.1503(d)-(4)(e)'' from the last 
sentence and adding the language ``Sec.  1.1503(d)-(3)(e)'' in its 
place.
0
5. Adding paragraph (c)(18)(iv).
0
6. Adding a sentence after the third sentence in paragraph (c)(23)(ii).
0
7. Adding paragraph (c)(23)(iii).
0
8. Adding the language ``not'' before the language ``attributable'' in 
the paragraph (c)(24) heading.
0
9. In paragraph (c)(24)(i):
0
a. Removing the language ``(or related section 78 gross-up)'' from the 
fourth sentence.
0
b. Revising the fifth sentence.
0
c. Removing the last sentence.
0
10. In paragraph (c)(24)(ii), revising the first sentence and removing 
the second, fifth, and sixth sentences.
0
11. In paragraph (c)(25)(ii)(B), adding a sentence after the fifth 
sentence.
0
12. In paragraph (c)(26)(i), removing the language from the fifth 
sentence ``all of the interests'' and adding the language ``90 percent 
of the interests'' in its place.
0
13. Adding paragraphs (c)(42) and (43).
    The revisions and additions read as follows:


Sec.  1.1503(d)-7  Examples.

* * * * *
    (b) * * *
    (16) No country imposes a tax collected under either a Qualified 
Domestic Minimum Top-up Tax, IIR, or UTPR.
    (c) * * *
    (3) Domestic use limitation and certain top-up taxes--(i) Example 
3. Domestic use limitation--foreign branch separate unit owned through 
a partnership--(A) Facts. P and S organize a partnership, PRSX, under 
the laws of Country X. PRSX is treated as a partnership for both U.S. 
and Country X tax purposes. PRSX owns FBX. PRSX earns U.S. source 
income that is unconnected with its FBX branch operations, and such 
income is not subject to tax by Country X. In addition, such U.S. 
source income is not attributable to FBX under Sec.  1.1503(d)-5.
    (B) Result. Under Sec.  1.1503(d)-1(b)(4)(i)(A), P's and S's shares 
of FBX owned indirectly through their interests in PRSX are individual 
foreign branch separate units. Pursuant to Sec.  1.1503(b)-1(b)(4)(ii), 
these individual separate units are combined and treated as a single 
separate unit of the consolidated group of which P is the parent. 
Unless an exception under Sec.  1.1503(d)-6 applies, any dual 
consolidated loss attributable to FBX cannot offset income of P or S 
(other than income attributable to FBX, subject to the application of 
Sec.  1.1503(d)-4(c)), including their distributive share of the U.S. 
source income earned through their interests in PRSX, nor can it offset 
income of any other domestic affiliates.
    (ii) Example 3A. QDMTT--(A) Facts. P owns DE1X. DE1X owns FSX. 
Effective January 1, 2025, Country X imposes a Qualified Domestic 
Minimum Top-up Tax (Country X QDMTT). The Country X QDMTT is a foreign 
income tax for purposes of section 1503(d) and the regulations 
thereunder. Other than the Country X QDMTT, Country X does not impose 
an income tax on Country X entities. For the taxable year and Fiscal 
Year ending December 31, 2025, DE1X incurs a $100x deduction for 
interest expense. The $100x of interest expense is reflected on the 
books and records of DE1X and is taken into account to determine the 
amount of income or loss for purposes of the Country X QDMTT. If the 
$100x expense were deducted by P in determining U.S. taxable income, 
the loan and $100x of interest expense thereon would be a Duplicate 
Loss Arrangement under the Transitional CbCR Safe Harbour for the 
Country X QDMTT (Safe Harbour) and, as a result of Country X's rules 
for Duplicate Loss Arrangements (Country X DLA rules), the $100x of 
interest expense would be excluded from Country X's Profit (Loss) 
before Income Tax (PBT) for purposes of the Safe Harbour calculation. 
If the $100x of interest expense were taken into account in determining 
whether the Safe Harbour is satisfied (that is, if it were not excluded 
from PBT by the Country X DLA rules), the Safe Harbour would be 
satisfied; if it were not so taken into account, the Safe Harbour would 
not be satisfied. Because the Country X DLA rules apply only for 
purposes of the Safe Harbour, in all cases the $100x of interest 
expense would be taken into account in determining Net GloBE Income 
under the Country X QDMTT for the 2025 Fiscal Year.
    (B) Result--(1) General application to QDMTT. Because DE1X is not 
taxable as an association for U.S. tax purposes and is subject to a 
foreign income tax (that is, the Country X QDMTT), DE1X is a hybrid 
entity, P's interest in DE1X is a hybrid entity separate unit, and the 
$100x interest expense deduction gives rise to a $100x dual 
consolidated loss attributable to P's interest in DE1X. See Sec.  
1.1503(d)-1(b)(3), (b)(4)(i)(B)(1) and (b)(5)(ii). Unless an exception 
applies, the $100x dual consolidated loss is subject to the domestic 
use limitation under Sec.  1.1503(d)-4(b). The result would be the same 
if, in addition to the Country X QDMTT, Country X imposed another 
income tax on Country X entities and, under the laws of that income 
tax, the loss of DE1X is not available to offset or reduce items of 
income or gain of FSX without an election, and no such election is 
made.
    (2) Ability to make a domestic use election. P cannot make a 
domestic use election with respect to the $100x dual consolidated loss 
if there is a foreign use of the dual consolidated loss in the year in 
which it was incurred (or in any prior

[[Page 64775]]

year). Sec.  1.1503(d)-6(d)(2). Thus, to determine whether a domestic 
use election can be made it must first be determined whether the dual 
consolidated loss has been or will be put to a foreign use under the 
Country X QDMTT, including whether it would be put to a foreign use if 
a domestic use election were made. If a domestic use election were 
made, such that the dual consolidated loss could be deducted by P in 
determining its taxable income for U.S. tax purposes, then the Country 
X DLA rules would apply and prevent the $100x expense from being taken 
into account for purposes of the Safe Harbour. As a result, the $100x 
loss would not be put to a foreign use under the Safe Harbour, and the 
Safe Harbour would not be satisfied. Accordingly, it must also be 
determined whether the dual consolidated loss would be put to a foreign 
use under a full application of the Country X QDMTT rules. Since the 
Country X DLA rules only apply for purposes of the Safe Harbour, the 
$100x expense would be taken into account in determining the Country X 
Net GloBE Income under a full application of the Country X QDMTT rules 
and, because the $100x interest expense would thus be made available to 
offset or reduce items of income or gain of FSX, the $100x dual 
consolidated loss would be put to a foreign use and a domestic use 
election cannot be made.
    (C) Alternative facts. The facts are the same as in paragraph 
(c)(3)(ii)(A) of this section, except that even though the DLA Rules 
would exclude the $100x of interest expense from Country X's PBT if a 
domestic use election were made, the Safe Harbour is nevertheless 
satisfied and, as a result, the Jurisdictional Top-up Tax under a full 
application of the Country X QDMTT rules is deemed to be zero. The 
result is the same as set forth in paragraph (c)(3)(ii)(B) of this 
section, except that because the Safe Harbour for Country X is 
satisfied (and no foreign use occurs pursuant to the application of the 
Safe Harbour due to the Country X DLA rules), no foreign use is 
considered to occur with respect to the $100x dual consolidated loss 
solely as a result of it being taken into account in determining the 
Net GloBE Income in Country X. See Sec.  1.1503(d)-3(c)(9). 
Accordingly, P can make a domestic use election for the $100x dual 
consolidated loss attributable to its interest in DE1X.
    (iii) Example 3B. IIR--(A) Facts. P owns DE3Y. DE3Y owns DE1X, S, 
USLLC, FLLC, and a 90 percent interest in PRS. For U.S. tax purposes: S 
is a domestic corporation; USLLC is a domestic entity that is 
disregarded as an entity separate from its owner; FLLC is a foreign 
entity that is disregarded as an entity separate from its owner; and 
PRS is a domestic partnership. FLLC is not subject to an income tax in 
a foreign country. Country X does not impose an income tax on Country X 
entities. Effective January 1, 2025, Country Y imposes an IIR (Country 
Y IIR). The Country Y IIR is an income tax for purposes of section 
1503(d) and the regulations thereunder. For purposes of the Country Y 
IIR: DE1X is not a Flow-through Entity or a Tax Transparent Entity and 
is located in Country X; each of USLLC and FLLC is a Flow-through 
Entity, a Reverse Hybrid Entity and a Stateless Constituent Entity; and 
PRS is a Flow-through Entity and a Tax Transparent Entity.
    (B) Analysis--(1) DE1X and FLLC. Neither DE1X nor FLLC is subject 
to a foreign income tax on their worldwide income or on a residence 
basis, and thus neither DE1X nor FLLC is a hybrid entity (within the 
meaning of Sec.  1.1503(d)-1(b)(3)). However, the income or loss of 
each of DE1X and FLLC is taken into account in determining the amount 
of tax under the Country Y IIR and each of DE1X and FLLC is a foreign 
entity other than a Tax Transparent Entity for purposes of the Country 
Y IIR. As such, P's indirect interest in each of DE1X and FLLC is a 
hybrid entity separate unit (within the meaning of Sec.  1.1503(d)-
1(b)(4)(i)(B)(2)). Because DE1X is located in Country X for purposes of 
the Country Y IIR, the DE1X separate unit would form part of a combined 
separate unit including any other individual Country X separate units. 
See Sec.  1.1503(d)-1(b)(4)(ii)(A) and (b)(4)(ii)(B)(2). Because FLLC 
is a Stateless Constituent Entity and thus not located in a specific 
jurisdiction for purposes of the Country Y IIR, the FLLC separate unit 
cannot be combined with any individual separate unit. See Sec.  
1.1503(d)-1(b)(4)(ii)(B)(2).
    (2) S and USLLC. Neither S nor USLLC is subject to a foreign income 
tax on their worldwide income or on a residence basis, even though the 
income or loss of S and USLLC is taken into account in determining the 
amount of tax under the Country Y IIR. As a result, S is not a dual 
resident corporation (within the meaning of Sec.  1.1503(d)-1(b)(2)) 
and USLLC is not a hybrid entity (within the meaning of Sec.  
1.1503(d)-1(b)(3)). Further, because USLLC is a domestic entity, P's 
interest in USLLC is not a hybrid entity separate unit within the 
meaning of Sec.  1.1503(d)-1(b)(4)(i)(B)(2). Finally, USLLC is a 
transparent entity (within the meaning of Sec.  1.1503(d)-1(b)(16)) 
with respect to the DE3Y separate unit because it is not taxable as an 
association for Federal tax purposes, is not subject to an income tax 
in a foreign country, and is not a pass-through entity under the laws 
of Country Y (the applicable foreign country).
    (3) PRS. PRS is a Tax Transparent Entity for purposes of the 
Country Y IIR because it is fiscally transparent in the United States 
and is not tax resident in any foreign jurisdiction. PRS is not a 
hybrid entity (within the meaning of Sec.  1.1503(d)-1(b)(3)), and P's 
indirect interest in PRS is not a hybrid entity separate unit within 
the meaning of Sec.  1.1503(d)-1(b)(4)(i)(B)(1)) because PRS is not 
subject to a foreign tax on its worldwide income or on a residence 
basis. Further, P's indirect interest in PRS is not a hybrid entity 
separate unit within the meaning of Sec.  1.1503(d)-1(b)(4)(i)(B)(2), 
even though the income or loss of PRS is taken into account in 
determining the amount of tax under the Country Y IIR, because PRS is 
not a foreign entity. PRS is also not a transparent entity (within the 
meaning of Sec.  1.1503(d)-1(b)(16)) with respect to the DE3Y separate 
unit because, as a Tax Transparent Entity, it is a pass-through entity 
under the laws of Country Y (the applicable foreign country). The 
result would be the same if, instead of PRS being a domestic entity, 
PRS were a foreign entity (P's indirect interest in PRS would not be a 
separate unit in this case because PRS is a Tax Transparent Entity).
* * * * *
    (6) * * *
    (iii) * * *
    (B) * * * But see Sec.  1.1503(d)-1(d), which takes into account 
certain payments that are otherwise disregarded for purposes of section 
1503(d) and the regulations thereunder. * * *
* * * * *
    (18) * * *
    (iv) Alternative facts. The facts are the same as in paragraph 
(c)(18)(i) of this section, except that instead of Country X mirror 
legislation, Country X law denies the ability to use the loss to offset 
income of Country X affiliates if the loss is deductible in another 
jurisdiction to offset income that is not dual inclusion income (for 
example, if a domestic use election were made with respect to FBX's 
dual consolidated loss and the loss became deductible by P); Country X 
law does not, however, deny the use of the loss of a Country X branch 
or permanent establishment to offset income of Country X affiliates if 
under the law of the other jurisdiction the loss can only offset income 
of the Country X branch or permanent establishment (for example, if a 
domestic use election is not made with respect to FBX's dual

[[Page 64776]]

consolidated loss and the domestic use limitation applied). 
Accordingly, Country X law does not deny any opportunity for the 
foreign use of the dual consolidated loss and, therefore, is not mirror 
legislation (within the meaning of Sec.  1.1503(d)-3(e)(1)).
* * * * *
    (23) * * *
    (ii) * * * But see Sec.  1.1503(d)-1(d), which takes into account 
certain payments that are otherwise disregarded for purposes of section 
1503(d) and the regulations thereunder. * * *
    (iii) Alternative facts. The facts are the same as in paragraph 
(c)(23)(i) of this section, except that P borrows from DE1X (instead of 
from a third party) and P on-lends the proceeds to a third party 
(instead of to DE1X). In addition, in year 1, P earns interest income 
attributable to the third-party loan. Also in year 1, DE1X earns $40x 
of interest income on its loan to P (which is generally disregarded for 
U.S. tax purposes) and DE1X incurs an unrelated $30x deduction for 
salary expense (which is regarded). The loan from DE1X to P, the 
disregarded interest income, and the regarded salary expense are 
reflected on the books and records of DE1X. The third-party loan and 
related interest income have not and will not be reflected on the books 
and records of DE1X because they are reflected on the books and records 
of P. Because the interest income on P's third-party loan is not 
reflected on the books and records of DE1X, no portion of such income 
is attributable to P's interest in DE1X pursuant to Sec.  1.1503(d)-
5(c)(3) for purposes of calculating the year 1 income or dual 
consolidated loss attributable to such interest. Adjustments of DE1X's 
books and records to conform to U.S. tax principles do not result in 
the attribution of any portion of the third-party interest income, or 
any other item reflected on the books and records of P, to P's interest 
in DE1X because such item has not and will not be reflected on DE1X's 
books and records. See Sec.  1.1503(d)-5(c)(3)(i). Further, even though 
the disregarded interest income is reflected on the books and records 
of DE1X, it is not taken into account for purposes of calculating 
income or a dual consolidated loss. See Sec.  1.1503(d)-5(c)(1)(ii). 
But see Sec.  1.1503(d)-1(d), which takes into account certain payments 
that are otherwise disregarded for purposes of section 1503(d) and the 
regulations thereunder. The $30x deduction for the salary expense is 
reflected on DE1X's books and records and, thus, there is a $30x dual 
consolidated loss attributable to P's interest in DE1X in year 1.
    (24) * * *
    (i) * * * In year 1, FSX distributes $50x to DE3Y, the entire 
amount of which is a dividend for U.S. tax purposes and is included in 
gross income by P. * * *
    (ii) Pursuant to Sec.  1.1503(d)-5(c)(4)(iv)(A), neither the $50x 
dividend nor any deduction or loss with respect to the dividend (for 
example, a deduction allowed to P under section 245A(a)) is taken into 
account for purposes of determining the items of income, gain, 
deduction, and loss of P that are attributable to P's interest in DE3Y; 
thus, regardless of whether the dividend is reflected on the books and 
records of DE3Y, no portion of the dividend or any deduction or loss 
with respect to the dividend is attributable to P's interest in DE3Y. * 
* *
    (25) * * *
    (ii) * * *
    (B) * * * But see Sec.  1.1503(d)-1(d), which takes into account 
certain payments that are otherwise disregarded for purposes of section 
1503(d) and the regulations thereunder. * * *
* * * * *
    (42) Example 42. Disregarded payment loss--inclusion in gross 
income of DPL inclusion amount upon occurrence of triggering event--(i) 
Facts. P owns DE1X, and DE1X owns FSX. P owned all the interests in 
DE1X on the effective date of DE1X's election to be disregarded as an 
entity separate from its owner. In year 1, DE1X pays $100x to P 
pursuant to a note. For U.S. tax purposes, the payment is disregarded 
as a transaction between DE1X and P, but if the payment were regarded 
it would be interest within the meaning of Sec.  1.267A-5(a)(12). Under 
Country X tax law, the $100x is interest for which DE1X is allowed a 
deduction in year 1. In year 1, pursuant to a Country X group relief 
regime, DE1X's $100x deduction is made available to offset income of 
FSX.
    (ii) Result. Because P owned interests in DE1X, a specified 
eligible entity (as defined in Sec.  301.7701-3(c)(4)(i) of this 
chapter), on the effective date of DE1X's election to be a disregarded 
entity, P consented to be subject to the disregarded payment loss rules 
of Sec.  1.1503(d)-1(d). See Sec.  301.7701-3(c)(4)(i) of this chapter. 
In addition, DE1X, a disregarded payment entity, incurs a $100x 
disregarded payment loss with respect to its Country X taxable year for 
year 1. See Sec.  1.1503(d)-1(d)(1)(i) and (d)(6)(ii)(B). DE1X's $100x 
deduction being made available to offset income of FSX pursuant to the 
Country X group relief regime constitutes a foreign use of, and thus a 
triggering event with respect to, the disregarded payment loss during 
the DPL certification period. See Sec.  1.1503(d)-1(d)(3)(i) and 
(d)(6)(iii). As a result, in year 1, P must include in gross income 
$100x, the DPL inclusion amount with respect to the disregarded payment 
loss. See Sec.  1.1503(d)-1(d)(1)(i) and (d)(2)(i). The $100x DPL 
inclusion amount is treated for U.S. tax purposes as ordinary interest 
income, the source and character of which is determined as if P 
received the interest payment from a wholly owned foreign corporation. 
See Sec.  1.1503(d)-1(d)(2)(ii). The result would be the same if the 
payment were not treated as interest (or a structured payment or a 
royalty) for U.S. tax purposes, if it were regarded, and the 
transaction, series of transactions, plan, or arrangement that gave 
rise to the payment was engaged in with a view to avoid the purposes of 
the disregarded payment loss rules under Sec.  1.1503(d)-1(d). See 
Sec.  1.1503(d)-1(f).
    (43) Example 43. Income from U.S. business operations to avoid the 
purposes of the dual consolidated loss rules--(i) Facts. P owns DE1X. 
DE1X owns FSX. P conducts business operations in the United States that 
are expected to generate items of income or gain (U.S. business 
operations). With a view to avoid the purposes of section 1503(d) by 
eliminating what would otherwise be a dual consolidated loss, P 
transfers the U.S. business operations to DE1X. But for P's items of 
income or gain from the U.S. business operations (held indirectly 
through DE1X), there would be a dual consolidated loss attributable to 
USP's interest in DE1X and a foreign use of that dual consolidated loss 
(as a result of the Country X consolidation regime). For purposes of 
determining taxable income under the income tax laws of Country X, 
items of income, gain, deduction, and loss attributable to a permanent 
establishment (or similar taxable presence) in another country, which 
would include the U.S. business operations, are not taken into account.
    (ii) Result. Because P transferred the U.S. business operations to 
DE1X with a view to avoid the purposes of section 1503(d), the anti-
avoidance rule in Sec.  1.1503(d)-1(f) applies. As a result, the income 
or gain that P takes into account from the U.S. business operations 
(held through DE1X) will not be taken into account for purposes of 
determining the amount of income or dual consolidated loss attributable 
to P's interest in DE1X under Sec.  1.1503(d)-5(c). The result would be 
the same if, instead of the income tax laws of Country X not taking

[[Page 64777]]

into account the items of income, gain, deduction, and loss 
attributable to a permanent establishment (or similar taxable presence) 
in another country for purposes of determining taxable income, the 
income tax laws of Country X took such items into account for this 
purpose but provided a foreign tax credit with respect to taxes paid on 
such items.
* * * * *
0
Par. 8. Section 1.1503(d)-8 is amended by:
0
1. Revising the section heading.
0
2. In paragraph (b)(6):
0
a. Removing the language ``as well 1.1503(d)-3(e)(1) and (e)(3)'' in 
the first sentence and adding the language ``as well as 1.1503(d)-
3(e)(3)'' in its place.
0
b. Removing the second sentence.
0
c. Adding a sentence at the end of the paragraph.
0
3. Adding paragraphs (b)(9) through (16).
    The revisions and additions read as follows:


Sec.  1.1503(d)-8  Applicability dates.

* * * * *
    (b) * * *
    (6) * * * The parenthetical in Sec.  1.1503(d)-1(c)(1)(ii) applies 
to determinations under Sec. Sec.  1.1503(d)-1 through 1.1503(d)-7 
relating to taxable years ending on or after August 6, 2024.
* * * * *
    (9) Attribution of items arising from ownership of stock. Section 
1.1503(d)-5(b)(2)(iv) and (c)(4)(iv) apply to taxable years ending on 
or after August 6, 2024.
    (10) Adjustments to conform to U.S. tax principles. The fourth and 
fifth sentences of Sec.  1.1503(d)-5(c)(3)(i) apply to taxable years 
ending on or after August 6, 2024.
    (11) Disregarded payment loss rules. Section 1.1503(d)-1(d) applies 
to taxable years ending on or after August 6, 2024. See also section 
301.7701-3(c)(4)(vi) (applicability dates for consent to be subject to 
disregarded payment loss rules).
    (12) Transition rule for QDMTTs and Top-up Taxes--(i) In general. 
Except as provided in paragraph (b)(12)(ii) of this section, Sec. Sec.  
1.1503(d)-1 through 1.1503(d)-7 apply without taking into account 
QDMTTs or Top-up Taxes with respect to losses incurred in taxable years 
beginning before August 6, 2024. Thus, for example, a foreign use is 
not considered to occur with respect to a dual consolidated loss 
incurred in a taxable year beginning before August 6, 2024 solely 
because all or a portion of the deductions or losses that comprise the 
dual consolidated loss is taken into account (including in a taxable 
year beginning on or after August 6, 2024) in determining the Net GloBE 
Income for a jurisdiction or whether the Transitional CbCR Safe Harbour 
applies for a jurisdiction. As an additional example, an entity is not 
treated as a hybrid entity in a taxable year beginning before August 6, 
2024 solely because it is subject to a QDMTT.
    (ii) Anti-abuse rule. Paragraph (b)(12)(i) of this section does not 
apply with respect to a loss that was incurred or increased with a view 
to reduce the amount of tax under a QDMTT or IIR, or to qualify for the 
Transitional CbCR Safe Harbour. For example, a loss may be put to a 
foreign use under a QDMTT where a taxpayer causes the loss to be taken 
into account in a taxable year beginning before August 6, 2024, with a 
view to reducing the amount of tax under a QDMTT in a taxable year 
beginning after August 6, 2024.
    (13) Foreign use exception for qualification for the Transitional 
CbCR Safe Harbour. Section 1.1503(d)-3(c)(9) applies to taxable years 
beginning on or after August 6, 2024.
    (14) Separate units arising from a QDMTT or IIR. Sections 
1.1503(d)-1(b)(4)(i)(A)(2), 1.1503(d)-1(b)(4)(i)(B)(2), and 1.1503(d)-
1(b)(4)(ii)(B)(2) apply to taxable years beginning on or after August 
6, 2024.
    (15) Anti-avoidance rule. Section 1.1503(d)-1(f) applies to taxable 
years ending on or after August 6, 2024.
    (16) Minimum taxes and taxes computed by reference to financial 
accounting principles. Section 1.1503(d)-1(b)(6)(ii) applies to taxable 
years ending on or after August 6, 2024.

PART 301--PROCEDURE AND ADMINISTRATION

0
Par. 9. The authority citation for part 301 continues to read in part 
as follows:

    Authority:  26 U.S.C. 7805. * * *

0
Par. 10. Section 301.7701-3 is amended by revising the sixth sentence 
of paragraph (a) and adding paragraph (c)(4) to read as follows:


Sec.  301.7701-3  Classification of certain business entities.

    (a) * * * Paragraph (c) of this section provides rules for making 
express elections, including a rule under which a domestic eligible 
entity that elects to be classified as an association consents to be 
subject to the dual consolidated loss rules of section 1503(d), as well 
as a rule under which certain owners of certain eligible entities that 
are disregarded as entities separate from their owners consent to be 
subject to the disregarded payment loss rules of Sec.  1.1503(d)-1(d). 
* * *
* * * * *
    (c) * * *
    (4) Consent to be subject to disregarded payment loss rules--(i) 
General rule. If a specified eligible entity elects to be (or is formed 
or acquired after August 6, 2024 and classified without an election as) 
disregarded as an entity separate from its owner, then a domestic 
corporation, if any, that on the effective date of the election (or on 
the date of formation or acquisition absent an election) owns directly 
or indirectly interests in the specified eligible entity consents to be 
subject to the disregarded payment loss rules of Sec.  1.1503(d)-1(d) 
of this chapter. For this purpose, a specified eligible entity means an 
eligible entity (regardless of whether domestic or foreign), provided 
that the entity is a foreign tax resident or is owned by a domestic 
corporation that has a foreign branch.
    (ii) Special rule regarding dual resident corporations. If an 
eligible entity elects to be disregarded as an entity separate from its 
owner, then a dual resident corporation, if any, that on the effective 
date of the election directly or indirectly owns interests in the 
eligible entity consents to be subject to the disregarded payment loss 
rules of Sec.  1.1503(d)-1(d) of this chapter.
    (iii) Deemed consent. This paragraph (c)(4)(iii) applies to a 
domestic corporation that directly or indirectly owns interests in a 
specified eligible entity disregarded as an entity separate from its 
owner, but that has not pursuant to paragraph (c)(4)(i) of this section 
consented to be subject to the disregarded payment loss rules of Sec.  
1.1503(d)-1(d) of this chapter. This paragraph (c)(4)(iii) also applies 
to a dual resident corporation that owns directly or indirectly 
interests in an eligible entity disregarded as an entity separate from 
its owner, but that has not pursuant to paragraph (c)(4)(ii) of this 
section consented to be subject to the disregarded payment loss rules 
of Sec.  1.1503(d)-1(d) of this chapter. When this paragraph 
(c)(4)(iii) applies, the domestic corporation or dual resident 
corporation, as applicable, is deemed to consent to be subject to the 
disregarded payment loss rules of Sec.  1.1503(d)-1(d) of this chapter. 
This deemed consent rule applies, for example, to a domestic 
corporation that directly or indirectly acquires interests in a pre-
existing disregarded entity, and a domestic corporation that owns 
interests in a disregarded entity by reason of a conversion of a 
partnership to a

[[Page 64778]]

disregarded entity (provided that, in each case, the disregarded entity 
is a specified eligible entity). As additional examples, the deemed 
consent rule applies to a domestic corporation that owns interests in a 
disregarded entity that defaulted to such status under paragraph 
(b)(1)(ii) or (b)(2)(i)(C) of this section, as well as a domestic 
corporation that owns interests in a disregarded entity that elected 
such status before the applicability date relating to paragraph 
(c)(4)(i) of this section (provided that, in each case, the disregarded 
entity is a specified eligible entity).
    (iv) Election to avoid deemed consent. The deemed consent rule of 
paragraph (c)(4)(iii) of this section does not apply to a domestic 
corporation or dual resident corporation if the eligible entity elects 
to be classified as an association effective before August 6, 2025. For 
purposes of such an election, the sixty-month limitation under 
paragraph (c)(1)(iv) of this section does not apply.
    (v) Definitions. For purposes of paragraph (c)(4) of this section, 
the following definitions apply:
    (A) The term domestic corporation has the meaning provided in Sec.  
1.1503(d)-1(b)(1) of this chapter.
    (B) The term dual resident corporation has the meaning provided in 
Sec.  1.1503(d)-1(b)(2) of this chapter.
    (C) The term foreign branch means a branch (within the meaning of 
Sec.  1.267A-5(a)(2) of this chapter) that gives rise to a taxable 
presence under the tax law of the foreign country where the branch is 
located.
    (D) The term foreign tax resident means a tax resident (within the 
meaning of Sec.  1.267A-5(a)(23)(i) of this chapter) of a foreign 
country.
    (E) The term indirectly, when used in reference to ownership, has 
the same meaning as provided in Sec.  1.1503(d)-1(b)(19) of this 
chapter.
    (vi) Applicability dates--(A) In general. Except as provided in 
paragraph (c)(4)(vi)(B) of this section, paragraph (c)(4) of this 
section applies as of August 6, 2024, as well as in regard to any 
election of an eligible entity to be classified as disregarded as an 
entity separate from its owner filed on or after August 6, 2024 
(regardless of whether the election is effective before August 6, 
2024).
    (B) Special rule regarding deemed consent. Paragraph (c)(4)(iii) of 
this section applies on or after August 6, 2025.
* * * * *

Douglas W. O'Donnell,
Deputy Commissioner.
[FR Doc. 2024-16665 Filed 8-6-24; 8:45 am]
BILLING CODE 4830-01-P