[Federal Register Volume 89, Number 99 (Tuesday, May 21, 2024)]
[Rules and Regulations]
[Pages 44830-44896]
From the Federal Register Online via the Government Publishing Office [www.gpo.gov]
[FR Doc No: 2024-09958]



[[Page 44829]]

Vol. 89

Tuesday,

No. 99

May 21, 2024

Part III





Department of Transportation





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Federal Railroad Administration





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49 CFR Part 246





Certification of Signal Employees; Final Rule

  Federal Register / Vol. 89, No. 99 / Tuesday, May 21, 2024 / Rules 
and Regulations  

[[Page 44830]]


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DEPARTMENT OF TRANSPORTATION

Federal Railroad Administration

49 CFR Part 246

[Docket No. FRA-2022-0020, Notice No. 4]
RIN 2130-AC92


Certification of Signal Employees

AGENCY: Federal Railroad Administration (FRA), Department of 
Transportation (DOT).

ACTION: Final rule.

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SUMMARY: FRA is prescribing regulations for certification of signal 
employees, pursuant to the authority granted in section 402 of the Rail 
Safety Improvement Act of 2008 (RSIA).

DATES:  Effective Date: The rule is effective July 22, 2024.

FOR FURTHER INFORMATION CONTACT: Gabe Neal, Staff Director, Signal, 
Train Control, and Crossings Division, U.S. Department of 
Transportation, Federal Railroad Administration, telephone: (816) 516-
7168, email: [email protected]; or Kathryn Gresham, Attorney Adviser, 
U.S. Department of Transportation, Federal Railroad Administration, 
telephone: (202) 577-7142, email: [email protected].

SUPPLEMENTARY INFORMATION:

Abbreviations and Terms Used in This Document

AANP--American Association of Nurse Practitioners
AAR--Association of American Railroads
ADA--Americans with Disabilities Act
APTA--American Public Transportation Association
ASLRRA--American Short Line and Regional Railroad Association
BRS--Brotherhood of Railroad Signalmen
CE--Categorical Exclusion
CFR--Code of Federal Regulations
CRB--Certification Review Board
DAC--Drug and alcohol counselor
DOT--United States Department of Transportation
EA--Environmental Assessment
EIS--Environmental Impact Statement
FRA--Federal Railroad Administration
IBEW--International Brotherhood of Electrical Workers
IRFA--Initial Regulatory Flexibility Analysis
ITLC--International Transportation Learning Center
MTA--New York State Metropolitan Transportation Authority
NEPA--National Environmental Policy Act
NPRM--Notice of Proposed Rulemaking
NRC--Network Rail Consulting Inc.
NRCMA--National Railroad Construction and Maintenance Association
NRM--Northwest Railway Museum
OCSR--Oregon Coast Scenic Railroad
OMB--United States Office of Management and Budget
PRA--The Paperwork Reduction Act
PTC--Positive Train Control
PV--Present Value
RIA--Regulatory Impact Analysis
RIN--Regulatory Identification Number
RSAC--Railroad Safety Advisory Committee
RSIA--Rail Safety Improvement Act of 2008
SAP--Substance Abuse Professional
SMART-TD--Transportation Division of the International Association 
of Sheet Metal, Air, Rail and Transportation Workers
STB--The Surface Transportation Board
TTD--Transportation Trades Department, AFL-CIO
U.S.C.--United States Code
UTC--Washington Utilities and Transportation Commission

Table of Contents for Supplementary Information

I. Executive Summary
II. Legal Authority
III. Background
    A. Roles and Responsibilities of Signal Employees
    B. FRA History of Certification
    C. Statutory Background for Signal Employee Certification
    D. Report to Congress
    E. RSAC Working Group
    F. Public Outreach
    G. Role of Third Parties
    H. Interaction With Other FRA Regulations
    I. Confidential Close Call Reporting System
    J. Notice of Proposed Rulemaking
IV. Discussion of General Comments and FRA's Conclusions
    A. Cost-Benefit Analysis/Safety Justification
    B. RSIA Authority
    C. Role of Third Parties
    D. Interaction With Other FRA Regulations
    E. Confidential Close Call Reporting System
    F. PTC
V. Section-by-Section Analysis
VI. Regulatory Impact and Notices
    A. Executive Order 12866
    B. Regulatory Flexibility Act and Executive Order 13272
    C. Paperwork Reduction Act
    D. Federalism Implications
    E. International Trade Impact Assessment
    F. Environmental Impact
    G. Environmental Justice
    H. Unfunded Mandates Reform Act of 1995
    I. Energy Impact
    J. Executive Order 13175 (Tribal Consultation)

I. Executive Summary

Purpose of the Regulatory Action

    FRA is requiring railroads to develop FRA-approved programs for 
certifying signal employees who work on signal systems and signal-
related technology on their networks. Pursuant to this rule, railroads 
are required to have formal processes for training signal employees, as 
well as verifying that each signal employee has the requisite 
knowledge, skills, safety record, and ability to safely perform 
assigned tasks mandated by railroad rules and safety standards and 
Federal law and regulations prior to certification. In addition, 
railroads will be required to have formal processes for revoking 
certification (either temporarily or permanently) for signal employees 
who violate specified minimum requirements.
    FRA is promulgating this regulation in response to section 402 of 
the RSIA, Public Law 110-432, 122 Stat. 4848, 4884 (Oct. 16, 2008), 
which required the Secretary of Transportation (Secretary) to submit a 
report to Congress addressing whether certification of ``certain crafts 
or classes'' of railroad employees or contractors, including signal 
employees, was necessary to ``reduce the number and rate of accidents 
and incidents or to improve railroad safety.'' Section 402 further 
provides that the Secretary may prescribe regulations requiring the 
certification of certain crafts or classes if the Secretary determined, 
pursuant to the report to Congress, that such regulations are necessary 
to reduce the number and rate of accidents and incidents or to improve 
railroad safety.
    The Secretary submitted a report to Congress on November 4, 
2015,\1\ stating that, based on FRA's preliminary research, signal 
employees were one of the most viable candidate railroad crafts for 
certification, particularly with the introduction of Positive Train 
Control (PTC) technology. Given the safety critical role of signal 
employees in facilitating safe railroad operations, FRA determined that 
the number and rate of accidents and incidents would be expected to 
decrease and railroad safety would be expected to improve if signal 
employees are required to satisfy certain standards and be certified by 
each railroad whose signal systems they install, troubleshoot, repair, 
test, or maintain.
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    \1\ A copy of this November 4, 2015 Report to Congress has been 
posted in the rulemaking docket at: https://www.regulations.gov/document/FRA-2022-0020-0001.
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Summary of Major Provisions

    This rule requires railroads to develop written programs for 
certifying individuals who work as signal employees on their 
territories, and to submit those written certification programs to FRA 
for approval prior to implementation. FRA will issue a letter to the 
railroad when it approves a certification program that explains the 
basis for approval, and a program will not be considered approved until 
FRA issues the approval letter. Subpart A of this rule contains general 
provisions, including a formal statement of the rule's purpose and 
scope.

[[Page 44831]]

    Subpart B of this rule covers the review and approval process of 
certification programs, the implementation schedule for this rule, the 
certification program requirements, and the eligibility determinations 
a railroad must make to certify a person as a signal employee. Class I 
railroads (including the National Railroad Passenger Corporation), and 
railroads providing commuter service, are required to submit their 
written certification programs to FRA no later than eight (8) months 
after this rule's effective date. Class II and Class III railroads are 
required to submit their written certification plans sixteen (16) 
months after this rule's rule effective date. New railroads that begin 
operation after the effective date are required to submit their written 
certification programs to FRA and obtain FRA approval before installing 
their signal systems and commencing operations. In addition, railroads 
seeking to materially modify their FRA-approved certification programs 
must obtain FRA approval prior to modifying their programs.
    Railroads are required to evaluate certification candidates in 
multiple areas, including prior safety conduct as a motor vehicle 
operator, prior safety conduct as an employee of a different railroad, 
substance abuse disorders and alcohol/drug rules compliance, and visual 
and hearing acuity.
    The rule also contains minimum requirements for the training 
provided to candidates for signal employee certification. These 
requirements are intended to ensure certified signal employees have 
received sufficient training before they are hired to work on signal 
systems and signal-related technology. These requirements are also 
intended to ensure that certified signal employees periodically receive 
recurring training on Federal laws, regulations, and orders and 
railroad safety and operating rules, as well as comprehensive training 
on new signal systems and signal-related technology before they are 
introduced on the railroads where they work.
    Subpart C of this rule addresses how railroads are to administer 
their signal employee certification programs. With the exception of 
individuals designated as certified signal employees prior to FRA 
approval of the railroad's signal employee certification program, this 
rule prohibits railroads from certifying signal employees for intervals 
longer than three (3) years. This three-year limitation, which is 
consistent with the 36-month maximum period for certifying locomotive 
engineers in 49 CFR 240.217(c) and the 36-month maximum period for 
certifying conductors in 49 CFR 242.201(c), allows for periodic re-
evaluation of certified signal employees to verify their continued 
compliance with FRA's minimum safety requirements.
    Subpart D of this rule addresses the process and criteria for 
denying and revoking certification. Before a railroad denies an 
individual certification or recertification, it must provide the 
certification candidate with the information that forms the basis for 
the denial decision and give the candidate an opportunity to rebut such 
evidence. The rule also requires that a railroad make any decision to 
deny an individual certification or recertification in writing and meet 
certain requirements.
    A railroad can only revoke a signal employee's certification if one 
of eleven events occurs. Generally, for the first revocable event that 
is not related to a signal employee's use of drugs or alcohol, the 
person's certification would be revoked for 30 days. If a person 
accumulates more of these violations in a given time period, the 
revocation period (period of ineligibility) becomes longer.
    If a railroad acquires reliable information that a certified signal 
employee has violated an operating rule or practice requiring 
decertification under this rule, the railroad must suspend the signal 
employee's certification immediately, while it determines whether 
revocation is warranted. In such circumstances, signal employees are 
entitled to a hearing. Similar to a railroad's decision to deny 
certification, a railroad's decision to revoke a signal employee's 
certification must satisfy certain requirements. Finally, if an 
intervening cause prevented or materially impaired a signal employee's 
ability to comply with a railroad operating rule or practice, the 
railroad must not revoke the signal employee's certification.
    Subpart E of this rule describes the dispute resolution process for 
individuals wishing to challenge a railroad's decision to deny 
certification, deny recertification, or revoke certification. This 
dispute resolution process mirrors the process used for locomotive 
engineers and conductors under 49 CFR parts 240 and 242, respectively.
    Finally, this final rule contains two appendices. Appendix A 
discusses the procedures that a person seeking certification or 
recertification should follow to furnish a railroad with information 
concerning their motor vehicle driving record. Appendix B provides 
guidance on the procedures railroads should employ in administering the 
vision and hearing requirements under Sec. Sec.  246.117 and 246.118.
Benefits and Costs
    FRA analyzed the economic impact of this final rule. FRA estimated 
the benefits of fewer signal employee-caused accidents, and the costs 
anticipated to be incurred by railroads and the Government.
    This rule will help ensure that signal employees are properly 
trained, are qualified to perform their duties, and meet Federal safety 
standards. This rule will reduce the likelihood of an accident 
occurring due to signal employee error. FRA has analyzed accidents over 
the past 10 years to categorize those where signal employee training 
and certification would have impacted the accident. FRA then estimated 
benefits based on that analysis.
    The following table shows the estimated 10-year quantifiable 
benefits of the final rule. The total 10-year estimated benefits would 
be $2.9 million (PV, 7%) and annualized benefits would be $0.4 million 
(PV, 7%).

                                        Total 10-Year Discounted Benefits
                                                 [2020 Dollars]
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                                                     Present value    Present value    Annualized    Annualized
                     Category                            7% ($)           3% ($)         7% ($)        3% ($)
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Grade Crossing Accidents..........................        1,766,028        2,064,676       251,443       242,043
Train Accidents/Incidents.........................          960,671        1,123,127       136,778       131,665
Business Benefits (Railroad Industry).............           53,817           62,917         7,662         7,376
Business Benefits (Government)....................           87,985          102,863        12,527        12,059
                                                   -------------------------------------------------------------

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    Total.........................................        2,868,501        3,353,584       408,410       393,142
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    This final rule will also provide unquantifiable benefits. FRA has 
quantified the monetary impact from accidents which is reported on FRA 
accident forms. However, some accident costs are not required to be 
reported on FRA accident forms (e.g., environmental impact). That 
impact may account for additional benefits not quantified in this 
analysis. If these costs were realized, accidents affected by this 
rulemaking could have much greater economic impact than estimated 
quantitative benefit estimates.
    There is also a chance of a high impact event due to signal 
employee error. This could involve fatalities, injuries, and 
environmental damage, as well as impact railroads, communities, and the 
public. FRA has not estimated the likelihood of such an event, but this 
final rule is expected to reduce the risk of an accident of that 
magnitude.
    FRA estimates the 10-year costs of the final rule to be $9.4 
million, discounted at 7 percent. The estimated annualized costs are 
$1.3 million discounted at 7 percent. The following table shows the 
total costs of this final rule, over the 10-year analysis period.

                                         Total 10-Year Discounted Costs
                                               [2020 Dollars] \2\
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                                                     Present value    Present value    Annualized    Annualized
                     Category                            7% ($)           3% ($)         7% ($)        3% ($)
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Development of Certification Program..............        1,504,135        1,541,874       214,155       180,755
Certification Eligibility Requirements............          202,952          227,006        28,896        26,612
Recertification Eligibility Requirements..........          243,632          310,417        34,688        36,390
Training..........................................        2,079,835        2,379,911       296,122       278,998
Knowledge Testing.................................          746,865          898,884       106,337       105,377
Vision and Hearing................................        1,097,523        1,320,891       156,263       154,849
Monitoring Operational Performance................        1,178,812        1,408,753       167,836       165,149
Railroad Oversight Responsibilities...............          267,530          326,714        38,090        38,301
Certification Card................................          103,175          124,175        14,690        14,557
Petitions and Hearings............................          181,733          217,183        25,875        25,460
Government Administrative Cost....................        1,780,113        2,065,541       253,448       242,144
                                                   -------------------------------------------------------------
    Total.........................................        9,386,306       10,821,350     1,336,399     1,268,592
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II. Legal Authority
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    \2\ Numbers in this table and subsequent tables may not sum due 
to rounding.
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    Pursuant to the Rail Safety Improvement Act of 2008, Public Law 
110-432, sec. 402, 122 Stat. 4884 (Oct. 16, 2008) (hereinafter 
``RSIA''), the Secretary of Transportation (Secretary) was required to 
submit a report to Congress addressing whether certification of certain 
crafts or classes of employees, including signal repair and maintenance 
employees, was necessary to reduce the number and rate of accidents and 
incidents or to improve railroad safety.\3\ If the Secretary determined 
it was necessary to require the certification of certain crafts or 
classes of employees to reduce the number and rate of accidents and 
incidents or to improve railroad safety, section 402 of the RSIA stated 
the Secretary may prescribe such regulations. The Secretary delegated 
this authority to the Federal Railroad Administrator. 49 CFR 1.89. In 
response to the RSIA, the Secretary submitted a report to Congress on 
November 4, 2015, stating that, based on FRA's preliminary research, 
dispatchers and signal employees were potentially the most viable 
candidate railroad crafts for certification. Based on the analysis in 
Section III below, the Federal Railroad Administrator has determined 
that it is necessary to require the certification of signal employees 
to improve railroad safety.
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    \3\ See also 49 U.S.C. 20103 (providing FRA's general authority 
to ``prescribe regulations and issue orders for every area of 
railroad safety'').
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III. Background

A. Roles and Responsibilities of Signal Employees

    Railroad signal employees play an integral role in ensuring the 
safety of railroad operations, as well as the safety of highway 
motorists. As noted in comments submitted by the Transportation Trades 
Department of the AFL-CIO (TTD), signal systems are critical to the 
operation of every railroad. Signal employees are responsible for the 
installation, testing, troubleshooting, repair, and maintenance of 
signal systems, as defined in Sec.  246.7, which railroads utilize to 
direct train movements. Signal employees must also use specialized test 
and maintenance equipment to complete safety critical tasks on 
mechanical, electrical, and electronic signal equipment.
    The work performed by signal employees can generally be divided 
into two categories: construction and maintenance. On larger railroads, 
some signal employees work in groups (often referred to as ``gangs'') 
under the direct supervision of an experienced signal employee to 
construct, install, and upgrade signal systems and signal system 
subsystems and components. Some signal employees also work in ``gangs'' 
under the direct supervision of an experienced signal employee to make 
repairs to the signal system, while other signal employees (often 
referred to as ``signal maintainers'') are primarily

[[Page 44833]]

tasked with inspecting, testing, troubleshooting, and maintaining 
signal systems and performing emergency repairs as needed.
    The definition of ``signal employee'' for purposes of this 
rulemaking may differ from the conventional definition of this term. As 
stated in Sec.  246.1(c), the signal employee certification 
requirements contained in this part apply to any person who meets the 
definition of signal employee contained in Sec.  246.7, even if the 
person has a job classification title other than that of signal 
employee.
    The term ``signal employee'' is defined in Sec.  246.7 as an 
individual who is engaged in installing, troubleshooting, testing, 
repair, or maintenance of railroad signal systems or related 
technology. FRA acknowledges that this definition is expansive, as an 
employee of a railroad (or railroad contractor or subcontractor) may be 
considered a signal employee for purposes of this rule if they engage 
in the installation, troubleshooting, testing, repair, or maintenance 
of railroad signal systems or related technology, even if such tasks 
are not the primary focus of the employee's job. Railroads and other 
interested parties seeking additional guidance on how the term, 
``signal employee,'' has been defined for purposes of this part may 
find it helpful to review FRA's Technical Bulletin S-19-01, entitled 
``Application of the Hours of Service Laws to Positive Train Control 
Systems'' (TB S-19-01). This technical bulletin provides a general 
framework for evaluating whether individuals engaged in certain types 
of tasks are subject to the Federal hours of service law for signal 
employees (49 U.S.C. 21104).
    For example, as noted in FRA's Technical Bulletin S-19-01, 
employees who are engaged in testing signal system components (even so-
called ``self-tests'' of cab signal equipment installed on locomotives) 
that require the employee to interact with the signal system component, 
monitor the progress of the test, or interpret the results of the test 
are considered to be ``signal employees'' who are subject to the 
Federal hours of service law (49 U.S.C. 21104). Accordingly, even 
employees of the railroad's mechanical department are considered 
``signal employees'' for purposes of this part if they test signal 
system components that require employee interaction, monitor the 
progress of the test, or interpret the results of the test.

B. FRA History of Certification

    On January 4, 1987, an Amtrak train and Conrail train collided in 
Chase, Maryland, resulting in 16 deaths and 174 injuries. At the time, 
it was the deadliest train accident in Amtrak's history. The subsequent 
investigation by the National Transportation Safety Board concluded 
that the probable cause of the accident was the impairment of the 
Conrail engineer who was under the influence of marijuana at the time 
of the collision.\4\
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    \4\ Railroad Accident Report: Rear-end Collision of Amtrak 
Passenger Train 94, the Colonial and Consolidated Rail Corporation 
Freight Train ENS-121, on the Northeast Corridor, Chase, Maryland, 
January 4, 1987 (144 Nat'l Transp. Safety Bd. 1988).
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    Following this accident, Congress passed the Rail Safety 
Improvement Act of 1988, Public Law 100-342, 4, 102 Stat. 624, 625 
(1988), which instructed the Secretary to ``issue such rules, 
regulations, orders, and standards as may be necessary to establish a 
program requiring the licensing or certification of any operator of a 
locomotive, including any locomotive engineer.'' On June 19, 1991, FRA 
published a final rule establishing a certification system for 
locomotive engineers and requiring railroads to ensure that they only 
certify individuals who met minimum qualification standards.\5\ FRA 
prescribed a certification system where the railroads issue the 
certificates as opposed to a government-run licensing system. This 
final rule, published in 49 CFR part 240 (part 240), created 
certification requirements for engineers that addressed various areas 
including vision and hearing acuity; training, knowledge, and 
performance skills; and prior safety conduct.
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    \5\ 56 FR. 28227 (June 19, 1991).
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    Seventeen years later, in 2008, Congress passed the RSIA, which 
mandated the creation of a certification system for conductors. On 
November 9, 2011, FRA published a final rule requiring railroads to 
have certification programs for conductors and to ensure that all 
certified conductors satisfy minimum Federal safety standards.\6\ The 
conductor certification rule, published in 49 CFR part 242 (part 242), 
was largely modeled after part 240 with some deviations based on the 
different job classifications. Part 242 also included some 
organizational improvements which made the regulation more streamlined 
than part 240.
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    \6\ 76 FR 69801 (Nov. 9, 2011).
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C. Statutory Background for Signal Employee Certification

    In addition to requiring certification for conductors, the RSIA 
required the Secretary to submit a report to Congress addressing 
whether certain other railroad crafts or classes of employees would 
benefit from certification. Specifically, section 402 of the RSIA 
required the Secretary to issue a report to Congress ``about whether 
the certification of certain crafts or classes of railroad carrier or 
railroad carrier contractor or subcontractor employees is necessary to 
reduce the number and rate of accidents and incidents or to improve 
railroad safety.'' As part of that report, section 402 specifically 
required the Secretary to consider ``signal repair and maintenance 
employees'' as one of the railroad crafts for certification.
    After identifying a railroad craft or class for which certification 
is necessary, pursuant to the report to Congress discussed above, 
section 402 authorized the Secretary to ``prescribe regulations 
requiring the certification of certain crafts or classes of employees 
that the Secretary determines . . . are necessary to reduce the number 
and rate of accidents and incidents or to improve railroad safety.''

D. Report to Congress

    On November 4, 2015, the Secretary submitted the report to Congress 
required by section 402(b) of the RSIA. The report stated that, based 
on FRA's preliminary research, dispatchers and signal repair employees 
were the most viable candidates for certification, particularly with 
the introduction of Positive Train Control (PTC) technology. In 
reaching this determination with respect to signal employees, the 
Secretary cited a variety of factors.
    The report noted that signal employees perform safety-sensitive 
work as shown by signal employees being covered under the hours of 
service laws. The report also noted that the greatest proportion of 
contractors covered under the hours of service laws are signal 
employees and noted that they tend to switch employers more frequently 
than other crafts of employees.
    FRA did not include data to support the position in its 2015 report 
to Congress that signal employees of railroad contractors tend to 
switch jobs more frequently than other crafts of employees. However, 
given the lack of regulations requiring prior employment background 
checks, it is relatively easy for signal employees to leave their 
current employer after committing a rules violation and find work on 
another railroad.
    Another important factor noted in the 2015 report was the nature of 
the work signal employees perform on wayside signal and train control 
systems, which are safety-critical for freight and passenger rail 
operations. The report noted that, in the coming decade, the

[[Page 44834]]

rail industry will likely lose many experienced signal employees to 
retirement, while growth in freight, commuter, and intercity passenger 
rail will require that more signal employees are hired and trained.
    The report also summarized the challenges posed by PTC system 
implementation, while noting the ``increasingly sophisticated work'' 
involved in the implementation of complex PTC system technology by 
signal employees.\7\ In particular, the report noted that ``signal 
employees will be required to differentiate between a vital and non-
vital PTC system \8\ and to address the technicalities of using 
standalone or overlay PTC systems.'' \9\ This combination of factors 
led to the report's conclusion that signal employees are a potentially 
viable candidate craft for certification.
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    \7\ See 2015 DOT Report to Congress on Certification of Railroad 
Crafts at 3.
    \8\ PTC systems vary widely in complexity and sophistication 
based on the level of automation and functionality they implement, 
the system architecture used, the wayside system upon which they are 
based (i.e., non-signaled, block signal, cab signal, etc.), and the 
degree of train control they are capable of assuming. Vital systems 
are reliable and built upon failsafe principles, while non-vital 
systems are reliable but not guaranteed to provide failsafe 
operation.
    \9\ See 2015 DOT Report to Congress on Certification of Railroad 
Crafts at 3. An overlay system relies upon and supplements an 
existing wayside signal system or redundant method of operation. A 
standalone system replaces the existing method of operation.
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E. RSAC Working Group

    In March 1996, FRA established the Railroad Safety Advisory 
Committee (RSAC), which provides a forum for collaborative rulemaking 
and program development. RSAC includes representatives from all of the 
agency's major stakeholder groups, including railroads, labor 
organizations, suppliers and manufacturers, and other interested 
parties. When appropriate, FRA assigns a task to RSAC, and after 
consideration and debate, RSAC may accept or reject the task. If 
accepted, RSAC establishes a Working Group that possesses the 
appropriate expertise and representation of interests to develop 
recommendations to FRA for action on the task.
    On April 21, 2017, a task statement regarding certification of 
signal employees was presented to the RSAC by email but no vote was 
taken. On April 24, 2019, the RSAC accepted a task (No. 19-03) 
entitled, ``Certification of Railroad Signal Employees.'' \10\ The 
purpose of the task was ``[t]o consider whether rail safety would be 
enhanced by developing guidance, voluntary standards, and/or draft 
regulatory language for the certification of railroad signal 
installation, repair, and maintenance workers.''
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    \10\ At the same meeting, the RSAC also accepted a task (No. 19-
02) titled ``Certification of Train Dispatchers.'' A separate RSAC 
Working Group was formed to address this task, and FRA plans to 
issue a related rule that would establish certification requirements 
for dispatchers.
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    The Working Group, which included representatives from the 
Association of American Railroads (AAR), American Public Transportation 
Association (APTA), American Short Line and Regional Railroad 
Association (ASLRRA), Brotherhood of Railroad Signalmen (BRS), 
Transportation Division of the International Association of Sheet 
Metal, Air, Rail and Transportation Workers (SMART-TD), International 
Brotherhood of Electrical Workers (IBEW), Commuter Rail Coalition, and 
National Railroad Construction and Maintenance Association (NRCMA), 
held its first and only meeting on September 5, 2019 in Washington, DC. 
At this meeting, the Working Group reviewed the task statement from the 
RSAC, discussed some of the safety-critical tasks performed by signal 
employees, and debated whether certification of signal employees would 
be beneficial to railroad safety. At the end of the meeting, action 
items were assigned, and the next meeting was tentatively scheduled for 
January 2020.
    However, on December 16, 2019, the presidents of the American Train 
Dispatchers Association, BRS, and IBEW (collectively the ``Unions'') 
requested that both the dispatcher and signal certification RSAC tasks 
be withdrawn from consideration. The Unions stated that they were 
involved in numerous activities and were not able to give the task 
proper attention. AAR and ASLRRA advised the unions that they were not 
opposed to this request. In response, FRA withdrew the tasks from the 
RSAC, and the Working Groups became inactive.

F. Public Outreach

    In 2021, FRA revisited the issue of establishing certification 
requirements for signal employees. The agency assembled subject matter 
experts from FRA, IBEW and BRS to exchange facts or information 
regarding the tasks performed by signal employees. Those parties met 
virtually several times between May 5, 2021 and June 30, 2021.
    As part of FRA's outreach, a list of tasks performed by signal 
employees was developed. These tasks generally involved: vital 
equipment design validation, installation, calibration, testing, 
maintenance, and repair (interlockings, grade crossings, wayside signal 
systems, PTC, etc.). FRA reviewed each task to determine whether 
correctly performing the task was critical to railroad safety; the 
potential consequences if errors were made while performing the task; 
and whether there were any recent examples of issues or concerns with 
respect to the task. After performing this analysis, FRA concluded that 
the vast majority of tasks performed by signal employees (80-90% of the 
listed tasks) were critical to railroad safety with potentially 
catastrophic consequences, such as accidents, injuries, and/or deaths, 
if the tasks were not performed properly.
    During FRA's outreach, the benefits of certification based on the 
experience of stakeholders with engineer and conductor certification 
under 49 CFR parts 240 and 242 were also discussed. Some of the main 
benefits of certification that were identified include:

--Creating a minimum standard for training to ensure that the training 
encompasses all skills and proficiencies necessary to properly perform 
all safety-related signal employee functions;
--Establishing a record of safety compliance that will follow a signal 
employee if the employee wishes to become certified by another 
railroad, and that can be used to review a signal employee's 
performance and potential training needs;
--Requiring certain safety checks, which can help identify active 
substance abuse disorders; and
--Establishing a system for individuals to dispute a railroad's 
decision to deny or revoke certification with the aim of creating a 
fair and consistent process for all parties.

    Based on these meetings, FRA concluded that requiring certification 
for signal employees would be an important tool to ensure signal 
employees performing safety-sensitive tasks are adequately trained and 
qualified and have a documented record of performance that is 
accessible to prospective employers.
    Following this initial outreach, FRA held a follow-up conversation 
with BRS and IBEW, on March 3, 2022, and individuals from BRS and IBEW 
informed FRA of elements that they believed would be beneficial in a 
signal employee certification program. During this conversation, which 
was held in videoconference format, FRA asked the attendees to provide 
individualized feedback on how similar or different a signal employee 
certification rule should be to FRA's locomotive engineer

[[Page 44835]]

and conductor certification rules found in 49 CFR parts 240 and 242.
    In response to that request, FRA heard that the agency needs to 
ensure that comprehensive training is provided to signal employees, as 
the current training is inadequate. FRA also heard that railroads are 
not providing enough training on new equipment and new technology for 
signal employees. It was also noted that, in some cases, signal 
employees are being required to use new equipment and new technology 
without having received any prior training on the equipment or 
technology.
    On March 7, 2022, FRA met with the railroad industry, including 
Norfolk Southern Railway Company (NS), ASLRRA, and AAR. During this 
conversation, which was conducted in a videoconference format, FRA also 
asked for individualized feedback on how FRA's locomotive engineer and 
conductor certification regulations in 49 CFR parts 240 and 242 could 
be improved upon with respect to signal employee certification. 
Specifically, FRA asked for feedback on any regulatory provisions in 49 
CFR parts 240 and 242 that, in their experience, may have been 
difficult to implement, as well as whether FRA should explore any 
changes to these regulatory provisions.
    AAR expressed opposition to FRA's proposal to issue regulations 
requiring certification of signal employees, arguing that there was not 
a safety benefit to certification. In addition, NS questioned the need 
for certification regulations in the absence of any identified gaps in 
coverage by existing railroad training programs.
    ASLRRA expressed concern that FRA's proposal to issue regulations 
requiring certification of dispatchers and signal employees would 
result in a big paperwork burden with little benefit. In addition, 
ASLRRA asserted that most short line railroads do not have signal 
systems. With respect to grade crossings, ASLRRA asserted that most 
short line railroads rely on contractors to maintain their grade 
crossing warning systems.
    After this conversation, FRA provided a short list of written 
questions to AAR and ASLRRA. While AAR did not provide additional 
feedback in response to FRA's list of questions, ASLRRA responded to 
FRA's list of written questions by email on April 13, 2022, a copy of 
which has been placed in the docket.\11\
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

    \11\ A record of public contact summarizing this meeting has 
been posted in the rulemaking docket at: https://www.regulations.gov/document/FRA-2022-0020-0003.
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

    On March 8, 2022, FRA staff had a follow-up conversation with BRS 
and IBEW to receive information on the types of errors and grade 
crossing and signal violations that should result in a railroad 
revoking a signal employee's certification. During this conversation, 
which was conducted in a videoconference format, FRA heard that it 
might be appropriate to revoke a signal employee's certification in 
response to willful violations.

G. Notice of Proposed Rulemaking

    On May 31, 2023, FRA published an NPRM proposing the establishment 
of signal employee certification and provided commenters 60 days to 
file comments.\12\ On July 5, 2023, FRA extended the comment period by 
an additional 30 days.\13\ On August 22, 2023, FRA extended the comment 
period again, this time by an additional 15 days until September 14, 
2023.\14\
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

    \12\ 88 FR 35632 (May 31, 2023).
    \13\ 88 FR 42907 (July 5, 2023).
    \14\ 88 FR 57044 (Aug. 22, 2023).
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

IV. Discussion of General Comments and FRA's Conclusions

    FRA received 24 comments on the NPRM and the related Regulatory 
Impact Analysis (RIA) from State agencies, labor organizations, trade 
associations, tourist, historic, and excursion railroads, railway 
museums, consulting firms, a transportation learning center, and a 
public-interest law firm and policy center. The order of the topics or 
comments discussed in this document does not reflect the significance 
of the comment raised or the standing of the commenter. Additionally, 
this summary of comments provides a general understanding of the 
overall scope and themes raised by the commenters and gives some 
specific descriptions to provide context. Not every comment is 
described in this summary. Comments addressing specific sections of 
this rule are discussed in the section-by-section analysis below. 
Comments regarding the proposed RIA are addressed in the RIA to the 
final rule.

A. Cost-Benefit Analysis/Safety Justification

    FRA received several comments related to the costs and benefits of 
the proposed rule. Comments were received from AAR, ASLRRA, and the 
Washington Legal Foundation (WLF), each of whom commented that the 
costs of the proposed rule outweigh the benefits.
    AAR and ASLRRA commented on several of FRA's cost estimates for 
provisions in the proposed rule. AAR and ASLRRA commented that FRA's 
estimates for the time to develop the certification programs were low. 
ASLRRA commented that it would take 550 hours to develop a model 
program and 19 hours per small railroad to implement. For unannounced 
compliance tests (monitoring operational performance), AAR and ASLRRA 
estimated that the time per supervisor would be much more than the two 
hours per year that FRA estimated. Regarding dispute resolution 
hearings, AAR and ASLRRA commented that the cost assessments for 
hearings are underestimated and that the actual cost would amount to 20 
percent of the total estimated costs of the proposed rule. AAR and 
ASLRRA also contend that FRA underestimated wage-related costs by using 
the 2020 railroad wage rates which ``do not take into account the 24% 
wage increase that railroad employees received as part of the 2022 
collective bargaining process or the 10.7% increase in Federal 
government employee pay rates.'' \15\
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

    \15\ FRA-2022-0020-0035.
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

    FRA also received comments pertaining to the estimated benefits in 
the RIA associated with the proposed rule. AAR and ASLRRA contend that 
FRA relied on some incidents that were not caused by signal employee 
activities and some incidents for which AAR and ASLRRA assert that it 
would be impossible to draw the conclusion that the incident would have 
been prevented by a signal employee certification program.
    AAR and ASLRRA also contend that there is no safety justification 
for this rulemaking and asserted, in their comments, that ``the last 
decade was the safest on record for railroads.'' \16\ In support of 
this assertion, AAR and ASLRRA provided statistics reflecting a 
reduction in rail accidents since 2000.
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

    \16\ Ibid.
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

    Based on ASLRRA's comment regarding the time to develop a 
certification program, FRA has revised the estimated time for ASLRRA to 
develop a model program to 550 hours and increased the estimated time 
for small railroads to implement a program from 8 hours to 15 hours. 
FRA has now accounted for only one template program produced by ASLRRA. 
Holding companies will likely use the template program developed by 
ASLRRA, instead of producing their own template, as discussed in the 
RIA associated with the NPRM.
    FRA also reassessed the costs for petitions and hearings based on 
comments from AAR and ASLRRA. The

[[Page 44836]]

categories of employees have been revised and estimates have been 
increased. FRA determined these estimates by looking at the number of 
petitions and hearings associated with the conductor and engineer 
certification programs. This baseline was then adjusted for the 
population size of signal employees. Additionally, Government costs for 
petitions and hearings have been increased and now include more 
categories of employees involved in the process.
    With respect to AAR and ASLRRA's comment that the time estimate for 
unannounced compliance tests is too low, FRA has revised its estimate 
for monitoring operational performance. FRA estimates that each signal 
employee will require 17 minutes per year for unannounced compliance 
tests. This revised estimate reflects 15 minutes of additional tasks 
that would not have been performed otherwise and 2 minutes for 
documentation.
    As for AAR and ASLRRA's comments on the 2020 wage rates used in the 
NPRM, FRA notes that the wage rates used during NPRM drafting were the 
most recently available data, as provided by the Surface Transportation 
Board's (STB) wage data series and General Schedule (GS) pay scales.
    With respect to AAR and ASLRRA's comments on FRA's estimate of 
benefits in the RIA on the proposed rule, FRA has decreased the number 
of activation failures from 45 (as stated in the NPRM RIA) to 41.5. In 
addition, FRA adjusted the number of train accidents from 77 to 75 to 
align with the FRA supplemental data report to the NPRM RIA.\17\
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

    \17\ FRA, ``Certification of Signal Employees Notice of Proposed 
Rulemaking: Supplemental Data to the Regulatory Impact Analysis,'' 
July 2023, https://www.regulations.gov/document/FRA-2022-0020-0010.
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

    Turning to the contention from AAR and ASLRRA that there is no 
safety justification for this rule, FRA disagrees with the premise that 
because railroad safety has improved over the last 20 years, the agency 
does not need to take actions that could further improve safety. 
Moreover, the associations neglected to mention in their comments that 
one of the changes in the railroad industry over the past few decades 
has been the introduction of certification requirements. The locomotive 
engineer certification requirements in part 240 went into effect in 
1991,\18\ and the conductor certification requirements in part 242 
became effective just over a decade ago in 2012.\19\ Thus, it stands to 
reason that certification has been one of the factors that has improved 
railroad safety in recent decades and instituting such requirements for 
signal employees could lead to similar improvements in the future.
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

    \18\ 56 FR 28227, 28228 (June 19, 1991).
    \19\ 76 FR 69802 (Nov. 9, 2011).
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

    A more detailed response to these comments is, however, provided in 
the RIA.

B. RSIA Authority

    In their comments on the proposed rule, AAR and ASLRRA challenge 
FRA's assertion that section 402 of the RSIA authorized the Secretary 
to prescribe regulations requiring the certification of signal 
employees. AAR and ASLRRA assert that Congress only authorized the 
Department to issue regulations requiring certification if the 
Secretary determined in a report to Congress that regulations are 
``necessary to reduce the number and rate of accidents and incidents or 
to improve railroad safety.'' \20\ AAR and ASLRRA contend the Secretary 
failed to make such a determination in the 2015 report to Congress.
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

    \20\ Rail Safety Improvement Act of 2008, Public Law 110-432, 
section 402, 122 Stat. 4848, 4884 (2008).
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

    While section 402 of the RSIA required the Secretary to issue a 
report to Congress ``about whether the certification of certain crafts 
or classes of railroad carrier or railroad carrier contractor or 
subcontractor employees is necessary to reduce the number and rate of 
accidents and incidents or to improve railroad safety,'' it did not 
require the Secretary to make an official determination in this report 
that the issuance of signal employee certification regulations was 
necessary to reduce the number and rate of accidents and incidents or 
to improve railroad safety, as a necessary precondition to the 
initiation of this rulemaking.
    Section 402 of the RSIA authorizes the Secretary (and by 
delegation, FRA) to prescribe regulations requiring the certification 
of certain crafts or classes of railroad carrier employees (or railroad 
carrier contractor or subcontractor employees) ``pursuant to'' the 
report to Congress that was required by section 402(b) of the RSIA. The 
phrase, ``pursuant to,'' is defined to mean ``in a way that agrees with 
or follows (something).'' \21\ Thus, in section 402 of the RSIA, 
Congress authorized FRA to prescribe regulations that are consistent 
with the 2015 report to Congress. Moreover, FRA notes that it has broad 
authority to ``prescribe regulations and issue orders for every area of 
railroad safety,'' including this regulation.\22\
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

    \21\ www.britannica.com.
    \22\ 49 U.S.C. 20103. The Secretary delegated this authority to 
the Federal Railroad Administrator. 49 CFR 1.89.
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

C. Role of Third Parties

    Consistent with FRA's engineer and conductor certification 
regulations, this final rule requires railroads to develop and submit 
certification programs to FRA for approval and then implement their 
FRA-approved certification programs. However, FRA received multiple 
comments urging FRA to clarify how signal employee certification 
programs will be implemented for the employees of signal contractors.
    The International Transportation Learning Center (ITLC) urged FRA 
to implement a process that allows railroads to use model programs in a 
manner similar to the existing process established pursuant to FRA's 
training regulations in part 243 of this chapter. In contrast, AAR and 
ASLRRA submitted comments asserting that FRA should authorize 
contractors and subcontractors to certify their own employees. AAR and 
ASLRRA asserted that locomotive engineers and conductors are not a 
useful comparison when considering this issue because Class I railroad 
engineers and conductors are almost uniformly company employees. AAR 
and ASLRRA asserted that Class I railroads make far greater use of 
contractors in the context of signal systems, as railroads typically 
engage contractors to perform temporary or intermittent signal work, 
such as manufacturing signal bungalows in a shop environment and for 
field work like installing signal mast foundations. Then, once the 
project is complete, AAR and ASLRRA asserted that the contractor and 
the contractor's employees will move on to a new project, possibly on a 
different railroad. Therefore, AAR and ASLRRA concluded that requiring 
railroads to certify signal employees employed by signal contractors 
will be inefficient and result in significant administrative burdens 
for railroads.
    With respect to short line railroads, AAR, ASLRRA, and the National 
Railroad Construction and Maintenance Association (NRCMA) submitted 
comments asserting that many short line railroads use contractors 
extensively for signal work because they do not have the in-house 
expertise to otherwise manage signal maintenance. AAR and ASLRRA noted 
that signal contractors often provide signal maintenance for dozens of 
short lines at the same time. Therefore, AAR and ASLRRA asserted that 
it would be infeasible and an inefficient waste of resources for dozens 
of railroads to potentially certify the same individual in any given 
period. In addition, NRCMA asserted that, while

[[Page 44837]]

many of FRA's regulations hold a railroad responsible for the actions 
of an individual performing tasks in accordance with the regulation, no 
other FRA regulation requires railroads to determine whether a non-
employee has the stated qualifications to perform such tasks.
    As noted in the proposed rule, especially with respect to Class I, 
Class II, and commuter railroads, the railroad is generally most 
knowledgeable about the signal systems and signal-related technology 
that have been deployed on their territories. Therefore, Class I, Class 
II, and commuter railroads are best suited to develop certification 
programs to ensure signal employees tasked with installing, testing, 
repair, or maintenance of their signal systems and signal-related 
technology have been properly trained and qualified on such systems and 
technology. However, railroads are encouraged to work with any signal 
contractors they hire to obtain records for the contractor's employees 
that will assist the railroad in making the signal employee 
certification determinations required by this part.
    There are a number of provisions in this final rule which are 
intended to reduce the burdens associated with developing signal 
employee certification programs. As noted in the section-by-section 
analysis of Sec.  246.207, parent companies can assist subsidiary 
railroads with compliance with this final rule by developing and 
submitting signal employee certification programs for one or more of 
their subsidiary railroads to FRA for review and approval. For example, 
a parent company can submit one signal employee certification program 
to FRA for multiple subsidiary railroads. In this scenario, the parent 
company must identify and address all variances associated with each 
subsidiary railroad that will be covered by the certification program 
developed by the parent company and submitted by the parent company to 
FRA for approval. After FRA approves the signal employee certification 
program, Sec.  246.207 allows either the parent company or the 
subsidiary railroad to issue signal employee certificates to the signal 
employees of each subsidiary railroad that is covered by the parent 
company's certification program.
    In addition, to ease the burden of developing signal employee 
certification programs, especially with respect to Class III railroads, 
this final rule allows railroads to choose between conducting their own 
training for signal employees, hiring a third party to provide training 
to the railroad's signal employees, or using a training program 
developed by a third party (including a parent company). NRCMA asserted 
in their comments that signal contractors have expertise in the 
equipment they install and maintain and that they are well-situated to 
develop a training program to address particular safety issues that may 
arise in the course of their work. FRA acknowledges that some signal 
contractors may, in fact, be well-situated to develop training programs 
for their signal employees. Therefore, some railroads may choose to 
hire signal contractors who have their own in-house signal employee 
training programs. Railroads that adopt this approach should, however, 
keep in mind that most, if not all, existing signal employee training 
programs which have been approved by FRA pursuant to 49 CFR part 243 
will need to be revised to comply with the training and knowledge 
testing requirements in this part that specifically apply to signal 
employees. In addition, the operational performance monitoring 
requirements in this part must be performed by the certifying railroad.
    However, if a railroad chooses to hire a third party to provide 
training or use a training program developed by a third party, the 
third-party training program must fit the railroad's specific operating 
environment and address any unique signal system equipment or signal-
related technology (or any unique deployment of signal system equipment 
or signal-related technology) on the railroad's territory.
    Ultimately, with respect to railroads who hire signal contractors 
to perform work on their signal systems and signal-related technology, 
employees of signal contracting companies must be certified by the 
railroad before the railroad allows them to work on its signal systems 
and signal-related technology, unless they are assigned to work under 
the direct and immediate supervision of a mentor or qualified 
instructor. As stated in Sec.  246.124(b), railroads are responsible 
for ensuring that certified signal employees install, test, maintain, 
and repair their signal systems and signal-related technology.

D. Interaction With Other FRA Regulations

    As stated in the 2015 DOT Report to Congress on the Certification 
of Railroad Employees, the purpose of certification is to document and 
verify that the holder of the certificate has achieved certain training 
and proficiency and to create a record of safety compliance infractions 
that prospective employers can review when hiring experienced 
employees. While developing this rule, FRA has been mindful of other 
regulations that may touch upon topics covered in this rule, including 
FRA's training, qualification, and oversight regulations in 49 CFR part 
243 (part 243); railroad safety risk reduction programs (SSP/RRP) in 49 
CFR parts 270 and 271 (parts 270 and 271); and fatigue risk management 
programs (FRMP) in parts 270 and 271. However, FRA finds that this rule 
would complement, rather than duplicate, those regulations.
    AAR and ASLRRA disagree. In their comments on the proposed rule, 
AAR and ASLRRA contend that the gaps in FRA's regulations which this 
rule is trying to fill are either non-existent or immaterial. AAR and 
ASLRRA assert that there is no safety basis for layering new 
certification requirements on top of FRA's training, qualification, and 
oversight requirements in part 243 and the railroad safety risk 
reduction program requirements in parts 270 and 271. In addition, AAR 
and ASLRRA specifically assert that there is significant overlap 
between this rule and part 243.
    In support of their argument, AAR and ASLRRA point to Sec.  
246.119, which requires railroads to provide training on railroad 
safety and operating rules, as well as training on the signal systems 
and signal-related technology deployed on their networks to their 
signal employees. AAR and ASLRRA assert that this provision overlaps 
and potentially conflicts with Sec.  243.101(c)(5), which states that 
the employer must determine how training ``shall be structured, 
developed, and delivered.'' AAR and ASLRRA also assert that Sec.  
246.119 overlaps and potentially conflicts with the stated purpose of 
part 243 of this chapter ``to ensure that any person employed by a 
railroad or a contractor of a railroad as a safety-related railroad 
employee is trained and qualified to comply with any relevant Federal 
railroad safety laws, regulations, and orders, as well as any relevant 
railroad rules and procedures promulgated to implement those Federal 
railroad safety laws, regulations, and orders.''
    As an initial matter, AAR and ASLRRA's narrative that this rule is 
duplicative of parts 243, 270, and 271 appears to be contradicted by 
congressional direction. As they note in their joint comment, FRA 
issued the training regulations in part 243, the SSP regulations in 
part 270, and the RRP regulations in part 271 because of a statutory 
mandate in the RSIA. However, in the same law, Congress explicitly 
permitted requiring the certification of certain crafts if the 
Secretary determined it was necessary

[[Page 44838]]

to improve railroad safety. Had Congress determined that certification 
requirements were duplicative of what was already mandated by the RSIA, 
it would not have required the Secretary to study whether other crafts 
or classes of employees could benefit from certification or given the 
Secretary the statutory authority to issue additional certification 
regulations.
    Turning to any overlap between this rule and part 243, FRA stands 
by its position proffered in the NPRM that this rule complements, and 
does not duplicate, part 243. This rule builds off the initial 
performance skill evaluations required in part 243 by mandating that 
certified signal employees also receive an unannounced compliance test 
each calendar year to ensure that signal employees continue to safely 
perform their duties after their initial certification. Part 243 has no 
such continuing compliance testing requirement. While 49 CFR 243.205 
requires employers to perform periodic oversight tests and inspections 
to determine whether their employees are complying with Federal 
railroad safety laws and regulations, the rule does not require that 
all employees receive such tests and inspections. In fact, under part 
243, an employee could work for decades without being tested or 
inspected. Therefore, Sec.  246.123 fills a significant gap in FRA's 
training regulations.
    Also, as noted in the NPRM, part 243 does not require railroads to 
have formal processes in place for promptly removing signal employees 
from service if they violate one or more basic regulatory standards 
that could have a significant negative impact on the safety of rail 
operations. AAR and ALSRRA failed to address this fact in their 
comment. Part 246 complements part 243 by mandating that railroads 
remove signal employees from service if they commit one of the safety 
violations enumerated in Sec.  246.303(e). This rule also requires 
railroads to perform certain safety checks before certifying a person 
as a signal employee. These safety checks pertain to a person's prior 
safety conduct, both working on railroads and as a motor vehicle 
operator; their history of substance abuse disorders; and their visual 
and hearing acuity. These are basic safety requirements that are not 
addressed in part 243. Thus, FRA does not find significant overlap 
between this rule and part 243.
    AAR and ASLRRA also contend ``the proposed rule would cast aside 
the carefully considered risk analysis conducted through the [system 
safety/risk reduction programs] in favor of an approach that would have 
railroads potentially focus on lower priority risks associated with 
signal employees, not because it is an effective safety management 
tool, but solely because this rulemaking would require it.'' \23\ AAR 
and ASLRRA assert that all Class I railroads have submitted RRPs and 
received approval from FRA. If all railroads with passenger rail 
operations that operate intercity or commuter service have also 
submitted SSPs and received FRA approval, AAR and ASLRRA estimate that 
SSP/RRPs could cover more than 83% of the line-haul mileage and 95% of 
workers in the rail industry.
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

    \23\ Comment submitted by the AAR and ASLRRA, Docket no. FRA-
2022-0020-0035, p. 24.
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

    However, even if a railroad has a railroad safety risk reduction 
program through which it identifies the risks associated with 
installing, testing, maintaining, and repairing signal systems, the 
railroad can decide not to implement mitigations to eliminate or reduce 
those specific risks. Whether a railroad is required to have a program 
that mitigates risks associated with signal systems will depend on how 
the railroad prioritizes risks for mitigation and how effectively that 
mitigation would promote continuous safety improvement, as compared to 
mitigation of other identified hazards and risks. Even if signal 
systems are identified as a risk, a railroad may not be required by its 
risk reduction program to implement mitigations to eliminate or reduce 
that risk.
    Moreover, FRA disagrees with AAR and ASLRRA's assertion that this 
rulemaking ``cast[s] aside the carefully considered risk analysis 
conducted through the [system safety/risk reduction programs] . . . .'' 
\24\ Nothing in this rule obviates a railroad's responsibilities under 
parts 270 and 271. Railroads are expected to continue to perform the 
risk analysis and the necessary mitigations to comply with parts 270 
and 271, while also implementing a signal employee certification 
program. This final rule does not duplicate existing FRA regulations or 
hinder railroads from complying with them. To the contrary, part 246 
complements FRA's existing regulations and will help promote railroad 
safety.
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

    \24\ Ibid.
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

E. Confidential Close Call Reporting System

    APTA and MTA each commented on the potential interaction between 
part 246 and the Confidential Close Call Reporting System (C\3\RS), an 
FRA-sponsored program that allows railroad employees reporting close 
calls to receive certain protections, which currently includes 
protection from decertification for locomotive engineers and 
conductors. Each C\3\RS program is established through an Implementing 
Memorandum of Understanding (IMOU) signed by FRA and the participating 
railroad and labor organization(s). Under the current process, the 
participating railroad submits to FRA a petition to waive specific part 
240 and/or part 242 requirements necessary to implement the IMOU's 
decertification protections. A waiver granted by FRA then incorporates 
the IMOU's protections by reference. APTA and MTA request that FRA add 
language to this regulation which would state that those railroads with 
existing C\3\RS programs with part 240 and 242 waivers do not have to 
similarly apply for a waiver of part 246, as their C\3\RS protections 
should automatically be applied to part 246 revocable events. APTA and 
MTA also request that FRA identify in the rule whether any revocable 
events for signal employees will not be afforded C\3\RS protections.
    While FRA appreciates the commenters' desire for a more streamlined 
C\3\RS process, their request is beyond the scope of the NPRM in this 
proceeding and risks introducing inconsistency and confusion into the 
C\3\RS implementation process. Specifically, addressing C\3\RS in this 
rule would treat signal employees differently than locomotive engineers 
and conductors, who receive C\3\RS decertification protection only 
pursuant to part 240/242 waivers. The proposed approach would also 
treat signal employees at new C\3\RS programs differently, as railroads 
joining C\3\RS after the publication of the rule would still have to 
file a part 246 waiver petition. This inconsistency could create 
confusion and lead to signal employees at C\3\RS-participating 
railroads being uncertain about whether they were protected by the 
terms of a waiver or by C\3\RS-related provisions in part 246 
(particularly signal employees hired after the date of this final rule 
who would not necessarily know when their railroad implemented C\3\RS 
for signal employees). Such confusion would be compounded if this rule 
specified which decertifiable events were not afforded C\3\RS 
protections, as any such regulatory provision could differ 
substantively from the provisions of an applicable IMOU and waiver.
    Confusion is further risked because only some existing C\3\RS IMOUs 
cover signal employees, not all. Using part 246 to provide C\3\RS 
decertification

[[Page 44839]]

protection to signal employees at railroads with ``existing'' C\3\RS 
programs could therefore be particularly confusing for signal employees 
at railroads with existing C\3\RS programs that do not currently 
include signal employees. Such signal employees may mistakenly believe 
that they are covered by C\3\RS simply through the action of part 246, 
not realizing that they lack protection due to the absence of an IMOU 
that applies to them.
    Overall, FRA believes that to promote signal employee confidence in 
C\3\RS reporting, signal employees must be certain about the 
decertification protection they will receive. Such confidence is best 
promoted by a clear understanding that all signal employees may only 
report pursuant to an IMOU and waiver that specifically apply to their 
railroad, rather than having some signal employees protected by 
separate provisions in part 246, depending on whether they were covered 
by a C\3\RS program at the time the final rule is published.
    FRA also notes that RSAC has established a C\3\RS Working Group 
tasked, in part, with examining how C\3\RS could be expanded industry-
wide without a separate waiver required for each participating 
railroad.\25\ Instead of addressing C\3\RS in this rule, FRA finds it 
preferable to allow the RSAC C\3\RS Working Group to perform its work 
and to apply any RSAC-recommended improvements consistently to 
locomotive engineers, conductors, signal employees, and any other 
certified craft through a future rulemaking or some other means. In the 
meantime, any railroad that already has a C\3\RS program that applies 
to signal employees will need to file a request to modify its waiver if 
the railroad would like the program's decertification protections to 
apply to its signal employees. Likewise, a railroad that is not 
currently participating in C\3\RS (or a railroad that has a C\3\RS 
program, but one that does not apply to its signal employees) will need 
to file a petition for relief if the railroad decides to implement a 
C\3\RS program covering signal employees.
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

    \25\ See Task No. 2022-03.
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

F. PTC

    Positive train control (PTC) systems provide an additional layer of 
safety to existing signal systems, many of which have been place for 
many decades. PTC systems are also interoperable with each other, as 
well as with existing signal systems. In their comments on the proposed 
rule, AAR and ASLRRA assert that PTC implementation has not increased 
the complexity of the work performed by signal employees. Instead, AAR 
and ASLRRA assert that the work of signal employees has become less 
complex because installing, repairing, and maintaining signal systems 
has become more simplified and more efficient as microprocessors 
monitor the health of the system and provide automated alerts. 
Accordingly, AAR and ASLRRA assert that the implementation of PTC 
systems does not provide a justification for this rule.
    FRA disagrees with this assertion. Signal employees need to 
understand the relationship between signal and PTC systems and the 
communication medium and how these systems operate, function, and react 
to a myriad of circumstances. Signal systems and PTC systems are also 
continually upgraded, so the development and implementation of these 
increasingly complex systems need to be properly understood by signal 
employees who install, troubleshoot, test, maintain, and repair them.

V. Section-by-Section Analysis

    This section responds to public comments and identifies changes 
made from the regulatory provisions as proposed in the NPRM. 
Accordingly, provisions that received no comment and are otherwise 
being finalized as proposed are not discussed below.

Subpart A--General

    Subpart A of this rule contains general provisions, including a 
formal statement of the rule's purpose and scope. This subpart also 
provides that the rule does not constrain the ability of a railroad to 
prescribe additional or more stringent requirements for its signal 
employees that are not inconsistent with this final rule.
Section 246.3 Application and Responsibility for Compliance
    The extent of FRA's jurisdiction, and the agency's exercise of that 
jurisdiction, is well-established. See 49 CFR part 209, app. A. This 
application and responsibility for compliance section is consistent 
with FRA's Statement of Agency Policy Concerning Enforcement of the 
Federal Railroad Safety Laws in appendix A to 49 CFR part 209 (Policy 
Statement).
    This section, derived from 49 CFR 240.3 and 242.3, provides that 
this final rule applies to all railroads with four exceptions. 
Paragraph (a)(1) of this section notes that this rule does not apply to 
railroads that do not have a signal system, as defined in Sec.  246.7.
    The second and third exceptions apply to rail operations on tracks 
that are not part of the general railroad system of transportation. 
Paragraph (a)(2) contains an exception for rail operations that occur 
within the confines of industrial installations commonly referred to as 
``plant railroads'' and typified by operations such as those in steel 
mills that do not go beyond the plant's boundaries and that do not 
involve the switching of rail cars for entities other than themselves.
    Paragraph (a)(3) contains an exception for ``tourist, scenic, 
historic, or excursion operations that are not part of the general 
railroad system of transportation,'' as defined in Sec.  246.7. This 
reflects a change from the proposed rule, in which paragraph (a)(3) 
would have excluded tourist, scenic, historic, and excursion operations 
that are not part of the general railroad system of transportation, if 
they are deemed to be ``insular.''
    As explained in FRA's Statement of Agency Policy Concerning 
Enforcement of the Federal Railroad Safety Laws in appendix A to 49 CFR 
part 209 (Policy Statement), FRA considers a railroad to be ``insular'' 
if its operations are limited to a separate enclave in such a way that 
there is no reasonable expectation that the safety of any member of the 
public (except a business guest, a licensee of a tourist operation or 
an affiliated entity, or a trespasser) would be affected by the 
operation. A railroad is not considered insular if one or more of the 
following exists on its line: (a) A public highway-rail grade crossing 
that is in use; (b) an at-grade crossing that is in use; (c) a bridge 
over a public road or waters used for commercial navigation; or (d) a 
common corridor with a railroad (i.e., its operations are within 30 
feet of those of any railroad. Therefore, for example, a tourist 
railroad that operates outside the general railroad system of 
transportation yet operates over one or more public highway-rail grade 
crossings, would have been required by the proposed rule to comply with 
these regulatory requirements for signal employees.
    FRA received multiple comments on paragraph (a)(3) in the proposed 
rule from tourist, scenic, historic, and excursion operations, 
including the Monticello Railway Museum, the Colorado Railroad Museum, 
the Oregon Coast Scenic Railroad, the Durango and Silverton Narrow 
Gauge Railroad, the Great Smoky Mountains Railroad, and the Northwest 
Railway Museum, as well as an association (HeritageRail Alliance, Inc.) 
and a consultant (George Hardy Consulting). All commenters expressed 
support for excluding all tourist, scenic, historic and excursion 
operations that operate outside the general railroad

[[Page 44840]]

system from the scope of this rule--regardless of whether the tourist, 
scenic, historic, and excursion operation is deemed to be insular or 
not.
    Therefore, FRA took a closer look at tourist, scenic, historic, and 
excursion operations that operate outside the general railroad system 
of transportation. According to FRA's records, out of 818 railroads 
nationwide, there are 34 tourist, scenic, historic, and excursion 
operations operating outside the general railroad system of 
transportation. FRA's records also indicate that these tourist, scenic, 
historic, and excursion operations maintain active warning devices at 
approximately 105 grade crossings (a small percentage of the 70,289 
highway-rail grade crossings nationwide that are equipped with active 
warning devices).
    Asserting that excursion and heritage railways have traditionally 
relied on volunteer and part-time workers located in their host 
community to perform signal work, the Northwest Railway Museum 
commented that the added burden of medical exams, drug testing, 
certification training, and the review of signal employee driving 
records may result in smaller entities having to transition to contract 
signal maintainers. The Northwest Railway Museum and the Oregon Coast 
Scenic Railroad commented that the transition to contract signal 
maintainers may result in the unintended consequence of reducing the 
timeliness of repairs, as contract signal maintainers could be located 
two or more hours away. The Oregon Coast Scenic Railroad asserted that 
a highway-rail grade crossing could remain out of service for a lengthy 
period of time while a tourist railroad arranges to bring in an 
expensive outside contractor for a repair that previously would have 
had the crossing back in service within an hour.
    Therefore, after taking a closer look at tourist, scenic, historic, 
and excursion operations that operate outside the general railroad 
system of transportation, and considering the comments that were 
submitted to FRA by tourist, scenic, historic, and excursion operations 
that may be affected by this rulemaking, FRA has excluded these 
operations from the scope of this final rule. This is consistent with 
FRA's Policy Statement, which excludes tourist, scenic, historic, and 
excursion operations from all but a limited number of Federal railroad 
safety laws, regulations, and orders (including FRA regulations 
governing alcohol and drug testing in 49 CFR part 219 and employee 
training plans in 49 CFR part 243).
    The fourth exception, in paragraph (a)(4), applies to rapid transit 
operations in an urban area that are not connected to the general 
railroad system of transportation. It should, however, be noted that 
FRA does exercise jurisdiction over some rapid transit type operations, 
given their links to the general railroad system of transportation, 
such as rapid transit operations conducted on track used for freight, 
intercity passenger, or commuter passenger railroad operations during a 
block of time when a general system railroad is not operating (temporal 
separation). FRA specifically intends to have this rule apply to those 
rapid transit operations.
    Paragraph (b) is intended to clarify that any person, as defined in 
Sec.  246.7 (including a railroad employee or employee of a railroad 
contractor or subcontractor) who performs a function required by this 
part will be held responsible for compliance.
Section 246.5 Effect and Construction
    This section is derived from 49 CFR 240.5 and 242.5. While FRA has 
not revised the language in this section that was proposed in the NPRM, 
FRA would like to provide clarification in response to comments from 
the AAR and ASLRRA asserting that FRA fails to understand this final 
rule will require the altering of existing collective bargaining 
agreements. Paragraph (a) does not state that collective bargaining 
agreements will not be altered as a result of this new rule. To the 
contrary, FRA understands that, due to new requirements in this rule, 
collective bargaining agreements may need to be modified to reflect the 
training and qualification requirements of the rule. FRA acknowledges 
this fact, but this rule allows for mentoring so individuals can obtain 
new signal employee positions and be mentored until they become 
qualified on the railroad's signal system and signal-related 
technology. Paragraph (a) of this section simply acknowledges that the 
term ``signal employee'' is defined in this final rule to cover persons 
who engage in certain tasks that affect railroad signal systems and 
signal-related technology as defined in Sec.  246.7. However, railroads 
and labor organizations may use job classification titles other than 
``signal employee'' for persons who engage in installing, 
troubleshooting, testing, repairing, or maintaining railroad signal 
systems and signal-related technology as defined in Sec.  246.7, and 
this final rule does not affect the use of such job classification 
titles in collective bargaining agreements.
Section 246.7 Definitions
    This section defines a number of terms that have specific meaning 
in this part. However, consistent with FRA's approach in drafting this 
section-by-section analysis, definitions that received no comment and 
are being finalized as proposed are not discussed in this section.
    The American Association of Nurse Practitioners (AANP) submitted 
comments on the definition of ``medical examiner'' in the proposed 
rule. Noting that approximately 70% of all nurse practitioner graduates 
deliver primary care, AANP requested that FRA revise the definition of 
``medical examiner'' to include nurse practitioners and thereby 
authorize them to make determinations on signal employees' 
certification, recertification, vision acuity and hearing acuity. AANP 
asserted that the definition of ``medical examiner'' in the proposed 
rule was based on FRA's locomotive engineer certification regulations 
in 49 CFR part 240, which are now 32 years old, and not reflective of 
the current practice environment where nurse practitioners provide a 
substantial portion of care.
    While FRA has not revised the definition of ``medical examiner'' to 
specifically include nurse practitioners, FRA clarifies that if a nurse 
practitioner is a licensed or certified technician, FRA's regulations 
in 49 CFR parts 240 and 242 (and this final rule) allow the nurse 
practitioner to perform the vision and hearing examinations required in 
those parts (and in this rule). However, given the complex nature of 
this issue and FRA's lack of regulatory requirements for medical 
examiners, the question of whether nurse practitioners should be 
allowed to serve as medical examiners (and if so, whether they should 
be required to comply with specific regulatory or industry standards) 
is best addressed in a future rulemaking during which comments can be 
solicited specifically on this issue. Accordingly, only a doctor of 
medicine or doctor of osteopathy is authorized by this final rule to 
conduct a medical evaluation to determine whether a person can safely 
work as a certified signal employee if the person fails the vision or 
hearing acuity examination. FRA has, however, revised the last sentence 
of this definition by changing ``employee'' to ``individual'' to 
reflect the fact that railroad medical examiners will be asked to 
conduct medical evaluations of railroad employees, as well as other 
individuals seeking signal employee certification or recertification.
    In this part, mentor is defined as a certified signal employee who 
has at

[[Page 44841]]

least one year of experience as a certified signal employee. For 
purposes of this part, a mentor provides direct and immediate 
supervision over the work of one or more signal employees. In other 
words, FRA views a mentor as a certified signal employee with current, 
relevant experience who can be counted on to impart knowledge and 
demonstrate safety-related tasks through on-the-job training. Unlike 
qualified instructors, mentors are generally not directly involved in 
testing or making certification decisions.
    BRS and the SMART-TD commented on the definition of ``mentor'' in 
the proposed rule and recommended that, after the first year of 
implementing this final rule, mentors should be required to have at 
least three years of experience working with sophisticated signal 
systems. TTD and IBEW submitted similar comments. TTD expressed concern 
that one year of experience does not provide enough time for an 
employee to demonstrate real proficiency in the signal craft, while 
IBEW commented that mentors should have no less than three years of 
experience working as a certified signal employee and should be chosen 
in concurrence with the applicable designated employee representative. 
In contrast, AAR and ASLRRA commented that FRA should only require 
signal employee certification, instead of requiring mentors to be 
certified signal employees and also have at least one year of 
experience as a certified signal employee. Otherwise, AAR and ASLRRA 
point out that the experience requirements for mentors are more 
stringent than the experience requirements for qualified instructors.
    FRA agrees that it would, in most cases, be beneficial for mentors 
to have more than one year of signal employee experience and encourages 
the selection of mentors with additional years of experience in such 
cases. FRA believes it is important to have individuals who are 
comfortable with the signal systems and signal-related technology 
deployed on the railroad provide direct and immediate supervision of 
the tasks performed by uncertified persons on such systems and devices.
    However, FRA does not have sufficient data to quantify the 
potential impact on rail safety of having signal employees with at 
least three years of signal employee experience serve as mentors, as 
opposed to having signal employees with between one to three years of 
signal employee experience, serve in this role. Accordingly, FRA has 
retained the requirement that mentors have at least one year of 
certified signal employee experience in this final rule. FRA has not, 
however, revised the definition of mentor to require concurrence by 
labor organizations in the selection of individuals to serve as 
mentors. Concurrence by labor organizations is beneficial for qualified 
instructors because qualified instructors participate in the 
certification process by confirming that on-the-job proficiency and 
qualification on the railroad's signal system and signal-related 
technology has been demonstrated. FRA does not, however, anticipate 
that mentors will be tasked by railroads with evaluating certification 
candidates. Therefore, concurrence by labor organizations in the 
selection of mentors seems unnecessary.
    BRS and TTD also commented that use of the terms ``oversight'' and 
``supervision'' in the same sentence in the definition of ``mentor'' in 
the proposed rule may cause confusion. To avoid confusion, BRS and TTD 
recommended that FRA clarify that oversight can be provided by a mentor 
or supervisor. BRS and TTD explained that, by making this change, the 
roles of both mentor and supervisor will be explicitly acknowledged and 
there will be clearer understanding of the certified signal employee's 
responsibilities when working on unfamiliar equipment.
    However, after considering BRS and TTD's comments on this issue, 
FRA revised the definition of ``mentor'' to clarify that mentors are 
required to provide direct and immediate supervision of the person(s) 
they are mentoring. As reflected in Sec.  246.124, mentors are held 
responsible for the work performed by the person(s) working under their 
direct and immediate supervision. While the verb ``oversee'' is defined 
in the Britannica Dictionary as ``to watch and direct (an activity, a 
group of workers, etc.) in order to be sure that a job is done 
correctly,'' \26\ mentors are held responsible in this final rule for 
closely supervising the work performed by the person(s) they are 
mentoring. Therefore, the definition of ``mentor'' has been revised in 
the final rule to provide this clarification.
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

    \26\ Britannica.com.
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

    A definition of ``qualified'' has been added to this final rule, 
which is similar to definition of this term in parts 240 and 242 of 
this chapter. Use of ``qualified'' as defined in this section is 
intended to reflect that the railroad's instruction and training 
program not only imparted knowledge of how to perform a task, but also 
sufficiently prepared the person to perform the task proficiently. For 
example, a signal employee qualified on a specific type of signal 
system equipment should have received classroom training on how to 
perform required tasks on the signal system equipment, as well as on-
the-job training on how to perform those required tasks proficiently. 
Without both instruction and hands-on practice performing required 
tasks on the signal system equipment, the signal employee cannot be 
considered qualified on the equipment.
    In this final rule, the definition of ``qualified instructor'' has 
been revised to make it more consistent with the definition of 
``qualified instructor'' in 49 CFR 242.7. APTA submitted comments on 
the definition of ``qualified instructor'' in the proposed rule, 
asserting that the selection of qualified instructors is inherently the 
responsibility of railroad management and that discharge of this duty 
should not be subject to the consent of another party. APTA also 
expressed concern that some current instructors may not be able to be 
``qualified instructors'' because they are not engaged in installing, 
troubleshooting, testing, repairing, or maintaining railroad signal 
systems or signal-related technology and would not be considered 
``signal employees,'' as defined in this rule. Network Rail Consulting 
Inc. (NRC) commented that the person providing supervision should have 
at least two years of experience and no safety-related incidents in the 
previous two years, while IBEW commented that qualified instructors 
should have no less than three years of experience working as a 
certified signal employee.
    The definition of ``qualified instructor'' has not, however, been 
revised in this final rule to remove the required concurrence of the 
designated employee representative when selecting a qualified 
instructor or the requirement for the qualified instructor to be a 
certified signal employee. The required concurrence of the designated 
employee representative has been retained to facilitate input by 
designated employee representatives, specifically in situations 
involving qualified instructor candidates with minimal experience 
(i.e., less than 12 months experience working as a signal employee) or 
questionable experience who may be under consideration by railroad 
management for employment as qualified instructors.
    While FRA agrees that it would be beneficial for qualified 
instructors to have more than one year of signal employee experience, 
the definition of ``qualified instructor'' has not been revised to 
require that qualified instructors have at least two years of 
experience with no safety-related

[[Page 44842]]

incidents in the previous two years. FRA does not have sufficient data 
to quantify the potential impact on rail safety of having signal 
employees with at least two years of signal employee experience serve 
as qualified instructors, as opposed to having signal employees with 
between one to two years of signal employee experience, serve in this 
role. Therefore, FRA has retained the requirement that qualified 
instructors have at least one year of signal employee experience in 
this final rule.
    With respect to the concern expressed by APTA regarding current 
instructors who may not be able to work as ``qualified instructors'' 
because they are not ``signal employees'' as this term is defined in 
this rule, FRA notes that a new term ``signal instructor'' has been 
added to this section in the final rule. To accommodate current 
instructors who may not be able to comply with the definition of 
``qualified instructor,'' signal instructors are not required to be 
certified signal employees or even employees of a railroad. However, if 
authorized by the railroad's certification program, signal instructors 
may provide signal employee training.
    Although the RSIA required FRA to issue a report to Congress on 
whether the certification of certain crafts or classes of railroad 
carrier or railroad carrier contractor or subcontractor employees, 
including ``signal repair and maintenance employees,'' is necessary to 
reduce the number and rate of accidents and incidents or to improve 
railroad safety, the RSIA did not define the term, ``signal repair and 
maintenance employees.'' In the absence of such a definition in the 
RSIA, FRA is using the streamlined term, ``signal employee'' in this 
part. This streamlined term, ``signal employee,'' is defined in this 
final rule as a person who is engaged in installing, troubleshooting, 
testing, repairing, or maintaining railroad signal systems or related 
technology. This definition is generally consistent with the definition 
of ``signal employee'' in the hours of service laws but includes the 
terms ``troubleshooting'' and ``testing'' which are not found in the 
statutory definition.\27\
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

    \27\ 49 U.S.C. 21101(4). The hours of service law defines 
``signal employee'' as ``an individual who is engaged in installing, 
repairing, or maintaining signal systems.'' 49 U.S.C. 21101(4). 
While FRA believes ``troubleshooting'' and ``testing'' would fall 
under the terms ``installing, repairing, or maintaining'' in the 
hours of service law definition, FRA wanted to make explicit in this 
rule that ``troubleshooting'' and ``testing'' are included in the 
definition of ``signal employee.'' The addition of 
``troubleshooting'' and ``testing'' in the definition in this final 
rule is not intended to capture a broader group of employees than 
provided in the hours of service law.
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

    In their comments on the proposed rule, AAR and ASLRRA asserted the 
final rule should be clear that it does not apply to employees who are 
not subject to the Federal hours of service law. As noted earlier, the 
term ``signal employee'' as used in this part is intended to cover all 
individuals who are currently subject to the Federal hours of service 
law for signal employees (49 U.S.C. 21104). However, should questions 
arise as to whether a specific group of employees are considered signal 
employees for purposes of this rule, FRA will examine the tasks 
performed by the employees to determine whether they are engaged in the 
installation, troubleshooting, testing, repair, or maintenance of 
railroad signal systems or related technology (even if such tasks are 
not the primary focus of the employees' job). If FRA determines that 
the employees engage in the installation, troubleshooting, testing, 
repair, or maintenance of railroad signal systems or related 
technology, FRA will then examine whether the employees are covered by 
the Federal hours of service law for signal employees to determine 
whether they are signal employees for purposes of this part.
    AAR and ASLRRA also commented on the definition of ``signal 
employee'', asserting that the definition in the proposed rule was 
unmoored from the definition of ``signal employee'' in the Federal 
hours of service law (49 U.S.C. 21101(4)), while noting FRA's 
acknowledgement in the proposed rule that troubleshooting and testing 
are activities that were not listed in the definition. AAR and ASLRRA 
asserted that these tasks should be removed from the definition of 
``signal employee'' to avoid confusion. However, troubleshooting and 
testing signal systems has always been considered signal covered 
service for purposes of the Federal hours of service law. Accordingly, 
FRA has not revised the definition of ``signal employee'' to remove 
these tasks.
    In the proposed rule, while describing the roles and 
responsibilities of signal employees, FRA stated that signal 
maintainers are tasked with inspecting and testing signal systems and 
performing minor and emergency repairs as needed. AAR and ASLRRA 
objected to this statement, asserting that FRA did not explain what was 
meant by ``minor repairs.'' AAR and ASLRRA also asserted that this 
description limits the scope of a signal employee's work, which could 
have implications for existing collective bargaining agreements. In 
addition, AAR and ASLRRA asserted that there are several minor tasks 
performed by people who are not signal employees and FRA should avoid 
an overlap in terms when differentiating between these employees. After 
considering these concerns, FRA revised its description of the work 
performed by signal employees in the ``Roles and Responsibilities of 
Signal Employees'' section above to more accurately reflect the work 
typically performed by signal maintainers.
    In their comments on the proposed rule, AAR and ASLRRA also 
objected to FRA's assertion that a signal employee certification 
program which includes background checks and disqualification from 
safety-sensitive service for specified alcohol and drug violations and 
for refusing alcohol and drug testing could help prevent employees with 
active substance abuse disorders from ``job hopping.'' AAR and ASLRRA 
contend FRA presented no evidence that signal employees switch jobs 
more frequently than other crafts, including those that are subject to 
certification requirements.
    FRA's statements on this issue in the proposed rule were based on 
FRA's finding in the 2015 report to Congress that the greatest 
proportion of contractors covered under the hours of service laws are 
signal employees and that they tend to switch employers more frequently 
than other crafts of employees. The 2015 report to Congress did not, 
however, include data showing the frequency with which the employees of 
signal contractors switch employers, as compared to other crafts of 
employees. Therefore, FRA has removed statements from this final rule 
comparing the frequency with which signal employees switch jobs to the 
frequency with which other crafts of railroad employees switch jobs.
    AAR and ASLRRA also contend that the hiring process for signal 
employees is already thorough. AAR and ASLRRA noted that prospective 
signal employees undergo pre-employment drug and alcohol testing. Then, 
once they are hired, AAR and ASLRRA noted that signal employees are 
subject to random and reasonable basis testing, as well as post-
accident/incident testing. FRA agrees that railroads are well 
positioned to identify signal employees with substance abuse disorders, 
given existing drug and alcohol testing programs conducted by railroads 
in accordance with 49 CFR part 219. However, signal employee 
certification will make it difficult for employees who commit certain 
safety violations (including violations related to

[[Page 44843]]

prohibited drug and alcohol use) to continue performing safety-
sensitive work on railroad signal systems. By issuing this final rule 
requiring signal employee certification, FRA is taking a proactive 
approach to minimize (and hopefully eliminate) such occurrences in the 
future.
    In their comments on the definition of ``signal employee,'' APTA 
requested clarification on how FRA defines ``related technology.'' APTA 
noted that railroads may have electric traction department employees 
performing railhead bonding and contractors performing non-vital work 
such as running direct burial cable. However, APTA asserted that 
neither the electric traction department employees nor the contractors 
engaged in running direct burial cable should be considered signal 
employees for purposes of this part. In addition, APTA asserted that 
mechanical department employees working on a locomotive's onboard cab 
signal/PTC equipment might be considered signal employees for purposes 
of this part.
    FRA agrees that individuals who engage in electric traction work, 
such as railhead bonding, and the running of direct burial cable 
(without permanently landing or splicing the cable) should not be 
considered signal employees for purposes of this part. As noted in 
FRA's Technical Bulletin S-19-01, ``Application of the Hours of Service 
Laws to Positive Train Control Systems,'' digging trenches for laying 
signal cable and running cable without permanently landing or splicing 
the cable are not considered to be signal covered service.
    However, employees who test signal system components (even so-
called ``self-tests'' of cab signal equipment installed on locomotives) 
that require the employee to interact with the signal system component, 
monitor the progress of the test, or interpret the results of the test 
are considered to be ``signal employees'' who are subject to the 
Federal hours of service law (49 U.S.C. 21104). Therefore, employees of 
the railroad's mechanical department are considered ``signal 
employees'' for purposes of this part if they test signal system 
components that require the employee to interact with the component, 
monitor the progress of the test, or interpret the results of the test.
    Network Rail Consulting Inc. (NRC) noted in their comments that 
employees engaged in signal design have not been included in the 
definition of ``signal employee'' in Sec.  246.7. However, NRC contends 
that competence management is needed for these employees as well. In 
contrast, AAR and ASLRRA commented that the work performed by signal 
design engineers (who program and test the vital and non-vital software 
programs that perform the functions for a signal system) is very 
specific and not related to the repair or maintenance of railroad 
signal systems.
    NRC is correct in noting that employees engaged in signal design 
have not been included in the definition of ``signal employee,'' as 
they are not considered signal employees for purposes of this part. 
While competence management would likely be beneficial, as indicated in 
FRA's Technical Bulletin S-19-01, individuals engaged in the production 
and design of signal system hardware and software outside railroad 
property are not generally covered by the Federal hours of service law.
    NRC also asserted that the maintenance of signal technology in the 
operations control center should be covered by this final rule. FRA 
agrees that the maintenance of signal technology in the operations 
control center plays an important role in signal system safety. 
Accordingly, individuals who maintain signal technology in the 
operations control center (such as electronic control system 
technicians and centralized traffic control (CTC) maintainers) are 
considered ``signal employees'' for purposes of this part. As stated in 
FRA's Technical Bulletin S-19-01, FRA considers work affecting the 
proper functioning of software to be signal covered service, for 
purposes of the Federal hours of service law, whether in the field or 
in an office location. Therefore, in general, individuals engaged in 
loading, verifying, or testing software or configurations into PTC 
system hardware are considered to be ``signal employees'' for purposes 
of this part.
    With respect to back-office employees, AAR and ASLRRA noted that 
these employees are not considered to be signal employees for purposes 
of the Federal hours of service law (49 U.S.C. 21101(4)). While AAR and 
ASLRRA acknowledge that some back-office employees have limited ability 
to remotely access onboard and wayside systems for research purposes, 
AAR and ASLRRA assert that they do not have the ability to modify any 
safety-critical component of PTC systems. Therefore, AAR and ASLRRA 
assert that back-office employees should not be considered signal 
employees for purposes of this part.
    FRA agrees that back-office employees, such as PTC help desk 
personnel, who do not have the ability to modify any safety-critical 
component of the PTC system are not considered ``signal employees'' for 
purposes of this part. However, back-office employees, such as the 
centralized traffic control (CTC) maintainers, who engage in the 
installation, troubleshooting, testing, repair, or maintenance of 
systems that connect the dispatching system to the wayside or onboard 
train control systems are considered signal employees for purposes of 
this rule. These employees have historically been subject to the 
Federal hours of service law for signal employees.
    As noted earlier, FRA is adding a definition of ``signal 
instructor'' to the final rule to facilitate the continued use of 
third-party training organizations by railroads. Unlike qualified 
instructors, signal instructors are not required to be certified signal 
employees. However, as stated in the definition, signal instructors 
must demonstrate adequate knowledge of the subject matter they are 
teaching and have the necessary experience to provide formal training 
of the subject matter. Therefore, even though the signal instructor may 
not be employed by the railroad, FRA expects railroads to verify that 
the signal instructors who are providing training on signal systems and 
signal-related technology have adequate knowledge and the necessary 
experience to do so.
    A slight revision has been made to the definition of ``signal 
system'' to clarify that this term refers to signal system software and 
equipment. NRC commented on the proposed definition of ``signal 
system'' in the proposed rule and asked FRA to clarify whether this 
definition includes operations control center signal equipment, while 
also recommending that FRA revise the definition of ``signal system'' 
in Sec.  246.7 to include a reference to ``train control and detection 
systems.'' As noted earlier, FRA considers individuals who maintain 
signal technology in the operations control center (such as electronic 
control system technicians and CTC maintainers) to be signal employees 
for purposes of this rulemaking. Therefore, even though the definition 
of ``signal system'' has not been revised to include a specific 
reference to ``train control and detection systems,'' FRA is clarifying 
that operations control center signal equipment falls under the 
definition of ``signal system'' for purposes of this part.
    AAR and ASLRAA also commented on the definition of ``signal 
system,'' asserting that FRA's definition of ``signal system'' is 
inconsistent with the definition of this term in the Federal hours of 
service law (49 U.S.C. 20501). The Federal hours of service law defines 
``signal system'' as a block signal system, an interlocking, automatic 
train

[[Page 44844]]

stop, train control, or cab-signal device, or a similar appliance, 
method, device, or system intended to promote safety in railroad 
operations.'' \28\ However, AAR and ASLRRA fail to mention that this 
definition of ``signal system'' was issued on July 5, 1994 and covers 
most of the signal system components that were regulated by FRA's 
signal regulations in 49 CFR part 236 at that time. In the 30 years 
that have elapsed since this definition of ``signal system'' was issued 
in 49 U.S.C. 20501, FRA promulgated regulations that specifically 
address PTC systems, as well as pathway grade crossings. Therefore, if 
FRA limited the definition of ``signal system'' to a definition of this 
term that was promulgated 30 years ago, FRA would have overlooked 
recent developments in signal system technology and might have 
inadvertently failed to require certification and related training for 
signal employees who are tasked with working on recently developed 
signal system components and signal-related technology.
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

    \28\ 49 U.S.C. 20501.
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

    AAR and ASLRRA also assert FRA needs to clarify that the term, 
``signal system,'' does not include signal equipment that is not in 
service. AAR and ASLRRA assert that FRA has no authority to regulate 
equipment before or after it has been taken out of service. However, 
this final rule does not directly regulate signal system equipment. 
This final rule is intended to ensure that signal employees who install 
(and remove from service) signal system components and signal-related 
technology receive sufficient training to perform these tasks in a safe 
manner. Given the importance of properly installing signal system 
components that have not yet been placed in service, FRA does not agree 
with AAR and ASLRRA that persons tasked with installing signal system 
components which have not yet been placed in service should be exempt 
from the signal employee certification requirements in this part.
    Finally, AAR and ASLRRA commented that the definition of ``signal 
system'' should not include wayside detection devices used to detect 
defective conditions on locomotives and rolling stock (such as high-
wide load, hot or defective bearing, defective wheel detectors) or 
other unsafe conditions (such as high-water, high-wind, sliding or 
slumping soil, rock, or snow detectors) in non-signaled territory, 
especially if the devices are not integrated into a signal system. AAR 
and ASLRRA also noted that RSAC Working Group on wayside detectors 
recently held its kickoff meeting on August 31, 2023. AAR and ASLRRA 
note that, according to the RSAC Working Group's task statement, the 
purpose of the Working Group is to consider and review issues related 
to wayside detectors, including analyzing existing regulations and 
guidance, accident, incident, and performance data, safety complaints, 
and existing best practices. Therefore, AAR and ASLRRA assert that any 
matters impacting how FRA treats wayside detection equipment should be 
reserved for this RSAC Working Group (which consists of a multi-
disciplinary team of subject matter experts.)
    As noted earlier, FRA's definition of the term ``signal employee'' 
is based on FRA's longstanding interpretation of what constitutes 
signal covered service, as explained in FRA's Technical Bulletin S-19-
01. As stated in FRA's Technical Bulletin S-19-01, FRA considers 
``installing, repairing, or maintaining locomotive and wayside 
equipment that encodes or decodes transmissions (e.g., a wayside 
messaging server) to be signal covered service.'' \29\ This final rule 
does not directly regulate signal system equipment or signal-related 
technology (such as wayside detection devices). Instead, the signal 
employee certification regulations in this part are intended to ensure 
that signal employees who install, troubleshoot, test, repair, or 
maintain signal system components and signal-related technology (such 
as wayside detection devices) receive sufficient training to perform 
these tasks in a safe manner. Therefore, FRA disagrees with AAR and 
ASLRRA that the signal certification requirements in this final rule 
should not apply to signal employees who work on wayside detection 
equipment because an RSAC Working Group has been created to consider 
and review issues related to wayside detectors.
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

    \29\ FRA Technical Bulletin S-19-01, page 5.
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

    Given changes that have been made to the scope of this rulemaking 
since the proposed rule stage (see the section-by-section analysis for 
Sec.  246.3 above), this final rule contains a definition for the 
phrase ``tourist, scenic, historic, or excursion operations that are 
not part of the general railroad system of transportation.''. This 
phrase means a tourist, scenic, historic, or excursion operation 
(``tourist operation'') conducted only on track used exclusively for 
that purpose. However, even if a tourist operation has a switch 
connecting it to the general railroad system of transportation (general 
railroad system), FRA does not consider the tourist operation part of 
the general railroad system if the tourist operation's trains do not 
enter the general railroad system and general system railroads do not 
use the tourist operation's tracks for any purpose other than 
delivering or picking up shipments from the tourist operation.
Section 246.11 Penalties and Consequences for Noncompliance
    This section, derived from 49 CFR 240.11 and 242.11, explains that 
FRA may impose civil penalties on any person, including a railroad or a 
contractor (or a subcontractor) providing goods or services to a 
railroad, who violates any requirement of this rule. IBEW expressed 
support for the language in this section which states that individuals 
should only be subject to civil penalties for willful violations.
    In their comments on this section, NRC suggested that violations of 
FRA regulations involving gross negligence, a pattern of repeated 
violations, or death or injury should be grounds for permanent 
revocation of signal employee certification. However, as indicated by 
paragraph (c) of this section, FRA reserves the right to take 
enforcement action against any person who causes or contributes to non-
compliance with FRA's rail safety regulations by assessing a civil 
penalty or issuing an order prohibiting an individual from temporarily 
or permanently performing safety-sensitive functions in the rail 
industry. Therefore, FRA finds it unnecessary to revise this provision.

Subpart B--Program and Eligibility Requirements

Section 246.101 Certification Program Required
This section, derived from 49 CFR 240.101 and 242.101, requires 
railroads to have written certification programs comprised of multiple 
elements, each of which comports with specific regulatory provisions in 
the rule related to that element. This section has been revised in the 
final rule to include a reference to Sec.  246.120, which was added in 
this final rule and requires railroads to qualify persons who work on 
their signal systems and signal-related technology.
    Paragraph (c) requires version control for certification programs. 
Therefore, railroads (and parent companies, if applicable) are required 
to maintain an up-to-date, detailed list or index tracking every change 
made to their FRA-approved certification programs. FRA encourages 
railroads and parent companies to maintain ``redlined''

[[Page 44845]]

versions, clearly reflecting revisions and indicating the year of the 
version against which the revisions appear, of their certification 
programs to reflect changes that have been made over the years.
Section 246.103 FRA Review of Certification Programs
    This section, derived from 49 CFR 240.103 and 242.103, describes 
FRA's process for reviewing and approving signal employee certification 
programs.
    BRS and TTD submitted comments contending that the deadlines in 
paragraph (a) of this section should be revised. BRS asserted that 
Class II and Class III railroads should be required to adhere to the 
same deadline for submitting their certification programs to FRA as the 
Class I railroads. Since Class I railroads and commuter service 
railroads are required to submit their certification programs to FRA 
within eight months of the effective date of this rule, BRS asserted 
that aligning the certification program submission deadlines would 
promote regulatory consistency, while sending a clear message that all 
railroads, regardless of their size, are equally responsible for 
meeting the certification requirements within a defined timeframe.
    TTD commented that FRA should require Class II railroads to submit 
their certification programs to FRA within eight months of the 
effective date of this rule. IBEW submitted a similar comment asserting 
that several Class II railroads have the capability and resources to 
develop certification programs within eight months and those Class II 
railroads should do so to avoid unnecessary delays in implementing this 
rule.
    Despite these comments, FRA has decided to retain the program 
submission schedule in the proposed rule. In the eight months between 
the deadlines referenced in paragraphs (a)(1) and (a)(2) of this 
section, FRA will be devoting its resources to reviewing approximately 
40 certification programs from Class I and commuter railroads \30\ and 
is unlikely to have the capacity to begin its review of programs 
submitted by Class II railroads until after the 16-month deadline. 
Also, FRA is concerned that the eight-month deadline proposed by the 
unions may put too much of a strain on some Class II and III railroads. 
Thus, while FRA shares the unions' desire for speedy implementation of 
this rule, FRA does not believe that giving Class II and III railroads 
16 months to develop and submit their certification programs to FRA 
will delay implementation.
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

    \30\ Regulatory Impact Analysis of the Certification of Signal 
Employees Final Rule, Docket No. FRA-2022-0020, p. 15.
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

    Paragraph (c) of this section requires railroads (and parent 
companies, if applicable) to submit their certification programs and 
their requests for FRA approval (which are described in greater detail 
in Sec.  246.106(a)) by emailing them to [email protected]. 
Paragraph (c) has been revised in the final rule to allow parent 
companies to submit certification programs on behalf of one or more of 
their subsidiary railroads. Paragraph (c) has also been revised to 
require railroads and parent companies to submit their certification 
programs and requests for FRA approval to a specified email address. In 
the NPRM, this paragraph stated that signal employee certification 
programs should be uploaded to a secure document submission site. 
However, after further consideration, FRA determined that it would be 
easier for both railroads and the agency if certification programs and 
requests for FRA approval are submitted to a dedicated FRA email 
address.
    When a railroad or parent company submits its certification program 
to FRA, paragraph (d) of this section also requires the railroad or 
parent company to submit a copy of the program and the request for FRA 
approval to the president of each labor organization that represents 
the railroad's signal employees and to all of the railroad's signal 
employees who would be subject to this part. In their comments, AAR and 
ASLRRA assert that railroads should not have to have their 
certification programs approved by the labor union president and all of 
the railroad's signal employees. AAR and ASLRRA claim such a 
requirement would be a substantial change from FRA's locomotive 
engineer and conductor certification rules and would be arbitrary and 
capricious. AAR and ASLRRA also expressed concern that a labor union 
president could potentially hold up approval forcing the railroad to 
miss deadlines. In addition, AAR and ASLRRA contend that requiring 
approval of the labor union president creates an inherent conflict of 
interest because FRA is allowing the labor union president to approve 
and exercise control over when and how the railroad uses contractors to 
perform work on certain signal equipment.
    AAR and ASLRRA's concern with respect to paragraph (d) of this 
section is unwarranted. This rule does not require railroads to obtain 
approval of their certification programs from labor union presidents or 
their signal employees. Paragraph (d) only provides these individuals 
with the opportunity to review and comment on these programs. FRA 
believes the source of AAR and ASLRRA's confusion was the reference to 
a ``request for approval'' in paragraph (d)(1) of this section in the 
proposed rule. However, this document, which is described in greater 
detail in Sec.  246.106, is a request for approval from FRA, not from a 
union president or signal employee. To avoid further confusion, FRA has 
revised references to ``request for approval'' in this section to 
``request for FRA approval.''
    Several labor organizations, including BRS, IBEW, and TTD expressed 
concern about the 45-day comment period for railroad certification 
programs in paragraph (e). They are particularly concerned about the 
initial influx of programs they will have to review after this rule 
takes effect, especially if multiple railroads submit their signal 
employee certification programs on or about the same date, and contend 
that 45 days will not be enough time to thoroughly review and assess 
each railroad's certification program. TTD specifically noted its 
experience with FRA's PTC dockets, asserting that it has been rushed to 
provide comments on amendments to the critical safety systems described 
in PTC Safety Plan Requests for Application in fewer than three weeks, 
due to delays in posting notices in the Federal Register that announce 
the submission of these documents to FRA. Therefore, these labor 
organizations request that the comment period be extended to 90 days.
    Based on these comments from labor organizations, FRA has extended 
the comment period from 45 days to 60 days. This change will provide 
commenters with additional time to draft and submit meaningful comments 
to assist FRA in its review of these programs. However, in an effort to 
avoid further delays to the implementation of this rule, FRA is 
declining to extend the comment period to 90 days. FRA understands that 
labor organizations are particularly concerned about the initial influx 
of programs they will need to review when this rule first goes into 
effect, but once the effective date of this rule is established, labor 
organizations will have several months to plan how to efficiently 
allocate their resources when they anticipate receiving a large number 
of programs to review. Also, FRA will consider late-filed comments to 
the extent practicable and will extend comment periods on a case-by-
case basis if circumstances warrant (especially during these initial 
periods where there is a high volume of programs to review).
    AAR and ASLRRA are also opposed to FRA's review and approval 
process in paragraph (f) of this section.

[[Page 44846]]

Specifically, AAR and ASLRRA contend that the proposed process allows 
FRA ``to arbitrarily hold railroads in limbo for an indefinite time 
period even if their programs are fully compliant'' \31\ and does 
nothing to ensure that FRA's review process is handled expeditiously. 
Instead, AAR and ASLRRA recommend that FRA implement the same review 
and approval process found in parts 240 and 242, whereby a 
certification program or material modification is considered approved 
30 days after it was submitted unless FRA notifies the railroad in 
writing that its program has been disapproved.
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

    \31\ FRA-2022-0020-0035.
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

    FRA is, however, declining to adopt this suggestion as it is 
untenable following a 2020 decision from the U.S. Court of Appeals for 
the District of Columbia Circuit (D.C. Circuit). In Brotherhood of 
Locomotive Engineers and Trainmen v. Federal Railroad Administration, 
the D.C. Circuit invalidated FRA's passive approval of a modification 
to Kansas City Southern Railway's locomotive engineer certification 
program. In its decision, the court noted that the Administrative 
Procedure Act ``requires agencies to reasonably explain to reviewing 
courts the bases for the actions they take and the conclusions they 
reach.'' \32\ The court found FRA's passive approval system allowed for 
a ``complete absence of any accompanying explanation for the agency's 
approval'' of the certification program.\33\ Since the administrative 
record did not contain any explanation or reasoning for the 
determinations made by FRA in approving the program, the court vacated 
and remanded the case for FRA to provide a more complete explanation of 
the agency's action or to take new agency action altogether.\34\
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

    \32\ Brotherhood of Locomotive Engineers & Trainmen v. Fed. R.R. 
Admin., 972 F.3d 82, 115 (D.C. Cir. 2020).
    \33\ Brotherhood of Locomotive Engineers & Trainmen, 972 F.3d at 
116-17.
    \34\ Brotherhood of Locomotive Engineers & Trainmen, 972 F.3d at 
117.
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

    Given the D.C. Circuit's criticism of the passive approval system 
in part 240, it would be ill-advised for FRA to include a similar 
system in this rule. Therefore, paragraph (f) of this section creates a 
new system in which a certification program is not considered approved 
by FRA until the agency issues an approval letter to the railroad or 
parent company. Contrary to AAR and ASLRRA's comment, FRA will not 
arbitrarily hold railroads in limbo for an indefinite period of time. 
FRA will make every effort to meet its goal of issuing a decision on a 
program within 120 days of submission. (This goal was 90 days in the 
NPRM.) However, as noted above, FRA is extending the comment period on 
signal employee certification programs to 60 days in this final rule. 
Accordingly, 120 days for FRA to complete its review of these programs 
is a more realistic goal. As FRA acknowledged in the NPRM, meeting this 
goal will not always be feasible and will be especially difficult 
during the initial implementation of this rule when FRA will receive 
several programs to review at the same time. During this time, 
railroads will be able to continue to operate as they did before this 
rule went into effect so it is unclear how railroads will be harmed by 
such delays.
    Paragraph (g) of this section addresses the process for railroads 
and parent companies that wish to make a material modification to their 
previously approved programs. AAR and ASLRRA assert that the definition 
of ``material modification'' in paragraph (g)(1) of this section is 
vague and should be revised to avoid stifling innovations in safety 
systems. In particular, AAR and ASLRRA recommend that FRA ``allow 
railroads to use different delivery methods and to incorporate new 
technology without treating those changes as material modifications.'' 
AAR and ASLRRA also contend that FRA should limit material 
modifications to significant content-based changes that are likely to 
impact safety, as opposed to treating edits to test questions, 
structure, and timelines as material modifications.\35\
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

    \35\ FRA-2022-0020-0035.
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

    However, the term ``material modification'' is intended to cover 
any change in an approved certification program that significantly 
affects the certification process. This may include alterations to the 
training curriculum; modifications to testing or assessment methods; 
changes to the duration of the program or program components (such as 
training); changes to the number of test questions or the scoring 
system; or any other change that would substantially impact the way 
signal employees are trained, evaluated, and certified. It is vital 
that FRA and stakeholders have the opportunity to review these proposed 
changes to a certification program to ensure they align with the 
overall goals of maintaining safety and compliance.
    There are significant safety concerns at play when incorporating 
new technologies. If new technologies do not receive an appropriate 
level of oversight, safety risks can be introduced into the system 
which could also undermine public confidence in railroad safety. 
Therefore, FRA and stakeholders must be engaged in the review of 
modifications to certification programs as provided in paragraph (g) of 
this section. Railroads and parent companies should not introduce new 
signal technologies without considering them to be material 
modifications to their signal employee certification programs.
    Paragraph (h) of this section describes the process to resubmit a 
program or material modification that was previously disapproved by 
FRA. TTD expressed support for paragraph (h)(3) of this section which 
states that railroads with operational signal systems as of the 
effective date of this final rule must resubmit their certification 
program within 30 days, if notified by FRA that their program has been 
disapproved. TTD cited to instances of railroads not bringing their 
certification programs into compliance with parts 240 and 242 of this 
chapter, specifically referencing recent accidents involving Norfolk 
Southern Railway Company as support for their position. TTD also 
recommended that FRA amend this section to authorize the issuance of 
fines against railroads that ``repeatedly are not compliant with the 
certification requirements.'' \36\ FRA appreciates TTD's comment; 
however, such an amendment is unnecessary, as Sec.  246.11 authorizes 
FRA to issue civil penalties for violations of this part. FRA will 
publish a civil penalty schedule for this part on its website.
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

    \36\ FRA-2022-0020-0032, p.8.
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

Section 246.105 Implementation Schedule for Certification Programs
    This section, derived from 49 CFR 240.201 and 242.105, contains the 
timetable for implementation of this final rule. APTA commented that 
railroads should be allowed to designate individuals who are in an 
initial training program when this rule goes into effect so that they 
can become certified signal employees upon completion of the training 
program. APTA contends that implementing certification requirements in 
the middle of a training program would be disruptive to the 
participants and instructors.
    In response to APTA's comment, paragraph (d) of this section allows 
railroads to continue to designate as certified signal employees those 
individuals who have been authorized by the railroad to perform the 
duties of a signal employee until FRA approves the railroad's 
certification program.

[[Page 44847]]

Therefore, railroads will be able to continue to designate individuals 
as certified signal employees for several months after the effective 
date of this rule, which should include any person who is in a signal 
employee training program on the effective date of this rule. However, 
railroads will no longer be able to designate persons as certified 
signal employees under paragraph (d) once FRA approves the railroad's 
program. FRA understands that some individuals will likely be in the 
middle of a training program when this occurs, but railroads will have 
several months to prepare for this occurrence and to figure out the 
best way to minimize any disruption.
    FRA is revising paragraph (d) from the proposed rule to clarify 
that railroads are only allowed to ``designate'' persons as certified 
signal employees in accordance with paragraph (d) between March 17, 
2025 and the date FRA approves the railroad's certification program. 
Once FRA approves a railroad's certification program, the designation 
system described in paragraph (d) will no longer be allowed and 
individuals will be required to obtain certification pursuant to the 
railroad's certification program.
    AAR and ASLRRA submitted comments recommending that FRA create an 
exception for circumstances in which non-certified railroad employees 
perform minor or routine corrections to signal systems. In support of 
this recommendation, AAR and ASLRRA pointed to circumstances in which 
maintenance of way personnel are tasked with disabling signals. AAR and 
ASLRRA assert that activities of this nature should not require signal 
employee certification.
    FRA would like to clarify that tasks associated with disabling 
signal systems, which are performed outside the signal bungalow, are 
not considered to be signal covered service for purposes of the Federal 
hours of service law. Therefore, maintenance of way employees engaged 
in tasks performed outside the signal bungalow to disable the signal 
system are not considered to be performing signal system work that 
requires signal employee certification. However, tasks associated with 
disabling signal systems that are performed inside the signal bungalow 
are considered to be signal covered service under the Federal hours of 
service law and, therefore, signal system work that requires signal 
employee certification pursuant to this part.
    To address the issue of designated signal employees who will be 
eligible to retire within three years of the date FRA approves their 
railroad's certification program, paragraphs (f)(1) through (3) allow 
signal employees who are eligible to receive a retirement pension to 
submit a request to their railroad that they not be certified, in 
accordance with subpart B of this part, until three years from the date 
FRA approves the railroad's program.
    AAR and ASLRRA recommended, however, that FRA eliminate paragraphs 
(f)(1) through (3), as they contend these provisions are contrary to 
FRA's safety rationale for this rule and would allow a signal employee 
to forego certification for up to six years. AAR and ASLRRA also assert 
that these provisions will be burdensome on railroads, as they will 
have to keep track of a special category of employees and establish 
special protocols for them.
    However, after considering those comments, FRA is retaining 
paragraphs (f)(1) through (3) in this final rule. These paragraphs 
simply allow signal employees who meet the requirements of paragraph 
(f)(1) to request that their employing railroad not make them go 
through the full certification process until their designated 
certification expires (three years after FRA approves the railroad's 
certification program). From FRA's perspective, it does not appear to 
be an efficient use of railroad resources to require designated signal 
employees who are going to retire before the end of their designation 
period to complete the full certification process. However, except as 
provided in paragraph (f)(2), railroads are not required to grant these 
requests. Paragraph (f)(2) of this section states that, if a railroad 
grants any such request, the railroad must grant all other requests 
from eligible persons ``to every extent possible.'' In addition, this 
paragraph does not create a loophole where a signal employee could 
continue to work on railroad signal systems and signal-related 
technology for up to six years without a mentor and forego 
certification. Paragraph (f) plainly states that no person shall be 
allowed to perform service as a certified signal employee more than 
three years after their railroad's certification program is approved by 
FRA without being tested and evaluated in accordance with procedures 
that comply with subpart B of this part.
Section 246.106 Requirements for Certification Programs
    This section contains the organizational requirements and a 
narrative description of what must be included in a railroad's (or 
parent company's) certification program. This section has been revised 
in the final rule to address the submission of certification programs 
by parent companies. The International Transportation Learning Center 
(ITLC) submitted comments recommending that FRA authorize the use of 
model signal employee certification programs, which could be 
transferable between railroads. FRA anticipates that a non-profit 
industry association will likely develop a model signal employee 
certification program template, which can be adopted for use by Class 
III railroads. However, after considering ITLC's comment, FRA has 
decided to authorize the submission of signal employee certification 
programs by parent companies on behalf of one or more of their 
subsidiary railroads. Therefore, the requirements in this part that 
apply to railroads subject to this part also apply to parent companies 
who submit signal employee certification programs to FRA for approval 
on behalf of one or more of their subsidiary railroads.
    Paragraph (a) of this section addresses what must be included in a 
certification program submission to FRA. The railroad or parent company 
must include two documents in its submission: (1) a request for FRA 
approval; and (2) the certification program. If a railroad is 
submitting its initial certification program, the request for FRA 
approval can be a brief document that simply states the railroad is 
submitting its initial signal employee certification program to FRA for 
approval. However, if a parent company is submitting a certification 
program on behalf of one or more of its subsidiary railroads, the 
parent company must provide a list of the railroads that will utilize 
the certification program. Also, as stated in paragraph (a)(1)(iii), by 
submitting a certification program on behalf of one or more subsidiary 
railroads, the parent company assumes responsibility for compliance 
with this part for all railroads identified on its list that will 
utilize the parent company's certification program.
    If a railroad or parent company would like to make a material 
modification to a signal employee certification program that has 
previously been approved by FRA, the request for FRA approval must 
include a copy of the modified certification program that identifies 
all of the proposed changes from the last FRA-approved version of the 
program.
    Paragraph (b) of this section requires that signal employee 
certification programs identify the appropriate person to be contacted 
in the event FRA needs to discuss an aspect of the railroad's program. 
Paragraph (b)(1) also requires that railroads (and parent companies, if 
applicable) submit a

[[Page 44848]]

statement electing either to accept responsibility for training persons 
not previously certified as signal employees (``initial signal employee 
training'') or to not accept this responsibility.
    If the railroad or parent company elects to not accept 
responsibility for providing initial signal employee training, the 
railroad or parent company will be limited to certifying signal 
employees previously certified by another railroad. Prior to certifying 
these signal employees, however, the railroad or parent company is 
required by Sec.  246.125 to determine that the signal employee: (a) is 
qualified on the signal system equipment and signal-related technology 
deployed on the railroad territory where the signal employee is 
expected to work; and (b) has demonstrated sufficient knowledge of the 
certifying railroad or parent company's signal standards, test 
procedures, and instructions for the installation, operation, testing, 
maintenance, troubleshooting, and repair of the certifying railroad or 
parent company's signal system equipment and signal-related technology.
    On the other hand, if the railroad or parent company elects to 
accept responsibility for providing initial signal employee training to 
persons not previously certified as signal employees, paragraph 
(b)(1)(iii) requires the railroad or parent company to submit 
information in their certification program explaining how such persons 
will be trained. The railroad or parent company has two options. The 
first option is to provide training through a program developed by the 
railroad or through a training program adopted by the railroad. The 
second option is to authorize another railroad or non-railroad entity 
(which may include a railroad association or rail-labor organization) 
to provide training. However, if the railroad or parent company chooses 
the second option, the railroad or parent company will be responsible 
for ensuring that the training provider adheres to the training program 
submitted in the railroad or parent company's FRA-approved 
certification program. A railroad or parent company that chooses to 
authorize another railroad or non-railroad entity to provide the 
training must also provide the name of the training provider in its 
certification program.
    For railroads and parent companies that elect to classify their 
certified signal employees into more than one occupational category or 
subcategory by class, task, location, or other suitable terminology, 
paragraph (b)(1)(iv) requires the railroad or parent company to provide 
detailed information about each occupational category (and subcategory, 
if applicable) of certified signal employee service in Section One of 
its certification program.
    Paragraph (b)(2) requires railroads (and parent companies, if 
applicable) to address in Section Two of their certification programs 
how they will provide training for previously certified signal 
employees. A matter of particular concern to FRA is how each railroad 
will ensure previously certified signal employees receive sufficient 
training on the signal systems and signal-related technology deployed 
on the railroad's territory. Railroads have the latitude to select the 
specific subject matters to be covered, the duration of continuing 
education sessions, the methods of presenting the information, and the 
frequency with which continuing education will be provided. However, 
railroads (and parent companies, if applicable) must describe in this 
section how they will ensure their certified signal employees maintain 
the necessary knowledge and skills and receive up-to-date and 
comprehensive training on their signal system equipment and signal-
related technology (including new or modified equipment and software 
modifications) so as to ensure their certified signal employees are 
qualified on the equipment and technology and compliant with the 
training standards set forth in Sec.  246.119.
    Time and circumstances can diminish both abstract knowledge and the 
proper application of that knowledge to discrete events. Time and 
circumstances can also alter the value of previously obtained knowledge 
and the application of that knowledge. Therefore, certified signal 
employees also need to have their fundamental knowledge of applicable 
Federal railroad safety laws and regulations, as well as railroad 
signal system safety rules and practices, refreshed periodically. 
Therefore, railroads (and parent companies, if applicable) must also 
describe in Section Two how they will ensure their certified signal 
employees remain knowledgeable about the safe discharge of their 
responsibilities, in accordance with Sec.  246.119. In addition, 
railroads (and parent companies, if applicable) must explain in Section 
Two how training will be administered for previously certified signal 
employees who have had their certification expire. (This requirement 
was included in Sec.  246.125(b) in the NPRM.) If the railroad or 
parent company fails to address in Section Two of its certification 
program how training will be administered to these signal employees, 
the railroad or parent company must require completion of its entire 
training program by previously certified signal employees who have had 
their certification expire.
    Section Three of the certification program must address 
requirements for the testing and evaluation of previously certified 
signal employees. Paragraph (b)(3)(i) requires railroads (and parent 
companies, if applicable) to address how their certification programs 
will comply with the standards found in Sec.  246.121. Section 246.121 
requires railroads to employ a written or electronic test containing 
objective questions that address the following subject matters: (i) 
compliance with all applicable Federal railroad safety laws, 
regulations, and orders governing signal systems and signal-related 
technology; (ii) compliance with all applicable railroad safety and 
operating rules; and (iii) compliance with all applicable railroad 
standards, procedures, and instructions for the installation, 
operation, testing, maintenance, troubleshooting, and repair of the 
railroad's signal systems and related technology. In addition, the test 
must include a practical demonstration component. Paragraph (b)(3)(ii) 
requires railroads (and parent companies, if applicable) to explain 
their procedures for testing visual and hearing acuity and for ensuring 
that their medical examiners have sufficient information to make 
determinations on whether candidates for signal employee certification 
or recertification can safely work as certified signal employees.
    Section Four of the certification program addresses the 
requirements for training, testing, and evaluating persons not 
previously certified as signal employees. Railroads and parent 
companies that elect, in Section One of the certification program, to 
not accept responsibility for providing initial signal employee 
training can skip this section. Paragraph (b)(4) requires railroads and 
parent companies that elect to provide training to persons who have not 
been previously certified as signal employees to provide details in 
Section Four of their certification programs on how they will train, 
test, and evaluate these individuals to ensure they acquire and 
demonstrate sufficient knowledge and skills to safely perform the job 
of a certified signal employee.
    Railroads and parent companies can authorize non-railroad entities 
(including signal contractors) to provide the required training. 
Railroads and parent companies that choose to authorize non-railroad 
entities to provide the required training will likely find that most, 
if not all, existing signal

[[Page 44849]]

employee training programs approved by FRA pursuant to part 243 of this 
chapter will need to be revised to comply with the additional training 
and knowledge testing requirements in this part that specifically apply 
to signal employees.
    Railroads (and parent companies, if applicable) are also required 
by paragraph (b)(4)(iv) to explain how training will be administered to 
previously uncertified signal employees who have extensive signal 
experience. This requirement was previously contained in Sec.  
246.125(b) in the proposed rule. If a railroad or parent company elects 
to provide training to persons who have not been previously certified 
as signal employees, but fails to specify how it will train these 
signal employees, the railroad or parent company must require 
previously uncertified signal employees with extensive signal 
experience to complete its entire training program.
    Paragraph (b)(5) requires railroads (and parent companies, if 
applicable) to discuss in Section Five of their certification programs 
how they monitor the operational performance of their certified signal 
employees in accordance with Sec.  246.123. In particular, the railroad 
or parent company must discuss the processes and procedures it will use 
for ensuring that such monitoring and testing is performed. This must 
include a description of the scoring system the railroad or parent 
company will employ during monitoring observations and unannounced 
tests.
    Finally, paragraph (b)(6) requires Section Six of a railroad or 
parent company's certification program to address how the railroad or 
parent company will perform routine administration of the program. This 
section must include a summary of how the program will comply with each 
of the regulatory provisions listed in paragraph (b)(6).
Section 246.107 Signal Service Classifications
    This section allows, but does not require, railroads to issue 
certificates for one or more occupational categories or subcategories 
of certified signal employee service. While some railroads with only 
one type of signal employee service might not have any interest in 
certifying multiple types of signal employee service, larger railroads 
that have already established multiple categories of signal employee 
service (such as signal maintainers, signal inspectors, locomotive 
signal/electrical technicians, etc.) on their territories may find it 
beneficial to issue certificates for multiple types of signal employee 
service. Therefore, by allowing railroads to classify their certified 
signal employees into multiple occupational categories or 
subcategories, railroads will have the flexibility to shape the 
structure of their certification programs to highlight the specific 
tasks and responsibilities for each category and subcategory of 
certified signal employee working on their territories.
    A railroad that classifies its certified signal employees into 
separate categories, such as signal maintainers, signal inspectors, and 
locomotive signal/electrical technicians, can issue specific 
certificates for each category of signal employee service. This section 
also permits railroads to certify signal employees for signal system 
work on specific railroad divisions or subdivisions, as opposed to 
issuing one universal signal employee certificate that would certify 
the signal employee to perform signal system work anywhere on the 
certifying railroad's territory. As further explained in the section-
by-section analysis of Sec.  246.106(b), railroads that choose to 
classify their certified signal employees into multiple occupational 
categories and subcategories are required by Sec.  246.106(b)(1)(iv) to 
provide detailed information about each occupational category (and 
subcategory, if applicable) of its certified signal employees.
    The Washington Utilities and Transportation Commission (UTC) 
recommended, in their comments, that FRA require railroads to have 
multiple classifications of signal employees. Noting that there are 
many technical differences in signal job categories, as well as varying 
signal employee experience and skill levels, UTC asserted that 
requiring signal employee classification will ensure signal employees 
are trained to work only on the signal system for which they are 
certified. FRA shares UTC's concern with railroad practices that result 
in signal employees working on signal systems on which they have not 
been sufficiently trained.
    Accordingly, paragraph (b) of this section requires individuals to 
immediately notify the railroad (or their employer, if they are not 
employed by a railroad) if they are called to work on a signal system 
or signal-related technology on which they have not been certified. 
However, even more importantly, when notified that a person has been 
called to work on a signal system or signal-related technology on which 
they have not been certified, paragraph (c) prohibits the railroad from 
requiring the person to work on the signal system or signal-related 
technology unless the person is allowed to work under the direct and 
immediate supervision of a mentor or qualified instructor in accordance 
with Sec.  246.124. FRA believes these requirements, in addition to the 
overarching requirement that railroads develop signal employee 
certification programs with training, knowledge testing, and 
operational performance monitoring components for FRA approval, will 
address UTC's concern regarding signal employees who are instructed to 
work on signal systems on which the signal employee has not been 
sufficiently trained.
    With respect to paragraph (c), BRS expressed concern that the 
wording in this paragraph may cause confusion. FRA has therefore 
revised paragraph (c) to provide clarification. After a railroad's 
signal employee certification program has been approved by FRA, 
paragraph (c) prohibits the railroad from requiring any person to work 
on a signal system or signal-related technology on which the person has 
not been certified and qualified, unless the person works under the 
direct and immediate supervision of a mentor or qualified instructor.
Section 246.109 Determinations Required for Certification and 
Recertification
    This section lists the determinations that railroads are required 
to make when evaluating a candidate's eligibility to be certified or 
recertified as a signal employee. This section has been revised in the 
final rule by including a reference to the qualification requirements 
in Sec.  246.120. An additional minor revision has also been made to 
replace the reference to ``vision . . . acuity standards'' in paragraph 
(a)(3) of the NPRM with a reference to ``visual . . . acuity 
standards'' in this final rule.
Section 246.111 Prior Safety Conduct as Motor Vehicle Operator
    This section, derived from 49 CFR 240.111, 240.115, and 242.111, 
contains the requirements and procedures that railroads are required to 
follow when evaluating the motor vehicle driving records of a candidate 
for signal employee certification or recertification. BRS, IBEW, and 
TTD submitted comments on this section expressing concern that a 60-day 
time period may not allow enough time to request and obtain driving 
records as part of the recertification process, due to administrative 
delays outside the recertification candidate's control. However, 
paragraph (c) requires candidates for signal employee recertification 
to request their driving records at least 60 days prior to the date

[[Page 44850]]

on which their certification expires. Therefore, at least 120 days will 
elapse between the date on which candidates for recertification 
requests their driving records and the end of the 60-day period ``grace 
period'' authorized by paragraph (c). However, if a candidate for 
signal employee certification or recertification is unable to obtain 
their driving records, despite the grace period provided in paragraph 
(c), paragraph (e) authorizes either the railroad or the candidate for 
signal employee certification or recertification to submit a waiver 
petition for regulatory relief.
    BRS and TTD recommended that FRA differentiate requirements for 
obtaining driving records based on the position a signal employee 
occupies and whether the signal employee is required to operate a motor 
vehicle. In addition to BRS and TTD, IBEW and NRC expressed concern 
that requiring railroads to include a review of driving records in 
their certification programs may inadvertently result in barring 
certified signal employees and otherwise perfect candidates for signal 
employee certification who have unsatisfactory driving records from 
obtaining signal employee certification and recertification.
    The intent of this section is not to ensure that every certified 
signal employee can operate company vehicles, if required to do so. 
Instead, the intent of this section is to obtain and review motor 
vehicle records to identify candidates for signal employee 
certification and recertification who have either been convicted of (or 
subject to the cancellation, revocation, suspension, or denial of a 
motor vehicle driver's license for) operating a motor vehicle while 
under the influence of, or impairment by, alcohol or a controlled 
substance. By identifying these individuals, they can be referred for 
evaluation (and potentially treatment) for an active substance abuse 
disorder, given the safety sensitive nature of certified signal 
employee work on railroad signal systems and other signal-related 
technology. Accordingly, as explained in paragraph (m) of this section, 
the only motor vehicle incidents railroads may consider are related to 
being under the influence of, or impaired by, alcohol or a controlled 
substance. This means railroads are not allowed to consider a person's 
speeding violations or other aspects of their motor vehicle driving 
record that are not related to alcohol or drug use when making a 
determination for signal employee certification.
    In the NPRM, paragraph (h)(2) of this section required all persons 
seeking certification or recertification to request driving records 
from the chief of the driver licensing agency of any jurisdiction, 
including states or foreign countries, that issued or reissued that 
person a driver's license in the past five years. This paragraph 
mirrored 49 CFR 240.111(c)(2).\37\ However, FRA determined that a five-
year lookback period was unnecessary in this final rule because 
paragraph (l)(2) of this section only allows railroads to consider 
motor vehicle driving incidents that occurred within the three years 
prior to the date of the railroad's certification decision. Thus, FRA 
changed the lookback period to three years. Furthermore, rather than 
focusing on when a jurisdiction issued or reissued a driver's license, 
FRA thinks the more appropriate inquiry is whether a person held a 
driver's license from the jurisdiction within the previous three years. 
Therefore, this paragraph has been revised in accordance with these 
changes.
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

    \37\ The Rail Safety Improvement Act of 1998 required the five-
year lookback period for persons seeking locomotive engineer 
certification. Public Law 100-342, sec. 4, 102 Stat. 624, 625 
(1988). However, no such requirement applies to this rule.
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

    Paragraph (k) of this section requires certified signal employees 
and candidates seeking signal employee certification to notify their 
certifying railroad of motor vehicle incidents described in paragraphs 
(m)(1) and (2) (i.e., drug and alcohol offenses) of this section within 
48 hours of conviction or completed state action to cancel, revoke, 
suspend, or deny the employee or candidate's motor vehicle driver's 
license for operating a motor vehicle while under the influence of, or 
impairment by, alcohol or a controlled substance or refusal to undergo 
such testing. Paragraph (k) also provides that, for purposes of signal 
employee certification, a railroad cannot have a more restrictive 
company rule requiring a signal employee to report a conviction or 
completed state action to cancel, revoke, suspend, or deny a motor 
vehicle driver's license in less than 48 hours. AAR and ASLRRA 
criticized the language in this provision that precludes railroads from 
having more restrictive company rules requiring signal employees to 
report a conviction or completed State action to cancel, revoke, or 
deny a motor vehicle driver's license in less than 48 hours. AAR and 
ASLRRA assert that, as a practical matter, railroads should be able to 
request notification in less than 48 hours as a matter of company 
policy if they determine notification is in the safety interest of the 
railroad. AAR and ASLRRA further assert that they could easily envision 
a scenario where safety would be decreased because an employee takes 
advantage of the 48-hour grace period after being convicted to delay 
notification. After considering these concerns, FRA is declining to 
adopt this requested change. By keeping this requirement in paragraph 
(k), a railroad cannot revoke, deny, or otherwise make a person 
ineligible for certification until that person has received due process 
from the state agency taking action against their motor vehicle 
driver's license. However, this 48-hour restriction only applies to 
actions taken against a person's signal employee certification and has 
no effect on a person's right to be employed by that railroad. By 
keeping this restriction, paragraph (k) maintains conformity with 49 
CFR 240.111(h) and 242.111(l).\38\
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

    \38\ This issue was also addressed and discussed 25 years ago 
when FRA was amending its locomotive engineer certification rule. 
See 63 FR 50626, 50639 (Sept. 22, 1998).
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

    Paragraph (l) of this section prohibits railroads from considering 
motor vehicle driving incidents that occurred prior to the effective 
date of this rule or more than three years before the date of the 
railroad's certification decision. AAR and ASLRRA commented that there 
is no safety reason to limit the review of motor vehicle records to 
three years as this limitation makes it difficult to establish a 
pattern of safety abuses.
    However, the three-year limit on motor vehicle driving records that 
can be reviewed for purposes of this rule is based on practical 
considerations. The three-year limit in paragraph (l) is intended to be 
consistent with minimum record retention practices of state driver 
licensing agencies. The three-year limit is also consistent with 49 CFR 
parts 240 and 242.
    With respect to FRA's decision to prohibit railroads from 
considering safety conduct that occurred prior to the effective date of 
this rule, FRA is guided both by fairness and by the law. While 
retroactive effects are not completely prohibited by the Administrative 
Procedure Act, the U.S. Supreme Court has stated that ``[r]etroactivity 
is not favored in the law.'' \39\ Moreover, even if there were a 
substantial justification for the retroactive application of a 
rulemaking, ``courts should be reluctant to find such authority absent 
an express statutory grant.'' \40\ Given that there is no express 
statutory grant of authority for this rule to have retroactive effects, 
FRA has decided not to allow railroads to

[[Page 44851]]

consider safety conduct that occurred prior to the effective date of 
this rule.
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

    \39\ Bowen v. Georgetown University Hosp., 488 U.S. 204, 208 
(1988).
    \40\ Bowen, 488 U.S. at 208-09.
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

Section 246.117 Visual Acuity
    This section, derived from 49 CFR 240.121, 240.207, and 242.117, 
contains requirements for visual acuity testing that railroads must 
incorporate in their signal employee certification programs. As an 
initial matter, in the NPRM, FRA used the terms ``visual acuity'' and 
``vision acuity.'' In the interest of consistency, FRA is using the 
term ``visual acuity'' throughout this final rule, which includes 
changing the title of this section to ``visual acuity.'' \41\
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

    \41\ ``Visual acuity'' appears to be the term used in the 
medical field. See Visual Acuity, American Optometric Association, 
found at https://www.aoa.org/healthy-eyes/vision-and-vision-correction/visual-acuity?sso=y.
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

    FRA solicited comments in the NPRM on whether visual acuity 
standards are necessary for certified signal employees and if so, 
whether they should be as stringent as existing standards for 
locomotive engineers and conductors. Multiple comments were submitted, 
including comments from labor organizations and railroad industry 
associations. Most commenters, including BRS and TTD, expressed support 
for requiring individuals to meet the distant visual acuity standard of 
at least 20/40 (Snellen) in each eye when initially hired to work as a 
signal employee. Noting that vision and hearing standards are critical 
to job performance, NRC commented that the visual and hearing acuity 
standards for certified signal employees should be the same as FRA's 
visual and hearing acuity standards for certified locomotive engineers 
and conductors.
    In contrast, AAR and ASLRRA submitted comments urging FRA to 
consider whether the visual acuity requirements are tailored to the 
work performed by signal employees. AAR and ASLRRA recommended that, 
prior to implementing visual and hearing acuity requirements, FRA 
should analyze the components of a signal employee's duties and address 
how particular visual and hearing acuity requirements impact the 
ability of signal employees to safely perform their work.
    In response to these comments, FRA closely reviewed the tasks 
performed by signal employees and determined that a signal employee's 
visual acuity is a critical component of a signal employee's roles and 
responsibilities. In recent years the equipment on which signal 
employees work has significantly evolved. Historically, employees were 
required to interpret circuit plans, manuals, railroad standards, relay 
positions, and the color of signals. North American signals generally 
fall into three categories of multi-head electrically lit units. These 
are the searchlight, color light, position light/color position light. 
Each of these units requires a colored lens or roundel to be installed 
in front of the light. Visual acuity is therefore critical to a person 
performing signal employee work. Being able to distinguish the color of 
signal lenses/roundels utilized in the industry signals is critical to 
ensure the correct signal aspect is presented as intended to the train 
crew. In the past, the color of a signal lens/roundel was often 
embossed on the lens itself, which helped signal employees ensure the 
correct lens was placed in the proper position within a signal head. 
However, some lenses/roundels are not marked in a manner to indicate 
their color. So, it is incumbent on the signal employee installing the 
lenses/roundels to be able to distinguish its color.
    With the introduction of light emitting diodes (LED), a signal 
employee must be able to distinguish the actual color the LED emits. 
When testing, this must be accomplished a significant distance away 
from the signal. LED technology also allows a signal head to display a 
variety of signal colors. Therefore, it is critical for signal 
employees to distinguish the color of signals and not simply the 
position of the signal head being lit. When testing earlier versions of 
signals or the current LED versions, this must be accomplished a 
significant distance away from the signal.
    With the introduction of microprocessor equipment, signal employees 
need to see the position of micro-switches and the color of micro-
indicators located on circuit boards. These items, which are often very 
small (sometimes less than an 1/8-inch in size), are prevalent on 
microprocessor equipment used within both signal and highway-rail grade 
crossing warning systems. In addition, signal employees need to be able 
to distinguish the correct color of proposed circuit changes on circuit 
plans. Proposed circuit changes are often indicated by lines of 
different colors on a circuit plan.
    Therefore, after taking a closer look at the safety-sensitive tasks 
performed by signal employees, FRA decided to retain the visual acuity 
standards proposed in the NPRM. These visual acuity standards are 
consistent with the visual acuity standards for other modal 
professionals throughout the transportation industry, such as air 
traffic controllers and pilots.\42\
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

    \42\ 14 CFR 67.303.
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

    FRA also received comments that were critical of FRA's proposal in 
paragraph (b)(3) in the proposed rule to periodically test signal 
employees seeking recertification on their ability to recognize and 
distinguish between the colors of railroad signals. BRS explained that 
after the first year of employment, the emphasis on color distinction 
becomes less relevant. BRS asserted that signal workers quickly become 
familiar with blueprints, enabling them to determine the intended 
aspect to be illuminated without solely relying on color 
identification. IBEW expressed concern that FRA's proposal to test both 
initial hires and signal employees seeking recertification on their 
ability to recognize and distinguish between the colors of railroad 
signals would unnecessarily penalize and disqualify signal workers who 
are colorblind.
    To accommodate signal employees who develop color vision 
deficiencies during the course of their employment, BRS, IBEW, and TTD 
recommended that FRA establish an alternative assessment. More 
specifically, BRS and TTD recommended FRA establish an alternative 
assessment that evaluates an employee's knowledge of signal aspects and 
their ability to interpret blueprints accurately to help ensure 
railroads retain a skilled signal workforce.
    FRA acknowledges that some individuals may not be able to meet the 
threshold visual acuity standards in this section but may be able to 
compensate in other ways that will allow them to safely perform their 
duties as a certified signal employee. However, FRA has determined that 
the flexibility afforded by paragraph (d) of this section is preferable 
to establishing an alternative assessment.
    Paragraph (d) of this section permits a railroad to have procedures 
whereby doctors can evaluate individuals who cannot meet the threshold 
visual acuity standards in this section and make discrete 
determinations about the individual's ability to compensate in ways 
that will allow them to safely perform their tasks as a signal 
employee. If the railroad's medical examiner concludes that the 
individual could safely serve as a certified signal employee, the 
railroad can certify that person after the railroad obtains the medical 
examiner's professional medical opinion to that effect. If necessary, 
medical examiners can condition their opinion on certain circumstances 
or restrictions, such as the use of corrective lens.
    APTA expressed support for the flexibility provided by paragraph 
(d) and asserted this flexibility should be maintained so that signal 
employees

[[Page 44852]]

who have the ability to recognize and distinguish the different aspects 
of railroad signals can remain eligible for certification. While IBEW 
expressed concern that paragraph (d) gives too much discretion to 
railroad medical examiners, FRA disagrees. Whether a person meets the 
standards for visual acuity in this final rule is a medical 
determination. Therefore, it is appropriate for a medical professional 
to determine whether a person can safely perform as a certified signal 
employee. Second, a medical examiner will only exercise discretion 
pursuant to this section if a person does not satisfy the objective 
visual acuity criteria in paragraph (c) of this section. Finally, 
railroad medical examiners have been handling these issues for over 30 
years for locomotive engineer certification and for over 10 years for 
conductor certification. To date, FRA is unaware of any significant 
problems involving the exercise of this discretion.
Section 246.118 Hearing Acuity
    This section, derived from 49 CFR 240.121, 240.207, and 242.117, 
contains requirements for hearing acuity testing that railroads must 
incorporate in their signal employee certification programs.
    Paragraph (c) of this section contains the general hearing 
standards that a person must satisfy to be certified as a signal 
employee unless they are determined to have sufficient hearing acuity 
under paragraph (d) of this section. The standards in paragraph (c) 
mirror the hearing acuity standards for locomotive engineers and 
conductors in 49 CFR parts 240 and 242.
    In the proposed rule, FRA solicited comments on whether hearing 
acuity standards are necessary for certified signal employees and if 
so, whether they should be as strict as the standards for locomotive 
engineers and conductors. FRA received a range of comments in response 
to these questions. BRS noted in their comments that railroaders 
encounter high noise levels during their day-to-day work, due to a 
variety of sources of noise in their work environment, including 
locomotive engines, train horns, heavy equipment operations, and rail 
grinding. While the use of earplugs is common practice to mitigate 
noise exposure, BRS asserted that earplugs can only provide a certain 
level of protection against hearing loss throughout a railroader's 
career. Accordingly, BRS acknowledged the value of hearing acuity tests 
for monitoring and detecting hearing loss.
    BRS and IBEW contended, however, that hearing acuity tests should 
be limited to testing candidates for signal employee certification and 
recertification to verify that they can accurately differentiate 
important auditory cues or signals. In addition, IBEW expressed concern 
that this section gives too much discretion to railroad medical 
examiners. On the other hand, NRC contended that vision and hearing 
standards are critical to job performance. NRC commented that the 
visual and hearing acuity standards for certified signal employees 
should be the same as FRA's visual and hearing acuity standards for 
certified locomotive engineers and conductors.
    AAR and ASLRRA recommended that FRA consider whether the hearing 
acuity requirements are tailored to the work performed by signal 
employees. AAR and ASLRRA also asserted that, prior to implementing 
vision and hearing requirements, ``FRA needs to analyze the components 
of a signal employee's duties and address how particular vision and 
[hearing] acuity requirements impact the ability of signal employees to 
safely perform their work.'' \43\
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

    \43\ FRA-2022-0020-0035, pp. 28-29.
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

    Given the range of comments on this issue, FRA closely reviewed the 
tasks performed by signal employees and determined that a signal 
employee's hearing acuity is critical to their personal safety and the 
safety of others. A signal employee must be able to communicate with a 
dispatcher to ensure on-track safety has been properly established for 
themselves or others. Signal employees often rely on the sound of a 
locomotive horn when they utilize train approach warning as a form of 
protection for tasks that are performed near the track. On-track safety 
is a key item covered in the required job briefings. Signal employees 
must be able to understand the job briefing prior to fouling the track.
    Signal employees must also communicate safety sensitive 
instructions to the dispatcher to obtain protection for defective 
signal system equipment, such as a stop and flag order to protect a 
malfunctioning highway-rail grade crossing warning system. In addition, 
signal employees need to hear other signal employees when they perform 
signal tests. Employees are often called upon to call out signal 
aspects while locking tests are performed. With the evolution of 
microprocessor equipment, signal employees also need to be able to hear 
the distinct codes being transmitted by the equipment, such as micro-
lock or electrocode. Signal employees listen for unusual sounds while 
inspecting signal system equipment, such as switch machines and gate 
mechanisms, as such sounds can indicate a need for additional 
investigation or maintenance.
    FRA acknowledges that some individuals may not be able to meet the 
threshold hearing acuity standards in this section but may be able to 
compensate in other ways that will allow them to safely perform their 
duties as a certified signal employee. However, FRA has determined that 
the flexibility afforded by paragraph (d) of this section is preferable 
to limiting hearing acuity tests to verifying that the individual can 
accurately differentiate between auditory cues or signals.
    Therefore, after close review of the safety-sensitive tasks 
performed by signal employees, FRA decided to retain the hearing acuity 
standards proposed in the NPRM. For the reasons explained in the 
section-by-section analysis for Sec.  246.117 above, FRA does not share 
IBEW's concern that this section gives too much discretion to a 
railroad medical examiner.
Section 246.119 Training Requirements
    This section requires railroads to provide initial, periodic, and 
qualification training to certified signal employees. Such training is 
necessary to ensure certified signal employees have the knowledge, 
skills, and abilities necessary to safely perform all of the safety-
related duties mandated by Federal law, regulations, and orders.
    As an initial matter, FRA deleted paragraph (b) of this section in 
the proposed rule. In the proposed rule, paragraph (b) would have 
required the railroad to state in its certification program whether the 
railroad elects to accept responsibility for training persons who have 
not been previously certified as signal employees or only certify 
persons who have been previously certified by other railroads. FRA 
removed this language from this section because it is duplicative of 
what is already required under Sec.  246.106(b)(1). Accordingly, 
paragraph (b) in this final rule focuses on training requirements that 
apply to railroads or parent companies that elect to accept 
responsibility for training persons who have not been previously 
certified as signal employees.
    NRC commented that FRA should set minimum standards for training 
program design and issue those standards in a circular or other 
supplemental guidance. However, FRA does not plan to issue a circular 
or supplemental guidance (such as an appendix to this part) at this 
time because Sec.  246.106 addresses NRC's concern. Section 246.106, 
which is derived from appendix B to part 240

[[Page 44853]]

and appendix B to part 242, provides railroads with more information on 
how to design and structure their programs. Section 246.106 provides a 
description of what information should be included in each section of 
the program. FRA has found through its experience with locomotive 
engineer and conductor certification that issuing a separate circular 
or appendix is unnecessary as railroads can look to the appendices in 
parts 240 and 242 for guidance on how to satisfy the requirements of 
those rules. Thus, FRA does not see a need for issuing a separate 
circular or appendix with respect to signal employee certification.
    If a railroad (or parent company) accepts responsibility for 
training persons who have not been previously certified as signal 
employees, paragraph (b) of this section requires the railroad or 
parent company to state in its certification program whether it will 
conduct the training or whether it will authorize a third party to 
provide the training on its behalf.
    This section gives railroads (and parent companies, if applicable) 
the latitude to design and develop the training and delivery methods 
they will employ. Pursuant to paragraph (c), a railroad or parent 
company that elects to accept responsibility for training persons who 
have not been previously certified as signal employees is required to 
explain how training will be structured, developed, and delivered, 
including an appropriate combination of classroom, simulator, computer-
based, correspondence, practical demonstration, on-the-job training, or 
other formal training. Paragraph (c)(3) also requires railroads (and 
parent companies, if applicable) to review and modify their training 
programs whenever new safety-related railroad laws, regulations, 
orders, and procedures are issued, as well as whenever new signal 
system equipment or signal-related technology are introduced into the 
workplace.
    TTD submitted comments expressing concern that many railroads are 
not providing an acceptable level of training to employees. IBEW 
expressed a similar concern and asserted that Sec.  246.125 allows one 
railroad to rely upon a signal employee's certification awarded by 
another railroad. Accordingly, IBEW recommended that FRA require 160 
hours of on-the-job training, at least half of which should be in the 
field.
    FRA acknowledges these concerns and suggestions and is taking this 
opportunity to clarify some of the requirements of this subpart. FRA 
agrees that recent industry trends have resulted in declining quality 
and/or quantity of training and testing, a concern FRA has voiced to 
the industry on multiple occasions including recent disapproval of 
conductor certification programs. These instances reveal that some 
railroads have misinterpreted the discretion provided to them in parts 
240 and 242 as permission to submit certification programs that are 
sparse on details. Such railroads are mistaken as to what is required 
under parts 240 and 242, and FRA audits have highlighted significant 
issues with these programs and underscored the critical need for 
railroads to provide detailed and comprehensive submissions.
    While FRA believes railroads should be provided some flexibility in 
the design of their certification programs to address specific signal-
related risks and unique needs, FRA's review and approval process 
outlined in Sec.  246.103 is meant to ensure that railroads do not 
abuse this discretion with respect to their signal employee 
certification programs. This rule requires a railroad to document the 
details of its training and testing program and Sec.  246.106 mandates 
that each certification program include sufficient detail for effective 
evaluation. FRA will disapprove programs that are vague or 
insufficiently detailed, in accordance with Sec.  246.103(f)(2).
    While every railroad is different and the training needed to be 
certified signal employee for a Class I railroad may vary significantly 
from the training needed to be a certified signal employee for a short 
line railroad, FRA will review each signal employee certification 
program and determine, on a case-by-case basis, whether the program 
contains sufficient on-the-job training. Railroads are required to 
provide enough detail in their certification programs to allow for 
effective evaluation of the training that will be provided (including 
on-the-job training) to ensure that their certified signal employees 
can safely perform their assigned duties.
    Also, as will be discussed further in the section-by-section 
analysis of Sec.  246.125, this final rule does not allow railroads to 
rely completely on the signal employee certification awarded by another 
railroad. Each railroad is required to certify the signal employees who 
will be working on their signal systems and signal-related technology 
(or require that non-certified persons perform work on their signal 
systems and signal-related technology under the direct and immediate 
supervision of a mentor).
    Paragraph (e) of this section contains the requirements a person, 
not previously certified as a signal employee, has to satisfy in order 
to become a certified signal employee. Paragraph (e)(2) states that the 
person must successfully complete on-the-job training and demonstrate 
on-the-job proficiency by successfully completing the tasks and using 
the signal system equipment and signal-related technology necessary to 
be a certified signal employee on the certifying railroad. The 
paragraph has been revised in this final rule to clarify that, if the 
railroad has elected to classify its certified signal employees into 
more than one occupational category or subcategory, the person must 
successfully complete the tasks applicable to the signal employee 
occupational category or subcategory in which the person is seeking to 
be certified.
    NRC asked for clarification on whether railroads that accept 
responsibility for providing initial signal employee training are 
required by paragraph (e) to structure their training programs to 
ensure candidates for initial signal employee certification demonstrate 
on-the-job proficiency using wayside signal equipment, as well as 
signal technology in the operations control center. However, the type 
of equipment used by candidates for initial signal employee 
certification to demonstrate on-the-job proficiency will vary depending 
upon the nature of the work each candidate will be assigned to perform. 
As discussed earlier, FRA considers individuals who maintain signal 
technology in the operations control center (such as electronic control 
system technicians and CTC maintainers) to be signal employees for 
purposes of this part. Therefore, FRA expects that railroads who accept 
responsibility for providing initial signal employee training and have 
employees or contractors maintain signal technology in their operations 
control centers will require candidates for signal employee 
certification to demonstrate on-the-job proficiency using signal 
technology in the operations control center if there is a reasonable 
possibility that the candidate may be assigned to work there.
    Paragraph (g) requires railroads, regardless of their election in 
paragraph (b) of this section, to provide comprehensive training on the 
installation, operation, testing, maintenance, and repair of the signal 
systems and signal-related technology deployed on their territory. This 
training must include training on both signal software and signal 
equipment. To implement this requirement, paragraph (g) requires 
railroads to address in their certification program how such training 
will be provided and

[[Page 44854]]

how the railroad will ensure that each certified signal employee is 
qualified on the signal system equipment and signal-related technology 
deployed on the railroad's territory before the employee is required to 
install, operate, test, maintain, or repair that equipment or 
technology.
    UTC staff and NRC expressed support for this requirement in their 
comments on the proposed rule. UTC staff contended that comprehensive 
training should include all new and existing signal systems and signal-
related technologies. NRC recommended that comprehensive training 
include common principles, in addition to the specifics of the 
equipment that the railroad's certified signal employees will work on. 
As reflected in this section, railroads must provide comprehensive 
training that includes detailed training on the specific signal system 
equipment and signal-related technology that the signal employee will 
be required to use, as well as detailed training on any new signal 
system equipment and signal-related technology that will be deployed on 
the railroad's territory before the employee is required to install, 
operate, test, maintain, or repair the equipment or technology.
    NRC recommended that comprehensive training for certified signal 
employees include some level of design knowledge as a functional role. 
NRC also recommended that installation staff and maintenance staff not 
be trained on tasks that they will not perform as part of their job 
duties. While FRA agrees that it would be beneficial for certified 
signal employees to understand the functional role of the design of the 
signal systems and signal-related technology on which they are assigned 
to work, FRA has not incorporated this recommendation as an explicit 
requirement in this final rule. In addition, this rule allows railroads 
the flexibility to decide whether to classify their certified signal 
employees into multiple categories (and subcategories), as well as the 
flexibility to decide which tasks will be performed by their employees. 
Therefore, while FRA has not included a regulatory provision that would 
prohibit railroads from training installation and maintenance staff on 
tasks they are unlikely to perform as part of their job duties, 
railroads are only required by Sec.  246.119(g) to ensure that each 
certified signal employee is qualified on the signal system equipment 
and signal-related technology deployed on their territory before the 
certified signal employee is required to install, operate, test, 
maintain, or repair it.
    Paragraph (g)(3) requires railroads to discuss, in their training 
programs, the maximum amount of time that a certified signal employee 
can be absent from performing work on signal systems or signal-related 
technology that requires certification before requalification will be 
required. This time period cannot exceed 12 months. However, railroads 
may choose a shorter time period if they desire.
    IBEW commented on this provision in the proposed rule, recommending 
that FRA reduce the maximum period of time during which signal 
employees can be absent from performing safety-sensitive work on signal 
systems before refresher training will be required to six months. IBEW 
also recommended that FRA require railroads to provide 16 hours of on-
the-job training, as part of the required refresher training. IBEW 
recommended that FRA increase the number of required hours of on-the-
job training to 24 hours, if the signal employee is absent from 
performing safety-sensitive work for 12-23 months. In addition, for 
signal employees who are absent from performing safety-sensitive work 
for 24 months or more, IBEW recommended that FRA require 
recertification. FRA strongly recommends that railroads provide 
refresher on-the-job training to signal employees who fail to 
successfully complete the unannounced compliance test required by Sec.  
246.123 after returning to work on the railroad's signal systems and 
signal-related technology that requires certification. However, if a 
certified signal employee has not performed work on signal system 
equipment or signal-related technology that requires certification for 
more than 12 months, they will no longer be qualified on signal system 
equipment or signal-related technology as set forth in Sec.  
246.120(c). Therefore, when the certified signal employee returns to 
work on the railroad's signal systems and signal-related technology 
that requires certification, they will be required to work under the 
direct and immediate supervision of a mentor until they become 
qualified on signal system equipment and signal-related technology 
pursuant to Sec.  246.106(b)(2)(v). In addition, railroads are required 
to submit their signal employee certification programs to FRA for 
approval. Therefore, FRA will evaluate railroad plans to provide 
refresher training as discussed in their signal employee certification 
programs on a railroad-by-railroad basis.
    Paragraph (h) of this section (which was paragraph (i) in the 
proposed rule) addresses transfers of railroad ownership. NRC commented 
on paragraph (i) in the proposed rule, and suggested that instead of 
saying signal employees of the acquiring company ``may receive 
familiarization training'' from the selling company, the paragraph 
should state that signal employees of the acquiring company ``will 
receive training from the selling company''.\44\ Whether a selling 
company will provide familiarization training to the acquiring 
company's signal employees is, however, a decision that should be made 
by both parties. If FRA were to make the permissive language in this 
paragraph mandatory, it would essentially entangle itself in the 
contract negotiations between the two parties which is not FRA's role. 
FRA's main concern with respect to this issue is that the training is 
performed properly, not who performs the training. FRA does not see a 
compelling reason for mandating that the selling company provide this 
training and since NRC did not provide a rationale for this suggested 
change, FRA is not adopting this suggestion. By not adopting this 
suggestion, paragraph (h) in this final rule will remain consistent 
with the analogous provisions found at 49 CFR 240.123(d)(1) and 
242.119(i).
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    \44\ FRA-2022-0020-0027.
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    NRC also contends paragraph (h) should apply when there is a change 
in the private operator of a commuter railroad. Since NRC did not 
provide a rationale for why such a change would be necessary or 
beneficial, FRA is not adopting this suggestion. However, FRA notes 
that in situations involving a change in the operator of a commuter 
railroad, there is nothing in part 246 that would prohibit the prior 
operator from providing familiarization training to the signal 
employees of the new operator.
    Paragraph (i) of this section requires each railroad to provide for 
the continuing education of its certified signal employees to ensure 
each certified signal employee maintains the necessary knowledge 
concerning compliance with all applicable Federal railroad safety laws, 
regulations, and orders; compliance with all applicable railroad safety 
and operating rules; and compliance with all applicable standards, 
procedures, and instructions for the installation, operation, testing, 
maintenance, troubleshooting, and repair of new and existing signal 
systems and new and existing signal-related technology deployed on its 
territory.

[[Page 44855]]

Section 246.120 Requirements for Qualification
    Section 246.120 has been added to the final rule to clarify that 
railroads are required to provide sufficient training on the signal 
system equipment and signal-related technology that have been deployed 
on their territories to ensure their certified signal employees are 
qualified on the railroad's signal systems and signal-related 
technology, and, therefore, may reasonably be expected to be proficient 
on their operation and use. Prior to attaining qualification, all 
individuals assigned to work on the railroad's signal system equipment 
and signal-related technology are required by paragraph (a)(2) of this 
section to work under the direct and immediate supervision of a mentor 
or qualified instructor.
Section 246.121 Knowledge Testing
    This section, derived from 49 CFR 240.125, 240.209, and 242.121, 
requires railroads to include procedures for the initial and periodic 
testing of certified signal employees in their certification programs. 
Paragraph (b) of this section outlines the general requirements for 
such testing. This testing must effectively examine a signal employee's 
knowledge of: (a) all applicable Federal railroad safety laws, 
regulations, and orders governing signal systems and signal-related 
technology; (b) all applicable railroad safety and operating rules; and 
(c) all applicable railroad standards, procedures, and instructions for 
the installation, operation, testing, maintenance, troubleshooting, and 
repair of the railroad's signal systems and related technology.
    With respect to written tests used by railroads to determine 
whether candidates for certification have sufficient knowledge of their 
signal systems and signal-related technology, BRS, ITLC and TTD 
recommended that FRA require railroads provide accommodations to 
employees who require them, including giving candidates for signal 
employee certification the option to request having the test questions 
read aloud to them. TTD also recommended that railroads be required to 
provide additional time to prepare, access to reference materials, and 
extended time for testing, to employees who require these 
accommodations. IBEW requested language advising that all employees 
subject to tests required by this part are covered by all applicable 
facets of the Americans with Disabilities Act (ADA).
    In this subpart, FRA is establishing general parameters for the 
testing that must be conducted to determine whether candidates for 
certification have the skills and knowledge necessary to perform the 
tasks that are assigned to certified signal employees by the certifying 
railroad. FRA has determined that, in general, a person needs to be 
able to read and comprehend written instructions to safely perform the 
job of a certified signal employee. FRA is not, however, creating or 
administering the tests required by this part. Railroads continue to 
have the flexibility to determine how to develop and administer testing 
in accordance with Federal anti-discrimination laws, including Title I 
of the ADA. Therefore, FRA finds it unnecessary to include language in 
this final rule to remind railroads that they need to comply with 
Federal anti-discrimination laws.
    In their joint comments on paragraph (b)(1) of this section, AAR 
and ASLRRA noted the requirement to test knowledge of ``[t]he 
railroad's rules and standards for disabling and removing signal 
systems from service.'' AAR and ASLRRA recommended FRA clarify that it 
does not intend to restrict tasks related to the disabling of signal 
systems to signal employees with this rulemaking. Therefore, FRA 
clarifies that those tasks associated with disabling signal systems 
that are performed outside the signal bungalow are not considered 
signal covered service for purposes of the Federal hours of service 
law. Therefore, employees engaged in tasks performed outside the signal 
bungalow are not performing signal system work that requires signal 
employee certification. However, tasks associated with disabling signal 
systems that are performed inside the signal bungalow are considered 
signal covered service under the Federal hours of service law and, 
therefore, signal system work that requires signal employee 
certification pursuant to this part.
    This section allows railroads the discretion to design the tests 
that will be employed. For most railroads, this will entail modifying 
their existing ``book of rules'' examination to include new subject 
areas. This section does not specify the minimum number of questions to 
be asked or the passing score to be obtained. IBEW submitted comments 
on this provision, recommending that FRA require railroads to establish 
80% as the minimum passing grade on tests required by the railroad's 
signal employee certification program. However, FRA has decided to 
refrain from requiring railroads to establish 80% as the minimum 
passing grade on tests required by their signal employee certification 
programs. Under this final rule, the testing procedures and 
requirements selected by railroads will be discussed in the 
certification programs, which the railroads must submit to FRA for 
approval and provide a copy of to the president of each labor 
organization representing its signal employees and to all of the 
railroad's signal employees subject to this part. Therefore, labor 
organizations and signal employees may comment on proposed tests, and 
FRA will monitor the exercise of discretion being afforded to railroads 
by this section.
    Paragraph (b)(6) in the proposed rule would have required that 
tests be conducted without open reference books unless use of such 
materials is part of a test objective. BRS commented on this provision, 
noting that some railroads allow open book testing per existing 
agreements. TTD and NRC also commented on this paragraph and 
recommended that FRA require railroads to provide access to reference 
materials during knowledge testing. In addition, AAR and ASLRRA 
recommended that FRA allow for greater use of open reference books and 
other materials. Therefore, FRA re-evaluated its position on open book 
testing, as reflected in the final rule. Unlike locomotive engineers 
who cannot refer to reference materials while actively operating 
trains, signal employees are often encouraged to refer to reference 
materials when they have a question about the relevant standard or 
threshold that needs to be met during maintenance or testing of a 
signal system or signal-related technology. Accordingly, unlike 
Sec. Sec.  240.125 and 242.121 in this chapter which limit the use of 
open book testing for locomotive engineers and conductors, this final 
rule has been revised to allow railroads the flexibility to administer 
open book knowledge tests. However, railroads are required by paragraph 
(b)(6) to address in their certification programs how they will use 
open book knowledge tests. In extending this flexibility to railroads, 
FRA expects that open book tests will be used for the primary purpose 
of testing certification candidates' ability to use written materials. 
Nonetheless, since the testing procedures and requirements selected by 
railroads will be submitted to FRA for approval, FRA will monitor the 
exercise of discretion being afforded to railroads by this section.
    Paragraph (c) of this section has been revised to require the 
railroad to provide the person(s) being tested with an opportunity to 
consult with a mentor, signal instructor, or qualified instructor to 
explain one or more test questions. This revision has been made to 
expand the scope of individuals who are

[[Page 44856]]

authorized to explain test questions to persons being tested.
    If a person fails a test administered in accordance with this 
section, paragraph (d) of this section prohibits the railroad from 
allowing that person to work as a certified signal employee until they 
achieve a passing score on reexamination. The railroad will decide how 
much time, if any, must pass after a test failure before a 
certification candidate can be reexamined. Furthermore, the railroad 
will decide what additional training, if any, a candidate will receive 
after a test failure. The railroad will also have discretion to decide 
whether there should be a limit on the number of times a candidate can 
retake a test, and if so, the number of test retakes the railroad will 
allow.
Section 246.123 Monitoring Operational Performance
    This section, derived from 49 CFR 240.129 and 242.123, requires 
railroads subject to this part to describe in their certification 
programs how they will monitor the operational performance of their 
certified signal employees.
    Paragraph (a) of this section requires railroads to include 
procedures in their certification programs for giving each certified 
signal employee at least one unannounced compliance test each calendar 
year on the railroad's signal standards and test procedures or Federal 
regulations concerning signal systems. Paragraph (a)(3) requires 
railroads to describe the actions they will take if they find 
deficiencies in a certified signal employee's performance during an 
unannounced compliance test. IBEW commented on this provision, 
recommending that FRA prohibit railroads from assessing discipline if 
such deficiencies are found (with the exception of violations of Sec.  
246.303(e)), so that railroads will focus on providing the signal 
employee with coaching, counseling, and/or additional training, if 
needed. However, FRA believes it is up to each railroad to decide the 
appropriate action to take in light of various factors, including 
collective bargaining agreements.
    To avoid restricting the options available to railroads and 
employee representatives to develop processes for handling test 
failures, FRA designed this regulation to be as flexible as possible. 
There are a variety of actions and approaches that a railroad can take, 
such as developing and providing formal remedial training for certified 
signal employees who fail tests or have deficiencies in their 
performance. Railroads can also implement formal procedures whereby 
certified signal employees are given the opportunity to explain, in 
writing, the factors that they believe caused their test failure or 
performance deficiency. These explanations could help railroads 
identify areas on which to focus training or perhaps discover that the 
reason for the failure/deficiency was due to something other than a 
lack of skills. FRA believes there are numerous approaches that could 
be considered and evaluated by railroads and their certified signal 
employees. Railroads have the ability to adopt an approach that is best 
for their organizations.
    Paragraph (a)(4) requires railroads to describe how they will 
monitor the performance of signal-related tasks by their certified 
signal employees. For example, railroad monitoring could include 
unaccompanied, post-installation inspections of signal cut-overs 
(conducted within three days of the installation) to verify that the 
certified signal employee properly installed and tested the signal 
system, in accordance with the railroad's signal standards.
    Paragraph (b) of this section requires railroads to have certified 
signal employees administer the unannounced compliance tests required 
by this section once a railroad's certification program has been 
approved by FRA. Thus, at the latest, FRA expects railroads to perform 
these unannounced compliance tests on their certified signal employees 
during the calendar year immediately following the year their 
certification program is first approved by FRA. For example, if FRA 
approves one railroad's program in January 2025 and another railroad's 
program in December 2025, both railroads would be required to perform 
unannounced compliance tests on their certified signal employees in 
2026. While FRA encourages these railroads to perform unannounced tests 
after their programs are approved in 2025, FRA recognizes it may not be 
practical to perform unannounced tests by the end of 2025, especially 
for the railroad whose program was not approved until December 2025.
    Paragraph (d) of this section reflects FRA's recognition that some 
certified signal employees may not be performing tasks that require 
certification. Therefore, railroads would not be required to give those 
certified signal employees an unannounced compliance test. For example, 
a certified signal employee may be on furlough, in military service, 
off with an extended illness, or working in another craft. In 
situations like these where a certified signal employee is not 
performing tasks that require certification, the railroad would not 
have to give an unannounced compliance test. However, when the 
certified signal employee resumes work on signal systems that requires 
certification, the railroad is required to provide an unannounced 
compliance test within 30 days, if the certified signal employee has 
not been given an unannounced compliance test each calendar year 
pursuant to the railroad's procedures as described in the railroad's 
certification program. Moreover, the railroad is required to retain a 
written record documenting the dates on which the certified signal 
employee stopped performing work requiring certification, the date the 
certified signal employee resumed signal system work requiring 
certification, and the date the certified signal employee received 
their unannounced compliance test following their resumption of signal 
system work requiring certification.
    BRS recommended that FRA extend this 30-day period to six months 
(and TTD expressed support for this recommendation) to allow more time 
for signal employees to reacquaint themselves with the environment and 
signal system equipment before being subjected to a compliance test by 
railroad management. In addition, IBEW recommended that FRA revise this 
provision to prohibit railroads from conducting unannounced compliance 
tests within 15 days of the signal employee's return to signal system 
work that requires certification. However, FRA anticipates that this 
30-day period will only apply to a small number of certified signal 
employees--namely, certified signal employees who have not performed 
work that requires certification on signal systems and signal-related 
technology for an extended period and who have not been given an 
unannounced compliance test each calendar year.
    In addition, if a certified signal employee has not performed work 
that requires certification on signal system equipment or signal-
related technology for more than 12 months, they will no longer be 
qualified on signal system equipment or signal-related technology as 
set forth in Sec.  246.120(c). Therefore, when the certified signal 
employee returns to signal system work that requires certification, 
they will be unable to work on the railroad's signal system equipment 
and signal-related technology unless they work under the direct and 
immediate supervision of a mentor or qualified instructor. The 
certified signal employee must continue to work under the direct and 
immediate supervision of a mentor or qualified instructor until they 
become qualified on signal system equipment and signal-

[[Page 44857]]

related technology pursuant to Sec.  246.106(b)(2)(v). Thus, even 
without revising paragraph (d) of this section, a returning certified 
signal employee will perform work on signal system equipment and 
signal-related technology under the direct and immediate supervision of 
a mentor or qualified instructor which should help reacquaint the 
employee prior to the unannounced compliance test.
    FRA's conductor certification regulations in 49 CFR part 242 
contain a similar 30-day period within which the railroad must conduct 
an unannounced compliance test for conductors who have not performed 
work requiring certification for an extended period, and FRA is not 
aware of any significant hardship caused by this requirement. 
Therefore, given the availability of FRA's waiver process to address 
any hardship that could potentially be caused by administering an 
unannounced compliance test within 30 days of a certified signal 
employee's return to signal system work, FRA has not extended the 30-
day unannounced compliance testing requirement in paragraph (d) of this 
section or limited railroads to conducting the unannounced compliance 
test within 15-30 days of the signal employee's return to signal system 
work requiring certification.
Section 246.124 Mentoring
    This section requires railroads to include in their certification 
programs procedures for mentoring persons who have not been certified 
by the railroad (such as employees of a signal contractor who have not 
been certified by the railroad). Paragraph (a) of this section also 
requires railroads to identify potential scenarios in which non-
certified persons may work on the railroad's signal system and signal-
related technology in their certification programs. In addition, 
paragraph (e) of this section requires railroads to address in their 
certification programs how mentoring will be provided to each person or 
persons they are mentoring to allow the mentor to take immediate action 
to prevent a violation of Sec.  246.303(e) from occurring.
    These requirements to identify potential scenarios in which non-
certified persons may perform work on the railroad's signal system and 
signal-related technology and to explain how mentoring will be provided 
were added in response to comments submitted by APTA, BRS, and TTD. 
APTA noted that the proposed rule might inadvertently prevent 
contractors from installing signal system equipment until the railroad 
trains the contractor's employees on the signal system. While APTA 
expressed concern that requiring qualified instructors to have at least 
one year of experience might lead to this unintended result, railroads 
can have their own certified signal employees serve as mentors to 
uncertified signal contractors who are hired to work on the railroad's 
signal system or signal-related technology. In addition, depending on 
the length of the project and the frequency with which the signal 
contractor is hired to work on the railroad's signal system and signal-
related technology, the signal contractor and railroad may decide to 
have one or more of the signal contractor's employees complete the 
railroad's certification program and become certified to work on the 
railroad. In this scenario, the signal contractor's employees, who are 
certified to work on the railroad, could serve as mentors to the signal 
contractor's uncertified signal employees. Nonetheless, as stated in 
paragraph (b) of this section, after FRA has approved the railroad's 
certification program, the railroad is prohibited from allowing 
uncertified persons to work on its signal system and signal-related 
technology unless the uncertified person works under the direct and 
immediate supervision of a mentor or qualified instructor.
    TTD expressed concern that one year of experience does not provide 
enough time for an employee to demonstrate real proficiency in the 
signal craft and foster skill development by their mentees. As noted 
earlier, BRS commented that, after the first year of implementing this 
final rule, mentors should be required to have at least three years of 
experience working with sophisticated signal systems. While FRA agrees 
that it would, in most cases, be beneficial for mentors to have more 
than one year of certified signal employee experience, FRA does not 
have sufficient data to determine the potential impact on rail safety 
of requiring signal employees to have at least three years of certified 
signal employee experience to serve as mentors. However, to ensure that 
a signal mentor is not assigned to supervise multiple work groups 
scattered over a job site, FRA is requiring railroads to explain in 
their certification programs how mentoring will be provided to ensure 
each mentor is located in close proximity to each person or persons 
they are mentoring to allow the mentor to take immediate action to 
prevent a violation of Sec.  246.303(e) from occurring.
    ITLC and BRS would have FRA exert more oversight over railroad 
mentors, as they expressed support in their comments for requiring 
railroads to establish structured mentorship programs. ITLC noted in 
its comments that just because someone knows how to do a job does not 
mean they have the skillset necessary to reinforce lessons and learning 
objectives in a supportive way for another employee.
    This rule establishes minimum requirements to ensure, among other 
things, that signal employees receive sufficient training before they 
are certified to work on signal systems and signal-related technology. 
As noted above, FRA revised this section to require railroads to 
identify scenarios in which uncertified persons would work on the 
railroad's signal system and signal-related technology and to explain 
how mentoring will be provided to ensure each mentor is located in 
close proximity to each person or persons they are mentoring to allow 
the mentor to take immediate action to prevent a violation of Sec.  
246.303(e) from occurring.
    FRA also revised the definition of ``mentor'' in this final rule to 
require mentors to exercise ``direct and immediate supervision'' over 
the work performed by the signal employees they mentor. This approach 
is consistent with the approach taken in FRA's regulations on the 
Training, Qualification, and Oversight for Safety-Related Railroad 
Employees (codified in 49 CFR part 243). As noted in the preamble to 
FRA's final rule on training and qualification standards, on-the-job 
training should include instruction and hands-on experience, as well as 
``sufficient opportunity for practice and feedback.'' \45\
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    \45\ 79 FR 66460, 66479 (Nov. 7, 2014).
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    FRA encourages railroads to utilize structured mentorship programs 
to help train their mentors, in addition to the training that they 
provide to their signal employees. However, FRA declines to require 
railroads to establish structured mentorship programs, in addition to 
signal employee certification programs. FRA has determined that 
requiring railroads to establish structured mentorship programs falls 
outside the scope of this rulemaking, given the lack of currently 
available data illustrating the effect of structured mentorship 
programs on signal system safety.
    After a railroad's certification program has been approved by FRA, 
paragraph (b) of this section prohibits the railroad from allowing 
uncertified persons to work on signal systems or signal-related 
technology that requires certification unless the person is working 
under the direct and immediate supervision of a mentor or qualified 
instructor.

[[Page 44858]]

    Paragraph (c) of this section applies to railroads who elect to 
classify their certified signal employees into more than one 
occupational category or subcategory, in accordance with Sec.  246.107. 
These railroads are required by paragraph (c) to address in their 
certification programs how mentoring will be provided for certified 
signal employees who move into a different occupational category or 
subcategory of certified signal service. This paragraph has also been 
revised in the final rule to require that the mentor be certified 
within the occupational category or subcategory for the tasks being 
performed by the person or persons working under their direct and 
immediate supervision.
    Paragraph (d) has been revised to state that, if allowed by the 
railroad's certification program, any work on a signal system performed 
by a person whose signal employee certification has been revoked shall 
be performed under the direct and immediate supervision of a mentor or 
qualified instructor. The proposed rule referred to mentors providing 
direct oversight and supervision of signal employees whose 
certification had been revoked.
    Paragraph (e) of this section reflects FRA's intent that mentors 
are held accountable for the work performed by the persons working 
under their direct and immediate supervision. Therefore, in addition to 
requiring railroads to address how mentoring will be provided to ensure 
each mentor is located in close proximity to each person or persons 
they are mentoring to allow the mentor to take immediate action to 
prevent a violation of Sec.  246.303(e) from occurring, paragraph (e) 
also requires railroads to address in their certification programs how 
they will hold mentors accountable for the work performed by persons 
working under their direct and immediate supervision. This paragraph 
has been revised in the final rule to require that tests performed by 
persons working under the direct and immediate supervision of a mentor 
reflect the mentor's name.
Section 246.125 Certification Determinations Made by Other Railroads
    This section of the rule, derived from 49 CFR 240.225 and 242.125, 
contains requirements that apply when a certified signal employee is 
about to begin work for a different railroad. This section allows a 
railroad or parent company to rely on determinations made by another 
railroad or parent company concerning a person's signal employee 
certification.
    This section has been revised in the final rule to reflect that 
parent companies are authorized to certify signal employees if they 
submit and obtain FRA approval of a signal employee certification 
program on behalf of their subsidiary railroads. In addition, the 
requirements in paragraph (b) of this section in the proposed rule, 
which pertain to specific training for previously uncertified signal 
employees with extensive signal experience and for previously certified 
signal employees whose certification has expired, have been moved to 
Sec.  246.106(b).
    Paragraph (c) in the proposed rule is now paragraph (b) in the 
final rule. This paragraph has been revised to require the certifying 
railroad or parent company to determine that the person is qualified on 
the signal system equipment and signal-related technology deployed on 
the railroad territory on which the person is expected to work. This 
change has been made to incorporate the newly-added regulatory 
requirements in Sec.  246.120, which require a railroad to make the 
determination that a person is qualified on the signal system equipment 
and signal-related technology deployed on the railroad territory on 
which the person is expected to work prior to certifying them.

Subpart C--Administration of the Certification Program

Section 246.201 Time Limitations for Certification
    This section contains various time constraints to preclude 
railroads from relying on stale information when evaluating a candidate 
for certification or recertification. Paragraph (a)(3) in the NPRM 
stated that railroads could not rely on knowledge tests that were 
conducted more than one year before the date of the railroad's 
certification decision and paragraph (a)(4) stated that the knowledge 
test must have been conducted no more than two years prior to the 
certification decision if the railroad administers knowledge tests at 
intervals that do not exceed two years. For the final rule, FRA decided 
to combine these two paragraphs into paragraph (a)(3).
Section 246.205 List of Certified Signal Employees and Recordkeeping
    This section, derived from 49 CFR 240.221 and 242.205, requires 
each railroad subject to this part to maintain a list of its certified 
signal employees.
    NRC submitted comments on this section asserting that FRA should 
require each railroad to maintain a list of active certified signal 
employees and their competencies. FRA agrees that railroads who 
classify their certified signal employees into occupational categories 
or subcategories by class, task, location, or other suitable 
terminology pursuant to Sec.  246.107 should be required to indicate 
the occupational categories and subcategories in which each certified 
signal employee is certified to perform service. Therefore, paragraph 
(a) of this section has been revised accordingly. However, Class III 
railroads generally do not classify their signal employees into 
occupational categories and subcategories, as these signal employees 
generally perform whatever signal work is needed. Therefore, this 
section has not been revised to require all railroads subject to this 
part to maintain a list of the occupational categories and 
subcategories in which each of their certified signal employee is 
certified to perform service.
    Paragraph (b) of this section requires railroads to update their 
lists of certified signal employees at least annually, and to make 
their lists of certified signal employees available, upon request, to 
FRA representatives in a timely manner. In their comments, BRS and TTD 
recommended that the final rule require railroads to share their lists 
of certified signal employees with the national office of each 
designated labor organization representing their signal employees. 
Similarly, IBEW recommended that FRA require railroads to share their 
lists of certified signal employees with labor organizations upon 
request. BRS, TTD, and IBEW contend that requiring railroads to share 
their lists of certified signal employees with the designated labor 
organizations that represent their signal employees would create a 
collaborative approach to safety, as well as a level of transparency 
and communication that would contribute significantly to the overall 
safety culture and reinforce the collective goals of supporting 
accident prevention and the well-being of signal employees.
    While FRA has no objection to railroads providing these lists to 
their employees and their designated employee representatives, it is 
unclear how this proposed requirement would advance the safety 
interests of this rule. Sharing the lists of certified signal employees 
is an internal matter that should be resolved between railroads and 
their designated employee representatives. Thus, FRA does not see a 
compelling reason to mandate a particular approach.

[[Page 44859]]

Section 246.207 Certificate Requirements
    This section contains requirements for the certificate that 
railroads are required to issue to each certified signal employee. The 
requirements in paragraphs (a) through (d) of this section, which 
pertain to the minimum content for certificates and authorization of 
each person who would be designated to sign the certificates, are 
derived from 49 CFR 240.223 and 242.207.
    Paragraph (a) of this section specifies that railroads have the 
option of issuing certificates electronically or in paper form. FRA is 
making a minor change to paragraph (a)(1) in the proposed rule, by 
allowing the signal employee certificate to identify either the 
railroad or the parent company issuing the certificate. This change 
acknowledges that, in some cases, a parent company may have one signal 
employee certification program for one or more of the parent company's 
subsidiary railroads. In this scenario, the certificate must identify 
the parent company as having issued the certificate, as well as each of 
the parent company's subsidiary railroads on which the person has been 
certified as a signal employee. This change brings this paragraph into 
conformity with parts 240 and 242.
    Individuals who are certified by multiple railroads that are not 
owned by the same parent company must receive a signal employee 
certificate from each railroad that certifies them (or each parent 
company of the railroad that certifies them). For railroads who choose 
to classify their certified signal employees into occupational 
categories or subcategories, pursuant to Sec.  246.107, paragraph 
(a)(2) requires the railroad to list the specific signal employee 
category(ies) or subcategory(ies) in which the person has been 
certified.
    AAR and ASLRRA commented that railroads should not be required to 
include a person's year of birth on a signal employee certificate. 
After consideration of this comment, FRA agrees that including the year 
of birth on the signal employee certificate is unnecessary and is 
removing this requirement in the final rule. The purpose of the 
requirements in paragraph (a)(3) is to identify a certified signal 
employee, and, as AAR and ASLRRA stated, the birth year provides little 
to no assistance in confirming a person's identity, and there are other 
ways, such as a physical description or photograph of the certified 
signal employee, which is already included in paragraph (a)(3), that 
better serve this goal. AAR and ASLRRA added that, instead of the birth 
year, FRA could add a person's hire date to the list of requirements on 
the certificate. However, the hire date provides even less relevant 
information than the birth year in terms of identification. Thus, FRA 
sees no reason to require the hire date on a signal employee 
certificate.
    Paragraph (f), derived from 49 CFR 240.301 and 242.211, requires a 
railroad to promptly replace a person's signal employee certificate, at 
no cost to the person, if the certificate is lost, stolen, mutilated, 
or becomes unreadable. However, unlike Sec.  242.211(b), this section 
does not contain detailed requirements for temporary replacement 
certificates. Temporary replacement certificates generally contain most 
of the information provided on official certificates. Therefore, it 
does not appear to be especially burdensome for railroads to issue 
temporary certificates to replace certificates that have been lost, 
stolen, mutilated, or become unreadable. Nonetheless, by refraining 
from proposing a formal process for the issuance of temporary 
replacement certificates, FRA is allowing railroads to decide how and 
when to issue temporary replacement certificates.
    APTA commented that paragraph (f) could create a situation in which 
an employee regularly loses their certificate. Accordingly, APTA 
recommended that FRA clarify that this provision does not preclude use 
of the railroad's progressive disciplinary process for accountability 
purposes. FRA agrees that paragraph (f) is not intended to preclude the 
use of reasonable discipline by railroads, in response to signal 
employees who frequently lose their certificates.
Section 246.213 Multiple Certifications
    This section addresses various issues involving persons who have, 
or are seeking to obtain, multiple certifications.
    Paragraph (d) discusses how the revocation of a person's signal 
employee certification would affect a person's ability to work in 
another railroad craft that requires certification, and vice versa. The 
general rule articulated in paragraph (d) is that if a person's signal 
employee certification is revoked for an alcohol or drug violation, 
they may not work in another certified craft during the period of 
revocation, and vice versa. However, if a person's signal employee 
certification is revoked for a violation that does not involve alcohol 
or drugs, the person may work in another certified craft during the 
revocation period, and vice versa.
    AAR and ASLRRA commented that if a person's signal employee 
certificate is revoked for any reason, that person should not be 
allowed to work in another certified craft during the period of 
revocation, and vice versa. Their stated rationale is that if a person 
commits a safety violation in one craft, that shows ``a disregard for 
process, and there should not be an assumption that the employee's 
disregard is function or craft specific.'' \46\ The associations also 
contend that 49 CFR 240.308(f) and 49 CFR 242.213(h) do not allow a 
decertified conductor to work as a locomotive engineer or vice versa.
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

    \46\ FRA-2022-0020-0035.
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

    As an initial matter, the assertion by AAR and ASLRRA that parts 
240 and 242 do not allow a decertified conductor to work as a 
locomotive engineer is not accurate. Under 49 CFR 240.308(f) and 49 CFR 
242.213(h), if a person's conductor certification is revoked for a 
violation described in 49 CFR 242.403(e)(6) through (11), they may 
still work as a locomotive engineer during the revocation period. FRA's 
rationale for this distinction is that 49 CFR 242.403(e)(6) through 
(11) involve violations of 49 CFR part 218, subpart F, and since 
locomotive engineers cannot have their certifications revoked for such 
violations, ``it would be unfair to prohibit a person from working as 
an engineer for a violation that currently would not result in the 
revocation of his or her engineer certificate.'' \47\ For similar 
reasons, FRA finds that it would be unfair to prohibit a person from 
working as a certified signal employee because they passed a stop 
signal while working as a locomotive engineer, or because they 
committed some other violation that would not otherwise result in the 
revocation of their signal employee certificate. AAR and ASLRRA's 
proposal would lead to unfair treatment between persons with a single 
certification and persons who are certified in multiple crafts. For the 
reasons stated above, FRA believes that the proposed rule adopted the 
same approach taken in parts 240 and 242 and does not see a reason to 
make any changes to this section in the final rule.
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

    \47\ 76 FR 69802, 69825 (Nov. 9, 2011).
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

    Furthermore, as noted in the NPRM,\48\ the tasks performed by a 
certified signal employee are so inherently different from the tasks 
performed by persons in other certified crafts that it does not 
automatically follow that a person's revocable event as a signal 
employee indicates they are more likely to have a revocable event while 
performing another certified craft, and vice versa.

[[Page 44860]]

Therefore, under this final rule, a certified signal employee may 
continue to work as a certified signal employee if their certification 
is revoked for any of the violations described in 49 CFR 240.117(e) or 
49 CFR 242.403(e) that do not involve use of alcohol or drugs. 
Similarly, a person can continue to work in another certified craft if 
their signal employee certification has been revoked for a violation 
described in Sec.  246.303(e)(1) through (10).
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

    \48\ 88 FR 35654.
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

Section 246.215 Railroad Oversight Responsibilities
    This section, derived from 49 CFR 240.309 and 242.215, requires 
each Class I railroad (including the National Railroad Passenger 
Corporation), each railroad providing commuter service, and each Class 
II railroad to conduct an annual review and analysis of its program for 
responding to detected instances of poor safety conduct by certified 
signal employees. FRA has formulated the information collection 
requirements of this section to ensure that railroads collect data on 
signal employee safety behavior and feed that information into their 
operational monitoring efforts, thereby enhancing safety.
    FRA has, however, also revised paragraph (d) of this section to 
facilitate sharing of this information and to promote communication and 
collaboration between railroads and labor organizations to improve 
railroad safety. Paragraph (d) has been revised in the final rule to 
allow for the president of a labor organization that represents the 
railroad's signal employees to request that the railroad provide them a 
report of the findings and conclusions reached during the railroad's 
annual review and analysis required under this section. In the interest 
of fairness, FRA is also allowing the railroad's certified signal 
employees who are not represented by a labor organization to make such 
a request.
    Paragraph (e)(7) has also been revised in the final rule to include 
a reference to incidents involving noncompliance with FRA's blue signal 
regulations in part 218 of this chapter, in addition to noncompliance 
with FRA's roadway worker regulations in part 214 of this chapter. This 
change has been made to more accurately reflect the list of revocable 
events in Sec.  246.303(e).

Subpart D--Denial and Revocation of Certification

    This subpart parallels part 240 and part 242's approach to adverse 
decisions concerning certification (i.e., decisions to deny 
certification or recertification and revoke certification). With 
respect to denials, the approach of this rule is predicated principally 
on the theory that decisions to deny certification or recertification 
will come at the conclusion of a prescribed evaluation process 
conducted in accordance with the provisions set forth in this subpart. 
Thus, this rule contains specific procedures designed to ensure that a 
person in jeopardy of being denied signal employee certification or 
recertification will be given a reasonable opportunity to examine and 
respond to negative information that may serve as the basis for being 
denied certification or recertification.
    When considering revocation, this rule mandates that decisions to 
revoke certification will only occur for the reasons specified in this 
subpart. Since revocation decisions by their very nature involve a 
clear potential for factual disagreement, this subpart is structured to 
ensure that such decisions will only be made after a certified signal 
employee has been afforded an opportunity for an investigatory hearing 
at which the presiding officer determines whether there is sufficient 
evidence to establish that the person's conduct warranted revocation of 
their signal employee certification.
    This subpart also provides for certificate suspension in certain 
circumstances. Certificate suspension will be employed in instances 
where there is reason to think the certificate should be revoked or 
made conditional, but time is needed to resolve the situation. 
Certificate suspension will be applicable in instances where a person 
is awaiting an investigatory hearing to determine whether that person 
violated certain provisions of FRA's alcohol and drug control rules, or 
committed a violation of certain signal standards, procedures, or 
practices, and situations in which the person is being evaluated or 
treated for an active substance abuse disorder.
Section 246.303 Criteria for Revoking Certification
    This section, derived from 49 CFR 240.117, 240.305, and 242.403, 
identifies the circumstances in which certified signal employees may 
have their certification revoked.
    Paragraph (c) has been revised in the final rule to reiterate that 
a certified signal employee who is assigned to monitor, mentor, or 
instruct a person is responsible for the work performed by that person. 
(For purposes of this part, the definition of the term ``person'' in 
Sec.  246.7 includes railroad employees, as well as employees of a 
railroad contractor or subcontractor.) Accordingly, a certified signal 
employee who is monitoring, mentoring, or instructing a person and 
fails to take appropriate action to prevent a violation of paragraph 
(e) of this section will have their certification revoked. FRA expects 
each mentor to be actively involved in the tasks that are performed by 
the person(s) they are mentoring, as these tasks must be performed 
under the direct and immediate supervision of the mentor. Mentors must 
be located in close proximity to each person or persons they are 
mentoring to allow the mentor to take immediate action to avert a 
violation of paragraph (e) of this section from occurring. Similarly, 
qualified instructors who are engaged in evaluating or monitoring a 
person performing signal employee tasks must also pay close attention 
to the work being performed and be located in close proximity to the 
person performing signal employee tasks to allow the qualified 
instructor to take immediate action to avert a violation of paragraph 
(e) of this section from occurring. Thus, FRA anticipates that a verbal 
warning provided by a mentor or qualified instructor without any other 
action will not, in most cases, be sufficient to allow the mentor or 
qualified instructor to avoid responsibility for a violation of 
paragraph (e) of this section caused by the work performed by the 
person(s) being monitored, mentored, or instructed. Therefore, 
paragraph (c) has been revised in the final rule by removing language 
in the proposed rule which indicated that, in general, a verbal warning 
would constitute appropriate action.
    Paragraph (e) provides the eleven types of rule infractions that 
could result in certification revocation. The infractions listed in 
paragraphs (e)(1) through (11) are derived in part from the revocable 
events provided in 49 CFR 242.117(e) but have been modified to account 
for the duties and responsibilities of a certified signal employee.
    AAR and ASLRRA commented on the rule infractions in paragraphs 
(e)(5) and (e)(7). Paragraph (e)(5) refers to a certified signal 
employee's failure to restore power to a train detection or highway-
rail or pathway grade crossing warning device or system after manual 
interruption of the power source. For violations of this nature, 
railroads are directed to consider only those violations that result in 
activation failure. AAR and ASLRRA assert that it would be better to 
proactively address the certified signal employee's misconduct before 
an activation failure occurs. AAR and ASLRRA also assert that FRA 
regulations do not require FRA to wait for an activation failure before

[[Page 44861]]

citing the railroad in such a scenario. However, FRA disagrees. A 
situation involving failure to restore power to a grade crossing 
warning system does not constitute a violation of FRA's grade crossing 
regulations in part 234 of this chapter, in the absence of an 
activation failure, unless the standby source of power was also 
insufficient. Therefore, paragraph (e)(5) has not been revised.
    AAR and ASLRRA also commented on the rule infractions in paragraph 
(e)(7), which refers to a certified signal employee's failure to comply 
with FRA's Roadway Worker Protection regulations in 49 CFR part 214. 
AAR and ASLRRA noted that, given the language in paragraph (e)(7) in 
the proposed rule, revocation of signal employee certification for a 
person who ascertains that on-track safety needs to be provided but 
fails to do so would not be allowed. FRA has revised paragraph (e)(7) 
in the final rule to close this inadvertent loophole and require 
railroads to consider violations involving a person who failed to 
obtain proper on-track safety before fouling the railroad track.
    NRC also commented on paragraph (e)(7), recommending revocation of 
the person's roadway worker certification (instead of revoking signal 
employee certification) in response to a violation of FRA's Roadway 
Worker Protection regulations in 49 CFR part 214. However, a person, 
whose signal employee certification is revoked, loses their ability to 
perform work as a certified signal employee for the duration of the 
revocation period, not just their ability to perform the specific task 
or activity in which they were engaged when the revocable incident 
occurred. In addition, railroads generally do not have roadway worker 
certification programs, so this recommendation was not adopted.
    Paragraphs (e)(8) through (10) refer to a certified signal 
employee's failure to comply with FRA's Railroad Operating Practices 
regulations related to work performed on, under, or between rolling 
equipment. BRS and TTD asserted that the regulatory provisions cited in 
paragraphs (e)(8) through (10) do not apply to signal employees and 
recommended that FRA remove references to these regulatory provisions.
    However, as discussed earlier, the signal employee certification 
requirements in this part apply to any person who meets the definition 
of signal employee contained in Sec.  246.7, regardless of the fact 
that the person may have a job classification title other than that of 
signal employee.\49\ Therefore, electricians who are engaged in testing 
locomotive cab signal equipment are considered to be signal employees 
(when engaged in this task) for purposes of this part. Accordingly, 
railroads must address electricians who test locomotive cab signal 
equipment in their signal employee certification programs, if 
applicable. Also, electricians who are engaged in testing locomotive 
cab signal equipment will be subject to revocation of their signal 
employee certification if they fail to comply with Sec.  218.25, 
218.27, or 218.29 during such testing.
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

    \49\ See Sec.  246.1(c).
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

    APTA noted that the revocable offenses listed in paragraphs (e)(7) 
through (10) are related to an individual's personal safety, as opposed 
to the safety of the railroad system, and therefore should be removed. 
TTD submitted similar comments, asserting that the revocable offenses 
listed in paragraphs (e)(8) through (10) do not apply to signal 
employees. However, most signal employees are required to work on or 
near the railroad tracks to perform their assigned tasks. Therefore, 
FRA does not view compliance with its roadway worker regulations in 49 
CFR part 214 as being solely related to an individual's personal 
safety. Similar to the revocable offense for conductors who fail to 
take appropriate action to prevent the locomotive engineer of the train 
to which the conductor is assigned from occupying a segment of main 
track without proper authority or permission, failure to comply with 
FRA's roadway worker regulations in 49 CFR part 214 could impact not 
only the safety of the individual whose actions are non-compliant, but 
the safety of each member of a signal work gang who is relying on the 
roadway worker protection obtained by the designated roadway worker-in-
charge.
    Human factors are also one of the leading causes of train accidents 
and incidents. Therefore, the revocable offenses listed in paragraphs 
(e)(8) through (10), which involve non-compliance with FRA's blue 
signal protection requirements in subpart B of part 218 of this 
chapter, are intended to reduce the number of human factor-caused 
accidents and incidents involving individuals who work on cab signal 
and PTC equipment. In sum, the revocable offenses listed in paragraphs 
(e)(7) through (10) are intended to reduce fatalities and injuries 
caused by non-compliance with FRA's roadway worker and operating 
practice regulations.
    Paragraph (i) of this section prohibits a railroad from revoking a 
person's signal employee certification if the revocable event occurred 
during an operational test that was not conducted in conformance with 
part 246, the railroad's operating rules, or the railroad's program 
under 49 CFR 217.9. AAR and ASLRRA commented that FRA should take into 
consideration the type of error that occurred and whether it harmed the 
certified signal employee. If the error was a minor procedural error 
that did not cause substantial harm to the certified signal employee, 
AAR and ASLRRA contend there is no safety basis to preclude railroads 
from revoking the person's signal employee certification if the person 
committed a revocable offense during such test. FRA disagrees. When 
railroads perform operational tests, they have a duty to ensure the 
tests are done properly under both Federal law and the railroad's own 
rules. Keeping paragraph (i) in its current form will incentivize 
railroads to fulfill this duty. If FRA adopted the associations' 
suggestion, it would create a gray area where one did not previously 
exist. It would also complicate the job of the Certification Review 
Board (CRB) as some individuals would presumably raise this issue in 
their petitions to the CRB. The CRB would then have to determine 
whether an error on an operational test caused the person substantial 
harm. FRA finds that with respect to this issue, a bright-line rule is 
preferable. It should not be a heavy burden for railroads to properly 
perform these operational tests. Thus, FRA is not making any changes to 
this paragraph from the proposed rule.
Section 246.305 Periods of Ineligibility
    In this section FRA describes how a railroad must determine a 
person's period of ineligibility if they have their signal employee 
certification revoked. For certified signal employees, paragraph (a) 
explains that the period of revocation will begin on the date of the 
railroad's written notification to the person that recertification has 
been denied or certification has been suspended.
    Paragraph (b) of this section provides that the revocation period 
will be based on the number of revocable violations a person has 
committed over a certain period of time. AAR and ASLRRA requested that 
FRA ``clarify that the 36-month period is on a rolling basis such that 
each new revocation has the potential to extend the 36-month

[[Page 44862]]

clock.'' \50\ The 36-month period in paragraphs (b)(3) and (4) is a 
lookback period from the most recent violation. For example, if a 
certified signal employee committed a violation described in Sec.  
246.303(e)(1) through (11) on January 1, 2028, the railroad would have 
to determine how many revocable violations the certified signal 
employee committed from January 1, 2025, to January 1, 2028. If the 
certified signal employee had two additional revocable events during 
this time period (making the violation on January 1, 2028 the third 
such violation), then paragraph (b)(3) would apply and the railroad 
would have to revoke the person's certification for one year.
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

    \50\ FRA-2022-0020-0035.
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    In their joint comment, AAR and ASLRAA also criticized the periods 
of ineligibility in this section for being too lenient and recommended 
that FRA revise paragraph (b)(4) so that if a certified signal employee 
has four revocable events in a 36-month period, they are no longer 
eligible to be certified. As an initial matter, this section only 
addresses how long a person is ineligible to work as a certified signal 
employee following an incident described in Sec.  246.303(e). This 
section does not limit the discipline a railroad can issue in response 
to a revocable event, other than limiting the amount of time the 
railroad can revoke the person's signal employee certification. For 
example, if a certified signal employee commits a violation described 
in Sec.  246.303(e)(1) and the certified signal employee has no prior 
history of committing a revocable event, paragraph (b)(1) of this 
section prohibits the railroad from revoking the person's signal 
employee certification for more than 30 days. However, the railroad can 
choose to hold the person out of service for longer than 30 days or can 
terminate its employment of the person, if the railroad thinks such 
discipline is warranted.
    FRA is declining to adopt AAR and ASLRRA's recommendation to revise 
paragraph (b)(4) so that four revocable events in a 36-month period 
would render a person permanently ineligible to hold certification. FRA 
thinks a three-year revocation period is a reasonable penalty and it 
aligns with the discipline structure found in parts 240 and 242. 
Furthermore, FRA already has an established process in place for 
disqualifying persons from performing safety-sensitive work on either a 
temporary or permanent basis. If a railroad finds a person's actions 
are so egregious that they warrant disqualification, the railroad can 
refer the case to FRA, and the agency can determine whether to initiate 
the disqualification procedures proscribed in 49 CFR part 209, subpart 
D. FRA believes the process outlined in part 209 is preferable to 
creating a blanket requirement in this rule that would permanently 
disqualify a person from working as a certified signal employee.
Section 246.307 Process for Revoking Certification
    This section, derived from 49 CFR 240.307 and 242.407, covers the 
procedures a railroad must follow to revoke a person's signal employee 
certification.
    Paragraphs (a) and (b) of this section have been revised in the 
final rule to include references to violations of Federal regulatory 
provisions when discussing actions by a certified signal employee that 
could result in revocation of signal employee certification. FRA would 
also like to clarify that if the certifying railroad determines a 
certified signal employee violated a Federal regulatory provision, 
railroad test procedure, signal standard or practice described in Sec.  
246.303(e), the railroad is required to revoke signal employee 
certification even if the person's employment by the railroad is 
terminated during the certification revocation process, so that the 
person will be unable to work as a certified signal employee for 
another railroad during the period of revocation.
    Paragraph (b)(1) of this section requires a railroad to immediately 
suspend a person's signal employee certification upon receipt of 
reliable information regarding a violation of Sec.  246.303(e). Prior 
to, or upon suspending, the signal employee certificate, paragraph 
(b)(3) requires railroad to provide either verbal or written notice of 
the reason for the suspension, the pending revocation, and an 
opportunity for a hearing. If the initial notice was verbal, then the 
notice would have to be promptly confirmed in writing. The amount of 
time the railroad has to confirm the verbal notice in writing depends 
on whether or not a collective bargaining agreement is in effect and 
applicable. In the absence of such an agreement, a railroad has four 
days to provide written notice. If a notice of suspension is amended 
after a hearing is convened, or does not contain citations to all 
Federal regulatory provisions, railroad test procedures, signal 
standards, and practices that may apply to the potentially revocable 
event, the CRB, if asked to review the revocation decision, might 
subsequently find that this constitutes procedural error pursuant to 
Sec.  246.405.
    Paragraph (b)(5) of this section in the NPRM provided that no later 
than the start of the hearing, the railroad would be required to 
provide the certified signal employee with a copy of the written 
information and a list of witnesses that the railroad would present at 
the hearing. BRS and TTD submitted comments criticizing this paragraph, 
contending that it put the certified signal employee in a disadvantaged 
position, unable to adequately prepare their case or mount a proper 
defense. BRS strongly recommended that the language in this provision 
be modified to require the railroad to provide the certified signal 
employee with the necessary written information and a comprehensive 
list of witnesses upon request. Similarly, TTD requested that this 
provision be revised to require that the certified signal employee and 
their labor representative, if applicable, ``receive a copy of all 
information and a list of witnesses sufficiently in advance of the 
hearing in order to properly develop a defense.'' \51\
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    \51\ FRA-2022-0020-0032.
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    After considering these concerns, FRA is amending paragraph (b)(5) 
to require railroads to provide certified signal employees with a copy 
of the written information and a list of witnesses they will present at 
the hearing at least 72 hours before the start of the hearing. FRA 
thinks this change promotes fairness and will provide a certified 
signal employee and their representative with sufficient time to 
prepare a proper defense. However, if an applicable collective 
bargaining agreement allows for railroads to provide this information 
less than 72 hours before the start of the hearing, the railroad will 
be in compliance with this paragraph as long as it satisfies the 
requirements of the applicable collective bargaining agreement.
    Paragraph (b)(5) in the NPRM also stated that if an employee of the 
railroad provided information that will be presented at the hearing, 
the railroad must make that employee available for examination at the 
hearing. TTD commented that this provision should be modified to 
require any witness upon which the railroad is relying to support its 
allegations against the certified signal employee to be present at the 
hearing for questioning by the certified signal employee and/or their 
representative. However, FRA is declining to make this change, as FRA 
recognizes that railroads are limited in their ability to compel non-
employees to testify at these hearings. FRA is, however, adding 
language to paragraph (b)(5) to clarify that railroads must make an 
employee

[[Page 44863]]

available for examination at the hearing if the employee provided 
information that will be used by the railroad at the hearing, 
regardless of whether an applicable collective bargaining agreement 
addresses this issue.
    FRA is also making some other changes to this section, from what 
appeared in the proposed rule, to align with parts 240 and 242. 
Paragraph (b)(6) of this section states that after the hearing, the 
railroad must determine, based on the hearing record, whether 
certificate revocation is warranted. FRA is adding language from 49 CFR 
240.307(b)(5) and 242.407(b)(5) to this paragraph noting that the 
railroad must also state the basis for its decision which is discussed 
in more detail in paragraph (e). Similarly, FRA added language to 
paragraph (d)(8) stating that while a railroad can consolidate a 
revocation hearing with a disciplinary hearing, it must still make a 
separate finding regarding revocation and it must ensure that the 
railroad official making the finding(s) is not the investigating 
officer. This new language, found in 49 CFR 240.307(e) and 242.407(e), 
clarifies for railroads that the requirements in paragraph (d)(1) of 
this section still apply when the revocation hearing is consolidated 
with a disciplinary hearing.
    In addition, FRA added language not found in the NPRM to clarify 
what is required under paragraph (j) of this section. Paragraph (j) 
requires railroads to keep records of evidence that lead the railroad 
to not revoke a person's signal employee certification in accordance 
with paragraph (h) or (i). In this final rule, FRA is acknowledging 
that this requirement does not just apply if this information comes to 
light during a revocation hearing. Railroads must also retain this 
evidence if it becomes available before the railroad suspends the 
person's signal employee certification or before the revocation hearing 
is convened. The language FRA added to this final rule mirrors language 
found in 49 CFR 240.307(j) and 242.407(j).

Subpart E--Dispute Resolution Procedures

    This subpart details the opportunities and procedures for a person 
to challenge a railroad's decision to deny certification or 
recertification or to revoke a signal employee's certification. While 
the dispute resolution process for signal employees largely mirrors the 
processes for engineers under part 240 and conductors under part 242, 
FRA has undertaken efforts to simplify these regulations to make them 
clear and comprehensible to all interested parties.
Section 246.403 Petition Requirements
    This section contains requirements for obtaining FRA review of a 
railroad's decision to deny or revoke certification or deny 
recertification.
    Paragraph (b) of this section requires petitioners to seek review 
in a timely fashion once the adverse decision is served on them. In the 
interest of consistency and uniformity with parts 240 and 242, 
petitioners have 120 days from the date the adverse decision was served 
upon them to file a petition for review by the CRB.
    Paragraph (b)(6) requires petitioners or their representatives to 
state the facts and arguments in support of their petition. In other 
words, they need to explain to the CRB why they think the railroad was 
incorrect in denying or revoking the petitioner's certification. 
Paragraph (b)(7) requires petitioners to submit all documents related 
to the railroad's decision that are in their possession or reasonably 
available to them. This may include the transcript and exhibits from 
the petitioner's denial or revocation hearing. In most cases, these 
documents will be essential to the Board's ability to make an informed 
decision on the petition.
    IBEW commented that FRA should add language to this section 
requiring railroads to produce all records requested by the petitioner. 
However, FRA does not think such a change is necessary because IBEW's 
concern is already addressed by Sec.  246.405(b) which requires a 
railroad to supplement the record with any relevant documents in its 
possession that were not provided by the petitioner. This helps ensure 
the CRB will have a complete record when the case is ready for their 
review.
Section 246.405 Processing Certification Review Petitions
    This section, derived from 49 CFR 240.405 and 242.505, details how 
petitions for review by the CRB will be handled. Paragraph (a) of this 
section notes that, when FRA receives a CRB petition, FRA will send a 
written notification to the parties involved in the petition. FRA will 
send these acknowledgments via email. If a representative files a 
petition on behalf of a petitioner, the petition must include the 
petitioner's email address if the petitioner also wants to receive the 
acknowledgment email and any other correspondence (including the 
Board's decision) from FRA. The acknowledgment email will include the 
docket number for the petition, so that both parties can access the 
documents in the case on https://www.regulations.gov. FRA will not send 
a copy of the petition to the railroad.
    Paragraph (b) of this section provides railroads with the 
opportunity to respond to a petition. While it is always optional for a 
railroad to respond to a petitioner's arguments, if the petitioner did 
not include relevant documents in their petition, such as hearing 
transcripts or exhibits, the railroad is required to provide FRA with 
those documents, even if it does not respond to the arguments in the 
petition. Railroads have 60 days, from the date FRA sends the 
acknowledgment email, to file a response to the petition in the docket 
on https://www.regulations.gov. Railroads are permitted to submit 
responses after the 60-day deadline, but the Board will only review 
such late filings if practicable. In other words, there is no guarantee 
that the Board will review a late response prior to issuing a decision. 
Thus, if a railroad wishes to respond to a petition, it should meet the 
60-day filing deadline. The railroad will fulfill its requirement to 
serve a copy of its response on the other parties by sending its 
response via email to petitioner, and the petitioner's representative 
(if any).
    Paragraph (c) of this section explains when a case will be referred 
to the Board, and the Board's authority. If a railroad files a response 
before the 60-day deadline in paragraph (b) of this section, the 
petition will be referred to the Board upon receipt of the response. 
Otherwise, the petition will be referred to the Board 60 days after the 
date FRA sends the acknowledgment email. The Board has the authority to 
grant a petition (rule in favor of the petitioner), deny a petition 
(rule in favor of the railroad), or dismiss a petition. An example of 
when the Board would dismiss a petition would be if the respondent 
railroad did not deny or revoke the petitioner's certification, and 
thus, there was no case or controversy before the Board. If there is 
insufficient evidence in the record for the Board to decide on the 
merits of a petition, the Board may choose to remand a petition or 
issue an interim order, so that additional fact-finding can occur.
    Paragraphs (d), (e), and (f) of this section provide the standards 
of review that the Board will employ for procedural issues, factual 
issues, and legal issues, respectively. These standards mirror the 
standards of review used to review locomotive engineer and conductor 
petitions. The Board will not correct all procedural errors committed 
by a railroad. Instead, in such cases, the Board will only grant a 
petition if the respondent railroad's procedural error caused 
substantial harm to the

[[Page 44864]]

petitioner. For factual issues, the petitioner is required to show that 
the respondent railroad did not have substantial evidence to support 
its decision to deny or revoke the petitioner's certification. If the 
Board must decide a legal issue, it will conduct de novo review, 
meaning that it would not give deference to any decision or 
interpretation made by the railroad.
    Paragraph (g) of this section acknowledges that the Board's 
decision-making power is limited to granting or denying a petition. In 
other words, the Board is only empowered to make determinations 
concerning qualifications under this regulation. The Board is not 
empowered to mitigate the consequences of a railroad decision if the 
decision is valid under this regulation. The contractual consequences, 
if any, of these determinations will have to be resolved under dispute 
resolution mechanisms that do not directly involve FRA. For example, 
FRA cannot order a railroad to alter its seniority rosters or make an 
award of back pay, in the event of a finding that a railroad wrongfully 
denied certification.
    Paragraph (h) of this section requires the Board to issue a written 
decision that will be served on all affected parties. FRA will send the 
decision to the parties by email and it will also be posted in the 
case's docket on https://www.regulations.gov.
Section 246.407 Request for a Hearing
    This section, derived from 49 CFR 240.407 and 49 CFR 242.507, 
discusses the process for requesting an administrative hearing after a 
party has been adversely affected by a CRB decision. Paragraph (b) of 
this section provides that the adversely affected party must file their 
request for a hearing within 20 days of service of the CRB's decision. 
Just like CRB petitions, parties must file hearing requests 
electronically. To file a hearing request, the adversely affected party 
must upload the request to the docket on https://www.regulations.gov 
that was used while the case was before the Board. This docket will 
also be used to file documents while the case is before the hearing 
officer.
    BRS, TTD, and IBEW commented on paragraph (b) and recommended that 
FRA increase the 20-day period for filing a request for hearing. BRS 
recommended increasing the filing period to 90 days, while TTD and IBEW 
recommended a 60-day filing period. In support of their 
recommendations, these labor organizations asserted that 20 days is an 
inadequate amount of time for the aggrieved party to confer with their 
representative, determine the best course of action, and then compile 
the information required in paragraph (c) to complete a request.
    However, the required contents for hearing requests, as set forth 
in paragraph (c) of this section, are minimal, and are similar to the 
requirements in Sec.  246.403(b) for filing a petition with the CRB. 
Thus, if the certified signal employee is the aggrieved party, most of 
the information needed for the hearing request can be found in their 
CRB petition. FRA does not foresee any major hinderance that would 
prevent a certified signal employee or railroad from completing a 
hearing request within the 20 days currently allotted. Moreover, a 
similar 20-day deadline has been in effect for over a decade for 
conductors and for over 30 years for locomotive engineers. FRA is 
unaware of any major issues parties have had with meeting this 
deadline, and therefore disagrees with the recommendation to change 
this deadline for certified signal employees.

Appendices

    This final rule has two appendices. Appendix A, derived from 
appendix C to part 240 and appendix C to part 242, provides a narrative 
discussion of the procedures that a person seeking signal employee 
certification or recertification should follow to furnish a railroad 
with information concerning their motor vehicle driving record. 
Appendix B, derived from appendix D to part 240 and appendix D to part 
242, provides a narrative discussion of the procedures that a railroad 
will be required to employ when administering the vision and hearing 
requirements of Sec. Sec.  246.117 and 246.118.
    FRA made minor revisions to appendix A from what appeared in the 
proposed rule. In paragraph (2), FRA added language noting that the 
information in a certification candidate's motor vehicle driving 
records that the railroad should consider is described in Sec.  
246.111(m). FRA also added language to paragraph (4) to clarify that 
under Sec.  246.301, a railroad is only required to provide a candidate 
for signal employee certification or recertification with a copy of 
their motor vehicle driving records if the records contain information 
that could be the basis for denying certification (or recertification). 
If no such adverse information exists, the railroad is not required to 
provide the candidate with a copy of these records.

V. Regulatory Impact and Notices

A. Executive Order 12866 as Amended by Executive Order 14094

    This final rule is not a significant regulatory action within the 
meaning of Executive Order 12866 as amended by Executive Order 14094, 
Modernizing Regulatory Review. Details on the estimated costs of this 
final rule can be found in the Regulatory Impact Analysis (RIA), which 
FRA has prepared and placed in the docket (FRA-2022-0020).
    FRA is issuing regulations establishing a formal certification 
process for railroad signal employees. As part of that process, 
railroads will be required to develop a program for training current 
and prospective signal employees, documenting and verifying that the 
holder of the certificate has achieved certain training and 
proficiency, and creating a record of safety compliance infractions 
that other railroads can review when considering individuals for 
certification. This final rule will ensure that signal employees are 
properly trained, are qualified to perform their duties, and meet 
Federal safety standards. Additionally, this regulation is expected to 
improve railroad safety by reducing the rate of accidents/incidents.
    The RIA presents estimates of the costs likely to occur over the 
first 10 years of the final rule. The analysis includes estimates of 
costs associated with development of certification programs, initial 
and periodic training, knowledge testing, and monitoring of operational 
performance. Additionally, costs are estimated for vision and hearing 
tests, review of certification determinations made by other railroads, 
and Government administrative costs.
    FRA estimated 10-year costs of $9.4 million discounted at 7 
percent. The annualized cost will be approximately $1.3 million 
discounted at 7 percent. The following table shows the estimated 10-
year costs of the final rule.

[[Page 44865]]



                                         Total 10-Year Discounted Costs
                                                 [2020 Dollars]
----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
                                                     Present Value    Present Value    Annualized    Annualized
                     Category                            7% ($)           3% ($)         7% ($)        3% ($)
----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Development of Certification Program..............        1,504,135        1,541,874       214,155       180,755
Certification Eligibility Requirements............          202,952          227,006        28,896        26,612
Recertification Eligibility Requirements..........          243,632          310,417        34,688        36,390
Training..........................................        2,079,835        2,379,911       296,122       278,998
Knowledge Testing.................................          746,865          898,884       106,337       105,377
Vision and Hearing................................        1,097,523        1,320,891       156,263       154,849
Monitoring Operational Performance................        1,178,812        1,408,753       167,836       165,149
Railroad Oversight Responsibilities...............          267,530          326,714        38,090        38,301
Certification Card................................          103,175          124,175        14,690        14,557
Petitions and Hearings............................          181,733          217,183        25,875        25,460
Government Administrative Cost....................        1,780,113        2,065,541       253,448       242,144
                                                   -------------------------------------------------------------
    Total.........................................        9,386,306       10,821,350     1,336,399     1,268,592
----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------

    The primary benefit of this final rule is that it will ensure that 
railroads properly train and monitor signal employee performance to 
reduce the risk of accidents caused by signal employee error. This rule 
will allow railroads to revoke certification of signal employees who 
make serious safety-related violations.
    This rule is expected to reduce the likelihood of an accident 
occurring due to signal employee error. FRA has analyzed accidents over 
the past 10 years to categorize those where signal employee training 
and certification would have impacted the accident. FRA estimated 
benefits from fewer train accidents, grade crossing accidents, and 
activation failures.
    The following table shows the estimated 10-year benefits of the 
final rule. The total 10-year estimated benefits will be $2.9 million 
(PV, 7%) and annualized benefits will be $0.4 million (PV, 7%).

                                        Total 10-Year Discounted Benefits
                                                 [2020 Dollars]
----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
                                                     Present Value    Present Value    Annualized    Annualized
                     Category                            7% ($)           3% ($)         7% ($)        3% ($)
----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Grade Crossing Accidents..........................        1,766,028        2,064,676       251,443       242,043
Train Accidents/Incidents.........................          960,671        1,123,127       136,778       131,665
Business Benefits from Fewer Activation Failures             53,817           62,917         7,662         7,376
 (Railroad Industry)..............................
Business Benefits from Fewer Activation Failures             87,985          102,863        12,527        12,059
 (Government).....................................
                                                   -------------------------------------------------------------
    Total.........................................        2,868,501        3,353,584       408,410       393,142
----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------

    FRA has quantified the monetary impact from accidents reported on 
FRA accident forms. However, some accident costs are not required to be 
reported on FRA accident forms (e.g., environmental impact). For 
example, the cost of property damage represents a portion of the total 
cost of train accidents, such as, the cost of direct labor and damage 
to on-track equipment, track, track structures, and roadbed. Other 
direct accident costs, such as accident clean up, third-party property 
damage, lost lading, environmental damage, loss of economic activity to 
the community, and train delays are not included in FRA's accident/
incident reportable damages from the railroads. That impact may account 
for additional benefits not quantified in this analysis. If these costs 
not covered by FRA data were realized, accidents affected by this 
rulemaking could have much greater economic impact than the 
quantitative benefit estimates provided here.

B. Regulatory Flexibility Act and Executive Order 13272

    The Regulatory Flexibility Act of 1980 \52\ and Executive Order 
13272 \53\ require agency review of proposed and final rules to assess 
their impacts on small entities. FRA prepared this FRFA to evaluate the 
impact of the final rule on small entities and describe the effort to 
minimize the adverse impact. The estimated costs on small entities is 
not significant as it represents less than one percent of average 
annual revenue of affected entities. Accordingly, the FRA Administrator 
hereby certifies that this final rule will not have a significant 
economic impact on a substantial number of small entities.
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

    \52\ 5 U.S.C. 601 et seq.
    \53\ 67 FR 53461 (Aug. 16, 2002).
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

1. Statement of the Need for, and Objectives of, the Rule
    FRA perceives the potential for signal employee error to cause 
accidents, and an existing lack of means to evaluate and address this 
risk. Railroads' signal employee training programs may not be covering 
all aspects of a signal employee's job responsibility. Additionally, 
railroads may not be testing signal employees and ensuring that their 
knowledge is maintained continuously.
    DOT's general authority states, in relevant part, that the 
Secretary ``as necessary, shall prescribe regulations and issue orders 
for every area of railroad safety supplementing laws and regulations in 
effect on October 16,

[[Page 44866]]

1970.'' \54\ The Secretary delegated this authority to the Federal 
Railroad Administrator.\55\ The RSIA required the Secretary to submit a 
report to Congress addressing whether certification of certain crafts 
or classes of railroad employees or contractors was necessary to reduce 
the number and rate of accidents and incidents or to improve railroad 
safety. If the Secretary determined certification of certain crafts or 
classes was necessary to meet these goals, Congress also authorized the 
Secretary to promulgate regulations requiring certification. In the 
report to Congress, the Secretary noted that signal repair employees, 
along dispatchers, were the most viable candidates for certification. 
This final rule will require railroads to develop a signal employee 
certification program. The final rule will help ensure that signal 
employees are properly trained, qualified to perform their duties, and 
meet Federal safety standards.
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

    \54\ 49 U.S.C. 20103.
    \55\ 49 CFR 1.89(a).
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

2. Significant Issues Raised by Public Comments
    FRA received several comments related to the costs of the proposed 
rule. ASLRRA and AAR submitted comments related to the proposed rule. 
Issues not concerning the economics of the rule have been discussed 
above in the discussion of comments and conclusions. Comments were 
received from ASLRRA relating to the cost estimates for developing the 
certification programs, petitions and hearings, and annual monitoring. 
FRA has revised costs for developing certification programs, estimating 
550 hours for ASLRRA to develop a model or template program, as 
suggested by ASLRRA in their comment. Additionally, FRA has increased 
the time for individual railroads to develop their plan based on the 
template. The estimated time per railroad has been increased to 15 
hours (from 8 hours in the RIA for the proposed rule).
    Further, FRA has revised the cost for petitions and hearings, 
adding additional job categories and slightly increasing the time 
estimated per petition and hearing.
3. Response to Comments Filed by the Chief Counsel for Advocacy of the 
Small Business Administration
    FRA did not receive any comments from the Small Business 
Administration.
4. Description and Estimate of the Number of Small Entities to Which 
the Rule Will Apply
    The Regulatory Flexibility Act of 1980 requires a review of 
proposed and final rules to assess their impact on small entities, 
unless the Secretary certifies that the rule would not have a 
significant economic impact on a substantial number of small entities. 
``Small entity'' is defined in 5 U.S.C. 601 as a small business concern 
that is independently owned and operated and is not dominant in its 
field of operation. The U.S. Small Business Administration (SBA) has 
authority to regulate issues related to small businesses, and 
stipulates in its size standards that a ``small entity'' in the 
railroad industry is a for profit ``line-haul railroad'' that has fewer 
than 1,500 employees, a ``short line railroad'' with fewer than 1,500 
employees, a ``commuter rail system'' with annual receipts of less than 
$47.0 million dollars, or a contractor that performs support activities 
for railroads with annual receipts of less than $34.0 million.\56\
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

    \56\ U.S. Small Business Administration, ``Table of Small 
Business Size Standards Matched to North American Industry 
Classification System Codes,'' March 27, 2023. https://www.sba.gov/sites/sbagov/files/2023-06/Table%20of%20Size%20Standards_Effective%20March%2017%2C%202023%20%282%29.pdf.
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

    Federal agencies may adopt their own size standards for small 
entities in consultation with SBA and in conjunction with public 
comment. Under that authority, FRA has published a proposed statement 
of agency policy that formally establishes ``small entities'' or 
``small businesses'' as railroads, contractors, and hazardous materials 
shippers that meet the revenue requirements of a Class III railroad as 
set forth in 49 CFR part 1201, General Instruction 1-1, which is $20 
million or less in inflation-adjusted annual revenues,\57\ and commuter 
railroads or small governmental jurisdictions that serve populations of 
50,000 or less.\58\ FRA is using this definition for the final rule.
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

    \57\ The Class III railroad revenue threshold is $46.3 million 
or less, for 2022. https://www.ecfr.gov/current/title-49/subtitle-B/chapter-X/subchapter-C/part-1201.
    \58\ See 68 FR 24891 (May 9, 2003) (codified at appendix C to 49 
CFR part 209).
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

    When developing the rule, FRA considered the impact that the rule 
would have on small entities. FRA has provided additional time for 
Class III railroads to comply with the final rule as compared to Class 
I railroads.
    The final rule would be applicable to all railroads with signal 
systems. However, some small railroads do not have a signal system as 
part of their operations. FRA estimates there are 744 Class III 
railroads, of which 704 operate on the general system. These railroads 
are of varying size, with some belonging to larger holding companies. 
Approximately 490 Class III railroads will be impacted by this 
rulemaking because they have a signal system. The remaining Class III 
railroads do not have a signal system, thus will have no need for 
signal employee certification program.
5. Description of the Projected Reporting, Recordkeeping, and Other 
Compliance Requirements of the Rule
    The final rule requires Class III railroads to develop and 
implement a Signal Employee Certification Program. This includes 
certifying and recertifying signal employees, vision and hearing tests, 
training, knowledge testing, and monitoring operational performance.
    The following table shows the annualized costs for all provisions 
of the final rule. The total annualized cost for all Class III 
railroads is $434,884 (PV, 7 percent).

                Annualized Costs for Class III Railroads
------------------------------------------------------------------------
                                                          Annualized 7%
                        Category                               ($)
------------------------------------------------------------------------
Development of Certification Program...................          110,011
Certification Eligibility Requirements.................            7,224
Recertification Eligibility Requirements...............            8,672
Training...............................................           74,030
Knowledge Testing......................................           26,584
Vision and Hearing.....................................          156,263
Monitoring Operational Performance.....................           41,959

[[Page 44867]]

 
Certification Card.....................................            3,672
Petitions and Hearings.................................            6,469
                                                        ----------------
    Total..............................................          434,884
------------------------------------------------------------------------

    The industry trade organization representing small railroads, 
ASLRRA, reports the average freight revenue per Class III railroad is 
$4.75 million.\59\ The following table summarizes the average annual 
cost and revenue for Class III railroads.
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

    \59\ American Short Line and Regional Railroad Association, 
Short Line and Regional Railroad Facts and Figures, p. 10 (2017 
pamphlet).

                                  Annual Class III Railroads' Cost and Revenue
----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
                               Number of Class
 Total costs for all Class      III railroads    Average annual cost    Average Class III    Average annual cost
III railroads, annualized 7   impacted by final     per Class III        railroad annual        as percent of
        percent ($)                 rule             railroad ($)          revenue ($)             revenue
a                                           b            c = a / b                     d             e = c / d
----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
                  434,884                 535                  813             4,750,000                 0.02%
----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------

    The estimated average annual cost for a Class III railroad is $813. 
This represents a small percentage (0.02%) of the average annual 
revenue for a Class III railroad.
6. A Description of the Steps the Agency Has Taken To Minimize the 
Economic Impact on Small Entities
    This final rule requires railroads to develop a signal employee 
certification program. Small railroads may use a template of a 
certification program developed by ALSRRA to comply with the final 
rule. Therefore, the burden on small entities is mostly for certifying 
signal employees. Many small railroads contract signal employee service 
to a third party. Signal employees will be required to be certified by 
each railroad that they work for, but the contractor may be involved in 
the process which would lessen the burden on individual short line 
railroads.
    FRA has allowed Class III railroads additional time to develop 
their certification programs. Class III railroads will have 16 months 
after the effective date of the final rule to submit a certification 
program, whereas Class I railroads must submit a plan within 8 months. 
FRA will also not require Class III railroads to conduct annual 
reporting as required by Sec.  246.215 Railroad Oversight 
Responsibilities.

C. Paperwork Reduction Act

    The information collection requirements for part 246 are being 
submitted for approval to the Office of Management and Budget (OMB) for 
review and approval in accordance with the Paperwork Reduction Act of 
1995.\60\ This submission reflects adjustments in response to comments 
on program development costs discussed above. These changes impacted 
the paperwork burden under 49 CFR 246.101 and 246.103. The adjustments 
increased the burden from 7,682 hours to 10,726 hours since the NPRM 
publication. This table contains new information collection 
requirements, and the estimated time to fulfill each requirement is as 
follows:
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

    \60\ 44 U.S.C. 3501 et seq.

--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
                                                                                           Average time per      Total annual                 Total cost
             CFR Section                Respondent universe     Total annual responses         responses         burden hours    Wage rate    equivalent
                                                               (A)....................  (B)...................     (C) = A * B      (D) \1\  (E) = C * D
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
246.9--Waivers--Petitions...........  553 railroads..........  10.00 petition.........  3 hours...............           30.00       $77.44    $2,323.20
246.101/.103--Certification program   553 railroads + ASLRRA   182.66 plans (14 Class   120 hours + 550 hours         6,204.78       115.24   715,038.85
 required and FRA review of            and holding companies.   I and commuter           + 15 hours.
 certification program--Development                             railroads plans + 0.33
 of signal employee certification                               generic program
 program in accordance with this                                developed by ASLRRA
 part and procedures contained under                            and holding companies
 Sec.   246.106 (Note: Each                                     plans + 168.33 Class
 certification program includes                                 II and III railroads
 procedure requirements under Sec.                              plans).
 246.111 through Sec.   246.124.).
--(d)(1) Signal employees             553 railroads..........  2 copies...............  15 minutes............             .50        77.44        38.72
 certification submission--Copies of
 the program provided to the
 president of each rail labor
 organization (RLO) that represents
 the railroad's employees that are
 subject to this part.
--(d)(2) Affirmative statements that  553 railroads..........  2 affirmative            15 minutes............             .50        77.44        38.72
 the railroad has provided a copy of                            statements.
 the program to RLOs.

[[Page 44868]]

 
--(e) Comment Period--Affirmed        553 railroads..........  31 comments............  4 hours...............          124.00        77.44     9,602.56
 comments on a railroad's program by
 any designated representative of
 employees subject to this part or
 any directly affected employee who
 does not have a designated
 representative.
                                     -------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
--(g) Material Modifications of FRA-  The paperwork burden for this requirement is outside the scope of the 3-year PRA review period.
 approved program--Railroad to
 submit a description of how it
 intends to modify the program and a
 copy of the modified program to FRA.
                                     -------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
--(h) Resubmission--Railroad can      553 railroads..........  3.67 revised plans       20 hours..............           73.40        77.44     5,684.10
 resubmit its program or material                               Class I and commuter
 modification as described in                                   railroads.
 paragraph (f)(2) of this section
 after addressing all of the
 deficiencies noted by FRA and the
 resubmission must conform with the
 procedures and requirements
 contained in Sec.   246.106.
                                     -------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
--(i) Rescinding Prior Approval of    The paperwork burden for this requirement is outside the scope of the 3-year PRA review period.
 Program--Railroad to resubmit its
 certification program and the
 program must conform with the
 procedures and requirements
 contained in Sec.   246.106.
                                     -------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
246.105(c)(1) and (d)(1)--            553 railroads..........  3,781 designated lists.  5 minutes.............          315.08        77.44    24,399.80
 Implementation schedule for
 certification programs--Designation
 of certified signal employee.
--(c)(2) and (d)(2) Issue a           553 railroads..........  3,781 issued             3 minutes.............          189.05        77.44    14,640.03
 certificate that complies with Sec.                            certificates.
   246.207 to each person that it
 designates.
                                     -------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
--(f) Written requests for delayed    FRA anticipates zero submissions.
 certification--Railroad may wait to
 recertify the person making the
 request until the end of the three-
 year period after FRA has approved
 the railroad's certification
 program.
                                     -------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
--(g) Testing and evaluation--        The paperwork burden for testing and evaluation is included in the economic burden and the burden for certificates
 Railroad shall only certify or        is included under Sec.   246.105.
 recertify a person as a signal
 employee if that person has been
 tested and evaluated in accordance
 with procedures that comply with
 subpart B of this part.
                                     -------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
246.106--Requirements for             The paperwork requirements described in this section are accounted for throughout this table.
 Certification Programs--Procedures
 for Submission and Approval of
 Signal Employee Certification
 Programs.
                                     -------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
246.109(a)--Determinations required   The paperwork burden for this requirement is covered under Sec.   246.111 through Sec.   246.121 and Sec.
 for certification and                 246.303.
 recertification--Eligibility
 requirements.
                                     -------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
246.111(a) through (c)--Prior safety  553 railroads..........  1,706 motor vehicle      5 minutes.............          142.17        77.44    11,009.64
 conduct as motor vehicle operator--                            records.
 Eligibility requirements of this
 section involving prior conduct as
 a motor vehicle operator.
--(e) If driver information is not    553 railroads..........  2 waivers..............  2 hours...............            4.00        77.44       309.76
 obtained as required pursuant to
 paragraph (g) of this section, that
 person or the railroad certifying
 or recertifying that person may
 petition for a waiver in accordance
 with the provisions of part 211 of
 this chapter.
                                     -------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
--(f) Individual's duty--Consent to   This is usual and customary procedure. The consent form is signed at the time of hiring to make driving
 make information concerning driving   information available to the railroad.
 record available to that railroad.
                                     -------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
--(g) and (h) Request to obtain       553 railroads..........  1,706 written requests.  5 minutes.............          142.17        59.00     8,388.03
 driver's license information from
 licensing agency.
                                     -------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
--(i) Requests for additional         The paperwork burden for this requirement is included under Sec.   246.111(g)-(h).
 information from licensing agency.
                                     -------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
--(j) Notification to railroad by     553 railroads..........  2 notices..............  10 minutes............             .33        77.44        25.56
 persons of never having a license.

[[Page 44869]]

 
--(k) Report of motor vehicle         553 railroads..........  40 self-reports........  10 minutes............            6.67        77.44       516.52
 incidents described in paragraphs
 (m)(1) and (2) of this section to
 the employing railroad within 48
 hours.
--(l) and (m) Evaluation of person's  553 railroads..........  1,706 motor vehicle      5 minutes.............          142.17        71.89    10,220.60
 driving record by railroad.                                    record evaluations.
--(n)(1) DAC referral by railroad     553 railroads..........  36 DAC referrals.......  5 minutes.............            3.00       115.24       345.72
 after report of driving drug/
 alcohol incident.
--(n)(2) DAC request and supply by    553 railroads..........  1 request and supplied   30 minutes............             .50       115.24        57.62
 persons of prior counseling or                                 record.
 treatment.
--(n)(3) Conditional certifications   553 railroads..........  3 conditional            4 hours...............           12.00       115.24     1,382.88
 recommended by DAC.                                            certification
                                                                recommendations.
                                     -------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
246.113(b)--Prior safety conduct as   This is usual and customary procedure and therefore there is no paperwork burden.
 an employee of a different
 railroad--Certification candidate
 has not been employed by any other
 railroad in the previous five
 years, they do not have to submit a
 request in accordance with
 paragraph (d) of this section, but
 they must notify the railroad of
 this fact in accordance with
 procedures established by the
 railroad in its certification
 program.
                                     -------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
--(c) Person seeking certification    553 railroads..........  43.00 requests.........  15 minutes............           10.75        77.44       832.48
 or recertification under this part
 shall submit a written request to
 each railroad that employed the
 person within the previous five
 years.
--(e) Railroad shall provide the      553 railroads..........  43.00 records..........  15 minutes............           10.75        77.44       832.48
 information requested to the
 railroad designated in the written
 request.
                                     -------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
--(f) An explanation shall state why  FRA anticipates zero submissions.
 the railroad cannot provide the
 information within the requested
 time frame or cannot provide the
 requested information.
                                     -------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
246.115(a)--Substance abuse           553 railroads..........  1,535 determinations...  2 minutes.............           51.17        77.40     3,960.56
 disorders and alcohol drug rules
 compliance--Determination that
 person meets eligibility
 requirements.
--(b) Written documents from DAC      553 railroads..........  79 filed documents.....  30 minutes............           39.50       115.24     4,551.98
 that person is not affected by a
 disorder.
--(c)(3) Fitness requirement--        553 railroads..........  2 self-referrals.......  10 minutes............             .33       115.24        38.03
 Voluntary self-referral by signal
 employee for substance abuse
 counseling or treatment under the
 policy required by Sec.   219.1001
 of this chapter.
--(d)(1) and (2) Prior alcohol/drug   553 railroads..........  1,535 certification      10 minutes............          255.83       115.24    29,481.85
 conduct; Federal rule compliance.                              reviews.
--(d)(3)(i) Written determination     553 railroads..........  30 written               1 hour................           30.00       115.24     3,457.20
 that most recent incident has                                  determinations.
 occurred.
--(d)(3)(ii) Notification to person   553 railroads..........  30 notifications.......  30 minutes............           15.00        77.44     1,161.60
 that recertification has been
 denied or certification suspended.
--(d)(4) Persons/conductors waiving   553 railroads..........  20 waived                10 minutes............            3.33        77.44       257.88
 investigation/de-certifications.                               investigations.
246.117(a) through (c)--Visual        553 railroads..........  400 records............  2 minutes.............           13.33        71.89       958.29
 acuity--Determination visual acuity
 standards met--Medical examiner
 certificate/record.
--(d)(1) Request for retest and       553 railroads..........  10 records.............  2 minutes.............       .33 hours       $71.89       $23.72
 another medical evaluation--Medical
 examiner certificate/record.
--(d)(2) Railroad to provide a copy   553 railroads..........  400 copies.............  5 minutes.............           33.33        71.89     2,396.09
 of this part to medical examiner.
--(d)(3) Consultations by medical     553 railroads..........  5 consultations + 5      30 minutes + 10                   3.33        71.89       239.39
 examiners with railroad officer and                            conditional              minutes.
 issue of conditional certification.                            certifications.
--(g) Notification by certified       553 railroads..........  1 notification.........  10 minutes............             .17        71.89        12.22
 signal employee of deterioration of
 vision.
246.118(a) through (c)--Hearing       553 railroads..........  400 medical records....  2 minutes.............           13.33        71.89       958.29
 acuity--Determination hearing
 standards met--Medical records.
--(d)(1) Request for retest and       553 railroads..........  10 records.............  2 minutes.............             .33        71.89        23.72
 another medical evaluation--Medical
 examiner certificate/record.
--(d)(2) Railroad to provide a copy   553 railroads..........  400 copies.............  5 minutes.............           33.33        71.89     2,396.09
 of this part to medical examiner.

[[Page 44870]]

 
--(d)(3) Consultations by medical     553 railroads..........  5 consultations + 5      30 minutes + 10                   3.33        71.89       239.39
 examiners with railroad officer and                            conditional              minutes.
 issue of conditional certification.                            certifications.
--(g) Notification by certified       553 railroads..........  25 notifications.......  10 minutes............            4.17        71.89       299.78
 signal employee of deterioration of
 hearing.
                                     -------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
246.119(b)--Training requirements--A  The paperwork burden for this requirement is covered under Sec.   246.101/.103.
 railroad's election for the
 training of signal employees shall
 be stated in its certification
 program.
                                     -------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
--(c) Initial training program for    553 railroads..........  184 training programs..  3 hours...............    553.00 hours       115.24    63,727.72
 previously untrained person to be a
 signal employee.
                                     -------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
--(c)(3) Modification to training     The paperwork burden for this requirement is outside the scope of the 3-year PRA review period.
 program when new safety-related
 railroad laws, regulations and etc.
 are introduced into the workplace.
                                     -------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
--(d) Relevant information or         The paperwork burden for this requirement is covered under Sec.   246.101/.103.
 materials on safety or other rules
 made available to certification
 candidates.
                                     -------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
--(e) Completion of initial training  553 railroads..........  3,781 written documents  10 minutes............          630.17        77.44    48,800.36
 program by a previously untrained                              or records.
 person being certified as a signal
 employee--Written documentation
 showing person completed training
 program and demonstrated
 qualification.
                                     -------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
--(f) Completion of training          The paperwork burden for this requirement is covered under Sec.   246.119.
 program, demonstration of
 knowledge, on-the-job proficiency,
 and qualification--Written
 documentation for each signal
 employee certified by the railroad.
                                     -------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
--(h) Familiarization training for    FRA anticipates zero submissions.
 signal employees of acquiring
 railroad from selling company/
 railroad prior to commencement of
 new operation.
                                     -------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
--(i) Continuing education of         553 railroads..........  2,000 training records.  15 minutes............          500.00        71.89    35,945.00
 certified signal employees.
                                     -------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
246.120--Requirements for             The paperwork burden for this requirement is covered under Sec.   246.119.
 qualification --Determining
 eligibility.
                                     -------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
--(b) Notification by persons not     The paperwork burden for this requirement is covered under Sec.   246.119.
 qualified on the signal system.
                                     -------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
246.121(a) through (c)--Knowledge     553 railroads..........  2,000 test records.....  5 minutes.............          166.67        77.44    12,906.92
 testing--Determining eligibility.
--(d) Reexamination of the failed     553 railroads..........  20 examination records.  5 minutes.............            1.67        77.44       129.32
 test.
246.123(d)--Monitoring operational    553 railroads..........  7,348 records..........  2 minutes.............          244.93        77.44    18,967.38
 performance--Unannounced compliance
 tests--Retention of a written
 record.
                                     -------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
246.124--Mentoring..................  The paperwork burden for this requirement is covered under Sec.   246.101/.103.
                                     -------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
246.125--Certification                553 railroads..........  11.00 determinations...  30 minutes............            5.50        77.44       425.92
 determinations made by other
 railroads.
246.203(b)--Retaining information     553 railroads..........  2,000 record retentions  15 minutes............          500.00        77.44    38,720.00
 supporting determination--Records.
--(g) Electronic records............  553 railroads..........  2 amended record.......  15 minutes............             .50        77.44        38.72
                                     -------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
246.205--List of certified signal     The paperwork requirement for this burden is covered under Sec.   246.105(c)(1)-(d)(1).
 employees and recordkeeping..
                                     -------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
246.207 (a) through (e)--Certificate  The paperwork requirement for this burden is covered under Sec.   246.105(c)(2)-(d)(2).
 requirements.
                                     -------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
--(f) and (g) Replacement of          553 railroads..........  45 replacement           5 minutes.............            3.75        77.44       290.40
 certificates.                                                  certificates.
--(h) Notification by signal          553 railroads..........  110 notifications......  30 seconds............             .92        71.89        66.14
 employees that railroad request to
 serve exceeds certification.
246.213(c) through (h)--Multiple      553 railroads..........  3 notifications........  10 minutes............             .50        77.44        38.72
 Certificates--Notification of
 denial of certification or
 recertification by individuals
 holding multiple certifications.
                                     -------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------

[[Page 44871]]

 
--(i) In lieu of issuing multiple     The paperwork requirement for this burden is covered under Sec.   246.105.
 certificates, a railroad may issue
 one certificate to a person who is
 certified in multiple crafts.
                                     -------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
246.215--Railroad oversight           553 railroads..........  17.33 annual reviews     8 hours...............          138.64       115.24    15,976.87
 responsibilities--Review and                                   and analyses.
 analysis of administration of
 certification program.
--(d) Report of findings and          553 railroads..........  2 reports..............  4 hours...............            8.00       115.24       921.92
 conclusions reached during annual
 review by railroad (if requested in
 writing by FRA, RLO president, or
 certified signal employee not
 represented by a labor
 organization) review and analysis
 effort.
246.301(a)--Denial of certification-- 553 railroads..........  6 notices + 3 responses  1 hour................            9.00        77.44       696.96
 Notification to candidate of
 information and provision of
 documents that form basis for
 denying certification and candidate
 response.
--(b) Denial Decision Requirements--  553 railroads..........  6 notifications........  1 hour................      6.00 hours        77.44       464.64
 Written notification of denial of
 certification or recertification by
 railroad to candidate.
246.307(b)(1) through (5)--Process    553 railroads..........  15 suspended             30 minutes............            7.50        77.44       580.80
 for revoking certification--                                   certification letters
 Immediate suspension of signal                                 and documentations.
 employee's certification,
 notifications, and provision of
 written information and list of
 witnesses.
                                     -------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
--(b)(6) Determinations based on the  The paperwork requirement for this burden is covered under Sec.   246.307(e).
 record of the hearing, whether
 revocation of the certification is
 warranted.
                                     -------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
--(b)(8) Retention of record of the   553 railroads..........  15 records.............  15 minutes............            3.75        77.44       290.40
 hearing for three years after the
 date the decision is rendered.
--(d)(9) Hearing Procedures--Written  553 railroads..........  3 written waivers......  10 minutes............             .50        59.00        29.50
 waiver of right to hearing.
--(e) Revocation Decision             553 railroads..........  15 written decisions     2 hours...............           30.00       115.24     3,457.20
 Requirements--Written decisions by                             and service of
 railroad official.                                             decisions.
--(g) Revocation of certification     553 railroads..........  3 revoked                10 minutes............             .50       115.24        57.62
 based on information that another                              certifications.
 railroad has done so.
                                     -------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
--(j) Placing relevant information    The paperwork requirement for this burden is covered under Sec.   246.307(b)(7).
 in record if sufficient evidence
 meeting the criteria in paragraph
 (h) or (i) of this section becomes
 available.
                                     -------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
--(k) Good faith determination......  553 railroads..........  3 good faith             1 hour................            3.00        77.44       232.32
                                                                determinations.
                                     -------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Subpart E--Dispute Resolution         The requirements under these provisions are exempted from the PRA under 5 CFR 1320.4(a)(2). Since these provisions
 Procedures--Sec.   246.401 through    pertain to an administrative action or investigation, there is no PRA burden associated with these requirements.
 Sec.   246.411.
                                     -------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Appendix A to part 246--Procedures    The paperwork requirements described in this appendix are accounted for throughout this table.
 for Obtaining and Evaluating Motor
 Vehicle Driving Record Data.
                                     -------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Appendix B to part 246--Medical       The paperwork requirements described in this appendix are accounted for throughout this table.
 Standards Guidelines.
                                     -------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
    Totals \2\......................  553 railroads + ASLRRA   35,571 responses.......  N/A...................          10,726          N/A    1,098,908
                                       and holding companies.
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
\1\ Throughout the tables in this document, the dollar equivalent cost is derived from the 2020 Surface Transportation Board's Full Year Wage A&B data
  series using the appropriate employee group hourly wage rate that includes 75-percent overhead charges.
\2\ Totals may not add due to rounding.

    All estimates include the time for reviewing instructions; 
searching existing data sources; gathering or maintaining the needed 
data; and reviewing the information. For information or a copy of the 
paperwork package submitted to OMB, contact Ms. Arlette Mussington, 
Information Collection Clearance Officer, at email: 
[email protected] or telephone: 571-609-1285, or Ms. Joanne 
Swafford, Information Collection Clearance Officer, at email: 
[email protected] or telephone: at 757-897-9908.
    OMB is required to decide concerning the collection of information 
requirements contained in this final rule between 30 and 60 days after 
publication of this document in the Federal Register. Therefore, a 
comment to OMB is best assured of having its full effect if OMB 
receives it within 30 days of publication of this document. FRA is not 
authorized to impose a penalty on persons for violating information 
collection requirements that do not display a current OMB control 
number, if required. The current OMB control number for this rule is 
2130-0638.

[[Page 44872]]

D. Federalism Implications

    Executive Order 13132, Federalism,\61\ requires FRA to develop an 
accountable process to ensure ``meaningful and timely input by State 
and local officials in the development of regulatory policies that have 
federalism implications.'' ``Policies that have federalism 
implications'' are defined in the executive order to include 
regulations that have ``substantial direct effects on the States, on 
the relationship between the national government and the States, or on 
the distribution of power and responsibilities among the various levels 
of government.'' Under Executive Order 13132, to the extent practicable 
and permitted by law, the agency may not issue a regulation with 
federalism implications that imposes substantial direct compliance 
costs and that is not required by statute, unless the Federal 
Government provides the funds necessary to pay the direct compliance 
costs incurred by State and local governments, the agency consults with 
State and local governments, or the agency consults with State and 
local government officials early in the process of developing the 
regulation. National action limiting the policymaking discretion of the 
States shall be taken only where there is constitutional and statutory 
authority for the action and the national activity is appropriate in 
light of the presence of a problem of national significance. Where 
there are significant uncertainties as to whether national action is 
authorized or appropriate, agencies shall consult with appropriate 
State and local officials to determine whether Federal objectives can 
be attained by other means.
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

    \61\ 64 FR 43255 (Aug. 10, 1999).
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

    FRA has analyzed this final rule in accordance with the principles 
and criteria contained in Executive Order 13132. FRA has determined 
that this final rule has no federalism implications, other than the 
possible preemption of State laws under 49 U.S.C. 20106. Therefore, the 
consultation and funding requirements of Executive Order 13132 do not 
apply, and preparation of a federalism summary impact statement for the 
rule is not required.

E. International Trade Impact Assessment

    The Trade Agreements Act of 1979 \62\ prohibits Federal agencies 
from engaging in any standards or related activities that create 
unnecessary obstacles to the foreign commerce of the United States. 
Legitimate domestic objectives, such as safety, are not considered 
unnecessary obstacles. The statute also requires consideration of 
international standards and, where appropriate, that they be the basis 
for U.S. standards. This final rule is purely domestic in nature and is 
not expected to affect trade opportunities for U.S. firms doing 
business overseas or for foreign firms doing business in the United 
States.
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

    \62\ 19 U.S.C. Ch. 13.
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

F. Environmental Assessment

    FRA has evaluated this final rule consistent with the National 
Environmental Policy Act \63\ (NEPA), the Council of Environmental 
Quality's NEPA implementing regulations,\64\ and FRA's NEPA 
implementing regulations \65\ and determined that it is categorically 
excluded from environmental review and therefore does not require the 
preparation of an environmental assessment (EA) or environmental impact 
statement (EIS). Categorical exclusions (CEs) are actions identified in 
an agency's NEPA implementing regulations that do not normally have a 
significant impact on the environment and therefore do not require 
either an EA or EIS.\66\ Specifically, FRA has determined that this 
rule is categorically excluded from detailed environmental review.\67\
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

    \63\ 42 U.S.C. 4321 et seq.
    \64\ 40 CFR parts 1500 through 1508.
    \65\ 23 CFR part 771.
    \66\ 40 CFR 1508.4.
    \67\ See 23 CFR 771.116(c)(15) (categorically excluding 
``[p]romulgation of rules, the issuance of policy statements, the 
waiver or modification of existing regulatory requirements, or 
discretionary approvals that do not result in significantly 
increased emissions of air or water pollutants or noise'').
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

    The main purpose of this rulemaking is to establish certification 
requirements for signal employees. This final rule will not directly or 
indirectly impact any environmental resources and will not result in 
significantly increased emissions of air or water pollutants or noise. 
In analyzing the applicability of a CE, FRA must also consider whether 
unusual circumstances are present that would warrant a more detailed 
environmental review.\68\ FRA has concluded that no such unusual 
circumstances exist with respect to this regulation and the final rule 
meets the requirements for categorical exclusion.\69\
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

    \68\ 23 CFR 771.116(b).
    \69\ 23 CFR 771.116(c)(15).
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

    Pursuant to Section 106 of the National Historic Preservation Act 
and its implementing regulations, FRA has determined this undertaking 
has no potential to affect historic properties.\70\ FRA has also 
determined that this rulemaking does not approve a project resulting in 
a use of a resource protected by Section 4(f).\71\ Further, FRA 
reviewed this rule and found it consistent with Executive Order 14008, 
``Tackling the Climate Crisis at Home and Abroad.''
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

    \70\ See 54 U.S.C. 306108.
    \71\ See DOT Act of 1966, as amended (Pub. L. 89-670, 80 Stat. 
931); 49 U.S.C. 303.
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

G. Environmental Justice

    Executive Order 14096, ``Revitalizing Our Nation's Commitment to 
Environmental Justice for All,'' which expands on Executive Order 
12898, ``Federal Actions to Address Environmental Justice in Minority 
Populations and Low-Income Populations,'' requires DOT agencies to 
achieve environmental justice as part of their mission by identifying 
and addressing, as appropriate, disproportionate and adverse human 
health or environmental effects, including those related to climate 
change and cumulative impacts of environmental and other burdens on 
communities with environmental justice concerns. DOT Order 5610.2C 
(``U.S. Department of Transportation Actions to Address Environmental 
Justice in Minority Populations and Low-Income Populations'') instructs 
DOT agencies to address compliance with Executive Order 12898 and 
requirements within the DOT Order 5610.2C in rulemaking activities, as 
appropriate, and also requires consideration of the benefits of 
transportation programs, policies, and other activities where minority 
populations and low-income populations benefit, at a minimum, to the 
same level as the general population as a whole when determining 
impacts on minority and low-income populations.\72\ FRA has evaluated 
this final rule under Executive Orders 14096 and 12898 and DOT Order 
5610.2C and has determined it will not cause disproportionate and 
adverse human health and environmental effects on communities with 
environmental justice concerns.
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

    \72\ Executive Order 14096 is not currently referenced in DOT 
Order 5610.2C.
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

H. Unfunded Mandates Reform Act of 1995

    Under section 201 of the Unfunded Mandates Reform Act of 1995,\73\ 
each Federal agency ``shall, unless otherwise prohibited by law, assess 
the effects of Federal regulatory actions on State, local, and tribal 
governments, and the private sector (other than to the extent that such 
regulations incorporate requirements specifically set forth in law).'' 
Section 202 of the Act \74\ further

[[Page 44873]]

requires that ``before promulgating any general notice of proposed 
rulemaking that is likely to result in promulgation of any rule that 
includes any Federal mandate that may result in the expenditure by 
State, local, and tribal governments, in the aggregate, or by the 
private sector, of $100,000,000 or more (adjusted annually for 
inflation) in any 1 year, and before promulgating any final rule for 
which a general notice of proposed rulemaking was published, the agency 
shall prepare a written statement'' detailing the effect on State, 
local, and tribal governments and the private sector. This final rule 
will not result in the expenditure, in the aggregate, of $100,000,000 
or more (as adjusted annually for inflation) in any one year, and thus 
preparation of such a statement is not required.
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

    \73\ Public Law 104-4, 2 U.S.C. 1531.
    \74\ 2 U.S.C. 1532.
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

I. Energy Impact

    Executive Order 13211, ``Actions Concerning Regulations That 
Significantly Affect Energy Supply, Distribution, or Use,'' requires 
Federal agencies to prepare a Statement of Energy Effects for any 
``significant energy action.'' \75\ FRA evaluated this final rule under 
Executive Order 13211 and determined that this regulatory action is not 
a ``significant energy action'' within the meaning of Executive Order 
13211.
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

    \75\ 66 FR 28355 (May 22, 2001).
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

J. Executive Order 13175 (Tribal Consultation)

    FRA has evaluated this rule in accordance with the principles and 
criteria contained in Executive Order 13175, Consultation and 
Coordination with Indian Tribal Governments, dated November 6, 2000. 
This rule will not have a substantial direct effect on one or more 
Indian Tribes, will not impose substantial direct compliance costs on 
Indian Tribal governments, and will not preempt Tribal laws. Therefore, 
the funding and consultation requirements of Executive Order 13175 do 
not apply, and a Tribal summary impact statement is not required.

List of Subjects in 49 CFR Part 246

    Administrative practice and procedure, Signal employee, Penalties, 
Railroad employees, Railroad safety, Reporting and recordkeeping 
requirements.

The Rule

0
For the reasons discussed in the preamble, FRA amends chapter II, 
subtitle B, of title 49 of the Code of Federal Regulations, by adding 
part 246 to read as follows:

PART 246--CERTIFICATION OF SIGNAL EMPLOYEES

Sec.
Subpart A--General
246.1 Purpose and scope.
246.3 Application and responsibility for compliance.
246.5 Effect and construction.
246.7 Definitions.
246.9 Waivers.
246.11 Penalties and consequences for noncompliance.
Subpart B--Program and Eligibility Requirements
246.101 Certification program required.
246.103 FRA review of certification programs.
246.105 Implementation schedule for certification programs.
246.106 Requirements for certification programs.
246.107 Signal service classifications.
246.109 Determinations required for certification and 
recertification.
246.111 Prior safety conduct as motor vehicle operator.
246.113 Prior safety conduct with other railroads.
246.115 Substance abuse disorders and alcohol drug rules compliance.
246.117 Visual acuity.
246.118 Hearing acuity.
246.119 Training requirements.
246.120 Requirements for qualification.
246.121 Knowledge testing.
246.123 Monitoring operational performance.
246.124 Mentoring.
246.125 Certification determinations made by other railroads.
Subpart C--Administration of the Certification Program
246.201 Time limitations for certification.
246.203 Retaining information supporting determinations.
246.205 List of certified signal employees and recordkeeping.
246.207 Certificate requirements.
246.213 Multiple certifications.
246.215 Railroad oversight responsibilities.
Subpart D--Denial and Revocation of Certification
246.301 Process for denying certification.
246.303 Criteria for revoking certification.
246.305 Periods of ineligibility.
246.307 Process for revoking certification.
Subpart E--Dispute Resolution Procedures
246.401 Review board established.
246.403 Petition requirements.
246.405 Processing certification review petitions.
246.407 Request for a hearing.
246.409 Hearings.
246.411 Appeals.
Appendix A to Part 246--Procedures for Obtaining and Evaluating 
Motor Vehicle Driving Record Data
Appendix B to Part 246--Medical Standards Guidelines

    Authority: 49 U.S.C. 20103, 20107, 20162, 21301, 21304, 21311; 
28 U.S.C. 2461 note; 49 CFR 1.89; and Pub. L. 110-432, sec. 402, 122 
Stat. 4884.

Subpart A--General


Sec.  246.1  Purpose and scope.

    (a) The purpose of this part is to ensure that only those persons 
who meet minimum Federal safety standards serve as certified signal 
employees, to reduce the rate and number of accidents and incidents, 
and to improve railroad safety.
    (b) This part prescribes minimum Federal safety standards for the 
eligibility, training, testing, certification and monitoring of all 
signal employees to whom it applies. This part does not restrict a 
railroad from adopting and enforcing additional or more stringent 
requirements consistent with this part.
    (c) The signal employee certification requirements prescribed in 
this part apply to any person who meets the definition of signal 
employee contained in Sec.  246.7, regardless of the fact that the 
person may have a job classification title other than that of signal 
employee.


Sec.  246.3  Application and responsibility for compliance.

    (a) This part applies to all railroads, except:
    (1) Railroads that do not have a signal system as defined in Sec.  
246.7;
    (2) Railroads that operate only on track inside an installation 
that is not part of the general railroad system of transportation 
(i.e., plant railroads, as defined in Sec.  246.7);
    (3) Tourist, scenic, historic, or excursion operations that are not 
part of the general railroad system of transportation as defined in 
Sec.  246.7; or
    (4) Rapid transit operations in an urban area that are not 
connected to the general railroad system of transportation.
    (b) Although the duties imposed by this part are generally stated 
in terms of the duty of a railroad, each person, as defined in Sec.  
246.7, who performs any function required by this part must perform 
that function in accordance with this part.


Sec.  246.5  Effect and construction.

    (a) FRA does not intend, by use of the term signal employee in this 
part, to alter the terms, conditions, or interpretation of existing 
collective bargaining agreements that employ other job classification 
titles when identifying a person who is engaged in installing, 
troubleshooting, testing, repair, or maintenance of railroad signal 
systems and signal-related technology.
    (b) FRA does not intend by issuance of these regulations to alter 
the authority of a railroad to initiate disciplinary

[[Page 44874]]

sanctions against its employees, including managers and supervisors, in 
the normal and customary manner, including those contained in its 
collective bargaining agreements.
    (c) Except as provided in Sec.  246.213, nothing in this part shall 
be construed to create or prohibit an eligibility or entitlement to 
employment in other service for the railroad as a result of denial, 
suspension, or revocation of certification under this part.
    (d) Nothing in this part shall be deemed to abridge any additional 
procedural rights or remedies not inconsistent with this part that are 
available to the employee under a collective bargaining agreement, the 
Railway Labor Act, or (with respect to employment at will) at common 
law with respect to removal from service or other adverse action taken 
as a consequence of this part.


Sec.  246.7  Definitions.

    As used in this part:
    Administrator means the Administrator of the FRA or the 
Administrator's delegate.
    Alcohol means ethyl alcohol (ethanol) and includes use or 
possession of any beverage, mixture, or preparation containing ethyl 
alcohol.
    Contractor means a person under contract with a railroad, including 
but not limited to, a prime contractor or a subcontractor.
    Controlled substance has the meaning assigned by 21 U.S.C. 802 and 
includes all substances listed on Schedules I through V as they may be 
revised from time to time (21 CFR parts 1301 through 1316).
    Disable means to render a device or system incapable of proper and 
effective action or to materially impair the functioning of that device 
or system.
    Drug means any substance (other than alcohol) that has known mind 
or function-altering effects on a human subject, specifically including 
any psychoactive substance and including, but not limited to, 
controlled substances.
    Drug and alcohol counselor (DAC) means a person who meets the 
credentialing and qualification requirements of a ``Substance Abuse 
Professional'' (SAP), as provided in 49 CFR part 40.
    File, filed, and filing mean submission of a document under this 
part on the date when the Docket Clerk receives it, or if sent by mail, 
the date mailing was completed.
    FRA means the Federal Railroad Administration.
    FRA representative means the FRA Associate Administrator for 
Railroad Safety/Chief Safety Officer and the Associate Administrator's 
delegate, including any safety inspector employed by the Federal 
Railroad Administration and any qualified State railroad safety 
inspector acting under part 212 of this chapter.
    Ineligible or ineligibility means that a person is legally 
disqualified from serving as a certified signal employee. The term 
covers a number of circumstances in which a person may not serve as a 
certified signal employee. Revocation of certification pursuant to 
Sec.  246.307 and denial of certification pursuant to Sec.  246.301 are 
two examples in which a person would be ineligible to serve as a 
certified signal employee. A period of ineligibility may end when a 
condition or conditions are met, such as when a person meets the 
conditions to serve as a certified signal employee following an alcohol 
or drug violation pursuant to Sec.  246.115.
    Knowingly means having actual knowledge of the facts giving rise to 
the violation or that a reasonable person acting in the circumstances, 
exercising due care, would have had such knowledge.
    Medical examiner means a person licensed as a doctor of medicine or 
doctor of osteopathy. A medical examiner can be a qualified full-time 
salaried employee of a railroad, a qualified practitioner who contracts 
with the railroad on a fee-for-service or other basis, or a qualified 
practitioner designated by the railroad to perform functions in 
connection with medical evaluations of employees. As used in this rule, 
the medical examiner owes a duty to make an honest and fully informed 
evaluation of the condition of an individual.
    Mentor means a certified signal employee who has at least one year 
of experience as a certified signal employee. For purposes of this 
part, a mentor provides direct and immediate supervision over the work 
of one or more signal employees.
    On-the-job training means job training that occurs in the 
workplace, i.e., the employee learns the job while doing the job.
    Person means an entity of any type covered under 1 U.S.C. 1, 
including but not limited to the following: a railroad; a manager, 
supervisor, official, or other employee or agent of a railroad; any 
owner, manufacturer, lessor, or lessee of railroad equipment, track, or 
facilities; any independent contractor or subcontractor providing goods 
or services to a railroad; and any employee of such owner, 
manufacturer, lessor, lessee, or independent contractor or 
subcontractor.
    Physical characteristics means the actual track profile of and 
physical location for points within a specific yard or route that 
affect the movement of a locomotive or train. Physical characteristics 
includes how signal systems and related technology are deployed within 
the territory, for purposes of this part.
    Plant railroad means a plant or installation that owns or leases a 
locomotive, uses that locomotive to switch cars throughout the plant or 
installation, and is moving goods solely for use in the facility's own 
industrial processes. The plant or installation could include track 
immediately adjacent to the plant or installation if the plant railroad 
leases the track from the general system railroad and the lease 
provides for (and actual practice entails) the exclusive use of that 
trackage by the plant railroad and the general system railroad for 
purposes of moving only cars shipped to or from the plant. A plant or 
installation that operates a locomotive to switch or move cars for 
other entities, even if solely within the confines of the plant or 
installation, rather than for its own purposes or industrial processes, 
will not be considered a plant railroad because the performance of such 
activity makes the operation part of the general railroad system of 
transportation.
    Qualified means a person who has successfully completed all 
instruction, training and examination programs required by the 
railroad, and the applicable parts of this chapter and that the person 
therefore may reasonably be expected to be proficient on all safety 
related tasks the person is assigned to perform.
    Qualified instructor means a person who has demonstrated, pursuant 
to the railroad's written program, an adequate knowledge of the 
subjects under instruction and, where applicable, has the necessary 
signal experience to effectively instruct in the field, and has the 
following qualifications:
    (1) Is a certified signal employee under this part; and
    (2) Has been selected as such by a designated railroad officer, in 
concurrence with the designated employee representative, where present; 
or
    (3) In the absence of concurrence provided in paragraph (2) of this 
definition, has a minimum of 12 months service working as a signal 
employee.
    If a railroad does not have designated employee representation, 
then a person employed by the railroad need not comply with paragraph 
(2) or (3) of this definition to be a qualified instructor.

[[Page 44875]]

    Railroad means any form of nonhighway ground transportation that 
runs on rails or electromagnetic guideways and any entity providing 
such transportation, including:
    (1) Commuter or other short-haul railroad passenger service in a 
metropolitan or suburban area and commuter railroad service that was 
operated by the Consolidated Rail Corporation on January 1, 1979; and
    (2) High speed ground transportation systems that connect 
metropolitan areas, without regard to whether those systems use new 
technologies not associated with traditional railroads; but does not 
include rapid transit operations in an urban area that are not 
connected to the general railroad system of transportation.
    Railroad officer means any supervisory employee of a railroad.
    Serve or service, in the context of serving documents, has the 
meaning given in Rule 5 of the Federal Rules of Civil Procedure as 
amended. Similarly, the computation of time provisions in Rule 6 of the 
Federal Rules of Civil Procedure as amended are also applicable in this 
part. See also the definition of ``filing'' in this section.
    Signal employee means, for purposes of this part, a person who is 
engaged in installing, troubleshooting, testing, repairing, or 
maintaining railroad signal systems or related technology.
    Signal instructor means, for purposes of this part, a person who 
has demonstrated, pursuant to the railroad's written signal employee 
certification program, an adequate knowledge of the subject matter 
under instruction and has the necessary experience to effectively 
provide formal training of the subject matter.
    Signal system, for purposes of this part, includes software and 
equipment for the following: block signal systems, cab signal systems, 
train control systems, positive train control systems, highway-rail and 
pathway grade crossing warning systems, unusual contingency detection 
devices, power-assisted switches, broken rail detection systems, switch 
point indicators, as well as other safety-related devices, appliances, 
technology, and systems installed on the railroad in signaled or non-
signaled territory.
    Substance abuse disorder refers to a psychological or physical 
dependence on alcohol or a drug, or another identifiable and treatable 
mental or physical disorder involving the abuse of alcohol or drugs as 
a primary manifestation. A substance abuse disorder is ``active'' 
within the meaning of this part if the person is currently using 
alcohol or other drugs, except under medical supervision consistent 
with the restrictions described in Sec.  219.103 of this chapter or has 
failed to successfully complete primary treatment or successfully 
participate in aftercare as directed by a DAC or SAP.
    Substance Abuse Professional (SAP) means a person who meets the 
qualifications of a substance abuse professional, as provided in 49 CFR 
part 40.
    Tourist, scenic, historic, or excursion operations that are not 
part of the general railroad system of transportation means a tourist, 
scenic, historic, or excursion operation conducted only on track used 
exclusively for that purpose (i.e., there is no freight, intercity 
passenger, or commuter passenger railroad operation on the track).
    Unusual contingency detection device means a device used in the 
detection of defective conditions on locomotives and rolling stock 
(e.g., high-wide load, hot or defective bearing, defective wheel 
detectors) or other unsafe environmental conditions (e.g., high-water, 
high wind, sliding or slumping soil, rock or snow slide detectors). 
These devices need not be connected to a signal system for this part to 
apply.


Sec.  246.9  Waivers.

    (a) A person subject to a requirement of this part may petition FRA 
for a waiver of compliance with such requirement. The filing of such a 
petition does not affect that person's responsibility for compliance 
with that requirement while the petition is being considered.
    (b) Each petition for a waiver under this section must be filed in 
the manner and contain the information required by part 211 of this 
chapter.
    (c) If FRA finds that a waiver of compliance is in the public 
interest and is consistent with railroad safety, FRA may grant the 
waiver subject to any conditions FRA deems necessary.


Sec.  246.11  Penalties and consequences for noncompliance.

    (a) Any person, as defined in Sec.  246.7, who violates any 
requirement of this part or causes the violation of any such 
requirement is subject to a civil penalty of at least the minimum civil 
monetary penalty and not more than the ordinary maximum civil monetary 
penalty per violation. However, penalties may be assessed against 
individuals only for willful violations, and a penalty not to exceed 
the aggravated maximum civil monetary penalty per violation may be 
assessed, where:
    (1) A grossly negligent violation, or a pattern of repeated 
violations, has created an imminent hazard of death or injury to 
persons, or
    (2) A death or injury has occurred. See 49 CFR part 209, appendix 
A.
    (b) Each day a violation continues constitutes a separate offense.
    (c) A person who violates any requirement of this part or causes 
the violation of any such requirement may be subject to 
disqualification from all safety-sensitive service in accordance with 
part 209 of this chapter.
    (d) A person who knowingly and willfully falsifies a record or 
report required by this part may be subject to criminal penalties under 
49 U.S.C. 21311.
    (e) In addition to the enforcement methods referred to in 
paragraphs (a) through (d) of this section, FRA may address violations 
of this part by use of the emergency order, compliance order, and/or 
injunctive provisions of the Federal rail safety laws.
    (f) FRA's website at https://railroads.dot.gov/ contains a schedule 
of civil penalty amounts used in connection with this part.

Subpart B--Program and Eligibility Requirements


Sec.  246.101  Certification program required.

    (a) Each railroad subject to this part shall have a written signal 
employee certification program.
    (b) Each certification program shall include all of the following:
    (1) If applicable, an explanation and discussion of the 
occupational categories and subcategories of certified signal service 
that comply with the requirements in Sec.  246.107;
    (2) A procedure for evaluating prior safety conduct as a motor 
vehicle operator that complies with the criteria established in Sec.  
246.111;
    (3) A procedure for evaluating prior safety conduct as an employee 
or certified signal employee with other railroads that complies with 
the criteria established in Sec.  246.113;
    (4) A procedure for evaluating potential substance abuse disorders 
and compliance with railroad alcohol and drug rules that complies with 
the criteria established in Sec.  246.115;
    (5) A procedure for evaluating visual and hearing acuity that 
complies with the criteria established in Sec. Sec.  246.117 and 
246.118;
    (6) A procedure for training that complies with the criteria 
established in Sec.  246.119;
    (7) A procedure for qualifying persons on its signal system and 
signal-related technology that complies with the criteria established 
in Sec.  246.120;

[[Page 44876]]

    (8) A procedure for knowledge testing that complies with the 
criteria established in Sec.  246.121;
    (9) A procedure for monitoring operational performance that 
complies with the criteria established in Sec.  246.123; and
    (10) A procedure for mentoring uncertified signal employees that 
complies with the criteria established in Sec.  246.124.
    (c) Each certification program shall be version controlled. Any 
change from the previous FRA-approved version of the certification 
program must be tracked.


Sec.  246.103  FRA review of certification programs.

    (a) Certification program submission schedule for railroads with 
signal systems in operation. With the exception of railroads exempted 
by Sec.  246.3(a), each railroad with a signal system in operation as 
of July 22, 2024, shall submit its signal employee certification 
program to FRA, in accordance with the procedures and requirements 
contained in Sec.  246.106, according to the following schedule:
    (1) All Class I railroads (including the National Railroad 
Passenger Corporation) and railroads providing commuter service shall 
submit their programs to FRA no later than March 17, 2025.
    (2) All Class II railroads and Class III railroads (including a 
switching, terminal, or other railroad not otherwise classified) shall 
submit their programs to FRA no later than November 12, 2025.
    (b) Certification program submission for new railroads. Each 
railroad that commences operations after July 22, 2024 shall submit to 
FRA, and obtain FRA approval of, its written signal employee 
certification program, in accordance with the procedures and 
requirements contained in Sec.  246.106, prior to installing, 
implementing, or operating a signal system subject to this part.
    (c) Method for submitting certification programs to FRA.
    (1) Railroads must submit their written certification programs and 
their requests for FRA approval (described in Sec.  246.106(a)) by 
emailing the program and the request for FRA approval to 
[email protected].
    (2) A parent company may submit a written certification program on 
behalf of one or more subsidiary railroads in accordance with Sec.  
246.106(a).
    (d) Notification requirements. Each railroad or parent company that 
submits a certification program to FRA must:
    (1) Simultaneously with its submission, provide a copy of the 
program and the request for FRA approval to the president of each labor 
organization that represents the railroad's signal employees and to all 
of the railroad's signal employees who are subject to this part; and
    (2) Include in its submission to FRA, a statement affirming that 
the railroad or parent company has provided a copy of the program and 
request for FRA approval to the president of each labor organization 
that represents the railroad's signal employees and to all of the 
railroad's signal employees who are subject to this part, along with a 
list of the names and email addresses of each president of a labor 
organization who was provided a copy of the program.
    (e) Comment period. Any designated representative of signal 
employees subject to this part or any directly affected person who does 
not have a designated representative may comment on a railroad's or 
parent company's program provided that:
    (1) The comment is submitted no later than 60 days after the date 
the program was submitted to FRA;
    (2) The comment includes a concise statement of the commenter's 
interest in the matter;
    (3) The commenter affirms that a copy of the comment was provided 
to the railroad or parent company; and
    (4) The comment was emailed to [email protected].
    (f) FRA review period. Upon receipt of a complete certification 
program, FRA will commence a thorough review of the program to ensure 
that it satisfies all of the requirements under this part.
    (1) If FRA determines that the program satisfies all of the 
requirements under this part, FRA will issue a letter notifying the 
railroad or parent company that its program has been approved. Such 
letter will typically be issued within 120 days of the date the program 
was submitted to FRA.
    (2) If FRA determines that the program does not satisfy all of the 
requirements under this part, FRA will issue a letter notifying the 
railroad or parent company that its program has been disapproved. Such 
letter will typically be issued within 120 days of the date the program 
was submitted to FRA and will identify the deficiencies found in the 
program that must be corrected before the program can be approved. 
After addressing these deficiencies, railroads and parent companies can 
resubmit their programs in accordance with paragraph (h) of this 
section.
    (3) If a railroad or parent company does not receive an approval or 
disapproval letter from FRA within 120 days of the date the program was 
submitted to FRA, FRA's decision on the program will remain pending 
until such time that FRA issues a letter either approving or 
disapproving the program. A certification program is not approved until 
FRA issues a letter approving the program.
    (g) Material modifications. A railroad or parent company that 
intends to make one or more material modifications to its FRA-approved 
program must submit a request for approval (as described in Sec.  
246.106(a)(3)) of how it intends to modify the program and a copy of 
the modified program which indicates changes from the last approved 
version.
    (1) A modification is material if it would affect the program's 
conformance with this part.
    (2) The description of the modification and the modified program 
must conform with the procedures and requirements contained in Sec.  
246.106.
    (3) The process for submission and review of material modifications 
shall conform with paragraphs (c) through (f) of this section.
    (4) A railroad or parent company shall not implement a material 
modification to its program until FRA issues its approval of the 
material modification in accordance with paragraph (f)(1) of this 
section.
    (h) Resubmissions. If FRA disapproves a railroad or parent 
company's program or material modification, as described in paragraph 
(f)(2) of this section, the railroad or parent company may resubmit its 
program or material modification after addressing all of the 
deficiencies noted by FRA.
    (1) The resubmission must conform with the procedures and 
requirements contained in Sec.  246.106.
    (2) The process for submission and review of resubmitted programs 
and resubmitted material modifications shall conform with paragraphs 
(c) through (f) of this section.
    (3) The following deadlines apply to railroads and parent companies 
that have their programs or material modifications disapproved by FRA:
    (i) For a railroad that submitted its program pursuant to paragraph 
(a) of this section or a parent company that submitted a program on 
behalf of one or more subsidiary railroads pursuant to the submission 
deadline in paragraph (a) of this section, the railroad or parent 
company must resubmit its program within 30 days of the date that FRA 
notified the railroad of the deficiencies in its program. If a railroad 
or parent company fails to resubmit its program within this timeframe 
and continues its rail operations, FRA may consider such

[[Page 44877]]

actions to be a failure to implement a program.
    (ii) For a railroad that submitted its program pursuant to 
paragraph (b) of this section, there is no FRA-imposed deadline for 
resubmitting its program. However, pursuant to Sec.  246.105(b), the 
railroad shall not install, implement, or operate signal systems 
subject to this part until its program has been approved by FRA.
    (iii) For a railroad or parent company that submitted a material 
modification to its FRA-approved program, there is no FRA-imposed 
deadline for resubmitting the material modification. However, pursuant 
to paragraph (g)(4) of this section, the railroad or parent company 
cannot implement the material modification until it has been approved 
by FRA.
    (i) Rescinding prior approval of program. FRA reserves the right to 
revisit its prior approval of a railroad or parent company's program at 
any time.
    (1) If upon such review FRA discovers deficiencies in the program, 
FRA shall issue the railroad or parent company a letter rescinding its 
prior approval of the program and notifying the railroad or parent 
company of the deficiencies in its program that must be addressed.
    (2) Within 30 days of FRA notifying the railroad or parent company 
of the deficiencies in its program, the railroad or parent company must 
address these deficiencies and resubmit its program to FRA. The 
resubmitted program must conform with the procedures and requirements 
contained in Sec.  246.106.
    (3) The process for submission and review of resubmitted programs 
under this paragraph (i) shall conform with paragraphs (c) through (f) 
of this section.
    (4) If a railroad or parent company fails to resubmit its program 
to FRA within the timeframe prescribed in paragraph (i)(2) of this 
section and the railroad continues its rail operations, FRA may 
consider such actions to be a failure to implement a program.
    (5) If FRA issues a letter disapproving the railroad or parent 
company's resubmitted program, the railroad or parent company shall 
resubmit its program in accordance with this paragraph (i).
    (6) A program that has its approval rescinded under paragraph 
(i)(1) of this section may remain in effect until whichever of the 
following happens first:
    (i) FRA approves the railroad or parent company's resubmitted 
program; or
    (ii) FRA disapproves the railroad or parent company's second 
attempt at resubmitting its program.
    (7) If FRA disapproves a railroad or parent company's second 
attempt at resubmitting its program under this paragraph and the 
railroad or parent company continues its rail operations, FRA may 
consider such actions to be a failure to implement a program.
    (j) Availability of Certification Program Documents. The following 
documents will be available on FRA's website (railroads.dot.gov):
    (1) A railroad or parent company's originally submitted program, a 
resubmission of its program, or a material modification of its program;
    (2) Any comments, submitted in accordance with paragraph (e) of 
this section, to a railroad or parent company's originally submitted 
program, a resubmission of its program, or a material modification of 
its program; and
    (3) Any approval or disapproval letter issued by FRA in response to 
a railroad or parent company's originally submitted program, a 
resubmission of its program, or a material modification of its program.


Sec.  246.105  Implementation schedule for certification programs.

    (a) Each railroad that submits its signal employee certification 
program to FRA in accordance with Sec.  246.103(a), may continue rail 
operations while it awaits approval of its program by FRA. However, if 
FRA disapproves a railroad's program on two occasions and the railroad 
continues rail operations, FRA may consider such actions to be a 
failure to implement a program.
    (b) Each railroad that submits its signal employee certification 
program to FRA in accordance with Sec.  246.103(b), must have its 
program approved by FRA prior to installing, implementing, or operating 
signal systems subject to this part. If a railroad installs, 
implements, or operates a signal system before its program is approved 
by FRA, FRA may consider such actions to be a failure to implement a 
program.
    (c) By March 17, 2025, each railroad shall:
    (1) In writing, designate as certified signal employees all persons 
authorized by the railroad to perform the duties of a certified signal 
employee as of March 17, 2025; and
    (2) Issue a certificate that complies with Sec.  246.207 to each 
person that it designates.
    (d) Between March 17, 2025 and the date FRA approves the railroad's 
certification program, each railroad shall:
    (1) In writing, designate as a certified signal employee any person 
who has been authorized by the railroad to perform the duties of a 
certified signal employee between March 17, 2025 and the date FRA 
approves the railroad's certification program; and
    (2) Issue a certificate that complies with Sec.  246.207 to each 
person that it designates.
    (e) After March 17, 2025, no railroad shall permit or require a 
person to perform service as a certified signal employee unless that 
person is a certified signal employee.
    (f) No railroad shall permit or require a person, designated as a 
certified signal employee under the provisions of paragraph (c) or (d) 
of this section, to perform service as a certified signal employee for 
more than three years after the date FRA approves the railroad's 
certification program unless that person has been tested and evaluated 
in accordance with procedures that comply with subpart B of this part.
    (1) Except as provided in paragraph (f)(3) of this section, a 
person who has been designated as a certified signal employee under the 
provisions of paragraph (c) or (d) of this section and who is eligible 
to receive a retirement pension in accordance with the terms of an 
applicable agreement or in accordance with the terms of the Railroad 
Retirement Act (45 U.S.C. 231) within three years from the date the 
certifying railroad's program is approved, may request, in writing, 
that a railroad not recertify that person, pursuant to subpart B of 
this part, until three years from the date the certifying railroad's 
program is approved.
    (2) Upon receipt of a written request pursuant to paragraph (f)(1) 
of this section, a railroad may wait to recertify the person making the 
request until the end of the three-year period after FRA has approved 
the railroad's certification program. If a railroad grants any request, 
it must grant the request of all eligible persons to every extent 
possible.
    (3) A person who is subject to recertification under part 240 or 
242 of this chapter may not make a request pursuant to paragraph (f)(1) 
of this section.
    (g) After a railroad's certification program has been approved by 
FRA, the railroad shall only certify or recertify a person as a signal 
employee if that person has been tested and evaluated in accordance 
with procedures that comply with subpart B of this part.


Sec.  246.106  Requirements for certification programs.

    (a) Railroad and parent company certification program submission. 
(1)(i) A railroad's certification program submission must include a 
copy of its

[[Page 44878]]

certification program and a request for FRA approval.
    (ii) Any parent company that submits a single certification program 
for one or more subsidiary railroads shall provide a list of its 
railroads that will utilize the program.
    (iii) If a parent company submits a certification program on behalf 
of one or more of its subsidiary railroads, the parent company shall 
assume responsibility for compliance with this part for all railroads 
identified on the list required by paragraph (a)(1)(ii) of this 
section.
    (2) For a railroad or parent company's initial certification 
program submission, the request for FRA approval can be in letter or 
narrative format and shall include a statement that the railroad or 
parent company is seeking approval of its program from FRA.
    (3) If a railroad or parent company is making a material 
modification to a program that has been previously approved by FRA, the 
request for FRA approval can be in letter or narrative format and shall 
include a copy of the modified certification program that identifies 
all proposed changes from the last FRA-approved version of the program.
    (4) A railroad or parent company will receive approval or 
disapproval notices from FRA by email.
    (5) FRA may electronically store any materials required by this 
part.
    (b) Organization of the certification program. Each certification 
program must be organized to present the required information in 
paragraphs (b)(1) through (6) of this section. Each section of the 
certification program must begin with the name, title, telephone 
number, and email address of the person to be contacted concerning the 
matters addressed by that section. If a person is identified in a prior 
section, it is sufficient to merely repeat the person's name in a 
subsequent section.
    (1) Section One of the certification program: General information 
and elections.
    (i) The first section of the certification program must contain the 
name of the railroad or parent company submitting the program, the 
person to be contacted concerning the request for FRA approval 
(including the person's name, title, telephone number, and email 
address), and a statement electing either to accept responsibility for 
training persons not previously certified as signal employees 
(``initial signal employee training'') or to not accept this 
responsibility.
    (ii) If a railroad or parent company elects to not provide initial 
signal employee training, the railroad or parent company shall make the 
determinations required by Sec.  246.125. The railroad or parent 
company will be limited to certifying signal employees previously 
certified by another railroad. A railroad or parent company can change 
its election by obtaining FRA approval of a material modification to 
its program, in accordance with Sec.  246.103(g).
    (iii) If a railroad or parent company elects to accept 
responsibility for providing initial signal employee training to 
persons not previously certified as signal employees, the railroad or 
parent company must submit information explaining how such persons will 
be trained but is not required to perform such training. A railroad or 
parent company that elects to accept responsibility for providing 
initial signal employee training may authorize another railroad or non-
railroad entity to perform the training. A railroad or parent company 
that authorizes another railroad or non-railroad entity to perform such 
training must provide the name of the training provider in its 
certification program but shall remain responsible for ensuring that 
the training provider adheres to the training program submitted in the 
railroad or parent company's certification program.
    (iv) If a railroad or parent company elects to classify its 
certified signal employees into more than one occupational category or 
subcategory by class, task, location, or other suitable terminology, 
the railroad or parent company shall include the following in the first 
section of its certification program:
    (A) An up-to-date list and description of each occupational 
category or subcategory of certified signal employee;
    (B) A statement of the roles and responsibilities of each 
occupational category or subcategory of certified signal employee; and
    (C) A detailed list of the safety-related tasks and subtasks 
performed by each occupational category or subcategory of certified 
signal employee.
    (2) Section Two of the certification program: Training previously 
certified signal employees. The second section of the certification 
program must contain information about the railroad or parent company's 
program for training previously certified signal employees, including 
all of the following information:
    (i) As provided for in Sec.  246.119(i), each railroad must have a 
program for the ongoing education of its certified signal employees to 
ensure that they maintain the necessary knowledge concerning applicable 
Federal railroad safety laws, regulations, and orders; railroad signal 
system safety and operating rules; and applicable standards, 
procedures, and instructions for the installation, operation, testing, 
maintenance, troubleshooting, and repair of signal systems and signal-
related technology deployed on the railroad. The railroad or parent 
company must describe in this section of the program how it will ensure 
that its certified signal employees maintain the necessary knowledge 
and skills to safely discharge their responsibilities so as to comply 
with the standard set forth in Sec.  246.119(i).
    (ii) The railroad or parent company must provide sufficient detail 
in this section of its program to permit effective evaluation of its 
training program in terms of the subject matters covered, the frequency 
and duration of training sessions (including the interval between 
attendance at such training sessions), the training environment 
employed (for example, use of classroom, use of computer-based 
training, use of film or slide presentations, and use of on-the-job 
training), and which aspects of the training program will be voluntary 
or mandatory.
    (iii) The railroad or parent company must explain how the training 
program will address a certified signal employee's loss of retained 
knowledge over time.
    (iv) The railroad or parent company must explain how the training 
program will address changed circumstances over time, such as the 
introduction of new or modified signal system equipment and signal-
related technology (including software modifications), to ensure 
qualification on the railroad's signal system and signal-related 
technology and compliance with the training standard set forth in Sec.  
246.119.
    (v) The railroad or parent company must explain how qualification 
training will be provided, how long a certified signal employee can be 
absent from performing work on signal systems and signal-related 
technology before needing to be requalified (a time period that cannot 
exceed 12 months), and once that threshold is reached, how the signal 
employee will acquire the needed qualification.
    (vi) The railroad or parent company must explain how it will 
administer training for previously certified signal employees who have 
had their certification expire. If a railroad or parent company's 
certification program fails to specify how it will administer training 
for these signal employees, then the railroad or parent company shall 
require them to successfully complete

[[Page 44879]]

the railroad or parent company's entire training program.
    (3) Section Three of the certification program: Testing and 
evaluating previously certified signal employees. The third section of 
the certification program must contain information about the railroad 
or parent company's program for testing and evaluating previously 
certified signal employees, including all of the following information:
    (i) The railroad or parent company must describe in this section 
how it will ensure that its previously certified signal employees 
demonstrate their knowledge concerning the safe discharge of their 
responsibilities, so as to comply with the standards set forth in Sec.  
246.121.
    (ii) The railroad or parent company must describe in this section 
how it will have ongoing testing and evaluation to ensure that its 
previously certified signal employees have the necessary visual and 
hearing acuity as provided for in Sec. Sec.  246.117 and 246.118. This 
section must also address how the railroad or parent company will 
ensure that its medical examiners have sufficient information 
concerning the railroad's operations, as well as the certified signal 
employee's safety-related tasks, to effectively form appropriate 
conclusions about the ability of a particular individual to safely 
perform as a certified signal employee.
    (4) Section Four of the certification program: Training, testing, 
and evaluating persons not previously certified. Unless a railroad or 
parent company has elected to not provide initial signal employee 
certification training, the fourth section of the certification program 
must contain information about the railroad or parent company's program 
for educating, testing, and evaluating persons not previously certified 
as signal employees, including all of the following information:
    (i) As provided for in Sec.  246.119, a railroad or parent company 
that is issuing an initial signal employee certification to a person 
must have a program for the training, testing, and evaluation of its 
signal employee certification candidates to ensure that they acquire 
the necessary knowledge and skills. A railroad or parent company must 
describe in this section how it will ensure that its signal employee 
certification candidates acquire sufficient knowledge and skills and 
demonstrate their knowledge and skills concerning the safe discharge of 
their responsibilities. A railroad or parent company must also discuss 
its procedures for mentoring candidates for signal employee 
certification, in accordance with Sec.  246.124;
    (ii) This section of the certification program must contain the 
same level of detail about the initial signal employee training program 
and the testing and evaluation of previously uncertified signal 
employees as is required for previously certified signal employees in 
paragraphs (b)(2) and (3) of this section (Sections Two and Three of 
the certification program);
    (iii) Railroads and parent companies that elect to rely on other 
entities to conduct signal employee certification training must explain 
how certification candidates will be provided with the required 
training on the signal systems and signal-related technology deployed 
on the railroad or parent company's territory.
    (iv) This section of the certification program must explain how the 
railroad or parent company will administer the training of previously 
uncertified signal employees with extensive signal experience. If a 
railroad or parent company's certification program fails to specify how 
it will train these signal employees, then the railroad or parent 
company shall require them to successfully complete the railroad or 
parent company's entire training program.
    (5) Section Five of the certification program: Monitoring 
operational performance by certified signal employees. The fifth 
section of the certification program must contain information about the 
railroad or parent company's program for monitoring the operational 
performance of its certified signal employees, including all of the 
following information:
    (i) Section 246.123 requires that a railroad conduct ongoing 
monitoring of its certified signal employees and that each certified 
signal employee performing signal work that requires certification have 
an annual unannounced compliance test. A railroad or parent company 
must describe in this section of its certification program its ongoing 
program for monitoring that its certified signal employees demonstrate 
their skills concerning the safe discharge of their responsibilities.
    (ii) A railroad or parent company must describe the scoring system 
used by the railroad during an operational monitoring observation or 
unannounced compliance test administered in accordance with the 
procedures required under Sec.  246.123.
    (6) Section Six of the certification program: Procedures for 
routine administration of the signal employee certification program. 
The final section of the certification program must contain a summary 
of how the railroad or parent company's program and procedures will 
implement various aspects of the regulatory provisions in this part 
that relate to the routine administration of its certification program 
for signal employees. Specifically, this section must address the 
procedural aspects of the following provisions and must describe the 
manner in which the railroad or parent company will implement its 
program so as to comply with all of the following provisions:
    (i) Section 246.301, which provides that each railroad must have 
procedures for review and comment on adverse information.
    (ii) Sections 246.111, 246.113, 246.115, and 246.303, which require 
a railroad to have procedures for evaluating data concerning prior 
safety conduct as a motor vehicle operator and as a railroad worker.
    (iii) Sections 246.109, 246.201, and 246.301, which place a duty on 
the railroad to make a series of determinations. When describing how it 
will implement its certification program to comply with those sections, 
a railroad or parent company must describe: the procedures it will 
utilize to ensure that all of the necessary determinations have been 
made in a timely fashion; who will be authorized to conclude that a 
person will or will not be certified; and how the railroad or parent 
company will communicate adverse decisions.
    (iv) Sections 246.109, 246.117, 246.118, 246.119, and 246.121, 
which place a duty on the railroad to make a series of determinations. 
When describing how it will implement its program to comply with these 
sections, a railroad or parent company must describe how it will 
document the factual basis the railroad or parent company relied on in 
making determinations under these sections.
    (v) Section 246.124, which require each railroad to have procedures 
for mentoring signal employees who have not been certified.
    (vi) Section 246.125, which permits reliance on signal employee 
certification determinations made by other railroads.
    (vii) Sections 246.207 and 246.307, which contain the requirements 
for replacing lost certificates and the conduct of certification 
revocation proceedings.


Sec.  246.107  Signal service classifications.

    (a) A railroad may classify its certified signal employees in 
occupational categories or subcategories by class, task, location, or 
other suitable

[[Page 44880]]

terminology, in accordance with an FRA-approved certification program 
that complies with the requirements of this part.
    (b) Any person called to work on a signal system or signal-related 
technology on which they have not been certified shall immediately 
notify the railroad or their employer that they are not certified to 
work on the signal system or signal-related technology.
    (c) After FRA has approved a railroad's certification program 
pursuant to this part, no railroad shall permit a person to work on a 
signal system or signal-related technology on which the person has not 
been certified and qualified, unless the person works under the direct 
and immediate supervision of a mentor or qualified instructor in 
accordance with Sec.  246.124.


Sec.  246.109  Determinations required for certification and 
recertification.

    (a) After FRA has approved a railroad's signal employee 
certification program, the railroad, prior to initially certifying or 
recertifying any person as a signal employee, shall, in accordance with 
its FRA-approved program, determine in writing that:
    (1) The individual meets the prior safety conduct eligibility 
requirements of Sec. Sec.  246.111 and 246.113;
    (2) The individual meets the eligibility requirements of Sec. Sec.  
246.115 and 246.303;
    (3) The individual meets the visual and hearing acuity standards of 
Sec. Sec.  246.117 and 246.118;
    (4) If applicable, the individual has completed a training program 
that meets the requirements of Sec.  246.119;
    (5) The individual meets the qualification requirements of Sec.  
246.120; and
    (6) The individual has the necessary knowledge, as demonstrated by 
successfully completing testing and practical demonstration that meet 
the requirements of Sec.  246.121.
    (b) Nothing in this section, Sec.  246.111, or Sec.  246.113 shall 
be construed to prevent persons subject to this part from entering into 
an agreement that results in a railroad obtaining the information 
needed for compliance with this subpart in a different manner than that 
prescribed in Sec.  246.111 or Sec.  246.113.


Sec.  246.111  Prior safety conduct as motor vehicle operator.

    (a) Except as provided in paragraphs (b) through (e) of this 
section, after FRA has approved a railroad's signal employee 
certification program, the railroad, prior to certifying or 
recertifying any person as a signal employee, shall determine that the 
person meets the eligibility requirements of this section involving 
prior conduct as a motor vehicle operator.
    (b) A railroad shall certify a person as a signal employee for 60 
days if the person:
    (1) Requested the information required by paragraph (g) of this 
section at least 60 days prior to the date of the decision to certify 
that person; and
    (2) Otherwise meets the eligibility requirements provided in Sec.  
246.109(a)(1) through (6).
    (c) A railroad shall recertify a person as a signal employee for 60 
days from the expiration date of that person's certification if the 
person:
    (1) Requested the information required by paragraph (g) of this 
section at least 60 days prior to the date of the decision to recertify 
that person; and
    (2) Otherwise meets the eligibility requirements provided in Sec.  
246.109(a)(1) through (6).
    (d) Except as provided in paragraph (e) of this section, if a 
railroad who certified or recertified a person for 60 days pursuant to 
paragraph (b) or (c) of this section does not obtain and evaluate the 
information requested pursuant to paragraph (g) of this section within 
those 60 days, that person will be ineligible to perform as a certified 
signal employee until the information can be evaluated by the railroad.
    (e) If a person requests the information required pursuant to 
paragraph (g) of this section but is unable to obtain it, that person 
or the railroad certifying or recertifying that person may petition for 
a waiver of the requirements of paragraph (a) of this section in 
accordance with the provisions of part 211 of this chapter. A railroad 
shall certify or recertify a person during the pendency of the waiver 
request if the person otherwise meets the eligibility requirements 
provided in Sec.  246.109(a)(1) through (6).
    (f) Except for persons designated as signal employees under Sec.  
246.105(c) or (d) or for persons covered by paragraph (j) of this 
section, each person seeking certification or recertification under 
this part shall, no more than one year prior to the date of the 
railroad's decision on certification or recertification:
    (1) Take the actions required by paragraphs (g) through (i) of this 
section to make information concerning their driving record available 
to the railroad that is considering such certification or 
recertification; and
    (2) Take any additional actions, including providing any necessary 
consent required by State, Federal, or foreign law to make information 
concerning their driving record available to that railroad.
    (g) Each person seeking certification or recertification under this 
part shall request, in writing, that the chief of each driver licensing 
agency identified in paragraph (h) of this section provide a copy of 
that agency's available information concerning their driving record to 
the railroad that is considering such certification or recertification.
    (h) Each person shall request the information required under 
paragraph (g) of this section from:
    (1) The chief of the driver licensing agency of any jurisdiction, 
including a State or foreign country, which last issued that person a 
driver's license; and
    (2) The chief of the driver licensing agency of any other 
jurisdiction, including states or foreign countries, where the person 
held a driver's license within the preceding three years.
    (i) If advised by the railroad that a driver licensing agency has 
informed the railroad that additional information concerning that 
person's driving history may exist in the files of a State agency or 
foreign country not previously contacted in accordance with this 
section, such person shall:
    (1) Request in writing that the chief of the driver licensing 
agency which compiled the information provide a copy of the available 
information to the prospective certifying railroad; and
    (2) Take any additional action required by State, Federal, or 
foreign law to obtain that additional information.
    (j) Any person who has never obtained a motor vehicle driver's 
license is not required to comply with the provisions of paragraph (g) 
of this section but shall notify the railroad of that fact in 
accordance with procedures established by the railroad in its 
certification program.
    (k) Each certified signal employee or person seeking certification 
as a signal employee shall report motor vehicle incidents described in 
paragraphs (m)(1) and (2) of this section to the certifying railroad 
within 48 hours of being convicted for, or completed State action to 
cancel, revoke, suspend, or deny a motor vehicle driver's license for, 
such violations. For purposes of this paragraph (k) and paragraph (m) 
of this section, ``State action'' means action of the jurisdiction that 
has issued the motor vehicle driver's license, including a foreign 
country. For purposes of signal employee certification, no railroad 
shall require reporting earlier than 48 hours after the conviction, or 
completed State action to cancel, revoke, suspend, or deny a motor 
vehicle driver's license.

[[Page 44881]]

    (l) When evaluating a person's motor vehicle driving record, a 
railroad shall not consider information concerning motor vehicle 
driving incidents that occurred:
    (1) Prior to July 22, 2024; or
    (2) More than three years before the date of the railroad's 
certification decision; or
    (3) At a time other than that specifically provided for in Sec.  
246.111, Sec.  246.113, Sec.  246.115, or Sec.  246.303.
    (m) When evaluating a person's motor vehicle driving record, a 
railroad shall only consider information concerning the following types 
of motor vehicle incidents:
    (1) A conviction for, or completed State action to cancel, revoke, 
suspend, or deny a motor vehicle driver's license for operating a motor 
vehicle while under the influence of, or impaired by, alcohol or a 
controlled substance; or
    (2) A conviction for, or completed State action to cancel, revoke, 
suspend, or deny a motor vehicle driver's license for refusal to 
undergo such testing as is required by State or foreign law when a law 
enforcement official seeks to determine whether a person is operating a 
vehicle while under the influence of alcohol or a controlled substance.
    (n) If such an incident, described in paragraph (m) of this 
section, is identified:
    (1) The railroad shall provide the data to the railroad's Drug and 
Alcohol Counselor (DAC), together with any information concerning the 
person's railroad service record, and shall refer the person for 
evaluation to determine if the person has an active substance abuse 
disorder.
    (2) The person shall cooperate in the evaluation and shall provide 
any requested records of prior counseling or treatment for review 
exclusively by the DAC in the context of such evaluation.
    (3) If the person is evaluated as not currently affected by an 
active substance abuse disorder, the subject data shall not be 
considered further with respect to certification. However, the railroad 
shall, on recommendation of the DAC, condition certification upon 
participation in any needed aftercare and/or follow-up testing for 
alcohol or drugs deemed necessary by the DAC consistent with the 
technical standards specified in 49 CFR part 219, subpart H, as well as 
49 CFR part 40.
    (4) If the person is evaluated as currently affected by an active 
substance abuse disorder, the provisions of Sec.  246.115(c) will 
apply.
    (5) If the person fails to comply with the requirements of 
paragraph (n)(2) of this section, the person shall be ineligible to 
perform as a certified signal employee until such time as the person 
complies with the requirements.
    (o) Each railroad shall adopt and comply with a program meeting the 
requirements of this section. When any person (including but not 
limited to a railroad; any manager, supervisor, official, or agent of a 
railroad; any owner, manufacturer, lessor, or lessee of railroad 
equipment, track, or facilities; any employee of such owner, 
manufacturer, lessor, lessee, or independent contractor or 
subcontractor) violates any requirement of a program which complies 
with the requirements of this section, that person shall be considered 
to have violated the requirements of this section.


Sec.  246.113  Prior safety conduct with other railroads.

    (a) After FRA has approved a railroad's signal employee 
certification program, the railroad shall determine, prior to issuing 
any person a signal employee certificate, that the certification 
candidate meets the eligibility requirements of this section.
    (b) If the certification candidate has not been employed or 
certified by any other railroad in the previous five years, they do not 
have to submit a request in accordance with paragraph (c) of this 
section, but they must notify the railroad of this fact in accordance 
with procedures established by the railroad in its certification 
program.
    (c) Except as provided for in paragraph (b) of this section, each 
person seeking certification or recertification under this part shall 
submit a written request to each railroad that employed or certified 
the person within the previous five years to provide the following 
information to the railroad that is considering whether to certify or 
recertify that person as a signal employee:
    (1) Information about that person's compliance with Sec.  246.111 
within the three years preceding the date of the request;
    (2) Information about that person's compliance with Sec.  246.115 
within the five years preceding the date of the request; and
    (3) Information about that person's compliance with Sec.  246.303 
within the five years preceding the date of the request.
    (d) Each person submitting a written request required by paragraph 
(c) of this section shall:
    (1) Submit the request no more than one year before the date of the 
railroad's decision on certification or recertification; and
    (2) Take any additional actions, including providing any necessary 
consent required by State or Federal law to make information concerning 
their service record available to the railroad.
    (e) Within 30 days after receipt of a written request that complies 
with paragraph (c) of this section, a railroad shall provide the 
information requested to the railroad designated in the written 
request.
    (f) If a railroad is unable to provide the information requested 
within 30 days after receipt of a written request that complies with 
paragraph (c) of this section, the railroad shall provide an 
explanation, in writing, of why it cannot provide the information 
within the requested time frame. If the railroad will ultimately be 
able to provide the requested information, the explanation shall state 
approximately how much more time the railroad needs to supply the 
requested information. If the railroad will not be able to provide the 
requested information, the railroad shall provide an adequate 
explanation for why it cannot provide this information. Copies of this 
explanation shall be provided to the railroad designated in the written 
request and to the person who submitted the written request for 
information.
    (g) When evaluating a person's prior safety conduct with a 
different railroad, a railroad shall not consider information 
concerning prior safety conduct that occurred:
    (1) Prior to July 22, 2024; or
    (2) At a time other than that specifically provided for in Sec.  
246.111, Sec.  246.113, Sec.  246.115, or Sec.  246.303.
    (h) Each railroad shall adopt and comply with a program that 
complies with the requirements of this section. When any person 
(including but not limited to a railroad; any manager, supervisor, 
official, or agent of a railroad; any owner, manufacturer, lessor, or 
lessee of railroad equipment, track, or facilities; any employee of 
such owner, manufacturer, lessor, lessee, or independent contractor or 
subcontractor) violates any requirement of a program that complies with 
the requirements of this subject, that person shall be considered to 
have violated the requirements of this section.


Sec.  246.115  Substance abuse disorders and alcohol drug rules 
compliance.

    (a) Eligibility determination. After FRA has approved a railroad's 
signal employee certification program, the railroad shall determine, 
prior to issuing any person a signal employee certificate, that the 
person meets the eligibility requirements of this section.
    (b) Documentation. In order to make the determination required 
under paragraph (c) of this section, a railroad

[[Page 44882]]

shall have on file documents pertinent to that determination, including 
a written document from its DAC which states their professional opinion 
that the person has been evaluated as not currently affected by a 
substance abuse disorder or that the person has been evaluated as 
affected by an active substance abuse disorder.
    (c) Fitness requirement. (1) A person who has an active substance 
abuse disorder shall be denied certification or recertification as a 
signal employee.
    (2) Except as provided in paragraph (e) of this section, a 
certified signal employee who is determined to have an active substance 
abuse disorder shall be ineligible to hold certification. Consistent 
with other provisions of this part, certification may be reinstated as 
provided in paragraph (e) of this section.
    (3) In the case of a current employee of a railroad evaluated as 
having an active substance abuse disorder (including a person 
identified under the procedures of Sec.  246.111), the employee may, if 
otherwise eligible, voluntarily self-refer for substance abuse 
counseling or treatment under the policy required by Sec.  
219.1001(b)(1) of this chapter; and the railroad shall then treat the 
substance abuse evaluation as confidential except with respect to 
ineligibility for certification.
    (d) Prior alcohol/drug conduct; Federal rule compliance. (1) In 
determining whether a person may be or remain certified as a signal 
employee, a railroad shall consider conduct described in paragraph 
(d)(2) of this section that occurred within a period of five 
consecutive years prior to the review. A review of certification shall 
be initiated promptly upon the occurrence and documentation of any 
incident of conduct described in this paragraph (d).
    (2) A railroad shall consider any violation of Sec.  219.101 or 
Sec.  219.102 of this chapter and any refusal to provide a breath or 
body fluid sample for testing under the requirements of part 219 of 
this chapter when instructed to do so by a railroad representative.
    (3) A period of ineligibility described in this section shall 
begin:
    (i) For a person not currently certified, on the date of the 
railroad's written determination that the most recent incident has 
occurred; or
    (ii) For a person currently certified, on the date of the 
railroad's notification to the person that recertification has been 
denied or certification has been suspended.
    (4) The period of ineligibility described in this section shall be 
determined in accordance with the following standards:
    (i) In the case of one violation of Sec.  219.102 of this chapter, 
the person shall be ineligible to hold a certificate during evaluation 
and any required primary treatment as described in paragraph (e) of 
this section. In the case of two violations of Sec.  219.102 of this 
chapter, the person shall be ineligible to hold a certificate for a 
period of two years. In the case of more than two such violations, the 
person shall be ineligible to hold a certificate for a period of five 
years.
    (ii) In the case of one violation of Sec.  219.102 of this chapter 
and one violation of Sec.  219.101 of this chapter, the person shall be 
ineligible to hold a certificate for a period of three years.
    (iii) In the case of one violation of Sec.  219.101 of this 
chapter, the person shall be ineligible to hold a certificate for a 
period of nine months (unless identification of the violation was 
through a qualifying referral program described in Sec.  219.1001 of 
this chapter and the signal employee waives investigation, in which 
case the certificate shall be deemed suspended during evaluation and 
any required primary treatment as described in paragraph (e) of this 
section). In the case of two or more violations of Sec.  219.101 of 
this chapter, the person shall be ineligible to hold a certificate for 
a period of five years.
    (iv) If a person refuses to provide a breath or body fluid sample 
for testing under the requirements of part 219 of this chapter when 
instructed to do so by a railroad representative, the person shall be 
ineligible to hold a certificate for a period of nine months.
    (e) Future eligibility to hold certificate following alcohol/drug 
violation. The following requirements apply to a person who has been 
denied certification or who has had their certification suspended or 
revoked as a result of conduct described in paragraph (d) of this 
section:
    (1) The person shall not be eligible for grant or reinstatement of 
the certificate unless and until the person has:
    (i) Been evaluated by a Substance Abuse Professional (SAP) to 
determine if the person currently has an active substance abuse 
disorder;
    (ii) Successfully completed any program of counseling or treatment 
determined to be necessary by the SAP prior to return to service; and
    (iii) In accordance with the testing procedures of 49 CFR part 219, 
subpart H, has had a return-to-duty alcohol test with an alcohol 
concentration of less than .02 and a return-to-duty body fluid sample 
that tested negative for controlled substances.
    (2) A certified signal employee placed in service or returned to 
service under the conditions described in paragraph (e)(1) of this 
section shall continue in any program of counseling or treatment deemed 
necessary by the SAP and shall be subject to a reasonable program of 
follow-up alcohol and drug testing without prior notice for a period of 
not more than five years following return to service. Follow-up tests 
shall include not fewer than six alcohol tests and six drug tests 
during the first year following return to service.
    (3) Return-to-duty and follow-up alcohol and drug tests shall be 
performed consistent with the requirements of 49 CFR part 219, subpart 
H.
    (4) This paragraph (e) does not create an entitlement to utilize 
the services of a railroad SAP, to be afforded leave from employment 
for counseling or treatment, or to employment as a signal employee. Nor 
does it restrict any discretion available to the railroad to take 
disciplinary action based on conduct described herein.
    (f) Confidentiality protected. Nothing in this part shall affect 
the responsibility of the railroad under Sec.  219.1003(f) of this 
chapter to treat qualified referrals for substance abuse counseling and 
treatment as confidential; and the certification status of a signal 
employee who is successfully assisted under the procedures of that 
section shall not be adversely affected. However, the railroad shall 
include in its referral policy a provision that, at least with respect 
to a certified signal employee or a candidate for certification, the 
policy of confidentiality is waived (to the extent that the railroad 
shall receive from the SAP or DAC official notice of the substance 
abuse disorder and shall suspend or revoke the certification, as 
appropriate) if the person at any time refuses to cooperate in a 
recommended course of counseling or treatment.
    (g) Complying with certification program. Each railroad shall adopt 
and comply with a program meeting the requirements of this section. 
When any person (including but not limited to a railroad; any manager, 
supervisor, official, or agent of a railroad; any owner, manufacturer, 
lessor, or lessee of railroad equipment, track, or facilities; any 
employee of such owner, manufacturer, lessor, lessee, or independent 
contractor or subcontractor) violates any requirement of a program 
which complies with the requirements of this section, that person shall 
be considered to have violated the requirements of this section.

[[Page 44883]]

Sec.  246.117  Visual acuity.

    (a) After FRA has approved a railroad's signal employee 
certification program, the railroad shall determine, prior to issuing 
any person a signal employee certificate, that the person meets the 
standards for visual acuity prescribed in this section and appendix B 
to this part.
    (b) Any examination required under this section shall be performed 
by or under the supervision of a medical examiner or a licensed 
physician's assistant.
    (c) Except as provided in paragraph (d) of this section, each 
certified signal employee shall have visual acuity that meets or 
exceeds the following thresholds:
    (1) For distant viewing, either:
    (i) Distant visual acuity of at least 20/40 (Snellen) in each eye 
without corrective lenses; or
    (ii) Distant visual acuity separately corrected to at least 20/40 
(Snellen) with corrective lenses and distant binocular acuity of at 
least 20/40 (Snellen) in both eyes with or without corrective lenses;
    (2) A field of vision of at least 70 degrees in the horizontal 
meridian in each eye; and
    (3) The ability to recognize and distinguish between the colors of 
railroad signals as demonstrated by successfully completing one of the 
tests in appendix B to this part.
    (d) A person not meeting the thresholds in paragraph (c) of this 
section shall, upon request of the certification candidate, be subject 
to further medical evaluation by a railroad's medical examiner to 
determine that person's ability to safely perform as a certified signal 
employee. In such cases, the following procedures will apply:
    (1) In accordance with the guidance prescribed in appendix B to 
this part, a person is entitled to:
    (i) One retest without making any showing; and
    (ii) An additional retest if the person provides evidence that 
circumstances have changed since the last test to the extent that the 
person may now be able to safely perform as a certified signal 
employee.
    (2) The railroad shall provide its medical examiner with a copy of 
this part, including all appendices.
    (3) If, after consultation with a railroad officer, the medical 
examiner concludes that, despite not meeting the threshold(s) in 
paragraph (c) of this section, the person has the ability to safely 
perform as a certified signal employee, the railroad may conclude that 
the person satisfies the visual acuity requirements of this section to 
be a certified signal employee. Such certification will be conditioned 
on any special restrictions the medical examiner determines in writing 
to be necessary.
    (e) To make the determination required under paragraph (a) of this 
section, a railroad shall have on file the following for each 
certification candidate:
    (1) A medical examiner's certificate that the candidate has been 
medically examined and either does or does not meet the visual acuity 
standards prescribed in paragraph (c) of this section.
    (2) If necessary under paragraph (d) of this section, a medical 
examiner's written professional opinion which states the basis for 
their determination that:
    (i) The candidate can be certified, under certain conditions if 
necessary, even though the candidate does not meet the visual acuity 
standards prescribed in paragraph (c) of this section; or
    (ii) The candidate's visual acuity prevents the candidate from 
being able to safely perform as a certified signal employee.
    (f) If the examination required under this section shows that the 
person needs corrective lenses to meet the standards for visual acuity 
prescribed in this section and appendix B to this part, that person 
shall use corrective lenses at all times while performing as a 
certified signal employee unless the railroad's medical examiner 
subsequently determines in writing that the person can safely perform 
as a certified signal employee without corrective lenses.
    (g) When a certified signal employee becomes aware that their 
vision has deteriorated, they shall notify the railroad's medical 
department or other appropriate railroad official of the deterioration. 
Such notification must occur prior to performing any subsequent service 
as a certified signal employee. The individual cannot return to service 
as a certified signal employee until they are reexamined and determined 
by the railroad's medical examiner to satisfy the visual acuity 
standards prescribed in this section and appendix B to this part.
    (h) Each railroad shall adopt and comply with a program meeting the 
requirements of this section. When any person (including but not 
limited to a railroad; any manager, supervisor, official, or agent of a 
railroad; any owner, manufacturer, lessor, or lessee of railroad 
equipment, track, or facilities; any employee of such owner, 
manufacturer, lessor, lessee, or independent contractor or 
subcontractor) violates any requirement of a program which complies 
with the requirements of this section, that person shall be considered 
to have violated the requirements of this section.


Sec.  246.118  Hearing acuity.

    (a) After FRA has approved a railroad's signal employee 
certification program, the railroad shall determine, prior to issuing 
any person a signal employee certificate, that the person meets the 
standards for hearing acuity prescribed in this section and appendix B 
to this part.
    (b) Any examination required under this section shall be performed 
by or under the supervision of a medical examiner or a licensed 
physician's assistant.
    (c) Except as provided in paragraph (d) of this section, each 
certified signal employee shall have hearing acuity that meets or 
exceeds the following thresholds with or without use of a hearing aid: 
The person does not have an average hearing loss in the better ear 
greater than 40 decibels at 500 hertz (Hz), 1,000 Hz, and 2,000 Hz. The 
hearing test or audiogram used to show a person's hearing acuity shall 
meet the requirements of one of the following:
    (1) As required in 29 CFR 1910.95(h) (Occupational Safety and 
Health Administration);
    (2) As required in Sec.  227.111 of this chapter; or
    (3) Conducted using an audiometer that meets the specifications of, 
and is maintained and used in accordance with, a formal industry 
standard such as American National Standards Institute (ANSI) S3.6, 
``Specifications for Audiometers.''
    (d) A person not meeting the thresholds in paragraph (c) of this 
section shall, upon request of the certification candidate, be subject 
to further medical evaluation by a railroad's medical examiner to 
determine that person's ability to safely perform as a certified signal 
employee. In such cases, the following procedures will apply:
    (1) In accordance with the guidance prescribed in appendix B to 
this part, a person is entitled to:
    (i) One retest without making any showing; and
    (ii) An additional retest if the person provides evidence that 
circumstances have changed since the last test to the extent that the 
person may now be able to safely perform as a certified signal 
employee.
    (2) The railroad shall provide its medical examiner with a copy of 
this part, including all appendices.

[[Page 44884]]

    (3) If, after consultation with a railroad officer, the medical 
examiner concludes that, despite not meeting the threshold(s) in 
paragraph (c) of this section, the person has the ability to safely 
perform as a certified signal employee, the railroad may conclude that 
the person satisfies the hearing acuity requirements of this section to 
be a certified signal employee. Such certification will be conditioned 
on any special restrictions the medical examiner determines in writing 
to be necessary.
    (e) To make the determination required under paragraph (a) of this 
section, a railroad shall have on file the following for each 
certification candidate:
    (1) A medical examiner's certificate that the candidate has been 
medically examined and either does or does not meet the hearing acuity 
standards prescribed in paragraph (c) of this section.
    (2) If necessary under paragraph (d) of this section, a medical 
examiner's written professional opinion which states the basis for 
their determination that:
    (i) The candidate can be certified, under certain conditions if 
necessary, even though the candidate does not meet the hearing acuity 
standards prescribed in paragraph (c) of this section; or
    (ii) The candidate's hearing acuity prevents the candidate from 
being able to safely perform as a certified signal employee.
    (f) If the examination required under this section shows that the 
person needs a hearing aid to meet the standards for hearing acuity 
prescribed in this section and appendix B to this part, that person 
shall use a hearing aid at all times while performing as a certified 
signal employee unless the railroad's medical examiner subsequently 
determines in writing that the person can safely perform as a certified 
signal employee without a hearing aid.
    (g) When a certified signal employee becomes aware that their 
hearing has deteriorated, they shall notify the railroad's medical 
department or other appropriate railroad official of the deterioration. 
Such notification must occur prior to performing any subsequent service 
as a certified signal employee. The person cannot return to service as 
a certified signal employee until they are reexamined and determined by 
the railroad's medical examiner to satisfy the hearing acuity standards 
prescribed in this section and appendix B to this part.
    (h) Each railroad shall adopt and comply with a program meeting the 
requirements of this section. When any person (including but not 
limited to a railroad; any manager, supervisor, official, or agent of a 
railroad; any owner, manufacturer, lessor, or lessee of railroad 
equipment, track, or facilities; any employee of such owner, 
manufacturer, lessor, lessee, or independent contractor or 
subcontractor) violates any requirement of a program which complies 
with the requirements of this section, that person shall be considered 
to have violated the requirements of this section.


Sec.  246.119  Training requirements.

    (a) After FRA has approved a railroad or parent company's 
certification program, the railroad or parent company shall determine, 
prior to issuing any person a signal employee certificate, that the 
person has successfully completed training, in accordance with the 
requirements of this section.
    (b) A railroad or parent company that elects to accept 
responsibility to provide initial signal employee training to persons 
who have not been previously certified as signal employees shall state 
in its certification program whether it will conduct the training or 
authorize another railroad or non-railroad entity to provide the 
training.
    (c) A railroad or parent company that elects to accept 
responsibility to provide initial signal employee training to persons 
not previously certified as signal employees shall submit a training 
program which, at a minimum, includes the following:
    (1) An explanation of how training will be structured, developed, 
and delivered, including an appropriate combination of classroom, 
simulator, computer-based, correspondence, practical demonstration, on-
the-job training, or other formal training. The curriculum shall be 
designed to impart knowledge of, and ability to comply with, applicable 
Federal railroad safety laws, regulations, and orders, as well as any 
relevant railroad rules and procedures promulgated to implement those 
Federal railroad safety laws, regulations, and orders. The training 
shall document a person's knowledge of, and ability to comply with, 
Federal railroad safety laws, regulations, and orders, as well as 
railroad rules and procedures.
    (2) An on-the-job training component which shall include the 
following:
    (i) A syllabus describing content, required tasks, and related 
steps the person learning the job shall be able to perform within a 
specified timeframe. If the railroad or parent company has elected to 
classify its certified signal employees into more than one occupational 
category or subcategory, this syllabus shall include all safety-related 
tasks and subtasks performed by each category or subcategory of 
certified signal employee;
    (ii) A statement of the conditions (e.g., prerequisites, tools, 
equipment, documentation, briefings, demonstrations, and practice) 
necessary for learning transfer; and
    (iii) A statement of the standards by which proficiency is measured 
through a combination of task/step accuracy, completeness, and 
repetition.
    (3) A description of the processes to review and modify its 
training program when new safety-related railroad laws, regulations, 
orders, procedures, software, or new signal system equipment or signal-
related technology are introduced into the workplace, including how it 
is determined if additional or refresher training is needed.
    (d) Prior to beginning the on-the-job exercises discussed in 
paragraph (c)(2) of this section, each railroad or parent company shall 
make any relevant information or materials, such as signal standards, 
test procedures, operating rules, safety rules, or other rules, 
available for referencing by certification candidates.
    (e) Prior to a person not previously certified as a signal employee 
being certified as a signal employee, a railroad or parent company 
shall require the person to:
    (1) Successfully complete the initial signal employee training 
program developed pursuant to paragraph (c) of this section and any 
associated examinations covering the skills and knowledge the person 
will need to perform the tasks necessary to be a certified signal 
employee;
    (2)(i) Successfully complete on-the-job training and demonstrate 
on-the-job proficiency by successfully completing the tasks and using 
the signal system equipment and signal-related technology necessary to 
be a certified signal employee on the certifying railroad. A 
certification candidate may only perform such tasks under the direct 
and immediate supervision of a mentor, signal instructor, or qualified 
instructor. A qualified instructor must confirm that on-the-job 
proficiency has been demonstrated.
    (ii) If the railroad elects to classify its certified signal 
employees into more than one occupational category or subcategory, the 
person must demonstrate on-the-job proficiency by successfully 
completing the tasks applicable to that occupational category or 
subcategory in which the person is seeking to be certified. A qualified

[[Page 44885]]

instructor must confirm that on-the-job proficiency has been 
demonstrated; and
    (3) Demonstrate qualification on the signal system equipment and 
signal-related technology deployed on the railroad's territory on which 
the person is expected to work. A qualified instructor must confirm 
that qualification has been demonstrated.
    (f) In making the determination required under paragraph (a) of 
this section, a railroad shall have written documentation showing that:
    (1) The person completed an initial signal employee training 
program that complies with paragraph (c) of this section (if the person 
has not been previously certified as a signal employee); and
    (2) The person demonstrated their knowledge and on-the-job 
proficiency by achieving a passing grade under the testing and 
evaluation procedures of the training program; and
    (3) The person achieved a passing score on the qualification exam 
on the signal system equipment and signal-related technology on which 
the person will work as a certified signal employee.
    (g) The certification program, required under this part and 
submitted in accordance with the procedures and requirements described 
in Sec.  246.106, shall include:
    (1) How comprehensive training will be provided on the 
installation, operation, testing, maintenance, and repair of the signal 
systems and signal-related technology deployed on the railroad's 
territory; and
    (2) How the railroad will ensure that each certified signal 
employee is qualified on the signal system equipment and signal-related 
technology (whether existing or new) deployed on the railroad's 
territory before the certified signal employee is required to install, 
operate, test, maintain, or repair that signal system equipment or 
signal-related technology; and
    (3) The maximum time period that a certified signal employee can be 
absent from performing work on signal system equipment or signal-
related technology that requires certification pursuant to this part 
before requalification will be required. In accordance with Sec.  
246.120(c), this time period cannot exceed 12 months.
    (h) If ownership of a railroad is being transferred from one 
company to another, the signal employees of the acquiring company may 
receive familiarization training from the selling company prior to the 
acquiring railroad commencing operation.
    (i) A railroad shall provide for the continuing education of its 
certified signal employees to ensure that each certified signal 
employee maintains the necessary knowledge concerning:
    (1) Railroad safety and operating rules;
    (2) Compliance with all applicable Federal railroad safety laws, 
regulations, and orders; and
    (3) Compliance with all applicable standards, procedures, and 
instructions for the installation, operation, testing, maintenance, 
troubleshooting, and repair of new and existing signal systems and new 
and existing signal-related technology deployed on the railroad.
    (j) Each railroad shall adopt and comply with a program meeting the 
requirements of this section. When any person (including but not 
limited to a railroad; any manager, supervisor, official, or agent of a 
railroad; any owner, manufacturer, lessor, or lessee of railroad 
equipment, track, or facilities; any employee of such owner, 
manufacturer, lessor, lessee, or independent contractor or 
subcontractor) violates any requirement of a program which complies 
with the requirements of this section, that person shall be considered 
to have violated the requirements of this section.


Sec.  246.120  Requirements for qualification.

    (a) After FRA has approved a railroad's certification program, a 
railroad shall not permit or require a person to serve as a signal 
employee, as defined in Sec.  246.7, unless that railroad determines 
that:
    (1) The person is a certified signal employee; and
    (2) The person either:
    (i) Is qualified, as defined in Sec.  246.7, on the signal system 
equipment and signal-related technology (whether existing or new) and 
therefore may reasonably be expected to be proficient on all safety 
related tasks the person is assigned to perform; or
    (ii) Is working under the direct and immediate supervision of a 
mentor or qualified instructor.
    (b) If a person is called to perform work on signal system 
equipment or signal-related technology that they are not qualified on, 
the person must immediately notify the railroad that they are not 
qualified on the signal system equipment or signal-related technology.
    (c) A person shall no longer be considered qualified on signal 
system equipment or signal-related technology if they have not 
performed work that requires certification pursuant to this part on 
signal system equipment or signal-related technology in the previous 12 
months.
    (d) Each railroad shall adopt and comply with a program meeting the 
requirements of this section. When any person (including but not 
limited to a railroad; any manager, supervisor, official, or agent of a 
railroad; any owner, manufacturer, lessor, or lessee of railroad 
equipment, track, or facilities; any employee of such owner, 
manufacturer, lessor, lessee, or independent contractor or 
subcontractor) violates any requirement of a program which complies 
with the requirements of this section, that person shall be considered 
to have violated the requirements of this section.


Sec.  246.121  Knowledge testing.

    (a) After FRA has approved a railroad's signal employee 
certification program, the railroad shall determine, prior to issuing 
any person a signal employee certificate and in accordance with the 
requirements of this section, that the person has demonstrated 
sufficient knowledge of the railroad's signal standards, test 
procedures, and instructions for the installation, operation, testing, 
maintenance, troubleshooting, and repair of the railroad's signal 
system equipment and signal-related technology.
    (b) To make the knowledge determination required by paragraph (a) 
of this section, a railroad shall have procedures for testing a person 
being evaluated for certification as a signal employee that:
    (1) Are designed to examine a person's knowledge of:
    (i) All applicable Federal railroad safety laws, regulations, and 
orders governing signal systems and signal-related technology;
    (ii) All applicable railroad safety and operating rules; and
    (iii) All applicable railroad standards, procedures, and 
instructions for the installation, operation, testing, maintenance, 
troubleshooting, and repair of the railroad's signal systems and 
signal-related technology, including:
    (A) The railroad's rules and standards for disabling and removing 
signal systems from service; and
    (B) The railroad's rules and standards for placing signal systems 
back in service;
    (2) Are objective in nature;
    (3) Include a practical demonstration component;
    (4) Are in written or electronic form;
    (5) Are sufficient to accurately measure the person's knowledge of 
the subjects listed in paragraph (b)(1) of this section; and
    (6) Allow for testing conducted with reference to books and other 
written

[[Page 44886]]

materials, as addressed in the railroad's certification program.
    (c) The railroad shall provide the certification candidate with an 
opportunity to consult with a mentor, signal instructor or qualified 
instructor to explain one or more test questions.
    (d) If a person fails the test, no railroad shall permit or require 
that person to work as a certified signal employee prior to that 
person's achieving a passing score during a reexamination of the test.
    (e) Each railroad shall adopt and comply with a program meeting the 
requirements of this section. When any person (including but not 
limited to a railroad; any manager, supervisor, official, or agent of a 
railroad; any owner, manufacturer, lessor, or lessee of railroad 
equipment, track, or facilities; any employee of such owner, 
manufacturer, lessor, lessee, or independent contractor or 
subcontractor) violates any requirement of a program which complies 
with the requirements of this section, that person shall be considered 
to have violated the requirements of this section.


Sec.  246.123  Monitoring operational performance.

    (a) Each railroad's certification program shall describe how it 
will monitor the operational performance of its certified signal 
employees by including procedures for:
    (1) Giving each certified signal employee at least one unannounced 
compliance test each calendar year in one of the following areas: the 
railroad's signal system standards and test procedures, or Federal 
regulations concerning signal systems, except as provided for in 
paragraph (d) of this section;
    (2) Giving unannounced compliance tests to certified signal 
employees who return to signal work that requires certification 
pursuant to this part, as described in paragraph (d) of this section;
    (3) What actions the railroad will take if it finds deficiencies in 
a certified signal employee's performance during an unannounced 
compliance test; and
    (4) Monitoring the performance of signal-related tasks.
    (b) An unannounced compliance test shall:
    (1) Be performed by a certified signal employee; and
    (2) Be given to each certified signal employee at least once each 
calendar year, except as provided for in paragraph (d) of this section.
    (c) If the railroad's certification program classifies signal 
employees pursuant to Sec.  246.107, the unannounced compliance test 
shall be within scope of the certified signal employee's 
classification.
    (d) A certified signal employee who is not performing signal work 
that requires certification pursuant to this part does not need to be 
given an unannounced compliance test. However, when the certified 
signal employee returns to signal work that requires certification 
pursuant to this part, the railroad shall:
    (1) Give the certified signal employee an unannounced compliance 
test within 30 days of their return to signal work that requires 
certification; and
    (2) Retain a written record that includes the following 
information:
    (i) The date the certified signal employee stopped performing work 
that required certification pursuant to this part;
    (ii) The date the certified signal employee returned to signal work 
that required certification pursuant to this part; and
    (iii) The date and the result of the unannounced compliance test 
was performed following the signal employee's return to signal work 
requiring certification.
    (e) Each railroad shall adopt and comply with a program meeting the 
requirements of this section. When any person (including but not 
limited to a railroad; any manager, supervisor, official, or agent of a 
railroad; any owner, manufacturer, lessor, or lessee of railroad 
equipment, track, or facilities; any employee of such owner, 
manufacturer, lessor, lessee, or independent contractor or 
subcontractor) violates any requirement of a program which complies 
with the requirements of this section, that person shall be considered 
to have violated the requirements of this section.


Sec.  246.124  Mentoring.

    (a) Each railroad's certification program shall include procedures 
for the mentoring of persons who have not been certified by the 
railroad. Each railroad shall identify potential scenarios in which 
mentoring of non-certified persons will be provided.
    (b) After FRA has approved a railroad's certification program 
pursuant to this part, the railroad shall not permit or require any 
person to perform work on a signal system or signal-related technology 
on its territory that requires certification unless the railroad first 
determines that:
    (1) The person is a certified signal employee who has been 
certified by the railroad and qualified on all applicable signal system 
equipment and signal-related technology deployed on the railroad; or
    (2) The person is working under the direct and immediate 
supervision of a mentor or qualified instructor.
    (c) If the railroad elects to classify its certified signal 
employees into more than one occupational category or subcategory 
pursuant to Sec.  246.107:
    (1) The railroad shall address in its certification program how 
mentoring will be provided for certified signal employees who move into 
a different occupational category or subcategory of certified signal 
service; and
    (2) Mentors shall be certified within the occupational category or 
subcategory of the task being performed by the person or persons 
working under their direct and immediate supervision.
    (d) If allowed by the railroad's certification program, any work on 
a signal system performed by a person whose signal employee 
certification has been revoked shall be performed under the direct and 
immediate supervision of a mentor or qualified instructor.
    (e) Each railroad's certification program shall address how 
mentoring will be provided to ensure that mentors are located in close 
proximity to each person or persons they are mentoring to allow the 
mentor to take immediate action to prevent a violation of Sec.  
246.303(e) from occurring. Each railroad's certification program shall 
also address how mentors will be held accountable for the work 
performed by persons working under the mentor's direct and immediate 
supervision. Any records of tests performed by persons working under 
the direct and immediate supervision of a mentor shall reflect the 
mentor's name.
    (f) Each railroad shall adopt and comply with a program meeting the 
requirements of this section. When any person (including but not 
limited to a railroad; any manager, supervisor, official, or agent of a 
railroad; any owner, manufacturer, lessor, or lessee of railroad 
equipment, track, or facilities; any employee of such owner, 
manufacturer, lessor, lessee, or independent contractor or 
subcontractor) violates any requirement of a program which complies 
with the requirements of this section, that person shall be considered 
to have violated the requirements of this section.


Sec.  246.125  Certification determinations made by other railroads.

    (a) A railroad or parent company that is considering certification 
of a person as a signal employee (``certifying railroad or parent 
company'') may rely on certain determinations made by another railroad 
or parent company concerning that person's certification.

[[Page 44887]]

    (b) A certifying railroad or parent company that relies on the 
certification determinations made by another railroad shall be 
responsible for making the following determinations:
    (1) The person's signal employee certification is still valid under 
Sec. Sec.  246.201 and 246.307;
    (2) The person has been qualified on the signal system equipment 
and signal-related technology deployed on the railroad territory on 
which the person is expected to work in accordance with Sec.  246.119; 
and
    (3) The person has demonstrated the necessary knowledge concerning 
the certifying railroad or parent company's signal standards, test 
procedures, and instructions for the installation, operation, testing, 
maintenance, troubleshooting, and repair of the certifying railroad or 
parent company's signal system equipment and signal-related technology 
in accordance with Sec.  246.121.

Subpart C--Administration of the Certification Program


Sec.  246.201  Time limitations for certification.

    (a) After FRA approves a railroad's signal employee certification 
program, that railroad shall not certify or recertify a person as a 
signal employee if the railroad is making:
    (1) A determination concerning eligibility under Sec. Sec.  
246.111, 246.113, 246.115, and 246.303 and the eligibility data being 
relied on was furnished more than one year before the date of the 
railroad's certification decision;
    (2) A determination concerning vision or hearing acuity and the 
medical examination being relied on was conducted more than 450 days 
before the date of the railroad's certification decision; or
    (3) A determination concerning demonstrated knowledge and the 
knowledge examination being relied on was conducted more than one year 
before the date of the railroad's certification decision, or more than 
two years before the date of the railroad's certification decision if 
the railroad administers knowledge testing pursuant to Sec.  246.121 at 
intervals that do not exceed two years.
    (b) The time limitations of paragraph (a) of this section do not 
apply to a railroad that is making a certification decision in reliance 
on determinations made by another railroad in accordance with Sec.  
246.125.
    (c) Except if a person is designated as a certified signal employee 
under Sec.  246.105(c) or (d), no railroad shall certify a person as a 
signal employee for an interval of more than three years.
    (d) Each railroad shall issue each certified signal employee a 
certificate that complies with Sec.  246.207 no later than 30 days from 
the date of its decision to certify or recertify that person.


Sec.  246.203  Retaining information supporting determinations.

    (a) After FRA approves a railroad's signal employee certification 
program, any time the railroad issues, denies, or revokes a certificate 
after making the determinations required under Sec.  246.109, it shall 
maintain a record for each certified signal employee and certification 
candidate. Each record shall contain the information, described in 
paragraph (b) of this section, that the railroad relied on in making 
the determinations required under Sec.  246.109.
    (b) A railroad shall retain the following information:
    (1) Relevant data from the railroad's records concerning the 
person's prior safety conduct and eligibility;
    (2) Relevant data furnished by another railroad;
    (3) Relevant data furnished by a governmental agency concerning the 
person's motor vehicle driving record;
    (4) Relevant data furnished by the person seeking certification 
concerning their eligibility;
    (5) The relevant test results data concerning visual and hearing 
acuity;
    (6) If applicable, the relevant data concerning the professional 
opinion of the railroad's medical examiner on the adequacy of the 
person's visual or hearing acuity;
    (7) Relevant data from the railroad's records concerning the 
person's success or failure on knowledge test(s) under Sec.  246.121;
    (8) A sample copy of the written knowledge test or tests 
administered; and
    (9) The relevant data from the railroad's records concerning the 
person's success or failure on unannounced tests the railroad performed 
to monitor the person's performance in accordance with Sec.  246.123.
    (c) If a railroad is relying on successful completion of a training 
program conducted by another entity, the relying railroad shall 
maintain a record for each certification candidate that contains the 
relevant data furnished by the training entity concerning the person's 
demonstration of knowledge relied on by the railroad in making its 
determinations.
    (d) If a railroad is relying on a certification decision initially 
made by another railroad, the relying railroad shall maintain a record 
for each certification candidate that contains the relevant data 
furnished by the other railroad which it relied on in making its 
determinations.
    (e) All records required under this section shall be retained by 
the railroad for a period of six years from the date of the 
certification, recertification, denial, or revocation decision and 
shall, upon request, be made available to FRA representatives in a 
timely manner.
    (f) It shall be unlawful for any railroad to knowingly or any 
individual to willfully:
    (1) Make, cause to be made, or participate in the making of a false 
entry on the record(s) required by this section; or
    (2) Otherwise falsify such records through material misstatement, 
omission, or mutilation.
    (g) Nothing in this section precludes a railroad from maintaining 
the information required to be retained under this section in an 
electronic format provided that:
    (1) The railroad maintains an information technology security 
program adequate to ensure the integrity of the electronic data storage 
system, including the prevention of unauthorized access to the program 
logic or individual records;
    (2) The program and data storage system must be protected by a 
security system that utilizes an employee identification number and 
password, or a comparable method, to establish appropriate levels of 
program access meeting all of the following standards:
    (i) No two individuals have the same electronic identity; and
    (ii) A record cannot be deleted or altered by any individual after 
the record is certified by the employee who created the record;
    (3) Any amendment to a record is either:
    (i) Electronically stored apart from the record that it amends; or
    (ii) Electronically attached to the record as information without 
changing the original record;
    (4) Each amendment to a record uniquely identifies the person 
making the amendment; and
    (5) The system employed by the railroad for data storage permits 
reasonable access and retrieval of the information which can be easily 
produced in an electronic or printed format that can be:
    (i) Provided to FRA representatives in a timely manner; and
    (ii) Authenticated by a designated representative of the railroad 
as a true and accurate copy of the railroad's records if requested to 
do so by an FRA representative.

[[Page 44888]]

Sec.  246.205  List of certified signal employees and recordkeeping.

    (a) After a railroad's certification program has received its 
initial approval from FRA, pursuant to Sec.  246.103(f)(1), the 
railroad must maintain a list of each person who is currently certified 
as a signal employee by the railroad. The list must include the date of 
the railroad's certification decision and the date the person's signal 
employee certification expires. If a railroad classifies its certified 
signal employees into occupational categories or subcategories by 
class, task, location, or other suitable terminology, the list must 
indicate the occupational categories and subcategories in which each 
certified signal employee is certified to perform service.
    (b) The list shall:
    (1) Be updated at least annually;
    (2) Be made available, upon request, to FRA representatives in a 
timely manner; and
    (3) Be available either:
    (i) In electronic format pursuant to paragraph (c) of this section; 
or
    (ii) At the divisional or regional headquarters of the railroad.
    (c) If a railroad elects to maintain its list in an electronic 
format, it must:
    (1) Maintain an information technology security program adequate to 
ensure the integrity of the electronic data storage system, including 
the prevention of unauthorized access to the program logic or the list;
    (2) Have its program and data storage system protected by a 
security system that utilizes an employee identification number and 
password, or a comparable method, to establish appropriate levels of 
program access meeting all of the following standards:
    (i) No two individuals have the same electronic identity; and
    (ii) An entry on the list cannot be deleted or altered by any 
individual after the entry is certified by the employee who created the 
entry;
    (3) Have any amendment to the list either:
    (i) Electronically stored apart from the entry on the list that it 
amends; or
    (ii) Electronically attached to the entry on the list as 
information without changing the original entry;
    (4) Ensure that each amendment to the list uniquely identifies the 
person making the amendment;
    (5) Ensure that the system employed for data storage permits 
reasonable access and retrieval of the information which can be easily 
produced in an electronic or printed format that can be:
    (i) Provided to FRA representatives within a timely manner; and
    (ii) Authenticated by a designated representative of the railroad 
as a true and accurate copy of the railroad's records if requested to 
do so by an FRA representative.
    (d) It shall be unlawful for any railroad to knowingly or any 
individual to willfully:
    (1) Make, cause to be made, or participate in the making of a false 
entry on the list required by this section; or
    (2) Otherwise falsify such list through material misstatement, 
omission, or mutilation.


Sec.  246.207  Certificate requirements.

    (a) Each person who becomes a certified signal employee in 
accordance with this part shall be issued a paper or electronic 
certificate that:
    (1)(i) Identifies the railroad issuing the certificate; or
    (ii) Identifies the parent company issuing the certificate, if a 
parent company submits a certification program for one or more of its 
subsidiary railroads. The certificate issued by the parent company 
shall also list each subsidiary railroad on which the person is 
certified to work as a signal employee;
    (2) Indicates it is a signal employee certificate and, if 
applicable, lists all signal employee occupational categories or 
subcategories developed pursuant to Sec.  246.107 in which the person 
is certified;
    (3) Provides the following information about the certified signal 
employee:
    (i) Name;
    (ii) Employee identification number; and
    (iii) Either a physical description or photograph of the person;
    (4) Identifies any conditions or limitations, including conditions 
to ameliorate vision or hearing acuity deficiencies, that restrict, 
limit, or alter the person's abilities to work as a certified signal 
employee;
    (5) Shows the effective date of the certification;
    (6) Shows the expiration date of the certification unless the 
certificate was issued pursuant to Sec.  246.105(c) or (d);
    (7) Has been signed by an individual designated in accordance with 
paragraph (b) of this section; and
    (8) Is electronic or of sufficiently small size to permit being 
carried in an ordinary pocket wallet.
    (b) Each railroad or parent company shall designate in writing any 
person it authorizes to sign the certificates described in this 
section. The designation shall identify such persons by name or job 
title.
    (c) Nothing in this section shall prohibit any railroad or parent 
company from including additional information on the certificate or 
supplementing the certificate through other documents.
    (d) It shall be unlawful for any railroad or parent company to 
knowingly or any individual to willfully:
    (1) Make, cause to be made, or participate in the making of a false 
entry on a certificate; or
    (2) Otherwise falsify a certificate through material misstatement, 
omission, or mutilation.
    (e) Except as provided for in paragraph (g) of this section, each 
certified signal employee shall:
    (1) Have their certificate in their possession while on duty as a 
signal employee; and
    (2) Display their certificate upon request from:
    (i) An FRA representative;
    (ii) A state inspector authorized under part 212 of this chapter;
    (iii) An officer of the issuing railroad; or
    (iv) An officer of the person's employer if the certified signal 
employee is not employed by the issuing railroad.
    (f) If a person's signal employee certificate is lost, stolen, 
mutilated, or becomes unreadable, the railroad shall promptly replace 
the certificate at no cost to the person.
    (g) A certified signal employee is exempt from the requirements of 
paragraph (e) of this section if:
    (1) The railroad made its certification or recertification decision 
within the last 30 days and the person has not yet received their 
certificate; or
    (2) The person's signal employee certificate was lost, stolen, 
mutilated, or became unreadable, and the railroad has not yet issued a 
replacement certificate to the person who reported their lost 
certificate.
    (h) Any person who is notified or called to work as a certified 
signal employee and such work would cause the person to exceed 
certificate limitations, set forth in accordance with subpart B of this 
part, shall immediately notify the railroad that they are not 
authorized to perform that work and it shall be unlawful for the 
railroad to require such work.
    (i) Nothing in this section shall be deemed to alter a certified 
signal employee's duty to comply with other provisions of this chapter 
concerning railroad safety.


Sec.  246.213  Multiple certifications.

    (a) A person who holds a signal employee certificate may:
    (1) Hold a signal employee certificate for multiple types of signal 
service; and
    (2) Be certified in other crafts, such as a locomotive engineer or 
conductor.
    (b) A railroad that issues multiple certificates to a person, 
shall, to the

[[Page 44889]]

extent possible, coordinate the expiration date of those certificates.
    (c) Paragraphs (c)(1) through (3) of this section apply to persons 
who are currently certified as a signal employee for multiple railroads 
or are seeking to become certified signal employees for multiple 
railroads.
    (1) A person who holds a current signal employee certificate from 
more than one railroad shall immediately notify the other certifying 
railroad(s) if they are denied signal employee certification or 
recertification under Sec.  246.301 by a railroad or have their signal 
employee certification suspended or revoked under Sec.  246.307 by a 
railroad.
    (2) If a person has their signal employee certification suspended 
or revoked by a railroad under Sec.  246.307, they shall not work as a 
certified signal employee for any railroad during the period that their 
certification is suspended or revoked, except as provided for in Sec.  
246.124(d).
    (3) If a person has their signal employee certification suspended 
or revoked by a railroad under Sec.  246.307, they shall notify any 
railroad from whom they are seeking signal employee certification that 
their signal employee certification is currently suspended or revoked 
by another railroad.
    (d) Paragraphs (d)(1) through (3) of this section apply to persons 
who are currently certified as a signal employee and also currently 
certified in another railroad craft, such as a locomotive engineer or 
conductor:
    (1) If a person's signal employee certification is revoked under 
Sec.  246.307 for a violation of Sec.  246.303(e)(11), they shall not 
work in another certified railroad craft, such as a locomotive engineer 
or conductor, during the period of revocation.
    (2) If a person's signal employee certification is revoked under 
Sec.  246.307 for a violation of Sec.  246.303(e)(1) through (10), they 
may work in another certified railroad craft, such as a locomotive 
engineer or conductor, during the period of revocation.
    (3) If any of a person's non-signal employee certifications are 
revoked for failure to comply with Sec.  219.101 of this chapter, they 
shall not work as a certified signal employee for any railroad during 
the period of revocation.
    (4) If any of a person's non-signal employee certifications are 
revoked for any reason other than a failure to comply with Sec.  
219.101 of this chapter, they may work as a certified signal employee 
during the period of revocation.
    (e) A person who has had their signal employee certification 
revoked for failure to comply with Sec.  219.101 of this chapter shall 
not obtain any other certification pursuant to this chapter from any 
railroad during the period of revocation.
    (f) A person who has had any of their non-signal employee 
certifications revoked for failure to comply with Sec.  219.101 of this 
chapter shall not obtain signal employee certification pursuant to this 
part from any railroad during the period of revocation.
    (g) A railroad that denies a person signal employee certification 
or recertification under Sec.  246.301 shall not, solely on the basis 
of that denial, deny or revoke that person's non-signal employee 
certifications or recertifications.
    (h) A railroad that denies a person any non-signal employee 
certification or recertification pursuant to this chapter shall not, 
solely on the basis of that denial, deny or revoke that person's signal 
employee certification or recertification.
    (i) In lieu of issuing multiple certificates, a railroad may issue 
one certificate to a person who is certified in multiple crafts as long 
as the single certificate complies with all of the certificate 
requirements for those crafts.
    (j) A person who is certified in multiple crafts and who is 
involved in a revocable event, as described in this chapter, may only 
have one certificate revoked for that event. The determination by the 
railroad as to which certificate to revoke must be based on the work 
the person was performing at the time the revocable event occurred.


Sec.  246.215  Railroad oversight responsibilities.

    (a) No later than March 31 of each year (beginning in calendar year 
2027), each Class I railroad (including the National Railroad Passenger 
Corporation), each railroad providing commuter service, and each Class 
II railroad shall conduct a formal annual review and analysis 
concerning the administration of its program for responding to detected 
instances of poor safety conduct by certified signal employees during 
the prior calendar year.
    (b) Each review and analysis shall involve:
    (1) The number and nature of the instances of detected poor safety 
conduct including the nature of the remedial action taken in response 
thereto;
    (2) The number and nature of FRA reported accidents/incidents 
attributed to poor safety performance by signal employees; and
    (3) The number and type of operational monitoring test failures 
recorded by certified signal employees conducting compliance tests 
pursuant to Sec.  246.123.
    (c) Based on that review and analysis, each railroad shall 
determine what action(s) it will take to improve the safety of railroad 
operations to reduce or eliminate future accidents/incidents of that 
nature.
    (d) If requested in writing by FRA, by the president of a labor 
organization that represents the railroad's signal employees, or by a 
railroad's certified signal employee who is not represented by a labor 
organization, the railroad shall provide a report of the findings and 
conclusions reached during such annual review and analysis effort.
    (e) For reporting purposes, information about the nature of 
detected poor safety conduct shall be capable of segregation for study 
and evaluation purposes into the following categories:
    (1) Incidents involving noncompliance with railroad rules and 
procedures governing the removal from service of:
    (i) Highway-rail and pathway grade crossing warning devices and 
systems; and
    (ii) Wayside signal devices and systems;
    (iii) Other devices or signal systems subject to this part.
    (2) Incidents involving noncompliance with railroad rules and 
procedures governing the restoration of service of:
    (i) Highway-rail and pathway grade crossing warning devices and 
systems; and
    (ii) Wayside signal devices and systems;
    (iii) Other devices or signal systems subject to this part.
    (3) Incidents involving interference with the normal functioning 
of:
    (i) Highway-rail and pathway grade crossing warning devices and 
systems; and
    (ii) Wayside signal devices and systems.
    (4) Incidents involving noncompliance with railroad rules and test 
procedures governing the inspection and testing of grade crossing 
warning devices and systems after installation, modification, 
disarrangement, maintenance, testing, and repair.
    (5) Incidents involving noncompliance with railroad test procedures 
on devices or signal systems subject to this part.
    (6) Incidents resulting in a signal false proceed, grade crossing 
activation failure, or accident or personal injury related to the same.

[[Page 44890]]

    (7) Incidents involving noncompliance with the on-track safety 
requirements and blue signal requirements in parts 214 and 218 of this 
chapter.
    (8) Incidents involving noncompliance with part 219 of this 
chapter.
    (f) For reporting purposes, each category of detected poor safety 
conduct identified in paragraph (e) of this section shall be capable of 
being annotated to reflect the following:
    (1) The total number of incidents in that category;
    (2) The number of incidents within that total which reflect 
incidents requiring an FRA accident/incident report under part 225 of 
this chapter; and
    (3) The number of incidents within that total which were detected 
as a result of a scheduled operational monitoring effort.
    (g) For reporting purposes, each instance of detected poor safety 
conduct identified in paragraph (b) of this section shall be capable of 
being annotated to reflect the following:
    (1) The nature of the remedial action taken, and the number of 
events subdivided, so as to reflect which of the following actions was 
selected:
    (i) Imposition of informal discipline;
    (ii) Imposition of formal discipline;
    (iii) Provision of informal training; or
    (iv) Provision of formal training; and
    (2) If the nature of the remedial action taken was formal 
discipline, the number of events further subdivided so as to reflect 
which of the following punishments was imposed by the railroad:
    (i) The person was withheld from service;
    (ii) The person was dismissed from employment; or
    (iii) The person was issued demerits. If more than one form of 
punishment was imposed, only the punishment deemed the most severe 
shall be shown.
    (iv) The person's classification or type of signal employee service 
was removed or reduced.
    (h) For reporting purposes, each instance of detected poor safety 
conduct identified in paragraph (b) of this section which resulted in 
the imposition of formal or informal discipline shall be annotated to 
reflect the following:
    (1) The number of instances in which the railroad's internal 
appeals process reduced the punishment initially imposed at the 
conclusion of its hearing; and
    (2) The number of instances in which the punishment imposed by the 
railroad was reduced by any of the following entities: The National 
Railroad Adjustment Board, a Public Law Board, a Special Board of 
Adjustment, or other body for the resolution of disputes duly 
constituted under the provisions of the Railway Labor Act.
    (i) For reporting purposes, an instance of poor safety conduct 
involving a person who is a certified signal employee and is certified 
in another craft such as locomotive engineer or conductor, need only be 
reported once (e.g., either under this section or Sec.  240.309 or 
Sec.  242.215 of this chapter). The determination as to where to report 
the instance of poor safety conduct should be based on the work the 
person was performing at the time the conduct occurred.

Subpart D--Denial and Revocation of Certification


Sec.  246.301  Process for denying certification.

    (a) A railroad shall notify a candidate for certification or 
recertification of information known to the railroad that forms the 
basis for denying the person certification and provide the candidate a 
reasonable opportunity to explain or rebut that adverse information in 
writing prior to denying certification. A railroad shall provide the 
candidate with any documents or records, including written statements, 
related to failure to meet a requirement of this part that support its 
pending denial decision.
    (b) If a railroad denies a person certification or recertification, 
it shall issue a decision that complies with all of the following 
requirements:
    (1) It must be in writing.
    (2) It must explain the basis for the railroad's denial decision.
    (3) It must address any explanation or rebuttal information that 
the candidate provides pursuant to paragraph (a) of this section.
    (4) It must include the date of the railroad's decision.
    (5) It must be served on the person no later than 10 days after the 
railroad's decision.
    (c) A railroad shall not deny the person's certification for 
failing to comply with a railroad test procedure, signal standard, or 
practice which constitutes a violation under Sec.  246.303(e)(1) 
through (10) if sufficient evidence exists to establish that an 
intervening cause prevented or materially impaired the person's ability 
to comply with that railroad test procedure, signal standard, or 
practice.


Sec.  246.303  Criteria for revoking certification.

    (a) It shall be unlawful to fail to comply with any of the railroad 
rules or practices described in paragraph (e) of this section.
    (b) A certified signal employee who fails to comply with a railroad 
test procedure, signal standard or practice described in paragraph (e) 
of this section shall have their certification revoked.
    (c) A certified signal employee who is assigned to monitor, mentor, 
or instruct a signal employee and fails to take appropriate action to 
prevent a violation of paragraph (e) of this section shall have their 
certification revoked.
    (d) A certified signal employee who is called by a railroad to 
perform a duty other than that of a signal employee shall not have 
their signal employee certification revoked based on actions taken or 
not taken while performing that duty except for violations described in 
paragraph (e)(11) of this section.
    (e) When determining whether to revoke a person's signal employee 
certification, a railroad shall only consider violations of Federal 
regulatory provisions or railroad rules, procedures, signal standards, 
and practices that involve:
    (1) Interfering with the normal functioning of a highway-rail grade 
crossing warning system under Sec.  234.209 of this chapter, or signal 
system under Sec.  236.4 of this chapter, without providing an 
alternative means of protection. (Railroads shall only consider those 
violations that result in an activation failure or false proceed 
signal.)
    (2) Failure to comply with a railroad rule or procedure when 
removing from service:
    (i) Highway-rail or pathway grade crossing warning devices and 
systems;
    (ii) Wayside signal devices or signal systems; or
    (iii) Other devices or signal systems subject to this part.
    (3) Failure to comply with railroad rule or procedure when placing 
in service or restoring to service:
    (i) Highway-rail and pathway grade crossing warning devices and 
systems;
    (ii) Wayside signal devices or signal systems; or
    (iii) Other devices or signal systems subject to this part.
    (4) Failure to perform an inspection or test to ensure a highway-
rail or pathway grade crossing warning device or system functions as 
intended, when required by railroad rule or procedure, after:
    (i) Installation, maintenance, testing or repair of the warning 
device or system;
    (ii) Modification or disarrangement of the warning device or 
system; or
    (iii) Malfunction or failure of the warning device or system;

[[Page 44891]]

    (5) Failure to restore power to train detection device or highway-
rail or pathway grade crossing warning device or system after manual 
interruption of the power source. (Railroads shall consider only those 
violations that result in activation failures.)
    (6) Failure to comply with railroad validation or cutover 
procedures.
    (7) Failure to comply with Sec. Sec.  214.313, 214.319, 214.321, 
214.323, 214.325, 214.327, or 214.329. Railroads shall consider only 
those violations directly involving a person who failed to obtain 
proper on-track safety before fouling a track.
    (8) Failure to comply with Sec.  218.25 of this chapter (Workers on 
a main track);
    (9) Failure to comply with Sec.  218.27 of this chapter (Workers on 
other than main track);
    (10) Failure to comply with Sec.  218.29 of this chapter (Alternate 
methods of protection);
    (11) Failure to comply with Sec.  219.101 of this chapter. However, 
such incidents shall be considered as a violation only for the purposes 
of Sec.  246.305(a)(2) and (b).
    (f) In making the determination as to whether to revoke a person's 
signal employee certification, a railroad shall only consider conduct 
described in paragraphs (e)(1) through (10) of this section that 
occurred within the three years prior to the determination.
    (g) If in any single incident the person's conduct contravened more 
than one Federal regulatory provision or railroad rule, procedure, 
signal standard, or practice, that event shall be treated as a single 
violation for the purposes of this section.
    (h) A violation of one or more railroad rules, procedures, signal 
standards, or practices described in paragraphs (e)(1) through (10) of 
this section that occurs during a properly conducted compliance test 
subject to the provisions of this chapter shall be counted in 
determining the periods of ineligibility described in Sec.  246.305.
    (i) A compliance test that is not conducted in compliance with this 
part, a railroad's operating rules, or a railroad's program under Sec.  
217.9 of this chapter, will not be considered a legitimate test of 
skill or knowledge, and will not be considered for revocation purposes.
    (j) Each railroad shall adopt and comply with a program meeting the 
requirements of this section. When any person (including, but not 
limited to, each railroad, railroad officer, supervisor, and employee) 
violates any requirement of a program which complies with the 
requirements of this section, that person shall be considered to have 
violated the requirements of this section.


Sec.  246.305  Periods of ineligibility.

    (a) The starting date for a period of ineligibility described in 
this section shall be:
    (1) For a person not currently certified, the date of the 
railroad's written determination that the most recent incident has 
occurred; or
    (2) For a person currently certified, the date of the railroad's 
notification to the person that recertification has been denied or 
certification has been suspended.
    (b) A period of ineligibility shall be determined according to the 
following standards:
    (1) In the case of a single incident involving a violation of one 
or more of the Federal regulatory provisions or railroad rules, 
procedures, signal standards, or practices described in Sec.  
246.303(e)(1) through (10), the person shall have their certificate 
revoked for a period of 30 calendar days.
    (2) In the case of two separate incidents involving a violation of 
one or more of the Federal regulatory provisions or railroad rules, 
procedures, signal standards, or practices described in Sec.  
246.303(e)(1) through (10), that occurred within 24 months of each 
other, the person shall have their certificate revoked for a period of 
six months.
    (3) In the case of three separate incidents involving violations of 
one or more of the Federal regulatory provisions or railroad rules, 
procedures, signal standards, or practices, described in Sec.  
246.303(e)(1) through (11), that occurred within 36 months of each 
other, the person shall have their certificate revoked for a period of 
one year.
    (4) In the case of four separate incidents involving violations of 
one or more of the Federal regulatory provisions or railroad rules, 
procedures, signal standards, or practices, described in Sec.  
246.303(e)(1) through (11), that occurred within 36 months of each 
other, the person shall have their certificate revoked for a period of 
three years.
    (5) Where, based on the occurrence of violations described in Sec.  
246.303(e)(11), different periods of ineligibility may result under the 
provisions of this section and Sec.  246.115, the longest period of 
revocation shall control.
    (c) Any or all periods of revocation provided in paragraph (b) of 
this section may consist of training.
    (d) A person whose certification is denied or revoked shall be 
eligible for grant or reinstatement of the certificate prior to the 
expiration of the initial period of ineligibility only if:
    (1) The denial or revocation of certification in accordance with 
the provisions of paragraph (b) of this section is for a period of one 
year or less;
    (2) Certification is denied or revoked for reasons other than 
noncompliance with Sec.  219.101 of this chapter;
    (3) The person is evaluated by a railroad officer and determined to 
have received adequate remedial training;
    (4) The person successfully completes any mandatory program of 
training or retraining, if that is determined to be necessary by the 
railroad prior to return to service; and
    (5) At least one half of the pertinent period of ineligibility 
specified in paragraph (b) of this section has elapsed.


Sec.  246.307  Process for revoking certification.

    (a) If a railroad determines that a person, who is currently 
certified as a signal employee by the railroad, has violated a Federal 
regulatory provision, railroad test procedure, signal standard or 
practice described in Sec.  246.303(e), the railroad shall revoke the 
person's signal employee certification in accordance with the 
procedures and requirements of this section.
    (b) Except as provided for in Sec.  246.115(f), if a railroad 
acquires reliable information that a person, who is currently certified 
as a signal employee by the railroad, has violated a Federal regulatory 
provision, railroad rule, procedure, signal standard, or practice 
described in Sec.  246.303(e) or Sec.  246.115(d), the railroad shall 
undertake the following process to determine whether revocation of the 
person's signal employee certification is warranted:
    (1) The person's signal employee certification shall be suspended 
immediately.
    (2) The person's employer(s) (if different from the suspending 
railroad) shall be immediately notified of the certification suspension 
and the reason for the certification suspension.
    (3) Prior to or upon suspending the person's signal employee 
certification, the railroad shall provide the person with notice of: 
the reason for the suspension; the pending revocation; and an 
opportunity for a hearing before a presiding officer other than the 
investigating officer. This notice may initially be given either orally 
or in writing. If given orally, the notice must be subsequently 
confirmed in writing in a manner that conforms with the notification 
provisions of the applicable

[[Page 44892]]

collective bargaining agreement. If there is no applicable collective 
bargaining agreement notification provision, the written notice must be 
made within four days of the date the certification was suspended.
    (4) The railroad must convene the hearing within the time frame 
required under the applicable collective bargaining agreement. If there 
is no applicable collective bargaining agreement or the applicable 
collective bargaining agreement does not include such a requirement, 
the hearing shall be convened within ten days of the date the 
certification is suspended unless the person requests or consents to a 
delay to the start of the hearing.
    (5) Except as provided for in paragraph (c) of this section, the 
railroad shall provide the certified signal employee with a copy of the 
written information and a list of witnesses the railroad will present 
at the hearing at least 72 hours before the start of the hearing. If 
this information was provided by an employee of the railroad, the 
railroad shall make that employee available for examination during the 
hearing notwithstanding the terms of an applicable collective 
bargaining agreement.
    (6) Following the hearing, the railroad must determine, based on 
the record of the hearing, whether revocation of the certification is 
warranted and state explicitly the basis for the conclusion reached. 
The railroad shall have the burden of proving that revocation of the 
person's signal employee certification is warranted under Sec.  
246.303.
    (7) If the railroad determines that revocation of the person's 
signal employee certification is warranted, the railroad shall impose 
the proper period of revocation provided for in Sec.  246.305 or Sec.  
246.115.
    (8) The railroad shall retain the record of the hearing for three 
years after the date the decision is rendered.
    (c) A hearing required by this section which is conducted in a 
manner that conforms procedurally to the applicable collective 
bargaining agreement shall satisfy the procedural requirements of this 
section.
    (d) Except as provided for in paragraph (c) of this section, a 
hearing required under this section shall be conducted in accordance 
with the following procedures:
    (1) The hearing shall be conducted by a presiding officer who can 
be any proficient person authorized by the railroad other than the 
investigating officer.
    (2) The presiding officer shall convene and preside over the 
hearing and exercise the powers necessary to regulate the conduct of 
the hearing for the purpose of achieving a prompt and fair 
determination of all material issues in dispute.
    (3) The presiding officer may:
    (i) Adopt any needed procedures for the submission of evidence in 
written form;
    (ii) Examine witnesses at the hearing; and
    (iii) Take any other action authorized by or consistent with the 
provisions of this part and permitted by law that may assist in 
achieving a prompt and fair determination of all material issues in 
dispute.
    (4) All relevant and probative evidence shall be received into the 
record unless the presiding officer determines the evidence to be 
unduly repetitive or have such minimal relevance that its admission 
would impair the prompt, orderly, and fair resolution of the 
proceeding.
    (5) Parties may appear at the hearing and be heard on their own 
behalf or through designated representatives. Parties may offer 
relevant evidence including testimony and may conduct such examination 
of witnesses as may be required for a full disclosure of the relevant 
facts.
    (6) Testimony by witnesses at the hearing shall be recorded 
verbatim. Witnesses can testify in person, over the phone, or 
virtually.
    (7) The record in the proceeding shall be closed at the conclusion 
of the hearing unless the presiding officer allows additional time for 
the submission of evidence.
    (8) A hearing required under this section may be consolidated with 
any disciplinary action or other hearing arising from the same facts, 
but in all instances a railroad official, other than the investigating 
officer, shall make separate findings as to the revocation required 
under this section.
    (9) A person may waive their right to a hearing. That waiver shall:
    (i) Be made in writing;
    (ii) Reflect the fact that the person has knowledge and 
understanding of these rights and voluntarily surrenders them; and
    (iii) Be signed by the person making the waiver.
    (e) Except as provided for in paragraph (c) of this section, a 
decision, required by this section, on whether to revoke a person's 
signal employee certification shall comply with the following 
requirements:
    (1) No later than ten days after the close of the record, a 
railroad official, other than the investigating officer, shall prepare 
and sign a written decision as to whether the railroad is revoking the 
person's signal employee certification.
    (2) The decision shall:
    (i) Contain the findings of fact on all material issues as well as 
an explanation for those findings with citations to all applicable 
railroad rules, signal standards and procedures and any applicable 
Federal regulations;
    (ii) State whether the railroad official found that the person's 
signal employee certification should be revoked;
    (iii) State the period of revocation under Sec.  246.305 (if the 
railroad official concludes that the person's signal employee 
certification should be revoked); and
    (iv) Be served on the person and their representative, if any, with 
the railroad retaining proof of service for three years after the date 
the decision is rendered.
    (f) The period that a person's signal employee certification is 
suspended in accordance with paragraph (b)(1) of this section shall be 
credited towards any period of revocation that the railroad assesses in 
accordance with Sec.  246.305.
    (g) A railroad shall revoke a person's signal employee 
certification if, during the period that certification is valid, the 
railroad acquires information that another railroad has revoked the 
person's signal employee certification in accordance with the 
provisions of this section. Such revocation shall run concurrently with 
the period of revocation imposed by the railroad that initially revoked 
the person's signal employee certification. The requirement to provide 
a hearing under this section is satisfied when any single railroad 
holds a hearing. No additional hearing is required prior to a 
revocation by more than one railroad arising from the same facts.
    (h) A railroad shall not revoke a person's signal employee 
certification if sufficient evidence exists to establish that an 
intervening cause prevented or materially impaired the person's ability 
to comply with the railroad test procedure, signal standard, or 
practice which constitutes a violation under Sec.  246.303.
    (i) A railroad may decide not to revoke a person's signal employee 
certification if sufficient evidence exists to establish that the 
violation of the railroad test procedure, signal standard, or practice 
described in Sec.  246.303(e) was of a minimal nature and had no direct 
or potential effect on rail safety.
    (j) If sufficient evidence meeting the criteria in paragraph (h) or 
(i) of this section becomes available, including prior to a railroad's 
action to suspend the certificate as provided for in paragraph (b)(1) 
of this section or prior to the convening of the hearing

[[Page 44893]]

provided for in this section, the railroad shall place the relevant 
information in the records maintained in compliance with:
    (1) Section 246.215 for Class I railroads (including the National 
Railroad Passenger Corporation), railroads providing commuter service, 
and Class II railroads; and
    (2) Section 246.203 for Class III railroads.
    (k) If a railroad makes a good faith determination, after 
performing a reasonable inquiry, that the course of conduct provided 
for in paragraph (h) or (i) of this section is warranted, the railroad 
will not be in violation of paragraph (b)(1) of this section if it 
decides not to suspend the person's signal employee certification.

Subpart E--Dispute Resolution Procedures


Sec.  246.401  Review board established.

    (a) Any person who has been denied certification or 
recertification, or has had their certification revoked and believes 
that a railroad incorrectly determined that they failed to meet the 
certification requirements of this part when making the decision to 
deny or revoke certification, may petition the Administrator to review 
the railroad's decision.
    (b) The Administrator has delegated initial responsibility for 
adjudicating such disputes to the Certification Review Board (Board). 
The Board shall be composed of FRA employees.


Sec.  246.403  Petition requirements.

    (a) To obtain review of a railroad's decision to deny 
certification, deny recertification, or revoke certification, a person 
shall file a petition for review that complies with this section.
    (b) Each petition shall:
    (1) Be in writing;
    (2) Be filed no more than 120 days after the date the railroad's 
denial or revocation decision was served on the petitioner, except as 
provided for in paragraph (d) of this section;
    (3) Be filed on https://www.regulations.gov;
    (4) Include the following contact information for the petitioner 
and petitioner's representative (if petitioner is represented):
    (i) Full name;
    (ii) Daytime telephone number; and
    (iii) Email address;
    (5) Include the name of the railroad and the name of the 
petitioner's employer (if different from the railroad that revoked 
petitioner's certification);
    (6) Contain the facts that the petitioner believes constitute the 
improper action by the railroad and the arguments in support of the 
petition; and
    (7) Include all written documents in the petitioner's possession or 
reasonably available to the petitioner that document the railroad's 
decision.
    (c) If requested by the Board, the petitioner must provide a copy 
of the information under 49 CFR 40.329 that laboratories, medical 
review officers, and other service agents are required to release to 
employees. The petitioner must provide a written explanation in 
response to a Board request if written documents, that should be 
reasonably available to the petitioner, are not supplied.
    (d) The Board may extend the petition filing period in its 
discretion provided the petitioner provides good cause for the 
extension and:
    (1) The request for an extension is filed before the expiration of 
the period provided for in paragraph (b)(2) of this section; or
    (2) The failure to timely file was the result of excusable neglect.
    (e) A party aggrieved by a Board decision to deny a petition as 
untimely or not in compliance with the requirements of this section may 
file an appeal with the Administrator in accordance with Sec.  246.411.


Sec.  246.405  Processing certification review petitions.

    (a) Each petition shall be acknowledged in writing by FRA. The 
acknowledgment shall be sent to the petitioner (if an email address is 
provided), petitioner's representative (if any), the railroad, and 
petitioner's employer (if different from the railroad that revoked 
petitioner's certification). The acknowledgment shall contain the 
docket number assigned to the petition and will notify the parties 
where the petition can be accessed.
    (b) Within 60 days from the date of the acknowledgment provided in 
paragraph (a) of this section, the railroad may submit to FRA any 
information that the railroad considers pertinent to the petition and 
shall supplement the record with any relevant documents in its 
possession, such as hearing transcripts and exhibits, that were not 
submitted by the petitioner. Late filings will only be considered to 
the extent practicable. A railroad that submits such information shall:
    (1) Identify the petitioner by name and the docket number for the 
petition;
    (2) Provide the railroad's email address;
    (3) Serve a copy of the information being submitted to the 
petitioner and petitioner's representative (if any); and
    (4) Be filed on https://www.regulations.gov.
    (c) The petition will be referred to the Board for a decision after 
a railroad's response is received or 60 days from the date of the 
acknowledgment provided in paragraph (a) of this section, whichever is 
earlier. Based on the record, the Board shall have the authority to 
grant, deny, dismiss, or remand the petition. If the Board finds that 
there is insufficient basis for granting or denying the petition, the 
Board may issue an order affording the parties an opportunity to 
provide additional information or argument consistent with its 
findings.
    (d) When considering procedural issues, the Board will grant the 
petition if the petitioner shows:
    (1) That a procedural error occurred; and
    (2) The procedural error caused substantial harm to the petitioner.
    (e) When considering factual issues, the Board will grant the 
petition if the petitioner shows that the railroad did not provide 
substantial evidence to support its decision.
    (f) When considering legal issues, the Board will determine whether 
the railroad's legal interpretations are correct based on a de novo 
review.
    (g) The Board will only consider whether the denial or revocation 
of certification or recertification was improper under this part and 
will grant or deny the petition accordingly. The Board will not 
otherwise consider the propriety of a railroad's decision. For 
example,the Board will not consider whether the railroad properly 
applied its own more stringent requirements.
    (h) The Board's written decision shall be served on the petitioner 
and/or petitioner's representative (if any), the railroad, and 
petitioner's employer (if different from the railroad that revoked 
petitioner's certification).


Sec.  246.407  Request for a hearing.

    (a) If adversely affected by the Board's decision, either the 
petitioner before the Board or the railroad involved shall have a right 
to an administrative proceeding as prescribed by Sec.  246.409.
    (b) To exercise that right, the adversely affected party shall file 
a written request for a hearing within 20 days of service of the 
Board's decision on that party. The request must be filed in the docket 
on https://www.regulations.gov that was used when the case was before 
the Board.
    (c) A written request for a hearing must contain the following:
    (1) The name, telephone number, and email address of the requesting 
party and the party's designated representative (if any);

[[Page 44894]]

    (2) The name, telephone number, and email address of the 
respondent;
    (3) The docket number for the case while it was before the Board;
    (4) The specific factual issues, industry rules, regulations, or 
laws that the requesting party alleges need to be examined in 
connection with the certification decision in question; and
    (5) The signature of the requesting party or the requesting party's 
representative (if any).
    (d) Upon receipt of a hearing request complying with paragraph (c) 
of this section, FRA shall arrange for the appointment of a presiding 
officer who shall schedule the hearing for the earliest practicable 
date.
    (e) If a party fails to request a hearing within the period 
provided in paragraph (b) of this section, the Board's decision will 
constitute final agency action.


Sec.  246.409  Hearings.

    (a) An administrative hearing for a signal employee certification 
petition shall be conducted by a presiding officer, who can be any 
person authorized by the Administrator.
    (b) The presiding officer shall convene and preside over the 
hearing. The hearing shall be a de novo hearing to find the relevant 
facts and determine the correct application of this part to those 
facts. The presiding officer may determine that there is no genuine 
issue covering some or all material facts and limit evidentiary 
proceedings to any issues of material fact as to which there is a 
genuine dispute.
    (c) The presiding officer may exercise the powers of the 
Administrator to regulate the conduct of the hearing for the purpose of 
achieving a prompt and fair determination of all material issues in 
controversy.
    (d) The presiding officer may authorize discovery of the types and 
quantities which in the presiding officer's discretion will contribute 
to a fair hearing without unduly burdening the parties. The presiding 
officer may impose appropriate non-monetary sanctions, including 
limitations as to the presentation of evidence and issues, for any 
party's willful failure or refusal to comply with approved discovery 
requests.
    (e) Every petition, motion, response, or other authorized or 
required document shall be signed by the party filing the same, or by a 
duly authorized officer or representative of record, or by any other 
person. If signed by such other person, the reason therefor must be 
stated and the power of attorney or other authority authorizing such 
other person to subscribe the document must be filed with the document. 
The signature of the person subscribing any document constitutes a 
certification that they have read the document; that to the best of 
their knowledge, information, and belief, every statement contained in 
the document is true and no such statements are misleading; and that it 
is not interposed for delay or to be vexatious.
    (f) After the request for a hearing is filed, all documents filed 
or served upon one party must be served upon all parties. Each party 
may designate a person upon whom service is to be made when not 
specified by law, regulation, or directive of the presiding officer. If 
a party does not designate a person upon whom service is to be made, 
then service may be made upon any person having subscribed to a 
submission of the party being served, unless otherwise specified by 
law, regulation, or directive of the presiding officer. Proof of 
service shall accompany all documents when they are tendered for 
filing.
    (g) If any document initiating, filed in, or served in, a 
proceeding is not in substantial compliance with the applicable law, 
regulation, or directive of the presiding officer, the presiding 
officer may strike or dismiss all or part of such document, or require 
its amendment.
    (h) Any party to a proceeding may appear and be heard in person or 
by an authorized representative.
    (i) Any person testifying at a hearing or deposition may be 
accompanied, represented, and advised by an attorney or other 
representative, and may be examined by that person.
    (j) Any party may request to consolidate or separate the hearing of 
two or more petitions by motion to the presiding officer when they 
arise from the same or similar facts or when the matters are for any 
reason deemed more efficiently heard together.
    (k) Except as provided in Sec.  246.407(e) and paragraph (s)(4) of 
this section, whenever a party has the right or is required to take 
action within a period prescribed by this part, or by law, regulation, 
or directive of the presiding officer, the presiding officer may extend 
such period, with or without notice, for good cause, provided another 
party is not substantially prejudiced by such extension. A request to 
extend a period which has already expired may be denied as untimely.
    (l) An application to the presiding officer for an order or ruling 
not otherwise specifically provided for in this part shall be by 
motion. The motion shall be filed with the presiding officer and, if 
written, served upon all parties. All motions, unless made during the 
hearing, shall be written. Motions made during hearings may be made 
orally on the record, except that the presiding officer may direct that 
any oral motion be reduced to writing. Any motion shall state with 
particularity the grounds therefor and the relief or order sought and 
shall be accompanied by any affidavits or other evidence desired to be 
relied upon which is not already part of the record. Any matter 
submitted in response to a written motion must be filed and served 
within 14 days of the motion, or within such other period as directed 
by the presiding officer.
    (m) Testimony by witnesses at the hearing shall be given under oath 
and the hearing shall be recorded verbatim. The presiding officer shall 
give the parties to the proceeding adequate opportunity during the 
course of the hearing for the presentation of arguments in support of 
or in opposition to motions, and objections and exceptions to rulings 
of the presiding officer. The presiding officer may permit oral 
argument on any issues for which the presiding officer deems it 
appropriate and beneficial. Any evidence or argument received or 
proffered orally shall be transcribed and made a part of the record. 
Any physical evidence or written argument received or proffered shall 
be made a part of the record, except that the presiding officer may 
authorize the substitution of copies, photographs, or descriptions, 
when deemed to be appropriate.
    (n) The presiding officer shall employ the Federal Rules of 
Evidence for United States Courts and Magistrates as general guidelines 
for the introduction of evidence. Notwithstanding paragraph (m) of this 
section, all relevant and probative evidence shall be received unless 
the presiding officer determines the evidence to be unduly repetitive 
or so extensive and lacking in relevancy that its admission would 
impair the prompt, orderly, and fair resolution of the proceeding.
    (o) The presiding officer may:
    (1) Administer oaths and affirmations;
    (2) Issue subpoenas as provided for in Sec.  209.7 of this chapter;
    (3) Adopt any needed procedures for the submission of evidence in 
written form;
    (4) Examine witnesses at the hearing;
    (5) Convene, recess, adjourn, or otherwise regulate the course of 
the hearing; and
    (6) Take any other action authorized by or consistent with the 
provisions of this part and permitted by law that may expedite the 
hearing or aid in the disposition of the proceeding.
    (p) The petitioner before the Board, the railroad involved in 
taking the

[[Page 44895]]

certification action, and FRA shall be parties at the hearing. All 
parties may participate in the hearing and may appear and be heard on 
their own behalf or through designated representatives. All parties may 
offer relevant evidence, including testimony, and may conduct such 
cross-examination of witnesses as may be required to make a record of 
the relevant facts.
    (q) The party requesting the administrative hearing shall be the 
``hearing petitioner.'' The party that the Board issued its decision in 
favor of will be a respondent. At the start of each proceeding, FRA 
will be a respondent as well. The hearing petitioner shall have the 
burden of proving its case by a preponderance of the evidence.
    (r) The record in the proceeding shall be closed at the conclusion 
of the evidentiary hearing unless the presiding officer allows 
additional time for the submission of additional evidence. In such 
instances the record shall be left open for such time as the presiding 
officer grants for that purpose.
    (s) At the close of the record, the presiding officer shall prepare 
a written decision in the proceeding. The decision:
    (1) Shall contain the findings of fact and conclusions of law, as 
well as the basis for each, concerning all material issues of fact or 
law presented on the record;
    (2) Shall be served on all parties to the proceeding;
    (3) Shall not become final for 35 days after issuance;
    (4) Constitutes final agency action unless an aggrieved party files 
an appeal within 35 days after issuance; and
    (5) Is not precedential.


Sec.  246.411  Appeals.

    (a) Any party aggrieved by the presiding officer's decision may 
file an appeal in the presiding officer's docket. The appeal must be 
filed within 35 days of issuance of the decision. A copy of the appeal 
shall be served on each party. The appeal shall set forth objections to 
the presiding officer's decision, supported by reference to applicable 
laws and regulations and with specific reference to the record. If no 
appeal is timely filed, the presiding officer's decision constitutes 
final agency action.
    (b) A party may file a reply to the appeal within 25 days of 
service of the appeal. The reply shall be supported by reference to 
applicable laws and regulations and with specific reference to the 
record, if the party relies on evidence contained in the record.
    (c) The Administrator may extend the period for filing an appeal or 
a reply for good cause shown, provided that the written request for 
extension is served before expiration of the applicable period provided 
in this section.
    (d) The Administrator has sole discretion to permit oral argument 
on the appeal. On the Administrator's own initiative or written motion 
by any party, the Administrator may grant the parties an opportunity 
for oral argument.
    (e) The Administrator may remand, vacate, affirm, reverse, alter, 
or modify the decision of the presiding officer and the Administrator's 
decision constitutes final agency action except where the terms of the 
Administrator's decision (for example, remanding a case to the 
presiding officer) show that the parties' administrative remedies have 
not been exhausted.
    (f) An appeal from a Board decision pursuant to Sec.  246.403(e) 
must be filed in the Board's docket within 35 days of issuance of the 
decision. A copy of the appeal shall be served on each party. The 
Administrator may affirm or vacate the Board's decision, and may remand 
the petition to the Board for further proceedings. An Administrator's 
decision to affirm the Board's decision constitutes final agency 
action.

Appendix A to Part 246--Procedures for Obtaining and Evaluating Motor 
Vehicle Driving Record Data

    (1) The purpose of this appendix is to outline the procedures 
available to individuals and railroads for complying with the 
requirements of Sec.  246.111. This provision requires that 
railroads consider the motor vehicle driving record of each person 
prior to issuing them certification or recertification as a signal 
employee.
    (2) To fulfill that obligation, a railroad is required to review 
a certification candidate's recent motor vehicle driving record for 
information described in Sec.  246.111(m). Generally, that will be a 
single record on file with the state agency that issued the 
candidate's current motor vehicle driver's license. However, a motor 
vehicle driving record can include multiple documents if the 
candidate has been issued a motor vehicle driver's license by more 
than one state agency or a foreign country.
    (3) The right of railroad workers, their employers, or 
prospective employers to have access to a state motor vehicle 
licensing agency's data concerning an individual's driving record is 
controlled by state law. Although many states have mechanisms 
through which employers and prospective employers, such as 
railroads, can obtain such data, there are some states where privacy 
concerns make such access very difficult or impossible. Since 
individuals are generally entitled to obtain access to their driving 
record data that will be relied on by a state motor vehicle 
licensing agency when that agency is taking action concerning their 
driving privileges, FRA places the responsibility on individuals who 
want to serve as certified signal employees to request that their 
current state motor vehicle licensing agency (or agencies) furnish 
such data directly to the railroad that is considering certification 
(or recertification) of the individual as a signal employee. 
Depending on the procedures established by the state motor vehicle 
licensing agency, the individual may be asked to send the state 
agency a brief letter requesting such action or to execute a state 
agency form that accomplishes the same effect. Requests for an 
individual's motor vehicle driving record normally involve payment 
of a nominal fee established by the state agency as well. In rare 
instances, when a certification (or recertification) candidate has 
been issued multiple licenses, an individual may be required to 
submit multiple requests.
    (4) Once the railroad has obtained the individual's motor 
vehicle driving record(s), the railroad is required to afford the 
certification (or recertification) candidate an opportunity to 
review and comment on the record(s) in writing pursuant to Sec.  
246.301 if the motor vehicle driving records contain information 
that could form the basis for denying the person certification. This 
opportunity to review and comment must occur before the railroad 
renders a certification decision based on information in the 
record(s). The railroad is required to evaluate the information in 
the certification (or recertification) candidate's motor vehicle 
driving record(s) pursuant to the provisions of this part.

Appendix B to Part 246--Medical Standards Guidelines

    (1) The purpose of this appendix is to provide greater guidance 
on the procedures that should be employed in administering the 
vision and hearing requirements of Sec. Sec.  246.117 and 246.118.
    (2) For any examination performed to determine whether a person 
meets the visual acuity requirements in Sec.  246.117, it is 
recommended that such examination be performed by a licensed 
optometrist or a technician who reports to a licensed optometrist. 
It is also recommended that any test conducted pursuant to Sec.  
246.117 be performed according to any directions supplied by the 
test's manufacturer and any ANSI standards that are applicable.
    (3) For any examination performed to determine whether a person 
meets the hearing acuity requirements in Sec.  246.118, it is 
recommended that such examination be performed by a licensed or 
certified audiologist or a technician who reports to a licensed or 
certified audiologist. It is also recommended that any test 
conducted pursuant to Sec.  246.118 be performed according to any 
directions supplied by the test's manufacturer and any ANSI 
standards that are applicable.
    (4) In determining whether a person has the visual acuity that 
meets or exceeds the requirements of this part, the following 
testing protocols are deemed acceptable testing methods for 
determining whether a person has the ability to recognize and 
distinguish among the colors used as signals in the railroad 
industry. The acceptable test methods are shown in the left hand 
column

[[Page 44896]]

and the criteria that should be employed to determine whether a 
person has failed the particular testing protocol are shown in the 
right hand column.

                    Table 1 to Appendix B to Part 246
------------------------------------------------------------------------
             Accepted tests                      Failure criteria
------------------------------------------------------------------------
                     Pseudoisochromatic Plate Tests
------------------------------------------------------------------------
American Optical Company 1965..........  5 or more errors on plates 1-
                                          15.
AOC--Hardy-Rand-Ritter plates--second    Any error on plates 1-6 (plates
 edition.                                 1-4 are for demonstration--
                                          test plate 1 is actually plate
                                          5 in book).
Dvorine--Second edition................  3 or more errors on plates 1-
                                          15.
Ishihara (14 plate)....................  2 or more errors on plates 1-
                                          11.
Ishihara (16 plate)....................  2 or more errors on plates 1-8.
Ishihara (24 plate)....................  3 or more errors on plates 1-
                                          15.
Ishihara (38 plate)....................  4 or more errors on plates 1-
                                          21.
Richmond Plates 1983...................  5 or more errors on plates 1-
                                          15.
------------------------------------------------------------------------
                       Multifunction Vision Tester
------------------------------------------------------------------------
Keystone Orthoscope....................  Any error.
OPTEC 2000.............................  Any error.
Titmus Vision Tester...................  Any error.
Titmus II Vision Tester................  Any error.
------------------------------------------------------------------------

    (5) In administering any of these protocols, the person 
conducting the examination should be aware that railroad signals do 
not always occur in the same sequence and that ``yellow signals'' do 
not always appear to be the same. It is not acceptable to use 
``yarn'' or other materials to conduct a simple test to determine 
whether the certification candidate has the requisite vision. No 
person shall be allowed to wear chromatic lenses during an initial 
test of the person's color vision; the initial test is one conducted 
in accordance with one of the accepted tests in the chart and Sec.  
246.117(c)(3).
    (6) An examinee who fails to meet the criteria in the chart may 
be further evaluated as determined by the railroad's medical 
examiner. Ophthalmologic referral, field testing, or other practical 
color testing may be utilized depending on the experience of the 
examinee. The railroad's medical examiner will review all pertinent 
information and, under some circumstances, may restrict an examinee 
who does not meet the criteria for serving as a certified signal 
employee. The intent of Sec. Sec.  246.117(d) and 246.118(d) is not 
to provide an examinee with the right to make an infinite number of 
requests for further evaluation, but to provide an examinee with at 
least one opportunity to prove that a hearing or vision test failure 
does not mean the examinee cannot safely perform as a certified 
signal employee. Appropriate further medical evaluation could 
include providing another approved scientific screening test or a 
field test. All railroads should retain the discretion to limit the 
number of retests that an examinee can request, but any cap placed 
on the number of retests should not limit retesting when changed 
circumstances would make such retesting appropriate. Changed 
circumstances would most likely occur if the examinee's medical 
condition has improved in some way or if technology has advanced to 
the extent that it arguably could compensate for a hearing or vision 
deficiency.
    (7) Certified signal employees who wear contact lenses should 
have good tolerance to the lenses and should be instructed to have a 
pair of corrective glasses available when on duty.

    Issued in Washington, DC.
Amitabha Bose,
Administrator.
[FR Doc. 2024-09958 Filed 5-20-24; 8:45 am]
BILLING CODE 4910-06-P