[Federal Register Volume 89, Number 75 (Wednesday, April 17, 2024)]
[Proposed Rules]
[Pages 27564-27617]
From the Federal Register Online via the Government Publishing Office [www.gpo.gov]
[FR Doc No: 2024-07726]



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Vol. 89

Wednesday,

No. 75

April 17, 2024

Part III





Department of Education





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34 CFR Parts 30 and 682





Student Debt Relief for the William D. Ford Federal Direct Loan Program 
(Direct Loans), the Federal Family Education Loan (FFEL) Program, the 
Federal Perkins Loan (Perkins) Program, and the Health Education 
Assistance Loan (HEAL) Program; Proposed Rule

  Federal Register / Vol. 89 , No. 75 / Wednesday, April 17, 2024 / 
Proposed Rules  

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DEPARTMENT OF EDUCATION

34 CFR Parts 30 and 682

[Docket ID ED-2023-OPE-0123]
RIN 1840-AD93


Student Debt Relief for the William D. Ford Federal Direct Loan 
Program (Direct Loans), the Federal Family Education Loan (FFEL) 
Program, the Federal Perkins Loan (Perkins) Program, and the Health 
Education Assistance Loan (HEAL) Program

AGENCY: Office of Postsecondary Education, Department of Education.

ACTION: Notice of proposed rulemaking (NPRM).

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SUMMARY: The Secretary proposes to amend the regulations related to the 
Higher Education Act of 1965, as amended (HEA) to provide for the 
waiver of certain student loan debts.
    In this NPRM, the Department proposes regulations, in accordance 
with the Secretary's authority to waive repayment of a loan provided by 
the HEA, to provide targeted debt relief as part of efforts to address 
the burden of student loan debt. The proposed regulations would modify 
the Department's existing debt collection regulations to provide 
greater specificity regarding certain non-exhaustive situations in 
which the Secretary may exercise discretion to waive all or part of any 
debts owed to the Department.

DATES: We must receive your comments on or before May 17, 2024.

ADDRESSES: For more information regarding submittal of comments, please 
see SUPPLEMENTARY INFORMATION. Comments must be submitted via the 
Federal eRulemaking Portal at Regulations.gov. However, if you require 
an accommodation or cannot otherwise submit your comments via 
Regulations.gov, please contact Rene Tiongquico at (202) 453-7513 or by 
email at [email protected].
    Federal eRulemaking Portal: Please go to www.regulations.gov to 
submit your comments electronically. Information on using 
Regulations.gov, including instructions for finding a rule on the site 
and submitting comments, is available on the site under ``FAQ.'' In 
accordance with the Providing Accountability Through Transparency Act 
of 2023 (Pub. L. 118-9), a summary of not more than 100 words in length 
of the proposed rule, in plain language, is posted on Regulations.gov 
in the rulemaking docket: https://www.regulations.gov/docket/ED-2023-OPE-0123.
    Privacy Note: The Department's policy is to generally make comments 
received from members of the public available for public viewing on the 
Federal eRulemaking Portal at Regulations.gov. Therefore, commenters 
should include in their comments only information about themselves that 
they wish to make publicly available. Commenters should not include in 
their comments any information that identifies other individuals or 
that permits readers to identify other individuals. If, for example, 
your comment describes an experience of someone other than yourself, 
please do not identify that individual or include information that 
would allow readers to identify that individual. The Department may not 
make comments that contain personally identifiable information (PII) 
about someone other than the commenter publicly available on 
Regulations.gov for privacy reasons. This may include comments where 
the commenter refers to a third-party individual without using their 
name if the Department determines that the comment provides enough 
detail that could allow one or more readers to link the information to 
the third-party individual. If your comment refers to a third-party 
individual, please refer to the third-party individual anonymously to 
reduce the chance that information in your comment could be linked to 
the third party. For example, ``a former student with a graduate level 
degree'' does not provide information that identifies a third-party 
individual as opposed to ``my sister, Jane Doe, had this experience 
while attending University X,'' which does provide enough information 
to identify a specific third-party individual. For privacy reasons, the 
Department reserves the right to not make available on Regulations.gov 
any information in comments that identifies other individuals, includes 
information that would allow readers to identify other individuals, or 
includes threats of harm to another person or to oneself.

FOR FURTHER INFORMATION CONTACT: For further information related to 
general waivers and length of time in repayment, contact Richard Blasen 
at (202) 987-0315 or by email at [email protected]. For further 
information related to current balances that exceed original amounts 
borrowed, contact Bruce Honer at (202) 987-0750 or by email at 
[email protected]. For further information related to waiver 
eligibility based on repayment plan and targeted debt relief, contact 
Vanessa Freeman at (202) 987-1336 or by email at 
[email protected]. For further information related to secretarial 
actions and Gainful Employment programs with low financial value, 
contact Rene Tiongquico at (202) 453-7513 or by email at 
[email protected]. For further information related to FFEL Program 
loans, contact Brian Smith at (202) 987-0385 or by email at 
[email protected].
    If you are deaf, hard of hearing, or have a speech disability and 
wish to access telecommunications relay services, please dial 7-1-1.

SUPPLEMENTARY INFORMATION:

Executive Summary

    Since 1980, the total cost to receive a four-year postsecondary 
credential has nearly tripled, even after accounting for inflation.\1\ 
Pell Grants once covered nearly 80 percent of the cost of a four-year 
public college degree for students from low- and middle-income 
families, but now they only cover a third of those costs.\2\ This price 
growth has dramatically increased the need for students to secure 
student loans, particularly Federal student loans from the Department, 
to cover their educational costs. The gap between prices and income 
means that many students from low- and middle-income families have to 
borrow Federal student loans in addition to grants and out-of-pocket 
spending so they can earn a postsecondary credential. These trends have 
resulted in cumulative Federal loan debt of $1.6 trillion and rising 
for more than 43 million borrowers, which has placed a significant 
financial burden upon middle-income borrowers and has had an even more 
devastating impact on vulnerable low-income borrowers.\3\
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    \1\ Trends in College Pricing 2023: Data in Excel. Table CP-2. 
Available at https://research.collegeboard.org/trends/college-pricing.
    \2\ https://www.cbpp.org/research/pell-grants-a-key-tool-for-expanding-college-access-and-economic-opportunity-need.
    \3\ https://studentaid.gov/data-center/student/portfolio; 
https://www.census.gov/library/stories/2021/08/student-debt-weighed-heavily-on-millions-even-before-pandemic.html; https://www.philadelphiafed.org/-/media/frbp/assets/consumer-finance/reports/cfi-sl-1-payments-resumption.pdf; https://www.aarp.org/money/credit-loans-debt/info-2021/student-debt-crisis-for-older-americans.html; https://www.stlouisfed.org/publications/economic-equity-insights/gender-racial-disparities-student-loan-debt.
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    After convening the Student Loan Debt Relief negotiated rulemaking 
committee (Committee) and reaching consensus on various issues 
discussed in this NPRM, the Department proposes regulations, in 
accordance with the Secretary's authority to waive repayment of a loan 
provided by section 432(a) of the HEA, to provide debt relief targeted 
to address certain specific circumstances as part of a

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comprehensive effort to address the burden of Federal student loan 
debt. The proposed regulations would modify the Department's existing 
debt collection regulations to provide greater specificity regarding 
the Secretary's discretion to waive Federal student loan debt and 
specify the Secretary's authority to waive all or part of any debts 
owed to the Department based on a number of different circumstances, 
such as growth in a borrower's loan balance beyond what was owed upon 
entering repayment, the amount of time since the loan first entered 
repayment, whether the borrower meets certain criteria for loan 
forgiveness or discharge under existing authority, and whether a loan 
was obtained to attend an institution or program that was subject to 
secretarial actions, that closed prior to secretarial actions, or was 
associated with closed Gainful Employment programs with high debt-to-
earnings rates or low median earnings.

Summary of Select Provisions of This Regulatory Action

    The Department proposes to amend subparts A, C, E, and F of 34 CFR 
part 30 and to add a new subpart G. The Department also proposes to 
amend part 682 by adding a new Sec.  682.403.
    These proposed regulations, in accordance with the HEA, would 
specify the Secretary's discretionary authority to waive repayment of 
the following amounts:
     The full amount by which the current outstanding balance 
on a loan exceeds the amount owed when the loan entered repayment for 
loans being repaid on any Income-Driven Repayment (IDR) plan if the 
borrower's income is at or below $120,000 if the borrower's filing 
status is single or married filing separately, $180,000 if a borrower 
files as head of household, or $240,000 if the borrower is married and 
files a joint Federal tax return or the borrower files as a qualifying 
surviving spouse (Sec.  30.81).
     Up to $20,000 or the amount by which the current 
outstanding balance on a borrower's loan exceeds the balance owed upon 
entering repayment (Sec.  30.82).
     The outstanding balance of a loan taken out to pay for the 
borrower's undergraduate education, or a Federal Consolidation Loan or 
a Direct Consolidation Loan that only repaid loans received for a 
borrower's undergraduate education, that first entered repayment on or 
before July 1, 2005 (Sec.  30.83).
     The outstanding balance of loans that first entered 
repayment on or before July 1, 2000, if the borrower has any loans 
obtained for study other than undergraduate study (Sec.  30.83).
     The outstanding balance of a loan for borrowers who would 
be otherwise eligible for forgiveness under an IDR plan or an 
alternative repayment plan but who are not currently enrolled in such a 
plan (Sec.  30.84).
     The outstanding balance of a loan for borrowers determined 
to be otherwise eligible for loan discharge, cancellation, or 
forgiveness, but who did not successfully apply (Sec.  30.85).
     The outstanding balance of a loan obtained to pay the cost 
of attending an institution or program where the Secretary or other 
authorized Department official has issued a final decision, denial of 
recertification, or determination that terminates or otherwise ends the 
institution's or program's title IV eligibility due at least in part to 
the institution's or program's failure to meet required accountability 
standards based on student outcomes or to its failure to provide 
sufficient financial value to students (Sec.  30.86).
     The outstanding balance of a loan obtained to pay the cost 
of attending an institution or program that closed and the Secretary or 
other Department official has determined the institution or program 
failed, for at least one year, to meet an accountability standard based 
on student outcomes, or failed to deliver sufficient financial value to 
students and there was a pending program review, investigation, or 
other Department action at the time of closure (Sec.  30.87).
     The outstanding balance of a loan that is associated with 
enrollment in a Gainful Employment (GE) program that has closed and 
prior to closure had high debt-to-earnings rates or low median earnings 
rates (Sec.  30.88).
     In the case of FFEL Program loans held by a private loan 
holder or a guaranty agency, the outstanding balance of a FFEL Program 
loan when a loan first entered into repayment on or before July 1, 
2000; when the borrower is otherwise eligible for, but has not 
successfully applied for, a closed school discharge; or when the 
borrower attended an institution that lost its title IV eligibility due 
to a high cohort default rate (CDR), if the borrower was included in 
the cohort whose debt was used to calculate the CDR or rates that were 
the basis for the institution's loss of eligibility (Sec.  682.403).
    Costs and Benefits: As further detailed in the Regulatory Impact 
Analysis (RIA), the proposed regulations would specify the Secretary's 
authority to grant waivers that would have significant effects on 
borrowers, the Department, and taxpayers. For borrowers for whom the 
Secretary chooses to exercise his authority, the draft rules would 
provide significant benefits by waiving all or a portion of their 
repayment obligations. In cases where the Secretary decides to waive 
the entire outstanding balance of a loan, borrowers receiving such 
waivers would benefit from no longer having to repay their debt and no 
longer being at risk of delinquency or default. The debts that could be 
waived in their entirety under this proposed NPRM have the following 
characteristics: they are generally older; otherwise eligible for 
forgiveness, but the borrower has not currently enrolled in or 
successfully applied to receive relief; or were taken out to attend 
programs or institutions that failed to provide sufficient financial 
value as indicated by certain outcomes and conditions. Borrowers who 
may receive a waiver of some of their loan balances would benefit by 
seeing their total outstanding balance reduced, which would help with 
their ability to repay their loans in full in a reasonable period of 
time.
    The Department would also benefit if the Secretary chose to 
exercise his discretion to issue waivers proposed in these draft rules. 
These benefits would largely come from no longer incurring costs to 
service or collect on loans that are unlikely to be otherwise repaid in 
full in a reasonable period.
    The costs in this rule would largely come from the transfers 
between the Department and borrowers that would occur if the Secretary 
chose to use his discretion to issue waivers. There would also be some 
administrative costs borne by the Department to implement the proposed 
regulations. As detailed in Table 4.1 of the RIA, the net budget 
impacts across all loan cohorts through 2034 for each of the proposed 
changes are estimated to be as follows:
     $13.8 billion for the provision related to time since the 
loan first entered repayment (Sec.  30.83).
     $8.6 billion for the provision related to borrowers who 
are eligible for forgiveness based upon a repayment plan (Sec.  30.84).
     $15 million for the provision related to borrowers who 
took out loans during cohorts that caused a school to lose access to 
aid due to high cohort default rates (CDRs) as described in Sec.  
30.86.
     $7.6 billion for the provision related to borrowers who 
are eligible for a closed school loan discharge but have not 
successfully applied (Sec.  30.85).
     $27.2 billion for the provision related to borrowers who 
attended a gainful employment program that lost access to aid or closed 
(Sec. Sec.  30.86 through 30.88).

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     $11.0 billion for the provision related to borrowers whose 
current balance exceeds the amount owed upon entering repayment and are 
on IDR plan with income below certain thresholds (Sec.  30.81).
     $62.1 billion for the provision related to borrowers whose 
current balance exceeds the amount owed upon entering repayment (Sec.  
30.82).
     $17.1 billion for the provisions related to borrowers with 
commercial FFEL loans that first entered repayment 25 years ago; who 
are eligible for a closed school discharge but have not applied; or who 
received loans to attend a school that lost access to aid due to high 
CDRs (682.403).
    Invitation to Comment: We invite you to submit comments regarding 
these proposed regulations. For your comments to have maximum effect in 
developing the final regulations, we urge you to clearly identify the 
specific section or sections of the proposed regulations that each of 
your comments addresses and to arrange your comments in the same order 
as the proposed regulations. The Department will not accept comments 
submitted after the comment period closes. Please submit your comments 
only once so that we do not receive duplicate copies.
    The following tips are meant to help you prepare your comments and 
provide a basis for the Department to respond to issues raised in your 
comments in the notice of final regulations (NFR):
     Be concise but support your claims.
     Explain your views as clearly as possible and avoid using 
profanity.
     Refer to specific sections and subsections of the proposed 
regulations throughout your comments, particularly in any headings that 
are used to organize your submission.
     Explain why you agree or disagree with the proposed 
regulatory text and support these reasons with data-driven evidence, 
including the depth and breadth of your personal or professional 
experiences.
     Where you disagree with the proposed regulatory text, 
suggest alternatives, including regulatory language, and your rationale 
for the alternative suggestion.
     Do not include personally identifiable information (PII) 
such as Social Security numbers or loan account numbers for yourself or 
for others in your submission. Should you include any PII in your 
comment, such information may be posted publicly.
     Do not include any information that directly identifies or 
could identify other individuals or that permits readers to identify 
other individuals. Your comment may not be posted publicly if it 
includes PII about other individuals.
    Mass Writing Campaigns: In instances where individual submissions 
appear to be duplicates or near duplicates of comments prepared as part 
of a writing campaign, the Department will post one representative 
sample comment along with the total comment count for that campaign to 
Regulations.gov. The Department will consider these comments along with 
all other comments received.
    In instances where individual submissions are bundled together 
(submitted as a single document or packaged together), the Department 
will post all of the substantive comments included in the submissions 
along with the total comment count for that document or package to 
Regulations.gov. A well-supported comment is often more informative to 
the agency than multiple form letters.
    Public Comments: The Department invites you to submit comments on 
all aspects of the proposed regulatory language specified in this NPRM 
in Sec. Sec.  30.1, 30.9, 30.20, 30.23, 30.25, 30.27, 30.29, 30.30, 
30.33, 30.62, 30.70, 30.80-30.89, and 682.403, the Regulatory Impact 
Analysis, and Paperwork Reduction Act sections.
    The Department may, at its discretion, decide not to post or to 
withdraw certain comments and other materials that are computer-
generated. Comments containing the promotion of commercial services or 
products and spam will be removed.
    We may not address comments outside of the scope of these proposed 
regulations in the NFR. Generally, comments that are outside of the 
scope of these proposed regulations are comments that do not discuss 
the content or impact of the proposed regulations or the Department's 
evidence or reasons for the proposed regulations, which includes any 
comments related to the Department's negotiated rulemaking for 
borrowers experiencing hardship.
    Comments that are submitted after the comment period closes will 
not be posted to Regulations.gov or addressed in the NFR.
    Comments containing personal threats will not be posted to 
Regulations.gov and may be referred to the appropriate authorities.
    We invite you to assist us in complying with the specific 
requirements of Executive Orders 12866, 13563, 14094 and their overall 
requirement of reducing regulatory burden that might result from these 
proposed regulations. Please let us know of any further ways we could 
reduce potential costs or increase potential benefits while preserving 
the effective and efficient administration of the Department's programs 
and activities.
    During and after the comment period, you may inspect public 
comments about these proposed regulations by accessing Regulations.gov.
    Assistance to Individuals with Disabilities in Reviewing the 
Rulemaking Record: On request, we will provide an appropriate 
accommodation or auxiliary aid to an individual with a disability who 
needs assistance to review the comments or other documents in the 
public rulemaking record for these proposed regulations. If you want to 
schedule an appointment for this type of accommodation or auxiliary 
aid, please contact the Information Technology Accessibility Program 
Help Desk at [email protected] to help facilitate.

Background

    Section 432(a) of the HEA describes the legal powers and 
responsibilities of the Secretary of Education that are relevant to 
this rulemaking. In particular, section 432(a)(6) provides that, ``in 
the performance of, and with respect to, the functions, powers and 
duties, vested in him by this part, the Secretary may enforce, pay, 
compromise, waive, or release any right, title, claim, lien, or demand, 
however acquired, including any equity or any right of redemption.'' 
These provisions apply to the FFEL, Direct Loan \4\ and HEAL 
programs.\5\
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    \4\ Section 432(a)(6) is in, and explicitly applies to, Part B, 
which establishes the FFEL program. In creating the Direct Loan 
program, Congress established parity between the FFEL and Direct 
Loan program, providing that Federal Direct Loans ``have the same 
terms, conditions, and benefits as loans made to borrowers'' under 
the FFEL program. 20 U.S.C. 1087a(b)(2). See Sweet v. Cardona, 641 
F.Supp.3d 814, 823-825 (ND Cal., 2022); Weingarten v. DOE, 468 
F.Supp.3d 322, 328 (D.D.C. 2020); McCain v. US, 2011 WL 2469828 
(Ct.Cl. 2011). The legislative history of the Direct Loan program 
shows that 20 U.S.C. 1087a(b)(2) is broadly read to apply the 
provisions of the FFEL statutory provisions to Direct Loan except as 
provided by statute or inconsistent with the different structure of 
the Direct Loan program. For example, the Direct Loan program 
provides total and permanent disability discharges, closed school 
loan discharges and forbearances to borrowers although none of those 
are mentioned in the Direct Loan statutory provisions.
    \5\ When transferring the HEAL loan program to the Department, 
Congress explicitly stated that the Secretary's powers with respect 
to collecting FFEL loans extend to HEAL loans. See Division H, title 
V, section 525(d) of the Consolidated Appropriations Act, 2014 (Pub. 
L. 113-76) (Consolidated Appropriations Act, 2014). The Secretary's 
waiver authority under section 432(a)(6) of the HEA extends to HEAL 
loans.
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    The Department's statutory waiver authority dates back to the 
enactment of

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the Higher Education Act in 1965.\6\ The Department has historically 
viewed its waiver authority as permitting the Secretary to waive the 
Department's right to require repayment of a debt \7\ when doing so 
advances the goals of the title IV programs and functions, while also 
aligning with the HEA's overall statutory parameters and principles. 
Having such bounded flexibility is critical for the Department's 
administration of the comprehensive and complex student loan programs 
wherein there are unforeseen challenges that arise and, absent waiver, 
such challenges could interfere with the Secretary's ability to 
effectively and efficiently administer the title IV programs.
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    \6\ See Public Law 89-29, 79 Stat. 1246 (Nov. 8, 1965).
    \7\ Waiving the Department's right to repayment of all or part 
of a debt correspondingly releases the borrower of further liability 
on account of all or part of that debt.
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    The Department's waiver authority operates within the context of 
the HEA's goals and also the principles that govern waiver more 
broadly. Some agencies that exercise waiver authority consider whether 
collection of debts would be against equity and good conscience or the 
best interest of the United States, thereby implicating general 
principles of government debt collection. Agencies have also 
articulated numerous factors that may weigh in favor of waiving an 
individual's debt, including when collection would defeat the purpose 
of the benefit program or impose financial hardship, among other 
considerations.
    On June 30, 2023, the Department announced that it would conduct a 
negotiated rulemaking process to specify the Secretary's use of the 
authority to waive loan debts under section 432(a) of the HEA. This 
NPRM reflects regulations discussed during that process and would allow 
the Secretary to address significant challenges identified with student 
loan repayment that implicate considerations of equity and fairness, as 
well as a borrower's inability to repay their loans in full within a 
reasonable period or circumstances where the costs of enforcing the 
debt exceed the expected benefits of continued collection. In 
particular, this NPRM focuses on issues related to circumstances--
     When borrowers' balances have grown beyond what they 
originally owed at the start of repayment.
     When loans first entered repayment at least two decades 
ago.
     When a borrower is eligible for forgiveness or a discharge 
opportunity but has not successfully applied for such relief or 
enrolled in the repayment plan that would provide that forgiveness or 
discharge opportunity.
     When a borrower received loans for attendance in a program 
or at an institution that has since lost access to Federal aid because 
it failed to meet required student outcomes standards, was subject to 
an action by the Secretary due to failing to provide sufficient 
financial value or closed after failing required student outcomes 
metrics or the initiation of a Secretarial action process.
    These proposed provisions account for particular challenges facing 
individual borrowers, while also recognizing that many borrowers are 
similarly situated in experiencing such circumstances. The Department 
has a longstanding view and practice of providing appropriate relief 
when it identifies specific circumstances that warrant relief and those 
circumstances affect multiple borrowers. Such relief, on an automated 
or individual basis, is appropriate when such individuals' 
circumstances share the features relevant for determining relief. This 
approach comports with the HEA's statutory requirements and can also 
help to improve administrative efficiency and provide consistency 
across borrowers.

Public Participation

    On July 6, 2023, the Department published a notice in the Federal 
Register (88 FR 43069) announcing our intent to establish a negotiated 
rulemaking committee to prepare proposed regulations pertaining to the 
Secretary's authority under section 432(a) of the HEA, which relates to 
the modification, waiver, or compromise of loans.
    On July 18, 2023, the Department held a virtual public hearing at 
which individuals and representatives of interested organizations 
provided advice and recommendations relating to the topic of proposed 
regulations on the modification, waiver, or compromise of loans. The 
Department has significantly engaged the public in developing this 
NPRM, including through review of oral comments made by the public 
during the public hearing and written comments submitted between July 
6, 2023, and July 20, 2023. You may view the written comments submitted 
in response to the July 6, 2023, Federal Register notice on the Federal 
eRulemaking Portal at Regulations.gov, within docket ID ED-2023-OPE-
0123. Instructions for finding comments are also available on the site 
under ``FAQ.'' Transcripts of the public hearings may be accessed at 
https://www2.ed.gov/policy/highered/reg/hearulemaking/2023/index.html.
    The Department also held three negotiated rulemaking sessions of 
two days each. During each daily negotiated rulemaking session, we 
provided an opportunity for public comment and expanded that time to 
one hour for the second and third sessions. The Department held a 
fourth two-day session in February 2024 to discuss the separate issue 
of possible hardship criteria for discharge and the public had an 
opportunity to comment on the first day of that session. Additionally, 
non-Federal negotiators shared feedback from their stakeholders with 
the negotiating committee.

Negotiated Rulemaking

    Section 492 of the HEA, 20 U.S.C. 1098a, requires the Secretary to 
obtain public involvement in the development of proposed regulations 
affecting programs authorized by title IV of the HEA. After obtaining 
extensive input and recommendations from the public, including 
individuals and representatives of groups involved in the title IV, HEA 
programs, the Secretary, in most cases, must engage in the negotiated 
rulemaking process before publishing proposed regulations in the 
Federal Register. If negotiators reach consensus on the proposed 
regulations, the Department agrees to publish without substantive 
alteration a defined group of regulations on which the negotiators 
reached consensus--unless the Secretary reopens the process or provides 
a written explanation to the participants stating why the Secretary has 
decided to depart from the agreement reached during negotiations. 
Further information on the negotiated rulemaking process can be found 
at: https://www2.ed.gov/policy/highered/reg/hearulemaking/2023/index.html.
    On August 31, 2023, the Department published a notice in the 
Federal Register \8\ announcing its intention to establish the 
Committee to prepare proposed regulations for the title IV, HEA 
programs. The notice set forth a schedule for Committee meetings and 
requested nominations for individual negotiators to serve on the 
negotiating committee. In the notice, we announced the topics that the 
Committee would address.
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    \8\ 88 FR 60163 (August 31, 2023).
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    The Committee included the following members, representing their 
respective constituencies:
     Civil Rights Organizations: Wisdom Cole, NAACP, and India 
Heckstall (alternate), Center for Law and Social Policy.

[[Page 27568]]

     Legal Assistance Organizations that Represent Students or 
Borrowers: Kyra Taylor, National Consumer Law Center, and Scott 
Waterman (alternate), Student Loan Committee of the National 
Association of Chapter 13 Trustees.
     State Officials, including State higher education 
executive officers, State authorizing agencies, and State regulators of 
institutions of higher education: Lane Thompson, Oregon DCBS--Division 
of Financial Regulation, and Amber Gallup (alternate), New Mexico 
Higher Education Department.
     State Attorneys General: Yael Shavit, Office of the 
Massachusetts Attorney General, and Josh Divine (alternate), Missouri 
Attorney General's Office who withdrew from the committee during the 
third session.
     Public Institutions of Higher Education, Including Two-
Year and Four-Year Institutions: Melissa Kunes, The Pennsylvania State 
University, and J.D. LaRock (alternate), North Shore Community College.
     Private Nonprofit Institutions of Higher Education: 
Angelika Williams, University of San Francisco, and Susan Teerink 
(alternate), Marquette University.
     Proprietary Institutions: Kathleen Dwyer, Galen College of 
Nursing, and Belen Gonzalez (alternate), Mech-Tech College.
     Historically Black Colleges and Universities, Tribal 
Colleges and Universities, and Minority Serving Institutions 
(institutions of higher education eligible to receive Federal 
assistance under title III, parts A and F, and title V of the HEA): 
Sandra Boham, Salish Kootenai College, and Carol Peterson (alternate), 
Langston University.
     Federal Family Education Loan (FFEL) Lenders, Servicers, 
or Guaranty Agencies: Scott Buchanan, Student Loan Servicing Alliance, 
and Benjamin Lee (alternate), Ascendium Education Solutions, Inc.
     Student Loan Borrowers Who Attended Programs of Two Years 
or Less: Ashley Pizzuti, San Joaquin Delta College, and David Ramirez 
(alternate), Pasadena City College.
     Student Loan Borrowers Who Attended Four-Year Programs: 
Sherrie Gammage, The University of New Orleans, and Sarah Christa Butts 
(alternate), University of Maryland.
     Student Loan Borrowers Who Attended Graduate Programs: 
Richard Haase, State University of New York at Stony Brook, and Dr. 
Jalil Bishop (alternate), University of California, Los Angeles.
     Currently Enrolled Postsecondary Education Students: Jada 
Sanford, Stephen F. Austin University, and Jordan Nellums (alternate), 
University of Texas.
     Consumer Advocacy Organizations: Jessica Ranucci, New York 
Legal Assistance Group, and Ed Boltz (alternate), Law Offices of John 
T. Orcutt, P.C.
     Individuals with Disabilities or Organizations 
Representing Them: John Whitelaw, Community Legal Aid Society Inc., and 
Waukecha Wilkerson (alternate), Sacramento State University.
     U.S. Military Service Members, Veterans, or Groups 
Representing Them: Vincent Andrews, Veteran. Originally the alternate, 
Mr. Andrews became the primary negotiator for this constituency group 
after Michael Jones withdrew from the Committee.
     Federal Negotiator: Tamy Abernathy, U.S. Department of 
Education.
    At its first meeting, the Committee reached agreement on its 
protocols and proposed agenda. The protocols provided, among other 
things, that the Committee would operate by consensus. The protocols 
defined consensus as no dissent by any negotiator of the Committee for 
the committee to be considered to have reached agreement and noted that 
consensus votes would be taken on each separate part of the proposed 
rules.
    The Committee reviewed and discussed the Department's drafts of 
regulatory language and alternative language and suggestions proposed 
by negotiators.
    At its third meeting in December 2023, the Committee reached 
consensus on proposed regulations addressing the Secretary's authority 
to waive loan debts--when a loan is eligible for forgiveness based upon 
repayment plan but the borrower is not currently enrolled in such plan; 
based upon Secretarial actions; following a closure prior to 
Secretarial actions; or obtained for attendance in closed GE programs 
with high debt-to-earnings rates or low median earnings. In addition, 
the Committee reached consensus on two provisions for waivers that 
would apply only to FFEL Program loans held by a loan holder or 
guaranty agency: Those based on a determination that a borrower has not 
successfully applied for a closed school discharge but otherwise meets 
the eligibility requirements for such a discharge, and cases where a 
borrower received a loan for attendance at an institution that lost 
title IV eligibility due to high CDRs.
    This NPRM includes proposed regulations on these consensus items, 
identified in the summary of proposed regulations section, as well as 
the remaining items on the Committee's agenda, summarized generally 
above. The Department convened a fourth session of the negotiating 
committee on February 22 and 23, 2024, focused on discussing proposed 
regulations related to possible waivers for borrowers facing hardship. 
Proposed regulations for waivers for hardship are not included in this 
NPRM.
    For more information on the negotiated rulemaking sessions, 
including the work of the Subcommittee, please visit: https://www2.ed.gov/policy/highered/reg/hearulemaking/2023/index.html.

Summary of Proposed Changes

    These proposed regulations would--
     Modify Sec. Sec.  30.70(a)(1) and 30.70(c)(1) to specify 
that, when compromising a debt or when terminating or suspending 
collection of a debt, the Secretary may use the Federal Claims 
Collection Standards (FCCS).
     Add Sec.  30.80 specifying the Secretary's authority to 
waive all or part of any debts owed to the Department, including, but 
not limited to, waivers under Sec. Sec.  30.81 through 30.88.
     Add Sec.  30.81 specifying the Secretary's authority to 
provide a one-time waiver of the amount by which the borrower's current 
loan has an outstanding principal balance exceeding the amount owed 
when the loan first entered repayment if they are enrolled in an IDR 
plan and their income is less than or equal to $120,000 if the 
borrower's filing status is single or married filing separately; 
$180,000 if the borrower's filing status is head of household; or 
$240,000 if their tax filing status is married filing jointly or 
qualifying surviving spouse.
     Add Sec.  30.82 specifying the Secretary's authority to 
provide a one-time waiver of the lesser of $20,000 or the amount by 
which a borrower's current loan balance exceeds the balance owed when 
the borrower entered repayment.
     Add Sec.  30.83 specifying the Secretary's authority to 
waive the outstanding balance when a borrower who only has student 
loans for the borrower's undergraduate studies first entered repayment 
on or before July 1, 2005 (20 years) or on or before July 1, 2000 (25 
years) when a borrower has student loans other than loans for the 
borrower's undergraduate studies.
     Add Sec.  30.84 specifying the Secretary's authority to 
waive the outstanding balance of a loan when a borrower is not 
currently enrolled in an

[[Page 27569]]

IDR plan, but otherwise meets the criteria for forgiveness under an IDR 
plan.
     Add Sec.  30.85 specifying the Secretary's authority to 
waive the outstanding balance of a loan when a borrower has not applied 
for, or not successfully applied for, any loan discharge, cancellation, 
or forgiveness opportunity under parts 682 or 685, but otherwise meets 
the eligibility criteria for discharge, cancellation, or forgiveness.
     Add Sec.  30.86 specifying the Secretary's authority to 
waive the outstanding balance of a loan obtained to attend an 
institution or program where the Secretary or other authorized 
Department official has issued a final decision, denial of 
recertification, or determination that terminates or otherwise ends its 
title IV eligibility due at least in part to the institution's or 
program's failure to meet required accountability standards based on 
student outcomes or to its failure to provide sufficient financial 
value to students.
     Add Sec.  30.87 specifying the Secretary's authority to 
waive the outstanding balance of a loan obtained to attend a program or 
an institution that closed and the Secretary has determined the 
institution or program has not met for at least one year an 
accountability standard based on student outcomes; or failed to provide 
sufficient financial value to students and was subject to a program 
review, investigation, or any other Department action that remained 
unresolved at the time of closure.
     Add Sec.  30.88 specifying the Secretary's authority to 
waive the outstanding balance of a loan received by a borrower 
associated with enrollment in a GE program that has closed and prior to 
closure either had a high debt-to-earning rate or low median earnings, 
or was at a GE program where the Department did not produce debt-to-
earnings and earnings premium measures but the institution closed and 
prior to the closure received a majority of funds from programs with 
high debt-to-earnings or low median earnings.
     Add Sec.  682.403(a) outlining the procedures under which 
the Secretary determines that a FFEL Program loan held by a lender or 
guaranty agency qualifies for a waiver, the waiver claim is processed, 
and the Secretary grants the waiver.
     Add Sec.  682.403(b)(1) specifying the Secretary's 
authority to waive the outstanding balance of a FFEL Program loan if 
the loan first entered repayment in 2000 or earlier.
     Add Sec.  682.403(b)(2) specifying the Secretary's 
authority to waive the outstanding balance of a FFEL Program loan if 
the borrower has not applied for, or not successfully applied for, but 
otherwise meets the eligibility requirements for a closed school 
discharge.
     Add Sec.  682.403(b)(3) specifying the Secretary's 
authority to waive the outstanding balance of a FFEL Program loan if 
the loan was received for attendance at an institution that lost its 
eligibility to participate in a title IV, HEA program because of its 
high CDRs.
     Add Sec. Sec.  682.403(c), 682.403(d), and 682.403(e) 
describing the waiver claim filing process for a lender, guaranty 
agency, and the Department.
     Add Sec.  682.403(f) specifying that if the conditions for 
a waiver are met but the loan has been repaid by a Federal 
Consolidation Loan that has an outstanding balance, the Secretary may 
waive the portion of the outstanding balance of the consolidation loan 
attributable to such a loan once the loan has been assigned to the 
Secretary.
     Make conforming changes to Sec. Sec.  30.1(c), 30.62(a), 
and 30.70(e)(1) based on revisions to the sections noted above.

Significant Proposed Regulations

    We discuss substantive issues under the sections of the proposed 
regulations to which they pertain. Generally, we do not address 
proposed regulatory provisions that are technical or otherwise minor in 
effect. For each section of the regulations discussed, we include the 
statutory citation, the current regulations being revised (if 
applicable), the new proposed regulatory text, and the reasons for why 
we proposed to add new regulatory text or revise the existing 
regulatory text.

34 Part 30--Debt Collection

Subparts A, C, E, and F (Sec. Sec.  30.1(c), 30.62(a), 30.70(a)(1), 
30.70(c)(1) and 30.70(e)(1))

    Statute: Section 432(a) of the HEA (20 U.S.C. 1082(a)) provides 
that in the performance of, and with respect to, the functions, powers, 
and duties, vested in him by this part, the Secretary may enforce, pay, 
compromise, waive, or release any right, title, claim, lien, or demand, 
however acquired, including any equity or any right of redemption.
    Current Regulations: Section 30.1(c) contains the procedures that 
the Secretary may use in collecting on a debt owed to the United 
States.
    Section 30.62(a) provides that for a debt based on a loan, the 
Secretary may refrain from collecting interest or charging 
administrative costs or penalties to the extent that compromise of 
these amounts is appropriate under the standards for compromise of a 
debt contained in 31 CFR part 902, which were formerly contained in 4 
CFR part 103.
    Sections 30.70(a)(1) and 30.70(c)(1) specify that the Secretary 
uses the standards in the FCCS to determine whether compromise of a 
debt, or suspension or termination of a debt, is appropriate.
    Section 30.70(e)(1) provides that the Secretary may compromise a 
debt in any amount or suspend or terminate collection of a debt in any 
amount, if the debt arises under the FFEL Program authorized under 
title IV, part B, of the HEA, the Direct Loan Program authorized under 
title IV, part D of the HEA, or the Perkins Loan Program authorized 
under title IV, part E, of the HEA.
    Proposed Regulations: These proposed regulations would identify 
certain conditions under which the Secretary may waive debt, identify 
the loan programs eligible for such waivers, clarify the existing 
compromise provisions, correct outdated references, and remove obsolete 
references. These regulations do not alter the scope of the Secretary's 
authority under Section 432(a) of the HEA. Relatedly, the non-
exhaustive waiver provisions neither limit the Secretary's discretion 
to waive debt in other circumstances permitted under Section 432(a) nor 
do they require the Secretary to undergo rulemaking before taking any 
action authorized under Section 432(a). Nevertheless, by providing 
greater clarity regarding the Secretary's waiver authority, these 
regulations are beneficial to inform the public about how the Secretary 
may exercise waiver in a consistent manner to provide appropriate 
relief to borrowers in accordance with the provisions and purposes of 
the HEA.
    Proposed Sec.  30.1(c)(7) would provide that the Secretary may 
waive repayment of a debt under subpart G of 34 CFR part 30. Proposed 
Sec.  30.62(a) would add to the current compromise provisions language 
that would allow the Secretary to waive the collection of interest or 
charging administrative costs or penalties on a loan in accordance with 
Sec.  30.80. Proposed Sec. Sec.  30.70(a)(1) and 30.70(c)(1) would 
specify that, when compromising a debt or when suspending or 
terminating a debt, the Secretary ``may'' use the FCCS. Proposed Sec.  
30.70(e)(1) would add HEAL Program loans to the list of loan types for 
which the Secretary may compromise a debt or suspend or terminate 
collection of a debt.

[[Page 27570]]

    Technical corrections updating and clarifying various references 
and provisions contained in subparts A, C, E, and F of part 30 would 
also be made. In addition, severability provisions would be added to 
these subparts as new Sec. Sec.  30.9, 30.39, 30.69, and 30.79. The 
severability provisions would specify that if any provision of a part 
is held to be invalid, the remaining provisions would not be affected.
    Reasons: The current regulations in part 30 describe the policies 
and procedures that the Secretary uses to collect on a debt owed to the 
Department. The Department is proposing a new subpart G to part 30 
which would provide greater specificity regarding the Secretary's 
discretion to waive Federal student loan debt. This greater specificity 
will allow the Department to take more transparent steps that help to 
consistently alleviate the significant financial burden Federal student 
loans have become for struggling or vulnerable borrowers by waiving 
some or all of their outstanding loan balances. Such waivers would 
either reduce monthly payments, total amounts owed, or both. The 
proposed new language in subpart G would require conforming changes to 
some of the existing regulatory language in part 30.
    The proposed revision to Sec.  30.1(c)(7) is necessary to provide a 
cross-reference to proposed subpart G and the proposed revision to 
Sec.  30.62(a) is necessary to provide a cross-reference to proposed 
Sec.  30.80.
    In 2016, the Department revised Sec.  30.70 to reflect a series of 
statutory changes that expanded the Secretary's authority to 
compromise, or suspend or terminate the collection of, debts.\9\ In 
particular, the Department wanted to highlight the ability of the 
agency to resolve debts of less than $100,000 without needing to obtain 
approval from the U.S. Department of Justice (DOJ) and to include the 
ability of DOJ to seek review of resolving claims of more than $1 
million. But the inclusion of this provision has created questions 
around whether the Department's compromise, suspension, and termination 
authority is strictly bound by FCCS standards. The Department's view is 
that it is not. To begin, The Federal Claims Collection Act (FCCA) and 
the FCCS regulations do not, by their own terms, apply to the 
Department's student loan programs.\10\ In addition, the Department's 
own regulations also do not strictly bind the Secretary to the FCCS. 
The history of revisions to 34 CFR 30.70 reflects that it has been 
revised over time to reflect new requirements and authorities but has 
consistently recognized the Secretary's broad authority to compromise 
student loan debts ``in any amount.'' Reading Sec.  30.70 as subjecting 
the Secretary's authority to the FCCS requirements would be contrary to 
the stated purpose of the 2016 amendments, which were intended to 
``reflect a series of statutory changes that have expanded the 
Secretary's authority to compromise, or suspend or terminate the 
collection of, debts'' (emphasis added).\11\ The proposed changes to 
Sec. Sec.  30.70(a)(1) and 30.70(c)(1) would clarify that the 
Secretary's compromise, termination, and suspension authority remain 
broad and are not restricted by the FCCA and FCCS.
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

    \9\ See 81 FR 39330 (June 16, 2016); 81 FR 75926 (November 1, 
2016).
    \10\ When the FCCA was enacted in 1966, it stated that 
``[n]othing in this Act shall increase or diminish the existing 
authority of the head of an agency to litigate claims, or diminish 
his existing authority to settle, compromise, or close claims.'' 
Federal Claims Collection Act of 1966, Public Law 89-508, 4, 80 
Stat. 308 (1966). And the FCCS specifically provides that it does 
not ``preclude [ ] agency disposition of any claim under statutes 
and implementing regulations other than [the FCCA],'' and that 
``[i]n such cases, the laws and regulations that are specifically 
applicable to claims collection activities of a particular agency 
generally take precedence.'' 31 CFR 900.4. The FCCA and FCCS do not, 
on their own terms, limit the Secretary's authority because the HEA 
endows the Secretary with separate and independent authority to 
compromise a debt, or suspend or terminate collection of a debt. See 
Sec.  1082(a).
    \11\ 81 FR 39369 (June 16, 2016).
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

    The addition of HEAL Program loans to Sec.  30.70(e)(1) would 
clarify that the Secretary has the same authority to compromise, 
suspend, or terminate a HEAL loan debt as in the Direct Loan, FFEL, and 
Perkins loan programs. The negotiating committee agreed to add HEAL 
Program loans to Sec.  30.70(e)(1) and raised no specific objections to 
the proposed conforming changes or technical corrections. Although 
there were no specific objections to the proposed revisions to the 
regulations in subparts A, C, E, and F of part 30, the Committee did 
not reach consensus on these proposed changes.
    The severability provisions we propose to add as new Sec. Sec.  
30.9, 30.39, 30.69, 30.79, and 30.89 are intended to clarify that each 
regulatory provision in these subparts stands on its own. For the 
severability sections in subparts A through F of part 30, these 
additions reflect that the subcomponents of each section, as well as 
the sections themselves, are distinct. For instance, subpart C lays out 
the provisions related to administrative offset. The process in Sec.  
30.21 that addresses when the Secretary may offset a debt and the 
provisions regarding borrower notice in Sec.  30.22 are separate, and 
those, in turn, are separate from the provisions in Sec.  30.25 related 
to how an oral hearing may occur.
    The severability provision in Sec.  30.89 reflects that the 
different waivers proposed in subpart G each address a different set of 
circumstances in which the Department is concerned that borrowers may 
not be able to repay their loans within a reasonable period. This 
severability language also acknowledges that each of these proposed 
waivers have their own distinct rationale for their inclusion, and the 
effects would vary. For instance, some sections in subpart G would 
result in a complete waiver of a borrower's full remaining balance, 
while others would only result in a partial waiver. Moreover, as 
discussed elsewhere in this rule, there are also provisions within 
sections where if either element of this provision were invalidated by 
a reviewing court, the element that stayed in effect would continue to 
provide important relief to borrowers. This, for instance, can be seen 
in proposed Sec. Sec.  30.81 and 30.82. Proposed Sec.  682.403 is 
already covered by an existing severability provision in Sec.  682.424.
    These provisions were not subject to a consensus check on the part 
of the negotiators, although none of the negotiators raised objections 
to adding these provisions.

Subpart G

    Sec.  30.80 Waiver of Federal Student Loan debts.
    Statute: Section 432(a) of the HEA (20 U.S.C. 1082(a)) provides 
that in the performance of, and with respect to, the functions, powers, 
and duties, vested in him by this part, the Secretary may enforce, pay, 
compromise, waive, or release any right, title, claim, lien, or demand, 
however acquired, including any equity or any right of redemption.
    Current Regulations: None.
    Proposed Regulations: Proposed Sec.  30.80 would specify the 
Secretary's authority to waive all or part of any Department-held FFEL 
Program loan, William D. Ford Federal Direct Loan, Federal Perkins 
Loan, and HEAL Loan debts owed to the Department under the conditions 
included in, but not limited to, Sec. Sec.  30.81 through 30.88.
    Reasons: Proposed new subpart G to part 30, which includes sections 
Sec. Sec.  30.80-30.89, would provide greater specificity regarding the 
Secretary's discretion to waive Federal student loan debt to alleviate 
the significant financial burden of student loans on borrowers and 
their families. The regulations in part 30 pertain to debts owed to the 
Department, therefore proposed Sec.  30.80

[[Page 27571]]

would only apply to student loans held by the Department. This includes 
FFEL Program loans that have been assigned to the Department, as well 
as Perkins loans and HEAL loans in default. It also includes 
consolidation loans that repaid a FFEL, Perkins, or HEAL loan. Waivers 
specific to FFEL Program loans held by private lenders or managed by 
guaranty agencies would be provided under proposed Sec.  682.403 of the 
FFEL Program regulations. The proposed regulations for Sec.  682.403 
are discussed later in this NPRM.
    Proposed Sec.  30.80 provides an introduction to subpart G and 
explains the types of loans covered by this subpart. The Department 
proposes to include all the types of Federal student loans held by the 
Department, including Direct Loans, FFEL Loans, Perkins Loans, and HEAL 
Loans because we believe it is appropriate to consider waivers for all 
the loan types managed by the Secretary and organizationally consider 
similar subject matter under one subpart. As discussed in other 
sections, not all these provisions will apply equally to all loan types 
because there are certain benefits that are not otherwise available on 
all types of loans. For example, only Direct and FFEL Loans are 
eligible to be repaid under IDR plans.
    The Department believes adding subpart G in these proposed 
regulations better clarifies some circumstances in which the Secretary 
may use his existing and longstanding authority under section 432(a) of 
the HEA. Current regulations do not describe how the Secretary uses 
this waiver authority. Clarifying how this authority would be used 
through these regulations would better inform the public about how the 
Secretary may exercise his waiver authority in a consistent and 
equitable manner.
    Providing such specificity would also allow the Department to 
highlight circumstances where we are particularly concerned about 
borrowers' ability to successfully repay their debt in full in a 
reasonable period or where the costs of collection are anticipated to 
exceed the amount recoverable. Each of these proposed waivers are 
intended to address a variety of conditions that borrowers may 
encounter where a waiver may be appropriate. They can and would operate 
independently of each other.
    The Committee reached consensus on proposed Sec.  30.80.
    Sec.  30.81 Waiver when the current balance exceeds the balance 
upon entering repayment for borrowers on an IDR plan.
    Statute: Section 432(a) of the HEA (20 U.S.C. 1082(a)) provides 
that in the performance of, and with respect to, the functions, powers, 
and duties, vested in him by this part, the Secretary may enforce, pay, 
compromise, waive, or release any right, title, claim, lien, or demand, 
however acquired, including any equity or any right of redemption.
    Current Regulations: None.
    Proposed Regulations: Proposed Sec.  30.81 would provide that the 
Secretary may waive the amount by which each of a borrower's loans has 
a total outstanding balance that exceeds the amount owed upon entering 
repayment if the borrower is enrolled in an IDR plan and meets certain 
additional criteria. The original balance would be measured based upon 
the original amount disbursed for loans disbursed before January 1, 
2005, and the balance of the loans on the day after the grace period 
for loans disbursed on or after January 1, 2005. Waiver of repayment of 
consolidation loans would be based upon the original balances of the 
loans repaid by the consolidation loan.
    A borrower would be eligible to receive this waiver once on their 
loans if they enrolled in an IDR plan under Sec. Sec.  682.215, 
685.209, or 685.221 as of a date determined by the Secretary; and the 
borrower's adjusted gross income, or other calculation of income as 
shown on acceptable documentation, demonstrates that the borrower's 
annual income is equal to or less than $120,000 if their tax filing 
status is single or married filing separately; $180,000 if their tax 
filing status is head of household; or $240,000 if they are married 
filing jointly or a qualifying surviving spouse.
    Reasons: Over the past several years, the Department has taken 
several significant steps to address the negative effects of interest 
accrual and capitalization on borrowers. Effective July 1, 2023, the 
Department ceased capitalizing interest in all situations where it is 
not required by statute (87 FR 65904). This includes when a borrower 
enters repayment, exits a forbearance, leaves any IDR plan besides 
Income-Based Repayment (IBR), and enters default. In August 2023, the 
Department also implemented a provision in the SAVE plan regulations 
under which the Department does not charge any amount of accrued 
interest that is not otherwise covered by a borrower's required payment 
(88 FR 43820). These changes provide significant benefits that may help 
borrowers avoid situations where they find themselves struggling to 
repay their debts because their balance has grown far beyond what they 
originally borrowed.
    The intent of the Department is to take action on a one-time basis 
on a borrower's loans to address excessive interest accrual on Federal 
student loans. The primary drivers of this accumulation are when 
borrowers make payments on an IDR plan that do not cover the full 
amount of accumulating interest; periods of non-payment, such as 
deferments, forbearances, delinquency, and default; and interest 
capitalization. Because prior to the establishment of the Saving on A 
Valuable Education (SAVE) Plan IDR plans were the only repayment plans 
where payments do not have to at least cover accumulating monthly 
interest, the Department is concerned that borrowers owe large balances 
that are higher than what they were at repayment entry from prior 
enrollment in IDR. Owing such large balances can result in borrowers 
needing to repay far more than would have been reasonably expected by 
the Department, and the borrower themselves, at the time that the 
borrower entered repayment. It can also significantly extend the amount 
of time a borrower needs to repay their loans in full. Prior to SAVE, 
interest balances climbed even though borrowers made monthly required 
payments on IDR plans. Echoing concerns and statements the Department 
heard in public comments prior to the formation of the negotiated 
rulemaking committee and during the public comment periods held on most 
days the negotiated rulemaking committee met, borrowers have reported 
that growing balances while in repayment can lead to negative 
psychological impacts on borrowers who are attempting to repay their 
debt but are unable to, including that they lose hope and motivation to 
repay their debt.\12\
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

    \12\ https://www.pewtrusts.org/en/research-and-analysis/reports/2020/05/borrowers-discuss-the-challenges-of-student-loan-repayment; 
https://www.newamerica.org/education-policy/reports/in-default-and-left-behind/.
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

    Additionally, while the Department has eliminated all non-
statutorily required instances of interest capitalization, borrowers 
today owe higher balances from previous instances of interest 
capitalization. Interest capitalization can significantly increase what 
a borrower owes and extend the time it takes to repay their loans. The 
Department is concerned that such instances are harmful to the borrower 
and should therefore be corrected retroactively by waiving the 
borrower's obligation to pay such interest accrual after a borrower has 
entered repayment.

[[Page 27572]]

    While the Department has addressed the issue of balance growth for 
those in IDR going forward, there are borrowers who have spent time in 
repayment prior to the implementation of these changes who have 
experienced the balance of their loans grow such that their loan 
balances are now greater than what they originally borrowed. The 
persistence of those situations is a problem the Department seeks to 
address. Recent focus group reports and extensive borrower testimony 
have shown that growing loan balances lead to both financial and 
psychological challenges to successful repayment by borrowers.\13\ 
While borrowers who experienced balance growth have a way to prevent 
balance growth in the future, they still must overcome the consequences 
of this past balance growth.
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

    \13\ See 87 FR 41878 (July 13, 2022); 87 FR 65904 (November 1, 
2022); 88 FR 43820 (July 10, 2023). See also https://www.pewtrusts.org/en/research-and-analysis/reports/2020/05/borrowers-discuss-the-challenges-of-student-loan-repayment; https://www.newamerica.org/education-policy/reports/in-default-and-left-behind/.
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

    Because the Department has taken steps to address the problem of 
excess interest accrual and capitalization going forward, this 
provision would only be applied once per a borrower's loans to 
eliminate balance growth for all but the highest income borrowers 
enrolled in an IDR plan, allowing those who experienced this situation 
to successfully make progress on repaying their debts. Providing 
targeted relief in this manner would be consistent with the general 
principles of Federal debt collection, which permit agencies to provide 
relief to borrowers when there is evidence the agency would not 
otherwise be able to collect the debt in full within a reasonable 
time.\14\
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

    \14\ See 31 U.S.C. 3711(a)(3). In addition, Congress permitted 
ED to compromise or collect debt pursuant to the standards 
articulated by ED's own debt collection regulations or Treasury's 
debt collection regulations, see 31 U.S.C. 3711(d), which similarly 
permit relief where there is evidence the agency would not collect 
the debt in full within a reasonable period of time. See, e.g., 31 
CFR 902.2(a)(2); 34 CFR 30.70(a)(1) (referencing 31 CFR part 902).
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

    The Department proposes to provide the benefits in Sec.  30.81 only 
to borrowers enrolled in IDR plans for both operational and 
administrative reasons. First, borrowers in IDR plans have demonstrated 
their concern that they cannot repay their loans on the standard 
repayment timeline, making them an important group for the Department 
to consider for relief. Second, until the creation of the SAVE plan, 
borrowers on IDR plans frequently experienced balance growth from 
accruing interest, which this policy seeks to address. Specifically, 
the nature of the IDR plans' lower monthly payments meant borrowers' 
payments often did not cover monthly interest. Borrowers in the past 
who did not recertify their income could also be removed from an IDR 
plan at which point any unpaid interest would be capitalized. For both 
reasons, it is reasonable for the Department to focus its resources on 
providing relief to borrowers on IDR plans to address the current 
negative effects of prior interest accumulation and potentially 
capitalization. In addition, administrative considerations weigh in 
favor of limiting the policy to borrowers in IDR because the Department 
has data that will allow it to verify that borrowers fall below the 
income cap.
    The Department proposes to limit this benefit to borrowers with 
income below certain levels to benefit only borrowers for whom their 
past instances of balance growth may have a greater possible negative 
effect on their ability to repay their debts in the future. The SAVE 
plan's interest benefit works in a similar manner. As a borrower's 
income rises, their payment covers a greater amount of accumulating 
monthly interest. Eventually, for any given debt level there is an 
income amount at which a borrower's payment will equal or exceed 
accumulating monthly interest. At that point, the borrower does not 
derive any assistance from the SAVE plan's interest benefit.
    The Department proposes to limit the benefit in this section to 
borrowers whose incomes are at or below a certain threshold. To 
determine this threshold, the Department looked at the income level at 
which a borrower in a single-person household would have a calculated 
payment on the SAVE plan that is sufficient to pay off all the interest 
accumulating on a monthly basis if their debt level was equal to 
$138,000 which is the maximum amount of Federal loans a borrower can 
take out for undergraduate and graduate education without taking out 
any PLUS loans. We exclude amounts related to PLUS loans because they 
do not have an absolute dollar loan limit, as they can be obtained for 
up to the total cost of attendance, less other aid received.
    Because of the lack of an absolute dollar loan limit, there are 
some borrowers who have debts that are much higher than the debt loads 
of the overwhelming majority of borrowers. We do not think it was 
reasonable to anchor to such outlier amounts, and we therefore take the 
conservative approach of not including these dollar amounts. However, 
typical balances for Parent PLUS and Graduate PLUS loans are well below 
the amounts contemplated here.\15\ Using a value of $138,500 is 
inclusive of over 95 percent of loan balances in repayment. 
Furthermore, Parent PLUS borrowers are only eligible for an IDR plan if 
the borrower has repaid those Parent PLUS loans through consolidation.
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

    \15\ For example, the average balance for a Parent PLUS loan 
recipient is almost $30,000 and the average balance for a Grad PLUS 
loan recipient is about $58,000. As of Q4, 2023, see Federal Student 
Aid Portfolio by Loan Type, available at: https://studentaid.gov/data-center/student/portfolio.
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

    We calculated income thresholds for waiver eligibility in the 
following way: First, we assumed that a borrower had a total balance 
equal to the maximum non-PLUS amount that a borrower can receive for 
undergraduate and graduate education, which is $138,500. We then 
assumed that a borrower received the maximum amount of loans for an 
undergraduate dependent student ($31,000) and the remainder for 
graduate school ($107,500). We did this calculation off a dependent 
undergraduate maximum because those are the more common types of 
student loan borrowers, and it allows undergraduate loans to make up a 
smaller share of the total amount borrowed. If the independent 
undergraduate limit were used, the SAVE payment amount would decrease 
due to the increased share of undergraduate loans. Using independent 
limits would produce an unfair income amount for dependent borrowers, 
while independent students are not harmed by using the dependent limit. 
In order to determine the interest rate to use for this analysis we 
assigned the unweighted average interest rate charged on undergraduate 
loans from the 2013-14 award year through the 2023-24 award year to the 
undergraduate loans and the equivalent graduate loan rate for the non-
PLUS graduate loans. We used this period to generate an average 
interest rate because prior to 2013-14 there were different rates 
charged on subsidized versus unsubsidized loans. This produced averages 
of 4.3 percent for undergraduate loans and 5.87 percent for graduate 
loans. We then weighted these interest rates by the share of the 
balance owed for undergraduate and graduate school. This resulted in an 
interest rate of 5.52 percent. Next, we used the balance amount and the 
interest rate to calculate the amount of interest that would accumulate 
on $138,500 at a 5.52 percent interest rate in one month. That amount 
is $637.10.
    We then calculated the income that a single person would need to 
earn to have a monthly payment on SAVE equal to $637.10. In doing this, 
we used the

[[Page 27573]]

2024 Federal Poverty Guideline (FPL) amount of $15,060. Using those 
data, we calculated that a single person who owes the maximum non-PLUS 
amount would have to make more than $119,971 to cease receiving an 
interest benefit on SAVE. We then rounded that amount to the nearest 
$1,000, which yields a threshold of $120,000.
    The Department proposes to use a threshold of $120,000 for 
borrowers whose tax filing status is single. We propose to adopt the 
same threshold for married-filing-separately taxpayers, mimicking many 
rules in the Internal Revenue Code that treat the two filing statuses 
similarly. For example, the basic standard deduction for single and 
married-filing-separate filers is the same. We propose to use $180,000 
for a borrower whose filing status is head of household, which mimics 
the treatment under the Internal Revenue Code, in which the standard 
deduction is one-and-a-half times what is used for a single-person 
household (subject to rounding rules). We propose to use two times the 
amount for a single-person household--$240,000 for borrowers whose 
status is married filing jointly or qualifying surviving spouse. This 
too mirrors how the Internal Revenue Code handles the standard 
deduction for these filing statuses relative to someone whose filing 
status is single.
    The Department acknowledges that this approach to establishing 
income thresholds for filing statuses besides single or married filing 
separately is different from how we calculate payments on IDR plans. 
For IDR plans, we adjust payments for larger households by using some 
multiplier of the Federal Poverty Guidelines based upon the size of the 
household. The result is that a two-person household does not have 
double the amount of income protected that a single-person household 
has. We think taking a different approach here is warranted for several 
reasons. The consideration under IDR plans is about ensuring borrowers 
have enough money set aside to cover their monthly key obligations, 
such as food and housing. Those items have economies of scale, which 
can be reflected in the household size adjustment. For instance, a two-
person household may be sharing one bedroom, meaning the per-person 
household cost is not simply double that for a single person. By 
contrast, this waiver is an action that would occur once per borrower 
and is not focused on their monthly payment amount. Moreover, because 
this waiver is concerned with balance growth borrowers have experienced 
during their time since entering repayment, it is possible that some of 
this growth would have occurred before borrowers married, had children, 
or otherwise grew their household size. For instance, the median age at 
repayment entry for borrowers is about 25, while the typical age of 
first marriage is about 30 for men and 29 for women.\16\
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

    \16\ Based on the American Community Survey 2022 5-year 
estimates of Median Age at First Marriage.
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

    The Department is not proposing to amend the regulations for SAVE 
in this NPRM and will not consider comments related to adjusting the 
payment calculations on SAVE in response to this NPRM.
    Borrowers whose income exceeds these thresholds would not receive a 
waiver under this provision but could have the lesser of $20,000 or the 
amount by which their balance upon entering repayment exceeds their 
current outstanding balance waived under Sec.  30.82.
    The Department's overall goal with this provision is to only 
address balance growth that occurred after a borrower entered 
repayment. We do not propose to address interest that accumulated 
before a borrower first entered repayment, which, prior to July 1, 
2023, was capitalized on their balance at the end of the grace period. 
The accumulation of interest while a borrower is in school is a 
statutory component of Federal Student Loans.\17\ However, the 
Department faces certain data limitations that make it impossible to 
accurately ascertain the balance upon entering repayment for loans 
disbursed before January 1, 2005. For those loans, data regarding the 
balance upon the end of the grace period is not stored in the 
Department's records. We are concerned that attempts to approximate 
that amount may not be accurate and could result in either providing 
too much or too little assistance to borrowers. Accordingly, this 
provision would provide differential treatment for loans based upon 
whether they were disbursed before or after the date by which the 
Department can accurately assess the balance owed upon repayment entry. 
For loans disbursed after January 1, 2005, we would measure the 
original balance based upon the last day of a borrower's grace period, 
so that no interest that accumulated prior to entering repayment is 
included. For loans disbursed before that date, the Department would 
use the original disbursed balance of the loan due to operational 
limitations. Because the Department does not have a valid and reliable 
data point for balance at repayment entry for borrowers with these 
older loans, we think the balance at disbursement is the best available 
data to use for loans disbursed before January 1, 2005. This would be 
used only for borrowers whose loans are 20 or more years old, which 
also means that the vast majority of loans that are that old and are 
still outstanding belong to borrowers who have had long-term struggles 
repaying. For instance, Department data in the RIA that accompanies 
this NPRM show that 83 percent of borrowers whose loans are at least 20 
(undergraduate debt) or 25 (graduate debt) years old have previously 
experienced a default. Moreover, to the extent borrowers with these 
older loans had subsidized loans, they would not have seen interest 
accumulate before entering repayment on those loans. These dates 
properly balance the policy goals of not waiving interest prior to 
repayment entry with the operational reality of using the best 
available data. Because the January 1, 2005, disbursement date creates 
a clear dividing line that establishes two groups of borrowers, one 
with loans disbursed before January 1, 2005, and another with loans 
disbursed after that date, if either element of this provision were 
invalidated by a reviewing court, the element that stayed in effect 
would continue to provide important relief to borrowers.
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

    \17\ See 20 U.S.C. 1077a and 1087e(b).
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

    The Committee did not reach consensus on proposed Sec.  30.81.
    Sec.  30.82 Waiver when the current balance exceeds the balance 
upon entering repayment.
    Statute: Section 432(a) of the HEA (20 U.S.C. 1082(a)) provides 
that in the performance of, and with respect to, the functions, powers, 
and duties, vested in him by this part, the Secretary may enforce, pay, 
compromise, waive, or release any right, title, claim, lien, or demand, 
however acquired, including any equity or any right of redemption.
    Current Regulations: None.
    Proposed Regulations: Proposed Sec.  30.82 would provide that the 
Secretary may waive the lesser of $20,000 or the amount by which a 
borrower's loans have a total outstanding balance that exceeds the 
balance owed upon entering repayment, for loans disbursed before 
January 1, 2005, the balance of the loans on the day after the grace 
period for loans disbursed on or after January 1, 2005, or the total 
original principal balance of all loans repaid by a Federal 
Consolidation Loan or a Direct Consolidation Loan. A borrower who has 
received a waiver under Sec.  30.81 would not be eligible for a waiver 
under this provision.

[[Page 27574]]

    Reasons: Proposed Sec.  30.82 would provide one-time relief to 
borrowers who experienced balance growth. While the Department has 
taken steps to address the harms of balance growth and interest 
capitalization going forward, the recent changes do not address past 
instances of balance growth that have resulted in some borrowers owing 
more than they originally did when they entered repayment. As 
explained, this balance growth adversely affects a borrower's ability 
to pay off their loans in full within a reasonable period. We are also 
concerned that growing balances while in repayment may lead to negative 
psychological impacts on borrowers who are attempting to repay their 
debt but are unable to do so.
    There are several reasons why a borrower may have seen their loan 
balance grow beyond what it was when they entered repayment. They may 
have spent time in deferments and forbearances during which interest 
accumulated on their loans. This includes both deferments for 
unemployment or economic hardship, as well as deferments and 
forbearances related to military service. Borrowers may also have seen 
their balances grow if they previously spent time on an IDR plan during 
which their income-based payment amounts were not sufficient to repay 
all the monthly accumulating interest. Borrowers may also have spent 
time in which they were not repaying their loans, including periods of 
delinquency and in default.
    Borrowers who accumulated outstanding unpaid interest also may have 
experienced interest capitalization events, such as after a forbearance 
ends or after they left an IDR plan, in which outstanding interest was 
added onto the loan's principal balance. Once capitalization occurs, 
borrowers then pay interest that is calculated off that higher 
principal balance, increasing the total amount of interest they need to 
repay.
    The Department took steps in recent years to avoid balance growth 
and in particular to decrease the instances in which borrowers see 
their unpaid interest capitalize. Specifically, the Department has 
recently taken action to end interest capitalization where it is not 
required by statute as well as to create an interest benefit under the 
SAVE plan wherein the borrower is not charged for the remaining 
interest after a payment is applied. Providing relief through Sec.  
30.82 allows the Department to address the current and ongoing issues 
for borrowers caused by this past balance growth.
    The Department proposes to make the benefits of Sec.  30.82 
available to all borrowers because we are concerned about the negative 
effects of balance growth regardless of borrowers' past repayment 
history or circumstances. While we have proposed a separate provision 
in Sec.  30.81 that would provide relief for borrowers who are on an 
IDR plan and have incomes below certain levels, the Department sees 
Sec. Sec.  30.81 and 30.82 as provisions that can operate in a separate 
and distinct manner from each other. Therefore, in developing the 
parameters for this provision, the Department considered the optimal 
structure for this provision as a standalone benefit. The only 
interplay between this provision and Sec.  30.81 is the proposed 
limitation in Sec.  30.82(b) that a borrower may not receive relief to 
address balance growth under both provisions because the Department 
intends to provide one-time relief from balance growth for a borrower 
if the Secretary exercises his discretion to grant such relief through 
this provision.
    The Department believes it is important to provide a benefit under 
Sec.  30.82 that is available to all borrowers. An automatic and 
universal approach is the simplest to administer and also avoids 
problems commonly seen by the Department with application-based 
benefits in which the borrowers who would most benefit from the relief 
fail to apply. The JP Morgan Chase Institute found in 2022 that there 
are two borrowers who could benefit from IDR for every one that is 
enrolled.\18\ Similarly, the U.S. Department of the Treasury found that 
70 percent of borrowers who were in default in 2012 would have 
benefitted from a reduced payment of an IDR plan at the time.\19\ 
Providing this benefit on a broadly applicable, automatic basis would 
allow us to reach all borrowers who face the adverse effects of balance 
growth and would create a streamlined process.
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

    \18\ www.jpmorganchase.com/institute/research/household-debt/student-loan-income-driven-repayment.
    \19\ U.S. Government Accountability Office, 2015. Federal 
Student Loans: Education Could Do More to Help Ensure Borrowers are 
Aware of Repayment and Forgiveness Options. GAO-15-663.
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

    However, because the Department would provide a universal benefit, 
we do not believe it would be appropriate to provide uncapped relief. 
In particular, there are borrowers who have experienced amounts of 
balance growth significantly higher than all other borrowers who have 
seen their balances grow. The Department is concerned that waiving 
those excessive amounts of balance growth would provide unnecessary 
windfall benefits in which there would be significant costs incurred to 
help a relatively small number of borrowers.
    We propose capping the amount of relief at $20,000 for a borrower 
which would strike the balance between granting a level of benefits 
that would provide assistance to borrowers while not granting windfall 
amounts of relief. This $20,000 amount represents the 90th percentile 
of the amount by which balances exceed what borrowers originally owed 
upon entering repayment. This amount is informed by using a statistical 
approach to identify excess balance values that are dissimilar to most 
other values. There are several common ways of defining outliers in a 
distribution, and we use a process here that uses multiples of the 
interquartile range, referred to as a ``fence.'' \20\ The upper inner 
fence is commonly defined as the 75th percentile value plus the 
interquartile range multiplied by 1.5. In Department data, the inner 
fence is about $18,500, which we round up to $20,000 to create a 
simpler value to understand.
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

    \20\ For more information on this approach see the National 
Institute of Standards and Technology, https://www.itl.nist.gov/div898/handbook/prc/section1/prc16.htm, or statistical textbooks 
such as Ott & Longnecker, An Introduction to Statistical Methods and 
Data Analysis.
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

    A cap on relief under this provision also acknowledges that 
generally borrowers must have larger loan balances in order to 
experience greater amounts of balance growth, and that typically 
borrowers with larger loan balances have greater earnings potential 
than those with lower loan balances.
    Examples highlight the connection between loan balance amounts and 
the potential for balance growth. Consider a borrower who owes $9,500 
at an interest rate of 4.32 percent, the maximum amount of debt an 
undergraduate student can take out in a single year and the average 
interest rate for undergraduate loans over the last 11 years. If they 
did not make a single payment for 10 years their balance would grow by 
$4,104. By contrast, a borrower who owes $150,000 all in graduate loans 
at an interest rate of 5.87 percent (the average graduate rate over the 
last 11 years), would see their balance grow by $88,050 if they did not 
make a payment over 10 years. Therefore, among two otherwise similarly 
situated borrowers, the borrowers who owe more, particularly in 
graduate loans, will see their balance grow faster.
    Borrowers with very high balances tend to have higher incomes than 
do lower-balance borrowers. That may be because many higher-balance 
borrowers

[[Page 27575]]

accumulated some or most of their debt from graduate school, and among 
college-educated individuals, those with a graduate degree generally 
have higher wages than those with only an undergraduate credential or 
without any credential at all.\21\ A higher earning borrower may not 
only have a greater ability to pay off their debt in full in a 
reasonable period, there is also a greater likelihood that they may be 
on an earnings trajectory in which their initial earnings start out 
lower and then increase over time. For instance, many health care 
professions start with lower wages until the individual completes their 
residency. This earnings growth phenomenon is something the Department 
has acknowledged in other contexts, such as in the Financial Value 
Transparency and GE final regulations in which the Department proposes 
to assess the earnings of graduates from certain programs from the 
period six or seven years after completion instead of the standard 
three or four years used for most other program types. Based upon the 
proposed cap of $20,000 on balance growth, we looked at data on 
borrowers who experienced balance growth to try to understand any 
points where borrowers who would receive relief beyond that cap amount 
appear to have a greater likelihood of showing their ability to repay 
their debt. This analysis included looking at factors such as the share 
of borrowers with loans from graduate school, the rate at which 
borrowers received Pell Grants, and whether students had past evidence 
of default. While the Department does not have data on borrower 
incomes, we imputed income for borrowers based on individuals with 
similar demographic and educational characteristics from Census data. 
This procedure is imperfect, but we believe it provides a reasonable 
approximation of income. We found that borrowers who had less than 
$20,000 of excess balance were less likely to have gone to graduate 
school and have a lower imputed income. They were also more likely to 
have received a Pell Grant or to have experienced student loan default. 
This further confirmed our belief that preventing windfall amounts of 
relief also helped make this provision better targeted.
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

    \21\ Borrowers with professional doctoral degrees, which include 
fields like medicine, pharmacy, veterinary medicine, and law, have 
the highest cumulative student loan balances among those who have 
completed postsecondary education (see https://nces.ed.gov/programs/coe/indicator/tub/graduate-student-loan-debt). These are also fields 
that tend to have the highest wages (see for example, https://www.bls.gov/oes/current/oes_nat.htm). Borrowers with master's 
degrees or higher, also tend to have higher debt (see Bhutta et al. 
``Changes in U.S. Family Finances from 2016 to 2019: Evidence from 
the Survey of Consumer Finances,'' Federal Reserve Bulletin, 2020, 
106 (5). https://www.federalreserve.gov/publications/files/scf20.pdf) For research on the returns to graduate degrees, see, for 
example, Altonji & Zhong (2021). The labor market returns to 
advanced degrees. Journal of Labor Economics, 39(2).
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

    The Department specifically invites feedback from the public on the 
approaches considered here. In particular, we are interested in 
comments on whether to consider a higher or lower cap on the amount of 
balance growth that could be waived and on the rationales for choosing 
such caps. We also welcome feedback on whether there should be separate 
waiver policies to consider unique circumstances of different groups of 
borrowers and how they might be affected by balance growth. Such 
groups, for example, could recognize the effect of balance growth as 
being different for parent borrowers versus student borrowers because 
the former have less access to IDR plans and as a result have less of 
an ability to have balances forgiven after a certain period in 
repayment.
    The different dates for measuring the original balance in Sec.  
30.82(a) reflect data limitations the Department faces in accurately 
calculating the right balance to use as a baseline. These data 
limitations are explained in the discussion of reasons for Sec.  30.81.
    During the third negotiated rulemaking session, the Department 
proposed two regulatory sections that are similar to proposed Sec.  
30.82. The Committee did not reach consensus on these proposed 
sections.
    Sec.  30.83 Waiver based on time since a loan first entered 
repayment.
    Statute: Section 432(a) of the HEA (20 U.S.C. 1082(a)) provides 
that in the performance of, and with respect to, the functions, powers, 
and duties, vested in him by this part, the Secretary may enforce, pay, 
compromise, waive, or release any right, title, claim, lien, or demand, 
however acquired, including any equity or any right of redemption.
    Current Regulations: None.
    Proposed Regulations: Proposed Sec.  30.83(a)(1) specifies the 
conditions under which the Secretary may waive the outstanding balance 
of Federal student loans received for the borrower's undergraduate 
study.
    Under this proposed rule, borrowers would have their outstanding 
balances waived only for loans that were received for undergraduate 
study or Direct Consolidation Loans that repaid only loans that were 
obtained for undergraduate study, and which first entered repayment on 
or before July 1, 2005. Proposed Sec.  30.83(a)(2) describes the 
conditions under which the Secretary may grant waivers on outstanding 
balances of Federal student loans other than those loans that were 
received for undergraduate study, and first entered repayment on or 
before July 1, 2000.
    Proposed Sec.  30.83(b) specifies how the Department would 
calculate the date when a loan originally entered repayment. For a loan 
that is not a PLUS loan or a consolidation loan, the Department would 
use the day after the loan's initial grace period ends. For PLUS loans 
made to either a parent or a graduate or professional student, the 
Department would use the date the loan is fully disbursed. For a 
Federal Consolidation Loan or Direct Consolidation Loan made prior to 
July 1, 2023, the Department would consider the earliest date a loan 
repaid by the consolidation loan had the following occur:
     For a non-PLUS, non-consolidation loan, the day after its 
initial grace period ended,
     For a PLUS loan to a graduate or professional student or a 
parent, the date the loan was disbursed.
    For a Direct Consolidation Loan made on or after July 1, 2023, the 
date for measuring repayment entry would be based upon the latest day a 
loan repaid by the consolidation loan had its initial grace period end 
or was fully disbursed.
    Reasons: The standard repayment plan that acts as the default 
option for borrowers provides a repayment schedule of 120 monthly 
installments of fixed amounts, the equivalent of 10 years.\22\ 
Similarly, the income contingent repayment authority provides that 
borrowers repay over an extended period, but such repayment period is 
not to exceed 25 years.\23\ More recently, the IBR plan provides that a 
borrower's repayment term ends when they reach the equivalent of 20 or 
25 years of monthly payments, depending on when they first took out 
loans.\24\
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

    \22\ See 20 U.S.C. 1078(b)(9)(A)(i) and 20 U.S.C. 
1087e(d)(1)(A).
    \23\ See 20 U.S.C. 1087e(d)(1)(D).
    \24\ See 20 U.S.C. 1098e.
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

    The Department is concerned that despite the presence of ways for 
repayment to end, too many borrowers end up owing loans for years, if 
not decades, longer than the repayment plans generally require. In 
estimates presented later in the RIA, millions of borrowers have been 
in repayment for over 20 or 25 years.\25\ The Department

[[Page 27576]]

is particularly concerned that when loans persist for this long, they 
are unlikely to be repaid in a reasonable period of time. In 
recognition of this problem, Congress and the Department have made 
several statutory and regulatory changes to the student loan program so 
that borrowers can fully repay their debt within a reasonable time. 
However, borrowers who took out loans prior to the creation of these 
changes spent years or decades without the generous benefits that exist 
today and, as a result, may have faced more repayment challenges and be 
less likely to retire their debts within a reasonable time. The 
Department has already taken some steps to address this concern through 
the payment count adjustment. In that situation, the Department was 
concerned that because of inaccurate recordkeeping, borrowers may not 
have received appropriate credit toward forgiveness on IDR plans that 
they had earned. We were also worried about incorrect application of 
policies designed to limit repeated use of forbearances or properly 
tracking which deferments are supposed to count toward forgiveness. To 
that end, we credit all months a borrower spent in a repayment status, 
plus any months during which a borrower spent 12 consecutive or 36 
cumulative months in a forbearance, and any deferments besides being 
in-school prior to 2013. We also do not reset progress toward 
forgiveness based upon loan consolidation. While the payment count 
adjustment provides important assistance, it does not capture the full 
set of circumstances in which a borrower may struggle to accrue time to 
forgiveness. This includes time spent in default and time spent in 
forbearance that does not meet the criteria of the payment count 
adjustment.
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

    \25\ There is also evidence of many borrowers being in repayment 
for a long time in a paper by the Urban Institute using credit panel 
data estimated that there are nearly 100,000 borrowers with loans 
that were first originated prior to 1990, making them well more than 
30 years old. The author also estimated that 1.5 million borrowers 
had a loan with an origination date before 2000. The author notes 
these statistics may well be an underestimate because older debts 
may no longer appear on a borrower's credit report even though they 
are still outstanding. https://www.urban.org/sites/default/files/publication/101492/when_student_loans_linger_0.pdf.
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

    The Department views proposed Sec.  30.83 as providing a waiver to 
borrowers who have had their loans for such an extended period that 
they are unlikely to fully repay within a reasonable period.
    In drafting Sec.  30.83, the Department has proposed to adopt 
several parameters to mirror the existing IDR plans. For instance, we 
would use debt relief thresholds of 20 or 25 years because those are 
the same periods available on IDR plans. We propose applying this 
provision to loans that entered repayment on or before July 1, 2005 for 
borrowers who do not have any graduate loans because these borrowers 
will have been in repayment for all or part of 20 calendar years or 
more when the regulation is implemented; and we propose applying this 
provision to loans that entered repayment on or before July 1, 2000 for 
borrowers who have any graduate loans because these borrowers will have 
been in repayment for all or part of 25 calendar years when this 
provision is implemented. We also elected to use the differential 
treatment of undergraduate and graduate borrowers that exists in SAVE 
and was carried over from the since-replaced Revised Pay As You Earn 
(REPAYE) plan. The Department further believes after reviewing 
information identified in FSA's Enterprise Data Warehouse, that the 
differential treatment for undergraduate versus graduate loans is 
reasonable because Department data show that undergraduate borrowers go 
into delinquency or default at significantly higher rates than graduate 
borrowers. According to these data, 90 percent of borrowers who are in 
default on their loans had only taken out loans for their undergraduate 
education. By contrast, only 1 percent of borrowers who are in default 
only had graduate loans.
    In proposing this treatment of loans that entered repayment a long 
time ago, the Department would not adopt the terms for a shortened 
period until forgiveness that is included in SAVE. That provision 
allows borrowers to receive forgiveness after as few as 120 payments if 
their original principal balance was $12,000 or less. The Department 
does not think it is appropriate to adopt that threshold here because 
this timeline is only available under the SAVE plan. By contrast, the 
goal of Sec.  30.83 is to address situations where borrowers have been 
unable to fully repay in a reasonable time and have not even been able 
to repay in full over an extended period. This extended period is 
consistent with the forgiveness timelines on other IDR plans, which 
provide repayment terms of up to 20 or 25 years.
    The Department also proposes to include language in Sec.  30.83(b) 
explaining how we would determine the date of repayment entry in 
several different situations. For loans that are not PLUS loans or 
consolidation loans, we propose to use the date after the final day of 
a loan's grace period. That is the most intuitive date associated with 
what it means to enter repayment. For PLUS loans made to either a 
parent or a graduate or professional student we propose using the day 
the loan is fully disbursed. This recognizes that PLUS loans have 
multiple options for when borrowers enter repayment. Since 2008, parent 
borrowers have had the option to defer repayment entry until after the 
dependent undergraduate leaves school. But not all choose to do this, 
and some parents choose to enter repayment right away, in which case 
their repayment entry date is the same as the disbursement date. 
Similarly, graduate borrowers have the option to decline their in-
school deferment. Using the date of disbursement is therefore a 
consistent treatment of PLUS loans regardless of whether the borrower 
elected to go into repayment right away.
    The Department proposes a simpler solution for picking the date to 
assign for repayment entry for a consolidation loan. We are concerned 
that simply counting the date of the consolidation loan's disbursement 
would be unfair to borrowers because it could result in erasing years 
of time since repayment entry for borrowers, unwittingly. The 
Department has addressed concerns about a full reset of forgiveness 
clocks through consolidation in recent regulations on IDR and PSLF and 
maintains that concern here. In those circumstances we have addressed 
that issue through using a weighted average of the underlying 
loans.\26\ Instead, for this regulation we propose an approach that is 
simpler to administer and clearer to understand. For consolidation 
loans made before July 1, 2023, we propose using the earliest date that 
any loan that was repaid by a consolidation loan ended its initial 
grace period or was disbursed in the case of a PLUS loan. We propose 
this date of July 1, 2023, because it was the day after the Department 
announced this rulemaking in a press release and there was no way a 
borrower could have known to consolidate and receive this benefit.\27\ 
As such, borrowers could not have engaged in any strategic 
consolidation to receive this benefit before July 1, 2023. For 
consolidation loans disbursed on or after July 1, 2023, we propose to 
instead use the latest date that any loan repaid by the consolidation 
ended its initial grace period, or in the case of a PLUS loan was 
disbursed. By establishing these different thresholds, a borrower's 
repayment progress will not fully reset when a borrower consolidates 
loans on which a borrower had previously made payments. In addition,

[[Page 27577]]

this also makes certain that a borrower could not consolidate after the 
Department announced this proposal in order to receive a waiver of 
newer loans alongside older ones. We have determined that this approach 
is more operationally feasible and carries a lower risk of errors.
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

    \26\ See 34 CFR 685.209(k)(4)(v)(B) and 34 CFR 685.219(c)(3).
    \27\ https://www.ed.gov/news/press-releases/fact-sheet-president-biden-announces-new-actions-provide-debt-relief-and-support-student-loan-borrowers.
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

    During negotiated rulemaking, the Department proposed only waiving 
loans that first entered repayment 20 or 25 years ago at the time we 
would implement this section. Negotiators and public commenters raised 
significant concerns about how such an approach would create a ``cliff 
effect'' in which a borrower who falls just a month or two short of 20 
or 25 years would not be eligible for a waiver, despite facing 
significant financial burden of student loan debt over time and facing 
many of the same repayment challenges as those borrowers eligible for 
relief under this provision.
    The Department understands the concerns raised by negotiators and 
members of the public about the challenges with operating this policy 
only once. At the same time, however, the Department is concerned that 
an ongoing policy would not recognize how the Department has taken 
steps to address many repayment challenges on a going-forward basis by 
introducing several IDR plans, including the new SAVE plan, which 
should make it substantially easier going forward for borrowers to make 
payments that qualify for forgiveness. We have not yet identified a 
solution to this issue that would still encourage borrowers who have 
not yet reached forgiveness to continue making required payments until 
they reach the 20- or 25-year mark. And for any solution for this 
cliff, we would need a way to appropriately model the likelihood that a 
borrower does take necessary steps in the future to be eligible for 
relief under this approach so that we can assign it the proper 
estimated cost in the net budget impact.
    Given the considerations outlined above and in light of the changes 
the Department has made under recent IDR plans, we invite feedback from 
the public about how to acknowledge and address the repayment 
challenges of borrowers who entered repayment a long time ago, but not 
long enough to immediately qualify under this provision, and who are 
unlikely to repay their loan in full in a reasonable period. We also 
invite feedback on how to determine the likelihood that any borrower 
who does not yet reach forgiveness under the proposed policy would 
qualify for forgiveness under any suggested alternative one. For 
example, if the Department were to award credit toward forgiveness 
timelines for all months since entering repayment up until July 2024 
(when all of SAVE's provisions become effective), and a borrower first 
entered repayment at least 15 years ago, what standards are appropriate 
for determining whether the borrower reaches the 20- or 25-year 
threshold in light of the Department's recent steps to fix repayment 
challenges through SAVE? In addition, how would the Department 
determine the likelihood that such borrower ultimately takes necessary 
steps to reach a 20 or 25-year forgiveness threshold under the proposed 
standard?
    The Committee did not reach consensus on proposed Sec.  30.83.
    Sec.  30.84 Waiver when a loan is eligible for forgiveness based 
upon repayment plan.
    Statute: Section 432(a) of the HEA (20 U.S.C. 1082(a)) provides 
that in the performance of, and with respect to, the functions, powers, 
and duties, vested in him by this part, the Secretary may enforce, pay, 
compromise, waive, or release any right, title, claim, lien, or demand, 
however acquired, including any equity or any right of redemption.
    Current Regulations: None.
    Proposed Regulations: Proposed Sec.  30.84 would specify that the 
Secretary may waive the outstanding balance of a loan for borrowers who 
are otherwise eligible for forgiveness under an IBR plan, Income-
contingent Repayment (ICR) plan, or an alternative repayment plan but 
are not currently enrolled in the plan where they could receive 
forgiveness. The amount of the waiver would be the same as what the 
borrower would receive under the applicable IDR plan. Currently 
borrowers who are repaying their loans under an IDR plan must meet the 
eligibility requirements to enroll and qualify for forgiveness of their 
Federal student debt. Under all IDR plans, any remaining loan balance 
is forgiven if their loans are not fully repaid at the end of the 
repayment period.
    Reasons: Congress and the Department have provided borrowers with 
various income-based repayment plan options over time. The Department 
currently offers four IDR plans: the IBR plan, ICR plan, Pay as You 
Earn Repayment (PAYE) plan, and the new SAVE plan that replaced the 
former REPAYE plan. For purposes of this NPRM we refer to IBR, ICR, 
PAYE, SAVE, and REPAYE collectively as IDR plans.
    The HEA sets forth the requirements for borrowers to receive relief 
under the terms of the various IDR plans. For both ICR and IBR, a 
borrower may receive relief as long as they have accumulated the 
requisite amount of time making qualified payments or being in a 
qualified deferment.\28\ The HEA does not require these qualifying 
payments or deferments to occur while the borrower is enrolled in an 
ICR plan to receive relief under ICR,\29\ nor must they occur while a 
borrower is on an IBR plan to receive relief under IBR.\30\ Rather, the 
HEA permits borrowers to receive relief under these plans so long as 
the borrower participates in them at some point after such qualifying 
payments or deferments have occurred.\31\ While the HEA's ICR and IBR 
provisions do specify steps and procedures for obtaining a borrower's 
income information to calculate reduced payments under these plans, 
there is no requirement that borrowers provide such information as a 
condition of receiving relief. Instead, the HEA leaves the specific 
details of how to operationalize the procedures for enrolling in IDR 
plans up to the Secretary. Under this proposed provision, the Secretary 
would use information within the Department's possession to identify 
borrowers already eligible for relief and provide them with the 
opportunity to enroll in the IDR plan by choosing not to opt-out of 
receiving a waiver.
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    \28\ See 20 U.S.C. 1087e(e)(7) (ICR provision describing 
qualifying payments and deferments for relief); 20 U.S.C. 1098(b)(7) 
(IBR provision describing qualifying payments and deferments for 
relief).
    \29\ See 20 U.S.C. 1087e(e)(7).
    \30\ 20 U.S.C. 1098(b)(7) (stating the Secretary may repay or 
cancel any outstanding balance of principal and interest for a 
borrower who ``at any time, elected to participate in'' an IBR plan 
and meets the conditions for qualified payments or deferment).
    \31\ See 20 U.S.C. 1087e(e)(7); 20 U.S.C. 1098(b)(7).
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

    Such waivers would benefit many borrowers because the Department's 
current IDR regulations require borrowers to apply to enroll in IDR 
plans.\32\ Unfortunately, Department experience and independent 
research shows that there have been persistent challenges getting 
borrowers who would benefit from IDR plans to enroll in them.\33\ And 
when borrowers do enroll, large shares of them fail to successfully 
recertify and stay enrolled. For example, one study by the JP Morgan 
Chase Institute found that for every borrower enrolled in IDR there are 
two others who would benefit from such a plan but

[[Page 27578]]

are not enrolled.\34\ Similarly, the Federal Reserve Bank of 
Philadelphia found that many borrowers were unaware of the new SAVE 
plan, especially among borrower groups who were most likely to benefit 
from it, and potential beneficiaries remained uncertain even after 
learning about plan features and benefits.\35\
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

    \32\ 34 CFR 685.209(l).
    \33\ Goldstein, Adam, Charlie Eaton, Amber Villalobos, Parijat 
Chakrabarti, Jeremy Cohen, and Katie Donnelly. ``Administrative 
Burden in Federal Student Loan Repayment, and Socially Stratified 
Access to Income-Driven Repayment Plans.'' RSF: The Russell Sage 
Foundation Journal of the Social Sciences 9, no. 4 (2023): 86-111.
    \34\ https://www.jpmorganchase.com/institute/research/household-debt/student-loan-income-driven-repayment#finding-1.
    \35\ https://www.philadelphiafed.org/-/media/frbp/assets/consumer-finance/reports/cfi-sl-payments-3-resumption.pdf.
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

    The Department is concerned that its past practices of 
administering IDR plans have made it too challenging for borrowers to 
successfully navigate these processes. The result has been borrowers 
struggling to figure out which IDR plan is best, determine whether they 
are eligible, and then submit an application.\36\
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

    \36\ Herbst, Daniel. ``The impact of income-driven repayment on 
student borrower outcomes.'' American Economic Journal: Applied 
Economics 15, no. 1 (2023): 1-25.; Conkling, Thomas S., and Christa 
Gibbs. ``Borrower experiences on income-driven repayment.'' Consumer 
Financial Protection Bureau, Office of Research Reports Series 19-10 
(2019).
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

    Under the Department's current regulations, borrowers must also re-
enroll in the IDR plan each year and risk being removed from the plan 
if they fail to recertify their participation in a timely basis. The 
Department has taken many steps in recent years to address this 
problem. We created the SAVE plan, which addresses many of the issues 
that borrowers experienced in other IDR plans. We also are implementing 
a regulatory change \37\ that makes it possible for borrowers to 
automatically recertify their IDR enrollment by providing approval for 
the disclosure of their Federal tax information.
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

    \37\ https://www.federalregister.gov/documents/2023/07/10/2023-13112/improving-income-driven-repayment-for-the-william-d-ford-federal-direct-loan-program-and-the-federal.
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

    The Department is also concerned about how past challenges with 
administering IDR plans may have exacerbated these issues for borrowers 
with older loans. In April 2022, the Department announced it was taking 
executive action to address concerns about a lack of consistent 
tracking of borrower progress toward forgiveness and improper 
implementation of policies designed to limit the use of extended time 
in forbearances.\38\ Through that process we have identified and 
provided relief to hundreds of thousands of borrowers who were eligible 
for IDR forgiveness but had not enrolled. Simultaneously, the 
Department put in place processes to fix these issues going forward, 
including giving borrowers a clear count of their progress toward 
forgiveness and addressing the use of forbearances. However, we are 
concerned that there is still a group of borrowers who did not reach 
forgiveness through the payment count adjustment and who are not so new 
to borrowing that all their time in repayment would be covered by these 
improvements. In particular, these would be borrowers who are eligible 
for the forgiveness benefits under the SAVE plan, which provides 
forgiveness after as few as 120 months (10 years) in repayment for 
borrowers who originally took out $12,000 or less. Keeping borrowers 
such as these in the repayment system when they could receive a 
discharge immediately creates costs for the Department because we have 
to continue to pay servicers to manage these loans.
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

    \38\ https://www.ed.gov/news/press-releases/department-education-announces-actions-fix-longstanding-failures-student-loan-programs?utm_content=&utm_medium=email&utm_name=&utm_source=govdelivery&utm_term=.
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

    The Department proposes applying this section to borrowers repaying 
under all types of IDR plans, including those created under the income-
contingent repayment authority and IBR, and the alternative plan. We 
include the alternative plan as well because that plan contains an 
option to provide borrowers forgiveness after a set period of time, 
even if they have not paid off the full balance. In that regard it is 
similar to IDR plans. By contrast, other payment plans do not provide 
forgiveness and so are not appropriate to include in this section.
    In applying this waiver, the Secretary would provide borrowers with 
relief identical to what they would have otherwise received on the 
relevant IDR plan. They are not receiving benefits any larger than they 
otherwise would have if they successfully navigated the enrollment or 
re-enrollment process.
    The non-Federal negotiators supported the Department's proposal to 
waive the outstanding balance of loans and encouraged the Department to 
automate the process and expedite the approval and debt relief as much 
as possible.
    The Committee reached consensus on proposed Sec.  30.84.
    Sec.  30.85 Waiver when a loan is eligible for a targeted 
forgiveness opportunity.
    Statute: Section 432(a) of the HEA (20 U.S.C. 1082(a)) provides 
that in the performance of, and with respect to, the functions, powers, 
and duties, vested in him by this part, the Secretary may enforce, pay, 
compromise, waive, or release any right, title, claim, lien, or demand, 
however acquired, including any equity or any right of redemption.
    Current Regulations: None.
    Proposed Regulations: Proposed Sec.  30.85 would provide that the 
Secretary may waive up to the entire outstanding balance of a loan 
where the Secretary determines that a borrower has not successfully 
applied for, but otherwise meets, the eligibility requirements for any 
other loan discharge, cancellation, or forgiveness program under 34 CFR 
parts 682 or 685. This includes opportunities such as false 
certification discharge, closed school loan discharges, and Public 
Service Loan Forgiveness (PSLF).
    The proposed regulations also specify that if a borrower has a 
Direct Consolidation Loan or a Federal Consolidation Loan where only 
part of it would meet the criteria of this section that the Secretary 
may waive the portion of the outstanding balance of the consolidation 
loan attributable to such loan.
    Reasons: The HEA outlines several opportunities for borrowers in 
the Direct or FFEL Programs to receive Federal student loan forgiveness 
in certain situations if the borrower meets the eligibility 
requirements. For both loan types, this includes forgiveness when a 
borrower is enrolled at a school that closes, if they have a total and 
permanent disability, or have a loan that has been falsely certified. 
Direct Loan borrowers are also eligible for PSLF.
    The Department has historically seen many situations where 
borrowers do not successfully apply for available relief when they are 
eligible. For example, in August 2021, the Department issued a final 
rule that provided automatic forgiveness for borrowers who were 
identified as eligible for a total and permanent disability discharge 
through a data match with the Social Security Administration.\39\ The 
Department had been using such a match for years to identify eligible 
borrowers but required them to opt in to receive relief. After 
switching to an opt out model, we have provided relief to more than 
350,000 borrowers, showing that a default of inclusion helps these 
programs to reach the people who need them. Absent this action it is 
possible many of these borrowers would still have loans today. 
Similarly, GAO studies of closed school loan discharges have found that 
many borrowers eligible for a closed school loan discharge fail to 
apply, and that those who in the past received automatic closed school 
loan discharges after a three-year waiting period were

[[Page 27579]]

highly likely to default during the waiting period.\40\
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

    \39\ 87 FR 65904 (November 1, 2022).
    \40\ https://www.gao.gov/assets/gao-21-105373.pdf.
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

    The waivers proposed in this section would build on efforts made by 
the Department over the past several years to improve regulations for 
existing discharge programs to allow the Secretary to award borrowers 
relief under different programs if we determine that they otherwise 
meet the criteria. Beyond the regulatory programs to automatically 
provide discharges to eligible borrowers, the Secretary may have or 
obtain information showing that additional borrowers are or should be 
eligible for relief on their loans. For example, borrowers whose 
schools closed while they were enrolled outside of the time periods 
that the Department provided automatic relief would nonetheless be 
eligible for this relief if they applied. By giving these borrowers an 
opportunity to obtain the relief intended for them by choosing not to 
opt out, this rule would make that relief available in a fairer manner 
that lessens the burdens on borrowers. Although schools can be liable 
for relief provided based on the closed school discharge regulation, 
schools would not face a liability for waivers granted under this 
section. Because the Secretary would have waived the amounts owed by 
the borrower there is no liability that could then be established 
against the institution and then pursued through administrative 
proceedings.
    It is possible that a borrower whose loans have been consolidated 
could have some of the loans repaid by the consolidation that are 
eligible for a waiver and some that would not be. For example, a 
borrower could have loans from one school that are eligible for a 
closed school loan discharge and other loans that are not. In such 
situations the Department would waive repayment of the portion of the 
consolidation loan attributable to that loan repaid by the 
consolidation loan that is eligible for the waiver.
    Overall, the Department believes that this waiver will provide 
additional flexibility and help get relief to more borrowers who are 
eligible for Federal student loan forgiveness.
    One non-Federal negotiator opposed this proposed regulation. The 
negotiator stated concerns for other borrowers who are already eligible 
for Federal student loan discharges who would be treated differently 
under the waiver authority and may lose other benefits currently 
provided by existing Federal student loan discharge programs. This same 
negotiator provided an example of a borrower who may face tax 
consequences if they receive this benefit under the waiver instead of 
utilizing other discharge programs where such a discharge would be 
statutorily excluded from being considered taxable income. By law, 
there is no Federal taxation on Federal student loans forgiven by the 
Department through the end of 2025.\41\ Before any usage of this 
authority the Department would also consider whether a borrower is 
already eligible for a discharge under the existing forgiveness 
opportunity.
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

    \41\ See Title IX, Subtitle G, Part 8, section 9675 of the 
American Rescue Plan Act, 2021 (Pub. L. 117-2).
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

    The Committee did not reach consensus on proposed Sec.  30.85.
    Sec.  30.86 Waiver based upon Secretarial actions.
    Statute: Section 432(a) of the HEA (20 U.S.C. 1082(a)) provides 
that in the performance of, and with respect to, the functions, powers, 
and duties, vested in him by this part, the Secretary may enforce, pay, 
compromise, waive, or release any right, title, claim, lien, or demand, 
however acquired, including any equity or any right of redemption.
    Current Regulations: None.
    Proposed Regulations: Under proposed Sec.  30.86(a), the Secretary 
may waive the entire outstanding balance of a loan associated with 
attending an institution or a program at an institution if the 
Secretary or other authorized Department official took certain final 
agency actions. These final agency actions are: termination of the 
institution or academic program's participation in the title IV, HEA 
programs; a denial of the institution's request for recertification; or 
determination that the institution or program loses title IV 
eligibility. To qualify under this section, the final agency action 
must have been taken in whole or in part due to the institution or 
academic program failing to meet an accountability standard based on 
student outcomes for determining eligibility in the title IV, HEA 
programs or the Department determining that the institution or program 
failed to deliver sufficient financial value to students. Such 
situations that are evidence of failure to provide sufficient financial 
value include when the institution or program has engaged in 
substantial misrepresentations, substantial omissions, misconduct 
affecting student eligibility, or other similar activities. Currently, 
proposed 30.86(a)(2) also includes the following language: ``this 
paragraph applies to circumstances when the institution or program has 
lost accreditation at least in part due to such activities.'' The 
intent of the consensus language was to clarify that the underlying 
finding that supports the Department's determination that an 
institution or program failed to deliver financial value under proposed 
Sec.  30.86(a)(2) could be a finding made by the Department or it could 
be a finding made by an accreditor that terminated accreditation based 
at least in part on that finding. Since the Committee reached consensus 
on the language included in 30.86, the Department included it in these 
proposed regulations. However, the Department believes that this intent 
could be stated more clearly as: ``The institution or program has 
failed to deliver sufficient financial value to students, including in 
situations where either (i) the Department has determined that the 
institution or program has engaged in substantial misrepresentations, 
substantial omissions, misconduct affecting student eligibility, or 
other similar activities; or (ii) the Department has determined that 
the accrediting agency has terminated its accreditation based at least 
in part upon a finding that the institution or program has engaged in 
the activities described in paragraph (a)(2)(i) of this section.'' The 
Department invites comments on this possible change.
    Proposed Sec.  30.86(b) would specify that the waiver applies to a 
borrower's loans received for attending that program or school during 
the period that corresponds with the findings or outcomes data unless 
the Department believes the use of a different period is appropriate. 
In the case of a Federal Consolidation Loan or Direct Consolidation 
Loan that has an outstanding balance, under proposed Sec.  30.86(c) the 
Secretary would waive the portion of the outstanding balance of the 
consolidation loan attributable to such loan received for attending 
that program or school during the period that corresponds with the 
findings or outcomes data.
    Reasons: Conducting rigorous oversight and enforcing accountability 
measures are key functions for the Department.\42\ Identifying 
situations in which institutions or programs are failing to meet 
requirements of the HEA and taking action to prevent the flow of future 
title IV aid dollars is an important way to solidify that taxpayer 
funds are well spent and to protect future borrowers and aid recipients 
from harm.

[[Page 27580]]

However, while we take aggressive action to protect future borrowers 
and aid recipients, we often do not address loans held by borrowers who 
attended programs or institutions at the very time we observed the 
issues that led to the termination of future aid receipt. For example, 
a borrower who attended an institution that lost access to aid because 
of high CDRs, is still left to repay their loans, even as the 
Department takes steps to protect future borrowers from going into debt 
at those institutions.
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    \42\ Some examples of the Department's oversight and compliance 
measures over institutions include but are not limited to: program 
reviews authorized under Sec. 498A of the HEA; requiring most 
institutions to submit a compliance and financial audit authorized 
under Sec. 487(c) of the HEA; and others.
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

    This waiver would provide relief to borrowers who received loans to 
attend programs or institutions that lost access to title IV aid for 
specific agency actions if they took out loans during the period that 
generated the outcomes data that led to the aid termination or who 
attended during the period covered by evidence that was used to justify 
cutting off title IV aid into the future.
    The Department believes waivers in this situation are appropriate 
because we think it is unfair to expect borrowers to continue repaying 
loans from a time when we know the issues at the institution or program 
were so significant that they warranted adverse Secretarial action. 
These are loans where we know the borrower is not getting the benefit 
of the bargain one should expect when they take out loans for 
postsecondary education or, in cases such as substantial 
misrepresentation, that the loans should not have been made in the 
first place.
    Waivers of Federal student loan debt under proposed Sec.  30.86 
would only apply after a final agency action. That means the 
institution would have exhausted its administrative appeals for that 
final action. For example, if the Secretary denies an institution's 
request for recertification, that institution would still be afforded 
the opportunity to appeal that denial in accordance with 34 CFR part 
668, subpart G and only until the institution exhausts its appeals 
options for the denial of the recertification--or indicates that it 
does not intend to appeal the decision--would the Department consider 
waiving affected borrowers' loan balances in accordance with this 
regulation. If an institution does not appeal a liability in a specific 
finding in a Final Program Review Determination (FPRD), the finding in 
that FPRD would be considered final. Relying only on final agency 
actions also means that instances in which the Secretary initiates an 
action and then does not finalize it due to a successful appeal would 
not be included. For example, if an institution successfully appeals a 
failing CDR and does not lose aid eligibility, borrowers who attended 
the institution would not be eligible for a waiver under this section.
    The Department also recognizes that sometimes agency actions are 
ultimately resolved through settlements. We propose that settlements 
where there is an acknowledgement of wrongdoing would qualify as a 
final agency action under this section, while settlements that lack 
such an acknowledgment of wrongdoing would not. We believe this 
approach is appropriate because the proposed regulation applies if the 
Department determines the program or institution failed an 
accountability measure related to student outcomes or failed to provide 
sufficient financial value.
    Institutions would also not be liable for the costs associated with 
any waivers granted under this section. Because this is an exercise of 
the Secretary's waiver authority there would not be a liability to seek 
against an institution. The one exception is for liabilities related to 
certain loans issued while an institution appeals or requests for an 
adjustment to its CDR. Liabilities for those amounts are discussed in 
Sec.  668.206(f).
    This waiver would be used only when the termination of the 
institution's title IV participation occurred for specific reasons. 
These fall into two categories. The first is the institution's failure 
of accountability standards based on student outcomes, namely those 
related to CDRs and Gainful Employment. This includes failures of those 
measures that occurred in the past when they resulted in loss of title 
IV eligibility.\43\ The Department chose these types of measures 
because those are situations in which the Department directly measured 
the outcomes of borrowers in a specific cohort and found the results so 
lacking that aid could not continue.
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

    \43\ There are some institutions that previously lost title IV 
eligibility because of failing CDRs, and qualifying loans associated 
with those institutions would be eligible. By contrast, there are 
not any programs that previously lost title IV eligibility based on 
failing GE measures because the prior rule was rescinded before any 
program lost eligibility, and the new rule does not go into effect 
until July 2024.
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

    An institution would have to fail its CDR or GE metrics enough 
times to warrant a final action from the Department and that failure 
would have to be sustained following any appeal options available to 
the institution or program.
    This waiver would not apply to the failure of other metrics that 
are not directly tied to student outcomes. This includes the 
calculation of an institution's financial responsibility composite 
score prescribed in 34 CFR part 668, subpart L or for proprietary 
institutions, their 90/10 non-Federal revenue calculation prescribed in 
34 CFR 668.28. These other performance standards are important but do 
not directly measure student outcomes.
    The Department is not concerned that granting a waiver based upon 
student outcomes would create an incentive for future borrowers to 
willfully default on their loans or take other actions that could cause 
the program to fail the debt-to-earnings or earnings premium measures 
used in Gainful Employment. First, all these measures operate on the 
observed outcomes across either all borrowers who entered repayment or 
all those who received title IV aid and graduated. They also generally 
require measuring performance across multiple years. The lone exception 
to this being a one-year CDR in excess of 40 percent, which leads to a 
loss of loan eligibility. Intentionally failing the measure would 
require extremely coordinated activity across likely multiple years of 
students. Making such a situation further unlikely is the fact that the 
consequences of intentionally failing a measure with uncertain odds of 
success could be significant. Defaulting on a student loan has 
significant consequences. Borrowers can see their credit scores plummet 
and tax refunds seized. Regarding Gainful Employment metrics, borrowers 
would be having to settle for lower earnings, which has additional 
effects on their ability to afford basic necessities.
    The second type of actions relate to situations where there is a 
determination that the institution or program failed to deliver 
sufficient financial value. We propose defining this as findings that 
an institution engaged in substantial misrepresentations or omissions 
of fact, misconduct affecting student eligibility, or other similar 
activities. We chose these situations because those would be cases in 
which the institution engaged in behavior that affected the value of 
what a borrower received for their loans. For instance, if the 
Department terminates aid on a prospective basis because it finds that 
an institution had been consistently lying to borrowers about their 
ability to get jobs when in fact internal statistics showed that fewer 
than half of students obtained employment in the field in which they 
were being prepared then that is a sign that the borrower did not 
receive what they were promised. We would also waive repayment of the 
loans of borrowers who were included in those periods used to determine 
that the actual employment rates were far lower than what was promised. 
Waivers

[[Page 27581]]

granted because of this section could also include circumstances where 
the Secretary terminates aid because an institution or program loses 
accreditation at least in part for the same type of reasons.
    The Department recognizes that borrowers eligible for relief under 
this provision may also be eligible for relief under the Department's 
other discharge programs, such as borrower defense. As a general 
matter, the Department does not see a problem with providing 
overlapping pathways to relief. Such overlaps are not uncommon in the 
student loan system. For example, there have been many borrowers who 
have been eligible for both a closed school loan discharge and a 
borrower defense discharge. In such instances, the Department has opted 
to proceed with the most operationally efficient discharge since the 
borrower receives the same benefits under either option. Where 
possible, the Department intends to provide eligible borrowers relief 
through other existing discharge programs, such as borrower defense or 
closed school discharge. But the Department's experience is that there 
are some circumstances where a borrower may not receive relief under 
these discharges but meets the conditions of Sec.  30.86(a)(2).
    Waivers in this section would not be granted in response to every 
action the Department takes to terminate aid access at an institution. 
For instance, an institution that loses access to aid because of 
financial problems, solely because it closed, or other situations that 
do not speak to the returns received by students would not be captured 
here. Because those aid loss circumstances do not relate to the benefit 
received by borrowers, we do not think it is appropriate to include 
them here as a waiver. The Department would make the determination as 
to whether an action meets this requirement for each institution or 
program.
    Final actions under proposed Sec.  30.86 would include those 
sanctions in 34 CFR part 668, subparts G and H, other final actions 
stemming from an institution's loss of eligibility under 34 CFR part 
600, subpart D, as well as other final action by the Department. As the 
Department explained during negotiated rulemaking sessions, these final 
actions are situations where the Secretary or other Departmental 
official has taken formal action to cease an institution or program's 
participation in the title IV, HEA programs on a prospective basis.
    A non-Federal negotiator encouraged us to include an institution's 
loss of accreditation as a condition under which the Department could 
waive repayment of Federal student loan debt and another negotiator 
believed a more expansive general loss of title IV eligibility should 
be used as a basis for waiving repayment. The Department concurred and 
incorporated in Sec.  30.86(a)(2), circumstances when the institution 
or program loses accreditation as a basis for waiving Federal student 
loan debt under this proposed section.
    Under proposed Sec.  30.86(b), the Department would apply this 
provision to a borrower's loans received for attending that institution 
or program during the period that corresponds with the findings or 
outcomes data that forms the basis for the final action for this 
waiver. For example, if an institution lost access to title IV aid due 
to CDRs in excess of the statutory limits for borrowers who entered 
repayment in 2016, 2017, and 2018, then we would waive repayment of the 
loans from that institution of borrowers who borrowed during that 
period. Similarly, if an institution lost access to aid because of 
substantial misrepresentations in a nursing program in 2023, then we 
would waive repayment of the loans of borrowers who took out loans for 
that program in that period of the final action.
    Limiting this waiver only to borrowers whose enrollment overlaps 
during the corresponding period enables the scope of the findings or 
outcomes data to apply to similarly situated borrowers and provides 
consistent treatment to all affected borrowers. At the same time, the 
Department recognizes that there could be unique circumstances in which 
the period used for the Secretarial action does not fully capture the 
period during which the Department believes the actions covered by this 
section otherwise occurred. In such circumstances, proposed Sec.  
30.86(b), allows for the Secretary to designate an alternative period 
for determining a borrower's eligibility for a waiver. Examples of such 
considerations could be capturing additional years related to CDR 
failures where the Department has reason to believe an institution 
would have failed except for efforts to manipulate rates to keep them 
artificially low. Another instance might also be years that took place 
after an investigation that led to a Secretarial action and a school 
action started but the institution later closed making it infeasible 
for the Department to add the years after its investigation finished to 
be included in the period of identified conduct. For example, if the 
Department investigated an institution from 2020 to 2022 and finished 
the process of a Secretarial action in 2024, after which the school 
closed, the Secretary may choose to consider whether loans disbursed 
from 2023 and 2024 should also be considered under this provision.
    Finally, the Department also concurred with a non-Federal 
negotiator who suggested we include an additional paragraph which 
states that if the conditions of the waiver are met and the loan was 
repaid by a consolidation loan that has an outstanding balance, the 
Department would waive the portion of the outstanding balance of the 
consolidation loan attributable to such loan. We believe that it is 
logical to waive only the underlying loan that was part of a 
consolidation loan associated with the final action associated for this 
waiver. Borrowers who otherwise consolidated their loans would have a 
pathway toward this waiver and would not lose their opportunities for 
this waiver because of the consolidation.
    The Committee reached consensus on proposed Sec.  30.86.
    Sec.  30.87 Waiver following a closure prior to Secretarial 
actions.
    Statute: Section 432(a) of the HEA (20 U.S.C. 1082(a)) provides 
that in the performance of, and with respect to, the functions, powers 
and duties, vested in him by this part, the Secretary may enforce, pay, 
compromise, waive, or release any right, title, claim, lien, or demand, 
however acquired, including any equity or any right of redemption.
    Current Regulations: None.
    Proposed Regulations: Under proposed Sec.  30.87(a)(1), the 
Secretary may waive the entire outstanding balance of a loan associated 
with attending an institution or a program at an institution if the 
institution or program closes and the Secretary or other authorized 
Department official has determined that, based on the most recent 
reliable data for an institution or program, the institution or program 
has not satisfied, for at least a year, an accountability standard 
based on student's outcomes for determining that institution or 
program's eligibility for title IV funds. Under proposed Sec. Sec.  
30.87(a)(2)(i) and (ii) the Secretary may also waive the entire 
outstanding balance of a loan associated with attending a closed 
institution or a closed program at an institution if the institution or 
program failed to deliver sufficient financial value to students and is 
the subject of a Departmental action that remains unresolved at the 
time of that institution or program's closure, in whole or in part, on 
certain conduct specified in regulation.
    Currently, proposed Sec.  30.87(a)(2)(i) also includes the 
following language: ``this paragraph applies to

[[Page 27582]]

circumstances when the institution or program has lost accreditation at 
least in part due to such activities.'' The intent of the consensus 
language was to clarify that the underlying finding that supports the 
Department's determination that an institution or program failed to 
deliver sufficient financial value under proposed Sec.  30.87(a)(2)(i) 
could be a finding made by the Department or it could be a finding made 
by an accreditor that terminated accreditation based at least in part 
on that finding. Since the committee reached consensus on the language 
included in 30.87, the Department has included it in these proposed 
regulations. However, the Department believes that the intent could be 
stated more clearly as: ``The institution or program has failed to 
deliver sufficient financial value to students, including in situations 
where either (A) the Department has determined that the institution or 
program has engaged in substantial misrepresentations, substantial 
omissions, misconduct affecting student eligibility, or other similar 
activities; or (B) the Department has determined that the accrediting 
agency has terminated its accreditation based at least in part upon a 
finding that the institution or program has engaged in the activities 
described in (A).'' The Department invites comments on this possible 
change.
    Under proposed Sec.  30.87(b), a waiver under this section would 
apply to a borrower's loans received for attending that institution or 
program during the period that corresponds with the findings or 
outcomes data. Proposed Sec.  30.87(c) would provide that in the case 
of Federal Consolidation Loans and Direct Consolidation Loans, the 
Secretary would waive the portion of the outstanding balance of the 
consolidation loan attributable to such loan received for attending 
that institution or program during the period that corresponds with the 
findings or outcomes data.
    Institutions or programs that close where the Secretary determined 
that the institution or program has not satisfied an accountability 
standard based on student outcomes would include institutions that fail 
or failed to meet the CDR standards prescribed in 34 CFR part 668, 
subpart N and programs that do not lead to Gainful Employment 
prescribed in 34 CFR part 668, subpart S. An institution or program 
that failed to deliver sufficient financial value to students would 
include an institution or program that engaged in: substantial 
misrepresentations, substantial omissions, misconduct affecting student 
eligibility, or circumstances around loss of accreditation associated 
with such activities. The Department would predicate this determination 
through a program review, investigation, or any other action that 
remains unresolved at the time of closure and that action as based in 
whole or in part to the aforementioned misconduct.
    Waivers of Federal student loan debt under proposed Sec.  30.87 
would apply to actions the Department has taken as soon as one year 
after the institution or program has not satisfied an accountability 
standard based on student outcomes. This provision would also apply to 
an institution or program failing to deliver sufficient financial value 
to students and was the subject to a program review, investigation, or 
any other Department action that remains unresolved at the time of 
closure and that action was based, in whole or in part, on such 
conduct.
    Under these proposed regulations, we would not assess liabilities 
against the institution as a result of the Secretary waiving a 
borrower's Federal student loan debt. As such, institutions would not 
be subject to any request to repay funds waived under this provision.
    Reasons: Similar to proposed Sec.  30.86, the Department seeks to 
capture circumstances where an institution or program failed 
accountability standards based on student outcomes. The main difference 
between this provision and Sec.  30.86 is that Sec.  30.87 captures 
situations in which an institution or program chooses to close before 
the action becomes final and could be considered under Sec.  30.86. The 
Department is proposing a separate section to address situations where 
an institution or program has closed because we have seen past 
situations where programs or institutions fail accountability measures 
and voluntarily close, and the closure leaves the Department with 
insufficient data to conduct a final agency action. The same is true of 
situations in which the Department begins an investigation or program 
review related to whether the institution or program is providing 
sufficient financial value, but the institution or program chooses to 
close before that investigation or program review is finished. When 
that occurs, the Department may not finish those processes. In the 
circumstances described above, the Department believes that it would be 
reasonable for the Secretary to infer that in the absence of additional 
data or completion of program review or investigation that the 
Department would have terminated aid access going forward and the 
borrower would be eligible for a waiver. In other words, we do not hold 
borrowers responsible for the Department's inability to obtain 
necessary additional information. Institutions and programs, meanwhile, 
are not affected by this inference because they have ceased 
participation in the title IV programs and would not face any 
liabilities from these waivers.
    While Sec.  30.87 is designed to provide parity with the waivers in 
Sec.  30.86 so that a borrower is not made worse off because a school 
decided to close, this provision would not cover all borrowers enrolled 
at the school at the time of closure. Because the institution closed, 
borrowers who did not complete and were enrolled at or just before the 
date of closure would be eligible for a closed school discharge.
    Some examples highlight the differences between Sec.  30.86 and 
Sec.  30.87 that necessitate a separate section. In general, 
institutions are subject to loss of eligibility to participate in the 
Direct Loan \44\ and Pell Grant \45\ programs if that institution's CDR 
is equal to or greater than 30 percent for each of its three most 
recent cohort fiscal years. An institution that voluntarily closes to 
avoid loss of eligibility due to a high CDR would not face sanctions, 
but those students could still be repaying loans incurred for 
attendance in what would otherwise be an ineligible institution. 
Proposed Sec.  30.87 would cover such instances if an institution or 
program voluntarily closes.
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

    \44\ Section 435(a)(2) of the HEA (20 U.S.C. 1085(a)(2)).
    \45\ Section 401(j) of the HEA (20 U.S.C. 1070a(j)).
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

    The Department has encountered situations in the past during 
oversight and compliance measures over institutions and programs where 
those institutions or programs choose to close before further reviews 
can be completed. During program reviews, investigations, or other 
actions, institutions would voluntarily close the institution or 
program rather than face the consequences of sanctions. Borrowers 
enrolled at those institutions or programs who did not continue their 
postsecondary education would be eligible for a closed school loan 
discharge if the institution closed. But a borrower who completed their 
program during this period would not be eligible for a closed school 
discharge. A borrower who graduated, meanwhile, may also not be able to 
raise a successful defense to repayment claim based on the specific 
factual circumstances. This provision would provide an alternative path 
to relief where the Department has sufficient evidence to determine the 
institution or

[[Page 27583]]

program did not provide sufficient financial value.
    This waiver would operate in a manner separate and distinct from 
closed school loan discharges. The idea behind closed school loan 
discharges is to provide relief to borrowers who are left with loan 
debt and are unable to complete their programs. That is why closed 
school loan discharges are unavailable to borrowers who graduated. By 
contrast, the purpose of this waiver is to provide relief to borrowers 
who did not get the benefit of the bargain of postsecondary education 
in the sense that their institution or program did not meet required 
student outcomes standards or failed to provide sufficient financial 
value, but it closed prior to the final agency action that would have 
made that determination. The underlying reason for the waiver and for 
why relief would be appropriate are different from the reason for 
closed school discharges. Negotiators expressed support for this 
provision during negotiated rulemaking sessions.
    One negotiator encouraged us to also include an institution or 
program's loss of accreditation as a condition of waiving Federal 
student loan debt under this section. In response, the Department 
concurred and incorporated in proposed Sec.  30.87(a)(2)(i) 
circumstances when the institution or program loses accreditation as a 
basis for waiving Federal student loan debt.
    Similar to Sec.  30.86, this provision would only provide waivers 
to borrowers who took out loans during the period used to measure 
student outcomes or for the program review or investigation. For 
example, if an institution had a high CDR for borrowers who entered 
repayment in 2019 and then closed, the Department would waive loans 
taken to attend that institution for borrowers in that repayment 
cohort. Borrowers whose loans are not included in those periods would 
not receive a waiver.
    The Committee reached consensus on proposed Sec.  30.87.
    Sec.  30.88 Waiver for closed Gainful Employment (GE) programs with 
high debt-to-earnings rates or low median earnings.
    Statute: Section 432(a) of the HEA (20 U.S.C. 1082(a)) provides 
that in the performance of, and with respect to, the functions, powers 
and duties, vested in him by this part, the Secretary may enforce, pay, 
compromise, waive, or release any right, title, claim, lien, or demand, 
however acquired, including any equity or any right of redemption.
    Current Regulations: None.
    Proposed Regulations: Under proposed Sec.  30.88(a), the Secretary 
may waive the entire outstanding balance of a loan received by a 
borrower associated with enrollment in a GE program if the following 
conditions are met: the program or institution closed; the GE program 
was not a professional medical or dental program; and, for a period in 
which the borrower received loans for enrollment in the GE program, the 
Secretary has reliable and available data demonstrating that title IV 
recipients in the GE program failed the debt-to-earnings rates or 
earnings premium measure described in Sec.  30.88(a)(3).
    For purposes of a waiver under Sec.  30.88(a)(3)(i), the GE program 
would be considered failing if that program had a debt-to-earnings rate 
greater than 8 percent of their median annual earnings and 20 percent 
of their median discretionary income. Discretionary earnings would be 
calculated as median annual earnings minus 150 percent of the Federal 
Poverty Guideline for a single individual for the measurement year. 
Denominators of either measures that are zero or negative would be 
considered a failure if the numerator is a non-zero number. A GE 
program would also be considered failing if it fails the earnings 
premium measure described in Sec.  30.88(a)(3)(ii). For the earnings 
premiums measure, a GE program would be considered failing if the 
median annual earnings of GE program graduates are equal to or less 
than the median annual earnings for typical high school graduates in 
the labor force (i.e., either working or unemployed) between the ages 
of 25-34. The median annual earnings would be compared to the high 
school graduates in the State in which the institution is located, or 
nationally in the case of a GE program at a foreign school, or if fewer 
than 50 percent of the students in the GE program are from the State 
where the institution is located.
    Under proposed Sec.  30.88(b), a GE program would be identified by 
its six-digit Classification of Instructional Program (CIP) code, the 
institution's six-digit Office of Postsecondary Education ID (OPEID) 
number and the program's credential level. If the Department does not 
have reliable and available data at the GE program's six-digit CIP 
code, it would use the four-digit CIP code. The Department would 
calculate the annual loan payment by determining the median loan debt 
of students who completed the GE program during the applicable cohort 
and amortizing that debt based upon the average of the Direct 
Unsubsidized Loan interest rates based on the applicable credential 
level and the years preceding the completion year.
    Additionally, under proposed Sec.  30.88(c), the Secretary may 
waive loans received for enrollment in a GE program if the institution 
closed, and the institution received a majority of its title IV funds 
for GE programs for which the Department could calculate debt-to-
earnings rates and earnings premium measures, and the Department was 
unable to calculate measures for that program.
    Proposed Sec.  30.88(d) would provide that in the case of Federal 
Consolidation Loans and Direct Consolidation Loans, the Secretary 
waives the portion of the outstanding balance of the consolidation loan 
attributable to such loan received for attending that GE program in the 
corresponding period for which the Secretary is waiving those 
borrowers' Federal student loan debt.
    Reasons: The Department published final regulations related to GE 
to address ongoing concerns about educational programs that are 
supposed to prepare students for gainful employment in a recognized 
occupation but that instead leave them with unaffordable amounts of 
student loan debt in relation to their earnings, or with no gain in 
earnings compared to others with no more than a high school 
education.\46\ Going forward, if a program fails to meet the standards 
required of the GE rates, borrowers may be eligible for waivers under 
either Sec.  30.86 or Sec.  30.87. However, the Department is also 
concerned about circumstances in which it has evidence that a program 
is failing to meet the GE standards and the program closes. Such 
situations may not result in a waiver under Sec.  30.87 even though the 
Department knows that the borrowers included in the metrics are facing 
challenges similar to those where programs formally fail the measures 
once and then close.
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

    \46\ 88 FR 70004 (October 10, 2023).
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

    The provisions in Sec.  30.88 particularly would address situations 
where there have been data showing failures of GE metrics, but they are 
not necessarily official rates, and the program has closed. For 
example, during rulemaking processes to establish GE regulations, the 
Department released debt-to-earnings rates about programs across the 
country. In January 2017,\47\ the Department also produced a round of 
official rates under the 2014 GE final rule \48\ but did not publish 
subsequent GE rates under those rules. In response to these rates some 
institutions preemptively closed programs that did

[[Page 27584]]

not meet the standards. The Department believes it is important to 
provide a waiver in these situations because these metrics show similar 
concerns about the potential that a borrower may be unable to 
successfully repay their loans. We believe it is reasonable to draw an 
inference in favor of the borrower since the program closed and there 
will not be other data available showing the longer-term performance of 
the program.
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

    \47\ See January 17, 2017 Gainful Employment Electronic 
Announcement #100--Upcoming Release of Final Gainful Employment 
Debt-to-Earnings (D/E) Rates.
    \48\ 79 FR 64890 (October 31, 2014).
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

    While the proposed waiver in Sec.  30.88 would only be available 
when an institution or program closes, it is distinct from closed 
school discharge. The purpose of a closed school discharge is to 
provide relief to a borrower who is unable to complete their program. 
That is why it excludes graduates from eligibility. By contrast, this 
proposed waiver would provide relief to borrowers where data shows that 
the typical borrower who took out loans is not getting the benefit of 
the bargain. The purpose of the closure requirement is to address how 
the Department would handle situations where it does not have, and has 
no way to obtain, additional data that would otherwise be needed to 
take a final agency action and deny continued title IV participation if 
the institution or program were to continue to fail the metrics. This 
section establishes how the Department would go about drawing an 
inference in favor of the borrower to determine that they did not 
receive the benefit of the bargain.
    Because the circumstances addressed in proposed Sec.  30.88 are not 
ones where the Department would calculate official GE rates, we have 
crafted a framework to explain how the Secretary would otherwise assess 
a GE program's debt-to-earnings rates and earnings premium measure for 
purposes of this section.
    In Sec.  30.88(a)(2) the Department explains that we would not 
apply this section to GE medical or dental programs. These are GE 
programs identified as Doctor of Medicine (MD), Doctor of Osteopathy 
(DO), or Doctor of Dental Science (DDS) based upon their level and CIP 
code. We propose to not include those programs here because in past 
versions of the GE regulations we have said that students in these 
programs would have had their earnings evaluated after a longer time 
following graduation than other types of programs. The Department does 
not have data for this longer measurement period so we cannot 
accurately assess these GE programs.
    Section 30.88(a)(3) describes how the Department would calculate 
whether a program fails to meet GE standards. These definitions for 
debt-to-earnings and earnings premium are all modeled on how the 
Department proposes to calculate these measures in the recently 
finalized GE regulation.\49\ The definitions for debt-to-earnings rates 
are also similar to what was used in the GE regulations finalized in 
2014.\50\
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

    \49\ 88 FR 70004 (October 10, 2023).
    \50\ 79 FR 64890 (October 31, 2014).
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

    The provisions in Sec.  30.88(b) provide greater detail related to 
how the Department would identify programs as well as how we would 
calculate typical earnings and debt payments. In Sec.  30.88(b)(1), we 
propose identifying GE programs by the six-digit CIP code level, or at 
the four-digit CIP code if we did not have data available. We propose 
this to mirror the definition of a GE program defined in 34 CFR 668.2. 
We more fully explain in the 2023 GE final rule \51\ our analysis of 
data coverage and our basis for assessing GE programs at the six-digit 
CIP code and, where appropriate, the four-digit CIP code to meet the 
minimum n-size requirements for GE metrics. This approach also 
recognizes the data limitations that exist related to past data used to 
assess GE programs.
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

    \51\ 88 FR 70035, 70127 (October 10, 2023).
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

    Other provisions of Sec.  30.88(b) similarly reflect choices made 
and explained in greater detail in the 2023 GE final rule. This 
includes how we would calculate the annual loan payment and calculate 
median annual earnings.
    The language in proposed Sec.  30.88(c) addresses circumstances 
where borrowers attended programs that did not have GE results 
calculated at an institution that has since closed. It proposes to 
provide relief to students who borrowed to enroll in a program at an 
institution that closed in which, prior to the closure, the institution 
received a majority of its title IV, HEA funds from programs that met 
the conditions under proposed Sec.  30.88(a)(3) and there were no 
metrics calculated for that program. Because the majority of the title 
IV, HEA funds received by the institution went to failing programs, the 
Secretary could reasonably infer that the title IV, HEA funds that went 
to other programs for which there were insufficient data would have 
likely failed, as well, and such borrowers should be granted relief. 
Loans from programs at such an institution where we did have data 
showing the program did not fail the GE metrics would not result in a 
waiver.
    Finally, Sec.  30.88(d) clarifies that if the conditions of the 
waiver are met and the loan was repaid by a Federal Direct 
Consolidation Loan or a Direct Consolidation Loan that has an 
outstanding balance, the Department would waive the portion of the 
outstanding balance of the consolidation loan attributable to such 
loan. We believe that it is logical to waive the only underlying loan 
associated with this waiver that was part of a consolidation loan. 
Borrowers who otherwise consolidated their loans would have a pathway 
toward this waiver and would not have their chances at a waiver 
foreclosed because of the consolidation.
    The Committee reached consensus on proposed Sec.  30.88. The 
Department has made one clarifying technical change to this language in 
paragraph (a)(2) to change the word ``this'' to ``the program.''

Part 682--Federal Family Education Loan (FFEL) Program

Subpart D--Administration of the Federal Family Education Loan Programs 
by a Guaranty Agency Waiver of FFEL Program Loan Debt (Sec.  682.403)

    Statute: Section 432(a) of the HEA (20 U.S.C. 1082(a)) provides 
that in the performance of, and with respect to, the functions, powers, 
and duties, vested in him by this part, the Secretary may enforce, pay, 
compromise, waive, or release any right, title, claim, lien, or demand, 
however acquired, including any equity or any right of redemption.
    Current Regulations: None.
    Proposed Regulations: Proposed Sec.  682.403(a) would outline the 
procedures under which the Secretary may determine that a FFEL Program 
loan held by a guaranty agency or a lender qualifies for a waiver of 
all or a portion of the outstanding balance and the steps for providing 
a waiver. Under proposed Sec.  682.403(a)(1), the Secretary would 
notify the lender that a loan qualifies for a waiver and the lender 
would submit a claim to the guaranty agency. The guaranty agency would 
pay the claim, be reimbursed by the Secretary, and assign the loan to 
the Secretary. After the loan is assigned, the Secretary would grant 
the waiver. Proposed Sec.  682.403(a)(2) would define the terms ``the 
lender'' and ``the guaranty agency'' for the purposes of waiver claims 
under proposed Sec.  682.403.
    Proposed Sec.  682.403(b) would specify the conditions under which 
the Secretary waives FFEL Program loans held by a guaranty agency or a 
lender. A FFEL Program loan would qualify for a waiver under one of the 
following conditions--
     The loan first entered repayment on or before July 1, 
2000;
     The borrower has not applied for, or not successfully 
applied for, a closed

[[Page 27585]]

school discharge but otherwise meets the eligibility requirements for 
the discharge; or
     The loan was received for attendance at an institution 
that lost its eligibility to participate in any title IV, HEA program 
because of its CDR and the borrower was included in the cohort whose 
debt was used to calculate the CDR or rates that were the basis for the 
loss of eligibility.
    Proposed Sec.  682.403(c) would provide that if the Secretary 
determines that a loan qualifies for a waiver, the Secretary notifies 
the lender and directs the lender to submit a waiver claim to the 
applicable guaranty agency and to suspend collection activity, or 
maintain a suspension of collection activity, on the loan.
    Proposed Sec.  682.403(d) would describe the waiver claim 
procedures. Under proposed Sec.  682.403(d)(1), the guaranty agency 
would be required to establish and enforce standards and procedures for 
the timely filing of waiver claims by lenders.
    Proposed Sec.  682.403(d)(2) would require the lender to submit a 
claim for the full outstanding balance of the loan to the guaranty 
agency within 75 days of the date the lender received the notification 
from the Secretary. Under proposed Sec.  682.403(d)(3), the lender 
would be required to provide the guaranty agency with an original or a 
true and exact copy of the promissory note and the notification from 
the Secretary when filing a waiver claim. Proposed Sec.  682.403(d)(4) 
would allow a lender to provide alternative documentation deemed 
acceptable to the Secretary if the lender is not in possession of an 
original or true and exact copy of the promissory note.
    Proposed Sec. Sec.  682.403(d)(5) and (d)(6) would require the 
guaranty agency to review the waiver claim and determine whether it 
meets the applicable requirements. If the guaranty agency determines 
that the claim meets the requirements specified in proposed Sec. Sec.  
682.403(d)(3) and 682.403(d)(4) the guaranty agency would be required 
to pay the claim within 30 days of the date the claim was received.
    Under proposed Sec.  682.403(d)(7) the lender would be required to 
return any payments received on the loan during the suspension of 
collection activity or after receiving the claim payment to the sender.
    Under proposed Sec.  682.403(d)(8) the Secretary would reimburse 
the guaranty agency for the full amount of a claim paid to the lender 
after the agency pays the claim to the lender. Proposed Sec.  
682.403(d)(9)(i) would require the guaranty agency to assign the loan 
to the Secretary within 75 days of the date the guaranty agency pays 
the claim and receives the reimbursement payment. If the guaranty 
agency is the loan holder, under proposed Sec.  682.403(d)(9)(ii) the 
guaranty agency would be required to assign the loan on the date that 
the guaranty agency receives the notice from the Secretary.
    After the guaranty agency assigns the loan, the Secretary may waive 
the borrower's obligation to repay up to the entire outstanding balance 
of the loan, as provided under proposed Sec.  682.403(d)(10). After the 
Secretary grants the waiver, under proposed Sec.  682.403(d)(11) the 
Secretary would notify the borrower, the lender, and the guaranty 
agency that the borrower's obligation to repay the debt or a portion of 
the debt, has been waived.
    Proposed Sec.  682.403(e)(1) would require a guaranty agency to 
return any payments received on the loan during the suspension of 
collection activity or after the guaranty agency assigned the loan to 
the Secretary. The guaranty agency would also be required to notify the 
borrower that there is no obligation to make payments on the loan 
unless the borrower received a partial waiver or unless the Secretary 
directs otherwise. Under proposed Sec.  682.403(e)(2), the guaranty 
agency would remit to the Secretary any payments received after it has 
notified the borrower. Under proposed Sec.  682.403(e)(3), if the 
Secretary receives any payments on the loan after waiving the entire 
outstanding balance on the loan, the Secretary would return these 
payments to the sender.
    Proposed Sec.  682.403(f) would provide that if the conditions for 
a waiver specified in proposed Sec.  682.403(b) are met on a loan that 
has been repaid by a Federal Consolidation Loan with an outstanding 
balance, the Secretary may waive the portion of the outstanding balance 
of the consolidation loan attributable to the loan that qualifies for 
waiver once the loan has been assigned to the Secretary.
    Reasons: The proposed regulations applicable to FFEL Program loans 
held by a guaranty agency or lender are intended to mirror some of the 
proposed regulations in 34 CFR part 30 that would apply to FFEL Program 
loans held by the Department. Since no new FFEL Program loans have been 
made on or after July 1, 2010, some of the provisions in part 30 that 
would apply to Direct Loans are not applicable to FFEL Program loans. 
Therefore, the proposed FFEL-only regulations are more limited than the 
proposed regulations that would apply to all student loans held by the 
Department.
    In proposed Sec.  682.403(b)(1) the Department proposes to provide 
a waiver for a FFEL loan that first entered repayment at least 25 years 
ago. The Department proposes a different time in repayment requirement 
for FFEL loans from what is in proposed Sec.  30.83 because the version 
of IBR that is available in the FFEL program only provides forgiveness 
after 25 years of payments. There is no forgiveness option after 20 
years the way there is for Department-held loans.
    The Department proposes to include Sec.  682.403(b)(1) because we 
are concerned that borrowers who first entered repayment a long time 
ago may not be able to repay their loans in a reasonable period. It 
would come with full compensation for the outstanding balance to 
lenders. The existence of repayment plans that provide forgiveness 
after an extended period in repayment indicates Congress's concern with 
borrowers being stuck in repayment for an unreasonable period of time 
and reflects Congress's intent that borrowers have paths to relief, so 
they are not stuck with their loans forever. We are concerned that many 
borrowers with older loans have spent years, if not decades, in 
repayment before being able to benefit from those options and might 
otherwise be trapped by their debts until they pass away. We have 
proposed applying this provision to loans that entered repayment on or 
before the July 1, 2000, because these borrowers will have been in 
repayment for all or part of 25 calendar years or more when the 
regulation is implemented. This approach reflects the more limited data 
the Department has in its possession about commercial FFEL borrowers. 
We are proposing 25 years because FFEL borrowers have access to an 
income driven repayment plan that provides forgiveness after 25 years. 
Similar to proposed Sec.  30.83, this provision would only be exercised 
once per borrower.
    The Committee did not reach consensus on proposed Sec.  
682.403(b)(1).
    The Committee did reach consensus on proposed Sec. Sec.  
682.403(b)(2) and 682.403(b)(3), which would provide waivers for FFEL 
borrowers who qualify for, but have not received, a closed school 
discharge and for borrowers who attended an institution that lost its 
title IV eligibility due to high CDRs, if the borrower was included in 
the cohort whose debt was used to calculate the CDRs that were the 
basis for the loss of eligibility. Regarding waivers based on a 
school's loss of title IV eligibility, the Department modified proposed 
Sec. Sec.  682.403(b)(3) by adding clarifying language specifying that 
the borrower's loan must have been in the cohort of

[[Page 27586]]

loans that resulted in the school losing title IV eligibility for a 
borrower to qualify for a waiver under this provision.
    The Department proposes waivers for closed school discharges 
because that is a forgiveness opportunity that is available to FFEL 
borrowers which we are concerned that many eligible borrowers do not 
appear to be aware of and, as a result, may be unnecessarily struggling 
with unaffordable loans. For example, a 2021 study by the Government 
Accountability Office found that at least 42 percent of discharges from 
2013 to 2021 were automatic discharges, indicating that a substantial 
share of borrowers may not have been aware of the potential for 
discharge or may have struggled with the application.\52\ Further, more 
than half of borrowers who received an automatic discharge were in 
default on their loans, and an additional 21 percent had experienced at 
least one delinquency spell that lasted 90 days or longer.\53\ 
Exercising waivers in these situations would help borrowers who have a 
high likelihood of being in default for loans that they should not have 
to repay.
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

    \52\ GAO-21-105373, COLLEGE CLOSURES: Many Impacted Borrowers 
Struggled Financially Despite Being Eligible for Loan Discharges 
https://www.gao.gov/assets/gao-21-105373.pdf.
    \53\ Ibid.
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

    The Department proposes to include waivers for borrowers who took 
out loans that are captured in CDRs that led to institutional 
ineligibility because we are concerned that when the Secretary cuts off 
aid to an institution for this reason it is a sign that a borrower is 
not getting the benefit of the bargain. This provision provides 
equitable treatment for the borrowers whose results showed their loans 
were not faring well with those who were protected after that point 
because the institution was no longer eligible to participate in the 
Federal student loan programs. One of the non-Federal negotiators urged 
the Department to provide FFEL regulations that were robust, clear, and 
detailed. The Department responded by providing detailed proposed FFEL 
regulations outlining the waiver claims filing process for waivers 
granted to FFEL borrowers whose loans are held by a private lender or a 
guaranty agency. These proposed regulations are modeled on the 
regulations in Sec.  682.402 governing other loan discharges in FFEL, 
specifically the regulations governing total and permanent disability 
(TPD) discharges. As with TPD discharges, the Department would make the 
determination of eligibility, rather than the lender or the guaranty 
agency before a claim is filed. The Department would then direct the 
lender to file a claim with the guaranty agency. The claim would be for 
the outstanding balance of the loan less any unpaid late fees and 
unpaid collection costs. The process for filing and paying the claim 
and assigning the loan to the Department would be essentially the same 
process used for TPD discharge claims. In the case of a consolidation 
loan, the claim would be for the outstanding principal and interest of 
the consolidation loan, even if only a portion of the consolidation 
loan qualifies for a waiver. After the guaranty agency pays the claim 
and the Department reimburses the guaranty agency, the guaranty agency 
assigns the consolidation loan to the Department. The Department would 
then waive repayment on the portion of the consolidation loan 
attributable to loans eligible for a waiver. This is consistent with 
proposed Sec.  682.403(f) and several other provisions in these 
proposed regulations that allow the Secretary to waive a portion of a 
Federal Consolidation Loan (or, for Direct Loans, a Direct 
Consolidation Loan) if one or more of the underlying loans qualifies 
for a waiver. The Department would then resume collection on the 
portion of the consolidation loan that was not waived.
    The suspension of collection activity, which is generally 
authorized for brief periods during which an application is submitted, 
or a claim is filed, would be deemed to be a forbearance in cases where 
payment resumes on the loan after it has been assigned to the 
Secretary.
    Once a FFEL Program loan is assigned to the Department, the 
Department would be responsible for furnishing information about the 
loan to consumer reporting agencies and would report the reduction or 
elimination of the outstanding balance to consumer reporting agencies 
after granting the waiver. Guaranty agencies and lenders would only be 
responsible for reporting that the loan has been assigned to the 
Department, as they currently do for TPD discharges.
    During negotiated rulemaking, the Department proposed providing 
more time for the claims process, giving 75 days for a lender to submit 
a claim, and 75 days for the guaranty agency to pay the claim. The 
Department believes that the timeframes are appropriate, since the 
Department will have already determined that the borrower qualifies for 
a waiver before notifying the lender. There would be no requirement 
that the lender or guaranty agency conduct an additional review of 
borrower eligibility. Therefore, the claims process would be entirely 
administrative on the part of the lender and the guaranty agency. There 
would be no need for a guaranty agency or lender to review an 
application or to request additional information from a borrower, which 
is sometimes the case with other loan discharges. However, the 
Department acknowledges that initially there may be a large volume of 
FFEL borrowers qualifying for the waivers specified in Sec.  682.403. 
Therefore, we would work with guaranty agencies and lenders who may 
have difficulty meeting these timeframes and be flexible in enforcing 
the requirements in proposed Sec. Sec.  682.403(d)(2) and 
682.403(d)(9).
    The Committee did not reach consensus on the proposed regulations 
in Sec. Sec.  682.403(a), (c), (d), (e) and (f) that would establish 
the procedures for processing a waiver claim and stipulate that if the 
conditions for a waiver are met on a loan that has been consolidated, 
the Secretary would waive repayment of the portion of the consolidation 
loan attributable to the loan that qualifies for waiver.
    After the third negotiating session, the Department determined that 
it would be appropriate to specify in regulation that, when filing a 
waiver claim, a lender may provide alternative documentation in the 
event that the lender does not possess the original promissory note or 
a true and exact copy of the promissory note. This is consistent with 
the Department's practice with regard to accepting alternative 
documentation for loan assignments.
    The Department also noted that the proposed regulations did not 
address the treatment of payments received after the Department has 
notified the lender that the loan qualifies for a waiver and before the 
payment of a waiver claim. Therefore, the Department added proposed 
language specifying that payments on the loan received during the 
suspension of collection activity--which would occur at the start of 
the waiver claim process--would be returned to the sender by either the 
lender or by the guaranty agency, as applicable. The Department 
believes that returning payments at this stage of the process is 
appropriate, because the Department has already determined that the 
borrower's loan qualifies for a waiver. Accepting payments 
inadvertently submitted on a loan that may have its entire outstanding 
balance waived would unnecessarily deprive the borrower of the payment 
amounts submitted.

[[Page 27587]]

Executive Orders 12866 (as Modified by 14094) and 13563

Regulatory Impact Analysis

    Under Executive Order 12866, the Office of Management and Budget 
(OMB) must determine whether this regulatory action is ``significant'' 
and, therefore, subject to the requirements of the Executive Order and 
subject to review by OMB. Section 3(f) of Executive Order 12866, as 
amended by Executive Order 14094, defines a ``significant regulatory 
action'' as an action likely to result in a rule that may--
    (1) Have an annual effect on the economy of $200 million or more 
(adjusted every 3 years by the Administrator of OIRA for changes in 
gross domestic product), or adversely affect in a material way the 
economy, a sector of the economy, productivity, competition, jobs, the 
environment, public health or safety, or State, local, territorial, or 
Tribal governments or communities;
    (2) Create a serious inconsistency or otherwise interfere with an 
action taken or planned by another agency;
    (3) Materially alter the budgetary impacts of entitlement grants, 
user fees, or loan programs or the rights and obligations of recipients 
thereof; or
    (4) Raise legal or policy issues for which centralized review would 
meaningfully further the President's priorities, or the principles 
stated in the Executive Order, as specifically authorized in a timely 
manner by the Administrator of OIRA in each case.
    This proposed regulatory action will have an annual effect on the 
economy of $200 million or more. Table 4.1 in this RIA provides an 
estimate of the net budget effects of each provision of this proposed 
rule. We also provide estimates of the administrative costs for these 
provisions. Because the net budget effect is larger than $200 million a 
year, this proposed regulatory action is subject to review by OMB under 
section 3(f) of Executive Order 12866 (as amended by Executive Order 
14094). Notwithstanding this determination, we have assessed the 
potential costs and benefits, both quantitative and qualitative, of 
this proposed regulatory action and have determined that the benefits 
will justify the costs.
    We have also reviewed these regulations under Executive Order 
13563, which supplements and explicitly reaffirms the principles, 
structures, and definitions governing regulatory review established in 
Executive Order 12866. To the extent permitted by law, Executive Order 
13563 requires that an agency--
    (1) Propose or adopt regulations only on a reasoned determination 
that their benefits justify their costs (recognizing that some benefits 
and costs are difficult to quantify);
    (2) Tailor its regulations to impose the least burden on society, 
consistent with obtaining regulatory objectives and taking into 
account--among other things and to the extent practicable--the costs of 
cumulative regulations;
    (3) In choosing among alternative regulatory approaches, select 
those approaches that maximize net benefits (including potential 
economic, environmental, public health and safety, and other 
advantages; distributive impacts; and equity);
    (4) To the extent feasible, specify performance objectives, rather 
than the behavior or manner of compliance a regulated entity must 
adopt; and
    (5) Identify and assess available alternatives to direct 
regulation, including economic incentives--such as user fees or 
marketable permits--to encourage the desired behavior, or provide 
information that enables the public to make choices.
    Executive Order 13563 also requires an agency ``to use the best 
available techniques to quantify anticipated present and future 
benefits and costs as accurately as possible.'' The Office of 
Information and Regulatory Affairs of OMB has emphasized that these 
techniques may include ``identifying changing future compliance costs 
that might result from technological innovation or anticipated 
behavioral changes.''
    We are issuing these proposed regulations only on a reasoned 
determination that their benefits would justify their costs. In 
choosing among alternative regulatory approaches, we selected those 
approaches that in the Department's estimation best balance the size of 
the estimated transfer and qualitative benefits and costs. Based on the 
analysis that follows, the Department believes that these proposed 
regulations are consistent with the principles in Executive Order 
13563.
    We have also determined that this regulatory action will not unduly 
interfere with State, local, territorial, and Tribal governments in the 
exercise of their governmental functions.
    As required by OMB Circular A-4, we compare the proposed 
regulations to the current regulations. In this regulatory impact 
analysis, we discuss the need for regulatory action, the summary of key 
proposed provisions, potential costs and benefits, net budget impacts, 
and the regulatory alternatives we considered.
    Elsewhere in this section under Paperwork Reduction Act of 1995, we 
identify and explain burdens specifically associated with information 
collection requirements.

1. Congressional Review Act Designation

    Pursuant to the Congressional Review Act (5 U.S.C. 801 et seq.), 
the Office of Information and Regulatory Affairs designated that this 
rule is covered under 5 U.S.C. 804(2) and (3).

2. Need for Regulatory Action

    Postsecondary education is a critical pathway for entering and 
succeeding in the middle class. Generally, earning a postsecondary 
credential provides individuals with a range of personal benefits in 
the labor market, including higher income and lower unemployment 
risk.\54\ In addition to individual benefits related to earnings and 
employment, additional education provides a host of individual benefits 
including greater access to benefits like health insurance, increased 
job satisfaction and overall happiness.\55\ Increasing levels of 
postsecondary attainment also have spillover benefits for communities 
and society that benefit those who never attended or completed 
postsecondary education. For example, researchers have documented that 
wages of non-college graduates rise when the supply of college 
graduates increases.\56\ Increases in education is also linked to 
higher civic participation, reduced crime, and improved health of 
future generations.\57\
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

    \54\ Barrow, L. & Malamud, O. (2015). Is College a Worthwhile 
Investment? Annual Review of Economics, 7(1), 519-555. Card, D. 
(1999). The Causal Effect of Education on Earnings. Handbook of 
Labor Economics, 3, 1801-1863.
    \55\ Oreopoulos, P. & Salvanes, K.G. (2011). Priceless: The 
Nonpecuniary Benefits of Schooling. Journal of Economic 
Perspectives, 25(1), 159-184.
    \56\ Moretti, Enrico. ``Estimating the social return to higher 
education: evidence from longitudinal and repeated cross-sectional 
data.'' Journal of econometrics 121, no. 1-2 (2004): 175-212.
    \57\ Currie, Janet, and Enrico Moretti. ``Mother's education and 
the intergenerational transmission of human capital: Evidence from 
college openings.'' The Quarterly journal of economics 118, no. 4 
(2003): 1495-1532; Lochner, Lance, ``Nonproduction Benefits of 
Education: Crime, Health, and Good Citizenship,'' in E. Hanushek, S. 
Machin, and L. Woessmann (eds.), Handbook of the Economics of 
Education, Vol. 4, Ch. 2, Amsterdam: Elsevier Science (2011); Ma, 
Jennifer, and Matea Pender. Education Pays 2023: The Benefits of 
Higher Education for Individuals and Society. Washington, DC: 
College Board. Milligan, Kevin, Enrico Moretti, and Philip 
Oreopoulos. ``Does education improve citizenship? Evidence from the 
United States and the United Kingdom.'' Journal of public Economics 
88, no. 9-10 (2004): 1667-1695.; Lochner, Lance, and Enrico Moretti. 
``The effect of education on crime: Evidence from prison inmates, 
arrests, and self-reports.'' American economic review 94, no. 1 
(2004): 155-189.
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

    The high price of postsecondary education, however, means that 
large

[[Page 27588]]

shares of Americans seeking postsecondary credentials rely on Federal 
student loans to pay for college.\58\ Though the rate of student 
borrowing has declined slightly in recent years, there have been 
appreciable changes in who borrows for college and how much debt they 
have taken on over the last several decades.\59\ For instance, in the 
early 1990s, approximately one-third of full-time undergraduates 
received Federal student loans.\60\ Following the Great Recession, the 
total dollar amount of annual student loan borrowing increased, 
reaching a peak in the 2010-11 school year.\61\ These trends are shown 
in Table 2.1.
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

    \58\ According to 2022 Digest of Education Statistics (Table 
331.10), 34.6 percent of undergraduates received Federal student 
loans for the 2019-20 academic year.
    \59\ Fry, Richard. ``The changing profile of student 
borrowers.'' (2014). Pew Research Center. https://www.pewresearch.org/social-trends/2014/10/07/the-changing-profile-of-student-borrowers/.
    \60\ U.S. Department of Education, National Center for Education 
Statistics. Digest of Education Statistics 2022. Table 331.60.
    \61\ Ma, Jennifer and Matea Pender (2023), Trends in College 
Pricing and Student Aid 2023, New York: College Board.

             Table 2.1--Share of Full-Time Undergraduates Borrowing for College and Amount Borrowed
----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
                                                                              Average amount     Median amount
                                                          Share borrowing   borrowed in given  borrowed in given
                     Academic year                        federal loans %     year (2019-20      year (2019-20
                                                                                 dollars)           dollars)
----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
2003-2004..............................................                 46             $7,419             $6,306
2007-2008..............................................                 52              9,101              6,804
2011-2012..............................................                 53              8,417              7,347
2015-2016..............................................                 50              8,643              7,017
2019-2020..............................................                 42              6,526              6,250
----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Note: Excludes Parent PLUS loans. Data comes from the 2016 and 2020 National Postsecondary Aid Study (available
  at https://nces.ed.gov/datalab/powerstats/table/moxnjs and https://nces.ed.gov/datalab/powerstats/table/kwjatm kwjatm).

    Federal student loans allow students and families who lack the 
necessary funds to pay for postsecondary education with their current 
resources to borrow money to pay for that education that can be repaid 
using the earnings gains that come from obtaining a credential. While 
this works out for many borrowers, too often Federal loans do not have 
the intended result.
    Student loan debt can add to the risk of going to college, because 
students who experienced an income shock, had bad luck in the job 
market, or went to a school that misled them about benefits can be 
burdened by their loan debt obligations. For some borrowers, the extent 
of debt needed to finance a credential is more than they can sustain 
from the earnings gains they obtained. These borrowers may see some 
returns from their education, but they aren't sufficient to repay their 
debt in a reasonable timeframe.
    Many borrowers with lower incomes or who are otherwise financially 
vulnerable, such as retirees and those who have reported challenges 
making ends meet, have struggled to meet their student loan 
payments.\62\ Student loan payment challenges are also commonly faced 
by borrowers who do not complete their credentials. An estimated 40 
percent of borrowers who began postsecondary education in 2012 had 
student debt, but did not have a degree five years later.\63\ 
Individuals with greater educational attainment tend to have higher 
earnings, and borrowers who do not complete their educational programs 
are particularly likely to have poor labor market outcomes.\64\ 
Borrowers with debt but no degree can be in a situation where they 
borrowed in anticipation of degree-boosted earnings, but instead need 
to manage loan payments without such wage gains.
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

    \62\ https://www.census.gov/library/stories/2021/08/student-debt-weighed-heavily-on-millions-even-before-pandemic.html; https://www.philadelphiafed.org/-/media/frbp/assets/consumer-finance/reports/cfi-sl-1-payments-resumption.pdf; https://www.aarp.org/money/credit-loans-debt/info-2021/student-debt-crisis-for-older-americans.html.
    \63\ https://nces.ed.gov/datalab/powerstats/table/Lcvndq.
    \64\ Looney, Adam and Constantine Yannelis. ``A Crisis in 
Student Loans? How Changes in the Characteristics of Borrowers and 
in the Institutions they Attended Contributed to Rising Loan 
Defaults.'' Brookings Papers on Economic Activity, 2015; Ma, 
Jennifer, and Matea Pender. Education Pays 2023: The Benefits of 
Higher Education for Individuals and Society. Washington, DC: 
College Board.
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

    Through other actions, the Department is working to make certain 
that students gain value from their postsecondary education. For 
instance, the Department published final Financial Value Transparency 
and Gainful Employment rules in 2023 that aim to protect borrowers from 
career-training programs that do not provide sufficient financial value 
for their graduates and to better inform all families about the 
financial returns they could expect from programs.\65\ Those actions 
are forward looking, however, and do not address some of the challenges 
faced by students in the past. For example, once fully implemented, the 
2023 Financial Value Transparency and Gainful Employment rules will 
rely on outcomes data from previous students to prevent future students 
from using federal aid for programs where students are unlikely to be 
able to afford their debt payments. However, while future students will 
gain protection, past students whose experiences were documented have 
limited avenues for relief.
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

    \65\ 88 FR 70004 (October 10, 2023).
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

    The potential debt relief contemplated in this proposed rule could 
help some borrowers who receive relief to better afford necessities, 
prepare for retirement, invest in other assets, and safeguard against 
financial shocks. This relief may also help guard against a ``chilling 
effect'' on postsecondary attainment, as prospective students may avoid 
higher education due to the negative consequences of debt experienced 
by many middle-income and low-income borrowers. And if students decide 
not to attend higher education because they are worried about the risk 
related to student loans, then communities, and the country clearly 
will miss out on the aforementioned benefits that increasing levels of 
postsecondary education brings, including higher economic growth, 
higher civic participation, reduced crime, and improved health.
    Challenges with repaying Federal student loans manifest in several 
ways in broader trends within the portfolio. Prior to the start of the 
national pause on student loan interest, repayment, and collections in 
2020, about one million borrowers a year defaulted on their Federal 
student loans for the first

[[Page 27589]]

time.\66\ While some of these borrowers will successfully exit default, 
many others will likely remain in default for years if not decades. 
According to analysis of the Department's internal data, as of the end 
of 2020, there were about 1.5 million borrowers with ED-held loans in 
default who had been in that status for at least nine years.
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

    \66\ https://studentaid.gov/sites/default/files/DLEnteringDefaults.xls.
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

    The proposed regulations would permit the Secretary to provide 
relief to borrowers in the form of waiving some or all of the 
outstanding balance of a loan. The Secretary could provide this relief 
to borrowers where collection is not in the interest of the Department 
because certain borrowers would not otherwise have access to relief 
that is appropriate under the circumstances. In some cases, the 
proposed relief aligns to changes in the student loan programs that 
have recognized the necessity of relief, but where such changes took 
effect after the point at which many borrowers obtained their loans. 
These subsequent changes implicate considerations of equity and 
fairness, as well as the low likelihood of a borrower repaying the loan 
in a reasonable time period, and the costs of enforcing the debt which 
are not justified by the expected benefits of continued collection.
    The proposed rules address several distinct situations where the 
Department believes the use of waiver is appropriate. Though a borrower 
may qualify for a waiver under multiple provisions, each of these 
proposed regulatory sections is distinct and separate from the other.
    One section of the proposed rule would address situations where 
borrowers have loan balances that exceed what they originally borrowed. 
This provision would address the problem of prior excess interest 
accrual and capitalization, which the Department has considered at 
length.\67\ The Department has addressed these problems going forward 
through the SAVE repayment plan that limits the accrual of unpaid 
interest when borrowers make their required payments, as well as 
separate regulatory changes that eliminated all non-statutory 
capitalization events starting July 1, 2023.\68\ But these new policies 
do not provide relief to borrowers with years or even decades of 
accrued interest, and such borrowers continue to experience the harms 
of excess interest as described below.
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

    \67\ See, e.g., 88 FR 43820, 43851 (July 10, 2023).
    \68\ Id.; 87 FR 65904, 65957 (November 1, 2022).
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

    Any loan subject to interest requires a borrower to repay more than 
the original balance of the loan. For example, a $10,000 loan with a 
five percent interest that is repaid over 10 years would result in 
total payments of just over $12,700. However, when a borrower's 
outstanding balance exceeds what they originally borrowed, they will 
need to pay significantly more to retire their debts than they would 
have under the repayment schedule they had at the start of repayment. 
This can extend the borrower's time in repayment, including the 
possibility that a loan is never repaid. As the Department has noted in 
prior regulatory actions that address interest accrual and 
capitalization going forward, borrowers whose balances have grown 
excessively may experience additional psychological and financial 
barriers to repayment and be more likely to fall into delinquency or 
default.\69\ Since the new policies reflected in the SAVE plan do not 
address prior balance growth, many borrowers with years of accrued 
interest face the negative effects of excess interest accrual. Indeed, 
many comments that the Department received in July 2023 when the 
Department solicited input from the public at the start of the student 
debt relief negotiated rulemaking process, similarly shared that 
balance growth has negative psychological effects on repayment. Many 
borrowers expressed that they felt that having unanticipated balances 
that far exceeded what they had originally borrowed made it impossible 
to ever repay their loans and indicated that they would be better able 
to afford their debts if balances could be brought down to the amount 
they originally borrowed and expected to repay. Borrowers who spoke 
during the public comment periods provided during negotiated rulemaking 
sessions reiterated these concerns.
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

    \69\ See, e.g. 88 FR 43820, 43951 (July 10, 2023); 88 FR 1894, 
1905 (January 11, 2023); 87 FR 41878 (July 13, 2022), 41919; 87 FR 
65904, 65957 (November 1, 2022).
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

    The proposed rules contain a separate section that focuses on loans 
that first entered repayment a long time ago and are still outstanding. 
Under the standard repayment plan borrowers repay their debt over 10 
years by making equal monthly installments. More recently, borrowers 
have increasingly turned to IDR plans that provide forgiveness after 
either 20 or 25 years when the borrower makes payments that are largely 
driven by their income and family size. As a result, essentially every 
borrower has access to a repayment option that allows them to be debt-
free by some point between 10 and 25 years of repayment.
    Unfortunately, many borrowers see their loans persist long past 
these points. Many of these borrowers have spent considerable time in 
default where they are already subject to powerful collection tools 
that can result in the garnishment of wages, seizure of tax refunds, 
negative credit reporting, and even litigation. Analysis of Department 
data reveals that among borrowers who entered repayment over 25 years 
ago and whose loans are still outstanding, 74 percent have been in 
default at some point, while among borrowers whose loans matured over 
20 years ago, 64 percent have been in default at some point. Analysis 
by the Urban Institute suggested that of borrowers who took out loans 
before 1990 and who still had debt recorded on their consumer report in 
2018, 16 percent were in default on some or all of their student debt 
as of 2018.\70\
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

    \70\ Blagg, Kristin. (2020) When Student Loans Linger: 
Characteristics of Borrowers Who Hold Loans Over Multiple Decades. 
Urban Institute. https://www.urban.org/sites/default/files/publication/101492/when_student_loans_linger.pdf.
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

    Borrowers with older loans also would not have initially been 
eligible for the significant number of additional benefits created for 
borrowers over the last several years. The presence of these benefits, 
such as reduced payments and shorter timelines to forgiveness, may have 
helped many of these borrowers better manage their debt and retire it 
sooner.
    Furthermore, loans that have been in repayment for a long time tend 
to be held by older borrowers who are closer to or beyond retirement 
age, at which point their income may decline. Analysis of Department 
data reveals that among borrowers who entered repayment 20 years ago 
and whose loans are still outstanding, the median borrower age was 54 
years, and 64 percent are older than the age of 50.

[[Page 27590]]

    A different provision of the proposed rule addresses the challenge 
where borrowers continue to repay loans even though, if they applied, 
they would be eligible to have their debts forgiven, either through one 
of the IDR plans or targeted forgiveness opportunities authorized by 
the HEA, such as PSLF. Historically, the Department has seen that 
borrowers frequently are not aware of the steps they need to take to 
get relief and end up making payments or put themselves at avoidable 
risk of default and delinquency. For example, for years, the Department 
had a data match with the Social Security Administration that 
identified borrowers who were eligible for a total and permanent 
disability discharge. Despite being told they were eligible, hundreds 
of thousands of borrowers did not apply.
    In 2021, the Department changed its regulations to automatically 
provide a discharge to borrowers identified as eligible for this 
benefit through this match. This included an option for borrowers to 
opt out. As a result, 323,000 borrowers received discharges for the 
first time when the Department re-ran this match with the new policy 
and thousands more continue to be approved for automatic relief each 
quarter.\71\ Policies like the automatic discharges based upon the SSA 
match show the importance of using approaches that grant forgiveness to 
borrowers without requiring them to find out about benefits and apply, 
one of the key goals behind this proposed provision.
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

    \71\ https://www.ed.gov/news/press-releases/over-323000-federal-student-loan-borrowers-receive-58-billion-automatic-total-and-permanent-disability-discharges.
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

    Similarly, a substantial share of borrowers fail to or delay 
recertifying their income for purposes of an IDR plan after their first 
year in the plan, even when it appears that remaining on IDR would 
benefit them financially.\72\ Transaction costs and lack of 
information, among other factors, can negatively impact take-up of 
public and social programs. This is not unique to student loans, as 
evidenced from a wide variety of programs such as those related to food 
and income supports also demonstrate that not all who can benefit 
actually sign up.\73\ However, take-up of social programs can be 
increased by reducing administrative costs and burdens, including by 
having automatic enrollment.\74\
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

    \72\ Herbst, Daniel. ``The impact of income-driven repayment on 
student borrower outcomes.'' American Economic Journal: Applied 
Economics 15, no. 1 (2023): 1-25.; Conkling, Thomas S., and Christa 
Gibbs. ``Borrower experiences on income-driven repayment.'' Consumer 
Financial Protection Bureau Office of Research Reports Series 19-10 
(2019).
    \73\ See the review in Ko & Moffit (2022). Take-up of Social 
Benefits. NBER Working Paper 30148. Also see various articles in 
``Administrative Burdens and Inequality in Policy Implementation'' 
Part I and Part II in RSF: The Russell Sage Foundation Journal of 
the Social Sciences, volume 9, issues 4 and 5, 2023.
    \74\ Currie, Janet (2006). The Take-up of Social Benefits. In 
Public Policy and the Income Distribution. Russell Sage Foundation. 
Herd & Moynihan (2018). Administrative Burdens. Russell Sage 
Foundation.
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

    Finally, there are many borrowers who received loans to attend 
programs or institutions that lost access to the title IV, HEA programs 
after those programs or institutions failed to meet required 
accountability standards, failed to deliver sufficient financial value, 
or closed during the process to determine whether the institution or 
program should lose access to title IV aid for those reasons. In these 
situations, the Department or other entities took action to protect 
borrowers and taxpayers from the harms caused by these programs or 
institutions. However, students who borrowed to enroll in programs or 
institutions that later lost access to the title IV, HEA programs and 
whose experiences were captured in the outcomes measures that lead to 
such protection, are still left to repay the debt.
    The Department is concerned that requiring such borrowers to 
continue to repay their debts puts them at increased risk of default 
and delinquency due to the identified flaws at the program or 
institution. For example, the recent Financial Value Transparency and 
Gainful Employment regulations (88 FR 70004) (2023 GE rule) protect 
students from financial harm that can come about if they attend a 
Gainful Employment program that consistently produces graduates with 
very low earnings or earnings that are too low to repay typical debt. 
If the experience of borrowers upon which those failing outcome 
measures are based are used to support cutting off future title IV aid 
to the institution, then those borrowers who attended these failing 
programs should also receive similar protections.
    The Department believes that these proposed regulations would 
appropriately address the challenging situations outlined above that 
can affect the likelihood that a borrower repays their loan in a 
reasonable timeframe. Through these targeted and distinct exercises of 
waiver the Department would deliver relief to borrowers who need the 
assistance, while continuing to collect from borrowers who are able to 
repay.

Summary of Proposed Key Provisions

    Table 2.2 below summarizes the proposed provisions in the NPRM. It 
does not include technical changes.

              Table 2.2--Summary of Proposed Key Provisions
------------------------------------------------------------------------
                                                        Description of
            Provision             Regulatory section  proposed provision
------------------------------------------------------------------------
Use of Federal Claims             Sec.                Indicate the
 Collections Standards (FCCS).     30.70(a)(1)(c)(1).  Secretary may use
                                                       the FCCS
                                                       standards to
                                                       determine whether
                                                       to compromise a
                                                       debt.
Creation of a new subpart         Sec.   30.80......  Create a new
 related to waiver.                                    section
                                                       identifying when
                                                       the Secretary may
                                                       waive Federal
                                                       student loan debt
                                                       owed to the
                                                       Department.
Waiver when current balance       Sec.   30.81......  The Secretary may
 exceeds the balance upon                              waive the amount
 entering repayment for                                by which a loan's
 borrowers on an income-driven                         current
 repayment plan.                                       outstanding
                                                       balance exceeds
                                                       the balance upon
                                                       entering
                                                       repayment for
                                                       borrowers in an
                                                       income-driven
                                                       repayment plan
                                                       whose income
                                                       falls at or below
                                                       certain
                                                       thresholds.
Waiver when the current balance   Sec.   30.82......  The Secretary may
 exceeds the balance upon                              waive the lesser
 entering repayment.                                   of $20,000 or the
                                                       amount by which a
                                                       loan's current
                                                       outstanding
                                                       balance exceeds
                                                       the balance upon
                                                       entering
                                                       repayment for
                                                       borrowers who do
                                                       not meet the
                                                       requirements of
                                                       Sec.   30.81.
Waiver when a loan first entered  Sec.   30.83......  The Secretary may
 repayment 20 or 25 years ago.                         waive outstanding
                                                       loan balances for
                                                       a loan that first
                                                       entered repayment
                                                       on or before July
                                                       1, 2000 or July
                                                       1, 2005,
                                                       depending on
                                                       whether a
                                                       borrower has
                                                       loans for
                                                       graduate study.
Waiver when a borrower is         Sec.   30.84......  The Secretary may
 eligible for forgiveness based                        waive outstanding
 upon repayment plan.                                  loan balances if
                                                       a borrower is not
                                                       enrolled in but
                                                       is otherwise
                                                       eligible for
                                                       forgiveness under
                                                       certain repayment
                                                       plans.

[[Page 27591]]

 
Waiver when a loan is eligible    Sec.   30.85......  The Secretary may
 for a targeted forgiveness                            waive the
 opportunity.                                          outstanding
                                                       balance of a loan
                                                       when the
                                                       Secretary
                                                       determines that a
                                                       borrower has not
                                                       successfully
                                                       applied for, but
                                                       otherwise meets
                                                       the eligibility
                                                       requirements for,
                                                       any loan
                                                       discharge,
                                                       cancellation, or
                                                       forgiveness
                                                       opportunity under
                                                       part 682 or 685.
Waiver based upon Secretarial     Sec.   30.86......  The Secretary may
 actions.                                              waive the
                                                       outstanding
                                                       balance of a loan
                                                       if the
                                                       institution or
                                                       program has lost
                                                       access to title
                                                       IV, HEA programs
                                                       for reasons
                                                       stemming entirely
                                                       or in part to
                                                       failing
                                                       accountability
                                                       standards related
                                                       to student
                                                       outcomes or
                                                       failing to
                                                       deliver
                                                       sufficient
                                                       financial value.
Waiver following closures prior   Sec.   30.87......  The Secretary may
 to Secretarial actions.                               waive the
                                                       outstanding
                                                       balance of a loan
                                                       used to enroll in
                                                       a program or
                                                       institution that
                                                       failed to meet
                                                       required student
                                                       outcome measures
                                                       or which was
                                                       subject to an
                                                       unresolved
                                                       Department action
                                                       related to
                                                       failing to
                                                       provide
                                                       sufficient
                                                       financial value,
                                                       and the program
                                                       or institution
                                                       closed prior to
                                                       the finalization
                                                       of such actions.
Waiver for programs with high     Sec.   30.88......  The Secretary may
 debt-to-earnings rates or low                         waive the
 median earnings.                                      outstanding
                                                       balance of a loan
                                                       used to enroll in
                                                       a program or
                                                       institution that
                                                       closed and prior
                                                       to the closure
                                                       had unacceptably
                                                       high debt-to-
                                                       earnings rates or
                                                       median earnings
                                                       that failed to
                                                       exceed those of a
                                                       high school
                                                       graduate.
Waiver of commercial FFEL debts.  Sec.   682.403....  Lays out
                                                       procedures for
                                                       paying claims to
                                                       FFEL loan holders
                                                       so the Secretary
                                                       may waive
                                                       commercial FFEL
                                                       loans that first
                                                       entered repayment
                                                       at least 25 years
                                                       ago, that are
                                                       eligible for a
                                                       closed school
                                                       loan discharge
                                                       where a borrower
                                                       has not
                                                       successfully
                                                       applied, or owed
                                                       by a borrower in
                                                       the cohort whose
                                                       debt was used to
                                                       calculate the
                                                       institution's
                                                       failing cohort
                                                       default rates
                                                       that resulted in
                                                       ineligibility for
                                                       title IV, HEA
                                                       programs.
------------------------------------------------------------------------

3. Discussion of Costs, Benefits and Transfers

    Overall, the proposed rules would result in costs in the form of 
transfers from the Federal Government to student loan borrowers. The 
size of these transfers would vary based upon the regulatory provision 
in question. The Department believes that these transfers provide 
significant benefits to borrowers in the form of waiving their 
obligation to repay some or all of their Federal student loan debt. The 
Department would also see benefits from waivers granted as a result of 
the provisions in these draft rules by preventing or reducing costly 
collection on loans that are unlikely to be repaid in a reasonable 
period. Similar benefits would accrue to private holders of loans from 
the FFEL Program. Finally, the proposed rules would result in some 
costs in the form of administrative expenses for the Department to 
implement these provisions. When considering all these factors, the 
Department believes that the benefits from these proposed rules 
outweigh the costs. What follows is a discussion of costs, benefits, 
and transfers for each of the distinct regulatory provisions.

Data Used in This RIA

    This section describes the data used in the regulatory impact 
analysis. To generate information about the expected number of 
borrowers who would receive relief under these proposed rules, the 
Department relied upon non-public records contained in the 
administrative data the Department uses to administer the title IV, HEA 
programs.
    The primary data used in the RIA is a five percent random sample of 
the Federal student loan portfolio with at least one open title IV, HEA 
student loan as of December 31, 2023. We are using a random sample 
including over two million borrowers, but we present all estimates in 
the analyses below in terms of the full portfolio. The data we use for 
modeling in the RIA are stored in the National Student Loan Data System 
(NSLDS), maintained by the Department's Office of Federal Student Aid. 
The Department determined that a sample of this size was appropriate to 
provide reasonable estimates of the impact of the proposed regulation. 
A sample of this size is also similar to what the Department uses in 
budgeting modeling and the modeling of net budget impacts of its rules.
    To provide context for data on which borrowers would be affected by 
different provisions, Table 3.1 describes the characteristics of the 
sample, which is representative of the student loan portfolio 
overall.\75\ This sample is different from the one used to produce the 
net budget impact described elsewhere in this RIA. A further 
description of the sample used for cost modeling can be found in the 
net budget impact section of this RIA.
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

    \75\ We use a random sample of borrowers where sample 
descriptive statistics match those of the full portfolio.

 Table 3.1--Characteristics of Borrowers in the Sample Used To Estimate
                    the Effects of This Proposed Rule
------------------------------------------------------------------------
                                                              Percent
------------------------------------------------------------------------
Share of Federal Student Loan Borrowers Who:
    Have Any Parent PLUS Loans..........................               9
    Ever Received a Pell Grant *........................              62
    Ever Had a Default..................................              27
    Age <30.............................................              31
    Age 30-50...........................................              49
    Age 50+.............................................              20
    Highest Level Enrolled: 1st or 2nd Year Undergrad...              44
    Highest Level Enrolled: 3+ Year Undergrad...........              35
    Highest Level Enrolled: Graduate School.............              19
    Oldest Loan In Repayment <10 Years..................              47

[[Page 27592]]

 
    Oldest Loan In Repayment 10-20 Years................              33
    Oldest Loan In Repayment 20+ Years..................              11
------------------------------------------------------------------------
Notes: Based on five percent random sample of Federal student loan
  borrowers. All numbers are rounded. Highest level enrolled is sourced
  from loan data for the academic level for which the student borrowed;
  unless otherwise specified, this could include borrowers who have
  exited school, and also students in school.
* Pell Grant status is unavailable for most borrowers who entered
  repayment on their last loan before 1999. As such, these figures may
  understate the share of borrowers who are Pell Grant recipients.

    To understand repayment outcomes for a constant set of borrowers 
over time, we also use a random sample of borrowers who had their last 
Federal student loan mature in 2012 and follow these borrowers for 10 
years to understand repayment trends.\76\ By 2023, some borrowers in 
this sample have paid down their loans, but a substantial share still 
have a loan balance. These data provide a perspective of repayment 
progress for the length of the standard repayment plan, which is 10 
years. These data also come from the NSLDS maintained by the 
Department's Federal Student Aid office.
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

    \76\ This comparison is based on historical data, which may be 
different than future trends, which is a necessary tradeoff to 
consider medium- or long-term repayment trajectories for borrowers.
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

    Because it uses an income limit, for analyses of eligibility 
related to Sec. Sec.  30.81, these data were supplemented with publicly 
available data from the U.S. Census Bureau, which we used to impute 
information about borrower incomes based on individuals with similar 
demographic and educational characteristics from Census data.\77\ For 
analyses related to Sec.  30.85, data from NSLDS was supplemented with 
publicly available data on closed schools from Federal Student Aid's 
website.\78\ For analyses related to Sec. Sec.  30.86, 30.87, and 
30.88, data from NSLDS was supplemented with publicly available data 
from the ``2022 Program Performance Data'' that was released by the 
Department with the 2023 GE rule and historical cohort default rate 
(CDR) data.\79\
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

    \77\ Because imputed income is an approximation, we also 
estimate the number of borrowers who could be eligible, regardless 
of income. To the extent that a larger or smaller number of 
borrowers qualify under Sec.  30.81 because of income, then the 
number of borrowers that qualified under Sec.  30.82 would decline 
or increase by the equivalent number.
    \78\ As of February 15, 2024. Available at https://www2.ed.gov/offices/OSFAP/PEPS/closedschools.html.
    \79\ The 2022 Program Performance Data is available for download 
at: https://www.federalregister.gov/documents/2023/05/19/2023-09647/financial-value-transparency-and-gainful-employment-ge-financial-responsibility-administrative, historical cohort default rate data 
is available at: https://fsapartners.ed.gov/knowledge-center/topics/default-management/archived-press-packages.
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

Analysis of Costs, Benefits, and Transfers for Each Proposed Regulatory 
Section

    The sections that follow contain a discussion of the costs, 
benefits, and transfers for the different proposed regulatory 
provisions if the Secretary chooses to grant waivers under such 
provisions. Each of these provisions would include administrative costs 
for the Department to implement these changes. Because these 
administrative costs generally represent baseline expenses that would 
occur in order to implement any one of these provisions, we provide a 
separate discussion of administrative costs at the end of this part of 
the RIA.
    Sec.  30.81 Waiver when the current balance exceeds the balance 
upon entering repayment for borrowers on an IDR plan.
    The proposed rules would result in costs in the form of transfers 
from the Department to IDR borrowers in the form of waiving the amount 
of accrued interest and capitalized interest on an outstanding loan. 
Waiving these amounts would reduce future payments by borrowers to the 
Department. They would also create administrative costs for the 
Department to implement, which are discussed at the very end of this 
subsection of the RIA.
    The extent of transfers and their associated cost would vary 
significantly depending on the borrower and their repayment experience. 
The cost of such transfers for borrowers enrolled in an IDR plan would 
be small in many cases. IDR plans offer forgiveness for borrowers after 
a set number of monthly payments (typically either 240 or 300 payments, 
though the SAVE plan can provide forgiveness after as few as 120 
payments). Prior to the creation of the SAVE plan, a borrower whose IDR 
payment was insufficient to cover all the accumulating interest was 
likely to see their outstanding balance grow beyond what they 
originally borrowed. That is because borrowers were responsible for all 
unpaid interest, except for what accumulated on a subsidized loan for 
the first three consecutive years in repayment; or if they were on 
REPAYE, they would be responsible for 50 percent of interest not 
covered on the monthly payment for the first three years of repayment 
for unsubsidized loans and all periods beyond the first three years of 
repayment for all loan types.
    In the final rule that created the SAVE plan, the Department 
estimated that 70 percent of borrowers on IDR had monthly payments that 
did not cover the full amount of accumulating interest.\80\ For 
example, a borrower who originally took out $30,000 in unsubsidized 
loans at a five percent interest rate could see as much as $30,000 in 
accumulated interest forgiven at the end of 20 years if they had a $0 
monthly payment for that whole period. That means significant portions 
of the amounts being waived under these regulations are likely to be 
forgiven later in repayment anyway. The remaining portion that was 
likely to be repaid would represent a transfer from the Department to 
borrowers. That said, borrowers still receive a benefit from having 
these amounts waived now instead of being forgiven later. The 
Department received numerous public comments from borrowers about the 
negative effects they experience from seeing their balances grow even 
while making payments. Those comments evidence the significant 
psychological effects felt by borrowers in trying to manage their 
payments. Providing relief from growing balances would address those 
concerns highlighted by borrowers.
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

    \80\ 88 FR 43851 (July 10, 2023).
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

    Borrowers seeking PSLF may see similar benefits. For these public 
service workers, waiving accrued or capitalized interest will generally 
represent the expense of waiving amounts now that would otherwise be 
forgiven when the borrower hits the ten-year forgiveness period. Like 
IDR forgiveness, the cost of

[[Page 27593]]

this transfer will depend on how much the waived amounts would have 
been repaid.
    We estimate that about 6.4 million borrowers will receive relief 
under Sec.  30.81.\81\ Under our estimate for Sec.  30.81, for modeling 
purposes, we do not assume that borrowers will switch into an IDR plan 
in order to receive a waiver under this provision; these borrowers are 
captured under Sec.  30.82. Table 3.2 shows the demographic 
characteristics of borrowers who would be eligible to receive a waiver 
under this proposal. Among those who would be eligible for relief under 
this provision, 76 percent received a Pell Grant at some point during 
their postsecondary career, 68 percent are women, and around one-third 
spent two years or less in higher education. Over half of these 
borrowers have been in repayment for at least 10 years. In addition, 
nearly one-quarter had been in default at some point.
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

    \81\ Additionally, we imputed income to provide an approximation 
of borrowers' incomes to estimate how many borrowers would qualify 
under this provision. However, because imputed income is an 
approximation, we also estimate the number of borrowers who could be 
eligible, regardless of income. In this estimate, 7.0 million 
borrowers have balance growth and are enrolled in an IDR plan. 
Because this estimate does not use an income limit, this number 
serves as a likely upper bound on the number of borrowers who would 
receive a waiver under Sec.  30.81. If there were a larger number of 
borrowers that qualified under Sec.  30.81, then the number of 
borrowers that qualified under Sec.  30.82 would decline by the 
equivalent number.

 Table 3.2--Estimated Number and Characteristics of Borrowers Who Would
               Be Eligible for a Waiver Under Sec.   30.81
------------------------------------------------------------------------
 
------------------------------------------------------------------------
Number of Borrowers Receiving Any Forgiveness under this           6.4 M
 provision..............................................
Of Those Receiving Forgiveness, Share Who:
    Have Any Parent PLUS Loans..........................              4%
    Ever Received a Pell Grant *........................             76%
    Ever Had a Default..................................             24%
    Age <30.............................................             20%
    Age 30-50...........................................             64%
    Age 50+.............................................             15%
    Highest Level Enrolled: 1st or 2nd Year Undergrad...             35%
    Highest Level Enrolled: 3+ Year Undergrad...........             38%
    Highest Level Enrolled: Graduate School.............             27%
    Oldest Loan In Repayment <10 Years..................             45%
    Oldest Loan In Repayment 10-20 Years................             47%
    Oldest Loan In Repayment 20+ Years..................              8%
------------------------------------------------------------------------
Notes: Results from a five percent sample of the student loan portfolio.
  All numbers are rounded. Borrowers are considered on IDR if the loan
  is in repayment on any IDR plan, including plans where the borrower no
  longer has a partial financial hardship.
* Pell Grant status is unavailable for most borrowers who entered
  repayment on their last loan before 1999. As such, these figures may
  understate the share of borrowers who are Pell Grant recipients.

    Borrowers on IDR plans are particularly likely to see their 
balances grow over time. We examined a sample panel of borrowers who 
were enrolled in any IDR plan for at least three years from 2012 to 
2022 and compared them to borrowers who were enrolled in a standard 
ten-year repayment plan for at least three years. As shown in Table 
3.3, borrowers who were enrolled in any IDR plan for at least three 
years were more likely than borrowers with at least three years in a 
standard repayment plan to have their balance grow. By 2022, borrowers 
who spent a substantial amount of time repaying under IDR were 12 
percentage points more likely to have seen their balance grow than 
borrowers repaying on a standard plan.

 Table 3.3--Share of Borrowers With Balances Greater Than What They Owed
                         Upon Entering Repayment
------------------------------------------------------------------------
                                     At least 3 years
                                       in standard      At least 3 years
               Year                     repayment      in IDR  (percent)
                                        (percent)
------------------------------------------------------------------------
2013..............................                 65                 81
2014..............................                 59                 79
2015..............................                 52                 75
2016..............................                 46                 71
2017..............................                 42                 67
2018..............................                 38                 64
2019..............................                 34                 60
2020..............................                 32                 58
2021..............................                 31                 56
2022..............................                 29                 54
------------------------------------------------------------------------
Notes: Based on a sample of borrowers who last entered repayment on a
  non-consolidated loan in 2012. All numbers are rounded. Borrowers who
  were both on IDR for more than three years and on a standard ten-year
  repayment plan for more than three years are excluded from the
  analysis.

    Sec.  30.82 Waiver when the current balance exceeds the balance 
upon entering repayment.
    Borrowers who would be eligible for this provision include some IDR 
borrowers whose incomes are too high to qualify for relief under Sec.  
30.81 and also non-IDR borrowers. A substantial portion of IDR 
borrowers experience balance growth because their income-based payments 
do not fully cover the accruing interest on their loans. For non-IDR 
borrowers, the extent of transfers will be dependent upon their 
repayment history. All of the standard,

[[Page 27594]]

extended, and graduated repayment plans require borrowers to at least 
cover monthly accruing interest with their monthly payment. However, if 
borrowers spend time in deferment, forbearances, delinquency, or 
default, they will accrue interest that can be capitalized into 
principal. For borrowers in a deferment, interest that accrues on their 
unsubsidized Stafford or PLUS loans will be added to their principal 
balance when they exit the deferment. The same is true for borrowers 
who left a forbearance prior to the payment pause. However, regulations 
that went into effect on July 1, 2023, ended the practice of 
capitalizing interest for borrowers when they leave a forbearance going 
forward.
    Many of the borrowers who would be eligible to receive a waiver 
under this proposed regulation spent time in statuses that have broader 
societal value. For instance, some borrowers were in deferment or 
forbearance because they served in active-duty military or the national 
guard. Thirty-six percent of borrowers who first entered postsecondary 
education in 2003-04 and received at least one military or law 
enforcement loan deferment had owed more than they did upon entering 
repayment twelve years later.\82\ Borrowers who used a forbearance or 
deferment to avoid default because of unemployment or economic 
hardship, and now find themselves with loan balances they will struggle 
to retire in a reasonable period, would also benefit from this 
proposal. Sixty-three percent of borrowers who started their education 
in 2003-04 and received at least one economic hardship deferment owed 
more than they did upon entering repayment 12 years later.\83\
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

    \82\ https://nces.ed.gov/datalab/powerstats/table/sejwfb.
    \83\ https://nces.ed.gov/datalab/powerstats/table/sejwfb.
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

    We estimate that 19.1 million borrowers would be eligible for 
relief under Sec.  30.82. This number does not include borrowers 
currently on IDR who would be eligible for a waiver under Sec.  30.81. 
However, it does include some borrowers who are on IDR but whose 
incomes are too high to qualify for a waiver under Sec.  30.81.\84\ To 
get a sense of the effect of this policy, Table 3.4 below models the 
characteristics of borrowers who have experienced balance growth in 
excess of their balance at repayment entry. Among those whose balance 
is at least $1 above what they owed upon entering repayment, 68 percent 
ever received a Pell Grant, and 38 percent ever defaulted. Almost half 
of these borrowers only enrolled for the first year or two of their 
undergraduate education and around 80 percent only enrolled for 
undergraduate education.
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

    \84\ As noted earlier in footnote 25, we estimated a sensitivity 
of the number of borrowers who could be eligible, regardless of 
income.

 Table 3.4--Estimated Number and Characteristics of Borrowers Who Would
               Be Eligible for Waivers Under Sec.   30.82
------------------------------------------------------------------------
 
------------------------------------------------------------------------
Number of Borrowers Receiving Any Forgiveness Under this          19.0 M
 Provision..............................................
Of Those Receiving Forgiveness, Share Who:
    Have Any Parent PLUS Loans..........................             12%
    Ever Received a Pell Grant *........................             68%
    Ever Had a Default..................................             38%
    Age <30.............................................             26%
    Age 30-50...........................................             51%
    Age 50+.............................................             23%
    Highest Level Enrolled: 1st or 2nd Year Undergrad...             49%
    Highest Level Enrolled: 3+ Year Undergrad...........             30%
    Highest Level Enrolled: Graduate School.............             19%
    Oldest Loan In Repayment <10 Years..................             52%
    Oldest Loan In Repayment 10-20 Years................             37%
    Oldest Loan In Repayment 20+ Years..................             11%
------------------------------------------------------------------------
Notes: Results from a five percent sample of the student loan portfolio.
  All numbers are rounded. Borrowers are considered to have experienced
  balance growth if they owe at least $1 above their balance at the
  start of repayment. Commercial FFEL loans and borrowers who are
  currently in school or have loans that have not yet entered repayment
  are excluded.
* Pell Grant status is unavailable for most borrowers who entered
  repayment on their last loan before 1999. As such, these figures may
  understate the share of borrowers who are Pell Grant recipients.

    One way of contextualizing the experience of borrowers who have 
experienced balance growth is to follow a cohort of borrowers over 
time. For this analysis, the Department examined data over a 10-year 
period for a group of borrowers who last entered repayment in 2012, to 
the end of 2022. Borrowers are grouped by either: having paid off their 
loans by the end of 2022, owing less than their balance at repayment, 
or owing more than their balance at repayment. Table 3.5 shows the time 
spent in statuses (expressed in months) where borrowers are not 
actively paying or may be paying less than covered interest in an IDR 
plan.
    In the sample, among borrowers who are still in repayment, 
borrowers who still owe more than they owed at the start of repayment 
10 years later spent much longer in forbearance or deferment than 
borrowers whose loan balance has not grown. The average and median 
amounts of time a borrower who experienced balance growth spent in 
forbearance were 30 and 23 months, respectively. This is more than 
twice the amount of time spent in forbearance for borrowers who did not 
have balance growth. Similarly, borrowers in the sample who experienced 
balance growth were in deferment for longer periods than those who did 
not experience balance growth. Borrowers in the sample with balance 
growth also had longer average periods of default than borrowers still 
in repayment, but without balance growth, and were more likely to be 
using an IDR plan to repay their debt.

[[Page 27595]]



               Table 3.5--Months in Certain Statuses Among Borrowers Who Entered Repayment in 2012
----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
                                                  2012 Borrowers with no balance    2012 Borrowers with balance
                                                       growth by end of 2022           growth by end of 2022
                                                 ---------------------------------------------------------------
                                                      Average         Median          Average         Median
----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Forbearance.....................................              13               5              30              23
Deferment.......................................               7               0              11               0
Default.........................................              15               0              30               0
IDR.............................................              12               0              27               0
----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Notes: Based on a random sample of approximately 150,000 borrowers who last entered repayment on a non-
  consolidated loan in 2012. All numbers are rounded. A borrower is considered to have spent a year in IDR if
  they are in an IDR plan as of the end of a given year (including non-partial financial hardship) and did not
  spend all of their previous year in a non-payment status (forbearance, deferment, or default). Months are
  rounded to the nearest month.

    This section would provide the Secretary with discretionary waiver 
authority that could create costs for the Department due to the 
transfers that arise from waiving some loan amounts. However, because 
the waivers in this proposal would not result in forgiving any of the 
original principal, the government would still be in a position to 
collect the full amount originally disbursed.
    While the proposed regulations would create costs in the form of 
transfers for the Federal Government, it would also provide benefits. 
As previously described, recent borrower reports suggest that growing 
loan balances can lead to both financial and psychological challenges 
to successful repayment by borrowers.\85\ The Department also must pay 
for either the ongoing servicing of loans in repayment or the costs of 
collecting on defaulted loans, even if those loans are not expected to 
lead to large amounts of revenue in the future.
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

    \85\ https://www.pewtrusts.org/en/research-and-analysis/reports/2020/05/borrowers-discuss-the-challenges-of-student-loan-repayment; 
https://www.newamerica.org/education-policy/reports/in-default-and-left-behind/.
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

    Other borrowers may benefit from reduced loan payments. Borrowers 
on payment plans other than IDR would see their monthly payments 
decrease if the Department waives any capitalized interest. Borrowers 
on non-IDR plans may also see their time to repayment reduced, as the 
total amount of payments needed to retire their debt decreases. The 
extent of these effects on borrowers repaying under an IDR plan are 
more challenging to assess, as they would be affected by whether 
borrowers are close to reaching certain caps on payments that exist in 
plans such as IBR and PAYE. In such situations, it could result in 
either a reduced payment, repaying the loan before reaching 
forgiveness, or both.
    Beyond transfers, the Department estimates that there would be 
administrative costs for the implementation of this benefit. These 
costs are discussed at the very end of this subsection of the RIA.
    Sec.  30.83 Waiver based on time since a loan first entered 
repayment.
    The proposal to permit the Secretary to waive loans that first 
entered repayment 20 or 25 years ago, if exercised, would create costs 
in the form of transfers between the Federal Government and borrowers. 
Borrowers would receive significant benefits from no longer having to 
repay old loans, and the Federal Government would also see benefits 
from no longer servicing or collecting on loans that are largely not 
expected to be repaid in full. Finally, this proposal would have 
administrative costs for the Department to implement. Each is discussed 
in more detail below, except for the administrative costs, which are 
discussed at the end of this subsection of the RIA.
    The size of the transfers between the Federal Government and 
borrowers would depend on the borrower's repayment history and the 
likelihood that an older loan would otherwise have been repaid. Under 
the default repayment plan created by Congress (the standard repayment 
plan), borrowers repay their loans over 120 equal installments--the 
equivalent of 10 years of monthly payments. From 1965-2010, most 
student loan borrowers made fixed monthly payments over a set period of 
time. Starting in 1994, borrowers with Direct Loans had an option to 
make payments based upon their income through the ICR plan. It provides 
forgiveness after 25 years of monthly payment but was not used 
extensively. In 2007, Congress created the IBR plan, which gave all 
Direct and FFEL student borrowers access to a more generous repayment 
plan tied to borrowers' income. Legislation in 2010 followed by 
regulations in 2012 and 2015 further improved the terms of IDR plans 
and expanded the options for Direct Loan borrowers. From 2010 to 2018 
the share of undergraduate borrowers in IDR plans grew from 11 percent 
to 24 percent.\86\ Currently, about one-third of federally managed loan 
recipients are in IDR plans.\87\
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

    \86\ Congressional Budget Office (2020). Income-Driven Repayment 
Plans for Student Loans: Budgetary Costs and Policy Options. https://www.cbo.gov/publication/56277.
    \87\ Based on Q4 2023 data on Direct Loans and ED-held FFEL 
borrowers in Repayment, Deferment, and Forbearance from the FSA Data 
Center, Portfolio by Repayment Plan, available at: https://studentaid.gov/data-center/student/portfolio.
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

    With one exception, all other Federal loan repayment options result 
in the debt being repaid or forgiven after no more than 25 years. For 
instance, all IDR plans provide forgiveness after 20 or 25 years. The 
one exception is for higher-balance consolidation loans--typically 
those with starting balances of at least $60,000--which can be repaid 
over 30 years.\88\ The idea then, is that most student loans will be 
repaid over roughly a decade, with nearly all others being paid off 
within 25 years at the latest.
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

    \88\ Eligibility for a 30-year repayment plan on a consolidation 
loan is based upon total education loan indebtedness, which can 
include non-Federal debts.
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

    The size of transfers that would be generated by this policy 
depends on how many loans that would be eligible for waiver under this 
policy are set to be repaid or, alternatively, are likely to simply 
linger and eventually be forgiven through discharges due to a 
borrower's death or total and permanent disability. For instance, based 
on analysis of Department data, in 2022, there were more than 1 million 
borrowers with loans that have been in default for at least 20 years. 
During this period these borrowers could have been subject to negative 
credit reporting, wage garnishment, tax refund offset, and even 
litigation. If these loans are still outstanding after all this time 
notwithstanding the availability of those powerful collection tools, 
the odds that they would be fully repaid in a reasonable period are 
unlikely. For instance, among borrowers who started college in 2004 and 
ever defaulted on a

[[Page 27596]]

Federal loan, only about one-third paid off that loan in full within 12 
years.\89\
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

    \89\ Based on Beginning Postsecondary Students Longitudinal 
Surveys 2004/2009. https://nces.ed.gov/datalab/powerstats/table/loivbe.
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

    Even loans not in default may not be fully repaid in a reasonable 
period. For instance, a borrower may have spent extended periods in 
forbearance because they could not afford their payments. While doing 
so will allow them to avoid default, it will put them further away from 
successful repayment due to the accumulation of interest.
    Older loans are also going to be held by older borrowers. The older 
the borrower, the greater the likelihood that they will stop working 
prior to successful repayment. Forty-one percent of non-Parent PLUS 
borrowers 62 years of age and older with an open loan have held their 
student loans for more than 20 years, and 30 percent of borrowers 62 
years of age and older with an open loan have held their student loans 
for more than 25 years.\90\ Waiving such loans would not create 
significant costs in the form of transfers for the Government because 
it is unlikely to get significant additional payments from a retired 
borrower.
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

    \90\ https://www2.ed.gov/policy/highered/reg/hearulemaking/2023/data-on-older-borrowers-and-parents-session-2.pdf.
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

    The costs of these transfers would be greater for loans where the 
Government was expecting to see significant repayments. Some of these 
situations are impossible to anticipate at any given scale, such as 
borrowers who suddenly come into money from an inheritance or divorce 
settlement and are either able to repay their loans voluntarily or see 
a large increase in amounts obtained from enforced collections. Another 
situation would relate to borrowers who are on a 30-year repayment 
plan. For student borrowers, the Government would be forgoing the final 
five years of payments, while for a borrower with a consolidation loan 
that repaid a Parent PLUS loan and did not have any graduate loans, it 
would be forgoing 10 years of payments. The Department projects that it 
would be five years of foregone payments instead of 10 for student 
borrowers because in order to qualify for a plan with a 30-year 
amortization period, the borrower must have a level of debt above what 
a borrower can take out in principal for their own undergraduate 
education. These would be borrowers who would be eligible to receive a 
waiver 25 years after entering repayment. Parent borrowers, meanwhile, 
would be eligible to receive a waiver 20 years after entering 
repayment, assuming they had no graduate debt of their own.
    Table 3.6 provides estimates of the number of borrowers who would 
be eligible to receive benefits under this provision and their 
characteristics. About 2.6 million borrowers are expected to be 
eligible for relief because they first entered repayment on or before 
either July 1, 2000, or July 1, 2005, depending on whether they have 
loans for graduate study. Forgiveness of debt among borrowers who 
entered repayment 20 or 25 years ago particularly helps older 
borrowers, with over 60 percent aged over 50. Additionally, over 80 
percent of borrowers had previously had a default.

 Table 3.6--Estimated Number and Characteristics of Borrowers Who Would
               Be Eligible for Waivers Under Sec.   30.83
------------------------------------------------------------------------
                                                           Borrowers at
                                                          20/25 years of
                                                            forgiveness
------------------------------------------------------------------------
Number of Borrowers Receiving Any Forgiveness Under this           2.6 M
 Provision..............................................
Of Those Receiving Forgiveness, Share Who:
    Have Any Parent PLUS Loans..........................             10%
    Ever Received a Pell Grant *........................             36%
    Ever Had a Default..................................             83%
    Age <30.............................................              0%
    Age 30-50...........................................             37%
    Age 50+.............................................             63%
    Highest Level Enrolled: 1st or 2nd Year Undergrad...             49%
    Highest Level Enrolled: 3+ Year Undergrad...........             30%
    Highest Level Enrolled: Graduate School.............             14%
    Oldest Loan In Repayment 20-25 Years................             41%
    Oldest Loan In Repayment 25-30 Years................             30%
    Oldest Loan In Repayment 30+ Years..................             29%
------------------------------------------------------------------------
Notes: Results from a five percent sample of the student loan portfolio.
  All numbers are rounded. Forgiveness in 2024 is based on having at
  least one non-commercial FFEL loan enter repayment 20 years ago (if no
  graduate debt) or 25 years ago (any graduate debt).
* Pell Grant status is unavailable for most borrowers who entered
  repayment on their last loan before 1999. As such, these figures may
  understate the share of borrowers who are Pell Grant recipients.

    Waiving old loans would significantly benefit borrowers. For older 
borrowers, ending required loan payments would reduce one source of 
financial obligations for their final years in the workforce, putting 
them in better shape for retirement and reducing their need to rely on 
other sources of funds in their final years. It also could give some 
borrowers who currently have to work to repay their loans the ability 
to retire. Of the borrowers with loans 20 or 25 years old, 63 percent 
are over 50 years old.
    The Government would also see benefits from waiving older loans. 
Continuing to pay the cost of collecting or servicing older debts that 
are unlikely to be repaid generates costs for taxpayers that may never 
be recouped. If a borrower defaults on their debt, a portion of their 
Social Security benefit may be offset to repay the student loan; for 
some borrowers, this reduction moves their benefits income below the 
Federal poverty line.\91\
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

    \91\ SOCIAL SECURITY OFFSETS: Improvements to Program Design 
Could Better Assist Older Student Loan Borrowers with Obtaining 
Permitted Relief. United States Government Accountability Office. 
December 2016. https://www.gao.gov/assets/gao-17-45.pdf.
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

    Sec.  30.84 Waiver when a loan is eligible for forgiveness based 
upon repayment plan.
    This provision would provide the Secretary with discretionary 
waiver authority that could create costs in the

[[Page 27597]]

form of transfers from the Federal Government to student loan 
borrowers. These waivers would apply in situations where borrowers 
would be eligible to receive relief if they otherwise meet the 
eligibility requirements for forgiveness under existing repayment 
plans, but they have not applied. Waiver is appropriate because 
borrowers often struggle to navigate the myriad loan repayment plans 
available to them. As a result, the Department frequently observes that 
borrowers who could receive immediate forgiveness are unaware of, or 
are unable to take, the steps needed to receive relief. The cost of the 
transfers that would occur from providing relief under this section 
therefore represent the expense associated with providing relief to 
borrowers who could not or did not know how to opt into already 
existing benefits.
    This provision is separate and distinct from Sec.  30.85. This 
section only applies to borrowers who would be eligible for a discharge 
based upon one of the repayment plans that result in forgiveness after 
a set period. This includes all IDR plans, as well as the alternative 
repayment plan. By contrast, Sec.  30.85 is focused on possible relief 
for borrowers who otherwise qualify for forgiveness opportunities. 
There is no guarantee that a borrower eligible for a waiver under Sec.  
30.84 would be eligible for one under Sec.  30.85 or vice versa.
    Providing waivers for borrowers who are eligible for relief but who 
have not successfully applied for certain repayment plans provides 
significant benefits for borrowers and the Department. For borrowers, 
they would receive the benefit of no longer needing to repay their 
student loan. This removes the risk of delinquency and default and also 
means that they no longer need to devote a portion of their income to 
the student loans being forgiven. They also derive benefits by 
receiving relief automatically and not needing to spend the time to 
navigate the repayment system. The Department, meanwhile, benefits by 
no longer paying for the cost of servicing a loan that is otherwise 
eligible for a discharge. Continuing to cover such costs is an 
unnecessary expenditure of Federal funds. It can also create added 
costs and work for the Department if the borrower applies later and is 
then eligible for refunds of payments that they made after the point 
when they were eligible for forgiveness. The Department also benefits 
by providing relief automatically instead of needing to pay to process 
individual borrower applications.
    Table 3.7 reports estimates of the number of borrowers who would be 
eligible for forgiveness under the SAVE plan, but who are not currently 
enrolled in that plan. We estimate that about 1.7 million borrowers 
will receive partial or complete forgiveness (with over half receiving 
full forgiveness) as of December 31, 2023. Nearly 70 percent of these 
borrowers received a Pell Grant and over one-third had a prior default.

 Table 3.7--Estimated Characteristics of Borrowers Who Would Be Eligible
                     for Waivers Under Sec.   30.84
------------------------------------------------------------------------
 
------------------------------------------------------------------------
Number of borrowers receiving any forgiveness...........           1.7 M
Of Those Receiving Forgiveness, Share Who:
    Have Any Parent PLUS Loans..........................              5%
    Ever Received a Pell Grant *........................             66%
    Ever Had a Default..................................             45%
    Age <30.............................................              0%
    Age 30-50...........................................             72%
    Age 50+.............................................             27%
    Highest Level Enrolled: 1st or 2nd Year Undergrad...             65%
    Highest Level Enrolled: 3+ Year Undergrad...........             26%
    Highest Level Enrolled: Graduate School.............              7%
    Oldest Loan In Repayment <10 Years..................              0%
    Oldest Loan In Repayment 10-20 Years................             75%
    Oldest Loan In Repayment 20+ Years..................             24%
------------------------------------------------------------------------
Notes: Results are from analysis of a five percent sample of the student
  loan portfolio. All numbers are rounded. Borrowers whose original loan
  disbursement was less than $12,000 and who have made 120 payments were
  classified as eligible, as were borrowers who had an additional 12
  payments for each $1,000 borrowed above that amount. Eligibility ends
  at 19 years of payments on $21,000 or original principal balance for
  borrowers who only have undergraduate loans or 24 years for borrowers
  who originally took out $24,000 and have any graduate loans. Borrowers
  above that point would receive the typical forgiveness on SAVE at 20
  or 25 years. Parent PLUS loans and FFEL loans were excluded from this
  analysis, but borrowers with these types of loans may still be
  eligible for forgiveness on other Federal loans they hold.
* Pell Grant status is unavailable for most borrowers who entered
  repayment on their last loan before 1999. As such, these figures may
  understate the share of borrowers who are Pell Grant recipients.

    Waivers under this provision would generate two types of costs. One 
is costs in the form of transfers from the Department to the borrower. 
However, as discussed, these would be transfers borrowers could already 
receive if they were to take the necessary steps to apply for the 
specific repayment plan. While these do show up as costs in this 
proposed rule, we believe the benefits of providing this relief 
automatically and the savings generated from such an approach are 
better than incurring the costs to provide this relief on an individual 
basis.
    Action under these provisions would come with costs for the 
Department in the form of administrative expenses to implement this 
change. These costs are discussed at the end of this subsection of the 
RIA.
    Sec.  30.85 When a loan is eligible for a targeted forgiveness 
opportunity.
    This provision provides the Secretary with discretionary waiver 
authority that, if exercised, would create costs in the form of 
transfers between the Department and borrowers who see some or all of 
their outstanding loan balances waived. It would also provide benefits 
to borrowers by granting them relief for which they would otherwise 
have to apply. This automatic relief would also provide benefits to the 
Department because it would no longer need to pay to service loans that 
could otherwise be forgiven and could apply relief automatically 
instead of on an individual basis. This provision would also create 
some administrative costs for the Department to implement this 
provision. Administrative costs are discussed in a separate section at 
the end of this subsection of the RIA.
    For borrowers, the benefits would be most felt by the individuals 
who are least likely to apply for relief, because we anticipate that 
borrowers who are aware of the targeted forgiveness opportunities will 
successfully apply for them. The Department anticipates that

[[Page 27598]]

the benefits of this provision will be most felt by borrowers who are 
at the greatest risk of default and delinquency because those are the 
borrowers who are the least engaged with the student loan system. 
Comparisons of borrowers who successfully applied for relief versus 
those who received it through automatic action highlight the extent to 
which more at-risk borrowers get left behind by a process that requires 
borrowers to apply. For instance, past studies of closed school loan 
discharges by GAO found that the borrowers who did not apply for this 
relief and instead received an automatic discharge were far more likely 
to be in default than those who successfully applied.\92\
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

    \92\ https://www.gao.gov/assets/gao-21-105373.pdf.
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

    Table 3.8 reports estimates of the number of and characteristics of 
borrowers who would be eligible for a waiver under Sec.  30.85. To 
estimate the potential effect of Sec.  30.85 we looked at borrowers who 
are eligible but have not applied for a closed school loan discharge. 
This is the forgiveness opportunity where the Department has 
information in its systems necessary to determine eligibility and 
provides a strong source for estimating the number of potential waivers 
that the Secretary may grant under this provision. The Secretary may 
grant waivers based on eligibility for other forgiveness programs, but 
such waivers would depend on the Department obtaining additional 
information, such as fact-specific indicators of misconduct of colleges 
or data matches with States or other Federal entities to determine 
eligibility for PSLF.

 Table 3.8--Estimated Number and Characteristics of Borrowers Who Would
               Be Eligible for Waivers Under Sec.   30.85
------------------------------------------------------------------------
 
------------------------------------------------------------------------
Number of Borrowers Receiving Any Forgiveness Under this          0.26 M
 Provision..............................................
Of Those Receiving Forgiveness, Share Who:
    Have Any Parent PLUS Loans..........................              6%
    Ever Received a Pell grant *........................             73%
    Ever Had a Default..................................             39%
    Age <30.............................................             25%
    Age 30-50...........................................             48%
    Age 50+.............................................             27%
    Highest Level Enrolled: 1st or 2nd Year Undergrad...             66%
    Highest Level Enrolled: 3+ Year Undergrad...........             21%
    Highest Level Enrolled: Graduate School.............              9%
    Oldest Loan In Repayment <10 Years..................             57%
    Oldest Loan In Repayment 10-20 Years................             24%
    Oldest Loan In Repayment 20+ Years..................             13%
------------------------------------------------------------------------
Notes: Results are from analysis of a five percent sample of the student
  loan portfolio. All numbers are rounded. Borrower is counted if their
  loan maturity date was within one year after the school's closure date
  or their loan's disbursement was within one year before the closure
  date. Borrower's loans are included if they are Direct or federally-
  managed FFEL loans.
* Pell Grant status is unavailable for most borrowers who entered
  repayment on their last loan before 1999. As such, these figures may
  understate the share of borrowers who are Pell Grant recipients.

    The Department would also benefit from providing discharges under 
Sec.  30.85, which would stop the Department from paying for the costs 
of servicing or collecting loans that are otherwise eligible to be 
forgiven. In addition, some targeted forgiveness opportunities, such as 
closed school discharges, include provisions that refund payments for 
borrowers. Processing refunds is costly and time-consuming for the 
Department, so providing relief sooner and reducing the number of 
future unnecessary payments that must be refunded is also more 
efficient for the Department. Finally, the Department would benefit 
from providing automatic relief instead of processing individual 
applications because the more streamlined process reduces 
administrative burden and costs.
    Waivers granted under this section would create some costs. The 
Department believes the costs associated with the discharges themselves 
are outweighed by the benefits because this is relief that a borrower 
would otherwise receive anyway if they submitted the right paperwork at 
the right time. To that end, the cost is essentially capturing revenue 
the Department receives because borrowers are either unaware of certain 
discharge programs or do not successfully apply.
    Sec.  30.86 Waiver based upon Secretarial actions.
    This section provides the Secretary with discretionary waiver 
authority that, if exercised, would create costs in the form of 
transfers between the Department and borrowers by providing loan 
discharges. It would not create any transfers between institutions of 
higher education and the Department. Relief provided to borrowers under 
this section would be done as a waiver, which means there would be no 
liability to seek against an institution.
    The waivers granted under this section would provide significant 
benefits to borrowers. Through this provision, borrowers would no 
longer have to repay loans they took out to attend programs or 
institutions that have lost access to Federal student financial aid 
based on Secretarial actions that determined their program or 
institution failed to provide sufficient financial value or failed a 
student outcomes accountability measure, provided that the borrowers 
attended the program during the corresponding time period. For 
instance, the Department would waive outstanding loans taken out by 
borrowers who were part of cohorts whose data showed their institution 
or program did not meet required title IV accountability standards 
because of unacceptably high rates of student loan default, had poor 
levels of debt compared to the earnings of graduates, or failed to 
provide graduates a financial return equal to or greater than the 
earnings of a high school graduate who never pursued postsecondary 
education. These are loans where at least some significant share of the 
borrowers are exhibiting either direct signs of struggle or 
experiencing circumstances, such as excessive debt burdens, that 
suggest that there is a strong likelihood of inability to repay.
    The other waivers that may be provided under this section would 
similarly benefit borrowers. The

[[Page 27599]]

Department has seen in the past that borrowers who take out loans to 
attend programs or institutions that engaged in substantial 
misrepresentations such as lying about crucial issues like expected 
earnings or job placement rates of graduates or similar indicia often 
also had high rates of delinquency and default.
    These waivers would significantly benefit borrowers by no longer 
making them repay loans where there is either existing evidence of high 
rates of default or factors that strongly correlate with challenges in 
repayment. These waivers would particularly benefit borrowers who are 
in default, as they would no longer face negative credit reporting, 
wage garnishment, the seizure of tax refunds, or other forms of 
enforced collections. Removing these loans from their consumer reports 
would also likely improve their credit scores since more than 80 
percent of these borrowers have had a default, which could have 
downstream benefits in terms of securing other forms of credit other 
than Federal student loans, as well as in other contexts like tenant or 
employment screening. If this waiver results in the waiver of all of a 
borrower's defaulted Federal student loans, the borrower may also be 
able to obtain new loans or Federal grant aid to attend a program or 
institution that would provide them with better value.
    The Department would also benefit from this provision. It would no 
longer need to pay for the costs of servicing or collecting on loans 
where borrowers have already demonstrated they are part of cohorts that 
had high rates of default or are burdened by excessive debt compared to 
their earnings or have extremely low earnings. The Department is 
unlikely to fully collect such loans or to do so in a reasonable 
period. The costs of providing such discharges may not be as 
significant as the Department may not be likely to receive significant 
repayments or collection from these loans. For these reasons, we 
believe that the costs of these discharges would be outweighed by the 
benefits.
    Table 3.9 below shows the estimated number of borrowers who would 
be eligible for relief because they attended institutions that failed 
the cohort default rate metrics between 1992-2020 and subsequently lost 
eligibility to disburse Federal financial aid.\93\ In total, we 
estimate that less than 0.01 million borrowers who attended schools 
that failed CDR metrics and then subsequently lost eligibility to 
disburse title IV aid would be eligible for waivers under this 
provision. About 30 percent of the borrowers who would experience 
relief under this provision received a Pell Grant.
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

    \93\ For schools that had high CDR metrics prior to 1999 or from 
2015 to 2020, we do not have an exact accounting of which of schools 
were able to successfully appeal their potential sanctions. 
Therefore, we approximate which schools lost eligibility to disburse 
Title IV aid by comparing the list to data on Title IV eligibility 
from the Integrated Postsecondary Education Data System (IPEDS), as 
of 2002 (for 1992-1998) and 2022 (2015-2020).

 Table 3.9--Estimated Number and Characteristics of Borrowers Who Would
               Be Eligible for Waivers Under Sec.   30.86
------------------------------------------------------------------------
 
------------------------------------------------------------------------
Number of Borrowers Receiving Any Forgiveness Under this          0.01 M
 Provision:.............................................
Of Those Receiving Forgiveness, Share Who:
    Have Any Parent PLUS Loans..........................              6%
    Ever Received a Pell Grant..........................             31%
    Ever Had a Default..................................             83%
    Age <30.............................................              2%
    Age 30-50...........................................             29%
    Age 50+.............................................             69%
    Highest Level Enrolled: 1st or 2nd Year Undergrad...             83%
    Highest Level Enrolled: 3+ Year Undergrad...........             10%
    Highest Level Enrolled: Graduate School.............              2%
    Oldest Loan In Repayment <10 Years..................              9%
    Oldest Loan In Repayment 10-20 Years................             21%
    Oldest Loan In Repayment 20+ Years..................             70%
------------------------------------------------------------------------
Notes: Results from a five percent sample of the student loan portfolio.
  All numbers are rounded. Forgiveness in 2024 is based on having at
  least one loan with a positive outstanding balance from an institution
  that failed the CDR metrics since 1998 and was closed or not providing
  title IV aid to students as of 2002, having a loan from an institution
  that lost eligibility for Title IV between 1999 and 2014 due to CDR
  sanctions, or having a loan from an institution that failed the CDR
  metrics from 2015-2020 and was closed or not providing Title IV aid to
  students as of 2022. Borrower's loans are included if they are Direct
  or federally-managed FFEL loans.
* Pell status is unavailable for most borrowers who entered repayment on
  their last loan before 1999.

    The above estimates in Table 3.9 also do not include borrowers who 
would be eligible to receive relief because they attend a program that 
fails GE metrics and loses access to Federal aid. Under the GE 
accountability framework from the 2023 GE Rule, all certificate and 
diploma programs at public and private nonprofit institutions and 
educational programs at for-profit institutions of higher education 
with a sufficient number of completers will be assessed annually on 
whether they meet debt-to-earnings and earnings premium standards. 
Under those regulations, the Department will hold career training 
programs accountable for keeping debt affordable and producing economic 
mobility by revoking eligibility for Federal student aid programs if 
programs fail metrics in two of three consecutive years.\94\ Such 
actions will protect future students against unaffordable loan burdens; 
however, the borrowers whose experiences were captured in the failing 
debt-to-earnings or earnings premium standards also merit relief. For 
example, the first two official GE metrics will be published in 2025 
and 2026, based on the experiences of students who attended years 
earlier.\95\ If a program fails the same metric in both years, students 
will

[[Page 27600]]

no longer be able to borrow Federal loans or receive Pell Grants to 
attend that program, but students who attended during the years on 
which the failing metrics are based would be eligible for relief on 
their Federal loans under these proposed regulations.
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

    \94\ There are two key metrics under the GE regulations, a debt-
to-earnings (D/E) rate and an earnings premium (EP) test. Programs 
that fail either metric in a single year will be required to provide 
warnings to current and prospective students. Programs that fail the 
same metric in two of three consecutive years will not be eligible 
to participate in Federal student aid programs. See https://www2.ed.gov/policy/highered/reg/hearulemaking/2021/gainful-employment-notice-of-final-review-factsheet.pdf.
    \95\ Depending on the number of students who completed the 
program, the cohort period will either be two years or four years. 
For example, for D/E and EP measure calculations during the 2023-24 
award year, the two-year cohort period will be award years 2017-18 
and 2018-19 and the four-year cohort period will be award years 
2015-16, 2016-17, 2017-18, and 2018-19.
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

    The RIA that accompanied the 2023 GE final regulations estimated 
that approximately 700,000 students annually are in programs that could 
fail the standards in the GE rule. After the GE accountability 
framework goes into effect in 2024, and after programs may start to 
become ineligible to participate in the title IV, HEA aid programs in 
2026, the GE RIA estimates that the number of students in failing 
programs will gradually decline, reducing the number of students 
eligible for relief under this provision in the future.
    This RIA does not include a separate analysis of the potential 
effect on borrowers from Sec.  30.86(a)(2). The Department anticipates 
that waivers that could be granted in these situations would occur on a 
case-by-case basis. For past cohorts, the number of institutions that 
lost access to aid under these provisions is generally small. And some 
of those institutions, such as Marinello Schools of Beauty, have since 
been covered by actions to discharge groups of loans based upon 
borrower defense to repayment findings. For future borrowers, the 
Department cannot predict administrative actions that have yet to 
occur, so it is not possible to assign a likely cost to future loan 
cohorts.
    Finally, this provision would create small administrative costs for 
the Department to implement. Administrative costs are discussed 
separately at the end of this subsection of the RIA.
    Sec.  30.87 Waiver following a closure prior to Secretarial 
actions.
    The waivers granted under this section would have transfers, 
benefits, and costs that are similar to those under Sec.  30.86. 
However, these elements would affect a distinct group of borrowers who 
would not be eligible for a waiver under Sec.  30.86 and would only 
have some overlap with borrowers eligible under Sec.  30.88. These 
borrowers are in a different situation than borrowers eligible for 
relief under Sec.  30.86 because they borrowed to attend an institution 
or program that failed to meet certain outcomes standards or was in the 
middle of a Secretarial action related to not providing sufficient 
financial value, but the institution or program closed before the 
Department completed the action to remove aid eligibility. Similar to 
Sec.  30.86, this provision would not create any transfers between 
institutions and the Department because amounts that are waived could 
not be recouped from the school.
    Borrowers would benefit from this provision because they would no 
longer have to repay loans taken out to attend programs or institutions 
that had been exhibiting evidence of excessively poor student loan 
outcomes or otherwise failing to provide sufficient financial value. 
Loans taken out in these situations are likely to result in higher 
rates of delinquency and default, meaning that the waivers under this 
section would provide added benefits such as protecting borrowers from 
negative credit reporting, the possibility of wage garnishment, tax 
refund or Social Security benefit seizure, and other forms of enforced 
collections.
    The Department would also benefit from waivers granted under this 
section. As discussed, these loans are owed by borrowers who are more 
likely to struggle to repay their debts and the Department may need to 
incur greater costs to provide the borrowers with more targeted 
outreach and more help to navigate repayment. If these loans are older, 
it is also less likely that the Department would be collecting 
significant sums from the borrowers, reducing the likelihood that the 
loans will be fully repaid.
    As noted above, the costs of this provision would largely come from 
the transfers granted to borrowers when a loan is discharged. We are 
not including specific modeling of these transfers because we believe 
the potential effect of this section would be much smaller than what is 
captured in Sec.  30.86. We believe the largest effect is likely to be 
related to borrowers who attended institutions that preemptively closed 
when cohort default rates were first created, as we have seen few to no 
schools close in recent years due to impending loss of Federal aid from 
high default rates. While there are closures that occur before other 
Secretarial actions are finalized, this occurs more on a case-by-case 
basis and typically does not occur in large numbers. This provision 
provides critical benefits to the borrowers who would be eligible for 
relief, but we do not think it operates on a large enough scale to 
model.
    For example, borrowers who attended programs that failed the 
previously published GE rates released in 2017, based on the 2015 debt 
measure year, would be eligible for a waiver under this provision. 
However, current data limitations related to program information in 
NSLDS for the cohorts included in those 2017 rates prevent us from 
estimating the number of borrowers who would be eligible for waivers 
under this provision.\96\
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

    \96\ These data are available https://studentaid.gov/sites/default/files/GE-DMYR-2015-Final-Rates.xls.
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

    Finally, this provision would create administrative costs to 
implement. Administrative costs are discussed separately at the end of 
this subsection of the RIA.
    Sec.  30.88 Waiver for closed Gainful Employment (GE) programs with 
high debt-to-earnings rates or low median earnings.
    Waivers granted under this section would provide transfers, 
benefits, and costs that are similar to a portion of those that could 
occur under Sec.  30.87. However, these benefits would affect a 
distinct group including those that are not otherwise captured under 
any other provision. The reasons for waivers under this section are 
also narrower than those in Sec. Sec.  30.86 and 30.87.
    Table 3.10 below shows the estimated number of borrowers who would 
be eligible for waivers because they attended a program that failed the 
GE metric for any reason based on the data from the 2015, 2016, and 
2017 Award Years released in 2023 along with the GE Rule Regulatory 
Impact Analysis and also did not have any students who received Title 
IV aid from 2018 onwards.\97\
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

    \97\ The Department released a data file called the 2022 Program 
Performance Data (``2022 PPD'') along with the proposed rule titled 
``Financial Value Transparency and Gainful Employment (GE), 
Financial Responsibility, Administrative Capability, Certification 
Procedures, Ability to Benefit (ATB)'' available at: https://www.regulations.gov/document/ED-2023-OPE-0089-0086. These data 
include program performance information, using measures based on the 
typical debt levels and post-enrollment earnings of program 
completers.

[[Page 27601]]



 Table 3.10--Estimated Number and Characteristics of Borrowers Who Would
               Be Eligible for Waivers Under Sec.   30.88
------------------------------------------------------------------------
 
------------------------------------------------------------------------
Number of Borrowers Receiving Any Forgiveness Under this          0.01 M
 Provision:.............................................
Of Those Receiving Forgiveness, Share Who:
    Have Any Parent PLUS Loans..........................              6%
    Ever Received a Pell Grant..........................             78%
    Ever Had a Default..................................             33%
    Age <30.............................................             15%
    Age 30-50...........................................             70%
    Age 50+.............................................             15%
    Highest Level Enrolled: 1st or 2nd Year Undergrad...             60%
    Highest Level Enrolled: 3+ Year Undergrad...........             13%
    Highest Level Enrolled: Graduate School.............             27%
    Oldest Loan In Repayment <10 Years..................             86%
    Oldest Loan In Repayment 10-20 Years................             14%
    Oldest Loan In Repayment 20+ Years..................              0%
------------------------------------------------------------------------
Notes: Results from a five percent sample of the student loan portfolio.
  All numbers are rounded. Borrower's loans are included if they are
  Direct or federally-managed FFEL loans.
* Pell Grant status is unavailable for most borrowers who entered
  repayment on their last loan before 1999. As such, these figures may
  understate the share of borrowers who are Pell Grant recipients.

    The number of students who attended such programs is likely higher 
than this estimate, but data limitations prevent us from including in 
this estimate borrowers who attended programs that failed the 2011 
Gainful Employment Informational Metrics.\98\
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

    \98\ These data are available at https://studentaid.gov/data-center/school/ge/data.
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

    The waivers under this provision would create costs in the form of 
transfers. Such transfers would go to borrowers who have loans used to 
enroll in programs that produced results that according to data from 
the Department show that they had high debt-to-earnings or low earnings 
premium measures that did not meet basic standards of financial value, 
but the program closed prior to the issuance of formal GE rates under 
the new GE rule. While these programs did not have the formal failures 
that would qualify for a discharge under Sec. Sec.  30.86 or 30.87, the 
outcomes are so poor that, when paired with closure, the Department's 
concerns about borrowers' ability to repay loans from these programs 
are similar.
    The Department would also benefit by waiving these loans. As 
discussed, these loans are from borrowers who attended programs with 
data showing that graduates take on more debt than is reasonable or 
whose earnings are worse than what a high school graduate earns. 
Borrowers in such situations are more likely to struggle to repay their 
debts and may incur greater costs for the Department in the form of 
more targeted outreach and more help to navigate repayment. If these 
loans are older, it is also less likely that the Department may be 
collecting significant sums from them, reducing the likelihood they 
will be repaid. Beyond costs in the form of transfers, implementing 
this provision will come with small administrative costs for the 
Department. Administrative costs are discussed separately at the end of 
this subsection of the RIA.

Part 682--Federal Family Education Loan (FFEL) Program

Subpart D--Administration of the Federal Family Education Loan Programs 
by a Guaranty Agency

    Sec.  682.403 Waiver of FFEL Program Loan Debt.
    The costs, benefits, and transfers under proposed Sec.  682.403 
would differ slightly depending on whether the loan is currently in 
repayment or in default at a guaranty agency. For loans in repayment, 
proposed Sec.  682.403 would result in transfers between the guaranty 
agency using Federal funds to pay the FFEL loan holder and then 
assigning that loan to the Department for eventual waiver. The size of 
this transfer would be equal to the full outstanding balance of the 
loan owed to private loan holders, plus unpaid interest and fees, as 
applicable. Such a transfer would not occur for loans in default at a 
guaranty agency. For these loans, the former private loan holder had 
already been paid a default claim payment by the guaranty agency using 
Federal funds. The costs from a transfer would be more directly from 
the Department to the borrower, as the guaranty agency would assign the 
loan to the Department, which would then waive the remaining balance.
    These waivers would provide significant benefits to borrowers, who 
would be relieved of their obligation to make further payments on their 
loans. For Sec.  682.403(b)(1) the benefits are similar to those 
provided in Sec.  30.83 for borrowers whose loans are managed by the 
Department and are at least 25 years old. Such waivers would benefit 
borrowers who have been unable to fully repay their loans over a 
reasonable period of time. Such borrowers tend to be older and many of 
these borrowers have spent time in default. Waiving such loans provides 
relief to borrowers who have shown persistent challenges with repayment 
and, in the case of older borrowers, would likely improve their 
financial stability in their final years.
    The benefits of Sec.  682.403(b)(2) are similar to some of those of 
Sec.  30.85, which provides a waiver for borrowers eligible for a 
targeted forgiveness opportunity. In this case, only borrowers who 
would otherwise be eligible for a closed school loan discharge but have 
not applied would be covered. These borrowers would receive a discharge 
were they to apply. However, as research from GAO has shown, many 
borrowers eligible for closed school loan discharges in the past have 
not successfully applied for this relief, and many of these borrowers 
end up in default.\99\ This provision would benefit such borrowers by 
granting them relief and ensuring they do not unnecessarily experience 
default.
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

    \99\ https://www.gao.gov/assets/gao-21-105373.pdf.
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

    The benefits of Sec.  682.403(b)(3), meanwhile, are similar to the 
benefits that would be available under Sec.  30.86 for borrowers who 
attend institutions that become ineligible for Federal aid because of 
high cohort default rates. These waivers would apply to borrowers who 
are part of cohorts that produced the high rates of default

[[Page 27602]]

resulting in title IV ineligibility, meaning many such borrowers are 
likely either currently in default or have spent time in default in the 
past. These waivers would significantly benefit borrowers by no longer 
making them repay loans where there is existing evidence of borrowers 
struggling to repay their loans at high rates that exceed the 
Department's accountability standards. Table 3.11 below shows the 
number and characteristics of borrowers who would be eligible for 
waivers under Sec.  682.403. Of note is the fact that 45 percent of 
these borrowers ever experienced a default, and we estimate about 30 
percent are currently in default.

 Table 3.11--Estimate of the Number and Characteristics of Borrowers Who
           Would Be Eligible for Waivers Under Sec.   682.403
------------------------------------------------------------------------
 
------------------------------------------------------------------------
Number of Borrowers Receiving Any Forgiveness Under this           0.9 M
 Provision..............................................
Of Those Receiving Forgiveness, Share Who:
    Have Any Parent PLUS Loans..........................             14%
    Ever Received a Pell grant *........................             19%
    Ever Had a Default..................................             45%
    Age <30.............................................              0%
    Age 30-50...........................................             27%
    Age 50+.............................................             73%
    Highest Level Enrolled: 1st or 2nd Year Undergrad...             24%
    Highest Level Enrolled: 3+ Year Undergrad...........             34%
    Highest Level Enrolled: Graduate School.............             36%
    Oldest Loan In Repayment <10 Years..................              0%
    Oldest Loan In Repayment 10-20 Years................              0%
    Oldest Loan In Repayment 20+ Years..................             99%
------------------------------------------------------------------------
Notes: Results from a five percent sample of the student loan portfolio.
  All numbers are rounded. Forgiveness is for borrowers with any
  commercial FFEL loans that entered repayment on July 1, 2000 or
  earlier, borrowers with at least one commercial FFEL loan with a
  positive outstanding balance to attend an institution that failed CDR
  metrics between 1992 and 1998 or 2015 to 2020, and was closed or not
  providing title IV aid to students as of 2002 or 2022 respectively, or
  having a loan to attend an institution that lost eligibility for title
  IV between 1999 and 2014 due to CDR sanctions, or from a school that
  closed just after, or during, the student's enrollment.
* Pell status is unavailable for most borrowers who entered repayment on
  their last loan before 1999.

    The Department would benefit from the provisions in Sec.  682.403, 
as well. Some of these loans have already been in default in the past 
and may not be repaid. In those cases, taxpayers have already 
compensated the lender for the default and the debt may not be 
collected. In addition, and as noted earlier, these provisions are 
similar to several of the waiver provisions for Department-held loans. 
The Department benefits from treating borrowers with commercially held 
FFEL loans in a similar manner as borrowers with ED-held loans because 
it streamlines providing relief to borrowers who could consolidate into 
the Direct Loan program and it reduces the Department's need to respond 
to borrower confusion.
    The waivers may also provide some benefits for holders of FFEL 
loans by fully paying off loans that are either unlikely to ever be 
repaid or that may not be repaid in a reasonable period. In the years 
before the FFEL program stopped issuing new loans, many lenders chose 
to securitize their outstanding loans by issuing asset-backed 
securities. This approach creates long-term bond obligations that must 
be repaid using the payments made by borrowers and any subsidies 
received from the Department. However, the growth in the number of 
borrowers using the IBR plan to repay these privately held FFEL loans 
may be resulting in fewer incoming payments than expected. In 2020, the 
Wall Street Journal reported how some student loan asset-backed 
securities were extending the anticipated pay off date of the bond by 
decades, including as much as 54 years to avoid potential write-downs 
by credit rating agencies.\100\ Compensating a lender for outstanding 
amounts of loans that are not on track to be repaid even after 20 or 25 
years since entering repayment may provide a benefit to lenders and 
bond holders that are otherwise struggling to receive sufficient 
repayments.
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

    \100\ https://www.wsj.com/articles/a-borrower-will-be-114-when-bonds-backed-by-her-student-loans-mature-11578393002.
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

    The bulk of the costs from this provision would accrue to the 
Department by paying guaranty agencies to compensate loan holders for 
the outstanding value of loans that the Secretary chooses to waive. The 
Department believes these costs are justified because the benefits to 
the Department and the borrower to address loans that are unlikely to 
be fully repaid are significant. In some cases, such as loans owed by 
borrowers who attended closed schools, these are also debts that could 
be forgiven otherwise as soon as the borrower submits certain 
paperwork.
    We anticipate administrative expenses associated with the 
provisions in proposed Sec.  682.403. We think these costs would be 
reasonable because the provisions in this section largely mirror 
existing regulations for processing certain discharges in the FFEL 
program, which have been used for some time. To that end, loan 
servicers and guaranty agencies would not need to stand up a whole new 
process. That means any costs would likely relate to producing the 
necessary paperwork for a lender to submit a claim to the guaranty 
agency and for the guaranty agency to process that claim and assign the 
loan to the Department. The Department would also incur administrative 
costs to receive and then waive an assigned loan, which are discussed 
in the separate section on administrative costs at the end of this 
subsection of the RIA. But this assignment and waiver process would 
also leverage existing channels. Finally, it is possible that some 
lenders could face costs from no longer receiving the quarterly special 
allowance payments (SAP) that are payable to FFEL loan holders on 
certain loans. These amounts vary based upon when a loan was disbursed 
and other factors.\101\ The extent to which forgoing future SAP 
payments on a loan represents a cost will depend significantly on 
whether the loan was otherwise being repaid as expected or not. For 
example, a loan holder that was receiving lower than anticipated 
payments due to a borrower being on IBR may be financially better off 
to have the loan paid off and forgo the SAP

[[Page 27603]]

payment. A loan that is otherwise being paid down might see some costs 
due to forgoing SAP. But this would also require factoring in the value 
of receiving payments today instead of hypothetical future ones.
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

    \101\ https://fsapartners.ed.gov/sites/default/files/2023-01/SAPMemoQ42022.pdf.
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

Administrative Costs

    These proposed rules would create administrative costs for the 
Department if the Secretary were to exercise his discretion to provide 
waivers under any of these sections. These costs are reported as a 
separate section because they generally represent a set of baseline 
expenses that the Department would incur. The marginal costs of 
implementing one change but not another would vary depending on the 
proposed regulatory section in question. For instance, the marginal 
cost of implementing Sec.  30.82 on top of Sec.  30.81 is smaller than 
it would be if the Department were to implement Sec.  30.82 on top of 
Sec.  30.83. Accordingly, we are presenting an overall estimate, the 
cost of which would be lower for solely the provisions related to 
Sec. Sec.  30.83 through 30.85. The Department does include a separate 
discussion for Sec.  682.403, which is a different process that would 
involve granting a waiver after taking assignment of a loan. We 
estimate these cumulative costs would be largely split across the 2024 
and 2025 fiscal years.
    Overall, the Department estimates that the waivers in Sec. Sec.  
30.81 through 30.88 would require one-time administrative expenses of 
approximately $13.0 million. These costs are associated with changes to 
Department systems and contractors. In addition, we estimate an 
additional cost of $18.0 million for waivers associated with Sec.  
682.403. This is due to the assumption of a per-borrower cost for 
processing the waiver on an assigned loan.

Unduplicated Estimate of the Number of Borrowers Receiving Waivers 
Because of Sec. Sec.  30.81 Through 30.88 and Part 682, Subpart D

    The estimates in the above discussion showed the projected effect 
of each waiver as a distinct action. An exception to this is the 
estimate for Sec.  30.82, which does not include borrowers who are 
eligible in Sec.  30.81. Doing so reflects the separate and independent 
nature of the provisions and how the rationale behind each is unique. 
However, it is possible that a given borrower could end up in multiple 
categories. Therefore, to assist readers in understanding the combined 
total of these potential waivers, we present Table 3.12 below. This 
table shows the estimated effect of these provisions in terms of the 
number of borrowers affected. The total for each provision is included 
independently, and matches the numbers provided in the tables above. In 
the last row, we display that 27.6 million unique borrowers, de-
duplicated across all provisions, that would receive a waiver. This 
number removes duplication from the tables that are found elsewhere in 
this subsection of the RIA.

   Table 3.12--Estimated Number of Borrowers Who Would Be Eligible for
                    Waivers Under Various Provisions
------------------------------------------------------------------------
                                                             Number of
                                                             borrowers
                                                            (millions)
------------------------------------------------------------------------
Sec.   30.81 Waiver when the current balance exceeds the             6.4
 balance upon entering repayment for borrowers on an IDR
 plan...................................................
Sec.   30.82 Any balance growth Up to $20K..............            19.0
Sec.   30.83 Waiver based on time since a loan first                 2.6
 entered repayment......................................
Sec.   30.84 Waiver when a loan is eligible for                      1.7
 forgiveness based upon repayment plan..................
Sec.   30.85 Waiver when a loan is eligible for a                    0.3
 targeted forgiveness opportunity.......................
Sec.   30.86 Waiver based upon Secretarial actions......            <0.1
Sec.   30.88 Waiver for closed Gainful Employment (GE)              <0.1
 programs with high debt-to-earnings rates or low median
 earnings...............................................
Part 682 Federal Family Education Loan (FFEL) Program                0.9
 Subpart D--Administration of the Federal Family
 Education Loan Programs by a Guaranty Agency...........
Unique Borrowers across Sec.  Sec.   30.81 through 30.88            27.6
 and Part 682, Subpart D................................
------------------------------------------------------------------------
Notes: All numbers are rounded.

4. Net Budget Impact
    Table 4.1 provides an estimate of the net Federal budget impact of 
these proposed regulations that are summarized in Table 2.2 of this 
RIA. This includes both costs of a modification to existing loan 
cohorts and costs for loan cohorts from 2025 to 2034. A cohort reflects 
all loans originated in a given fiscal year. Consistent with the 
requirements of the Credit Reform Act of 1990, budget cost estimates 
for the student loan programs reflect the estimated net present value 
of all future non-administrative Federal costs associated with a cohort 
of loans. The baseline for estimating the cost of these final 
regulations is the President's Budget for 2025 (PB2025).

                                 Table 4.1--Estimated Budget Impact of the NPRM
                                                 [$ in millions]
----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
                                                                   Modification
              Section                        Description           score (1994-    Outyear score   Total (1994-
                                                                       2024)        (2025-2034)        2034)
----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Sec.   30.83.......................  Loans that first entered             13,762  ..............          13,762
                                      repayment 20 or 25 years
                                      ago as of FY2025.
Sec.   30.84.......................  Eligible for forgiveness on           8,663  ..............           8,663
                                      an IDR plan but not
                                      currently enrolled in an
                                      IDR plan.
Sec.   30.86.......................  Took out loans during                    15  ..............              15
                                      cohorts that caused school
                                      to lose access to aid due
                                      to high CDRs.
Sec.   30.85.......................  Eligible for a closed                 7,565  ..............           7,565
                                      school loan discharge but
                                      has not successfully
                                      applied.

[[Page 27604]]

 
Sec.   30.86-Sec.   30.88..........  Borrowed to attend a                 11,927          15,274          27,201
                                      gainful employment program
                                      that lost access to aid or
                                      closed.
Sec.   30.81.......................  Current balance exceeds              10,966  ..............          10,966
                                      amount owed upon entering
                                      repayment for borrowers on
                                      an IDR plan with income
                                      below certain thresholds.
Sec.   30.82.......................  Current balance exceeds              62,094  ..............          62,094
                                      amount owed upon entering
                                      repayment for borrowers
                                      not on an IDR plan or who
                                      are on an IDR plan but
                                      have incomes above the
                                      thresholds in 30.81.
Sec.   682.403.....................  Commercial FFEL loans that           17,053  ..............          17,053
                                      first entered repayment 25
                                      years ago; eligible for a
                                      closed school discharge,
                                      but have not applied; or
                                      loans to attend a school
                                      that lost access to aid
                                      due to high CDRs, for
                                      applicable cohort.
----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------

    It is possible that borrowers may qualify for more than one 
provision, but they can only receive one waiver of the full outstanding 
balance of a loan. Accordingly, the primary budget estimate stacks the 
scores in the order shown with waivers resulting in the full relief of 
a loan's outstanding balance evaluated prior to considering waivers 
related to partial forgiveness of amounts related to balance growth. 
However, all the relief available to borrowers of FFEL loans is 
reflected in one estimate after the estimates for the other provisions. 
The Department believes this stacked estimation is appropriate for the 
primary estimates of the proposed regulations.

Methodology for Budget Impact

    The Department estimated the budget impact of the provisions in 
this draft rule that permits the Secretary to waive some or all of the 
outstanding balance of loans through changes to the Department's Death, 
Disability, and Bankruptcy (DDB) assumption that handles a broad range 
of loan discharges or adjustments, the collections assumption to 
reflect balance changes on loans that ever defaulted, and the IDR 
assumption for effects on borrowers in those repayment plans. The 
projected amount of forgiveness is estimated based on administrative 
data about the loan portfolio that allows us to identify loans eligible 
for the various waivers. The DDB assumption is used in the Student Loan 
Model (SLM) to determine the rate and timing of loan discharges due to 
the death, disability, bankruptcy, or other discharge of the borrowers. 
The SLM is designed to calculate cash flow estimates for the 
Department's Federal postsecondary student loan programs in compliance 
with the Federal Credit Reform Act (FCRA) and all relevant federal 
guidance. The SLM calculates student loan net cost estimates for loan 
cohorts where a cohort consists of the loans originated in a given 
budget (fiscal) year. The model operates with input data obtained from 
historical experience and other relevant data sources. The SLM cash 
flow components range from origination fees through scheduled principal 
and interest payments, defaults, collections, recoveries, and fees. The 
cash flow time period begins with the fiscal year of first disbursement 
and ends with the fiscal year of the events at the end of the life of 
the loan: repayment, discharge, or forgiveness.
    For each loan cohort, the SLM contains separate DDB rates by loan 
program, population (Non-Consolidated, Consolidated Not From Default, 
and Consolidated From Default), loan type, and budget risk group (Two-
Year Public and Not-for-Profit, Two-Year Proprietary, Four-Year 
Freshman and Sophomore, Four-Year Junior and Senior, and Graduate 
Student). The DDB rate is the sum of several component rates that 
reflect underlying claims data and assumptions about the effect of 
policy changes and updated data on future claims activity. In general, 
DDB claims are aggregated as the numerator by fiscal year of 
origination and population, program, loan type, risk group, and years 
from origination until the DDB claims. Zeros are used for any missing 
categories in the numerator. Net loan amounts are aggregated as the 
denominator by fiscal year of origination and population, program loan 
type, and risk group. The DDB rate is simply the ratio of the numerator 
to the denominator. Because the SLM only allows for DDB rates to be 
specified up to 30 years from origination, DDB claims occurring more 
than 30 years after origination are included in the year 30 rate. DDB 
rates for future cohorts are forecasted using weighted averages of 
prior year rates and have a number of additions and adjustment factors 
built into it to capture policies or anticipated discharges that are 
not reflected in the processed discharge data yet including adjustments 
for anticipated increased borrower defense and closed school activity.
    For estimates related to waivers granted to borrowers enrolled in 
IDR repayment plans, the Department has a borrower and loan type level 
submodel that generates representative cashflows for use in the SLM. 
This IDR submodel contains information about borrowers' time in 
repayment, the use of deferments and forbearances, estimated incomes 
and filing statuses, and annual balances. For these estimates, we also 
imputed whether the borrower would be eligible for the waivers related 
to CDR or GE in proposed Sec. Sec.  30.86 through 30.88. Therefore, we 
are able to identify the borrowers in the IDR submodel who would be 
eligible for one of the proposed waivers and incorporate that effect 
either by ending the payment cycle for borrowers who receive a total 
balance waiver or eliminating the excess balance for borrowers who 
would be eligible for waivers under either Sec. Sec.  30.81 or 30.82.
    Partial forgiveness of balances for borrowers already modeled to be 
on an IDR plan can have three different effects depending upon whether 
or not the borrower was expected to get IDR forgiveness prior to these 
waivers, and whether the waiver changes that anticipated outcome. These 
effects are:
    1. Before and after the policy is applied, borrowers are expected 
to receive some IDR forgiveness at the end of their repayment term. For 
these borrowers, the waivers would affect the amount ultimately 
forgiven, but because payments are based upon income and

[[Page 27605]]

the amount of time borrowers are expected to repay is unchanged, there 
is no effect on the amount of anticipated future payments.
    2. The borrower was expected to receive IDR forgiveness before the 
policy's application, but afterward is now expected to pay off their 
balance before receiving IDR forgiveness. Because these borrowers are 
now expected to repay in less time, there is some reduction in the 
amount of anticipated future payments.
    3. Before applying the policy, the borrower was expected to retire 
their loan balance prior to receiving IDR forgiveness, but as a result 
of the policy is now expected to retire their balance sooner. Because 
these borrowers are now expected to repay in less time, there is some 
reduction in the amount of anticipated future payments.
    We project that most borrowers modeled to be on IDR would end up in 
the first group. Since these borrowers would not see a change in the 
amount they pay before receiving forgiveness, we do not assign a cost 
to the waivers for these borrowers. Any costs associated with the 
forgiveness of amounts above the balance owed at repayment entry for 
IDR borrowers is limited to the minority of borrowers in the second and 
third groups, for whom the forgiveness reduces the number of payments 
needed to fully repay their loan. The result is we do not anticipate 
significant costs for the waivers that would be granted under 
Sec. Sec.  30.81 or 30.82 for borrowers in IDR.
    We are not assigning an estimated outyear budget cost to the 
provisions in Sec.  30.84 related to borrowers who are eligible for 
forgiveness on a repayment plan but have not successfully enrolled in 
such plan. We already assign a high percentage of future borrowers who 
would be eligible for forgiveness on an IDR plan as being in an IDR 
plan, including those with lower balances. Therefore, our assumption is 
that this provision will only affect borrowers who have already 
accumulated time in repayment.
    For estimates related to the effects of the proposed waiver 
provisions on borrowers with loans not in IDR plans, the Department's 
approach is to: (1) estimate the potential waiver amounts borrowers 
would be eligible for and aggregate them by loan cohort, loan type, and 
budget risk group used in the SLM; (2) Add the waiver amounts for non-
defaulted, non-IDR borrowers to the Department's baseline DDB 
assumption in FY 2025; and (3) remove the amounts associated with the 
waiver provisions from defaulted, non-IDR borrowers from the baseline 
collections assumption. The revised IDR, DDB and collections groups are 
run in a SLM scenario for each provision to generate the estimates in 
Table 4.1. To produce the potential waiver amounts in Step 1 of this 
process, the Department developed a loan level file based on the FY2022 
sample of NSLDS information used for preparing budget estimates. 
Information from this file allows the evaluation of times in repayment 
that qualify for one of the provisions and anticipated balances at the 
end of FY2024 for use in calculating the amount that the Secretary may 
waive for borrowers who have experienced balance growth.
    To help estimate the costs of Sec. Sec.  30.86 through 30.88, as 
well as Sec.  682.403(b)(3), the Department reviewed information about 
institutions that lost eligibility to participate in title IV for CDR 
and the relevant timeframes for those actions and identified loans that 
would be eligible for a CDR-based waiver under Sec.  30.86 and Sec.  
682.403(b)(3). Similarly, we identified loans for borrowers that 
entered repayment within a fiscal year of an institution's closure in 
the list of closed schools and assumed they would be eligible for a 
total balance waiver under Sec.  30.85 and Sec.  682.403(b)(3).\102\ To 
estimate the effects of Sec.  30.88, similar identification was made of 
students with outstanding loan balances who attended GE programs that 
failed the GE metrics based on the data from the 2015, 2016, and 2017 
Award Years released in 2023 and did not have any students who received 
Title IV aid from 2018 onwards, as shown in Table 3.10. Approximately 
7.4 percent of loans made by cohort 2024 in our sample qualified for 
total balance waiver under one of these provisions. The proposed 
waivers in these three sections are also applicable going forward, but 
the Department does not estimate a significant cost related to the CDR 
or closed school waiver provisions. No institutions have lost 
eligibility based on CDR performance since the 2014 CDR rates and only 
28 institutions have lost eligibility on this basis since 1997, so we 
do not expect this to be a significant source of waivers for future 
cohorts. We also assume that closed school discharges for future loan 
cohorts are already captured in our baseline estimates especially given 
the automatic closed school discharge provision now in effect.\103\ 
Therefore, the primary source of outyear costs estimated for these 
provisions is Gainful Employment performance, and a separate process 
using the results of the model used to estimate the cost of that 
regulation was used to generate an estimate for cohorts 2021-2034.
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

    \102\ Federal Student Aid, Closed School Search File.xlsx 
downloaded 2/15/2024 from https://www2.ed.gov/offices/OSFAP/PEPS/closedschools.html.
    \103\ These provisions are currently administratively stayed 
pending appeal in Career Colleges and Schools of Texas v. U.S. 
Department of Education, No. 23-50491 (5th Cir.). Because the rule 
has not been permanently enjoined nor has a court found that the 
challenge to the rule is likely to succeed on the merits, the 
Department maintains this assumption for these purposes.
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

    These estimates are all based off the same random sample of 
borrowers that is used for all other budget estimation activity related 
to Federal student loans for the Department. Currently, the most recent 
sample available is from the end of FY2022, which is the best currently 
available data that maintains the Department's consistent scoring 
practices. The Department recognizes from its general ledger records 
that there have been a significant number of loan discharges granted 
since that sample was pulled. This particularly includes forgiveness 
tied to IDR and PSLF.
    In this NPRM, the Department provides our best budget estimates 
based on the most recent sample used in the required baseline, while 
noting that this data does not allow the Department to adjust for these 
recent discharges because they occurred after the date the sample used 
in that baseline was generated. The Department's PB2025 baseline 
projects its best estimates of future discharges based on the sample 
data and other information available when the baseline is developed. As 
a new sample is drawn and updated balances and loan information are 
available for analysis, we will incorporate that into the analysis of 
these waiver provisions in the final rule so that we do not attribute 
existing discharges to these waivers. For instance, between 2022 and 
2023 the Department approved hundreds of thousands of additional 
discharges for borrowers through fixes to IDR and PSLF as well as 
automatic relief for borrowers with a total and permanent disability, 
and discharges based upon borrower defense findings and covered by 
related court settlements. These discharges include almost $44 billion 
in approved discharges for more than 901,000 borrowers through IDR, 
approximately 200,000 borrowers through a court settlement, and more 
than 150,000 borrowers through PSLF. The discharges also include a few 
tens of thousands of borrowers through total and permanent disability 
discharges. The Department also approved roughly 10,000 new discharges 
based upon borrower defense to repayment findings

[[Page 27606]]

and continued processing relief for previously approved discharges.
    While the Department's best estimates based on the most recent 
sample cannot adjust for such discharges for the reasons explained 
above, we can anticipate these different types of discharges are most 
likely to affect certain provisions. Discharges through income-based 
repayment could primarily reduce the costs of Sec.  30.83; those for 
PSLF could primarily affect the cost of Sec.  30.81; and those for 
borrower defense and other types of discharges could primarily affect 
Sec.  30.82 because these borrowers are less likely to be on an IDR 
plan, or they could affect the costs of Sec. Sec.  30.85 through 30.88 
because some of these borrowers may have otherwise been eligible for a 
closed school loan discharge or attended programs that failed to 
provide sufficient financial value because they failed to meet 
standards of debt-to-earnings or earnings premium and have closed. We 
anticipate having a more recent sample for FY2023 available by the time 
we write a final rule. As a result, we anticipate that final rule would 
reflect those discharges that have already occurred, which may affect 
the results in the net budget estimate for the final rule.

Gainful Employment

    The Department used the information about projected passage and 
failure rates of GE programs (also described as program transition 
rates) in the 2023 final GE regulation \104\ along with enrollment and 
average loans in the associated categories and respective years to 
calculate the total amount of Federal loans that students in programs 
that fail GE metrics will get relief from 2021-2034 under Sec.  30.86. 
In our modeling we do not project that institutions will voluntarily 
close programs prior to a failure or other Secretarial action based on 
failing to deliver sufficient financial value, so we do not include any 
modeling for Sec.  30.87. The rates for 2026 represent the program 
transition rates before the second GE metrics will be published and 
programs could lose eligibility for students who attend to borrow 
Federal loans and receive Pell Grants. For our budget estimate, the 
time frame for applying these rates was extended back to 2021 to 
account for students who attended during the years on which the metrics 
are based and would subsequently get relief on their associated Federal 
loans. As done in the analyses of the 2014 and 2023 GE regulations, the 
Department assumes institutions at risk of warning or sanction would 
take at least some steps to improve program performance by improving 
program quality, increasing job placement and academic support staff, 
and lowering prices (leading to lower levels of debt). Evidence and 
further discussion of this can be found in the 2023 GE regulation. 
Therefore, the rates for 2027 to 2033 represent the program transition 
rates after programs could be sanctioned and reflect an increase in the 
probability of having a passing result. In this analysis, the rates for 
2027 to 2033 were used in calculating the amount of total relief for 
cohorts 2027 to 2034, extending to the last outyear of the current 
budget window.
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

    \104\ 88 FR 70158 (October 10, 2023).
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

    To calculate the percent of enrollment by program type, performance 
category, and cohort that would receive relief, the program transition 
rates for the given year were transformed to account for students whose 
loans would be eligible for forgiveness in that year, in the next year, 
and two years out. These percents are shown below in Table 4.2. For all 
enrollment at programs that fail for a second time and are deemed to 
become ineligible moving forward, students in qualifying cohorts would 
be eligible to receive relief on their associated loans to attend those 
programs, which is indicated by the 100 percent for pre-ineligible 
programs. To estimate the percent of enrollment at programs with one 
failure (for D/E, EP, or both) whose students would be eligible for 
forgiveness in the next year, the rate of one failure was multiplied by 
the rate of a following second failure that would cause the program to 
become ineligible moving forward. To estimate the percent of enrollment 
at programs that are passing in a given year but whose students would 
be eligible to receive relief in two years, the rate of a passing 
program getting a failure in the next cycle was multiplied by the rate 
of it failing again. For example, the program transition assumptions 
for GE programs in the 2023 GE rule \105\ shows that for 4-year 
programs in 2027, the rate of passing programs expected to fail D/E, 
EP, or both in the next year are 3.1 percent, 0 percent, and 0.2 
percent, respectively. The rates of each of these paths for a passing 
program to fail a metric in the following year were multiplied by the 
rates of the program failing the same or both metrics again and 
becoming ineligible, 73.5 percent for EP, 87.7 percent for DE, and 89.6 
percent for both. Once those two sets of rates are multiplied by their 
failure status and summed together, the final estimate for the percent 
of enrollment at passing programs in 2027 to become eligible for relief 
in 2 years is 2.5 percent, calculated by ((3.1 percent * 73.5 percent) 
+ (0 percent * 87.7 percent) + (0.2 percent * 89.6 percent)). Last, 
students at programs that were already deemed ineligible in the past 
would not receive Federal aid to attend and therefore not be eligible 
to receive relief on those loans, which is indicated by the 0 percent 
for ineligible programs. These percentages were multiplied by the 
enrollment and average loans calculated in the 2023 GE regulation in 
the associated categories (loan type and budget risk group) and 
respective years (cohorts 2021-2026 and 2027-2034) to calculate the 
total loans that would be eligible for relief under Sec.  30.86.
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

    \105\ 88 FR 70158 (October 10, 2023).

  Table 4.2--Percent of Enrollment That Would Be Eligible for Relief by
                  Program Type and Performance Category
------------------------------------------------------------------------
                                        2021-2026          2027-2034
------------------------------------------------------------------------
Proprietary 2-year or less
    Pass..........................                7.8                5.3
    Fail D/E only.................               81.2               76.2
    Fail EP only..................               89.2               84.2
    Fail Both.....................               96.6               91.6
    Pre-Ineligible................              100.0              100.0
    Ineligible....................                0.0                0.0
Public and Nonprofit 2-year or
 less
    Pass..........................                2.2                0.8
    Fail D/E only.................               39.5               34.5

[[Page 27607]]

 
    Fail EP only..................               52.7               47.7
    Fail Both.....................               70.9               65.9
    Pre-Ineligible................              100.0              100.0
    Ineligible....................                0.0                0.0
4-year
    Pass..........................                4.7                2.5
    Fail D/E only.................               78.6               73.6
    Fail EP only..................               96.5               91.3
    Fail Both.....................               94.6               89.6
    Pre-Ineligible................              100.0              100.0
    Ineligible....................                0.0                0.0
Graduate
    Pass..........................                2.4                0.4
    Fail D/E only.................               80.1               75.1
    Fail EP only..................                0.0                0.0
    Fail Both.....................               91.3               86.3
    Pre-Ineligible................              100.0              100.0
    Ineligible....................                0.0                0.0
------------------------------------------------------------------------

    Once estimated, the dollar amounts of forgiveness from this gainful 
employment performance metric is aggregated by cohort, loan type, and 
budget risk group and divided by the net loan volume for those same 
categories. This generated an adjustment factor based on the modeled 
future GE rate performance that is added to the PB2025 baseline DDB 
rate. To get the full potential cost of the GE related provisions, 
those increased DDB rates were fed into the second step of the main 
estimation process for the non-IDR estimate so that the combined 
effects on DDB can be loaded as one DDB assumption group in the SLM as 
increased DDB rates. This resulted in the increase in costs associated 
with the gainful employment provision of approximately $27.2 billion 
for cohorts 1994-2034.

Budget Impact Sensitivities

    While the primary estimates presented in Table 4.1 are based on the 
best data the Department has available currently, we recognize some of 
the impacts depend on borrower action in the period since our data was 
extracted and the implementation of the proposed waiver provisions. One 
effect is the response of programs and institutions if they have a 
program that fails the GE regulations. The primary estimate includes 
assumptions that some failing programs improve and therefore do not 
fail again and lose access to title IV, HEA programs. In the 
alternative budget scenario, we model the effects if there is no 
improvement by failing GE programs. We use the results of that scenario 
from the gainful employment final rule to estimate the higher outyear 
costs displayed in Table 4.3.
    Another modeling assumption that affects the net budget impact of 
the proposed waivers relates to the payment behavior of borrowers in FY 
2024. Payments and interest have resumed following the multi-year 
COVID-19 payment pause and the extent to which borrowers do not make 
payments and accumulate additional interest or make payments and 
therefore reduce interest that has already accumulated will affect the 
net budget impact. The Department has looked at payment reports from 
the initial months since the return to repayment and looked at the 
percentage of outstanding balances in repayment were less than 31 days 
delinquent. In the primary net budget impact score, we assumed that 
half of the borrowers that were more than 31 days late in the non-IDR, 
non-defaulted part of our sample would start to make payments prior to 
the rule taking effect and did not add additional interest to their 
balance. For this alternative, we added a year of interest to all 
borrowers in deferment, forbearance, or over 30 days delinquent 
statuses to estimate the effect of this payment behavior factor.

                                      Table 4.3--Alternate Budget Scenarios
----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
                                                                   Modification
        Alternative scenario                 Description           score (1994-    Outyear score   Total (1994-
                                                                       2024)        (2025-2034)        2034)
----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Payers in FY2024...................  The estimated balances in            68,272               0          68,272
                                      FY2024 depend on
                                      assumption about borrower
                                      payment behavior. This
                                      alternative adds a year of
                                      interest to the 37% of
                                      borrowers not in a good
                                      payment status (under 30
                                      days delinquent) in
                                      January 2024 payment
                                      reporting. This compares
                                      to the primary estimate in
                                      which half of those
                                      borrowers in delinquent,
                                      deferred, or forbearance
                                      status were treated as
                                      paying.
GE No Program Improvement..........  Uses the No Program                  11,927          19,835          31,762
                                      Improvement estimate from
                                      GE modeling to estimate
                                      increased outyear impact
                                      from more students being
                                      in programs that fail the
                                      accountability measures.
----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------


[[Page 27608]]

5. Accounting Statement

    As required by OMB Circular A-4, we have prepared an accounting 
statement showing the classification of the expenditures associated 
with the provisions of these regulations. Table 5.1 provides our best 
estimate of the changes in annual monetized transfers that may result 
from these proposed regulations.

      Table 5.1--Accounting Statement: Classification of Estimated
                              Expenditures
                              [In millions]
------------------------------------------------------------------------
                    Category                             Benefits
------------------------------------------------------------------------
Reduction in loans that are unlikely to be                Not quantified
 repaid in full in a reasonable period.........
Increased ability for borrowers to repay loans            Not quantified
 that have grown beyond their balance at
 repayment entry...............................
Reduced administrative burden for Department              Not quantified
 due to reduced servicing, default, and
 collection costs..............................
------------------------------------------------------------------------
Category                                                           Costs
------------------------------------------------------------------------
                                                                      2%
Costs of compliance with paperwork requirements                   $12.06
 for guaranty agencies and commercial FFEL loan
 holders.......................................
One-time administrative costs to Federal                             3.4
 government to update systems and contracts to
 implement the proposed regulations............
------------------------------------------------------------------------
Category                                                       Transfers
------------------------------------------------------------------------
Reduced transfers from borrowers due to                               2%
 waivers:......................................
Based on excess balances upon entering                             1,197
 repayment of IDR borrowers under income limits
 in Sec.   30.81...............................
Based on excess balances upon entering                             6,777
 repayment of all borrowers in Sec.   30.82....
Based on time in repayment in Sec.   30.83.....                    2,893
Based on eligibility for forgiveness in IDR in                       945
 Sec.   30.84..................................
Based on eligibility for forgiveness from                            826
 Closed School in Sec.   30.85.................
Based on eligibility for forgiveness from CDR                          2
 in Sec.   30.86...............................
Based on eligibility for forgiveness from GE in                    2,848
 Sec.   30.86-Sec.   30.88.....................
Based on provisions affecting commercial FFEL                      1,861
 borrowers in Sec.   682.403...................
------------------------------------------------------------------------
Expenditures are classified as transfers from the Federal government to
  affected student loan borrowers.

6. Alternatives Considered

    The Department considered the option of not proposing these 
regulations. However, we believe these rules are important to inform 
the public about how the Secretary would exercise his longstanding 
authority related to waiver in a consistent manner. The Department 
thinks foregoing these proposed regulations would reduce transparency 
about the Secretary's discretionary use of waiver. For all the reasons 
detailed above, such waivers would produce substantial, critical 
benefits for borrowers and the Department, among others, and reduce 
some costs for the Department as well. Overall, the Department's 
analysis of costs and benefits weighs in favor of the proposed 
regulations.
    As part of the development of these proposed regulations, the 
Department engaged in a negotiated rulemaking process in which we 
received comments and proposals from non-Federal negotiators 
representing numerous impacted constituencies. These included higher 
education institutions, legal assistance organizations, consumer 
advocacy organizations, student loan borrowers, civil rights 
organizations, state officials, and state attorneys general. Non-
Federal negotiators submitted a variety of proposals relating to the 
issues under discussion. Information about these proposals is available 
on our negotiated rulemaking website at https://www2.ed.gov/policy/highered/reg/hearulemaking/2023/index.html.
    In drafting this NPRM, the Department considered many alternatives. 
For provisions related to waiving balances beyond what a borrower owed 
upon entering repayment, we considered several ideas that would have 
provided a capped amount of relief for borrowers that met certain 
conditions. For instance, during negotiated rulemaking we considered 
capping the amount of a waiver at $20,000 for borrowers on IDR plans 
with incomes at or below 225 percent of the Federal poverty guidelines. 
However, many negotiators raised concerns that the amount of relief 
granted was too low to fully address the issue of balance growth. They 
also raised concerns that having such an income cap would miss many 
middle-income borrowers who have also experienced balance growth and 
need assistance. We were convinced by these comments that it would be 
better to provide relief to a wider group of borrowers and instead 
protect against providing undue benefits to the highest income 
borrowers, which is reflected in this proposed rule in Sec.  30.81. We 
thought this approach was superior to alternative ways to address 
concerns about targeting, such as providing a sliding scale of relief 
that would decrease as income rises. We were concerned that such an 
approach would be operationally complicated and confusing to explain to 
borrowers. Similarly, we considered providing up to $10,000 in relief 
for borrowers not on an IDR plan or whose incomes were above a certain 
threshold as opposed to the $20,000 limit proposed in this draft rule. 
However, we were persuaded during negotiated rulemaking that a relief 
threshold of $10,000 would miss providing sufficient assistance to 
large numbers of borrowers who need the help to successfully manage 
their debts.
    Regarding the waiver in Sec.  30.83 for loans that entered 
repayment a long time ago, we considered applying the thresholds for 
shortened time to forgiveness present in the SAVE plan. This provision 
provides forgiveness after as few as 10 years of payments for borrowers 
who originally took out $12,000 or less, with a sliding scale of an 
additional year of payments for each added $1,000 in borrowing. 
However, we thought such an approach would not be appropriate because 
this timeline is only available under the SAVE plan. By contrast, the 
goal of Sec.  30.83 is to address situations where borrowers have been 
unable to fully repay in a reasonable time and have not even been able 
to repay in full over an extended period. This extended period is 
consistent with

[[Page 27609]]

the forgiveness timelines on other IDR plans, which provide repayment 
terms of up to 20 or 25 years.
    For the provisions in Sec.  682.403, the Department considered two 
alternatives. We considered permitting waivers for loans that first 
entered repayment 20 years ago instead of 25. However, the only IDR 
plan available to FFEL borrowers provides forgiveness after 25 years, 
so we did not think it was appropriate to select a forgiveness period 
that is otherwise unavailable for these borrowers. We also considered 
including a provision similar to Sec.  30.84 for borrowers who are 
eligible for but haven't applied for IBR. However, we do not believe we 
would have the data to make such a determination so did not include it.

7. Regulatory Flexibility Act

    The Secretary certifies, under the Regulatory Flexibility Act (5 
U.S.C. 601 et seq.), that this final regulatory action would not have a 
significant economic impact on a substantial number of ``small 
entities.''
    These regulations will not have a significant impact on a 
substantial number of small entities because they are focused on 
arrangements between the borrower and the Department. They do not 
affect institutions of higher education in any way, and these entities 
are typically the focus on the Regulatory Flexibility Act analysis. As 
noted in the Paperwork Reduction Act section, burden related to the 
final regulations will be assessed in a separate information collection 
process and that burden is expected to involve individuals more than 
institutions of any size.

8. Paperwork Reduction Act

    As part of its continuing effort to reduce paperwork and respondent 
burden, the Department provides the general public and Federal agencies 
with an opportunity to comment on proposed and continuing collections 
of information in accordance with the Paperwork Reduction Act of 1995 
(PRA) (44 U.S.C. 3506(c)(2)(A)). This helps provide that: the public 
understands the Department's collection instructions, respondents can 
provide the requested data in the desired format, reporting burden 
(time and financial resources) is minimized, collection instruments are 
clearly understood, and the Department can properly assess the impact 
of collection requirements on respondents.
    Proposed Sec.  682.403 in this NPRM contains information collection 
requirements. Under the PRA, the Department would, at the required 
time, submit a copy of these sections and an Information Collections 
Request to the Office of Management and Budget (OMB) for its review.
    A Federal agency may not conduct or sponsor a collection of 
information unless OMB approves the collection under the PRA and the 
corresponding information collection instrument displays a currently 
valid OMB control number. Notwithstanding any other provision of law, 
no person is required to comply with, or is subject to penalty for 
failure to comply with, a collection of information if the collection 
instrument does not display a currently valid OMB control number. In 
the final regulations, we would display the control numbers assigned by 
OMB to any information collection requirements proposed in this NPRM 
and adopted in the final regulations.
    Section 682.403--Waiver of FFEL Program loan debt.
    Requirements: The NPRM proposes to amend part 682 by adding a new 
Sec.  682.403 to allow the Secretary to waive specific Federal Family 
Education Loan (FFEL) Program loans held by private lenders or managed 
by guaranty agencies.
    In the case of FFEL Program loans held by a private loan holder or 
a guaranty agency, under proposed Sec.  682.403(a) the Secretary may 
waive the outstanding balance of a FFEL Program loan when a loan first 
entered into repayment on or before July 1, 2000; when the borrower is 
otherwise eligible for, but has not successfully applied for, a closed 
school discharge; or when the borrower attended an institution that 
lost its title IV eligibility due to a high CDR, if the borrower was 
included in the cohort whose debt was used to calculate the CDR or 
rates that were the basis for the institution's loss of eligibility. If 
the Secretary chose to exercise his discretion under this section, the 
Secretary would notify the lender that a loan qualifies for a waiver 
and the lender would be instructed to submit a claim to the guaranty 
agency. The guaranty agency would pay the claim, be reimbursed by the 
Secretary, and assign the loan to the Secretary. After the loan is 
assigned, the Secretary would grant the waiver.
    Sections 682.403(c), and (d) describe the specific requirements of 
the waiver claim filing process for a lender, and guaranty agency, with 
the Department.
    Section 682.403(c) Notification provides that if the Secretary 
determines that a loan qualifies for a waiver, the Secretary notifies 
the lender and directs the lender to submit a waiver claim to the 
applicable guaranty agency and to suspend collection activity or to 
maintain suspension of collection activities on the loan.
    Section 682.403(d) Claim Procedures describes the waiver claim 
procedures. Under proposed Sec.  682.403(d)(1), the guaranty agency 
would be required to establish and enforce standards and procedures for 
the timely filing of waiver claims by lenders.
    Proposed Sec.  682.403(d)(2) would require the lender to submit a 
claim for the full outstanding balance of the loan to the guaranty 
agency within 75 days of the date the lender received the notification 
from the Secretary. Under proposed Sec.  682.403(d)(3), the lender 
would be required to provide the guaranty agency with an original or a 
true and exact copy of the promissory note and the notification from 
the Secretary when filing a waiver claim. Proposed Sec.  682.403(d)(4) 
would allow a lender to provide alternative documentation deemed 
acceptable to the Secretary if the lender is not in possession of an 
original or true and exact copy of the promissory note.
    Proposed Sec. Sec.  682.403(d)(5) and (d)(6) would require the 
guaranty agency to review the waiver claim and determine whether it 
meets the applicable requirements. If the guaranty agency determines 
that the claim meets the requirements specified in proposed Sec. Sec.  
682.403(d)(3) and 682.403(d)(4) the guaranty agency would be required 
to pay the claim within 30 days of the date the claim was received.
    Proposed Sec.  682.403(d)(9)(i) would require the guaranty agency 
to assign the loan to the Secretary within 75 days of the date the 
guaranty agency pays the claim and receives the reimbursement payment. 
If the guaranty agency is the loan holder, under proposed Sec.  
682.403(d)(9)(ii) the guaranty agency would be required to assign the 
loan on the date that the guaranty agency receives the notice from the 
Secretary.

Burden Calculations

    Sec.  682.403(d)(1) Claim Procedures.
    The proposed regulatory changes would add burden to lenders and 
guaranty agencies and would require a new collection in the Federal 
Student Aid information collection catalog. As noted in Table 3.11 in 
this RIA and explained in the costs, benefits, and transfers section, 
we currently estimate that approximately 900,000 commercial FFEL 
borrowers would qualify for this waiver claim. Of these, an estimated 
300,000 are currently in default at a guaranty agency and therefore are 
not affected by the claim procedures related to lenders. These waivers 
affect the current 314 lenders (268 For-Profit and 46 Not-For-Profit) 
and the current 12

[[Page 27610]]

guaranty agencies (6 Not-For-Profit and 6 Public). Among those 12 
guaranty agencies we estimate that about 80 percent of borrowers would 
be processed by Not-For-Profit guarantors and 20 percent would be 
processed by Public guarantors. The costs are estimated using the 
median hourly wage of $31.60 reported by the Bureau of Labor Statistics 
for loan officers.\106\ We estimated the number of hours needed per 
task in the sections below based upon discussions with Department staff 
that have worked on similar processes in the past. These figures and 
considerations are the basis for the following estimations.
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

    \106\ https://www.bls.gov/oes/current/oes132072.htm.
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

    The proposed regulations in Sec.  682.403(d)(1) Claim Procedures 
would require the 12 guaranty agencies to establish and enforce 
standard procedures of timely waiver filing by affected lenders.
    We estimate that these procedures would follow the current 
discharge processes that guaranty agencies utilize, therefore 
minimizing development of the new procedures. We estimate that it would 
take each guaranty agency two hours to draft the required standard 
procedures for a total of 24 hours (12 guaranty agencies x 2 hours).

                       Sec.   682.403(d)(1) Claim Procedures--OMB Control Number 1845-NEW
----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
                                                                                                Cost $31.60 per
               Affected entity                   Respondent       Responses     Burden hours          hour
----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Private non-profit...........................               6               6              12               $379
Public.......................................               6               6              12                379
                                              ------------------------------------------------------------------
    Total....................................              12              12              24                758
----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------

    Sec. Sec.  682.403(d)(2), (3), and (4) Claim Procedures.
    The proposed regulations in Sec. Sec.  682.403(d)(2), (3), and (4) 
Claim Procedures would require affected lenders to submit claims to the 
guaranty agencies based on the notification received from the 
Department as established in Sec.  682.403(c) within seventy-five days 
of receiving the notification. The documentation includes the original 
or a true and exact copy of the promissory note, and the notification 
received from the Department. If a lender does not have the original or 
true and exact copy of the promissory note, it may submit alternate 
documentation acceptable to the Secretary.
    We are estimating that each lender would require three hours per 
borrower to gather the required documentation together and prepare to 
submit the documentation to the appropriate guaranty agency for a total 
of 1,800,000 hours (600,000 borrowers x 3 hours).

             Sec.  Sec.   682.403(d)(2), (3), and (4) Claim Procedures--OMB Control Number 1845-NEW
----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
                                                                                                Cost $31.60 per
               Affected entity                   Respondent       Responses     Burden hours          hour
----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Private non-profit...........................              46          90,000         270,000         $8,532,000
For-profit...................................             268         510,000       1,530,000         48,348,000
                                              ------------------------------------------------------------------
    Total....................................             314         600,000       1,800,000         56,880,000
----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------

    Sec.  682.403(d)(5) Claim Procedures.
    The proposed regulations in Sec.  682.403(d)(5) Claim Procedures 
would require affected guaranty agencies to review the waiver claim and 
supporting documentation from the lenders to determine that the 
document meets the requirements of Sec. Sec.  682.403(d)(3), and (4).
    We estimate that it would take each guaranty agency one hour to 
review the incoming documentation for a total of 600,000 hours (600,000 
borrower documentation files x 1 hour).

                       Sec.   682.403(d)(5) Claim Procedures--OMB Control Number 1845-NEW
----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
                                                                                                Cost $31.60 per
               Affected entity                   Respondent       Responses     Burden hours          hour
----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Private non-profit...........................               6         480,000         480,000        $15,168,000
Public.......................................               6         120,000         120,000          3,792,000
                                              ------------------------------------------------------------------
    Total....................................              12         600,000         600,000         18,960,000
----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------

    Sec.  682.403(d)(6) Claim Procedures.
    The proposed regulations in Sec.  682.403(d)(6) Claim Procedures 
would require affected guaranty agencies, after determining waiver 
claims submitted by the lender meet the regulatory requirements, to pay 
the waiver claim to the lenders within 30 days of receipt of the waiver 
claim.
    We estimate that it would take each guaranty agency 20 minutes to 
prepare and submit the payment for a total of 198,000 hours (600,000 
borrower waiver claim payment x .33 hours).

[[Page 27611]]



                       Sec.   682.403(d)(6) Claim Procedures--OMB Control Number 1845-NEW
----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
                                                                                                Cost $31.60 per
               Affected entity                   Respondent       Responses     Burden hours          hour
----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Private non-profit...........................               6         480,000         158,400         $5,005,440
Public.......................................               6         120,000          39,600          1,251,360
                                              ------------------------------------------------------------------
    Total....................................              12         600,000         198,000          6,256,800
----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------

    Sec.  682.403(d)(9) Claim Procedures.
    The proposed regulations in Sec.  682.403(d)(9) Claim Procedures 
would require affected guaranty agencies to assign a loan that it paid 
through the waiver claim process within 75 days of the date that it 
pays the waiver claim to the lender or the date of notification from 
the Department if the guaranty agency is the lender.
    We estimate that it would take each guaranty agency one hour to 
assign the loans which have been paid through the waiver claim process 
or that was otherwise already at the guarantor for a total of 900,000 
hours (900,000 borrower documentation files x 1 hour).

                       Sec.   682.403(d)(9) Claim Procedures--OMB Control Number 1845-NEW
----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
                                                                                                Cost $31.60 per
               Affected entity                   Respondent       Responses     Burden hours          hour
----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Private non-profit...........................               6         720,000         720,000        $22,752,000
Public.......................................               6         180,000         180,000          5,688,000
                                              ------------------------------------------------------------------
    Total....................................              12         900,000         900,000         28,440,000
----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------

    Consistent with the discussions above, the following chart 
describes the sections of the proposed regulations involving 
information collections, the information being collected and the 
collections that the Department would submit to OMB for approval and 
public comment under the PRA, and the estimated costs associated with 
the information collections. The monetized net cost of the increased 
burden for institutions, lenders, guaranty agencies and students, using 
wage data developed using Bureau of Labor Statistics (BLS) data. For 
institutions, lenders, and guaranty agencies we have used the median 
hourly wage for Loan Officers, $31.60 per hour according to BLS. 
https://www.bls.gov/oes/current/oes132072.htm.

                                            Collection of Information
----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
                                                                          OMB control No. and    Estimated cost
        Regulatory section                 Information collection          estimated burden     $31.60 per hour
----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Sec.   682.403(d)(1)..............  Under proposed Sec.   682.403(d)(1)  1845-NEW; 24 hours..               $758
                                     the guaranty agency would be
                                     required to establish and enforce
                                     standards and procedures for the
                                     timely filing of waiver claims by
                                     lenders.
Sec.   682.403(d)(2), (3), & (4)..  The proposed regulations in          1845-NEW; 1,800,000.         56,880,000
                                     682.403(d)(2), (3), and (4) Claim
                                     Procedures would require affected
                                     lenders to submit claims to the
                                     guaranty agencies based on the
                                     notification received from the
                                     Department as established in
                                     682.403(c) within seventy-five
                                     days of receiving the
                                     notification. The documentation
                                     includes the original or a true
                                     and exact copy of the promissory
                                     note, and the notification
                                     received from the Department. If a
                                     lender does not have the original
                                     or true and exact copy of the
                                     promissory note, it may submit
                                     alternate documentation acceptable
                                     to the Secretary.
Sec.   682.403(d)(5)..............  The proposed regulations in          1845-NEW; 600,000...         18,960,000
                                     682.403(d)(5) Claim Procedures
                                     would require affected guaranty
                                     agencies to review the waiver
                                     claim and supporting documentation
                                     from the lenders to determine that
                                     the document meets the
                                     requirements of 682.403(d)(3), and
                                     (4).
Sec.   682.403(d)(6)..............  The proposed regulations in          1845-NEW; 198,000...          6,256,800
                                     682.403(d)(6) Claim Procedures
                                     would require affected guaranty
                                     agencies, after determining waiver
                                     claims submitted by the lender
                                     meet the regulatory requirements,
                                     to pay the waiver claim to the
                                     lenders within thirty days of
                                     receipt of the waiver claim.

[[Page 27612]]

 
Sec.   682.403(d)(9)..............  The proposed regulations in          1845-NEW; 900,000...         28,440,000
                                     682.403(d)(9) Claim Procedures
                                     would require affected guaranty
                                     agencies to assign a loan that it
                                     paid through the waiver claim
                                     process with- in seventy-five days
                                     of the date that it pays the
                                     waiver claim to the lender or the
                                     date of notification from the
                                     Department if the guaranty agency
                                     is the lender.
                                                                        ----------------------------------------
    Total.........................  ...................................  1845-NEW; 3,498,024.        110,537,588
----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------

    If you wish to review and comment on the Information Collection 
Requests, please follow the instructions in the ADDRESSES section of 
this notification. Note: The Office of Information and Regulatory 
Affairs in OMB and the Department review all comments posted at 
www.regulations.gov.
    In preparing your comments, you may want to review the Information 
Collection Request, including the supporting materials, in 
www.regulations.gov by using the Docket ID number specified in this 
notification. This proposed collection is identified as proposed 
collection 1845-NEW.
    We consider your comments on these proposed collections of 
information in--
     Deciding whether the proposed collections are necessary 
for the proper performance of our functions, including whether the 
information will have practical use.
     Evaluating the accuracy of our estimate of the burden of 
the proposed collections, including the validity of our methodology and 
assumptions.
     Enhancing the quality, usefulness, and clarity of the 
information we collect; and
     Minimizing the burden on those who must respond.
    Consistent with 5 CFR 1320.8(d), the Department is soliciting 
comments on the information collection through this document. Between 
30 and 60 days after publication of this document in the Federal 
Register, OMB is required to make a decision concerning the collections 
of information contained in these proposed priorities, requirements, 
definitions, and selection criteria. Therefore, to make certain that 
OMB gives your comments full consideration, it is important that OMB 
receives your comments on these Information Collection Requests by May 
17, 2024.

9. Intergovernmental Review

    This program is subject to Executive Order 12372 and the 
regulations in 34 CFR part 79. One of the objectives of the Executive 
Order is to foster an intergovernmental partnership and a strengthened 
Federalism. The Executive order relies on processes developed by State 
and local governments for coordination and review of proposed Federal 
financial assistance.
    This document provides early notification of our specific plans and 
actions for this program.

10. Assessment of Education Impact

    In accordance with section 411 of the General Education Provisions 
Act, 20 U.S.C. 1221e-4, the Secretary particularly requests comments on 
whether these final regulations would require transmission of 
information that any other agency or authority of the United States 
gathers or makes available.

11. Federalism

    Executive Order 13132 requires us to provide meaningful and timely 
input by State and local elected officials in the development of 
regulatory policies that have Federalism implications. ``Federalism 
implications'' means substantial direct effects on the States, on the 
relationship between the National Government and the States, or on the 
distribution of power and responsibilities among the various levels of 
government. The proposed regulations do not have Federalism 
implications.
    Accessible Format: On request to the program contact person(s) 
listed under FOR FURTHER INFORMATION CONTACT, individuals with 
disabilities can obtain this document in an accessible format. The 
Department will provide the requestor with an accessible format that 
may include Rich Text Format (RTF) or text format (txt), a thumb drive, 
an MP3 file, braille, large print, audiotape, or compact disc, or other 
accessible format.
    Electronic Access to This Document: The official version of this 
document is the document published in the Federal Register. You may 
access the official edition of the Federal Register and the Code of 
Federal Regulations at www.govinfo.gov. At this site you can view this 
document, as well as all other documents of this Department published 
in the Federal Register, in text or Adobe Portable Document Format 
(PDF). To use PDF, you must have Adobe Acrobat Reader, which is 
available free at the site.
    You may also access documents of the Department published in the 
Federal Register by using the article search feature at 
www.federalregister.gov. Specifically, through the advanced search 
feature at this site, you can limit your search to documents published 
by the Department.

List of Subjects

34 CFR Part 30

    Claims, Income taxes.

34 CFR Part 682

    Administrative practice and procedure, Colleges and universities, 
Loan programs-education, Reporting and recordkeeping requirements, 
Student aid, Vocational education.

Miguel A. Cardona,
Secretary of Education.

    For the reasons discussed in the preamble, the Secretary of 
Education proposes to amend parts 30 and 682 of title 34 of the Code of 
Federal Regulations as follows:

PART 30--DEBT COLLECTION

0
1. The authority citation for part 30 continues to read as follows:

    Authority:  20 U.S.C. 1221e-3(a)(1), and 1226a-1, 31 U.S.C. 
3711(e), 31 U.S.C. 3716(b) and 3720A, unless otherwise noted.

0
2. Section 30.1 is amended by:
0
a. Revising paragraph (a)(2).
0
b. Revising paragraph (b).
0
c. Redesignating paragraphs (c)(7) and (c)(8) as paragraphs (c)(8) and 
(c)(9).
0
d. Adding a new paragraph (c)(7).
    The additions and revisions read as follows:


Sec.  30.1  What administrative actions may the Secretary take to 
collect a debt?

    (a) * * *

[[Page 27613]]

    (2) Refer the debt to the Government Accountability Office for 
collection in accordance with Sec.  30.70(f).
* * * * *
    (b) In taking any of the actions listed in paragraph (a) of this 
section, the Secretary complies with the requirements of the Federal 
Claims Collection Standards (FCCS) at 31 CFR parts 900-904 that are not 
inconsistent with the requirements of this part.
* * * * *
    (c) * * *
    (7) Waive repayment of a debt under subpart G of this part;
* * * * *
0
3. Add Sec.  30.9 to read as follows:


Sec.  30.9  Severability.

    If any provision of this subpart or its application to any person, 
act, or practice is held invalid, the remainder of the subpart or the 
application of its provisions to any other person, act, or practice 
will not be affected thereby.


Sec.  30.20  [Amended]

0
4. Section 30.20 is amended by:
0
(a) In paragraph (a)(1)(ii), removing the words ``IRS tax refund'' and 
adding, in their place, the words ``Treasury Offset Program''.
0
(b) In paragraph (b)(2), adding the word ``or'' after the semicolon.
0
(c) In paragraph (b)(3)(ii), removing the semicolon and the word ``or'' 
and adding, in their place, a period.
0
(d) Removing paragraph (b)(4).
0
5. Section 30.23 is amended by revising paragraph (b)(1) to read as 
follows:


Sec.  30.23  How must a debtor request an opportunity to inspect and 
copy records relating to a debt?

* * * * *
    (b) * * *
    (1) All information provided to the debtor in the notice under 
Sec.  30.22 or Sec.  30.33(b) that identifies the debtor, the debt, and 
the program under which the debt arose, together with any corrections 
of that identifying information; and
* * * * *


Sec.  30.25  [Amended]

0
6. Section 30.25(c)(1)(ii)is amended by removing the citation 
``(a)(1)'' and adding, in its place, the citation ``(a)''.


Sec.  30.27  [Amended]

0
7. Section 30.27(c) is amended by removing the citation ``4 CFR 
102.11'' and adding, in its place, the citation ``31 CFR 901.8''.


Sec.  30.29  [Amended]

0
8. Section 30.29(a)(3) is amended by removing the citation ``4 CFR 
102.3'' and adding, in its place, the citation ``31 CFR 901.3''.


Sec.  30.30  [Amended]

0
9. Section 30.30(a)(3) is amended by removing the citation ``4 CFR 
102.3'' and adding, in its place, the citation ``31 CFR 901.3''.
0
10. Section 30.33 is amended by revising the section heading to read as 
follows:


Sec.  30.33  What procedures does the Secretary follow for Treasury 
Offset Program offsets?

* * * * *
0
11. Add Sec.  30.39 to read as follows:


Sec.  30.39  Severability.

    If any provision of this subpart or its application to any person, 
act, or practice is held invalid, the remainder of the subpart or the 
application of its provisions to any other person, act, or practice 
will not be affected thereby.
0
12. Section 30.62 is amended by revising paragraphs (a), (b)(1), and 
(d)(1).
    The revisions read as follows:


Sec.  30.62  When does the Secretary forego interest, administrative 
costs, or penalties?

    (a) For a debt of any amount based on a loan, the Secretary may 
refrain from collecting interest or charging administrative costs or 
penalties to the extent that compromise of these amounts is appropriate 
under the standards for compromise of a debt contained in 31 CFR part 
902 or to the extent that waiver of repayment of these amounts is 
appropriate under Sec.  30.80.
    (b) * * *
    (1) Compromise of these amounts is appropriate under the standards 
for compromise of a debt contained in 31 CFR part 902; or
* * * * *
    (d) * * *
    (1) The Secretary has accepted an installment plan under 31 CFR 
901.8;
* * * * *
0
13. Add Sec.  30.69 to read as follows:


Sec.  30.69  Severability.

    If any provision of this subpart or its application to any person, 
act, or practice is held invalid, the remainder of the subpart or the 
application of its provisions to any other person, act, or practice 
will not be affected thereby.
0
14. Section 30.70 is amended by revising paragraphs (a)(1), (c)(1), 
(c)(2), and (e)(1) as follows:


Sec.  30.70  How does the Secretary exercise discretion to compromise a 
debt or to suspend or terminate collection of a debt?

    (a)(1) The Secretary may use the standards in the FCCS, 31 CFR part 
902, to determine whether compromise of a debt is appropriate if the 
debt arises under a program administered by the Department, unless 
compromise of the debt is subject to paragraph (b) of this section.
* * * * *
    (c)(1) The Secretary may use the standards in the FCCS, 31 CFR part 
903, to determine whether suspension or termination of collection 
action on a debt is appropriate.
    (2) Except as provided in paragraph (e) of this section, the 
Secretary--
* * * * *
    (e)(1) Subject to paragraph (e)(2) of this section, under the 
provisions of 31 CFR part 902 or 903, the Secretary may compromise a 
debt in any amount, or suspend or terminate collection of a debt in any 
amount, if the debt arises under the Federal Family Education Loan 
Program authorized under title IV, part B, of the HEA, the William D. 
Ford Federal Direct Loan Program authorized under title IV, part D of 
the HEA, the Perkins Loan Program authorized under title IV, part E, of 
the HEA, or the Health Education Assistance Loan Program authorized 
under sections 701-720 of the Public Health Service Act, 42 U.S.C. 292-
292o.
0
15. Add Sec.  30.79 to read as follows:


Sec.  30.79  Severability.

    If any provision of this subpart or its application to any person, 
act, or practice is held invalid, the remainder of the subpart or the 
application of its provisions to any other person, act, or practice 
will not be affected thereby.
0
16. Add subpart G to read as follows:

Subpart G--Waiver of Federal Student Loan Debts

Sec.
30.80 Waiver of Federal student loan debts.
30.81 Waiver when the current balance exceeds the balance upon 
entering repayment for borrowers on an IDR plan.
30.82 Waiver when the current balance exceeds the balance upon 
entering repayment.
30.83 Waiver based on time since a loan first entered repayment.
30.84 Waiver when a loan is eligible for forgiveness based upon 
repayment plan.
30.85 Waiver when a loan is eligible for a targeted forgiveness 
opportunity.
30.86 Waiver based upon Secretarial actions.
30.87 Waiver following a closure prior to Secretarial actions.
30.88 Waiver for closed Gainful Employment programs with high debt-
to-earnings rates or low median earnings.
30.89 Severability.

[[Page 27614]]

Sec.  30.80  Waiver of Federal student loan debts.

    The Secretary may waive all or part of any debts owed to the 
Department arising under the Federal Family Education Loan Program 
authorized under title IV, part B, of the HEA, the William D. Ford 
Federal Direct Loan Program authorized under title IV, part D, of the 
HEA, the Federal Perkins Loan Program authorized under title IV, part 
E, of the HEA, and the Health Education Assistance Loan Program 
authorized by sections 701-720 of the Public Health Service Act, 42 
U.S.C. 292-292o, under the conditions included in, but not limited to, 
Sec. Sec.  30.81 through 30.88.


Sec.  30.81  Waiver when the current balance exceeds the balance upon 
entering repayment for borrowers on an IDR plan.

    (a) Pursuant to the authority to waive debt that the Secretary is 
unable to collect in full under the standards prescribed in 31 U.S.C. 
3711(d), and subject to paragraphs (b) and (c) of this section, the 
Secretary may waive one time the amount by which each of a borrower's 
loans has a total outstanding balance that exceeds--
    (1) The original principal balance of that loan for loans disbursed 
before January 1, 2005;
    (2) The balance of that loan on the day after the end of its grace 
period for loans disbursed on or after January 1, 2005;
    (3) The balance of a Federal or Direct Parent and Graduate PLUS 
Loan the day after it is fully disbursed; or
    (4) The amounts determined under paragraph (a)(1), (2), or (3) of 
this section, as applicable, for all loans repaid by a Federal 
Consolidation Loan or a Direct Consolidation Loan.
    (b) A borrower is eligible for the waiver described in paragraph 
(a) of this section if--
    (1) The borrower is enrolled in an IDR plan under Sec. Sec.  
682.215, 685.209, or 685.221 as of a date determined by the Secretary; 
and
    (2) The borrower's adjusted gross income, or other calculation of 
income as shown on documentation of income acceptable to the Secretary, 
demonstrates that the borrower's annual income as calculated under 
Sec.  685.209 is either--
    (i) Less than or equal to $120,000 if the borrower files a Federal 
tax return as single or married filing separately;
    (ii) Less than or equal to $180,00 if the borrower files a Federal 
tax return as a head of household; or
    (iii) Less than or equal to $240,000 if the borrower is married and 
files a joint Federal tax return or is a qualifying surviving spouse.


Sec.  30.82  Waiver when the current balance exceeds the balance upon 
entering repayment.

    (a) Subject to paragraph (b) of this section, the Secretary may 
waive one time the lesser of $20,000 or the amount by which each of a 
borrower's loans has a total outstanding balance that exceeds--
    (1) The original principal balance of that loan for loans disbursed 
before January 1, 2005;
    (2) The balance of that loan on the day after the end of its grace 
period for loans disbursed on or after January 1, 2005;
    (3) The balance of a Federal or Direct Parent and Graduate PLUS 
Loan the day after it is fully disbursed; or
    (4) The amounts determined under paragraphs (a)(1), (2), or (3) of 
this section, as applicable, for loans repaid by a Federal 
Consolidation Loan or a Direct Consolidation Loan.
    (b) A borrower who has received a waiver under Sec.  30.81 is not 
eligible for a waiver under paragraph (a) of this section.


Sec.  30.83  Waiver based on time since a loan first entered repayment.

    (a) The Secretary may waive the outstanding balance of a loan for a 
borrower--
    (1) Who is repaying only loans received for undergraduate study or 
a Direct Consolidation Loan that repaid only loans received for 
undergraduate study if the loan first entered repayment on or before 
July 1, 2005; or
    (2) Who has loans other than loans described in paragraph (a)(1) of 
this section if the loan first entered repayment on or before July 1, 
2000.
    (b) For the purpose of this section, a loan enters repayment on--
    (1) For a Federal Stafford Loan, a Direct Subsidized Loan, or a 
Direct Unsubsidized Loan, the day after the initial grace period ends;
    (2) For a Federal Parent and Graduate PLUS Loan or a Direct Parent 
and Graduate PLUS Loan, the day the loan is fully disbursed;
    (3) For a Federal Consolidation Loan or Direct Consolidation Loan 
made before July 1, 2023, the earliest day as determined under 
paragraphs (c)(1) or (2) of this section for loans that were repaid by 
that consolidation loan; or
    (4) For a Direct Consolidation Loan made on or after July 1, 2023, 
the latest day as determined under paragraphs (c)(1) or (2) of this 
section for loans that were repaid by that consolidation loan.


Sec.  30.84  Waiver when a loan is eligible for forgiveness based upon 
repayment plan.

    The Secretary may waive the entire outstanding balance of a loan if 
the Secretary determines that a borrower is not enrolled in, but 
otherwise meets the eligibility requirements for forgiveness under--
    (a) An income-based repayment plan under Sec.  682.215 or Sec.  
685.221;
    (b) An income-contingent repayment plan under Sec.  685.209; or
    (c) An alternative repayment plan under Sec.  685.208(l).


Sec.  30.85  Waiver when a loan is eligible for a targeted forgiveness 
opportunity.

    (a) The Secretary may waive the entire outstanding balance of a 
loan if the Secretary determines that a borrower has not applied or not 
successfully applied for, but otherwise meets the eligibility 
requirements for, any loan discharge, cancellation, or forgiveness 
opportunity under part 682 or 685.
    (b) If the conditions for waiver in paragraph (a) of this section 
are met but the loan has been repaid by a Federal Consolidation Loan or 
Direct Consolidation Loan that has an outstanding balance, the 
Secretary may waive the portion of the outstanding balance of the 
consolidation loan attributable to such loan.


Sec.  30.86  Waiver based upon Secretarial actions.

    (a) Subject to paragraph (b) of this section, the Secretary may 
waive the entire outstanding balance of a loan associated with 
attending an institution or a program at an institution if the 
Secretary or other authorized Department official has issued a final 
decision that terminated the institution or program's participation in 
the title IV, HEA programs or denied the institution's request for 
recertification, or the Secretary or other authorized Department 
official has otherwise determined that the institution or the program 
in which the student was enrolled is no longer eligible for its 
students to receive assistance under the title IV, HEA programs and 
that decision, denial, or determination was due, in whole or in part, 
to any of the following circumstances:
    (1) The program or institution has failed to meet an accountability 
standard based on student outcomes established under the HEA or its 
implementing regulations for determining eligibility for participation 
in the title IV, HEA programs.
    (2) The program or institution has failed to deliver sufficient 
financial value to students, including in situations where the 
institution or program has engaged in substantial misrepresentations, 
substantial omissions, misconduct affecting student eligibility, or 
other similar activities;

[[Page 27615]]

this paragraph applies to circumstances when the institution or program 
has lost accreditation at least in part due to such activities.
    (b) The waiver described in paragraph (a) of this section is 
limited to loans that were borrowed to attend that program or 
institution during the period that corresponds with the findings or 
outcomes data that forms the basis for the action described in 
paragraph (a) of this section, unless the Secretary determines that the 
use of a different period is appropriate.
    (c) If the conditions for waiver in paragraph (a) of this section 
are met but the loan has been repaid by a Federal Consolidation Loan or 
Direct Consolidation Loan that has an outstanding balance, the 
Secretary may waive the portion of the outstanding balance of the 
consolidation loan attributable to such loan.


Sec.  30.87  Waiver following a closure prior to Secretarial actions.

    (a) Subject to paragraph (b) of this section, the Secretary may 
waive the entire outstanding balance of a loan associated with 
attending a program or institution if the program or institution has 
closed and the Secretary or other authorized Department official has 
determined that--
    (1) Based on the most recent reliable data for that program or 
institution, the program or institution has not satisfied, for at least 
one year, an accountability standard based on student outcomes 
established under the HEA or its implementing regulations for 
determining eligibility for participation in the title IV, HEA 
programs; or
    (2) The program or institution--
    (i) Failed to deliver sufficient financial value to students 
including in situations where the institution or program has engaged in 
substantial misrepresentations, substantial omissions, misconduct 
affecting student eligibility, or other similar activities; this 
paragraph applies to circumstances when the institution or program has 
lost accreditation at least in part due to such activities; and
    (ii) Is the subject of a program review, investigation, or any 
other Department action that remains unresolved at the time of closure 
and that is based, in whole or in part, on the conduct described in 
paragraph (a)(2)(i) of this section.
    (b) The waiver described in paragraph (a) of this section is 
limited to loans that were borrowed to attend that program or 
institution during the period that corresponds with the findings or 
outcomes data that forms the basis for the action described in 
paragraph (a) of this section, unless the Secretary determines that the 
use of a different period is appropriate.
    (c) If the conditions for waiver in paragraph (a) of this section 
are met but the loan has been repaid by a Federal Consolidation Loan or 
Direct Consolidation Loan that has an outstanding balance, the 
Secretary may waive the portion of the outstanding balance of the 
consolidation loan attributable to such loan.


Sec.  30.88  Waiver for closed Gainful Employment programs with high 
debt-to-earnings rates or low median earnings.

    (a) The Secretary may waive the outstanding balance of a loan 
received by a borrower associated with enrollment in a Gainful 
Employment (GE) program as described in 20 U.S.C. 1002(b)(1)(A)(i) and 
(c)(1)(A) if--
    (1) The program or institution closed;
    (2) The Secretary makes the determination that the program was not 
a program that prepares students to become a doctor of medicine or 
osteopathy or a doctor of dental science; and
    (3) For the period in which the borrower received loans for 
enrollment in the program, the Secretary has reliable and available 
data demonstrating that, for students who received title IV, HEA 
assistance--
    (i)(A) The median annual loan payment of graduates from the program 
is greater than 20 percent of the median annual earnings for graduates, 
minus 150 percent of the applicable Federal Poverty Guideline for the 
year being measured or the denominator of such calculation is zero or 
negative; and
    (B) The median annual loan payment of graduates from the program is 
greater than eight percent of the median annual earnings for graduates 
of the program or the denominator of such calculation is zero; or
    (ii) The median annual earnings of graduates from the program are 
equal to or less than the median annual earnings for working adults 
aged 25-34, who either worked during the year or indicated they were 
unemployed (i.e., not employed but looking for and available to work) 
when interviewed, with only a high school diploma (or recognized 
equivalent)--
    (A) In the State in which the institution is located; or
    (B) Nationally, if fewer than 50 percent of the students in the 
program are from the State where the institution is located, or if the 
institution is a foreign institution.
    (b) In determining whether a program meets the requirements under 
paragraph (a) of this section, the Secretary--
    (1) Identifies a program using the program's six-digit CIP code as 
assigned by the institution or determined by the Secretary, in 
combination with the institution's six-digit Office of Postsecondary 
Education ID (OPEID) number and the program's credential level, unless 
the Secretary does not have reliable and available data at the six 
digit-level, in which case the Secretary will use the four-digit CIP 
code;
    (2) Calculates the annual loan payment based upon the average of--
    (i) The interest rate on Direct Unsubsidized Loans for 
undergraduate students for the three consecutive award years ending in 
the latest completion year for the students whose median debt payment 
is being calculated for graduates of undergraduate certificate 
programs, post-baccalaureate certificate programs, and associate degree 
programs; or
    (ii) The interest rate on Direct Unsubsidized Loans for graduate 
students for the three consecutive award years ending in the latest 
completion year for the students whose median debt payment is being 
calculated for graduates of graduate certificate programs and master's 
degree programs; or
    (iii) The interest rate on Direct Unsubsidized Loans for 
undergraduate students for the six consecutive award years ending in 
the latest completion year for the students whose median debt payment 
is being calculated for graduates of bachelor's degree programs; or
    (iv) The interest rate on Direct Unsubsidized Loans for graduate 
students for the six consecutive award years ending in the latest 
completion year for the students whose median debt payment is being 
calculated for graduates of doctoral programs and first professional 
degree programs; and
    (3) Calculates the median annual earnings of program graduates by 
considering earnings in the third year subsequent to graduation.
    (c) The Secretary may also apply the waiver described in paragraph 
(a) of this section for loans received for enrollment in a GE program 
at an institution--
    (1) If the institution has since closed;
    (2) Prior to the closure, the institution received a majority of 
its title IV, HEA funds from programs that met the conditions described 
in paragraph (a)(3) of this section; and
    (3) The Secretary did not have data to evaluate the program's 
performance as described in paragraph (a)(3) of this section.
    (d) If the conditions for waiver in paragraph (a) or (c) of this 
section are met but the loan has been repaid by a

[[Page 27616]]

Federal Consolidation Loan or Direct Consolidation Loan that has an 
outstanding balance, the Secretary may waive the portion of the 
outstanding balance of the consolidation loan attributable to such 
loan.


Sec.  30.89  Severability.

    If any provision of this subpart or its application to any person, 
act, or practice is held invalid, the remainder of the subpart or the 
application of its provisions to any other person, act, or practice 
will not be affected thereby.

PART 682--FEDERAL FAMILY EDUCATION LOAN (FFEL) PROGRAM

0
17. The authority citation for part 682 continues to read as follows:

    Authority:  20 U.S.C. 1071-1087-4, unless otherwise noted.
    Section 682.410 also issued under 20 U.S.C. 1078, 1078-1, 1078-
2, 1078-3, 1080a, 1082, 1087, 1091a, and 1099.

0
20. Add Sec.  682.403 to read as follows:


Sec.  682.403  Waiver of FFEL Program loan debt.

    (a) General. (1) This section specifies the rules and procedures 
under which--
    (i) The Secretary determines that a FFEL Program loan qualifies for 
a waiver of all or a portion of the outstanding balance and notifies 
the lender of any such determination;
    (ii) The lender submits a waiver claim to the applicable guaranty 
agency;
    (iii) The guaranty agency pays the claim, is reimbursed by the 
Secretary, and assigns the loan to the Secretary; and
    (iv) The Secretary grants the waiver.
    (2) For the purposes of this section, references to--
    (i) The lender includes the guaranty agency if the guaranty agency 
is the holder of the loan at the time the Secretary determines that the 
loan qualifies for a waiver, except that the waiver claim filing 
requirements applicable to the lender do not apply to the guaranty 
agency; and
    (ii) The guaranty agency means the guaranty agency that guarantees 
the loan.
    (b) Determination of qualification for a waiver by the Secretary. 
The Secretary may waive the borrower's obligation to repay up to the 
entire outstanding balance on an FFEL Program loan if the loan 
qualifies for a waiver under one of the following conditions:
    (1) First entered repayment on or before July 1, 2000.
    (i) The Secretary may waive the outstanding balance of a loan if 
the loan first entered repayment on or before July 1, 2000.
    (ii) For the purpose of this section, a loan enters repayment on--
    (A) For a Federal Stafford Loan, the day after the initial grace 
period ends;
    (B) For a Federal PLUS Loan, the day the loan is fully disbursed; 
or
    (C) For a Federal Consolidation Loan, the earliest day as 
determined under paragraph (b) (1) (ii)(A) and (B) of this section for 
any loan that was repaid by that consolidation loan.
    (2) Closed school discharge. The Secretary may waive the borrower's 
obligation to repay up to the entire outstanding balance of a loan 
where the Secretary determines that a borrower has not applied or not 
successfully applied for, but otherwise meets the eligibility 
requirements for, a closed school discharge on that loan under Sec.  
682.402(d).
    (3) Cohort default rate. For loans received for attendance at an 
institution that lost its eligibility to participate in any title IV, 
HEA program because of its cohort default rate, as defined in 20 U.S.C. 
1085(m), the Secretary may waive the outstanding balance of the loan, 
provided that the borrower was included in the cohort whose debt was 
used to calculate the cohort default rate or rates that were the basis 
for the loss of eligibility.
    (c) Notification. If the Secretary determines that a loan qualifies 
for a waiver under paragraph (b) of this section, the Secretary 
provides notice to the lender that the lender must--
    (1) Submit a waiver claim to the applicable guaranty agency; and
    (2) Suspend collection activity, or maintain a suspension of 
collection activity, on the borrower's FFEL Program loan.
    (d) Claim procedures. (1) The guaranty agency must establish and 
enforce standards and procedures for the timely filing by lenders of 
waiver claims.
    (2) The lender must submit a claim for the full outstanding balance 
of the loan to the guaranty agency, within 75 days of the date the 
lender received the notification from the Secretary described in 
paragraph (c) of this section.
    (3) The lender must provide the guaranty agency with the following 
documentation when filing a waiver claim:
    (i) An original or a true and exact copy of the promissory note.
    (ii) The notification described in paragraph (c) of this section.
    (4) If the lender is not in possession of an original or true and 
exact copy of the promissory note, the lender may submit alternative 
documentation acceptable to the Secretary, such as documentation of a 
borrower's affirmation of the debt.
    (5) The guaranty agency must review the waiver claim and determine 
whether the claim meets the requirements of paragraphs (d)(3) and 
(d)(4) of this section.
    (6) If the guaranty agency determines the waiver claim meets the 
requirements of paragraph (d)(3) and (d)(4) of this section, the 
guaranty agency must pay the claim within 30 days of the date the claim 
was received by the guaranty agency.
    (7) If the lender receives any payments on the loan from or on 
behalf of the borrower during the suspension of collection activity or 
after receiving a claim payment from the guaranty agency, the lender 
must promptly return the payments to the sender.
    (8) The Secretary reimburses the guaranty agency for the full 
amount of a claim paid to the lender after the agency pays the claim to 
the lender.
    (9) The guaranty agency must assign the loan to the Secretary 
within 75 days of--
    (i) The date the guaranty agency pays the claim and receives the 
reimbursement payment; or
    (ii) The date the guaranty agency receives the notification 
described in paragraph (c) of this section if the guaranty agency is 
the lender.
    (10) After the guaranty agency assigns the loan, the Secretary may 
waive the borrower's obligation to repay up to the entire outstanding 
balance of the loan.
    (11) After the Secretary grants the waiver, the Secretary notifies 
the borrower, the lender, and the guaranty agency that the borrower's 
obligation to repay the debt or a portion of the debt, has been waived.
    (e) Payments received during the suspension of collection activity 
or after the Secretary's payment of a waiver claim.
    (1) If the guaranty agency receives any payments from or on behalf 
of the borrower on a loan during the suspension of collection activity 
or after the loan has been assigned to the Secretary in accordance with 
paragraph (d) of this section, the guaranty agency must promptly return 
these payments to the sender. At the same time that the agency returns 
the payments, it must notify the borrower that there is no obligation 
to make payments on the loan after the Secretary has granted a waiver 
unless--
    (i) The borrower received a partial waiver of the outstanding 
balance of the loan; or
    (ii) The Secretary directs the borrower otherwise.

[[Page 27617]]

    (2) If the guaranty agency has returned a payment to the borrower, 
or the borrower's representative, with the notice described in 
paragraph (e)(1) of this section, and the borrower (or representative) 
continues to send payments to the guaranty agency, the agency must 
remit all of those payments to the Secretary.
    (3) If the Secretary receives any payments from or on behalf of the 
borrower on the loan after the Secretary waives the entire outstanding 
balance of a loan, the Secretary returns the payments to the sender.
    (f) If the conditions for waiver in paragraph (b) of this section 
are met but the loan has been repaid by a Federal Consolidation Loan 
that has an outstanding balance, the Secretary may waive the portion of 
the outstanding balance of the consolidation loan attributable to such 
loan once the loan has been assigned to the Secretary.

[FR Doc. 2024-07726 Filed 4-16-24; 8:45 am]
BILLING CODE 4000-01-P