[Federal Register Volume 89, Number 74 (Tuesday, April 16, 2024)]
[Proposed Rules]
[Pages 27246-27285]
From the Federal Register Online via the Government Publishing Office [www.gpo.gov]
[FR Doc No: 2024-07706]



[[Page 27245]]

Vol. 89

Tuesday,

No. 74

April 16, 2024

Part III





Consumer Product Safety Commission





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16 CFR Parts 1112 and 1218





Safety Standard for Bassinets and Cradles; Proposed Rule

  Federal Register / Vol. 89 , No. 74 / Tuesday, April 16, 2024 / 
Proposed Rules  

[[Page 27246]]


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CONSUMER PRODUCT SAFETY COMMISSION

16 CFR Parts 1112 and 1218

[CPSC Docket No. CPSC-2010-0028]


Safety Standard for Bassinets and Cradles

AGENCY: Consumer Product Safety Commission.

ACTION: Notice of proposed rulemaking.

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SUMMARY: In 2013, the United States Consumer Product Safety Commission 
(Commission or CPSC) published a safety standard for bassinets and 
cradles (bassinets/cradles). By statute, after promulgating a mandatory 
rule, the Commission must periodically review and revise rules for 
durable infant or toddler products to ensure that they provide the 
highest level of safety for such products that is feasible. 
Accordingly, this proposed rule (NPR) would revise the existing rule 
for bassinets/cradles to ensure that it addresses identified hazards 
and that these sleep products for young infants provide the highest 
level of safety feasible.

DATES: Submit comments by June 17, 2024.

ADDRESSES: Comments related to the Paperwork Reduction Act aspects of 
the marking, labeling, and instructional literature requirements of the 
NPR should be directed to the Office of Information and Regulatory 
Affairs, the Office of Management and Budget, Attn: CPSC Desk Officer, 
FAX: 202-395-6974, or emailed to: [email protected].
    Submit all other comments, identified by Docket No. CPSC-2010-0028, 
by any of the following methods:
    Electronic Submissions: Submit electronic comments to the Federal 
eRulemaking Portal at: https://www.regulations.gov. Follow the 
instructions for submitting comments. CPSC typically does not accept 
comments submitted by email, except through www.regulations.gov. CPSC 
encourages you to submit electronic comments by using the Federal 
eRulemaking Portal, as described above.
    Mail/Hand Delivery/Courier/Confidential Written Submissions: Submit 
comments by mail, hand delivery, or courier to: Office of the 
Secretary, Consumer Product Safety Commission, 4330 East-West Highway, 
Bethesda, MD 20814; (301) 504-7479. If you wish to submit confidential 
business information, trade secret information, or other sensitive or 
protected information that you do not want to be available to the 
public, you may submit such comments by mail, hand delivery, or 
courier, or you may email them to: [email protected].
    Instructions: All submissions must include the agency name and 
docket number. CPSC may post all comments without change, including any 
personal identifiers, contact information, or other personal 
information provided, to https://www.regulations.gov. Do not submit 
through this website: Confidential business information, trade secret 
information, or other sensitive or protected information that you do 
not want to be available to the public. If you wish to submit such 
information, please submit it according to the instructions for mail/
hand delivery/courier/confidential written submissions.
    Docket: For access to the docket to read background documents or 
comments received, go to: https://www.regulations.gov, and insert the 
docket number, CPSC-2010-0028, into the ``Search'' box, and follow the 
prompts.

FOR FURTHER INFORMATION CONTACT: Celestine T. Kish, Project Manager, 
Division of Human Factors, Directorate for Engineering Sciences, 
Consumer Product Safety Commission, 5 Research Place, Rockville, MD 
20850; 301-987-2547; [email protected].

SUPPLEMENTARY INFORMATION:

I. Background and Statutory Authority

    Section 104(b) of the Consumer Product Safety Improvement Act of 
2008 (CPSIA), 15 U.S.C. 2056a(b), requires the Commission to promulgate 
standards for durable infant or toddler products that are 
``substantially the same as'' any applicable voluntary standards, or 
more stringent than the voluntary standards, if the Commission 
determines that more stringent requirements would further reduce the 
risk of injury associated with the product. 15 U.S.C. 2056a(b)(1)(B). 
Pursuant to section 104(b)(1) of the CPSIA, the Commission promulgated 
the current mandatory standard for bassinets and cradles (bassinets/
cradles) in October 2013, Safety Standard for Bassinets and Cradles, 
codified at 16 CFR part 1218 (part 1218). 78 FR 63019 (Oct. 23, 2013).
    The current bassinet/cradle rule found in part 1218 incorporates by 
reference the 2013 version of the bassinets/cradles voluntary standard, 
ASTM F2194-13, Standard Consumer Safety Specification for Bassinets and 
Cradles (ASTM F2194-13), with modifications to make the standard more 
stringent, to further reduce the risk of injury associated with 
bassinets/cradles.\1\ Part 1218 modifies ASTM F2194-13 by: clarifying 
the scope of rule, exempting from the flatness requirement bassinets 
with seams less than 15 inches long, requiring a more stringent 
stability test, and requiring a smaller CAMI dummy \2\ for testing. 
After issuing the mandatory standard in 2013, ASTM International (ASTM) 
published several revisions to ASTM F2194, including ASTM F2194-2013a, 
-2016, and -2016[egr]\1\. ASTM did not notify CPSC of these revisions, 
so the mandatory rule has not been updated since 2013. However, ASTM 
F2194-2016[egr]\1\ is substantially the same as the existing mandatory 
rule for bassinets/cradles codified in part 1218. 86 FR 33022, 33034-35 
(June 3, 2021).
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    \1\ Bassinets/cradles are durable infant or toddler products 
that, since 2013, require product registration cards and 
certificates based on testing by a CPSC-accepted third party 
laboratory. Section 104(f)(2)(L) of the CPSIA specifically 
identifies bassinets/cradles as durable infant or toddler products. 
The NPR proposes to add testing and labeling requirements that will 
not change the existing requirements for product registration cards 
and third party testing and certification. Additionally, although 
ASTM F2194-22[egr]\1\ is copyrighted, by permission of ASTM the 
voluntary standard can be viewed as a read-only document during the 
comment period at: http://www.astm.org/cpsc.htm.
    \2\ Designated ASTM testing device. CAMI (Civil Aeromedical 
Institute) dummies are based on child anthropometric data and come 
in multiple sizes. The CPSC mandatory safety standard for bassinets 
and cradles specifies the newborn size CAMI.
    \3\ After challenge, the United States Court of Appeals for the 
District of Columbia Circuit held that CPSC did not exceed its 
authority in promulgating the ISP Rule. Finnbin, LLC v. CPSC, 45 
F.4th 127 (D.C. Cir. Aug. 2, 2022).
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    In June 2021, also pursuant to section 104 of the CPSIA, the 
Commission promulgated a Safety Standard for Infant Sleep Products (ISP 
Rule), codified at 16 CFR part 1236. 86 FR 33022 (June 23, 2021). The 
ISP Rule applies to products that are marketed or intended to provide a 
sleeping accommodation for infants up to five months of age that do not 
already meet the requirements of one of the following CPSC sleep 
standards: full-size cribs, non-full-size cribs, play yards, bedside 
sleepers, or bassinets/cradles. The ISP Rule requires that such infant 
sleep products, at a minimum, have a head-to-toe sleep surface angle of 
10 degrees or less from horizontal, and meet the mandatory rule for 
bassinets/cradles, including the definition of a bassinet/cradle, which 
means that products must have a stand. Because of the ISP Rule, the 
bassinets/cradles rule provides a safe sleep baseline for infant sleep 
products.\3\ The intent of the ISP Rule was to ensure that infants are 
placed to sleep on a firm, flat sleep surface and that caregivers are 
discouraged from

[[Page 27247]]

placing infant sleep products, including those bassinets that were 
lightweight and low to the ground, on unsafe surfaces, such as beds, 
couches, tables, and countertops.
    In 2022, ASTM approved and published another revised voluntary 
standard for bassinets/cradles--ASTM F2194-22[egr]\1\--and notified 
CPSC of the revision on July 18, 2022. Revised ASTM F2194-22[egr]\1\ 
added a new product category--compact bassinets/cradles--and new 
requirements for these products, including stability requirements and 
marking and labeling requirements. Among its other provisions, ASTM 
F2194-22[egr]\1\ eliminated stands for compact bassinets/cradles, but 
also included new requirements for battery compartments, warnings, and 
instructional literature. CPSC issued a notice of availability (NOA) 
requesting comment on the revised ASTM standard. 87 FR 45303 (July 28, 
2022).
    Pursuant to the procedure outlined for revised voluntary standards 
in section 104(b)(4) of the CPSIA, 15 U.S.C. 2056a(b)(4), CPSC had 90 
days from receiving notice of ASTM's 2022 revision to either allow the 
revised ASTM F2194 to become the new mandatory standard for bassinets/
cradles, or to notify ASTM that the Commission determined that the 
revised ASTM standard did not improve the safety of bassinets/cradles 
and that CPSC was retaining the existing mandatory standard. On 
September 14, 2022, CPSC staff provided to the Commission a Staff 
Briefing Package: ASTM's Notice of a Revised Voluntary Standard for 
Bassinets and Cradles (2022 Bassinet Rejection Staff Briefing Package) 
which reviewed the comments from the NOA and assessed ASTM F2194-
2[egr]\1\. Staff recommended that the Commission reject ASTM F2194-
22[egr]\1\.\4\
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    \4\ Available at: https://www.cpsc.gov/s3fs-public/ASTMs-Notice-of-a-Revised-Voluntary-Standard-for-Bassinets-and-Cradles.pdf?VersionId=x73F5OmeW4AJujWJEq8.kBZ28aTFLb2x.
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    In the 2022 Bassinet Rejection Staff Briefing Package, staff 
advised that the requirements for compact bassinets/cradles in ASTM 
F2194-22[egr]\1\ were less stringent than the requirements for 
traditional bassinets/cradles in the existing bassinets/cradles rule 
(part 1218), in part because ASTM F2194-22[egr]\1\ did not require that 
compact bassinets/cradles have a stand. Moreover, because the ISP Rule, 
part 1236, makes the bassinet rule, part 1218, the baseline for safe 
sleep requirements, amending part 1218 to allow compact bassinets that 
are low to the ground, as specified in ASTM F2194-22[egr]\1\, would 
also allow infant sleep products that were less stable and could be 
placed on unsafe surfaces, such as elevated and soft surfaces. Staff 
explained in the 2022 Bassinet Rejection Staff Briefing Package that 
consumers are likely to place smaller, lighter, and more portable 
compact bassinets in unsafe locations, such as elevated and soft 
surfaces (tables, counters, couches, and beds), and that CPSC's data 
demonstrate that infants have suffered serious head injuries and death 
when using these products in unsafe locations.\5\ Additionally, staff 
advised that ASTM F2194-22[egr]\1\ added a new stability test that 
applies only to compact bassinets/cradles, and that this new stability 
test is less stringent than the stability test for regular-sized 
bassinets/cradles. Staff advised that infant sleep products without a 
stand present a risk of injury from falls that may lead to suffocation, 
head injuries, and/or death.
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    \5\ Tab A of the 2022 Bassinet Rejection Staff Briefing Package 
discusses consumer behavior with portable, compact products.
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    On September 23, 2022, the Commission voted 5-0 to determine that 
ASTM F2194-22[egr]\1\ did not improve the safety of bassinets and 
cradles or infant sleep products.\6\ Staff notified ASTM of the 
Commission's rejection of ASTM F2194-22[egr]\1\ by letter on October 6, 
2022.\7\ Subsequent to the Commission's rejection of ASTM F2194-
22[egr]\1\, staff continued to work with the ASTM F15.18 Bassinets and 
Cradles Subcommittee and the ASTM F15.18 Bassinet Elevated Surface and 
Data Task Group to revise the performance requirements for bassinets/
cradles to set acceptable baseline safe sleep requirements for 
bassinets/cradles and for infant sleep products.
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    \6\ See Record of Commission Action at: https://www.cpsc.gov/s3fs-public/RCA-ASTMs-Notice-of-a-Revised-Voluntary-Standards-for-Bassinets-and-Cradles.pdf?VersionId=cfj.qZe5KlTS2AY3G69UwltalltP4LRk.
    \7\ October 6, 2022 letter to K. Morgan, available at: https://www.cpsc.gov/s3fs-public/Bassinet_Rule_Update_letter_to_ASTM_2022-10-06%2010-7-2022.pdf?VersionId=PpvmrIEhQT.z3P57h8lhtc1UTvQITpSR.
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    The Commission is now proposing to revise the existing rule for 
bassinets/cradles to address the hazards identified in this NPR and 
ensure that the mandatory bassinet/cradle regulation in part 1218 
provides the highest level of safety feasible.\8\ The Commission is 
authorized to issue this NPR pursuant section 104(b)(2) of the CPSIA, 
15 U.S.C. 2056a(b)(2), which requires that after the Commission issues 
mandatory safety standards for durable infant or toddler products, the 
Commission shall periodically review and revise the standards to ensure 
that such standards provide the highest level of safety for such 
products that is feasible. Building on staff's continued work with ASTM 
on safe sleep requirements, the Commission is issuing this NPR to adopt 
ASTM F2194-22[egr]\1\ with modifications. The proposed modifications 
remove the compact bassinet category and address five hazard patterns 
associated with young infants placed in or on:
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    \8\ On March 20, 2024, the Commission voted (4-0) to publish 
this NPR, available at: https://www.cpsc.gov/s3fs-public/Commission-Meeting-Minutes-NPR-Safety-Standard-for-Bassinets-and-Cradles.pdf?VersionId=GwpmKZ4S9sRrEiBmDFaEWn1fBre6eZ2r.
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     Non-level bassinets/cradles (suffocation hazard);
     Bassinets/cradles on elevated and soft surfaces such as 
beds, couches, tables, and countertops (falls, suffocation, skull 
fractures, and asphyxia hazards);
     Mattresses that are non-flat, too thick, too soft, ill-
fitting, or unattached to the bassinet/cradle (suffocation hazard);
     Bassinets/cradles with design issues, such as low to the 
ground or unstable, or with loose sidewalls and/or non-mesh sidewalls 
(containment, tipping, gap entrapment, and suffocation hazards); and
     Products with electrical problems such as smoke, shock, 
and battery leakage (shock and burn).
    The Commission is also proposing to align the rule's warnings with 
ASTM F2194-22[egr]\1\ but not to include warnings related solely to 
compact bassinets. The NPR proposes to require warnings on all 
bassinets within the scope of the rule.
    Staff provided a February 28, 2024, Memorandum, Staff's Draft 
Proposed Rule to Revise the Safety Standard for Bassinets and Cradles 
in support of the NPR, which is available at: https://www.cpsc.gov/s3fs-public/Briefing-Package-Draft-Notice-of-Proposed-Rulemaking-Safety-Standard-for-Bassinets-and-Cradles.pdf?VersionId=l37iJVSjn32WnUTBDV27L6c37uJC4Iis. This NPR 
contains an overview of staff's assessment and analysis, and the 
Commission's basis for issuing this NPR, which is also based on the 
2022 Bassinet Rejection Staff Briefing Package. Based on the 
information and analysis in this NPR and the above staff packages, the 
Commission preliminarily determines that the proposed requirements are 
more stringent than the requirements in ASTM F2194-22[egr]\1\, would 
further reduce the risk of injury associated with products within the 
scope of the NPR, and would provide the highest level of safety that is 
feasible for such products. The Commission specifically seeks

[[Page 27248]]

comment on the feasibility of each proposed requirement, including 
technical feasibility.

II. The Product

A. Definition of Bassinet/Cradle

    The existing mandatory standard defines a ``bassinet/cradle'' based 
on the incorporated section 3.1.1 of ASTM F2194-13, as a ``small bed 
designed primarily to provide sleeping accommodations for infants, 
supported by free standing legs, a stationary frame/stand, a wheeled 
base, a rocking base, or which can swing relative to a stationary 
base.'' The definition also requires that while a bassinet/cradle is in 
a resting, non-rocking, or swinging position, ``a bassinet/cradle is 
intended to have a sleep surface less than or equal to 10[deg] from 
horizontal.''
    ASTM F2194-22[egr]\1\ introduced a new ``compact bassinet'' product 
category, defined as ``a bassinet/cradle having a distance of less than 
6.0 inches (152.4 mm) between the lowest point of the underside of the 
sleep surface support and the product support surface (floor).'' In the 
2022 Bassinet Rejection Staff Briefing Package, staff assessed the 
compact bassinet category and advised the Commission that including 
compact bassinets/cradles within the scope of the voluntary standard, 
which contain product characteristics that the Commission specifically 
stated in the ISP Rule were not safe for infant sleep, and allowing a 
less-stringent stability test for these products, contradicts the 
Commission's safe sleep goals in part 1218 and in the ISP Rule.
    The Commission now proposes to amend part 1218 to incorporate ASTM 
F2194-22[egr]\1\ by reference, but with modifications that exclude from 
the mandatory rule ``compact bassinets'' and associated requirements. 
As described in section V of this preamble, the modifications in the 
NPR further clarify the products within the scope of the rule and seek 
to enhance the safety requirements in part 1218, and thus also the 
minimum safe sleep requirements in the ISP Rule.

B. Scope of Products Within the NPR

    The NPR would apply to: (1) bassinets and cradles; (2) combination 
products in bassinet or cradle mode, including play yards, bedside 
sleepers, strollers, and cradle swings that have a bassinet or cradle 
mode; (3) play yard and stroller bassinet accessories, when used 
separately from the play yard or stroller; (4) small bassinets, 
sometimes marketed as ``travel bassinets'' or ``floor bassinets,'' 
including both items with rigid frames and with soft sides; (5) Moses 
baskets, sold with or without a stand; (6) travel bassinets, outdoor 
bassinets, and ``play pens'' that do not meet the side height 
requirements of the mandatory play yard standard and are marketed for 
sleep; and (7) after-market bassinet mattresses.\9\
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    \9\ Several related products are out of scope of this NPR. A few 
products marketed as ``bassinets'' have relatively high side rails, 
rigid sides, and a distance between the top rail and the sleep 
surface of at least 22 inches. Some of these products are marketed 
as compliant with the mandatory safety standard for non-full-size 
cribs and play yards. These products may be within the scope of the 
mandatory standard for non-full-size cribs and play yards specified 
in 16 CFR part 1220, rather than this rule, but the performance 
requirements of the two standards are very similar. Moreover, 
hospital bassinets are medical devices regulated by the Food and 
Drug Administration (FDA) and are not within the scope of this rule. 
See 21 CFR 880.5145 ``Medical bassinet.'' Finally, thin mattress 
protectors and covers, such as waterproof mattress covers, that 
cannot be used as a standalone mattress, are not within the scope of 
this proposed rule.
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    Commonly, bassinets have multiple-use modes and therefore fall 
within the scope of multiple CPSC regulations, particularly the 
standard for hand-held infant carriers in 16 CFR part 1225, and/or the 
standard for infant sleep products in 16 CFR part 1236. Combination 
products must meet the bassinet standard when in the bassinet mode. All 
multi-mode products, as sold, including stroller bassinets, play yard 
bassinets, and Moses baskets, would need to meet the requirements of a 
revised rule, regardless of whether the product is sold with or without 
a stand. This means that stroller and play yard bassinets marketed for 
use without the stand, or that can be foreseeably used without the 
stand, would need to meet the requirements of a final rule.
    Part 1218 requires bassinets to be sold with a mattress and 
includes requirements for these mattresses and original equipment 
manufacturer (OEM) replacements that are equivalent in dimensions and 
specifications to the mattress provided with the original product. This 
NPR proposes also to include after-market bassinet mattresses within 
the scope of the rule. After-market bassinet mattresses are sold 
separately from the bassinet and are typically small oval or 
rectangular mattresses marketed to fit a bassinet, including products 
marketed to fit a bassinet accessory product to a play yard or 
stroller. OEM replacement mattresses are, and have always been, 
included in part 1218 and are not considered after-market mattresses. 
The NPR also includes products marketed as ``mattress toppers'' as a 
type of after-market bassinet mattress.

C. Market Description

    As discussed in section VIII of this preamble, staff estimates the 
annual sales of new bassinets/cradles, including items with a bassinet 
mode or attachment, to be approximately 3.1 million units per year in 
the United States. Staff estimates the annual U.S. sales of used 
bassinets/cradles to be 500,000 units per year, and the annual sales of 
new after-market bassinet mattresses to be 680,000 units per year.
    Prices for traditional bassinets range from under $50 to more than 
$1,500, with most products in the $50 to $125 range. Prices for cradles 
range from $100 to more than $1,000, with most products in the $100 to 
$200 range. Solid hardwood cradles are available for more than $1,000. 
Combination bedside sleeper/bassinets typically sell for $75 to more 
than $600, with most products in the $125 to $200 range. Bassinet 
attachments to play yards are usually not priced or sold separately. 
Some stroller bassinet attachments are sold separately, with most such 
products in the $100 to $200 range. Play yard and stroller bassinet 
attachments are designed to attach to a specific model or set of models 
from one manufacturer, and/or to a stand sold separately by that 
manufacturer. The stands typically sell for $125 to $175. Prices for 
after-market bassinet mattresses range from $20 to $180, with most 
products in the $30 to $40 range.
    Bassinets do not have a single, best-selling size, price range, or 
set of features. The wide range of prices and features reflect that 
parents and other caregivers buy bassinets for different purposes, 
including but not limited to as primary sleep space or for occasional 
use, and as a permanent piece of nursery furniture or an easily 
portable sleep space. With approximately 3.1 million new bassinets sold 
per year, including items such as bedside sleepers, play yards, and 
strollers with a bassinet mode, at an average price of approximately 
$100 per unit, the total U.S. bassinet market is approximately $310 
million dollars in sales per year. This total does not include the 
market for used items. At an estimated used price of $40, based on 
observed prices of used bassinets on Ebay and Mercari as a percentage 
of original retail prices, the used market represents approximately $20 
million dollars in sales per year. Staff estimates annual unit sales of 
new after-market bassinet mattresses to be 680,000 units, with a market 
of $23.8 million per year.

[[Page 27249]]

    Many manufacturers and importers, as well as foreign direct 
shippers, supply bassinets and cradles to the U.S. market. In March 
2023, CPSC staff identified more than 120 suppliers, including 
suppliers that sell play yards or strollers with bassinet attachments. 
The Juvenile Product Manufacturers Association (JPMA) currently has 22 
member companies that are certified for bassinets/cradles. Bassinets 
and cradles are available from online general retail sites, online baby 
product sites, and brick and mortar general retail stores, including 
``big box'' stores. Additionally, hundreds of suppliers, including 
importers and U.S. based hand crafters, supply after-market bassinet 
mattresses, which are sold almost exclusively online.

III. Incident Data and Hazard Patterns

    Staff searched two CPSC-maintained databases to identify incidents 
and hazard patterns addressed in this NPR that are associated with 
bassinets and cradles: the Consumer Product Safety Risk Management 
System (CPSRMS) 10 11 and the National Electronic Injury 
Surveillance System (NEISS).\12\ From these sources, for this NPR staff 
identified seven fatalities and 13 injuries related to bassinets/
cradles from January 1, 2017, through December 31, 2022. CPSC staff is 
also aware of 182 non-injury incidents from January 1, 2021, through 
December 31, 2022. Staff identified the following hazard patterns from 
this data.
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    \10\ CPSRMS includes data primarily from three groups of 
sources: incident reports, death certificates, and in-depth follow-
up investigation reports. A large portion of CPSRMS consists of 
incident reports from consumer complaints, media reports, medical 
examiner or coroner reports, retailer or manufacturer reports 
(incident reports received from a retailer or manufacturer involving 
a product they sell or make), safety advocacy groups, law firms, and 
Federal, State, or local authorities, among others. It also contains 
death certificates that CPSC purchases from all 50 states, based on 
selected external cause of death codes (ICD-10). The third major 
component of CPSRMS is the collection of in-depth follow-up 
investigation reports. Based on the incident reports, death 
certificates, or National Electronic Injury Surveillance System 
(NEISS) injury reports, CPSC Field staff conduct in-depth 
investigations (on-site, telephone, or online) of incidents, deaths, 
and injuries, which are then stored in CPSRMS.
    \11\ Staff searched all data coded under product code 1537 
(Bassinets or Cradles). In addition, staff extracted data coded 
under 1513 (Playpens and Play Yards), 1529 (Portable Cribs), 1542 
(Baby Mattresses or Pads), 1505/1522 (Baby Carriages/Strollers), 
1519/1548 (Car Seats/Baby Carriers), 1502 (Baby Changing Tables), 
1558 (Baby Bouncer Seats), and 1553 (Portable Baby Swings). Staff 
further screened data searched from this wide range of products 
using keywords to identify the potentially in-scope bassinet 
accessories or multi-mode products that may have been used as a 
bassinet at the time of the incident. Staff extracted data on 
January 13, 2023, and restricted age to 12 months and younger. Upon 
careful joint review with CPSC's Directorates for Engineering 
Sciences, Health Sciences, and Economics, staff considered many 
cases out-of-scope for the purposes of this NPR. For example, staff 
excluded from this analysis cases with Sudden Unexpected Infant 
Death (SUID) or other pre-existing medical conditions as official 
cause of death and no additional circumstantial information 
available.
    \12\ NEISS is the source of the injury estimates; it is a 
statistically valid injury surveillance system. NEISS injury data 
are gathered from EDs of about 100 hospitals, with 24-hour EDs and 
at least six beds, selected as a probability sample of all U.S. 
hospitals. The surveillance data gathered from the sample hospitals 
enable staff to make timely national estimates of the number of 
injuries associated with specific consumer products.
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A. Products Not Sitting Level

    Two deaths, three non-emergency department (ED)-treated injury, and 
95 of the 182 non-injury product-related incident reports describe a 
bassinet or cradle not sitting level. The narratives describe the 
products as non-level, leaning forward or to one side, and having legs 
or sides with uneven heights. A bassinet not sitting level creates a 
hazardous situation where an infant is more likely to roll into a 
compromising position as described below, whether the infant is 
developmentally capable of rolling or not, thereby posing a risk of 
asphyxia/suffocation. The fatal incidents involve infants rolling to 
the side, often into the mesh/siding of the bassinet:
     In CPSC In-Depth Investigation (IDI) \13\ 200211HCC3248, a 
2-month-old male was found unresponsive in his bassinet after moving 
into a compromising position where his nose was positioned adjacent to 
a crease on the right side of the bassinet. The bassinet was not level, 
and the edge of an adult bed was protruding into the mesh right 
sidewall of the bassinet.
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    \13\ IDIs are CPSC-generated investigation summaries of events 
surrounding product-related injuries or incidents. Based on victim/
witness interviews, the reports provide details about incident 
sequence, human behavior, and product involvement.
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     In IDI 190610CCC3431, a 1-month-old male was found 
unresponsive in his bassinet after a non-level sleep surface allowed 
the victim to roll into a compromising position in the presence of 
excess bedding.
    According to the American Academy of Pediatrics (AAP), infants 
should be placed to sleep in a supine position (on their back) on a 
firm, flat, level surface without soft bedding in the sleep 
setting.14 15 Positional asphyxia is a type of asphyxia 
associated with abnormal body position, where the position of the 
subject compromises adequate breathing.16 17 18 Infants 
under 12 months of age are considered at risk of positional asphyxia, 
but infants 2 to 6 months of age, premature infants, and infants who 
are born as a set of multiples are particularly vulnerable and at 
highest risk because they may be developmentally capable of moving 
around in the sleep environment and moving into a vulnerable situation 
but do not yet have the physical capability to extricate themselves 
from a hazardous situation.19 20 21 22 23 24
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    \14\ Moon RY, Carlin RF, Hand I. The Task Force on Sudden Infant 
Death Syndrome and the Committee on Fetus and Newborn; Evidence Base 
for 2022 Updated Recommendations for a Safe Infant Sleeping 
Environment to Reduce the Risk of Sleep-Related Infant Deaths. 
Pediatrics July 2022; 150 (1): e2022057991. 10.1542/peds.2022-
057991.
    \15\ Task Force on Infant Positioning and SIDS. Positioning and 
infant death syndrome (SIDS): update Arch Pediatr Adolesc Med. 
1996;150:834-837.
    \16\ Chmieliauskas S, Mundinas E, Fomin D, Andriuskeviciute G, 
Laima S, Jurolaic E, Stasiuniene J, Jasulaitis A. Sudden deaths from 
positional asphyxia: A case report. Medicine (Baltimore). 2018 
Jun;97(24):e11041. doi: 10.1097/MD.0000000000011041. PMID: 29901602; 
PMCID: PMC6023692.
    \17\ Gordon I, Shapiro HA. Deaths usually initiated by hypoxia 
or anoxic anoxia. In: Gordon I, Shapiro HA, editors. Forensic 
medicine: 2nd ed. Edinburgh, UK: Churchill Livingstone, 1982; 95-
129.
    \18\ Gordon I. The medicolegal aspects of rapid deaths initiated 
by hypoxia and anoxia. Leg Med Annu. 1975:29-47. PMID: 768671.
    \19\ Dwyer T, Ponsonby A-L, Blizzard L, Newman NM, Cochane JA. 
The contribution of changes in prevalence of prone sleeping position 
to the decline in sudden infant death syndrome in Tasmania. JAMA. 
1995;273:783-789.
    \20\ Byard RW, Beal S and Bourne AJ. Potentially dangerous 
sleeping environment and accidental asphyxia in infancy and early 
childhood. Arch Dis Child 1994; 71: 497-500.
    \21\ Fleming PJ, Blair PS, Bacon C, et al. Environment of 
infants during sleep and risk of the sudden infant death syndrome: 
results of 1993-5 case-control study for confidential inquiry into 
stillbirths and deaths in infancy. BMJ. 1996;313:191-195.
    \22\ Hauck FR, Herman SM, Donovan M, et al. ``Sleep Environment 
and the Risk of Sudden Infant Death Syndrome in an Urban Population: 
The Chicago Infant Mortality Study.'' Pediatrics 2003; (111): 1207-
1214.
    \23\ Ponsonby AL, Dwyer T, Gibbons LE, Cochrane JA, Wang Y-G. 
Factors potentiating the risk of sudden infant death syndrome 
associated with prone position. N Engl J Med. 1993;329:377-382.
    \24\ Smialek, JE, Smialek, PZ and Spitz, WU. Accidental bed 
deaths in infants due to unsafe sleeping situations. Clinical 
Pediatrics 1977; 15 (11):1031-1035.
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

    An infant can suffocate/asphyxiate against anything that partially 
or fully obstructs the nose and mouth and prevents breathing.\25\ Once 
an infant's airflow is compromised, decreased levels of oxygen in the 
blood can further impair the infant's ability to respond to the 
situation. If an infant cannot respond, a feedback loop of decreased 
heart and respiration rate develops that can eventually lead to 
cessation of

[[Page 27250]]

breathing and may become fatal if 
uninterrupted.26 27 28 29 30 The prognosis for hypoxic 
(experiencing a state of low levels of oxygen in body tissues) victims 
due to smothering depends primarily on the extent of oxygen 
deprivation, the duration of unconsciousness, and the speed at which 
cardiopulmonary resuscitation (CPR) is attempted relative to the timing 
of cardiac arrest. Rapid reversal of the hypoxic state is essential to 
prevent or limit the development of pulmonary and cerebral edema that 
can lead to serious injury or death. Thus, victims who are oxygen 
deprived for short durations or quickly receive cardiopulmonary 
resuscitation to reestablish air flow have the most favorable clinical 
outcomes.
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

    \25\ Wanna-Nakamura S. White Paper--Unsafe Sleep Settings: 
Hazards associated with the infant sleep environment and unsafe 
practices used by caregivers: a CPSC staff perspective. Bethesda, 
MD: Office of Hazard Identification and Reduction, U.S. Consumer 
Product Safety Commission, 2010.
    \26\ Rosen CL et al., Two siblings and recurrent 
cardiorespiratory arrest; Munchausen syndrome by proxy or child 
abuse Paediatrics 1983; 71:715-720.
    \27\ Medalia AA, Merriam AE, Ehrenreich JH. The 
neuropsychological sequelae of attempted hanging. J Neurol Neurosurg 
Psychiatry. 1991; 54:546-8.
    \28\ Jongewaard WR, Cogbill TH, Landercasper J. Neurologic 
consequences of traumatic asphyxia. J Trauma. 1992 Jan;32(1):28-31. 
doi: 10.1097/00005373-199201000-00006. PMID: 1732570.
    \29\ Polson CJ. Hanging In: Polson CJ and Gee DJ (eds.) 
Essentials of forensic medicine Oxford England, 1973 371-404.
    \30\ Spitz WU. Asphyxia. In: Spitz WU, Spitz DJ, editors. Spitz 
and Fisher's medico-legal investigation of death: guidelines for the 
application of pathology to crime investigation, 4th edn.
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

    Because the brain is the organ in the body most sensitive to oxygen 
deprivation, a period of oxygen deprivation of as short as three 
minutes can lead to a wide range of serious injuries. The severity of 
oxygen deprivation ultimately governs the infant's chance for survival 
and the degree of neurological damage. The extent of injury is directly 
related to the duration and magnitude of hypoxia. Inadequate supply of 
oxygen to the brain can lead to loss of consciousness, cardiac arrest, 
and death. Victims who are rescued from oxygen deprivation of less than 
four minutes can still suffer a wide range of serious injuries and 
lasting neurological issues, including delays to reach milestones, 
paralysis, sensory disturbances, seizures, cognitive and memory 
deficits, and neuropsychological problems.31 32 33 Patients 
who survive cardiac arrest can remain in a coma for various periods and 
some may remain in a persistent vegetative state. Patients who survive 
prolonged anoxic episodes require a multidisciplinary rehabilitation 
that may include speech therapy, physical therapy, and/or prolonged 
specialized care inside or outside of the home, with the level of care 
dependent on the severity of the injury.
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

    \31\ Dzikien[edot] R, Luko[scaron]evi[ccaron]ius S, 
Laurynaitien[edot] J, Marmien[edot] V, Nedzelskien[edot] I, 
Tamelien[edot] R, Rimdeikien[edot] I, Kudrevi[ccaron]ien[edot] A. 
Long-Term Outcomes of Perinatal Hypoxia and Asphyxia at an Early 
School Age. Medicina (Kaunas). 2021 Sep 18;57(9):988. doi: 10.3390/
medicina57090988. PMID: 34577911; PMCID: PMC8466311.
    \32\ Jongewaard WR, Cogbill TH, Landercasper J. Neurologic 
consequences of traumatic asphyxia. J Trauma. 1992 Jan;32(1):28-31. 
doi: 10.1097/00005373-199201000-00006. PMID: 1732570.
    \33\ van Handel, M., Swaab, H., de Vries, L.S. et al. Long-term 
cognitive and behavioral consequences of neonatal encephalopathy 
following perinatal asphyxia: a review. Eur J Pediatr 166, 645-654 
(2007). https://doi.org/10.1007/s00431-007-0437-8.
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B. Bassinet Mattresses and Mattress Supports

    Mattresses that are not flat (e.g., bent, warped, sagging, with 
bumps, bulges, or dips) or not well-fitting, or mattress boards that 
are bent, warped, pop out of place, or provide little or no support, or 
that have bars (that support the mattress boards) that are broken or 
not staying in place, can lead to an uneven sleep surface, putting the 
infant at risk of asphyxia/suffocation. Staff illustratively identified 
two deaths, one ED visit, one non-ED injury, and 75 of the 182 non-
injury product-related incidents that demonstrate this hazard. These 
non-injury incidents could have resulted in asphyxiation/suffocation if 
someone had not intervened to rescue the occupant. One death associated 
with a bassinet mattress involved a depression in the middle of the 
mattress, while the other death involved poor fit of the mattress, 
which allowed enough space for the infant to get wedged between the 
mattress and the sidewall of the bassinet.
     In IDI 220804HCC1109, a 3-month-old male was found 
unresponsive in a concave depression in the center of a bassinet.
     In IDI 210824HCC1792, a 3-month-old female was found prone 
wedged in a gap between the bassinet mattress and bassinet frame under 
a pillow.
    Any object that obstructs an infant's airway, including an overly 
soft mattress, can lead to serious injury or death. This category 
includes a bassinet that was subject to a CPSC safety recall because 
the mattress support was disengaging, posing fall and entrapment 
hazards.\34\
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    \34\ DaVinci Recalls Bassinets Due to Fall and Entrapment 
Hazards (Recall Alert) [bond] CPSC.gov.
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

C. Structural Integrity/Quality

    Products with insufficient structural robustness (including 
components of the bassinet/cradle that reportedly break or crack; 
hardware coming loose; and stitching coming undone) can also increase 
the potential for infants to get into a compromising position, 
increasing the risk of asphyxiation/suffocation. Staff identified one 
reported hospitalization (laceration injury), one reported ED visit 
(broken metal piece injured infant), and seven of the 182 non-injury 
product-related incidents that demonstrate this hazard pattern.

D. Product Design

    Product design can lead to safety concerns, including products 
being unstable (increasing risk of rolling into a compromising position 
and suffocating), products sitting too low to the ground (allowing 
easier access by older siblings and creating suffocation hazards), and 
products having non-mesh sidewalls that create a suffocation hazard. 
Staff identified two deaths, one non-ED injury, and three of the 182 
non-injury product-related incident reports that demonstrate this 
hazard. One product reportedly was unstable, while another reported 
that the non-mesh sidewall was a suffocation hazard. The two deaths 
involved play yard accessories that were reportedly very low to the 
ground, allowing access by older siblings.
     In IDI 210929HCC1229, a 1-month-old female was found 
unresponsive in a bassinet placed on the floor with her 2-year-old 
sibling partially resting on top of her.
     In IDI 200713HCC2638, a 5-month-old female was found 
unresponsive in a bassinet placed on the floor with her 15-month-old 
sibling asleep on top of the victim.

E. Electrical Problems

    Some bassinets contain battery-operated or plug-in powered features 
including sounds, lights, vibrations, and motorized rocking movements. 
Electrical problems with bassinets can result in smoke, shock, or 
battery leakage. Staff identified one hospitalization, one non-ED-
treated injury, and two of the 182 non-injury product-related incident 
reports demonstrating this hazard pattern.

F. Falls From Elevated Heights

    In the 2022 Bassinet Rejection Staff Briefing Package, staff of 
CPSC's Division of Human Factors, Directorate for Engineering Sciences 
(HF staff), examined the revisions made to ASTM F2194--22[egr]\1\ and 
expressed concern regarding the inclusion of ``compact bassinets/
cradles'' and products with a ``compact bassinet/cradle mode'' within 
the scope of the voluntary standard. Specifically, HF staff concluded 
that products covered by the definition of a ``compact bassinets/
cradle'' are significantly more likely to be placed onto a soft and/or 
elevated surface, such

[[Page 27251]]

as a table, sofa, countertop, or bed, and that the less stringent 
stability requirements for compact products make them more prone to 
tipping over.
    In the same briefing package, staff identified one fatality and 
three injuries related to infants falling out of compact bassinets, 
where the product was placed on an elevated or soft surface, such as an 
adult bed, countertop, and couch. Of these three incidents, one 
incident (IDI 200940506) involved placement on a countertop, one (IDI 
201234191) involved placement on a couch, and one (IDI 210246657) 
involved placement on a chair. The incidents involving placement on a 
countertop and couch resulted in head injuries. Staff is also aware of 
several additional incidents in which bassinets were placed on soft/
elevated surfaces resulting in one fatal incident (IDI 2101050001), 
when a bassinet was placed on top of an adult bed, leaning against a 
nearby wall. Staff is also aware of an incident (IDI 211207687) in 
which an infant climbed out of a bassinet placed on an adult bed and 
fell off the bed. Further, customer reviews of various compact 
bassinets indicate use in/on mattresses, sofas, tables, and 
countertops.

G. National Estimates From NEISS

    Based on NEISS data, staff estimates 3,500 injuries (sample 
size=160, coefficient of variation=0.23) related to bassinets and 
cradles were treated in U.S. hospital emergency departments over a 
five-year period from 2017 through 2021. Of the 160 sample cases, four 
incidents were fatal. About 59 percent of the injuries involved infants 
5 months of age or younger and about 89 percent involved infants 8 
months or younger. Forty-one percent of the injured infants were male, 
while 59 percent were female. The most commonly occurring ED-treated 
injuries related to bassinets and cradles were falls and interaction 
with other children.
     Falls (52 percent): the majority of reports did not 
specify the manner or cause of the fall. An additional 5 percent 
indicated that the infant had been dropped, and another 2 percent 
indicated that the infant had climbed out of the bassinet/cradle and 
fallen.
     Interaction with other children (24 percent): many of the 
reports involved siblings or other young children pulling/tipping the 
bassinet over, tripping on the bassinet and tipping it over, attempting 
to pull/lift an infant out of the bassinet, or climbing into the 
bassinet to be with the infant. These incidents are usually associated 
with infants falling out of the product. A few scenarios described 
infants sustaining contusions/lacerations from older children striking/
biting them.
    Sixty-nine percent of reported injuries were to the infant's head, 
while 9 percent were to the infant's face. Seven percent of reported 
injuries did not state the injury location. Injury types include 
internal organs (58 percent) and fractures (10 percent), among others. 
Regarding patient disposition, 82 percent were treated and released, 14 
percent were admitted to the hospital or transferred to another 
hospital, and 2 percent died from their injuries.

H. Availability of Incident Data

    Upon publication of this NPR in the Federal Register, CPSC will 
make available for review and comment the CPSRMS and NEISS incident 
reports relied upon and discussed in this NPR, to the extent allowed by 
applicable law, along with the associated IDIs. The data will be made 
available by submitting a request at: https://forms.office.com/g/Pvn3yPePPf. You will then receive a website link to access the data at 
the email address you provided.

I. Bassinet/Cradle Recalls

    From June 2012 through March 2023, the Office of Compliance and 
Field Operations conducted 10 recalls of bassinets, cradles, and 
related products as described in Table 1, including recalls of 
bassinets, cradles, and multi-modal products where the recall involved 
the bassinet mode. This summary includes recalls of Infant Sleep 
Products with flat sleep surfaces that must, pursuant to the ISP Rule, 
comply with 16 CFR part 1218, Safety Standard for Bassinets and 
Cradles, because such products are not subject to another mandatory 
safety standard for a sleep product. Not included in this recall 
summary are recalls of inclined infant sleep products and multi-modal 
products where the recall did not involve the bassinet mode, or after-
market bassinet mattresses. The recalls involved products with risks of 
suffocation, entrapment, fall, and choking hazards and involved one 
reported death, two reported injuries, and 132 reported other 
incidents. Recalls affected approximately 396,500 units.

                                 Table 1--Summary of Bassinet and Cradle Recalls
----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
                                                                    Approximate        Number of
                                                                     number of         incidents
    Press release date             Firm             Hazard        recalled units/     (injuries &       Press
                                                                   product type    deaths) reported  release No.
                                                                       \35\              \35\
----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
October 23, 2012..........  Dorel Juvenile     Suffocation.....  97,000 Bassinet.  17 incidents (2   \36\ 13-017
                             Group.                                                 injuries, 0
                                                                                    deaths).
November 16, 2012.........  KidCo, Inc.......  Suffocation and   220,000 Baby      6 incidents (0    \37\ 13-043
                                                Entrapment.       tent.             injuries, 1
                                                                                    death).
January 15, 2013..........  Bugaboo Americas.  Fall and choking  46,300 Carriage/  58 incidents (0   \38\ 13-092
                                                                  stroller with     injuries, 0
                                                                  removable         deaths).
                                                                  carrycot
                                                                  bassinet.
March 27, 2013............  Bugaboo Americas.  Fall............  9,200 Carriage/   16 incidents (0   \39\ 13-153
                                                                  stroller with     injuries, 0
                                                                  removable         deaths).
                                                                  carrycot
                                                                  bassinet.
November 13, 2013.........  Dream on Me Inc..  Fall............  700 Cradle......  2 incidents (0    \40\ 14-019
                                                                                    injuries, 0
                                                                                    deaths).
March 3, 2015.............  Dream on Me Inc..  Fall............  13,000 Bassinet.  1 incident (0     \41\ 15-088
                                                                                    injuries, 0
                                                                                    deaths).
September 2, 2015.........  Sleeping Partners  Fall............  5,500 baskets     0 incidents (0    \42\ 15-230
                             International                        and 800 stands    injuries, 0
                             Inc.                                 Hand-held         deaths).
                                                                  infant carrier
                                                                  and Bassinet.
January 18, 2018..........  Multipro Limited.  Fall and          1,000 Cradle....  0 incidents (0    \43\ 18-716
                                                Entrapment.                         injuries, 0
                                                                                    deaths).
December 5, 2019..........  Bexco              Fall............  3,000 Bassinet..  19 incidents (0   \44\ 20-711
                             Enterprises, D/B/                                      injuries, 0
                             A DaVinci.                                             deaths).
July 9, 2020..............  Bexco              Fall and          3,000 Bassinet..  13 incidents (0   \45\ 20-762
                             Enterprises, D/B/  Entrapment.                         injuries, 0
                             A DaVinci.                                             deaths).
                           -------------------------------------------------------------------------------------

[[Page 27252]]

 
    Total.................  .................  ................  \46\ 396,500....  132 incidents (2           10
                                                                                    injuries, 1
                                                                                    death).
----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
\35\ When the recall press release delineates the approximate number of recalled units, number of incidents, or
  number of injuries by country, this summary only includes the reported United States values.
\36\ https://www.cpsc.gov/Recalls/2013/Dorel-Juvenile-Group-Recalls-Eddie-Bauer-Rocking-Wood-Bassinets-Due-to-Infant-Suffocation-Hazard.
\37\ https://www.cpsc.gov/Recalls/2013/Suffocation-Entrapment-Risks-Prompt-Recall-of-PeaPod-Travel-Tents-by-KidCo KidCo.
\38\ https://www.cpsc.gov/Recalls/2013/bugaboo-recalls-strollers-due-to-fall-and-choking-hazards.
\39\ https://www.cpsc.gov/Recalls/2013/Bugaboo-Recalls-Cameleon3-Strollers.
\40\ https://www.cpsc.gov/Recalls/2014/Dream-On-Me-Recalls-Cradle-Gliders.
\41\ https://www.cpsc.gov/Recalls/2015/Dream-on-Me-Recalls-2-in-1-Bassinet-to-Cradle.
\42\ https://www.cpsc.gov/Recalls/2015/Tadpoles-Baby-and-Kids-Recalls-Moses-Basket-and-Stand.
\43\ https://www.cpsc.gov/Recalls/2018/Bassinets-Recalled-Due-to-Violation-of-Bassinet-Cradle-Standard-Made-By-Multipro-Recall-Alert.
\44\ https://www.cpsc.gov/Recalls/2020/DaVinci-Recalls-Bassinets-Due-to-Fall-Hazard-Recall-Alert.
\45\ https://www.cpsc.gov/Recalls/2020/DaVinci-Recalls-Bassinets-Due-to-Fall-and-Entrapment-Hazards-Recall-Alert Alert.
\46\ The Bexco Enterprises D/B/A DaVinci December 5, 2019 and July 9, 2020 recalls involve different hazards
  with the same products, and so the approximate number of recalled units are not counted twice in the total.

IV. Voluntary Standard Development

A. Description and Assessment of ASTM F2194-22 [egr]\1\

    ASTM F2194-22[egr]\1\ is the voluntary standard for bassinets/
cradles, which includes the general requirements present in most 
durable infant or toddler product standards, such as restrictions 
related to lead in paint, small parts, hazardous sharp edges and 
points, wood parts, scissoring, shearing, or pinching, as well as 
performance and labeling requirements specific to bassinets/cradles, 
such as performance tests for static load and segmented mattresses. 
Compared to previous versions of the F2194 standard, ASTM F2194-
22[egr]\1\ contains revisions to the scope, terminology, performance 
requirements, test methods, marking and labeling requirements, and 
instructional literature requirements for bassinets/cradles. Many of 
these changes relate to the introduction of compact bassinets/cradles. 
Tabs A and C of the 2022 Bassinet Rejection Staff Briefing Package 
provide staff's full description of ASTM F2194-22[egr]\1\ and detailed 
human factors and engineering assessments of the revised voluntary 
standard.
    Based on staff's recommendation in the 2022 Bassinet Rejection 
Staff Briefing Package that elements of the revised standard decreased 
safety, the Commission voted to reject ASTM F2194-22[egr]\1\ and retain 
the existing mandatory standard in part 1218. The primary reason the 
Commission stated for rejecting ASTM F2194-22[egr]\1\ involved the 
addition of compact bassinets/cradles with legs shorter than six 
inches,\47\ because caregivers are likely to place smaller and more 
portable compact bassinets in unsafe locations, such as elevated and 
soft surfaces (tables, counters, couches, and beds). CPSC's data 
demonstrate that infants have suffered serious head injuries and death 
when using small, portable products in unsafe locations. Moreover, ASTM 
F2194-22[egr]\1\ added a new stability test that applied only to 
compact bassinets/cradles that is less stringent than the stability 
test for regular bassinets/cradles. The Commission determined that, 
taken together, these additions decrease the safety of bassinets/
cradles, as well as other infant sleep products subject to the bassinet 
standard.
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

    \47\ RCA-ASTMs-Notice-of-a-Revised-Voluntary-Standards-for-
Bassinets-and-Cradles.pdf (cpsc.gov).
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

B. Voluntary Standards Development Since September 2022

    The ASTM subcommittee formed the F15.18 Bassinets Elevated Surface 
and Data Task Group (Task Group) to work with CPSC staff to develop 
performance requirements to address the hazards of consumers placing 
bassinets/cradles on elevated and/or soft surfaces. The Task Group met 
three times between November 2022 and February 2023 48 49 50 
to develop a proposal that all bassinets/cradles must meet either one 
of the following requirements:
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

    \48\ Meeting Log for November 16, 2022 task group: https://www.cpsc.gov/s3fs-public/ASTM-F15-18-Data-and-Compact-Bassinet-TG.pdf?VersionId=iMqK1Fy3s2xLSxuhFAbBVY5FJxIQNAgo.
    \49\ Meeting Log for December 14, 2022 task group: https://www.cpsc.gov/s3fs-public/F15-18-Bassinets-Elevated-Surface-and-Data-Task-Group-Meeting.pdf?VersionId=4sDOc.36I7O1.pSw8OLJM7bYmGzTOoTZ.
    \50\ Meeting Log for February 28, 2023 task group: https://www.cpsc.gov/s3fs-public/ASTM-F15-18-Bassinet-Elevated-Hazard-Task-Group-Meeting-Log.pdf?VersionId=xi2Cs5BZSnJWSbBEnBr7jF2gaqoflYbT.
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    1. The bassinet/cradle only fully supports infants and functions 
when the top rail is 16 inches or greater above the external floor with 
a minimum internal side height of 7.5 inches. Examples of ways to meet 
this requirement include:
    (a) Bassinet collapses/fails when removed from the stand, so that 
it cannot be used when removed from the stand.
    (b) Bassinet does not have a removable stand.
    2. The smallest lateral dimension shall be equal to or greater than 
24 inches, with a minimum internal side height of 7.5 inches.
    CPSC staff assessed these proposed requirements developed by the 
ASTM task group, as follows:
    Minimum 16-inch external side height requirement: CPSC staff 
assesses that a 16-inch external product side height is likely to be 
too low to the ground and to require the caregiver to squat or bend 
significantly to attend to the infant (Figure 1, first two images on 
the top left). For a variety of reasons, including to improve their 
posture while interacting with the baby, caregivers may choose to move 
the bassinet onto an elevated surface as shown in Figure 1, such as a 
countertop, dining table, coffee table, sofa, chair, or adult bed, 
despite this putting the infant at risk.
    Figure 1 demonstrates a 16-inch-tall bassinet positioned on 
elevated surfaces. Even a 50th percentile female (height 64 inches 
\51\) would have to bend over considerably to access the child on the 
ground and thus staff assesses that caregivers are likely to use the 
bassinet in combination with a raised surface. Because of this 
likelihood, staff assesses that the minimum height of 16 inches may not 
be sufficient to discourage caregivers from using the bassinet on 
elevated surfaces.
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    \51\ PeopleSize Pro v 2.02, US Female 18-64.

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[[Page 27253]]

[GRAPHIC] [TIFF OMITTED] TP16AP24.026

    Minimum 24-inch lateral dimension requirement: CPSC staff and the 
ASTM Bassinets Subcommittee also discussed a 24-inch lateral dimension 
as a means of deterring use of bassinets on soft and/or elevated 
surfaces. This dimension represents the upper end of typical sofa seat 
depth range (i.e., distance from a typical couch seat bight to 
edge).\52\ Based on discussions with the ASTM Bassinets Subcommittee, 
CPSC staff assesses that ``wide footprint'' bassinets/cradles are 
likely to somewhat visually discourage caregivers from placing 
bassinets/cradles on soft/elevated surfaces. Specifically, the ``wide 
footprint'' requirement (i.e., all lateral dimensions greater than 24 
inches) could reduce consumers' ability and likelihood to place 
products onto soft and/or elevated surfaces to a limited degree, as 
those products will be less portable and will either no longer fit onto 
soft/elevated surfaces or will take up enough space that caregivers may 
not wish to place the product onto said surfaces.
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

    \52\ The typical sofa seat depth is 21 inches to 24 inches. 
https://blog.roomstogo.com/what-do-i-need-to-know-about-couch-depth/
#:~:text=Outside%20depth%20ranges%20from%2031,sit%20with%20an%20uprig
ht%20posture.
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

    Figure 2 shows three bassinets of varying lateral dimensions on a 
sofa with a seat depth of approximately 20.25 inches. Staff assesses 
that the two bassinets with a lateral dimension greater than or equal 
to 24 inches (bottom two photos) are less likely to be placed on a 
narrow sofa because they hang partially off of the edge of the sofa, 
whereas the bassinet with a smaller lateral dimension (top photo) is 
more likely to be placed on a sofa, as it fits entirely on the sofa. 
However, sofas with a larger seat depth, such as ``deep-seated'' sofa 
depths which can extend to 36 inches, can accommodate placement of a 
wide bassinet.\53\
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

    \53\ https://www.thesofareview.com/guides/the-best-deep-seated-sofas and https://blog.roomstogo.com/what-do-i-need-to-know-about-
couch-depth/
#:~:text=Outside%20depth%20ranges%20from%2031,sit%20with%20an%20uprig
ht%20posture.

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[[Page 27254]]

[GRAPHIC] [TIFF OMITTED] TP16AP24.027

    Staff also analyzed the ability to place a wide footprint bassinet 
on traditional mattress sizes. Staff assesses that a full size 
mattress, a queen size mattress, and a king size mattress can 
accommodate a single adult caregiver and a 24-inch-wide bassinet. For 
two-caregiver households, a 24-inch footprint would take up too much 
space to allow for two adult occupants in a full size bed. For queen 
size beds, the bassinet would take up a significant amount of space but 
would still allow for two adult occupants. For king size beds, two 
parents can comfortably fit a 24-inch bassinet on the bed. Overall, 
staff assesses that a bassinet with a 24-inch-wide footprint is still 
likely to be used on full, queen, and king size adult beds with one or 
two caregivers (Figure 3). For this reason, staff assesses that the 24-
inch footprint does not adequately address the hazard of bassinets 
being used on adult beds. Additionally, based on typical countertop, 
dining table, and coffee table dimensions, staff assesses that the 24-
inch footprint alone does not deter consumers from placing bassinets on 
these elevated surfaces, because a bassinet with a 24-inch-wide 
footprint will likely fit onto many of these surfaces, and consumers 
would easily be able to reach into the product to place/retrieve the 
infant.\54\
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    \54\ Standard countertop depth is 25.5 inches. Dining tables are 
generally 36'' wide at minimum. Coffee tables often exceed 24'' in 
length and width.

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[[Page 27255]]

[GRAPHIC] [TIFF OMITTED] TP16AP24.028

V. NPR Description and Explanation
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    \55\ The 50th percentile adult male (18-64) height is 69.64 
inches and shoulder breadth is 19 inches (PeopleSize, Pro v 2.02)
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A. ASTM Approaches Not Requiring Modification

    The Commission preliminarily determines that three particular 
aspects of the current part 1218 rule, which are not proposed for 
revision in ASTM F2194-22[egr]\1\, remain adequate to address 
associated hazards and do not require modification: locking/latching 
mechanism (section 5.6 of ASTM F2194-22[egr]\1\, product finish-related 
requirements (sections 5.2 and 5.4 of ASTM F2194-22[egr]\1\), and the 
static load requirement to address mattress support issues (section 7.3 
of ASTM F2194-22[egr]\1\).
    ASTM developed locking/latching requirements for bassinets/cradles 
to address incidents associated with collapse of the product. After 
reviewing the reported incidents potentially implicating these 
requirements, none of which included evidence of injury, staff advises 
that the existing requirements address the hazard of the product 
collapsing or folding. Therefore, the Commission preliminarily 
concludes that the existing performance requirements address the hazard 
and do not require modification.
    Currently, no provisions in part 1218 address rough product 
surfaces. Incidents regarding product finish, such as rough mesh 
surfaces and labels with sharp edges (addressed in Sections 5.2 and 5.4 
of ASTM F2194--22[egr]\1\) were not widespread in the incident data; 
all but one infant in this type of reported incident received only non-
medical treatment. The Commission will continue to monitor these 
incidents and, in particular, invites comment on how to address the 
rough mesh surface hazard.
    Finally, the static load requirement in the existing part 1218, 
requiring the product to support up to three times the heaviest 
intended infant, adequately verifies that the bassinet/cradle sleep 
area is designed to hold and not break or create a hazardous condition 
when subject to the weight of a child. The NPR does not modify this 
test and proposes to apply it to all bassinets within the scope of the 
standard.

B. Mechanical and Electrical Hazards Addressed in the NPR

    Based on incident data (described in section III of this preamble) 
and staff's engineering and human factors assessments, the NPR proposes 
revisions and additions to some of the performance and labeling 
requirements in ASTM F2194-22[egr]\1\ that would better address known 
hazards and provide the highest level of safety feasible for bassinets/
cradles.
1. Requirements To Discourage Product Use on Unsafe Surfaces
    To reduce the likelihood of consumers placing bassinets/cradles 
onto elevated and/or soft surfaces, the NPR proposes both of the 
following performance requirements and test methods.
    a. The bassinet/cradle only fully supports infants and functions 
when the lowest portion of the top side/rail is 27 inches or greater 
above the product support surface (i.e., floor) with a minimum internal 
side height of 7.5 inches. Examples that would meet this requirement 
include:
    (1) Products with a removeable stand that collapses or fails when 
removed.
    (2) Products that do not have a removeable stand.
    b. The occupant support surface (i.e., mattress) shall be at least 
15 inches from the product support surface (i.e., floor).
    As shown in Figure 4, with these modifications caregivers can 
comfortably reach and attend to the infant in a 27-inch-tall bassinet 
located on the floor and will not need to elevate the bassinet. In 
fact, elevating a 27-inch-tall bassinet into a hazardous position makes 
it more difficult and inconvenient to reach the baby. Figure 4 
demonstrates a 50th percentile female in relation to a bassinet with 
the proposed requirements on various elevated surfaces. These elevated 
surfaces are unlikely to be utilized due to caregivers' difficulty to 
reach the baby compared to their reach when the bassinet is located on 
the floor (Figure 4, first two images on the top left).

[[Page 27256]]

[GRAPHIC] [TIFF OMITTED] TP16AP24.029

    While caregivers can easily reach into a 27-inch-tall bassinet when 
it is on the floor, they may have difficulty reaching their infant if 
the mattress is positioned too low to the ground (Figure 5); therefore, 
the combination of the two proposed dimensions would improve the safety 
of the bassinet by discouraging its use on elevated surfaces while 
making it more comfortable and convenient to use on the floor.
[GRAPHIC] [TIFF OMITTED] TP16AP24.030

    In the 2022 Bassinet Rejection Staff Briefing Package, staff 
expressed concern about ASTM's removal from the voluntary standard of 
the requirement for a bassinet to have a stand or base and the 
Commission rejected the revised standard that included ``compact 
bassinets.'' The requirements proposed in this NPR address CPSC's 
concerns regarding bedsharing and unsafe placement by requiring 
specific occupant sleep surface and side rail height requirements, 
while still subjecting products to the same stability requirements as 
bassinets with a traditional stand.
    CPSC staff reviewed a variety of products (see Figure 6 for two 
examples) and determined that some products available to consumers 
already meet the 27-inch top rail height and 15-inch mattress height 
requirement. Therefore, implementation of this NPR requirement is 
feasible.

[[Page 27257]]

[GRAPHIC] [TIFF OMITTED] TP16AP24.031

    Regarding hazards associated with other children attempting to 
climb into the bassinet, staff advises that given children's propensity 
for climbing (see Staff Briefing Package for Clothing Storage Units 
\56\), a 27-inch side height is unlikely to dissuade children from 
attempting to climb into the product. However, setting a minimum side 
height taller than 27 inches would likely result in products being 
significantly less stable in the event of a child climbing them, and 
would not prevent children from climbing.57 58 59 60 61 
Incidents demonstrate toddlers' ability to climb on raised surfaces 
including cribs, showing that increasing the bassinet exterior side 
height to more than 27 inches would not effectively address sibling's 
access to the product.
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    \56\ https://www.cpsc.gov/s3fs-public/Final-Rule-Safety-Standrd-for-Clothing-Storage-Units.pdf?VersionId=X2prG3G0cqqngUwZh3rk01mkmFB40Gjf.
    \57\ The incident data reported in section III of this preamble 
contains two climbing-associated deaths: an older sibling (15 months 
and two years old) climbed into the bassinet and laid on top of the 
infant inside, suffocating them. Older 1-year-olds are known to be 
capable of climbing on and off furniture without assistance.\57\ 
Gross motor play and the use of climbers are dominant, starting at 
about 1\1/2\ years of age.\58\ Two-year-old children especially 
enjoy climbing, and can climb steps, short ladders, and jungle 
gyms.59 60 Moreover, incident data reported to CPSC 
include numerous cases involving children climbing on furniture as 
well as cribs. For example, in an incident reported through NEISS 
(IDI 210108288), a two-year-old male climbed up on a nightstand and 
was climbing into baby crib. In another NEISS incident (IDI 
200740286), a 22-month-old female climbed into her brother's crib. 
In another NEISS incident (IDI 200130999), the two-year-old girl 
climbed into a portable play yard or crib and bit her 15-month-old 
sister. In a fatal incident (IDI X19C0292A), a one-year-old male was 
put down for a nap in a room with his toddler brother. The toddler 
climbed into the crib with him with a pillow and a blanket.
    \58\ Therrell, J.A., Brown, P., Sutterby, J.A., Thornton, C.D., 
(2002). Age Determination Guidelines: Relating Children's Ages to 
Toy Characteristics and Play Behavior. T. P. Smith (Ed.), Bethesda, 
MD: U.S. Consumer Product Safety Commission.
    \59\ Frost, J.L., Wortham, S., & Reifel, S. (2001). Play and 
Child Development. Upper Saddle River, NJ: Prentice-Hall.
    \60\ Therrell, Brown, Sutterby, & Thornton, 2002.
    \61\ Hughes, F.P. (1991). Children, Play, and Development. 
Boston: Allyn & Bacon.
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    Caregivers depend on infant sleep products to be safe places in 
which to leave an infant for sleep; accordingly, these products must be 
safe for infant sleep as sold. While these modifications, as written, 
would not necessarily require bassinets/cradles to have a stand, they 
would ensure that bassinets and cradles, including small portable 
products, are raised off the ground to discourage caregivers from 
placing them on elevated and soft surfaces such as beds and couches. 
The proposed requirements would thus work toward achieving the highest 
level of safety feasible for sleeping infants left to sleep unattended 
while in the product.
2. Requirements for Sidewall Rigidity
    The current mandatory rule in part 1218 does not have a sidewall 
rigidity requirement. Many bassinets/cradles on the market have 
sidewalls constructed of fabric, foam, fiberfill, mesh, or cardboard, 
which can deflect downward, inward, and/or outward when subjected to a 
load. CPSC is concerned that bassinets with non-rigid sidewalls may 
permanently deform or collapse and not contain the infant if an 
external force is applied to the sidewall, such as when a sibling pulls 
on the sidewall of an occupied bassinet.
    CPSC engineering staff considered whether the existing bassinet 
stability test, which simulates a 2-year-old pulling on the bassinet 
sidewall, could also be used to test adequate sidewall rigidity to 
contain an infant. To test this concept, staff conducted the stability 
test in ASTM F2194-13 on three non-rigid sided bassinets as shown in 
Figures 7-9.\62\ Staff applied a 23-pound downward force and a five-
pound outward force on the bassinets as specified in the stability 
test. The cardboard box bassinets bowed outward 3-5 inches (Figure 7b, 
8b) during stability testing. The soft sided compact bassinet was not 
able to support the 23-pound load and collapsed more than 8 inches 
outward (Figure 9b). These tests demonstrate that bassinets with non-
rigid sidewalls may permanently deform or collapse and not contain the 
infant if an external force is applied to the sidewall of an occupied 
bassinet, for instance by a sibling pulling on it.
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    \62\ The laser line used to determine deflection is enhanced for 
visibility.

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[[Page 27258]]

[GRAPHIC] [TIFF OMITTED] TP16AP24.032


[[Page 27259]]


    Staff next conducted this same stability test on rigid-sided 
bassinets, which did not deflect or deform during testing. Staff 
advises that 0.5 inch of deflection in any direction during the 
stability test allows for reasonable movement of rigid sidewalls to 
account for minor movements in fasteners in the construction of the 
product. Based on this testing, the NPR proposes two requirements. 
First, unlike ASTM F2194-22[egr]\1\, the NPR proposes to subject all 
bassinets/cradles to the stability requirement.\63\ Second, the NPR 
proposes that during this stability test, sidewall deflection can also 
be measured, requiring that the sidewall shall not deflect in any 
direction more than 0.5 inches. These proposed modifications ensure 
bassinet/cradle stability and containment of the infant.
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    \63\ As explained in section I of this preamble, the ASTM F2194-
22[egr]\1\ that the Commission has rejected created a new category 
of ``compact bassinets'' and subjected this category to a new, less 
stringent, stability test.
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3. Requirements for Mattresses and Mattress Supports
a. Requirements for Sleep Surface Deflection/Firmness
    The NPR proposes mattress firmness requirements consistent with the 
mandatory crib mattress requirements in 16 CFR part 1241 to address 
incidents of infant's face/head conforming to the sleep surface. The 
mandatory crib mattress rule requires a firmness test intended to 
prevent the hazard of positional asphyxia involving infants suffocating 
when face down in a soft mattress that can conform to an infant's face. 
The firmness test involves placing a test fixture, as shown below in 
Figure 10, level on the sleep surface of the mattress. The mattress 
must be sufficiently firm and flat to support the weight of the test 
fixture (approximately 11.5 lb.) so that the feeler arm does not make 
any contact with the surface of the mattress.
[GRAPHIC] [TIFF OMITTED] TP16AP24.033

    Staff tested two samples using the mattress firmness test fixture. 
Figure 11 shows the mattress firmness test fixture feeler arm touching 
the surface of the mattress, indicating that the mattress is too soft 
and fails the draft firmness requirement. Test results showed that some 
products failed the firmness test (feeler arm contacting the surface of 
the mattress) because the mattress was too soft (Figure 11).
[GRAPHIC] [TIFF OMITTED] TP16AP24.034


[[Page 27260]]


    Accordingly, to verify that the bassinet sleep surface (mattress 
and/or support) is not too soft and does not form a concavity that can 
pose a positional asphyxia hazard to infants, the NPR proposes to 
include in part 1218 the same mattress firmness test as is found in the 
crib mattress rule.
b. Requirements for Structural Integrity of Bassinet Mattresses and 
Mattress Supports
    Part 1218 currently specifies a static load requirement for the 
sleep enclosure of the product. Section 6.3 of ASTM F2194-13, Static 
Load, specifies that the product shall support the static load without 
causing any hazardous conditions as identified within Section 5 
(General Requirements). The static load test (Section 7.3) consists of 
placing a 54-pound load or three times the manufacturer's recommended 
weight (whichever is greater) within 5 seconds on an aluminum block and 
maintain for 60 seconds. For play yard bassinets, the test is conducted 
in all four corners of the product.
    The static load test verifies that the bassinet/cradle sleep area 
is designed to hold and not break or create a hazardous condition upon 
the weight of a child by requiring the product to support up to three 
times the heaviest intended occupant (95th percentile 5-month-old male 
(19.8 lb.)). Although staff advises that the static load requirement is 
adequate to address some of the mattress and/or support issues, the 
mattress firmness test (discussed in section V.B of this preamble) is 
an added verification of the flatness of the sleep surface (mattress 
and/or support), to further address these mattress/supports issues.
c. Requirements for After-Market Mattresses for Bassinets/Cradles
    The crib mattress rule (part 1241) includes performance 
requirements for after-market mattresses but does not specifically 
identify bassinet/cradle mattresses as being included in the 
regulation. Instead, part 1218 establishes requirements for mattresses 
sold with bassinets/cradles (generally known as OEM mattresses.) CPSC 
is aware, however, of incidents that have arisen from consumer use of 
ill-fitting after-market mattresses. Based on the prominent 
availability and use of after-market bassinet/cradle mattresses, and 
the use of bassinets/cradles for infant sleep, the NPR proposes 
performance requirements for after-market bassinet mattresses to ensure 
the same level of safety as OEM bassinet/cradles mattresses and after-
market mattresses for other infant sleep products.
    Crib mattresses and bassinet/cradle mattresses, including after-
market bassinet/cradle mattresses, share common hazard patterns 
associated with poorly fitting and overly soft mattresses. The 
mandatory crib mattress rule in part 1241 addresses similar hazards 
found in after-market play yard mattresses and non-full-size crib 
mattresses. Part 1241 requires such mattresses to meet the same 
performance requirements as the OEM mattress sold with the product, 
when tested with the product for which the after-market mattress is 
intended. In particular, these mattresses must have a minimum level of 
firmness (section V.B.3 of this preamble). Part 1241 already requires 
after-market mattresses intended for use in the bassinet attachment of 
a play yard to meet the provisions in the existing bassinet rule, part 
1218, when tested with each bassinet/cradle brand and model in which 
the mattress is intended to be used. 16 CFR 1241.2(b)(5)(iv). 
Additionally, the crib mattress rule requires that after-market 
mattresses must be at least the same size as the OEM mattress or larger 
and must lay flat, must include a floor support structure that is at 
least as thick as the OEM mattress, and must include equivalent storage 
accommodations (such as a pouch for the product instruction manual). 16 
CFR 1241.2(b)(4).
    To reduce the risk of injury caused by poorly fitting and overly 
soft mattresses associated with after-market mattresses for bassinets/
cradles, the NPR proposes to adopt the after-market requirements from 
the crib mattress rule into the bassinet/cradle mandatory standard.
4. Requirements for Bassinet Sleep Surface Angles
    Minimum safe sleep requirements for young infants, particularly 
those 5 months old and younger, require that infants be placed to sleep 
on their backs on a firm, flat, sleep surface. As described in section 
III of the preamble, this avoids the hazard created by bassinets that 
are non-level--for example leaning forward or to one side, or with legs 
or sides with uneven heights--which could cause the infants to roll to 
the side, often into the mesh/siding of the bassinet/cradle before the 
infant is developmentally capable of rolling.
a. Requirement for Head-To-Toe Incline Angle
    The definition of bassinet in part 1218 (based on ASTM F2194-13) 
states that ``[w]hile in a rest (non-rocking or swinging) position, a 
bassinet/cradle is intended to have a sleep surface less than or equal 
to 10[deg] from horizontal.'' 16 CFR 1218.2(b)(1)(i) citing section 1.3 
of ASTM F2194-13. The angle limitation in the definition is intended to 
ensure that the bassinet provides a safe, flat sleep surface. However, 
neither ASTM F2194--13 nor the revised ASTM F2194-22[egr]\1\ contain a 
test to measure the sleep surface incline to ensure that the sleep 
surface does not exceed 10 degrees from horizontal. The Commission's 
ISP Rule in part 1236 contains a test to measure the head-to-toe sleep 
surface angle. This test consists of placing a Hinged Weight Gauge-
Infant (17.5 lb.) on the product and measuring the lengthwise incline 
angle along the upper torso/head area. This 10-degree head-to-toe safe 
sleep angle is supported in a report by Erin M. Mannen, Ph.D., the 
Biomechanical Analysis of Inclined Sleep Products--Final Report 
September 18, 2019.\64\ Dr. Mannen's testing showed that angles greater 
than 20 degrees present a hazard that infants may move into a 
compromising position in the product from which they cannot self-
rescue. Based on the results of Dr. Mannen's biomechanical study, 
``fewer differences in muscle activity or lying posture were revealed 
at a 10-degree mattress incline compared to the zero-incline surface. 
Ten degrees is likely a safe incline for sleep on a crib mattress type 
of surface.'' The NPR proposes to remove the head-to-toe sleep surface 
angle statement from the definition of a bassinet, and instead to add a 
performance and test requirement for the 10-degree head-to-toe sleep 
surface angle limit, using the same incline test from the ISP Rule. 
This is an improvement to safety because it will ensure consistent and 
repeatable testing across test labs for all bassinets/cradles.
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    \64\ The 10 degree incline angle requirement in the Infant Sleep 
Product Final Rule, available at: https://www.cpsc.gov/s3fs-public/Final-Rule-Safety-Standard-for-Infant-Sleep-Products.pdf, is based 
on findings in the 2019, Biomechanical Analysis of Inclined Sleep 
Products--Final Report 09.18.2019 by Erin M Mannen Ph.D., available 
at: https://www.cpsc.gov/s3fs-public/Dr-Mannen-Study-FINAL-Report-09-18-2019_Redacted.corrected_0.pdf?g.Jao0IN_zU.TjiX4FeSUM3SPc3Zt_25.
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b. Side-to-Side Tilt Angle
    Part 1218 specifies a side-to-side tilt angle of no more than 7 
degrees for rocking bassinets/cradles when they are at rest (section 
6.9.2 of ASTM F2194-13), but does not specify side-to-side tilt 
requirements for bassinets/cradles without a rocking function. On 
December 7, 2021, CPSC staff sent a letter \65\ to the ASTM 
subcommittee

[[Page 27261]]

chair for bassinets/cradles regarding four fatal incidents (occurring 
from 2019 through 2021) involving bassinets with a cantilever design in 
which infants reportedly rolled into the side of the bassinet, or into 
a prone position. The cantilever design supports the bassinet by a leg/
frame on one side of the product so that the suspended side without a 
support can be positioned over an adult bed. In the December 7, 2021 
letter, CPSC staff stated concern with the then-current ASTM F2194-
16[egr]\1\ allowance of a side-to-side 7-degree maximum tilt angle, 
because minimum safe sleep guidance requires infants be placed to sleep 
on a firm, flat surface.\66\
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    \65\ Staff letter to Mr. Lewis, chair of ASTM F15.18 on 
Bassinets and Cradles, dated December 7, 2021. https://www.cpsc.gov/s3fs-public/BassinetwcantileverltrAttachedSpreadsheet-120821.pdf?VersionId=fyFz2 Ac9HFDyp0yWa83WphujK.KJHEVS.
    \66\ After staff's further review of bassinet-related data, the 
tilt hazard pattern is evidenced in the 2 deaths, 3 injuries, and 95 
non-injury incidents summarized in section III of this preamble.
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    However, on February 14, 2023, ASTM proposed side-to-side tilt 
requirements in the voluntary standard for non-rocking bassinets/
cradles stating that the bassinet sleep surface shall not exceed a 
side-to-side tilt angle of 7 degrees. This angle limit is based on the 
existing rocking bassinet/cradle rest angle requirement in section 
6.9.2 of ASTM F2194-13. The test consists of two parts: simulating a 
five-month-old infant located against each side of the sleep surface, 
and then simulating a low weight newborn infant located against each 
side and the center of the sleep surface. The current side-to-side tilt 
angle for at rest rocking bassinets/cradles cannot exceed 7 degrees in 
either test. Based on this, ASTM's proposed modified test requirements 
for non-rocking bassinets/cradles provides the following:
    (i) Five-month-old infant.--The Hinged Weight Gauge-Infant (17.4 
lb.) is placed parallel to and contacting one of the lateral sidewalls 
of the bassinet/cradle, equidistant between both head and toe ends of 
the sleep surface. The side-to-side angle is measured on top of the 
Hinged Weight Gauge-Infant. The angle measurement is taken three times 
and then averaged. The test then is repeated on the other side of the 
sleep surface.
    (ii) Newborn infant.--A 6 by 4 by 0.5-inch nominal thickness steel 
block weighing 3.3 lb. is placed parallel to and contacting one of the 
lateral sidewalls of the bassinet/cradle, equidistant between both head 
and toe ends of the sleep surface. The side-to-side angle is measured 
on top of the steel block. The angle measurement is taken three times 
and then averaged. The test then is repeated on the other side and in 
the geometrical center of the sleep surface.
    CPSC staff has assessed ASTM's proposal. Based on incident data, 
cantilevered designed bassinets that have 7 degree or less side-to-side 
tilt angle \67\ can still facilitate infants rolling before they are 
developmentally capable of rolling and present the potential for a 
suffocation hazard. CPSC staff conducted testing on 10 products with 
cantilevered designs (see Table 2 below), using the NPR proposed test. 
Four products, A, B, D, H, were associated with incidents that involved 
the infant rolling over into a compromising position. Fortunately, the 
caregiver was able to intervene in these cases before suffocation 
ensued. However, in one case, Product B, involved a fatality incident 
(IDI 200211HCC3248). Product H had the largest tilt angle (7.1 degrees) 
and product D had the smallest tilt angle (1.2 degrees) of models 
associated with incidents.
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    \67\ CPSC proposes that bassinets/cradles have two different 
tilt angle requirements for head-to-toe and side-to-side, based on 
how the suffocation hazard manifests. The hazard associated with a 
head-to-toe tilt greater than 10 degrees occurs when an infant 
unexpectedly rolls (either side-to-side or into a chin-to-chest 
position) and the infant cannot self-rescue when on an incline and 
can suffocate. However, when a bassinet/cradle has a side-to-side 
tilt, even if the tilt is less than 7 degrees, incident data and 
sample analysis suggest that this tilt can facilitate rolling before 
an infant is developmentally capable of rolling and cannot self-
rescue. A suffocation hazard presents when the infant's nose and 
mouth become occluded in the side or mattress.

                 Table 2--Bassinet Tilt Testing Results
------------------------------------------------------------------------
                                                           Max side-to-
                                    Height setting (note     side tilt
            Product ID                       1)                angle
                                                             [degrees]
------------------------------------------------------------------------
A (Note 2)........................  Lowest (mattress                 5.6
                                     upper position).
                                    Highest (mattress                6.3
                                     upper position).
                                    Lowest (mattress                 6.1
                                     lower position).
                                    Highest (mattress                5.7
                                     lower position).
B.................................  Lowest..............             3.3
                                    Highest.............             1.8
C.................................  Lowest..............             3.9
                                    Highest.............             4.4
D.................................  Lowest..............             1.8
                                    Highest.............             1.2
E.................................  Lowest..............             2.2
                                    Highest.............             2.5
F.................................  Lowest..............             3.9
                                    Highest.............             3.5
G.................................  Lowest..............             2.7
                                    Highest.............             2.7
H.................................  Lowest..............             6.0
                                    Highest.............             7.1
I.................................  Lowest..............             1.4
                                    Highest.............             1.0
J.................................  Lowest..............             2.5
                                    Highest.............             3.0
------------------------------------------------------------------------
Notes:
(1) All products had several height settings. Staff tested each sample
  on the highest and lowest height setting.
(2) Product A has several height settings as well as two mattress
  positioning settings. Staff tested on the highest and lowest height
  setting for each of the two mattress positioning settings.


[[Page 27262]]

    Based on review of incidents and testing, staff determined that the 
current ASTM side-to-side tilt restriction of 7 degrees does not 
adequately address the rolling and suffocation hazard. Staff testing 
showed that cantilevered bassinets with tilt angles of 1.2-7.1 degrees 
were associated with rollover incidents. Accordingly, to address the 
potential for infants to roll into unsafe sleep positions and to 
provide the highest level of safety that is feasible, the NPR proposes 
to add the side-to-side tilt angle test requirements from ASTM's 
February 14, 2023, proposal, with two modifications: (1) decrease the 
allowed tilt angle to 0 1 degree, which means a maximum 
angle not to exceed one degree from horizontal, and (2) apply this 
requirement to both rocking bassinets at rest and non-rocking 
bassinets. The NPR also proposes that for bassinets with adjustable 
heights, the side-to-side tilt test be performed on both the highest 
and lowest height settings. The Commission requests comment on a side-
to-side tilt angle limit (including the proposed 0-degree angle) and an 
appropriate manufacturing tolerance (including the proposed 1-degree 
maximum variation) that is as consistently close to flat as is 
feasible.
5. Requirements for Electrical Systems
    Section III of the preamble describes hazards associated with 
electrical systems, including smoke, shock, and battery leakage. While 
part 1218 does not address electrical hazards, other Commission rules 
for durable infant or toddler products, such as the infant swings rule, 
16 CFR part 1223, incorporating ASTM F2088-22, Standard Consumer Safety 
Specification for Infant and Cradle Swings, include adequate 
requirements to address electrical hazards, such as the conditions that 
can lead to battery leakage. To address bassinet/cradle incidents 
associated with defective electrical systems, the NPR proposes to 
include the battery compartment requirements from part 1223 in part 
1218.
6. Requirements for Multi-Use Products
    Regarding multi-use products, section 5.14 of ASTM F2194-22[egr]\1\ 
states that if ``converted into another product for which a consumer 
safety specification exits, the product shall comply with the 
applicable requirements of that standard when in that use mode.'' 
Because the Commission's mandatory standard and ASTM's ``consumer 
safety specifications'' can diverge and are not always the same, the 
NPR proposes that multi-use products comply with the applicable 
mandatory CPSC consumer product safety standard when in each use mode, 
rather than the applicable voluntary standard. This modification 
clarifies CPSC's expectation and creates certainty for test labs.

C. Revised Requirements for Marking, Warning, Labeling, and 
Instructional Literature

    Tab A of Staff's 2022 Bassinet Rejection Staff Briefing Package 
provides a detailed description of the marking and warning requirements 
in ASTM F2194-22[egr]\1\ and an analysis of whether the revised 
labeling requirements improve the safety of bassinets and cradles. 
Modifications in ASTM F2194-22 [egr]\1\ include additional language or 
changes addressing battery-related hazards, product warnings, compact 
bassinets and compact bassinets made of cardboard, and the warning 
language currently incorporated by reference in part 1218.
    After considering literature, incident data, and consumer feedback, 
the Commission preliminarily finds that the marking, warning, labeling, 
and instructional literature requirements specified in ASTM F2194-22 
[egr]\1\ are largely adequate but require several modifications to 
provide the highest level of safety feasible.
    Battery Compartment Warnings--ASTM revised section 8 of ASTM F2194-
22[egr]\1\ to include specific marking requirements for battery-
operated products (Section 8.4-Battery-Operated Product Marking). The 
ASTM standard now requires that, for battery-operated products, the 
product's battery compartment, battery compartment door/cover, or area 
immediately adjacent to the battery compartment must be marked or 
labeled permanently and legibly to show the correct battery polarity, 
size, and voltage. ASTM F2194-22[egr]\1\ exempts products using one or 
more non-replaceable batteries, except when they are accessible with 
the use of a coin, screwdriver, or other common household tool, in 
which case they must be marked or labeled permanently and legibly with 
a statement that the batteries are not replaceable. If marking or 
labeling the product is not practicable, then this statement shall be 
included in the instructions. The bassinet subcommittee adopted these 
marking/labeling requirements from ASTM's Ad Hoc Language Task Group 
\68\ and the requirements are consistent with other juvenile product 
standards.
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

    \68\ ASTM Ad Hoc Language Task Group (Ad Hoc TG) consists of 
members of various durable nursery product voluntary standards 
committees, including CPSC staff. The Ad Hoc TG's purpose is to 
harmonize the wording of common sections (e.g., introduction, scope, 
protective components) and warning label requirements across durable 
infant and toddler product voluntary standards.
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

    Staff advises that these requirements are adequate and necessary to 
address hazards associated with battery-operated products that are not 
currently addressed in part 1218. Accordingly, the NPR proposes to 
incorporate Section 8.4 of ASTM F2194--22[egr]\1\ without modification.
    Alignment with Ad Hoc Warnings--Section 8 of ASTM F2194-[egr]22\1\ 
also contains multiple revisions intended to align with current 
recommendations from ASTM's Ad Hoc Language Task Group. ASTM F2194-
22[egr]\1\ now specifies that warnings shall be in English at minimum, 
states that any additional markings or labels shall not contradict or 
confuse the required information or mislead the consumer, and sets 
formatting requirements for warnings (e.g., font size, text alignment, 
safety alert symbol, bullet points for cautionary statements).
    Per Ad Hoc Recommendations, the standard uses ANSI Z535.4-2011, 
Product Safety Signs and Labels, as a reference for its warning 
formatting requirements. ANSI Z535.4 is the primary United States 
voluntary consensus standard for product safety signs and labels. For 
example, CPSC staff consistently uses this standard when developing or 
assessing the adequacy of warning labels. Literature on the design and 
evaluation of on-product warnings frequently cites ANSI Z535.4 as the 
minimum set of requirements governing products sold in the United 
States containing such labels, and human factors experts generally 
consider the ANSI Z535 series of requirements the benchmark and state 
of the art standards against which warning labels should be evaluated 
for adequacy. The NPR proposes to adopt all warnings that align with 
ANSI Z535.4 formatting requirements.
    Suffocation Hazard Warnings--Section 8 of ASTM F2194-22[egr]\1\ 
also contains multiple revisions to the warning statements incorporated 
in part 1218, specifically to the language for suffocation hazards. 
ASTM F2194-22[egr]\1\ specifies that the statement ``Failure to follow 
these warnings and the instructions could result in death or serious 
injury'' shall be the first warning to appear in a message panel, 
followed immediately by a suffocation hazard warning addressing the 
following:

[[Page 27263]]

[GRAPHIC] [TIFF OMITTED] TP16AP24.035

    ASTM F2194-22[egr]\1\ also requires that warnings address the 
following statement:

    Always place baby on back to sleep to reduce the risk of SIDS 
and suffocation.

    ASTM F2194-22[egr]\1\ requires compact bassinets to address the 
following:

    Product can roll over on soft surfaces and suffocate child. 
NEVER place product on beds, sofas or other soft surfaces.

    The Commission rejected the inclusion of compact bassinets into the 
mandatory standard for bassinets and cradles in 2022. However, staff 
advises that this warning language addresses hazards associated with 
all bassinets/cradles and recommends that this language be required for 
all products within the scope of the standard. Accordingly, the NPR 
proposes to require this warning for all bassinets/cradles within the 
scope of the rule.
    Fall Hazard Warnings--ASTM F2194-22[egr]\1\ does not change the 
existing warning language related to fall hazards. However, in the 
voluntary standard, fall hazard statements are now required to appear 
after the suffocation hazard warning statements. Additionally, the 
warning language, ``FALL HAZARD,'' required for products where the 
bassinet bed is removeable from the base/stand without the use of tools 
and contains a lock/latch mechanism that secures the bassinet bed to 
the base/stand, is no longer required, as the message is instead 
required to be located in the fall hazard section of the warning, 
making the inclusion of a second ``FALL HAZARD'' statement redundant. 
However, ASTM F2194-22[egr]\1\ requires that compact products address 
the following statements in the ``FALL HAZARD'' section:

    (1) Always use product on the floor. Never use on an unintended 
elevated surface.
    (2) Do not carry baby in the [manufacturer to insert type of 
product]. [Exception: A product that is intended to carry a baby is 
exempt from this requirement].
    (3) Compact bassinet/cradles constructed of cardboard shall also 
address: Do not reuse [manufacturer to insert type of product] for 
second child.

    Like the suffocation warnings for compact bassinets, staff advises 
that these fall hazard warnings will address fall hazards that are 
associated with all bassinets/cradles, not just compact bassinets. 
Accordingly, the NPR proposes that these fall hazard warnings be 
required for all products within the scope of the standard with two 
modifications. Specifically, the NPR proposes that the phrase ``an 
unintended elevated surface'' in warnings statement (1) be changed to 
``any elevated surface,'' as any elevated surface presents a potential 
fall hazard. Additionally, for warning statement (3), the NPR proposes 
that the reference to ``compact'' bassinets be removed consistent with 
the Commission's rejection of this product category.
    The fall hazard warning language in ASTM F2194-22[egr]\1\; also 
contains requirements for products where the bassinet bed uses a lock/
latch mechanism to secure the bassinet bed to the base/stand, so that 
the bassinet bed is removable without the use of tools. ASTM F2194-
22[egr]\1\; requires the following warning language for these products:

    Always check that the bassinet is securely locked on the base/
stand by pulling upwards on the bassinet bed.

    Lastly, ASTM added three example warnings to the standard: one for 
bassinet/cradle products, one for compact bassinet/cradles, and one for 
compact bassinet/cradles made of cardboard. Shown below is an example 
warning that complies with part 1218 (Figure 12), as well as the 
example warnings shown in ASTM F2194-22[egr]\1\ (Figures 13-14). While 
the warnings shown in Figure 14 are intended for compact products, and 
the NPR proposes to remove references to ``compact'' bassinets from the 
mandatory standard, the text included in the warnings meets proposed 
NPR requirements and does not make a specific reference to ``compact'' 
bassinets, other than the title of the figures. The warnings in Figure 
14 contain a statement warning against use on ``unintended'' elevated 
surfaces. Fall hazards, however, can occur with non-compact products 
and on any elevated surface. Additionally, the warning in Figure 13, 
which is intended for ``standard' bassinets/cradles, does not contain 
language warning consumers against using the product on soft or hard 
elevated surfaces or carrying infants in the product. Therefore, this 
NPR proposes that the warning shown in Figure 13 (Fig. 29 in ASTM 
F2194-22[egr]\1\) be removed, and that the warnings shown in Figure 14 
(Fig. 30-31 in ASTM F2194-22[egr]\1\;) be renumbered and renamed to 
remove the reference to ``compact'' products and revised so that the 
statement warning against use on ``an unintended elevated surface'' 
instead warns against use on ``any elevated surface.''

[[Page 27264]]

[GRAPHIC] [TIFF OMITTED] TP16AP24.036


[[Page 27265]]


[GRAPHIC] [TIFF OMITTED] TP16AP24.037

    After-Market Bassinet/Cradle Mattresses Warnings--Included in this 
final rule are warning requirements for after-market mattresses. As 
discussed above in section V.B.3.c of this preamble, the safety 
standard for crib mattresses (part 1241) includes performance 
requirements for after-market mattresses but does not specifically 
identify bassinet/cradle mattresses as being included in the 
regulation. However, given the existence of after-market bassinet/
cradle mattresses, as well as the similar manners of sleep use between 
bassinets/cradles, cribs, and play yards, staff advises that similar 
warning requirements for after-market bassinet/cradle mattresses are 
appropriate and necessary. Accordingly, the NPR proposes that the 
warning shown in Figure 15, which is identical to the warning used in 
part 1241 for after-market mattresses, be required for after-market 
bassinet/cradle mattresses.
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

    \69\ All figures with ``*'' denotation are reprinted, with 
permission, from ASTM F2194-22[egr]\1\ Standard Consumer Safety 
Specification for Bassinets and Cradles, copyright ASTM 
International, 100 Barr Harbor Drive, West Conshohocken, PA 19428. A 
copy of the complete standard may be obtained from ASTM 
International, www.astm.org.
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

    Additionally, the NPR proposes that the statement ``Use ONLY 
mattress provided by manufacturer,'' appearing in the warnings for 
bassinets/cradles in part 1218 and in ASTM F2194-22[egr]\1\, be 
replaced with the statement ``USE ONLY one mattress at a time.'' This 
revision communicates to consumers to only use a single mattress in the 
bassinet/cradle; when combined with other warning statements, the 
revision signals that the use of after-market bassinet/cradle 
mattresses is acceptable when the mattress has the appropriate fit for 
the bassinet/cradle; and will ensure that the warnings on bassinets/
cradles are consistent with the warnings on after-market mattresses. 
This also addresses the potential hazard presented by after-market 
mattresses marketed as ``mattress toppers.''

[[Page 27266]]

[GRAPHIC] [TIFF OMITTED] TP16AP24.038

    Instructional Literature Warnings--The instructional literature 
requirements in ASTM F2194-22[egr]\1\ contain multiple revisions. Many 
revisions are intended to ensure consistency with on-product markings 
and warnings and current recommendations from ASTM's Ad Hoc Language 
Task Group. ASTM F2194-22[egr]\1\ now specifies that instructions shall 
be in English at minimum, state that any additional instructions shall 
not contradict or confuse the required information or mislead the 
consumer, and sets formatting requirements for warnings (e.g., font 
size, text alignment, safety alert symbol, bullet points for cautionary 
statements). Per the Ad Hoc Language Task Group's recommendations, the 
ASTM F2194-22[egr]\1\ standard uses ANSI Z535.4-2011 as reference for 
its warning formatting requirements.
    Additionally, ASTM F2194-22[egr]\1\ requires that instructions for 
battery-operated products address the following:
[GRAPHIC] [TIFF OMITTED] TP16AP24.039

    ASTM F2194-22[egr]\1\ provides that instructions for products that 
use more than one battery in any one circuit shall also address the 
following under the same CAUTION header:
     Always replace the entire set of batteries at one time.
     Never mix old and new batteries, or batteries of different 
brands or types.
    Additionally, ASTM F2194-22[egr]\1\ states that instructions are 
now required to address the following statements:

    Do not use if any part of the (manufacturer to insert type of 
product) is broken, torn, or missing.

    Additionally, ASTM F2194-22[egr]\1\ requires that the instructions 
for products constructed of cardboard must now address the following 
statements:

    Use only on a flat, dry floor.
    Do not place the (manufacturer to insert type of product) near a 
space heater, open fire or other source of strong heat.

    Lastly, ASTM F2194-22[egr]\1\ contains two example instructional 
literature warnings, one for bassinet/cradle products, and one for 
battery-powered bassinets. Figure 16 provides these two example 
warnings:

[[Page 27267]]

[GRAPHIC] [TIFF OMITTED] TP16AP24.040

    The Commission preliminarily determines that the instructional 
literature requirements in ASTM F2194-22[egr]\1\ are adequate and 
proposes to adopt these warnings provisions into the mandatory 
standard.

VI. Incorporation by Reference

    The Commission proposes incorporating ASTM F2194-22[egr]\1\ by 
reference into the mandatory standard for bassinets/cradles codified in 
part 1218, with modifications to reduce the risk of injury associated 
with these products and to ensure the standard provides the highest 
level of safety that is feasible. The Office of the Federal Register 
(OFR) has regulations concerning incorporation by reference. 1 CFR part 
51. For a proposed rule, agencies must discuss in the preamble of the 
NPR ways that the materials that the agency proposes to incorporate by 
reference are reasonably available to interested persons, and how 
interested parties can obtain the materials. Additionally, the preamble 
to the rule must summarize the material. 1 CFR 51.5(b).
    In accordance with the OFR's requirements, section IV.A of this 
preamble summarizes the provisions of ASTM F2194-22[egr]\1\ that the 
Commission proposes to incorporate by reference. ASTM F2194-22[egr]\1\ 
is copyrighted. By permission of ASTM, the standard can be viewed as a 
read-only document during the comment period on this NPR, at http://www.astm.org/cpsc.htm. To download or print the standard, interested 
persons may purchase a copy of ASTM F2194-22[egr]\1\ from ASTM through 
its website (http://www.astm.org), or by mail from ASTM International, 
100 Bar Harbor Drive, P.O. Box 0700, West Conshohocken, PA 19428. 
Alternatively, interested parties may inspect a copy of the standard at 
CPSC's Office of the Secretary by contacting Alberta E. Mills, 
Secretary, U.S. Consumer Product Safety Commission, 4330 East-West 
Highway, Bethesda, MD 20814; telephone: 301-504-7479; email: [email protected].

VII. Effective Date

    The Administrative Procedure Act (APA) generally requires that the 
effective date of a rule be at least 30 days after publication of the 
final rule. 5 U.S.C. 553(d). The Commission proposes a 180-day 
effective date for this rule. The rule would apply to all bassinets/
cradles and after-market bassinet mattresses manufactured after the 
effective date. 15 U.S.C. 2058(g)(1). This amount of time is typical 
for durable infant or toddler rules promulgated under section 104 of 
the CPSIA.\70\ Six months is also the period that the JPMA typically 
allows for products in their certification program to shift to a new 
standard once a new standard is published. Therefore, juvenile product 
manufacturers are accustomed to adjusting to new standards within this 
timeframe.
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

    \70\ See, e.g., Safety Standard for Infant Swings, 77 FR 66713 
(Nov. 7, 2012); Safety Standard for Crib Mattresses, 87 FR 8640 
(Feb. 15, 2022).
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

    Moreover, although the NPR proposes to add requirements, the test 
methods and test equipment are not unique, in that other CPSC rules 
also use the same methods and equipment. For example, 41 third party 
laboratories are CPSC-accepted to test to part 1218. Eleven of 12 
laboratories accepted to test to the crib mattress rule are also 
accredited for testing to the bassinet standard. Accordingly, the CPSC 
expects that these laboratories are competent to conduct the required 
testing and can have their International Organization for 
Standardization (ISO) accreditation and CPSC-acceptance updated in the 
normal course. The Commission invites comments, particularly from small 
businesses, regarding the proposed additional testing and the amount of 
time needed to come into compliance with a final rule.

VIII. Regulatory Flexibility Act (RFA)

    The RFA requires that agencies review a proposed rule for the 
rule's potential economic impact on small entities, including small 
businesses. Section 603 of the RFA generally requires that agencies 
prepare an initial regulatory flexibility analysis (IRFA)

[[Page 27268]]

and make the analysis available to the public for comment when the 
agency publishes an NPR. 5 U.S.C. 603. The IRFA must describe the 
impact of the proposed rule on small entities and identify significant 
alternatives that accomplish the statutory objectives and minimize any 
significant economic impact of the proposed rule on small entities.
    This proposed rule would have a significant economic impact on a 
substantial number of small U.S. entities, primarily from redesign 
costs in the first year that the final rule would be effective. A 
significant impact would occur for small companies whose products do 
not meet the proposed revised requirements, particularly suppliers of 
small bassinets and bassinet accessory products for strollers and play 
yards, as well as suppliers of cantilever style bassinets and after-
market bassinet mattresses. Third party testing costs should not be a 
new significant cost for most small firms, given that bassinet 
suppliers should already be testing to the current mandatory standard 
in part 1218. However, for after-market bassinet mattress suppliers, 
the third party testing costs to comply with the final rule would be 
new, although these firms already incur costs for testing to establish 
compliance with other relevant CPSC regulations, including those for 
lead and phthalate content.

A. Reason for Agency Action, NPR Objectives, Product Description, and 
Market Description

    Section I of this preamble explains why CPSC proposes to update the 
mandatory rule for bassinets/cradles and provides a statement of the 
objectives of, and legal basis for, the proposed rule. Section II of 
this preamble describes the types of products within the scope of the 
NPR, the market for bassinets/cradles, and the use of bassinets/cradles 
in the U.S. The requirements in the NPR are more stringent than the 
ASTM voluntary standard for bassinets/cradles, as described in sections 
IV and V of this preamble. The NPR addresses known hazards, discussed 
in section III of this preamble, that the current rule does not 
adequately address, as well as products on the market that were not 
common when the current rule was promulgated, such as products that 
resemble short play yards with canopies marketed for outdoor infant 
sleep.
    The scope of this proposed rule also includes after-market bassinet 
mattresses, which are not in scope of the current regulation in part 
1218 or the crib mattress regulation in 16 CFR part 1241. Accordingly, 
the registration card already required for bassinets/cradles under 
section 14 of the CPSA (15 U.S.C. 2056a(d)) will now be required for 
after-market mattresses as well. Registration cards are exempt from PRA 
or RFA analysis, per section 104(d)(1) of the CPSIA. 15 U.S.C. 
2056a(d)(1).

B. Small Entities to Which the NPR Would Apply

    Section II of this preamble describes the products within the scope 
of the rule and an overview of the markets for bassinets/cradles and 
for after-market bassinet mattresses. This section XIII.B of the 
preamble provides additional detail on the market for products within 
the scope of the rule.
    Annual Units Sold: CPSC estimates the annual U.S. sales of new 
bassinets, including items with a bassinet mode or attachment, to be--
rounded for the purposes of further analysis--3.1 million units per 
year. CPSC made this estimate using Centers for Disease Control (CDC) 
data on the number of newborns,\71\ State Department data on adoptions 
from foreign countries,\72\ and a survey by Statista \73\ in 2017 on 
the estimated ownership of bassinets, play yards, and strollers, also 
taking into account the market for used items.
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

    \71\ https://www.cdc.gov/nchs/nvss/births.htm.
    \72\ https://travel.state.gov/content/travel/en/Intercountry-Adoption/adopt_ref/AnnualReports.html.
    \73\ https://www.statista.com/forecasts/987681/ownership-of-baby-furniture-in-the-us. This data from 2017 is consistent with the 
Durable Nursery Products Exposure Survey that a contractor conducted 
for CPSC in 2013, which found that about 30% of families with 
children under age 6 owned a bassinet, cradle, or infant hammock.
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

    Specifically, CPSC estimates the total sales of new bassinets in 
the U.S. as the total of the sales of traditional bassinets and 
cradles, plus play yard bassinets, plus stroller bassinets, plus 
bedside sleepers with a bassinet mode, which is 3,080,942, rounded for 
the purposes of analysis to 3.1 million (see Table 3). While this may 
seem high (corresponding to roughly 80 percent of the number of 
newborns in the U.S. each year), it is consistent with the prevalence 
of multi-mode products with a bassinet mode or attachment.
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

    \74\ The number of newborns is from CDC data on births and State 
Department data on adoptions from other countries; the data on 
product ownership is from the Statista survey.
    \75\ https://www.statista.com/study/49911/baby-products-in-the-us/?locale=en. A survey by Statista in 2017 of parents with children 
under the age of 4.
    \76\ https://www.statista.com/forecasts/987072/ownership-of-a-rocking-crib-amongst-parents-in-the-us.
    \77\ A Statista report from the same survey group in 2017 found 
that 14 percent of parents bought a ``rocking crib'' second hand. 
CPSC assumes that the secondary market is similar for bassinets. If 
14 percent of bassinet or cradle owners are used, then 86 percent 
are bought new.
    \78\ Based on internet search in January 2023, seven of the top 
20 best-selling play yards came with a bassinet attachment. Thus, 
approximately 35 percent.
    \79\ The Statista survey also found that 17 percent of parents 
reported that their stroller had a ``removable carrycot'' feature 
(``bassinet'' feature was not a survey item).
    \80\ Based on a popular online general retail site in March 
2023, fourteen of the top 20 best-selling beside sleepers came with 
a bassinet mode. Thus, approximately 70 percent.
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

    CPSC estimates the annual sales of used bassinets and products with 
bassinet mode to be 500,000 units per year, rounded for the purpose of 
analysis. Table 3 below displays the calculations, providing the 
sources in footnotes, for CPSC's estimation of sales for new and used 
bassinets and cradles.

                                               Table 3--Estimated Sales for New and Used Bassinets/Cradles
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
                                                           Families/       . . . and bought      Percentage of
                                          Number of   caregivers who own  it new or received   these items that    Estimated annual    Estimated annual
              Product \74\                 newborns     this item \75\     it new as a gift   include a bassinet   unit new sales in  unit used sales in
                                                           (percent)           \76\ \77\           (percent)      scope of this rule  scope of this rule
                                                 (a)                 (b)                 (c)                 (d)               (e) =               (f) =
                                                                                                                   (a) x (b) x (c) x   (a) x (b) x (1-c)
                                                                                                                                 (d)               x (d)
Bassinet/cradle........................    3,666,077                  38          86 percent                 100           1,198,074             195,035
Play yard..............................                               66                                 \78\ 35             728,303             118,561
Stroller...............................                               96                                 \79\ 17             514,541              83,763
Bedside sleeper/bassinet...............                               29                                 \80\ 70             640,024             104,190
                                        ----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
    Total..............................  ...........  ..................  ..................  ..................           3,080,942             501,549
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------


[[Page 27269]]

    Some families might have more than one newborn, some parents with a 
newborn might have separate residences, and non-parent caregivers also 
buy these items, so sales could be higher. However, because the 
expected product life and warranty for these items is typically several 
years, while the recommended use per infant is only five months, 
parents may use the same bassinet for subsequent children or obtain a 
used one through gift or purchase.
    CPSC estimates the size of the used market for all bassinet 
products, including products with bassinet attachments, at 501,549 
units, rounded to 500,000 for the purposes of the cost analysis. CPSC 
assumes that at least a majority of consumers in the secondary market 
would choose to dispose of the used mattress and purchase a new after-
market mattress. For this analysis, CPSC conservatively assumes that 75 
percent of parents purchasing a used bassinet will buy a new after-
market mattress. CPSC also assumes that roughly 10 percent of parents 
who buy a bassinet or product with bassinet attachment new will also 
purchase a new after-market mattress for use by a subsequent sibling, 
or for the same infant due to heavy soiling. Therefore, CPSC estimates 
the total annual market for after-market mattresses at 75 percent of 
the used sales (75% x 501,549 = 376,162) plus 10 percent of new sales 
(10% x 3,080,942 = 308,094), for a total of 684,256 units, rounded to 
680,00 for the purpose of the cost analysis.
    The availability of hundreds of after-market bassinet mattresses 
online confirms that there is substantial demand for after-market 
mattresses, as well as a substantial volume of sales. The top seller by 
volume on Amazon currently sells more than 1,800 after-market bassinet 
mattresses per month. The Commission requests comments from the public 
on the estimated annual sales volume, including any information that 
would validate a different estimate on the rate of after-market 
mattress sales (number of units sold per year).
    While other possible outlets for bassinet and after-market bassinet 
mattress sales exist that are not included in this estimate 
(specifically, sales to hotels, daycares, and hospitals), they are 
likely to be minimal. Hotels generally provide a sleep space that can 
accommodate larger children, typically cribs or play yards without a 
bassinet. Similarly, daycare centers typically purchase cribs and play 
yards rather than traditional bassinets; and major daycare and 
hospitality child furniture suppliers do not sell bassinets or cradles, 
although daycares may use consumer grade play yards with bassinet 
attachments. Hospital ownership of bassinets is small, reported as only 
55,085 units in 2019,\81\ and hospital bassinets are medical devices 
regulated by the Food and Drug Administration (FDA), and thus out of 
scope of this NPR.
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

    \81\ https://www.statista.com/statistics/824751/total-hospital-bassinet-numbers-in-the-us/.
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

    Prices and Features: Prices for traditional bassinets range from 
under $50 to more than $1,500, with most products in the $50 to $125 
range. The least expensive products tend to be under 30 inches high and 
come with legs rather than a stand or base. The more expensive products 
tend to be larger and come with features that include canopies, 
motorized sounds or vibrations, attached toy bars, and pouches or 
shelves for storing diapers and bottles. Prices for cradles range from 
$100 to more than $1,000, with most products in the $100 to $200 range. 
Solid hardwood cradles are available for more than $1,000. Some 
products advertised as ``rocking bassinets'' are physically identical 
to cradles, with a curved rocker base. Combination bedside sleeper/
bassinets typically sell from $75 to more than $600, with most products 
in the $125 to $200 range. Attachments to play yards are usually not 
priced or sold separately. Some stroller bassinet attachments are sold 
separately, with most such products in the $100 to $200 range. Play 
yard and stroller bassinet attachments are designed to attach to a 
specific model or set of models from one manufacturer, and/or to a 
stand sold separately by that manufacturer. The stands typically sell 
for $125 to $175.
    The wide range of prices and features reflect that parents and 
other caregivers buy bassinets for different purposes. Some people buy 
a large bassinet with a non-folding stand as a primary sleep space for 
the nursery, while others buy small portable items for travel, napping, 
or occasional care by a non-parent. No one best-selling size, price 
range, or set of features exists for bassinets. For example, the ten 
best-selling bassinets on Amazon in February 2023 ranged in price from 
$42 to $200 and included two small traditional bassinets that fold for 
transport, five bassinet/bedside sleeper combination products, two 
large cantilever bassinets, and an ``infant lounger'' with a rigid 
frame. Prices and features on Walmart.com had a similar variety, with 
prices of the ten best-selling bassinets ranging from $50 to $150. The 
best-selling products there included small portable bassinets, 
traditional bassinets on a stand that do not fold for transport, a 
combination bassinet/play yard, and several combination bassinet/
bedside sleepers.
    With approximately 3.1 million new bassinets sold per year, 
including items with a bassinet mode, at an average price of 
approximately $100 per unit, CPSC estimates the total U.S. bassinet 
market is approximately $310 million in sales per year. This total does 
not include the market for used items. Based on this IRFA's estimate of 
approximately 500,000 used units per year (see previous section), and 
an estimated used price of $40 based on observed prices of used 
bassinets on Ebay and Mercari as a percentage of original retail 
prices, the used market would represent approximately $20 million 
dollars in sales per year.
    Prices for after-market bassinet mattresses range from $20 to $180, 
with most products in the $30 to $40 range, which is also the price 
range for replacement mattresses from the original bassinet supplier. 
The high end of the price range for after-market mattresses are hand-
crafted items with a specialty fill and/or cover, such as natural 
rubber or organic fiber. Most after-market mattresses are sold online 
by small importers and foreign direct shippers. Several hundred U.S.-
based crafters sell after-market mattresses that appear to have been 
hand-cut from upholstery foam. With a typical price of $35 and annual 
sales of 680,000 units per year, the after-market bassinet mattress 
market is approximately $23.8 million per year.
    Bassinet and Bassinet Mattress Suppliers: Many manufacturers and 
importers, as well as foreign direct shippers, supply bassinets and 
cradles. CPSC identified more than 120 suppliers in March of 2023, 
including suppliers that sell play yards or strollers with bassinet 
attachments. Most companies that supply bassinets also supply a variety 
of other infant and children's products; bassinets are typically not 
their only or main product line. JPMA currently has 22 member companies 
that are certified for bassinet/cradles,\82\ including companies that 
manufacture or import stroller bassinets and play yard bassinet 
attachments, although one of the 22 does not appear to currently have 
any products on the U.S. market.
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

    \82\ JPMA runs a certification program for members, which 
includes third party testing to current ASTM and CPSC standards. See 
https://www.jpma.org/page/certification.
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    Bassinets and cradles are available from online general retail 
sites, online baby product sites, and brick and mortar general retail 
stores, including ``big box''

[[Page 27270]]

stores. Two brick and mortar specialty chain stores for infants and 
children sell bassinets. Multiple online furniture stores associated 
with religious communities sell traditional solid hardwood cradles made 
in the U.S. A few woodworkers from foreign countries sell carved wooden 
cradles on a prominent online site for hand-crafted items.
    Hundreds of suppliers, including importers and U.S.-based hand 
crafters, supply after-market bassinet mattresses. These products are 
sold almost exclusively online, although a few are available to pick up 
in local big box stores after ordering online. While replacement 
mattresses from the original supplier are also sold primarily online, a 
few are similarly available for pick up in a big box or children's 
specialty store after ordering online.
    Small Entities to Which the Proposed Rule Would Apply: Currently, 
over 120 firms supply more than 250 models of bassinets to the U.S. 
market. Large U.S. business and foreign businesses of all sizes 
constitute the majority of the suppliers of the available models. Most 
of the U.S.-based manufacturers and importers are small companies based 
on Small Business Administration (SBA) size standards. Of the 
identified 50 U.S-based suppliers to the U.S. market, 43 are small 
importers or small manufacturers, five are large U.S. manufacturers, 
and two are large U.S. importers. The rest of the market is foreign 
direct shippers \83\ and foreign manufacturers. Eight foreign 
manufacturers have U.S. distribution/warehouse operations that would 
meet the SBA size standard for a small importer if considered 
separately.\84\
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    \83\ CPSC uses this term to refer to sellers who ship directly 
to the consumer from an address in a foreign country.
    \84\ The SBA regulations in 13 CFR 121.105 specify that a U.S. 
small business for the purposes of SBA program eligibility is ``a 
business entity organized for profit, with a place of business 
located in the United States, and which operates primarily within 
the United States or which makes a significant contribution to the 
U.S. economy through payment of taxes or use of American products, 
materials or labor.'' Consistent with this definition, CPSC 
considered a company to be a U.S. manufacturer if they have a 
headquarters and design products in the U.S., and market products 
with their own brand name, although production may take place 
overseas. Similarly, we considered a U.S. company affiliated with a 
foreign company, such as a licensed distributor, to be a U.S. 
importer if they ship from a U.S. address, because shipping from a 
U.S. address would require ``use of American products, materials or 
labor.''
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    The total number of suppliers estimated here is approximate because 
online third party sellers (primarily small importers and foreign 
direct shippers) sell a wide variety of products, and can enter and 
exit the market quickly. In addition, as noted, multiple online 
furniture stores associated with religious communities sell wooden 
bassinets and cradles manufactured in the U.S.; CPSC was unable to 
estimate how many individual small manufacturers each of these 
furniture distributors might represent. The SBA size standards for 
small entities are based on the number of employees or the annual 
revenue of the firm, and there is a specific size standard for each 6-
digit North American Industry Classification Series (NAICS) 
category.\85\ The U.S. Census Bureau conducts an annual survey of small 
businesses in the U.S. and counts how many large and small businesses 
are in each NAICS category.\86\
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    \85\ The North American Industry Classification System (NAICS) 
is the standard used by Federal statistical agencies in classifying 
business establishments for the purpose of collecting, analyzing, 
and publishing statistical data related to the U.S. business 
economy. For more information, see https://www.census.gov/naics/. 
Some programs use 6-digit NAICS codes, which provide more specific 
information than programs that use more general 3- or 4-digit NAICS 
codes.
    \86\ https://www.census.gov/programs-surveys/susb/data/tables.html.
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    A NAICS category specifically for bassinet manufacturing or 
importing does not exist. Companies that manufacture bassinets may be 
categorized as furniture, textile product, toy and game, or apparel 
manufacturers. Importers are generally considered a type of merchant 
wholesaler, as are furniture wholesale distributors. Other NAICS 
categories may apply to companies that manufacture or import bassinets, 
but for whom bassinets are not their main product line. As seen in the 
table below of applicable NAICS categories, the SBA small entity 
threshold for manufacturers is generally 500 to 1000 employees, while 
it is generally 100 to 150 employees for importers and wholesalers.
    Companies that manufacture or import bassinets would fit into the 
NAICS categories shown in Table 4. As shown in Table 4, the majority of 
the U.S. businesses in the applicable categories for manufacturing and 
importing bassinets are small businesses, and there are thousands of 
such small businesses.

                 Table 4--NAICS Categories for Manufacturers and Importers of Bassinets/Cradles
----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
                                                           SBA size
                                                           standard    Number of    Number of     Percentage of
    NAICS series No.         NAICS series description     for small    businesses     small      businesses that
                                                           business    in series    businesses    are small (%)
                                                         (employees)                in series
----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
314999..................  All Other Miscellaneous                500        2,415        2,396                99
                           Textile Product Mills.
315240..................  Women's, Girls', and Infants'          750          888          888               100
                           Cut and Sew Apparel
                           Manufacturing.
337122..................  Non-upholstered Wood                   750        1,992        1,982                99
                           Household Furniture
                           Manufacturing.
337124..................  Metal Household Furniture              750          258          252                98
                           Manufacturing.
337125..................  Household Furniture (except            750          151          151               100
                           Wood and Metal)
                           Manufacturing.
337910..................  Mattress Manufacturing.......        1,000          324          315                97
339930..................  Doll, Toy, and Game                    500          507          503                99
                           Manufacturing.
423220..................  Home Furnishing Merchant               100        5,784        5,511                95
                           Wholesalers.
423920..................  Toy and Hobby Goods and                150         1904         1859                98
                           Supplies Merchant
                           Wholesalers.
424330..................  Women's, Children's, and               100        6,669        6,458                97
                           Infants' Clothing and
                           Accessories Merchant
                           Wholesalers.
                         ---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
    Total...............  .............................  ...........       20,892       20,315                97
----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------

    The applicable NAICS category for after-market mattress 
manufacturers is 337910 ``Mattress manufacturing,'' for which the SBA 
size standard for a small business is 1,000 employees. For after-market 
mattress importers, the applicable NAICS category is 423210 ``Furniture 
Merchant Wholesalers,'' for which the SBA size standard for a small 
business is 100 employees. In the 2019 Census data, 324 businesses 
manufactured mattresses and 4,824 businesses were furniture merchant 
wholesalers. More than 95 percent of

[[Page 27271]]

these suppliers were small businesses using the SBA size standards.
    The proposed rule would not impose any requirements or direct 
impacts on retailers of any size, unless they themselves manufacture or 
import bassinets or after-market mattresses, because the rule would not 
prevent the sale of products manufactured or imported before the 
effective date. Indirect impacts could occur if the rule were to reduce 
consumer demand for bassinets or after-market mattresses, but it is 
unlikely that impact would be significant (more than one percent of 
annual revenue) for any retailer.

C. Compliance, Reporting, Paperwork, and Recordkeeping Requirements of 
the Proposed Rule

    The proposed rule would require suppliers (manufacturers and 
importers) of bassinets to meet performance, warning label, and user 
instruction requirements, and to conduct third party testing to 
demonstrate compliance. This section discusses the reporting and 
paperwork requirements; compliance costs are analyzed in detail in 
section VIII.E of this preamble.
    Suppliers must demonstrate that they have met the performance 
requirements of the rule by providing a children's product certificate. 
As specified in 16 CFR part 1109, suppliers who are not the original 
manufacturer, such as importers, may rely on the testing or 
certification suppliers provide, as long as the requirements in part 
1109 are met. Manufacturers and importers are required to furnish 
certificates to retailers and distributors (section 14(g)(3) of the 
CPSA); retailers are not required to third party test the children's 
products that they sell unless they are also the manufacturer or 
importer. Suppliers must also provide product registration cards. The 
recordkeeping and compliance documentation does not require specialized 
expertise, nor does it include new requirements. CPSC's public website 
provides instructions and examples for how to develop the children's 
product certificates and product registration cards.\87\
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    \87\ See, for example: https://www.cpsc.gov/Testing-Certification/Childrens-Product-Certificate-CPC and https://www.cpsc.gov/Business--Manufacturing/Business-Education/Durable-Infant-or-Toddler-Products/FAQs-Durable-Infant-or-Toddler-Product-Consumer-Registration.
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    The proposed reporting and recordkeeping requirements are the same 
as those in the current mandatory bassinet standard. The proposed rule 
does not require additional packaging or instructions beyond what the 
current standard requires. While the proposed rule revises the warning 
label to match the current ASTM standard, with modifications, the cost 
to implement the requirement should be the same as under the existing 
part 1218 requirement. All children's products under OMB Control Number 
3041-0159 require Certificates of Conformance. However, CPSC is seeking 
a new OMB control number for bassinets/cradles and after-market 
bassinet mattresses. When the Children's Product Testing and 
Certification OMB Control Number 3041-0159 is next updated, the 
Information Collection burden estimates for the products within the 
scope of this rule will be updated to reflect current estimates of the 
number of suppliers and to add the requirement for warning labels on 
after-market bassinet mattresses. Registration cards are exempt from 
PRA burden analysis under section 104(d)(1) of the CPSIA.

D. Federal and State Rules That May Overlap With This NPR

    CPSC has not identified any other Federal rules that duplicate, 
overlap, or conflict with the proposed rule. Some products marketed as 
``bassinets'' may be within the scope of CPSC's mandatory standards for 
infant sleep products, hand-held infant carriers, or non-full-size 
cribs. The FDA regulates medical bassinets, so those products are not 
within scope of this rule and thus there is no overlap with FDA 
regulations. Combination products, such as bedside sleepers with a 
bassinet mode, must meet the requirements of both standards. Also, the 
rules for after-market bassinet mattresses and crib mattresses do not 
overlap, as after-market bassinet mattresses are not within scope of 
the Safety Standard for Crib Mattresses, codified at 16 CFR part 1241.
    If finalized, the proposed rule will impact infant sleep product 
suppliers that are compliant with the current ISP Rule but do not meet 
the requirements of this NPR because the ISP Rule references part 1218. 
Therefore, all infant sleep products within the scope of the ISP Rule 
must comply with the updated bassinet performance requirements.

E. Potential Impact on Small Entities

    Some products currently on the market would likely meet the 
proposed requirements without physical modifications, particularly 
larger traditional bassinets and cradles, many combination bedside 
sleeper/bassinets, and mesh attachments to play yards that meet the 
current standard. However, small bassinets, floor bassinets, in-bed 
sleepers, Moses baskets, and stroller and play yard bassinets that are 
shorter than 27 inches at the top side/rail, or do not have a sleep 
surface 15 inches above the floor, would need to be modified to meet 
the standard or taken off the market. Bassinets and cradles that are 
not flat may not meet the new, more stringent requirement for resting 
angle. Products with soft mattresses or other types of non-rigid floors 
may not meet the new mattress firmness requirement. Products with soft 
sides may not meet the new side rigidity requirement. Some multi-mode 
products with adjustable heights have settings lower than 15 inches, 
which will require modification to achieve compliance. After-market 
mattresses that are thicker than the required maximum thickness, do not 
meet the firmness requirements, or have a larger than allowable gap 
between the mattress and the side of the intended product would require 
modification. All after-market mattresses will require warning labels 
and registration cards.
    Based on staff's review of products currently on the market, the 
majority of the bassinet products that appear to be too short to meet 
the proposed height requirements are sold by foreign companies, 
including foreign direct shippers. However, at least 19 small U.S. 
manufacturers and nine small U.S. importers may be significantly 
impacted by this proposed rule because they would have to modify or 
discontinue some or all of their products. This represents slightly 
more than half of the 43 small U.S. firms identified as bassinet 
manufacturers or importers. CPSC considers a cost impact of greater 
than or equal to one percent of annual revenue to be a ``significant'' 
economic impact, consistent with other Federal Government agencies.
1. Products That Would Require Modification, Cost of Modifying Product
    Products on the market that would need to be redesigned to meet the 
new standard, particularly the side/rail height requirement, include:
     Small rigid-framed conventional bassinets, sometimes 
marketed as portable, travel, or compact bassinets, with a top side/
rail height of less than 27 inches, and short feet or legs.\88\
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    \88\ Small bassinets under 27 inches high with short feet or 
legs may be compliant with the current bassinet standard, and the 
ISP standard, in part because they have feet or legs. But they will 
not meet the requirements of this NPR if they are under 27 inches 
high at the side/rail or have less than 15 inches of ``ground 
clearance'' between the sleep surface and the floor.
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     Small soft-sided bassinets, sometimes marketed as in-bed 
sleepers or compact bassinets, with a top rail

[[Page 27272]]

height of less than 27 inches, and short feet or legs.
     Bassinets of any size or type that do not meet the 
requirements for sidewall structural integrity or mattress firmness.
     Rocking bassinets or cradles, cantilever products, and any 
other bassinet that does not meet the new, more stringent requirement 
for resting angle.
     Moses baskets sold without a stand.
     Travel and outdoor bassinets, sometimes marketed as ``play 
pens,'' that are shorter than 27 inches high at the top side/rail and 
have very short or no legs.
     Combination bedside sleeper/bassinets with adjustable 
heights where at least some of the height settings have the sleep 
surface less than 15 inches from the floor.
     Play yard and stroller attachments that are sold 
separately, and are below 27 inches in height at the top side/rail and 
have short or no legs.
     Play yard and stroller attachments sold with the play yard 
or stroller that are below 27 inches in height, have short or no legs, 
and can be used as a bassinet separately from the play yard or 
stroller.
     After-market mattresses that are marketed for use with 
unspecified brands/models of bassinet, cradle, or bassinet accessory, 
because it would not be possible to verify that such mattress meets the 
gap requirement.
     After-market mattresses that do not meet the thickness, 
firmness, or gap requirements in the rule.
    Bassinets and Cradles: Some manufacturers would need to redesign 
their bassinet products, at a cost of approximately $80,000 per model 
(calculation explained in the next paragraph) or remove the products 
from the market. The cost of modifying the product to meet the standard 
could be significant for small entities whose products do not meet the 
performance requirements in the NPR.
    Based on level of effort, CPSC estimates a one-time redesign at 400 
hours of professional staff time per model, including in-house testing 
of the prototypes.\89\ Using Bureau of Labor Statistics (BLS) Employer 
Costs of Employee Compensation,\90\ the estimated cost per supplier for 
labor, at a current cost for professional labor of $62.65 per hour, is 
$25,060 (which can be rounded to $25,000 for the purpose of this cost 
estimate). Given that many bassinets have metal or molded plastic 
parts, new molds or metal templates may be required. These materials 
costs for prototyping are estimated to be up to $10,000, with up to 
$100,000 for new molds or templates for the eventual final design if 
those are required. Therefore, CPSC estimates the total cost of 
redesign is approximately $35,000 to $125,000 per model, with a 
midpoint estimate of $80,000.
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    \89\ This reflects an estimate of 10 weeks of professional 
engineering, design, and testing staff time per model. While a 
redesign of one product could take less effort, this estimate 
reflects that an iterative process with multiple attempts to meet 
the NPR requirements may be required. This estimate also reflects 
time to design the molds or templates to scale up for commercial 
production.
    \90\ https://www.bls.gov/news.release/archives/ecec_03172023.pdf. These costs reflect the employers' cost for 
salaries, wages, and benefits for civilian workers in December 2022.
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

    In many cases, the redesign cost would not be significant. For 
example, redesigning mesh sides or making a mattress firmer would not 
require significant expenses or new templates or molds. Also, changing 
a resting side angle tilt from 7 degrees to 1 degree may be a minor 
redesign for models without motorized movements. Making a short rigid 
bassinet that otherwise meets all the stability and structural 
requirements a few inches taller may also not require a significant 
redesign. Modifying a bedside sleeper/bassinet combination product to 
remove the lowest height settings below 15 inches would not require a 
significant redesign. Some companies may offer a wide selection of 
fabric coverings and attachments such as canopies and toy bars on 
structurally similar models where the cost of redesign per model could 
be less for structurally similar models from the same supplier. In some 
cases, the redesign of a stroller bassinet or Moses basket to achieve 
compliance could involve requiring it to be sold only with the stroller 
or stand, which might require redesigning the packaging. Many bassinet 
designs are physically similar, so it is possible that smaller 
manufacturers will be able to learn from innovative redesign solutions 
by other manufacturers. Redesigning a mattress to be a compliant 
thickness and shape to fit a specific bassinet product should not 
require iterative prototyping or changes in production inputs. If a 
thick mattress is redesigned in a way that uses less material, the cost 
of production might be less in the long term. In most cases, 
redesigning an after-market mattress will also require redesigning the 
marketing and packaging to specify which bassinet product it fits with 
the required maximum ``gap.''
    Many manufacturers have outsourced production to Asia, but design 
their products in North America, thus reflecting U.S. labor and 
materials costs for prototype designs. Manufacturers with a range of 
physically similar products may be able to reduce the design cost per 
model. However, smaller manufacturers would be less likely to be able 
to benefit from such economies of scale. For example, a large 
manufacturer may have several dozen play yard models with bassinet 
inserts or attachments, while a smaller manufacturer may have only one 
or two such models. While importers would not directly pay for the cost 
of redesign, the cost of redesign by others would almost certainly be 
reflected in the wholesale price. Small importers are less likely than 
large importers to have the market power to negotiate wholesale prices.
    CPSC considers one percent of revenue to be a ``significant'' 
economic impact, consistent with other federal government agencies. 
Eighty thousand dollars would be one percent of revenue for a firm with 
$8 million in revenue, which would represent sales of about 80,000 
units at a retail price of $100. Given that there are more than 250 
models in this market, with annual sales for the whole industry 
estimated at 3.1 million units per year, the average number of sales 
per model is estimated at less than 12,500 units. Thus, the cost could 
be significant for small U.S. firms with limited sales volume whose 
products are not compliant with the new requirements. However, no small 
firms appear to have bassinets as their only product, so the cost of 
bassinet redesign could be less significant when the revenues from 
other products are considered. CPSC estimates that 19 small U.S. 
manufacturers and nine U.S. importers supplying about 70 different 
models may need to redesign some or all of their products or remove 
them from the market. CPSC also estimates that the cost could be 
significant for some of those small firms, depending on their revenue 
from other products and on how much redesign is required.
    With an estimated 70 bassinet models from 28 small U.S. businesses 
that need to be redesigned, at $80,000 per model, the total cost for 
all small U.S. entities is estimated at about $5.6 million for redesign 
only in the first year after that the proposed rule would be published. 
While cosmetic redesigns each year are typical in this industry, the 
structural redesigns required by this proposed rule would not have 
occurred in the status quo. Therefore, they should properly be 
considered a cost of the rule, and not routine costs. The ongoing cost 
of compliance after the first year that the final rule is in effect is 
expected to be minimal for materials and labor, as the redesigned 
products would likely use the same types of materials and production 
methods as current products. There may be additional,

[[Page 27273]]

indirect costs as a result of this proposed rule, such as redesigning 
packaging to accommodate different physical designs, or increased 
shipping costs for larger products. As noted earlier, there may be 
additional costs for suppliers of infant sleep products that are 
compliant with the current ISP rule but will require modification to 
comply with the final rule that will follow this NPR. CPSC analysis 
indicates that there will likely not be a substantial number of 
impacted small ISP suppliers, as many short, small products in scope of 
the ISP regulation (that are not bassinets) have been recalled or 
voluntarily removed from the market since the ISP rule was published.
    In addition to these estimates of the cost to small businesses, the 
estimated total cost to the bassinet industry for compliance with the 
proposed rule in the first year is approximately $10.25 million. This 
estimate is based on $80,000 in redesign costs per model, times 125 
models (about half the existing models), which is $10 million, plus 
another $1000 per model for testing, times 250 models, which is 
$250,000. This amount is the incremental cost for bassinets/cradles to 
comply with the proposed rule, above the cost of complying with the 
current rule. Therefore, this estimate does not include packaging, 
shipping, labeling, or marketing costs, because those would be costs 
suppliers would already be incurring to comply with the existing part 
1218.
    After-Market Bassinet Mattresses: The majority of after-market 
bassinet mattress on the market appear to be not compliant with this 
rule because the mattress is thicker than specified in this NPR, and/or 
the mattress is not marketed to be used with a specific product for 
which the fit has been verified. No after-market mattresses currently 
on the market have the required warning label. There are hundreds of 
suppliers, many of which appear to be small U.S.-based importers and 
handcrafters. The cost of modifying an after-market mattress design is 
expected to take 200 hours of time at an estimated hourly rate of 
$62.65 according to BLS Employer Costs of Compensation for professional 
labor, which equates to approximately $12,500 per model. For crafters, 
the redesign may be as simple as purchasing different filling and 
cutting to the appropriate size, and adding a warning label, in which 
case the cost of redesign could be less than $12,500. If a thick 
mattress is redesigned in a way that uses less material, the cost of 
production might decrease in the long term.
    For after-market mattresses suppliers, $12,500 would be one percent 
of revenue for a firm with $1.25 million in revenue, which would 
represent sales of about 41,667 units. Given that there are hundreds of 
models in this market, with annual sales for the whole industry 
estimated at 680,000 units per year, the average number of sales per 
model is far less than 41,667 units. Thus, the cost for a one-time 
redesign could be significant for small U.S. manufacturing firms, 
particularly hand crafters, with limited sales of after-market 
mattresses. However, if crafters can make their product compliant by 
simply using thinner foam, their cost of redesign might be less than 
$12,500. Small mattress manufacturers would likely not have bassinet 
mattresses as their only product, so the cost of redesign could be less 
than one percent of their total revenue from all products combined. For 
importers, foreign manufacturers will likely spread the redesign cost 
across a large number of units so that the impact on importers is not 
significant. In addition, most importers do not have bassinet 
mattresses as their only product.
    For after-market mattress suppliers, the cost to U.S.-based 
importers could be minimal, if their foreign suppliers spread the cost 
of redesign across many units. For example, if a foreign manufacturer 
redesigns a model at a cost of $12,500, and sells 10,000 units to U.S. 
importers, the cost per model of the redesign is $1.25. It would not be 
a significant cost for the importer if their supplier raises the price 
by just over one dollar on an item that retails for $35. It is also 
likely that importer would be able to raise the retail price by $1.25 
without reducing demand for the product. Similarly, if crafters can 
source a thinner foam material easily, their cost of redesign may be 
minimal. As noted earlier, the cost of a warning label is expected to 
be less than $1 per unit. Assuming that 50 small manufacturers have to 
redesign their product at a cost of $12,500, the total cost to U.S. 
small manufacturers for redesign would be about $625,000 in the first 
year that the rule is effective. This cost may not be significant for 
some small manufacturers, particularly if they manufacture and/or 
import other products, which is common, and therefore they can cover at 
least some of the cost of redesign with revenue from other products.
    In addition to these estimates of the cost to small businesses, the 
estimated total cost to the after-market bassinet mattress industry for 
compliance with the proposed rule in the first year is approximately 
$4.05 million, comprised of $12,500 per model in redesign costs, times 
300 models (nearly all the existing models), which is $3.75 million, 
plus another $1000 per model for testing, times 300 models, which is 
$300,000. This amount is the total cost for after-market to comply with 
the proposed rule, above the cost of complying with any other 
applicable CPSC regulations such as those for lead and phthalate 
content.
2. Products That May Be Removed From the Market, Cost of Discontinuing 
Products
    The cost estimate in the previous sections assumes that all non-
compliant products supplied by small U.S. entities would be redesigned. 
A similarly significant impact could occur for small firms if products 
are instead removed from the market, causing small companies to lose 
sales revenue from those products. For in-bed sleepers, the performance 
requirements are intended to discourage use on an elevated or soft 
surface, and it is likely that all in-bed sleepers would be removed 
from the market rather than redesigned. Two small U.S. manufacturers 
and two U.S. importers (included in the count above of 28 impacted U.S. 
small businesses) currently sell such products that are less than 27 
inches tall, as well as more than a dozen foreign direct shippers.
    Stroller bassinets could be redesigned to meet the requirements of 
the standard, because some soft-sided stroller bassinets already 
collapse/fold so they cannot be used off the stroller as a bassinet. 
Some are already sold only with the stroller, so that the stroller 
itself provides the compliant side/rail height, or so they could be re-
packaged to be sold only with the stroller. However, some non-compliant 
rigid stroller bassinets may be removed from the market rather than 
redesigned to be 27 inches tall, sold only with the stroller, or 
designed to collapse/fold when not on the stroller. Three small U.S. 
manufacturers and five small importers currently sell such products, as 
well as more than a dozen foreign direct shippers and foreign companies 
with U.S. distributors.
    Outdoor bassinets or ``play pens'' that are too short to meet the 
play yard mandatory standard and have short legs or no legs could be 
redesigned to meet the requirements of either this standard or the play 
yard standard. However, they may be removed from the market instead, as 
redesigning them to meet either standard would involve making them 10 
to 16 inches taller. Two small U.S. manufacturers currently sell such 
product, as well as multiple large and foreign companies.

[[Page 27274]]

    Compliant after-market mattresses will serve the same consumer need 
as non-compliant mattresses. Therefore, it is unlikely that they will 
be removed from the market rather than redesigned, except for a few 
handcrafter firms for which the redesign cost could be significant. 
Even a very small manufacturer with limited sales may be able to raise 
the retail price to partially cover the one-time cost of redesign. 
However, after-market mattresses suppliers will no longer be able to 
market their products for use with a generic bassinet because of the 
gap requirement (which requires a close fit between the bassinet and 
mattress). The demand for mattresses of a specific bassinet product may 
be lower than the demand for mattresses for generic/universal fit, 
therefore the rule could contribute to an overall decrease in demand 
for after-market mattresses and result in some firms exiting the 
market.
3. Third Party Testing Costs
    This NPR would require manufacturers and importers of bassinets to 
comply with its performance requirements and demonstrate that 
compliance through third party testing. As specified in 16 CFR part 
1109, entities that are not manufacturers of children's products, such 
as importers, may rely on the certificate of compliance provided by 
others. Manufacturers and importers of after-market bassinet mattresses 
would also be required to demonstrate compliance through third party 
testing.
    While this proposed rule would require all manufacturers and 
importers of bassinets to arrange and pay for third party testing, this 
should not be a new cost for any supplier because they are already 
required to conduct third party testing on their products to comply 
with the current version of the CPSC mandatory safety standard as 
specified in part 1218. In addition, 22 of the suppliers are members of 
the JPMA certification testing program, which provides discounted third 
party testing to CPSC and ASTM standards. JPMA currently has 22 member 
companies that are certified specifically for bassinet/cradles, 
including companies that manufacture or import stroller bassinets and 
play yard bassinet attachments. JPMA's program requires annual testing, 
as well as more frequent testing when the product design has been 
updated or the underlying standard has been revised.
    Third party testing will be a new requirement for suppliers of 
after-market mattresses. Based on testing costs for other consumer 
products, testing could be $500 to $1000 per model, for the relatively 
simple tests to confirm thickness and fit. Given that mattresses may 
already require testing for compliance with other CPSC requirements for 
lead and phthalates content, the incremental cost of testing to this 
rule may be less as part of a bundled testing price.
    The NPR would require new tests for sidewall integrity, mattress 
firmness, side-to-side tilt, and sleep surface incline for bassinets, 
and would require the use of new equipment during testing, including a 
metal plate to measure side tilt and a tool to test mattress firmness. 
The NPR proposes an effective date 180 days after publication of the 
final rule, giving suppliers limited time to test to the new standard. 
Annual testing costs for bassinets may rise by $100 to $200 per model, 
to pay for one to two hours of additional laboratory personnel time to 
test and document the testing results per model. Given the 180-day 
proposed effective date of the rule, it is possible that companies 
would be able to replace their annual testing for the current standard 
with the testing required for this standard without having to conduct 
an extra testing cycle.

F. Efforts To Minimize Impact, Alternatives Considered

    The RFA specifies that the IRFA should describe alternatives to the 
proposed rule which accomplish the rule's objective but minimize the 
economic impact to small entities. Exempting small entities from this 
rule or parts of this rule would not be consistent with the applicable 
statutes, because this is a safety rule for durable infant or toddler 
products. 15 U.S.C. 2063(d)(4)(C). The statute allows CPSC to provide 
``small batch'' exemptions to testing requirements or alternative 
requirements for small providers of certain products, but not durable 
infant or toddler products. The proposed rule does not have design 
requirements, so CPSC has already provided performance requirements 
rather than a design standard. CPSC considered several alternatives to 
this rule to minimize the impact on small entities, including:
     Not revising the mandatory standard;
     Incorporating the ASTM 2022[egr]\1\ standard by reference 
without modifications; and
     A later effective date.
    Not revising the mandatory standard: Part 1218 currently 
incorporates the 2013 version of the ASTM standard by reference, with 
some additional requirements. Section 104(b)(2) of the CPSIA requires 
CPSC to ``periodically review and revise the standards set forth under 
this subsection to ensure that such standards provide the highest level 
of safety for such products that is feasible.'' Given CPSC's statutory 
mandate, and continuing incidents associated with bassinets/cradles as 
described in section III of this preamble, the Commission has decided 
to prioritize the safety of infant sleep products ensuring that infant 
sleep products provide a firm, flat, sleep surface and that caregivers 
are discouraged from using bassinets/cradles on unsafe elevated and 
soft surfaces.
    The current bassinet standard only specifies that a product must 
have legs, a base, or a stand, without specifying any specific height 
for the bassinet, which has led to a proliferation of ``compact'' or 
``floor'' bassinets that can foreseeably be misused on elevated and 
soft surfaces. In addition, this means some in-bed sleepers and 
``travel beds'' with very short legs and soft sides may be compliant 
with the current bassinet standard and the ISP rule. If CPSC does not 
revise the mandatory bassinet standard, suppliers could offer in-bed 
sleepers with one inch tall ``feet'' and meet the standard with a 
product shorter than 10 inches at the top rail. In addition, the 
current regulation does not include after-market bassinet mattresses in 
scope, nor are those products included in the scope of the crib 
mattress regulation. Therefore, if CPSC did not revise the mandatory 
standard, suppliers could continue to offer thick, soft after-market 
mattresses marketed to fit an unspecified (generic) bassinet or cradle, 
with an unknown gap between the mattress and the sidewall.
    While not revising the mandatory standard would have no impact on 
U.S. small businesses, it would not address the known hazards. Most of 
the small bassinets and in-bed sleepers currently on the market are not 
supplied by small U.S. businesses, but rather by foreign businesses and 
particularly foreign direct shippers, so the impact of this rule on 
small U.S. businesses is limited.
    Incorporating the ASTM 2022[egr]1 standard by reference without 
modifications, or waiting for ASTM to make additional modifications: 
The Commission considered incorporating the ASTM 2022[egr]\1\ standard 
by reference, and unanimously voted against doing so. The Commission 
reached this decision after considering staff's analysis that the 
requirements for ``compact bassinets'' in the 2022 version of the 
standard are less stringent and less safe than the current standard. 
Since the Commission's decision, ASTM has continued to meet to consider 
additional revisions to the standard to address the Commission's

[[Page 27275]]

concerns. However, to date, ASTM has not issued a ballot to revise the 
voluntary standard. CPSC is unsure whether such a ballot would include 
revisions consistent with this NPR. Based on this uncertainty, the 
Commission is choosing to move forward with rulemaking. While waiting 
for ASTM would delay the impact on small businesses, it would not 
necessarily reduce the impact, depending on the stringency of ASTM's 
revisions.
    A later effective date: The recommended effective date for the 
final rule is 180 days after publication in the Federal Register. This 
is consistent with other CPSIA section 104 rules, and with JPMA's 
certification program, which generally allows manufacturers 180 days to 
comply with a newly published standard. A longer effective date period 
of one year after publication would reduce the burden on entities of 
all sizes by allowing more time to redesign and test products. Several 
hundred products from more than 100 companies would need to test to 
this standard, and there are currently 41 test labs accredited to the 
current bassinet standard. In addition, test labs will need to become 
accredited to the new standard before any product can be tested to this 
standard. Smaller companies are less likely to have the resources to 
quickly redesign products than larger ones, and some of the small U.S. 
companies that have products in scope of this proposed rule have 
multiple products that do not appear to meet the new performance 
requirements. However, given that many products already meet the 
proposed requirements, many labs are already accepted to test the 
existing bassinet standard and after-market mattresses, and providing a 
longer effective date would allow the hazards of current bassinets/
cradles to continue for a longer period of time, the Commission 
proposes a 180-day effective date for the final rule.

G. Impact on Testing Labs

    In accordance with section 14 of the CPSA, all children's products 
that are subject to a children's product safety rule must be tested for 
compliance by a third-party conformity assessment body that has been 
accredited by CPSC. Testing laboratories that conduct this testing must 
meet the Notice of Requirements (NOR) for third party conformity 
testing. CPSC has codified NORs in 16 CFR part 1112.
    If finalized, the rule should not have an adverse impact on testing 
laboratories. CPSC is not proposing to amend part 1112 because 
bassinets/cradles are already part of that rule. Also, third party labs 
will not require new testing equipment for the modifications described 
in the NPR, other than a mattress firmness testing device and a metal 
plate to measure resting side tilt. The instrument for measuring 
mattress firmness is the same one specified in the regulation for crib 
mattresses. No laboratory is required to provide testing services. The 
only laboratories that would be expected to provide such services are 
laboratories that anticipate receiving sufficient revenue from the 
mandated testing to justify procuring the testing equipment and 
obtaining accreditation. However, CPSC expects that most of the 
existing 41 labs accredited to test bassinets would request updated 
accreditation because they are already accredited and have met the NOR 
for the current standard. Also, most laboratories are not small U.S. 
businesses; more than 30 of those labs are in Asia or Europe.

IX. Environmental Consideration

    The Commission's regulations address whether the agency is required 
to prepare an environmental assessment or an environmental impact 
statement. Under these regulations, certain categories of CPSC actions 
normally have ``little or no potential for affecting the human 
environment,'' and therefore do not require an environmental assessment 
or an environmental impact statement. Safety standards providing 
performance and labeling requirements for consumer products come under 
this categorical exclusion. 16 CFR 1021.5(c)(1). The NPR falls within 
the categorical exclusion.

X. Paperwork Reduction Act

    This proposed rule for bassinets and cradles contains information 
collection requirements that are subject to public comment and review 
by the Office of Management and Budget (``OMB'') under the Paperwork 
Reduction Act of 1995 (44 U.S.C. 3501-3521). In this document, pursuant 
to 44 U.S.C. 3507(a)(1)(D), we set forth a:
     Title for the collection of information;
     Summary of the collection of information;
     Brief description of the need for the information and the 
proposed use of the information;
     Description of the likely respondents and proposed 
frequency of response to the collection of information;
     Estimate of the burden that shall result from the 
collection of information; and
     Notice that comments may be submitted to the OMB.
    Title: Safety Standard for Bassinets and Cradles
    Description: As described in section V.C of this preamble, the 
proposed rule would update the existing labeling and instruction 
requirements for bassinets and cradles, which has an OMB control number 
(3041-0159). This NPR would also add after-market bassinet mattresses 
to the scope of the rule and require new labeling. CPSC will seek a new 
OMB control number for this update and then move the revised estimate 
into control number 3041-0159 in the next PRA update for Children's 
Products. The NPR proposes that bassinets and cradles meet the 
requirements of ASTM F2194--22\e1\, Standard Consumer Safety 
Specification for Bassinets and Cradles, with the proposed additional 
requirements and modifications summarized in section V of this 
preamble. Sections 8 and 9 of ASTM F2194--22\e1\ contain requirements 
for marking, labeling, and instructional literature. These requirements 
fall within the definition of ``collection of information,'' as defined 
in 44 U.S.C. 3502(3).
    Description of Respondents: Persons who manufacture or import 
bassinets, cradles, and after-market mattresses for bassinets/cradles. 
Over 120 firms supply more than 250 models of bassinets to the U.S. 
market. Based on an evaluation of suppliers, most of the U.S.-based 
manufacturers and importers are small companies, using SBA size 
standards. In addition, hundreds of firms supply after-market bassinet 
mattresses to the U.S. market, including many small importers and hand-
crafters in the U.S., as well as foreign direct shippers.
    Estimated Burden: The estimated burden of this collection of 
information is as follows:

[[Page 27276]]



                                                       Table 5--Estimated Annual Reporting Burden
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
                                                                        Number of       Frequency of     Total annual      Hours per       Total burden
                            Burden type                                respondents       responses        responses         response          hours
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Labeling and instructions..........................................             220                2              440                2              880
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------

    This estimate is based on the following: CPSC estimates there are 
220 suppliers that would respond to this collection annually, and that 
the majority of these entities would be considered small businesses. 
CPSC assumes that on average each firm that reports annually would 
respond twice, as product models for bassinets and cradles are brought 
to market and new labeling and instruction materials are created, for a 
total of 440 responses annually (220 respondents x 2 responses per 
year). CPSC assumes that on average it will take one hour for each 
respondent to create the required label and one hour for them to create 
the required instructions, for an average response burden of two hours 
per response. Therefore, the total burden hours for the collection is 
estimated to be 880 hours annually (440 responses x 2 hours per 
response = 880 total burden hours).
    CPSC uses $37.87 \91\ from BLS as the hourly compensation for the 
time required to create and update labeling and instructions. 
Therefore, the estimated annual cost of the burden requirements is 
$33,326 ($37.87 per hour x 880 hours = $33,325.60). No operating, 
maintenance, or capital costs are associated with the collection. Based 
on this analysis, the proposed revisions to the standard would impose a 
burden to industry of 880 hours at a cost of $33,326 annually.
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

    \91\ U.S. Bureau of Labor Statistics, ``Employer Costs for 
Employee Compensation,'' September 2023, Table 4, total compensation 
for all sales and office workers in goods-producing private 
industries: https://www.bls.gov/news.release/archives/ecec_12152023.pdf.
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

    In compliance with the Paperwork Reduction Act of 1995 (44 U.S.C. 
3507(d)), we have submitted the information collection requirements of 
this rule to the OMB for review. Interested persons are requested to 
submit comments regarding information collection by June 17, 2024, to 
the Office of Information and Regulatory Affairs, OMB (see the 
ADDRESSES section at the beginning of this proposed rule).
    Pursuant to 44 U.S.C. 3506(c)(2)(A), we invite comments on:
    [ssquf] Whether the collection of information is necessary for the 
proper performance of the CPSC's functions, including whether the 
information will have practical utility;
    [ssquf] The accuracy of the CPSC's estimate of the burden of the 
proposed collection of information, including the validity of the 
methodology and assumptions used;
    [ssquf] Ways to enhance the quality, utility, and clarity of the 
information to be collected;
    [ssquf] Ways to reduce the burden of the collection of information 
on respondents, including the use of automated collection techniques, 
when appropriate, and other forms of information technology; and
    [ssquf] The estimated burden hours associated with label 
modification, including any alternative estimates.

XI. Preemption

    Section 26(a) of the CPSA, 15 U.S.C. 2075(a), states that when a 
consumer product safety standard is in effect and applies to a product, 
no state or political subdivision of a state may either establish or 
continue in effect a standard or regulation that prescribes 
requirements for the performance, composition, contents, design, 
finish, construction, packaging, or labeling of such product dealing 
with the same risk of injury unless the state requirement is identical 
to the Federal standard. Section 104(b) of the CPSIA refers to the 
rules to be issued as ``consumer product safety rules.'' Therefore, the 
preemption provision of section 26(a) of the CPSA would apply to a 
revised rule for bassinets and cradles.

XII. Certification and Notice of Requirements

    Section 14(a) of the CPSA imposes the requirement that products 
subject to a consumer product safety rule under the CPSA, or to a 
similar rule, ban, standard, or regulation under any other act enforced 
by the Commission, must be certified as complying with all applicable 
CPSC-enforced requirements. 15 U.S.C. 2063(a). Section 14(a)(2) of the 
CPSA requires that certification of children's products subject to a 
children's product safety rule be based on testing conducted by a CPSC-
accepted third party conformity assessment body. Section 14(a)(3) of 
the CPSA requires the Commission to publish an NOR for the 
accreditation of third-party conformity assessment bodies (or 
laboratories) to assess conformity with a children's product safety 
rule to which a children's product is subject. The Commission already 
issued an NOR for bassinets/cradles in 2013 when the existing rule was 
promulgated.
    Test laboratories applying for acceptance as a CPSC-accepted third 
party conformity assessment body to test to the revised standard for 
bassinets/cradles would be required to meet the third-party conformity 
assessment body accreditation requirements in part 1112. Testing 
laboratories should not be adversely impacted as a result of this rule. 
Approximately 41 third party testing laboratories are CPSC-accepted to 
test compliance with part 1218. Staff expects that these labs will 
become accredited and CPSC-accepted to test to a revised bassinet 
standard in the normal course of business. No new testing equipment is 
required for the modifications described in the NPR, other than a 
mattress firmness testing device, and a metal plate to measure resting 
side tilt. The instrument for measuring mattress firmness is the same 
as specified in the regulation for crib mattresses; 11 of 12 
laboratories that are CPSC-accepted to conduct crib mattress testing 
are also accredited to test requirements for bassinets/cradles. CPSC 
expects that these laboratories will be able to test to a new rule in a 
short time period. Furthermore, no laboratory is required to provide 
testing services. The only laboratories that are expected to provide 
such services are those that anticipate receiving sufficient revenue 
from the mandated testing to justify procuring the testing equipment 
and obtaining accreditation.

XIII. Request for Comments

[[Page 27277]]

    This proposed rule is part of a rulemaking proceeding under section 
104(b)(2) of the CPSIA to revise the consumer product safety standard 
for bassinets and cradles to ensure that this standard provides the 
highest level of safety that is feasible. The Commission requests 
comments on the proposal to incorporate by reference ASTM F2194-
22[egr]\1\, with the modifications discussed in sections IV and V of 
this preamble. The Commission also requests comments on the proposed 
effective date, and any aspect of this proposal. During the comment 
period, ASTM F2194-22[egr]\1\ is available as a read-only document at: 
http://www.astm.org/cpsc.htm. Comments should be submitted in 
accordance with the instructions in the ADDRESSES section at the 
beginning of this document.
    Specifically, CPSC requests comment on the following topics:

A. Proposed Side Height Requirements

    1. Is the proposed requirement for a minimum 27-inch external side/
rail height feasible? Please provide any rationale, data, tests, and/or 
scientific studies to support your comment.
    2. Will the 27-inch proposed external side/rail height requirement 
address the hazard of using the bassinet on an elevated surface such as 
a bed or sofa? Is there a different height that can better address the 
same hazard?
    3. Does the 27-inch proposed external side/rail height requirement 
cause a reduced utility, such as reduced portability, and would this 
impact safety in a negative manner?
    4. Will the 27-inch proposed external side/rail height requirement 
impact bedside sleepers that are designed to fit lower to the ground 
adult beds?
    5. Should an exemption to the 27-inch proposed external side/rail 
height requirement be included for bedside sleepers because they are 
designed to be used next to the adult bed and not on top of the adult 
bed?
    6. Are there studies, surveys or anecdotal consumer feedback that 
show the 16-inch external side/rail height set by ASTM F2194-22 
[egr]\1\ will discourage use on elevated surfaces including an adult 
bed?
    7. Are there other potential requirements, such as leg designs, to 
address the hazard of using the bassinet on an elevated surface?
    8. Should a defined ``stand'' be required to discourage use on an 
elevated surface?

B. Proposed Requirements For a Minimum 15-Inch Occupant Sleep Surface 
Height

    1. Will the proposed minimum 15-inch occupant sleep surface height 
requirement address the hazard of using the bassinet on an elevated 
surface such as a bed or sofa? If not, is there a more adequate 
occupant sleep surface height and why?
    2. Are there any other performance requirements needed for 
bassinets that have a 27-inch external side/rail height and 15-inch 
occupant sleep surface height?

C. Proposed Side Wall Rigidity Requirements

    1. Are the proposed side wall rigidity requirements adequate to 
address the risks of suffocation and falls from products?
    2. Are there any other performance requirements CPSC should 
consider to address the risks of suffocation and falls?

D. Proposed Mattress Firmness Requirements

    1. Are the proposed mattress firmness requirements adequate to 
address the risk of suffocation?
    2. Are there any other performance requirements CPSC should 
consider to address the risk of suffocation?

E. Firmness Requirements for Soft Sided Bassinets

    1. Should CPSC propose side firmness requirements to address 
infants rolling their face into the side of a bassinet?
    2. If side firmness testing is necessary, what test method would 
adequately evaluate side firmness?

F. Proposed Tilt and Incline Limitation Requirements

    1. Is a 0-degree limitation on the side-to-side tilt of a bassinet, 
with a maximum tilt angle limit not to exceed one degree (a tolerance 
limit) for each direction independently (0  1[deg]) 
feasible? If not, what angle/tolerance is feasible, please provide 
data.
    2. Is the maximum 10-degree head to toe angle limitation adequate 
to address chin to chest incidents and any other hazard patterns?
    3. The proposed test method would require that the side-to-side 
tilt test be conducted on all sides of the bassinet, if the unit is 
circular, square, or has no obvious lateral sides. Would it improve 
safety to require that bassinets wide enough to allow an infant to 
sleep sideways be tested for side-to-side tilt in each position that a 
baby could be placed? If so, what would be the appropriate width for 
such a consideration?

G. Inclusion of After-Market Bassinet/Cradle Mattresses Within the 
Scope of the NPR

    1. Is the proposed warning label for after-market bassinet 
mattresses appropriate?
    2. Is the estimated annual sales volume in the IRFA (section VIII 
of this preamble) accurate? If not, please provide any information that 
would validate a different estimate on the rate of after-market 
mattress sales (number of units sold per year).

H. Proposed Warning Label Requirements for Bassinets/Cradles

    1. Are the proposed warnings adequate to address the hazards 
associated with bassinets/cradles and after-market bassinet mattresses? 
Should CPSC consider additional warnings?
    2. Section 8.6.2.6 of ASTM F2194-22[egr]1 requires a 
specific statement warning consumers not to carry infants in bassinets/
cradles constructed of cardboard; should all bassinets have this 
statement except those that meet 16 CFR part 1225, Safety Standard for 
Hand-Held Infant Carriers?

I. Initial Regulatory Flexibility Analysis and Other Topics

    1. Significant impact. Is CPSC's estimated cost of redesign to 
achieve compliance accurate? If not, please provide additional 
information and support for your proposed correction. Also, do the 
estimated costs represent more than one percent of annual revenue for 
individual small U.S. manufacturers and importers?
    2. Testing costs. Will third party testing costs for bassinets 
increase as a result of the requirements in this NPR, and if so, by how 
much?
    3. Testing costs. Is CPSC's estimated third party testing costs for 
after-market mattresses accurate? If not, please provide supporting 
data, and the extent to which this cost will impact small businesses.
    4. Effective date of 6 months. How much time is required to come 
into compliance with a final rule (including product compliance and 
third party testing)? Please provide supporting data with your comment, 
particularly from small businesses.
    5. Alternatives to reduce the impact on small businesses. Are there 
any alternatives to the rule that could reduce the impact on small 
businesses without reducing safety? Please provide supporting data with 
your comment, particularly addressing small businesses.

[[Page 27278]]

J. Feasibility

    1. Are the proposed requirements in this NPR feasible, both 
technically and economically?
    2. What would be the total cost to industry of implementing this 
rule? Please be specific about labor and/or materials costs to redesign 
products, and costs of third party testing.
    3. Will complying with this rule increase the costs of production 
or the retail price of bassinets? Why? By how much?
    4. Will complying with this rule permanently increase the costs of 
production or the retail price of after-market bassinet mattresses? 
Why? By how much?

List of Subjects in 16 CFR Part 1218

    Consumer protection, Imports, Incorporation by reference, Infants 
and children, Labeling, Law enforcement, Toys.
    For the reasons discussed in the preamble, the Commission proposes 
to amend title 16 of the Code of Federal Regulations as follows:

PART 1218--SAFETY STANDARD FOR BASSINETS AND CRADLES

0
1. Revise the authority citation for part 1218 to read as follows:

    Authority:  15 U.S.C. 2056a.
0
2. Revise Sec.  1218.2 to read as follows:


Sec.  1218.2  Requirements for bassinets and cradles.

    (a) Except as provided in paragraph (b) of this section, each 
bassinet and cradle must comply with all applicable provisions of ASTM 
F2194-22[egr]\1\, Standard Consumer Safety Specification for Bassinets 
and Cradles (approved on July 15, 2022). The Director of the Federal 
Register approves this incorporation by reference in accordance with 5 
U.S.C. 552(a) and 1 CFR part 51. This material is available for 
inspection at the U.S. Consumer Product Safety Commission and at the 
National Archives and Records Administration (NARA). Contact the U.S. 
Consumer Product Safety Commission at: the Office of the Secretary, 
U.S. Consumer Product Safety Commission, 4330 East West Highway, 
Bethesda, MD 20814, telephone (301) 504-7479, email: [email protected]. 
For information on the availability of this material at NARA, email 
[email protected], or go to: www.archives.gov/federal-register/cfr/ibr-locations.html. A free, read-only copy of the standard is 
available for viewing on the ASTM website at https://www.astm.org/READINGLIBRARY/. You may also obtain a copy from ASTM International, 
100 Barr Harbor Drive, PO Box C700, West Conshohocken, PA 19428-2959; 
phone: (610) 832-9585; www.astm.org.
    (b) Comply with the ASTM F2194-22F2194--22[egr]\1\ standard with 
the following additions or exclusions:
    (1) Instead of complying with section 1.3.1 through 1.3.1.5 of ASTM 
F2194-22[egr]\1\, comply with the following:
    (i) 1.3.1 Examples of Products under the Scope.
    (ii) 1.3.1.1 Bassinets, cradles, and after-market mattresses for 
bassinets and cradles.
    (iii) 1.3.1.2 Cradle swings with an incline less than or equal to 
10[deg] from horizontal while in the rest (non-rocking) position.
    (iv) 1.3.1.3 Multi-use products when they are in the bassinet/
cradle use mode as defined in 3.1.1.
    (v) 1.3.1.4 Bassinet/cradle accessories to products when removed 
from the product and used in the bassinet/cradle mode. See 3.1.2 for an 
example.
    (vi) 1.3.1.5 Bassinet/cradle features for carriage/stroller when 
removed from the carriage/stroller and used in the bassinet/cradle 
mode.
    (2) Do not comply with sections 1.3.2 through 1.3.2.3 of ASTM 
F2194-22[egr]\1\.
    (3) Renumber sections 3.1.1, 3.1.1.1, 3.1.1.2, 3.1.1.3, and 3.1.1.4 
of ASTM F2194-22[egr]\1\ to sections 3.1.2, 3.1.2.1, 3.1.2.2, 3.1.2.3, 
and 3.1.2.4.
    (4) Insert a new section 3.1.1 and 3.1.1.1 of ASTM F2194-
22[egr]\1\:
    (i) 3.1.1 After-market mattress, n--a mattress sold or distributed 
for a bassinet or cradle.
    (ii) 3.1.1.1 Discussion--This does not include a replacement 
mattress provided or sold by an original equipment manufacturer (OEM) 
if, and only if, it is equivalent with respect to dimensions, and 
specifications to the mattress that was provided with the original 
product.
    (5) Instead of complying with the newly designated section 3.1.2 of 
ASTM F2194-22[egr]\1\, comply with the following:
    (i) 3.1.2 bassinet/cradle, n--small bed that provides sleeping 
accommodations for infants, supported by free standing legs, a 
stationary base/stand/frame, a wheeled base, a rocking base, or a base 
which can swing relative to a stationary base.
    (ii) Note to paragraph (b)(5)(i) of this section--Rationale--the 
definition was modified to clarify that bassinets can have a variety of 
bases. The 10-degree sleep surface was moved into the performance 
requirement section.
    (6) Instead of complying with section 3.1.3 and 3.1.3.1 of ASTM 
F2194-22[egr]\1\, comply with the following:
    (i) 3.1.3 bassinet/cradle accessory, n--a supported sleep surface 
that attaches to a crib or play yard designed to convert the product 
into a bassinet/cradle.
    (ii) [Reserved]
    (7) Instead of complying with section 5.14 of ASTM F2194-
22[egr]\1\, comply with the following:
    (i) 5.14 If the bassinet/cradle product can be converted into 
another product for which a mandatory consumer product safety standard 
exists, the product shall comply with the applicable requirements of 
the consumer product safety standard when in that use mode.
    (ii) [Reserved]
    (8) Instead of complying with section 6.4.1 of ASTM F2194-
22[egr]\1\, comply with the following:
    (i) 6.4.1 Stability--Bassinet/cradle--A product in all 
manufacturer's recommended use positions, including positions where the 
locks are engaged for preventing rocking/swinging motion of the 
sleeping surface, shall not tip over and shall retain the CAMI dummy 
when tested in accordance with 7.4.1.
    (ii) [Reserved]
    (9) Remove section 6.4.2 of ASTM F2194-22[egr]\1\.
    (10) Instead of complying with section 6.10.2 of ASTM F2194-
22[egr]\1\, comply with the following:
    (i) 6.10.2 The arithmetic mean of the rest angle measurements shall 
not exceed 1 degree when calculated for each rock/swing direction 
independently, when tested in accordance with 7.10.
    (ii) [Reserved]
    (11) Add section 6.12 to ASTM F2194-22[egr]\1\:
    (i) 6.12 Product and Bassinet/Mattress Support Height.
    (ii) 6.12.1 The lowest top side/rail shall be at minimum 27 inches 
from the floor.
    (iii) 6.12.2 The mattress support height shall be at least 15 
inches from the floor to the bottom of the mattress support surface.
    (iv) 6.12.3 Removable Bassinet Beds can only fully support infant 
and function when top rail is 27 inches or greater above the external 
floor with a minimum internal side height of 7.5 inches. (Example: 
Bassinet collapses/fails or is otherwise unusable when removed from the 
stand.)
    (12) Add section 6.13 to ASTM F2194-22[egr]\1\:
    (i) 6.13 Sidewall Rigidity.
    (ii) 6.13.1 Sidewall being tested during the stability test 
(section 7.4) shall not deflect in any direction more than 0.5 in.
    (13) Add section 6.14 to ASTM F2194-22[egr]\1\:
    (i) 6.14 Sleep Surface Deflection/Firmness.

[[Page 27279]]

    (ii) 6.14.1 All products within the scope of this standard, when 
tested in accordance with 7.13, shall not allow the feeler arm of the 
test fixture to contact the sleep surface of the product.
    (14) Add section 6.15 to ASTM F2194-22[egr]\1\:
    (i) 6.15 Maximum Sleep Surface Head-to-Toe Angle.
    (ii) 6.15.1 The angle of the sleep surface along the occupant's 
head-to-toe axis relative to the horizontal shall not exceed 10 degrees 
when tested in accordance with 7.14.
    (15) Add section 6.16 to ASTM F2194-22[egr]\1\:
    (i) 6.16 Maximum Side-to-Side Tilt Angle for Non-Rocking Bassinets.
    (ii) 6.16.1 The unit shall meet 6.16.1.1 and 6.16.1.2.
    (iii) 6.16.1.1 The lateral angles of the weighted occupant sleep 
surface shall not be greater than 1 degree for each direction 
independently when tested in accordance with 7.15.1.
    (iv) 6.16.1.2 The lateral angles low-weight occupant sleep surface 
shall not be greater than 1 degree for each direction independently 
when tested in accordance with 7.15.2.
    (16) Add section 6.17 to ASTM F2194-22[egr]\1\:
    (i) 6.17 Electrically Powered Bassinets/Cradles (remote control 
devices are exempt from the requirements in 6.17).
    (ii) 6.17.1 Each battery compartment shall provide a means to 
contain the electrolytic material in the event of a battery leakage. 
This containment means shall not be accessible to the occupant.
    (iii) 6.17.2 Positive protection from the possibility of charging 
any primary (non-rechargeable) battery shall be achieved either through 
physical design of the battery compartment or through the use of 
appropriate electrical circuit design. This applies to situations in 
which a battery may be installed incorrectly (reversed), and in which a 
battery charger may be applied to a product containing primary 
batteries. This section does not apply to a circuit having one or two 
batteries as the only source of power.
    (iv) 6.17.3 The surfaces of any accessible electrical component, 
including batteries, shall not achieve temperatures exceeding 160 
[deg]F (71 [deg]C) when tested in accordance with 7.16. At the 
conclusion of the test, there shall be no battery leakage, explosion, 
or fire, to any electrical component. This test shall be performed 
prior to conducting any other testing within the performance 
requirements section.
    (v) 6.17.4 AC adapters supplied with the product must denote 
compliance with the appropriate current national safety standard for AC 
adapters from a Nationally Recognized Testing Laboratory (NRTL). AC 
adapters must have a nominal output voltage less than 30 VDC (42.4 VAC 
(peak)) and must not be capable of delivering more than 8 amps into a 
variable resistive load for one minute.
    (17) Add section 6.18 to ASTM F2194-22[egr]\1\:
    (i) 6.18 After-market Mattress.
    (ii) 6.18.1 After-market mattresses shall meet the requirements of 
6.5.2, 6.5.3, 6.6, 6.8, and 6.14 when tested with each brand and model 
for which it is intended to be used.
    (iii) 6.18.2 The after-market mattress must be at least the same 
size as the original equipment mattress or larger and lay flat on the 
floor of the product, in contact with the mattress support structure or 
floor.
    (iv) 6.18.3 If the original equipment mattress includes a floor 
support structure, the after-market mattress must include a floor 
support structure that is at least as thick as the original equipment 
mattress floor support structure.
    (v) 6.18.4 If the original equipment mattress includes storage 
accommodations for the product instruction manual, the after-market 
mattress shall provide equivalent storage accommodations for the 
product instruction manual.
    (18) In section 7.4 of ASTM F2194-22[egr]\1\, replace the word 
``Stability'' with the words ``Stability and Sidewall Rigidity.''
    (19) Renumber sections 7.4.1.3, 7.4.1.4, and 7.4.1.5 of ASTM F2194-
22[egr]\1\ to sections 7.4.1.4, 7.4.1.5, and 7.4.1.6.
    (20) In the newly designated section 7.4.1.4, replace ``7.4.1.4'' 
in the last sentence with ``7.4.1.5.''
    (21) Add a new section 7.4.1.3 to ASTM F2194-22[egr]\1\ as follows:
    (i) 7.4.1.3 Establish a reference line along the length of the 
upper side rail/wall being tested.
    (ii) [Reserved]
    (22) Add new sections 7.4.1.7, 7.4.1.8, and 7.4.1.9 to ASTM F2194-
22[egr]\1\ as follows:
    (i) 7.4.1.7 Measure the displacement of the upper side rail/wall 
being tested from the reference line to the new position.
    (ii) 7.4.1.8 If necessary, hold the unit to prevent it from tipping 
over while taking the displacement measurement. Release the product to 
continue with the stability test.
    (iii) 7.4.1.9 Test the unit in all manufacturer's recommended use 
positions.
    (23) Do not comply with sections 7.4.2 through 7.4.2.6 of ASTM 
F2194-22[egr]\1\.
    (24) Add section 7.13 to ASTM F2194-22[egr]\1\:
    (i) 7.13 Sleep Surface Deflection/Firmness Test.
    (ii) 7.13.1 Test Fixture.
    (iii) 7.13.1.1 The fixture, as shown in figure 1 to this paragraph 
(b)(24)(iii), shall be a rigid, robust object with a round footprint of 
diameter 7.99 in.  0.039 in. (203 mm  1 mm), 
and an overall mass of 11.46 lb.  0.045 lb. (5200 g  20 g). The lower edge of the fixture shall have a radius not 
larger than 0.039 in. (1 mm.) Overhanging the footprint by 1.57 in. 
 0.079 (40 mm  2 mm) shall be a flexible, flat 
bar of width 0.47 in.  0.008 (12 mm  0.2 mm) 
with square-cut ends. This bar may be fashioned from a shortened 
hacksaw blade. The bar shall rest parallel to the bottom surface of the 
fixture and shall be positioned at a height of 0.59 in.  
0.008 in. (15 mm  0.2 mm) above the bottom surface of the 
fixture. The bar shall lay directly over a radial axis of the footprint 
(i.e., such that a longitudinal centerline of the bar would pass over 
the center of the footprint).

Figure 1 to Paragraph (b)(24)(iii)--Mattress Firmness Test Fixture

[[Page 27280]]

[GRAPHIC] [TIFF OMITTED] TP16AP24.041

    (iv) 7.13.1.2 Included on the fixture, but not overhanging the 
footprint, shall be a linear level that is positioned on a plane 
parallel to the bar, and in a direction parallel to the bar.
    (v) 7.13.1.3 Other parts of the fixture, including any handle 
arrangement and any clamping arrangement for the bar, shall not 
comprise more that 30 percent of the total mass of the fixture, and 
shall be mounted as concentric and as low as possible.
    (vi) 7.13.2 Test Method.
    (vii) 7.13.2.1 Assemble bassinet/cradle in accordance with 
manufacturer's instructions.
    (viii) 7.13.2.2 Shake and/or agitate the mattress in order to fully 
aerate and distribute all internal components evenly.
    (ix) 7.13.2.3 Place the mattress inside the product in the 
manufacturer's recommended used position and let the mattress rest for 
at least 5 minutes.
    (x) 7.13.2.3.1 Where a user of a mattress could possibly position 
either side face up, even if not an intended use, then both sides of 
the mattress shall be tested.
    (xi) 7.13.2.4 Place the bassinet/cradle on the floor.
    (xii) 7.13.2.5 Test the unit in all manufacturer's recommended use 
positions that could affect the sleeping surface's deflection/firmness.
    (xiii) 7.13.2.6 Mark a longitudinal centerline on the mattress 
surface and divide this line in half. This point will be the first test 
location. Then further divide the two lines on either side of the first 
test location into halves as shown in figure 2 to this paragraph 
(b)(24)(xiii). These will be the second and third test locations.

Figure 2 to Paragraph (b)(24)(xiii)--Mattress Firmness Test Points
[GRAPHIC] [TIFF OMITTED] TP16AP24.042

    (xiv) 7.13.2.7 Position the test fixture on each of the test 
locations, with the footprint of the fixture centered on the location, 
with the bar extending over the centerline and always pointing at the 
same end of the mattress sleep surface.
    (xv) 7.13.2.7.1 At each test location in turn, rotate the bar to 
point in the required direction, and gently set the fixture down on the 
mattress sleep surface, ensuring that the footprint of the fixture does 
not extend beyond the edge of the mattress. The fixture shall be placed 
as horizontal as possible, using the level to verify. If the bar makes 
contact with the top of the mattress sleep surface, even slightly, the 
mattress is considered to have failed the test.
    (xvi) 7.13.2.7.2 Repeat Step 7.13.2.7.1 at the remaining locations 
identified in 7.13.2.6.
    (xvii) 7.13.2.7.3 Repeat Step 7.13.2.7.1 at a location away from 
the centerline most likely to fail (e.g., a very soft spot on the sleep 
surface or at a raised portion of the sleep surface). In the case of 
testing a raised portion of a sleep surface, position center of the 
fixture such that the bar is over the raised portion, to simulate the 
position of an infant's nose.
    (xviii) 7.13.2.7.4 In the event that the fixture is not resting in 
a nearly horizontal orientation, repeat the test procedure at that 
location by beginning again from Step 7.13.2.7.1. However, if the test 
produces a failure even with the device tilted back away from the bar 
so as to raise it, then a failure can be recorded.
    (25) Add section 7.14 to ASTM F2194-22[egr]\1\:
    (i) 7.14 Maximum Sleep Surface Head-to-Toe Angle Test.
    (ii) 7.14.1 Equipment.
    (iii) 7.14.1.1 Digital Protractor.
    (iv) 7.14.1.2 Hinged Weight Gauge-Infant (figure 3 to this 
paragraph (b)(25)(iv)).

[[Page 27281]]

Figure 3 to Paragraph (b)(25)(iv)--Hinged Weight Gauge-Infant \1\
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

    \1\ Reprinted, with permission, from ASTM F3118-17a Standard 
Consumer Safety Specification for Infant Inclined Sleep Products 
(withdrawn 2022), copyright ASTM International, 100 Barr Harbor 
Drive, West Conshohocken, PA 19428. A copy of the complete standard 
may be obtained from ASTM International, www.astm.org.
[GRAPHIC] [TIFF OMITTED] TP16AP24.043

    (v) 7.14.2 Test Method.
    (vi) 7.14.2.1 Assemble bassinet/cradle in accordance with 
manufacturer's instructions.
    (vii) 7.14.2.2 Place the unit and the inclinometer on a flat level 
horizontal plane (0  0.5[deg]) to establish a test plane. 
Zero the inclinometer.
    (viii) 7.14.2.3 Place the Hinged Weight Gauge-Infant (figure 3 to 
paragraph (b)(25)(iv) of this section) in the product equidistant 
between both head and toe ends and in the geometrical lateral center of 
the sleep surface. If the unit is circular, square or has no obvious 
lateral sides, test four perpendicular sides.
    (ix) 7.14.2.4 Place a digital protractor on the upper torso/head 
area lengthwise.
    (26) Add section 7.15 to ASTM F2194-22[egr]\1\:
    (i) 7.15 Maximum Side-to-Side Tilt Angle.
    (ii) 7.15.1 Determination of the weighted, lateral angle.
    (iii) 7.15.1.1 Assemble the unit in accordance with manufacturer's 
instructions. If applicable, the unit shall be in the lowest height 
setting with the mattress pad in place.
    (iv) 7.15.1.2 Place the unit and the inclinometer on a flat level 
horizontal plane (0  0.5[deg]) to establish a test plane. 
Zero the inclinometer.
    (v) 7.15.1.3 Place the Hinged Weight Gauge--Infant (figure 3 to 
paragraph (b)(25)(iv) of this section) on the occupant sleep surface 
with the left side of the gauge parallel to and contacting one lateral, 
sidewall of the unit and equidistant between both ends of the sleep 
surface.
    (vi) 7.15.1.4 Place the inclinometer on the center of the Upper 
Plate of the Infant Hinged Weight Gauge and record the lateral angle 
(figure 4 to this paragraph (b)(26)(vi)).

[[Page 27282]]

Figure 4 to Paragraph (b)(26)(vi)--Weighted, Lateral Angle Measurement
[GRAPHIC] [TIFF OMITTED] TP16AP24.044

    (vii) 7.15.1.5 Remove the Hinged Weight Gauge--Infant (figure 3 to 
paragraph (b)(25)(iv) of this section). Remove, agitate and replace the 
mattress (if applicable) to normalize the occupant sleep surface.
    (viii) 7.15.1.6 Repeat 7.15.1.3--7.15.1.5 twice for a total of 
three measurements. Average the measurements to establish a weighted, 
lateral angle.
    (ix) 7.15.1.7 Repeat the steps in 7.15.1.3-7.15.1.6 except place 
the Hinged Weight Gauge--Infant (figure 3 to paragraph (b)(25)(iv) of 
this section) so that its right side is touching the opposite sidewall 
in the bassinet/cradle. If the unit is circular, square or has no 
obvious lateral sides, test four perpendicular sides.
    (x) 7.15.1.8 Repeat the steps 7.15.1.1-7.15.1.7 at the highest 
height setting, if applicable.
    (xi) 7.15.2 Determination of the low-weight, lateral angle.
    (xii) 7.15.2.1 Assemble the unit in accordance with manufacturer's 
instructions. If applicable, the unit shall be in the lowest height 
setting with the mattress pad in place.
    (xiii) 7.15.2.2 Place the unit and the inclinometer on a flat level 
horizontal plane (0  0.5 degrees) to establish a test 
plane. Zero the inclinometer.
    (xiv) 7.15.2.3 Place a test plate [6 by 4 by 0.5 in. (152 by 101.6 
by 12.7 mm) nominal thickness steel block weighing 3.3  0.2 
lb.] on the center of the unit's occupant sleep surface with the long 
sides parallel to the long sides of the unit. If the unit is circular, 
square or has no obvious lateral sides, determine the most onerous 
orientation of the test plate.
    (xv) 7.15.2.4 Place the inclinometer on the center of the test 
plate and record the lateral angle (see figure 5 to this paragraph 
(b)(26)(xv)).

Figure 5 to Paragraph (b)(26)(xv)--Low-Weight, Lateral Angle 
Measurement
[GRAPHIC] [TIFF OMITTED] TP16AP24.045


[[Page 27283]]


    (xvi) 7.15.2.5 Remove the test plate. Remove, agitate and replace 
the mattress (if applicable) to normalize the occupant sleep surface.
    (xvii) 7.15.2.6 Repeat 7.15.2.3-7.15.2.5 twice for a total of three 
measurements. Average the measurements to establish the center, lateral 
angle.
    (xviii) 7.15.2.7 Repeat the steps in 7.15.2.3-7.15.2.6 with the 
test plate on the occupant sleep surface with the left side of the 
plate parallel to and contacting one lateral, sidewall of the unit and 
equidistant between both ends of the sleep surface.
    (xix) 7.15.2.8 Repeat the steps in 7.15.2.3-7.15.2.6 with the test 
plate on the occupant sleep surface with the right side of the plate 
parallel to and contacting one lateral, sidewall of the unit and 
equidistant between both ends of the sleep surface.
    (xx) 7.15.2.9 Repeat the steps 7.15.2.1-7.15.2.7 at the highest 
height setting, if applicable.
    (27) Add section 7.16 to ASTM F2194-22[egr]\1\:
    (i) 7.16 The bassinet/cradle shall be tested using fresh alkaline 
batteries or an AC power source. If the bassinet/cradle can be operated 
using both, then both batteries and AC power must be tested separately. 
If another battery chemistry is specifically recommended for use in the 
bassinet/cradle by the manufacturer, repeat the test using the 
batteries specified by the manufacturer. If the bassinet/cradle will 
not operate using alkaline batteries, then test with the type of 
battery recommended by the manufacturer at the specified voltage. The 
test is to be carried out in a draft-free location, at an ambient 
temperature of 68 [deg]F  9 [deg]F (20 [deg]C  
5 [deg]C).
    (ii) 7.16.1 Secure the bassinet/cradle so that the sleep surface 
cannot move during the test. Operate the bassinet/cradle at the maximum 
speed. Do not disable any mechanical or electrical protective device, 
such as clutches or fuses. Operate the bassinet/cradle continuously, 
and record peak temperature. The test shall be discontinued 60 min 
after the peak temperature is recorded. If the bassinet/cradle shuts 
off automatically or must be kept ``on'' by hand or foot, monitor 
temperatures for 30 seconds, resetting the bassinet/cradle as many 
times as necessary to complete the 30 seconds of operation. If the 
bassinet/cradle shuts off automatically after an operating time of 
greater than 30 seconds, continue the test until the bassinet/cradle 
shuts off.
    (28) Instead of complying with section 8.6.2.3, 8.6.2.6, 8.6.5, and 
8.6.6 of ASTM F2194-22[egr]\1\, comply with the following:
    (i) 8.6.2.3 Product can roll over on soft surfaces and suffocate 
child. NEVER place product on beds, sofas or other soft surfaces.
    (ii) 8.6.2.6 Products shall also address the following:
    (A) Always use product on the floor. Never use on any elevated 
surface.
    (B) Do not carry baby in the [manufacturer to insert type of 
product]. [Exception: A product that is intended to carry a baby is 
exempt from this requirement].
    (C) Bassinets/cradles constructed of cardboard shall also address:
    (1) Do not reuse [manufacturer to insert type of product] for 
second child.
    (2) [Reserved]
    (iii) 8.6.4 See figure 6 to this paragraph (b)(28)(iii) for example 
warnings for bassinets/cradles.

Figure 6 to Paragraph (b)(28)(iii)--Example Product Warning for 
Bassinet/Cradle Products
[GRAPHIC] [TIFF OMITTED] TP16AP24.046

    (iv) 8.6.5 See figure 7 to this paragraph (b)(28)(iv) for example 
warnings for bassinets/cradles made of cardboard.

[[Page 27284]]

Figure 7 to Paragraph (b)(28)(iv)--Example Product Warning for 
Bassinet/Cradle Products Made of Cardboard
[GRAPHIC] [TIFF OMITTED] TP16AP24.047

    (v) 9.7 See figure 8 to this paragraph (b)(28)(v) for example of 
instruction warnings for bassinet/cradle products.

Figure 8 to Paragraph (b)(28)(v)--Example Product Instruction Warnings 
for Bassinet/Cradle Products
[GRAPHIC] [TIFF OMITTED] TP16AP24.048


[[Page 27285]]


    (vi) 9.8 See figure 9 to this paragraph (b)(28)(vi) for example of 
instruction warnings for bassinet/cradle products with batteries.

Figure 9 to Paragraph (b)(28)(vi)--Example Product Instruction Warnings 
for Bassinet/Cradle Products With Batteries
[GRAPHIC] [TIFF OMITTED] TP16AP24.049

    (29) Do not comply with section X1.3 from the Appendix X1 RATIONALE 
of ASTM F2194-22[egr]\1\.
    (30) Add sections X1.5, X1.6, and X1.7 to the Appendix X1 RATIONALE 
of ASTM F2194-22[egr]\1\:
    (i) X1.5 Rationale for 6.12.1 A 27-inch height will likely 
discourage bed sharing because the baby is not accessible to the 
caregiver sleeping next to the bassinet. Use on table is unlikely 
because the bassinet in front of the sitting caregiver is cumbersome.
    (ii) X1.6 Rationale for 6.12.2 A 15-inch mattress support height 
places the baby at a comfortable height for a 50-percentile female to 
lean over and pick up the baby. The height should promote use of the 
bassinet on the floor rather than placing it on an elevated surface.
    (iii) X1.7 Rationale for 6.12.3 A removable bassinet bed must not 
function as a bassinet absent of the stand. This requirement is 
intended to prevent use of the bassinet bed on an unsafe elevated 
surface or soft surface such as an adult bed.

Alberta E. Mills,
Secretary, Consumer Product Safety Commission.
[FR Doc. 2024-07706 Filed 4-15-24; 8:45 am]
BILLING CODE 6355-01-P