[Federal Register Volume 89, Number 68 (Monday, April 8, 2024)]
[Notices]
[Pages 24557-24565]
From the Federal Register Online via the Government Publishing Office [www.gpo.gov]
[FR Doc No: 2024-07411]


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TENNESSEE VALLEY AUTHORITY


Kingston Fossil Plant Retirement Environmental Impact Statement

AGENCY: Tennessee Valley Authority.

ACTION: Record of decision.

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SUMMARY: Tennessee Valley Authority (TVA) has made a decision to adopt 
the Preferred Alternative identified in its Final Environmental Impact 
Statement (EIS) for the retirement of the Kingston Fossil Plant (KIF). 
The Notice of

[[Page 24558]]

Availability (NOA) for the Kingston Retirement Final EIS was published 
in the Federal Register on February 23, 2024. TVA's Preferred 
Alternative, Alternative A, involves the retirement of KIF, 
decommissioning and demolition of KIF's nine coal-fired units, and the 
construction and operation of facilities to replace the retired 
generation that include a single natural gas-fired combined cycle (CC) 
plant, 16 dual-fuel aeroderivative combustion turbines (aero CTs) and a 
new switchyard (hereafter the CC/aero CT Plant), a 3 to 4 megawatt (MW) 
solar site, a 100 MW lithium-ion battery energy storage system (BESS), 
and new transmission line infrastructure. Alternative A also involves 
the Ridgeline Expansion Project, consisting of a new 122-mile natural 
gas pipeline, compressor station, and metering and regulation 
facilities to be constructed, owned, and operated by East Tennessee 
Natural Gas, LLC (ETNG). Alternative A will achieve the purpose and 
need to have firm, dispatchable replacement generation to meet capacity 
system demands, particularly peak load events, by the end of 2027 when 
KIF is retired. Alternative A will also facilitate the integration of 
additional solar and battery storage resources elsewhere on TVA's 
system, which is part of TVA's overall asset planning that includes the 
deployment and installation of up to 10,000 MW of solar by 2035.

FOR FURTHER INFORMATION CONTACT: Brittany Kunkle, NEPA Compliance 
Specialist, Tennessee Valley Authority, 400 W. Summit Hill Dr, WT11B-K, 
Knoxville, Tennessee 37902; telephone 865-632-6470; email 
[email protected]. The Final EIS, this Record of Decision, and other 
project documents are available on TVA's website at https://www.tva.gov/nepa.

SUPPLEMENTARY INFORMATION: This notice is provided in accordance with 
the National Environmental Policy Act (NEPA), as amended (42 U.S. Code 
[U.S.C.] 4321 et seq.), the Council on Environmental Quality's 
regulations for implementing NEPA (40 Code of Federal Regulations (CFR) 
1500 through 1508, as updated April 20, 2022), and TVA's NEPA 
procedures (18 CFR 1318). TVA is a corporate agency and instrumentality 
of the United States that provides electricity for 153 local power 
companies serving approximately 10 million people as well as directly 
served commercial, industrial, and government customers in the 
Tennessee Valley--an 80,000-square-mile region comprised of Tennessee 
and parts of Virginia, North Carolina, Georgia, Alabama, Mississippi, 
and Kentucky. TVA receives no taxpayer funding and derives virtually 
all its revenue from the sale of electricity. In addition to operating 
and investing revenues in its power system, TVA provides flood control, 
navigation, and land management for the Tennessee River watershed, and 
provides economic development and job creation assistance within the 
TVA Power Service Area.

Planning Basis and Assumptions

    In 2019, TVA completed its Integrated Resource Plan (IRP) and 
associated Final EIS. The IRP identified various energy resource 
options that TVA may pursue to meet the energy needs of the Tennessee 
Valley region over a 20-year planning period. The Preferred Alternative 
aligns with the 2019 IRP, which guides future generation planning 
consistent with TVA's congressionally mandated least-cost planning 
principles. Following the completion of TVA's 2019 IRP and to inform 
long-term planning, TVA began conducting end-of-life evaluations of its 
operating coal-fired generating plants not already scheduled for 
retirement. This evaluation confirmed that TVA's aging coal fleet is 
among the oldest in the nation and is experiencing deterioration of 
material condition and performance challenges. The performance 
challenges are projected to increase because of the coal fleet's 
advancing age and the difficulty of adapting the fleet's generation 
within the changing generation profile that integrates increased 
renewables. Additionally, the continued, long-term operation of TVA's 
coal plants, including KIF, may increase environmental, economic, and 
reliability risks, and the aging infrastructure at KIF, built between 
1951 and 1955, exacerbates these risks.
    KIF is situated on the 2,254-acre Kingston Reservation on the 
Clinch and Emory rivers in Harriman, Roane County, Tennessee. As TVA 
continues to transition the rest of its fleet to cleaner and more 
flexible technologies, KIF will continually be challenged to operate 
reliably. In accordance with the recommendations in the 2019 IRP, TVA 
conducted end-of-life evaluations for its aging coal fleet and 
concluded that retiring TVA's entire coal fleet by 2035 would align 
with least-cost planning and reduce economic, reliability, and 
environmental risks. TVA also developed planning assumptions for the 
retirement of all TVA coal units by 2033 and sequencing the retirement 
of TVA's coal fleet and the construction of necessary replacement 
generation. For the nine coal-fired units at KIF, TVA's planning 
identified retirement by the end of 2027 as the optimal timeframe.
    The nine-unit, coal-fired plant has a summer net generating 
capacity of 1,298 MW, a reduction from the facility's design capacity 
(1,700 MW) resulting from the effects of aging equipment and long-term 
fuel blend changes. As TVA's generating fleet has evolved, primarily 
driven by additions of nuclear, gas, and renewable resources over the 
past 10 to 15 years, the need for KIF to operate at full capacity has 
decreased. This has resulted in more frequent cycling of KIF units to 
meet fluctuating loads. However, KIF was not designed for these types 
of operations, which presents reliability challenges that are difficult 
to anticipate and expensive to mitigate.
    Further, a significant monetary investment would be required to 
comply with the requirements of the 2020 Effluent Limitation Guidelines 
(ELGs) and other environmental regulations. Continued operation of KIF 
beyond 2027 would create operational, and therefore reliability risks 
in TVA's system due to the deteriorating condition of the coal units. 
In addition, operation of the KIF Plant beyond 2027 is likely to result 
in cascading delays for the later planned retirements in TVA's phased 
2035 coal fleet retirement plan and cause delay in TVA's plans to 
integrate more solar and storage assets onto the system. Thus, KIF was 
recommended for retirement by the end of 2027.
    Replacement generation for KIF must provide at least 1,500 MW of 
firm, dispatchable power, capable of providing year-round generation 
and meeting peak capacity demands, as well as capacity for observed and 
anticipated future load growth in the Tennessee Valley. Replacement 
generation needs to be operational prior to the retirement of the nine 
KIF coal-fired units by the end of 2027. An additional consideration 
was the location of KIF on the transmission system, specifically the 
161-kilovolt system near the Knoxville load center, making KIF an 
integral part of the system's power flows and stability. The 
replacement generation must continue to maintain the planning reserve 
margins and to provide transmission system voltage support to the local 
area that is needed to maintain overall system stability and 
reliability.
    As with other utilities across the nation, TVA has an active 
interconnection queue with close to 30,000 MW of generation currently 
in the queue. Over 15,000 MW of that is solar or solar and storage. 
While the interest in interconnecting generation is robust, a 
significant portion of those

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projects are non-viable, speculative projects that require significant 
transmission upgrades, or are not cost competitive. Renewable projects 
in the queue tend to be located in areas that are more suitable for 
solar, such as West Tennessee, North Alabama, and North Mississippi, 
not in the East Tennessee region where KIF is located. The queued 
projects are not capable of meeting the purpose and need to support 
generation in the East Tennessee region and to provide replacement 
capacity by the end of 2027.
    TVA prepared a Final EIS pursuant to NEPA to assess the 
environmental impacts associated with retiring and demolishing the nine 
KIF coal-fired units and constructing and operating the replacement 
generation.

Alternatives Considered

    TVA considered various resource types for replacement generation as 
a result of retiring the nine units at KIF, see Final EIS section 
2.1.5. To meet the stated purpose and need for the proposed action, the 
alternatives considered were required to be mature, proven 
technologies, capable of being constructed, and operating by the end of 
2027. TVA assessed in detail a No Action Alternative and two action 
alternatives. Under both action alternatives, the nine KIF coal-fired 
units would be retired, decommissioned, and demolished, and the retired 
generation would be replaced with at least 1,500 MW of new capacity. 
The Final EIS also evaluated related actions associated with the gas 
supply and transmission components of the respective alternatives. The 
alternatives considered by TVA in the Draft and Final EIS are:
    No Action Alternative--Under the No Action Alternative, TVA would 
not retire the nine KIF coal-fired units. These units would continue to 
operate as part of the TVA generation portfolio. For the existing units 
to remain operational, additional construction, repairs, and 
maintenance would be necessary to maintain reliability and to comply 
with applicable regulatory requirements, such as the ELGs under the 
Clean Water Act (CWA). Under the No Action Alternative, TVA would not 
construct new replacement generation. The costs of implementing the No 
Action Alternative could require potentially significant rate 
increases, which would disproportionately impact low-income 
Environmental Justice (EJ) populations. Based on the age, material 
condition, upgrades required for current or future environmental 
compliance and investment costs required to ensure reliability of KIF, 
this alternative does not meet the purpose and need of TVA's proposed 
action.
    Alternative A--TVA's Preferred Alternative is the retirement of 
KIF, decommissioning and demolition of the nine KIF coal-fired units, 
and the addition of at least 1,500 MW of replacement generation through 
the construction and operation of a natural gas-fueled CC plant 
combined with 16 dual-fueled aero CTs, a 3 to 4 MW solar site, a 100 MW 
BESS, and a new 161-kilovolt switchyard on the Kingston Reservation. 
The CC/aero CT Plant and associated Alternative A components would 
occupy approximately 505 acres of the Kingston Reservation and in the 
East Tennessee region.
    Off-site transmission upgrades needed for initiating operations of 
the new gas plant would be completed during construction of the CC/aero 
CT Plant. These upgrades would be required to support resiliency, 
reliability, and the electrical capacity of the off-site transmission 
lines. Upgrades would include uprating, reconductoring, or rebuilding 
transmission lines within existing right-of-way, as well as replacing 
terminal equipment, bus work, and/or jumpers. As described in the Final 
EIS section 2.1.3.5, four transmission lines on the Eastern 
Transmission Corridor and one transmission line on the Western 
Transmission Corridor would require upgrades.
    Natural gas would be supplied to the CC/aero CT Plant by ETNG's 
Ridgeline Expansion Project, if approved by the Federal Energy 
Regulatory Commission (FERC). For the Ridgeline Expansion Project, ETNG 
proposes to construct and operate a new natural gas pipeline primarily 
adjacent to ETNG's existing pipeline system's line number 3100. ETNG's 
Ridgeline Expansion Project would consist of the construction of 
approximately 122 miles of new 30-inch natural gas pipeline, a 14,600-
horsepower electric motor drive compressor station, and other gas 
system infrastructure to connect the CC/aero CT Plant to the pipeline. 
The Ridgeline Expansion Project would include a permanent pipeline 
easement and adjacent temporary workspace which would cross portions of 
Trousdale, Smith, Jackson, Putnam, Overton, Fentress, Morgan, and Roane 
counties, Tennessee. The pipeline requires approval by FERC through the 
issuance of a Certificate of Public Convenience and Necessity under 
section 7 of the Natural Gas Act. ETNG has submitted an application for 
certification of the pipeline to FERC. The Ridgeline Expansion Project 
(FERC Docket No. CP23-516-000 and amended CP23-516-001) was the subject 
of a Notice of Intent (NOI) to prepare an EIS issued by FERC on 
September 22, 2023 (88 FR 65383), and was amended on December 18, 2023 
(89 FR 6108). Details of the pipeline and its potential environmental 
impacts, provided in resource reports prepared by ETNG, were 
independently evaluated by TVA and are incorporated into TVA's Final 
EIS.
    Alternative A would meet TVA's project purpose and need to provide 
at least 1,500 MW of firm, dispatchable power to replace the retiring 
nine KIF coal-fired units by the end of 2027.
    Alternative B--Under this alternative, the nine KIF coal-fired 
units would be retired, decommissioned and demolished, and the 
necessary replacement power would be supplied through the construction 
and operation of 1,500 MW of utility-scale solar and 2,200 MW of BESS 
facilities. These facilities would be located at numerous sites 
totaling approximately 10,950 acres for the solar facilities and up to 
825 acres for the BESS facilities, with portions located in East 
Tennessee. To maintain stability on TVA's transmission system, TVA 
would need to accommodate the decreased influx of generated power from 
KIF as well as ensure that the multiple (15+) solar generating 
locations can be connected without impacting the existing grid for the 
areas surrounding the new solar sites. In addition to on-site 
transmission upgrades and off-site upgrades to existing transmission 
lines and substations described in Alternative A, each solar and BESS 
facility would also require the construction of an interconnection to 
the TVA transmission system.
    Based on TVA's experience with interconnections, approximately 5.4 
years or greater are generally required to bring a solar 
interconnection to commercial operation. For the solar and battery 
resources under Alternative B, it would take approximately 8.4 years to 
bring those resources online in the Knoxville area following completion 
of site identification and acquiring control of the site (the timeline 
for identification and acquisition of sites is hard to predict). This 
long timeframe would not allow the replacement power for KIF to be 
online for several years after KIF's retirement in 2027, compounding 
the operational, reliability, and environmental risks. A blended 
alternative that combines a smaller gas plant with a solar and BESS 
scenario to support the retirement of the KIF Plant is not a viable 
alternative as it would not resolve the transmission-related challenges 
described above nor

[[Page 24560]]

meet the purpose and need to have firm dispatchable power by the end of 
2027.
    Alternative B would also require a large number of solar panels, 
approximately 3.8 million panels, based on the projected 10,950 acres 
required to generate 1,500 MW. Recent supply chain delays in securing 
solar panels challenge the ability to obtain the projected volume of 
solar panels in time to complete Alternative B by the end of 2027. 
While the Inflation Reduction Act incentivizes the transition of the 
solar supply chain to the U.S., it is projected that it will take 3 to 
5 years for the domestic supply chain to mature and ease the current 
constraints on the solar industry. TVA's review of the 2023 Solar 
Energy Industries Association affirms this finding. Thus, TVA's Final 
EIS solar price and supply chain assumptions are valid and are informed 
by recent market offers, which remain elevated due to supply chain 
risks.

Preferred Alternative

    TVA identified Alternative A as the Preferred Alternative in both 
the Draft and Final EISs. Alternative B would not fully meet TVA's 
project purpose and need because it would not provide 1,500 MW of firm, 
dispatchable replacement generation and could not be constructed and 
operational prior to the proposed retirement and decommissioning of the 
nine KIF coal-fired units by the end of 2027. Alternative A is the best 
overall solution to provide low-cost, reliable energy to TVA's power 
system and could be built and made operational sooner than Alternative 
B, thereby reducing economic, reliability, and environmental risks. 
Alternative A meets the purpose and need of the proposed action, 
particularly its ability to provide replacement generation that can 
supply at least 1,500 MW of firm, dispatchable power by the end of 2027 
to support the retirement and decommissioning of the KIF coal-fired 
units. This replacement aligns with the 2019 IRP near-term actions to 
evaluate engineering end-of-life dates for aging generation units to 
inform long-term planning and to enhance system flexibility to 
integrate renewables and distributed resources. Alternative A is 
consistent with the need set forth in the 2019 IRP to establish new 
capacity in TVA's region and increase reliability and flexibility, as 
well as meet near-term TVA energy production goals. It is also 
consistent with the target supply mix, reflecting the application of 
least-cost planning principles, adopted by TVA in its 2019 IRP. 
Replacement of coal-fired generation at KIF with a CC/aero CT Plant is 
the best overall solution to provide low-cost, reliable, and cleaner 
energy to TVA's power system. In addition to enabling the integration 
of renewables, the Preferred Alternative includes a renewable energy 
component that can be accommodated on the Kingston Reservation and 
would replace the retired generation with an energy complex that 
includes natural gas, 3-4 MW of solar, and 100 MW of battery storage-a 
first-of-its-kind complex for TVA.
    TVA prefers Alternative A because the CC/aero CT Plant will provide 
the operational flexibility needed to support reliably integrating up 
to 10,000 MW of solar onto the TVA system by 2035 and will also enable 
the KIF coal-fired units to be retired by the projected end-of-life 
estimates for those units and before significant water treatment and 
other investments become necessary under recent and anticipated new 
regulations such as the ELGs. In contrast, Alternative B would not 
provide firm, dispatchable power needed to maintain system reliability 
by 2027. The construction of multiple solar and storage facilities, as 
well as their associated transmission system interconnections, would 
not be feasible to complete by the end of 2027 based on current 
transmission project and construction timelines.

Summary of Environmental Effects

    The anticipated environmental impacts of the No Action Alternative 
and the two action alternatives are described in detail in the Final 
EIS and summarized in table 2.2-1, and this section summarizes the 
actions and impacts that would occur under the various alternatives.
    No Action Alternative--The No Action Alternative would avoid the 
impacts of constructing and operating new generating facilities, an 
associated gas pipeline, and on-site transmission system connections. 
However, for the existing nine KIF coal-fired units to remain 
operational given their ongoing performance challenges, additional 
construction, repairs, and maintenance activities would be necessary to 
maintain reliability and compliance with applicable regulatory 
requirements. These performance challenges would result in moderate, 
adverse, and permanent impacts to utilities; thus, the No Action 
Alternative could have minor negative financial impacts on ratepayers 
due to the potential need for rate increases to help pay for the costs 
to operate and maintain the KIF's coal-fired units, which could have a 
greater disproportionate impact on low-income EJ populations.
    KIF's continued operation would continue to produce relatively 
large quantities of air emissions under the existing Title V permit, 
including greenhouse gases (GHGs), as well as wastewater discharges and 
solid wastes from coal combustion. Any increases in local ambient air 
temperatures due to climate change could increase the temperature of 
raw water used to cool plant equipment thereby reducing plant 
efficiency and increasing the risk of the occurrence, magnitude, and 
frequency of exceedances of thermal discharge limits in KIF's National 
Pollutant Discharge Elimination System (NPDES) permit and potentially 
triggering additional permit requirements under CWA 316(a). The 
withdrawal of raw water at the KIF cooling water intake structure for 
non-contact cooling of plant equipment would need to continue, which 
results in potential adverse effects to aquatic life from entrainment 
and impingement mortality, and potentially triggering additional permit 
requirements under CWA 316(b).
    Retirement and Demolition of KIF--Under both action alternatives, 
the nine KIF coal-fired units would be retired, decommissioned, and 
demolished. These actions will have a minor and temporary adverse 
effect on the following resources: aquatic life, soils, surface water, 
groundwater, air quality and GHGs, natural areas, parks and recreation, 
land use, transportation, waste management, public health and safety, 
noise, and visual effects. If retirement and demolition activities must 
be located in floodplains, these activities would be considered 
temporary uses and would have no permanent impacts. EJ and 
socioeconomic effects may be offset by temporary employment increases 
during demolition activities.
    The retirement and demolition of KIF will have a permanent and 
beneficial effect on the following resources: water, air quality and 
GHGs, aquatic life, public health and safety, and visual. There will be 
long-term beneficial effects from: reduced cooling water withdrawals 
and the reduction of wastewater discharges; reduction in emissions of 
GHGs, which benefits both air quality and public health and safety; 
viewshed improvement; and the elimination of water withdrawals and 
heated effluent discharge, which benefits aquatic life.
    Alternative A TVA Actions--TVA's actions during construction under 
this alternative will have a minor and temporary adverse effect on the 
following resources: EJ, soils, prime farmland, floodplains, air 
quality and

[[Page 24561]]

GHGs, natural areas, parks and recreation, transportation, waste 
management, public health and safety, socioeconomics, noise, and 
visual. A temporary increase in employment during construction 
activities will also occur, which may offset impacts on EJ communities 
and socioeconomic resources. The decommissioning and demolition of the 
KIF nine-unit, coal-fired plant is expected to have beneficial effects 
on local air quality, climate change, and reduce future regional GHG 
emissions that would be positive for EJ populations as well as the 
general population.
    TVA's actions during operation under Alternative A will have an 
adverse effect on the following resources: geology, soils, prime 
farmland, floodplains, surface waters, wetlands, vegetation, wildlife, 
aquatic life, natural areas, parks and recreation, land use, 
transportation, waste management, and visual. The U.S. Fish and 
Wildlife Service (FWS) concurred that TVA's actions under Alternative A 
may affect but are not likely to adversely affect the gray bat, Indiana 
bat, or northern long-eared bat. This concurrence completes TVA's 
obligations under section 7 of the Endangered Species Act. TVA's Final 
EIS, table 3.824 referenced preliminary Endangered Species Act (ESA) 
determinations made or pending consultation by ENTG for construction of 
the natural gas pipeline right of way. TVA updates and incorporates by 
reference the assessment of impacts on threatened or endangered 
species, as presented in the Revised Biological Assessment for East 
Tennessee Natural Gas, LLC's Ridgeline Expansion Project filed March 
11, 2024 (FERC Docket No. CP23-516, accession no. 20240311-5269).
    TVA actions under Alternative A will have a permanent and 
beneficial effect on the following resources: air quality and GHGs, 
utilities, and public health and safety. Alternative A will advance 
TVA's Strategic Intent and Guiding Principles to execute a plan to 70 
percent carbon reduction by 2030, develop a path to 80 percent 
reduction by 2035, and aspire to achieve net-zero carbon reduction by 
2050, all of which supports recent Federal GHG reduction policies and 
guidance. TVA completed a comparative analysis of GHG and Social Cost 
of GHG (SC-GHG) of the No Action and Action Alternatives, using methods 
consistent with the 2023 National Environmental Policy Act Interim 
Guidance on Consideration of Greenhouse Gas Emissions and Climate 
Change developed by the Council on Environmental Quality. On a TVA 
system-wide basis, the estimated total Alternative A life cycle social 
costs of GHG emissions in comparison to the No Action Alternative, 
i.e., net savings/benefit, ranges from approximately $398 million to 
$4.34 billion in nominal dollars. Due to disparate scientific, 
economic, and legal positions on SC-GHG rates and their application in 
determining the SC-GHG, the analysis presented in this Final EIS 
provides a SC-GHG range based on Federal Government published SC-GHG 
documents (e.g., Biden Administration SC-GHG rate, Trump Administration 
SC-GHG rate, Interagency Working Group figures, or other Federal 
Government agency policy or Executive Orders).
    Although the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) has not yet 
issued a final rule for New Source Performance Standards for GHG 
Emissions from New, Modified, and Reconstructed Fossil Fuel-fired 
Electric Generating Stations, TVA has incorporated a sensitivity 
analysis of the potential impacts of the Proposed Rule in the 
evaluation of the No Action and Action Alternatives presented in the 
Final EIS appendix B. The construction and operation of the KIF 
replacement generation would be consistent with the requirements of any 
final rules promulgated by the EPA under section 111 of the Clean Air 
Act. The Proposed Rule is discussed further in Final EIS section 
2.1.5.4. appendix B includes a sensitivity analysis that covers 
estimated impacts of the Proposed Rules. The GHG Proposed Rule 
sensitivity analysis takes a conservative approach and does not include 
tax incentives for carbon capture and storage for the No Action 
Alternative or Alternative A. EPA's Proposed Rule does not address 
solar and storage facilities under Alternative B. Based on this 
sensitivity analysis, Alternative A is still the lowest cost 
alternative, even after accounting for the cost of carbon capture and 
storage or hydrogen co-firing that may be applicable to the CC/aero CT 
plant in a final rule.
    To fulfill its obligations under section 106 of the National 
Historic Preservation Act, TVA completed consultation with the 
Tennessee State Historic Preservation Officer (SHPO) and federally 
recognized Indian Tribes regarding potential project-related effects to 
cultural resources from TVA's actions under Alternative A. The 
Tennessee SHPO agreed with TVA's findings under section 106 and none of 
the consulted Tribes objected. Thus, TVA's actions under Alternative A 
will have no effect on the only recorded National Register of Historic 
Places (NRHP)-eligible archaeological site within the CC/aero CT Plant 
site.
    ETNG Actions--Under Alternative A, ETNG would construct and operate 
a new natural gas pipeline as part of the Ridgeline Expansion Project. 
ETNG's actions would have a minor and temporary adverse effect on the 
following resources during construction: soils, floodplains, surface 
waters, air quality and GHGs, vegetation, aquatic life, natural areas, 
parks and recreation, land use, transportation, waste management, 
public health and safety, socioeconomics, and noise. A temporary 
increase in employment during construction activities would also occur 
which may offset temporary adverse effects on socioeconomic resources. 
There are seven NRHP-eligible archaeological sites that require further 
evaluation prior to construction to determine if they would be 
adversely impacted by construction activities.
    ETNG operations would have an adverse effect on the following 
resources: EJ, geology, soils, prime farmland, wetlands, air quality 
and GHGs, vegetation, wildlife, land use, socioeconomics, and visual 
resources. Moderate effects would occur to soils due to placement of 
fill and land use due to conversion of hay/pasture, forest, and open 
space to industrial use. ETNG's operation actions would have a 
permanent and beneficial effect on utilities and public health and 
safety as described for Alternative A TVA actions. Effects of the 
natural gas pipeline on climate change would be minor. ETNG's Ridgeline 
Expansion Project requires approval by FERC through the issuance of a 
certificate of public convenience and necessity and for related 
authorizations under section 7 of the Natural Gas Act. FERC will issue 
an EIS with its findings prior to making a decision on the Ridgeline 
Expansion Project.
    Alternative B TVA Actions--For many environmental resources, the 
potential impacts of TVA's actions under Alternative A as described 
above are comparable to Alternative B. Alternative B would be unlikely 
to affect natural areas, parks and recreation, and cultural resources. 
Anticipated temporary and beneficial socioeconomic effects under 
Alternative B include an increase to local population numbers and local 
employment, indirect effects to the local economy, and long-term and 
beneficial effects to the local tax base. Specific impacts would be 
evaluated through reviews for individual solar and storage facilities. 
Alternative B reflects an estimated $2.26 billion of SC-GHG savings 
relative to the No Action Alternative, approximately $417 million

[[Page 24562]]

more savings than Alternative A. In comparison to Alternative B, 
Alternative A has higher estimated GHG life cycle emissions and 
associated estimated future social costs. However, Alternative B would 
not fully meet the project purpose and need to provide 1,500 MW of 
replacement generation by 2027. And even accounting for updated pricing 
as a result of the Inflation Reduction Act, Alternative B is estimated 
to cost approximately $1 billion more than Alternative A in project 
costs, which include capital, transmission, and production costs.
    Similar to Alternative A, increases in flooding events and severity 
and extended drought conditions are not expected to have an effect on 
the physical infrastructure or operations under Alternative B. However, 
extended heat waves would reduce the efficiency of photovoltaic 
facilities and the amount of electricity they generate and would also 
reduce the efficiency of storage facilities by increasing their cooling 
system energy requirements.

Environmentally Preferable Alternative

    While the No Action Alternative would avoid the impacts of 
constructing and operating new generating facilities and associated gas 
pipeline and transmission system connections, it would continue to 
produce relatively large quantities of air pollutants, including GHGs, 
from the continued operation of the nine KIF coal-fired units, as well 
as wastewater discharges and solid wastes from coal combustion.
    When comparing the environmental impacts of the two action 
alternatives, Alternative A would be environmentally preferable for 
certain resources, whereas Alternative B would be environmentally 
preferable for other resources. Alternative A would have fewer 
environmental impacts in terms of land use, prime farmland, stream and 
wetland conversion, visual, and soil impacts. Alternative B would have 
fewer environmental impacts in terms of surface water, air quality, 
GHGs, climate change, public health and safety, and noise impacts. For 
both Alternatives A and B, the intensity of impacts for certain 
resources are relatively similar, including for EJ communities, 
floodplains, geology, aquatic, wildlife, and ecological habitat loss 
and conversion, natural areas and parks and recreation, utilities, 
cultural resources, socioeconomic resources, and hazardous waste.
    Thus, there are important environmental tradeoffs between 
Alternative A and Alternative B that TVA has considered. While 
Alternative A would result in lower GHG life cycle emission reductions, 
Alternative B would require significantly greater land use conversions 
in the region. No clear environmentally preferred alternative emerges 
from the comparison. Ultimately, however, Alternative A is the only 
alternative that would fully meet the project purpose and need to 
provide 1,500 MW of firm, dispatchable power by 2027 needed to ensure 
system reliability.

Public Involvement

    TVA initiated a 30-day public scoping period on June 15, 2021, when 
it published a NOI in the Federal Register announcing the preparation 
of an EIS (85 FR 31780, June 15, 2021). TVA also announced the project 
and requested public input in news releases; on its website; in notices 
printed in relevant area newspapers and news websites; in flyers which 
were handed out in the general area of the plant; and in letters to 
Federal, State, and local agencies and federally recognized Indian 
Tribes. TVA held a live virtual public scoping meeting on June 29, 
2021, and hosted a virtual meeting room with project information for 
the duration of the scoping period. TVA received approximately 56 
scoping comments, a form letter from Sierra Club with 583 signatories, 
and a petition from Energy Alabama with eight signatories. These 
comments were carefully considered during the preparation of the EIS. 
The National Park Service, in its comments on the NOI for the scoping 
of the Kingston action, requested to be a cooperating agency in the 
preparation of the Final EIS. TVA granted this request. Additionally, 
TVA invited the EPA to be a cooperating agency, and EPA has served as a 
cooperating agency for this EIS.
    The NOA of the Draft EIS was published in the Federal Register on 
May 19, 2023, initiating a 45-day public comment period that ended on 
July 3, 2023 (88 FR 32215, May 19, 2023). The availability of the Draft 
EIS and request for comments were announced on the TVA website; in 
regional and local newspapers; in a news release; in locally sent 
postcards; in electric bill mailers; in flyers handed out at commodity 
distribution and other local community events; and in letters to local, 
State, and Federal agencies and federally recognized Tribes. TVA 
contacted local officials and leaders, schools, and community action 
organizations in the KIF project area. TVA held a virtual public 
meeting and two in-person public meetings in Rockwood and Kingston, 
Tennessee during the Draft EIS comment period.
    TVA received 602 comments on the Draft EIS, with one form letter 
containing approximately 4,350 signatures. A large portion of comments 
generally supported the retirement of the nine KIF coal-fired units but 
opposed Alternative A and preferred Alternative B; however, there was 
also significant support for Alternative A and the No Action 
Alternative. TVA carefully reviewed all substantive comments and, where 
appropriate, revised the text of the EIS to address the comments and 
issued the Final EIS. The submitted comments and TVA's responses to 
them are included in appendix D to the Final EIS.
    The NOA for the Final EIS was published in the Federal Register on 
February 23, 2024 (89 FR 13717). Following publication of the Final 
EIS, and therefore outside of the comment period, TVA staff and the 
Board of Directors received several hundred comment submissions, many 
of which were submitted through form letters, primarily from 
individuals in support of the retirement of KIF and a renewable 
replacement generation. These comments were addressed by TVA in section 
2.1.5 of the Final EIS, which considered a renewable generation option 
to replace the generation from the nine retiring KIF units.
    Following the publication of the NOA for the Final EIS, and 
therefore outside of the comment period for the EIS, TVA received 
additional public comments in March 2024, including a comment letter 
from the EPA. The comments raised in the letters post-dating the Final 
EIS largely reiterated earlier comments on the Draft EIS and did not 
raise new issues of relevance that were not already addressed by TVA in 
the Final EIS or Appendix D of the Final EIS.
    On March 25, 2024, EPA submitted comments in accordance with 
section 309 of the Clean Air Act and section 102(2)(C) of NEPA. EPA is 
also a cooperating agency on this project. Many of these comments were 
raised during EPA's cooperating agency review of the Draft EIS and the 
Final EIS. TVA responded as discussed in Appendix L of the Final EIS. 
TVA gave further consideration to EPA's section 309 letter and TVA's 
responses are included in the administrative record.

Decision

    TVA certifies, in accordance with 40 CFR 1505.2(b), that the agency 
has considered all of the alternatives, information, analyses, material 
in the record determined to be relevant, and comments submitted by 
Federal, State, Tribal and local governments and public

[[Page 24563]]

commenters for consideration in developing the Final EIS.
    TVA has decided to implement the Preferred Alternative identified 
in the Final EIS: Alternative A, to retire, decommission, and demolish 
the nine KIF coal-fired units, and to install at least 1,500 MW of 
replacement generation capacity through the construction and operation 
of a natural gas-fired combined cycle plant, 16 dual-fired aero-
derivative CTs, a 3 to 4 MW solar site, and a 100 MW BESS at the 
Kingston Reservation. This alternative best achieves TVA's purpose and 
need to retire the nine KIF units and to replace the generation from 
those retired units with firm, dispatchable power by the end of 2027 to 
maintain system reliability.

Mitigation Measures

    TVA will employ standard practices and routine measures and other 
project-specific measures to avoid, minimize, and mitigate adverse 
impacts from implementation of Alternative A. Certain minimization and 
mitigation measures were provided by the Tennessee Department of 
Environment and Conservation (TDEC) as recommendations regarding 
demolition materials in lieu of open burning, such as beneficial reuse 
or transport to a recycling facility or landfill; general permitting; 
and best management practice (BMP) guidance regarding cultural, air, 
and water resources.
    TVA will implement minimization and mitigation measures that have 
been developed with consideration of BMPs, permit requirements, TDEC 
recommendations, and adherence to erosion and sediment control plans. 
TVA will utilize standard BMPs to minimize erosion during construction, 
operation, and maintenance activities. These BMPs are described in A 
Guide for Environmental Protection and BMPs for TVA Construction and 
Maintenance Activities--Revision 4 and the Tennessee Erosion and 
Sediment Control Handbook. Additionally, TVA will incorporate, as 
appropriate, environmentally beneficial features, such as pollinator 
habitat, at the Kingston Reservation in the future.
    ETNG has identified numerous mitigation measures for the 
construction and operation of the 122-mile natural gas pipeline, which 
include many of the standard practices to comply with environmental 
laws and regulations, including, but not limited to, FERC's Regulations 
Implementing the National Environmental Policy Act (18 CFR part 380)--
Transportation of Natural Gas and Other Gas by Pipeline: Minimum 
Federal Safety Standards, the FERC Plan and the FERC Procedures or 
under FERC-approved deviations, FERC Guidance for Horizontal 
Directional Drill Monitoring, Inadvertent Return Response, and 
Contingency Plans (49 CFR part 192).
    In association with Alternative A, TVA would employ standard 
practices and specific routine measures to avoid and minimize effects 
to resources. During development of the Final EIS, TVA has adopted all 
practicable means to avoid or minimize environmental harm from 
Alternative A and commits to implementing the following minimization 
and mitigation measures and commitments listed in the Final EIS section 
2.3 in relation to potentially affected resources:
     Soils
    [cir] Install silt fence along the perimeter of areas cleared of 
vegetation.
    [cir] Implement other soil stabilization and vegetation management 
measures to reduce the potential for soil erosion during site 
operations.
    [cir] Try to balance cut-and-fill quantities to alleviate the 
transportation of soils offsite during construction.
     Water Resources
    [cir] TVA will continue to implement KIF Ash Pond Dredge Cell 
Restoration Project Phase III that includes restoration of the natural 
resources affected by the 2008 Ash Spill.
    [cir] TVA will develop a project specific stormwater pollution 
prevention plan, as required under the General Permit for Stormwater 
Discharges Associated with Construction Activities, prior to beginning 
construction or demolition.
    [cir] Perennial, intermittent, and ephemeral streams and wetlands 
that could be affected by the construction would be protected by 
implementing standard BMPs as identified in the project stormwater 
pollution prevention plan, TVA's BMP manual, and the Tennessee Erosion 
and Sediment Control Handbook. Direct, permanent effects to streams and 
wetlands would be permitted and mitigated under the CWA section 404 
permit and TDEC Aquatic Resources Alteration Permit/CWA section 401. In 
particular, TVA will purchase mitigation credits within the Clinch, 
Emory, and Tennessee River watersheds, as appropriate and to the extent 
such credits are available within these watersheds. Should mitigation 
credits not be available within the primary or applicable secondary 
watersheds, TVA will pursue mitigation through in-lieu fee credit 
purchases or through permittee-responsible mitigation.
    [cir] Comply with the terms and water quality standards, as 
identified in the individual NPDES permit, for industrial wastewater 
discharge(s) by ensuring any process water discharge meets applicable 
effluent limits and water quality standards.
    [cir] Use TVA BMP procedures for controlling soil erosion and 
sediment control, such as the use of buffer zones surrounding perennial 
and intermittent streams and wetlands (impaired or high-quality 
designated water features may require larger buffer zones) and install 
erosion control silt fences and sediment traps.
    [cir] Implement other routine BMPs as necessary, including:
    [ssquf] non-mechanical tree removal within stream and wetland 
buffers;
    [ssquf] placement of silt fence and sediment traps along buffer 
edges;
    [ssquf] selective herbicide treatment to restrict application near 
receiving water and groundwater features;
    [ssquf] proper vehicle maintenance to reduce the potential for 
adverse effects to groundwater; and
    [ssquf] use of wetland mats for temporary crossing, dry season work 
across wetlands, and no soil rutting of 12 inches or more in wetlands.
     Biological Resources
    [cir] Revegetate with native and/or noninvasive vegetation 
consistent with Invasive Species Executive Order 13112, including 
species that attract pollinators, to reintroduce habitat, reduce 
erosion, and limit the spread of invasive species.
    [cir] In areas requiring chemical treatment, only EPA-registered 
and TVA-approved herbicides would be used in accordance with label 
directions designed, in part, to restrict applications near sinkholes 
and caves and near receiving waters to prevent unacceptable aquatic 
effects. TVA would apply for coverage under TDEC's NPDES General Permit 
for Application of Pesticides prior to use of herbicides in aquatic 
environments.
    [cir] Follow FWS recommendations regarding biological resources and 
pollinator species:
    [ssquf] Use of downward and inward facing lighting to limit 
attracting wildlife, particularly migratory birds and bats;
    [ssquf] Instruct construction personnel on wildlife resource 
protection measures, including applicable Federal and State laws such 
as those that prohibit animal disturbance, collection, or removal, the 
importance of protecting wildlife resources, and avoiding unnecessary 
vegetation removal; and
    [ssquf] Perform surveys of buildings prior to demolition to ensure 
they have not been colonized by bats or migratory birds. If bats are 
found, including those listed as threatened or endangered species, 
these buildings would not be

[[Page 24564]]

demolished until one of two mitigation actions occurs: (1) bats are 
transitioned out of the buildings, or (2) consultation with FWS is 
completed (if federally listed species are observed). If active nests 
of migratory birds are present and demolition activities must occur 
within the nesting season, TVA would coordinate with FWS or the United 
States Department of Agriculture Wildlife Services, whichever is 
appropriate based on the species' Federal status, to determine best 
options for carrying out demolition activities.
    [cir] Should actions near nesting osprey rise to levels above 
normal routine disturbance typically encountered on the Kingston 
Reservation, U.S. Department of Agriculture Wildlife Services will be 
contacted to ensure compliance under Federal law.
    [cir] As practicable, TVA will endeavor to remove trees on the 
Kingston Reservation between November 15 and March 31 when listed bat 
species are not expected to be roosting in trees and when most 
migratory bird species of conservation concern are not nesting in the 
region. Likewise, TVA will endeavor, as practicable, to remove trees 
for the offsite transmission system upgrade activities between November 
15 and March 31 for tree clearing activities occurring within 0.5 miles 
of known bat hibernacula.
    [cir] For those activities with potential to affect listed bats, 
TVA will commit to implementing specific conservation measures approved 
by FWS through TVA's updated programmatic consultation (May 2023) to 
ensure effects would not be significant. Relevant conservation measures 
that will be implemented as part of the approved project are listed in 
the bat strategy form provided in Appendix F to the Final EIS.
    [cir] TVA will endeavor to sell any marketable timber generated 
from onsite clearing activities. Non-marketable timber may be cut and 
left in place in specified, non-wetland areas as a windrow BMP or may 
be chipped and used as sediment barriers or mulch.
     Cultural Resources
    [cir] Keep access routes and construction activities outside of the 
30-meter buffers surrounding any archaeological sites listed in 
eligible, or potentially eligible for listing, in the NRHP.
    [cir] When access routes must be placed within such buffers, avoid 
modifications and use wetland mats and light-duty equipment when 
practicable.
    [cir] Locate new structures and buildings at least one-half mile 
from, and out of view of, any NRHP-listed or eligible historic 
architectural structures, when practicable. When avoidance is not 
practical, mitigation will be performed in consultation with the SHPO.
    [cir] Maintain vegetative screening (at least 100 feet in width) to 
prevent clear views from any NRHP-listed or -eligible above-ground 
resources, or from the Green-Mahoney Cemetery to the new facilities.
     Waste Management
    [cir] Develop and implement a variety of plans and programs to 
ensure safe handling, storage, and use of hazardous materials.
     Public and Occupational Health and Safety
    [cir] Implement BMPs for site safety management to minimize 
potential risks to workers.
     Transportation
    [cir] Implement staggered work shifts during daylight hours and 
utilize a flag person during the heavy commute periods to manage 
construction traffic flow near the project site(s), if needed.
    [cir] To mitigate the potential for effects to public safety, TVA 
will restrict or close roads in the vicinity should blasting be used to 
demolish the stack. No barge or boat traffic would be allowed in the 
area during the stack blasting activities.
    [cir] TVA will work with the demolition contractor to create a 
detailed site-specific plan for any public road closures that will be 
distributed to affected parties, including emergency personnel.
     Noise
    [cir] Minimize construction activities during overnight hours, 
where possible, and ensure that heavy equipment, machinery, and 
vehicles utilized at the project site meet all Federal, State, and 
local noise requirements.
     Visual
    [cir] Use downward- and inward-facing lighting.
     Air Quality and GHG Emissions
    [cir] Comply with local ordinances or burn permits if burning of 
vegetative debris is required and use BMPs, such as periodic watering, 
covering open-body trucks, and establishing a speed limit to mitigate 
fugitive dust.
    [cir] Remove ash from the facilities for deconstruction and 
demolition, prior to removal of that facility, and implement dust 
control measures during demolition to prevent the spread of dust, dirt, 
and debris to minimize potential fugitive dust mobilization associated 
with explosive demolition. Dust control methods may include covering 
waste or debris piles, using covered containers to haul waste and 
debris, or wet suppression techniques. Wet suppression may include 
wetting of equipment and demolition areas and wetting unpaved vehicle 
access routes during hauling, which can reduce fugitive dust emissions 
from roadways and unpaved areas.
    [cir] Maintain engines and equipment in good working order.
    [cir] Comply with TDEC Air Pollution Control Rule 1200-3-8, which 
requires reasonable precautions to prevent particulate matter from 
becoming airborne. If necessary, emissions from open demolition areas 
and paved/unpaved roads could be mitigated by spraying water on the 
work areas and roadways to reduce fugitive dust emissions.
    [cir] Comply with the EPA mobile source regulations in 40 CFR part 
85 for on-road engines and 40 CFR part 1039 for non-road engines, 
requiring a maximum sulfur content in diesel fuel of 15 ppm.
    [cir] Implement inherent (e.g., good combustion design and 
practice) and/or post-combustion (e.g., selective catalytic reduction, 
oxidation catalysts) emissions controls for each emissions unit, which 
will mitigate nitrogen oxides, sulfur dioxide, particulate matter 10 
and 2.5, carbon monoxide, and volatile organic compounds.
    [cir] Meet 40 CFR part 60, subpart KKKK (NOX and 
SO2), and subpart TTTT (GHGs), requirements for combustion 
turbines/electric generating units, including emissions monitoring and/
or performance testing requirements, fuel and fuel sulfur monitoring 
requirements, and maintenance, recordkeeping, and reporting 
requirements. All combustion turbine exhaust stacks will be equipped 
with continuous emissions monitoring systems.
    [cir] Utilize efficient operation and maintenance techniques and 
leak detection to minimize sulfur hexafluoride emissions associated 
with transmission construction and upgrades.
    [cir] Monitor local air quality and meteorological conditions 
during construction and demolition activities, using AIRNOW or other 
applicable data source as appropriate. The U.S. Air Quality Index will 
be used to monitor local air quality conditions to inform decisions to 
reduce, or change the timing of, construction/demolition activities.
     Blasting/Explosives
    [cir] TVA will work to minimize one-time emissions of fugitive dust 
from facilities expected to produce large volumes (such as demolition 
of the stack) by working with the demolition contractor on a site-
specific plan. The plan may use mitigation methods that include the 
treatment of fall zones,

[[Page 24565]]

misting, and application of tackifier inside the stacks, or cleaning 
and removal of ash and other materials. The fall zones may have berms 
to reduce the lateral extent of the dust cloud. Also, a hardened berm 
near the base of the stack could act as a backstop to prevent rock and 
debris spreading from the base of the stacks during demolition.
    [cir] Some blasting may be required during the site preparation due 
to shallow rock. If blasting is required, the blasting contractor will 
complete a survey, develop a blast plan, and review with KIF as well as 
other TVA groups or projects who may have ongoing and unrelated 
projects in the area (i.e. Dam Safety and Civil Projects) to coordinate 
the limits of the vibration monitors/sensors for KIF generating units 
or other sensitive features. After obtaining site specific data 
provided by the blasting contractor, and if deemed necessary during 
development of the demolition plan, TVA would work with a documentation 
services company to prepare a vibration model simulating the effects of 
discharge of the explosives or vibrations due to the stack hitting the 
ground. If indicated by the results, imported fill, dirt binder, and 
geofabric could be used for mitigation of noise and vibration.
    [cir] During the construction planning process, TVA will determine 
mitigation measures to minimize potential effects to on-site power 
transmission equipment from vibrations caused by explosive demolition 
of the stacks. Use of such mitigation measures would address any power 
disruptions.
    [cir] Explosives will be managed under the direction of a licensed 
blaster, 24-hour security will be provided to monitor the explosives, 
and detailed security plans will be developed and provided to area 
emergency response agencies as part of measures that will be taken to 
mitigate potential effects on the safety of personnel and the public. 
TVA will comply with all Federal and State regulations applying to 
blasting and blast vibration limits regarding structures and 
underground utilities.
     Floodplains
    [cir] Construction of new transmission lines will adhere to the TVA 
subclass review criteria for transmission lines located in floodplains.
    [cir] KIF decommissioning and deconstruction debris will be 
disposed of outside 100- and 500-year floodplains.
    [cir] For any access roads within 100-year floodplains but not 
floodways, the roads will be constructed such that flood elevations 
would not increase more than one foot.
    [cir] For any roads within 100-year floodways, and to prevent an 
obstruction in the floodway, (1) any fill, gravel, or other 
modifications in the floodway that extend above the pre-construction 
road grade will be removed after completion of the project; (2) this 
excess material will be spoiled outside of the published floodway; and 
(3) the area will be returned to its pre-construction condition.
    [cir] Any switchyard(s) located in the floodplain will be located a 
minimum of one foot above the 100-year flood elevation at that location 
for a regular action, or a minimum of the 500-year flood elevation for 
a critical action, as well as be consistent with local floodplain 
regulations.
    [cir] The flood-damageable components of the solar panels, as well 
as other flood-damageable structures and facilities sited in 
floodplains, will be located at least one foot above the 100-year flood 
elevation at that location and will otherwise be consistent with local 
floodplain regulations.
    [cir] Outside the Kingston Reservation, in construction laydown 
areas, flood-damageable equipment or materials located within the 100-
year floodplain will be relocated outside the floodplain during a 
flood.
    [cir] On the Kingston Reservation, in construction laydown areas, 
flood-damageable equipment or materials located within the 100-year 
floodplain will be relocated by the equipment owner to an area above 
elevation 750 during a flood.
     ETNG would implement the following mitigation measures to 
mitigate the impacts of construction and operation of the pipeline:
    [cir] ETNG would follow the Karst Hazards Mitigation Guidance Plan 
submitted to FERC on July 18, 2023, with ETNG's Certificate 
application, which provides practical solutions to address typical 
karst features, hydrotechnical hazards, and steep slopes, where site-
specific mitigation plans are deemed unnecessary.
    [cir] ETNG would conduct pipeline blasting during daylight hours, 
as feasible, and will not begin until occupants of nearby buildings, 
stores, residences, places of business and farms have been notified.
    [cir] ETNG will install the natural gas pipeline lateral through 
trenching or directional drilling, and any excess fill resulting from 
this would be disposed of outside 100-year floodplains.
    TVA has incorporated non-routine mitigation measures into 
Alternative A such as solar and battery storage facilities and hydrogen 
fuel blending capabilities. Once constructed and operational, the 
renewable components will include the 3 to 4 MW solar facility and 100 
MW lithium-ion BESS at the Kingston Reservation. Alternative A will be 
designed to be initially capable of blending 5 percent hydrogen at the 
time of construction, but would be capable of burning at least 30 
percent hydrogen by volume with modification to the balance of the 
plant once a reliable hydrogen source is identified. If a reliable 
source of hydrogen is identified in the future, TVA would conduct 
additional analyses of supply routes, costs, storage requirements, or 
other needs to facilitate incorporation of hydrogen fuel and to 
determine the site-specific impacts associated with any future 
mitigation that is planned. These non-routine mitigation measures have 
been incorporated into Alternative A to plan for future regulatory 
requirements and operating conditions, which may necessitate the need 
for future mitigation efforts.
    Authority: 40 CFR 1505.2.

    Dated: April 2, 2024.
Jeff Lyash,
President & Chief Executive Officer, Tennessee Valley Authority.
[FR Doc. 2024-07411 Filed 4-5-24; 8:45 am]
BILLING CODE 8120-08-P