[Federal Register Volume 89, Number 48 (Monday, March 11, 2024)]
[Rules and Regulations]
[Pages 17546-17596]
From the Federal Register Online via the Government Publishing Office [www.gpo.gov]
[FR Doc No: 2024-04604]



[[Page 17545]]

Vol. 89

Monday,

No. 48

March 11, 2024

Part II





Department of the Treasury





-----------------------------------------------------------------------





Internal Revenue Service





-----------------------------------------------------------------------





26 CFR Parts 1 and 301





Elective Payment of Applicable Credits; Elective Payment of Advanced 
Manufacturing Investment Credit; Final Rules





Election To Exclude Certain Unincorporated Organizations Owned by 
Applicable Entities From Application of the Rules on Partners and 
Partnerships; Proposed Rule

  Federal Register / Vol. 89 , No. 48 / Monday, March 11, 2024 / Rules 
and Regulations  

[[Page 17546]]


-----------------------------------------------------------------------

DEPARTMENT OF THE TREASURY

Internal Revenue Service

26 CFR Parts 1 and 301

[TD 9988]
RIN 1545-BQ63


Elective Payment of Applicable Credits; Elective Payment of 
Advanced Manufacturing Investment Credit; Final Rules; Election To 
Exclude Certain Unincorporated Organizations Owned by Applicable 
Entities From Application of the Rules on Partners and Partnerships; 
Proposed Rule

AGENCY: Internal Revenue Service (IRS), Treasury.

ACTION: Final regulations and removal of temporary regulations.

-----------------------------------------------------------------------

SUMMARY: This document contains final regulations concerning the 
election under the Inflation Reduction Act of 2022 to treat the amount 
of certain tax credits as a payment of Federal income tax. The 
regulations describe rules for the elective payment of these credit 
amounts in a taxable year, including definitions and special rules 
applicable to partnerships and S corporations and regarding repayment 
of excessive payments. In addition, the regulations describe rules 
related to a required IRS pre-filing registration process. These 
regulations affect tax-exempt organizations, State and local 
governments, Indian tribal governments, Alaska Native Corporations, the 
Tennessee Valley Authority, rural electric cooperatives, and, in the 
case of three of these credits, certain taxpayers eligible to elect the 
elective payment of credit amounts in a taxable year.

DATES: 
    Effective date: These regulations are effective May 10, 2024.
    Applicability date: For dates of applicability, see Sec. Sec.  
1.6417-1(q), 1.6417-2(f), 1.6417-3(f), 1.6417-4(f), 1.6417-5(d), 
1.6417-6(e), 301.6241-1(b)(1), and 301.6241-7(k)(3).

FOR FURTHER INFORMATION CONTACT: Concerning these final regulations, 
Jeremy Milton at (202) 317-5665 and James Holmes at (202) 317-5114 (not 
toll-free numbers).

SUPPLEMENTARY INFORMATION: 

Background

    This document contains final regulations that amend the Income Tax 
Regulations (26 CFR part 1) and the Procedure and Administration 
Regulations (26 CFR part 301) to implement the statutory provisions of 
section 6417 of the Internal Revenue Code (Code), as enacted by section 
13801(a) of Public Law 117-169, 136 Stat. 1818, 2003 (August 16, 2022), 
commonly known as the Inflation Reduction Act of 2022 (IRA).

I. Overview of Section 6417

    An applicable entity that meets all the requirements of section 
6417 is permitted to make an election under section 6417 with respect 
to any applicable credit determined with respect to the applicable 
entity for the taxable year (elective payment election). If an 
applicable entity makes an elective payment election, the applicable 
entity is treated as making a payment against Federal income taxes 
imposed by subtitle A of the Code (subtitle A) for the taxable year 
with respect to which such credit was determined that is equal to the 
amount of such credit (elective payment amount). An election under 
section 6417 must be made at such time and in such manner as provided 
by the Secretary of the Treasury or her delegate (Secretary).
    Section 6417(b) defines the term ``applicable credit'' to mean each 
of the following 12 credits:
    (1) So much of the credit for alternative fuel vehicle refueling 
property allowed under section 30C of the Code that, pursuant to 
section 30C(d)(1), is treated as a credit listed in section 38(b) of 
the Code (section 30C credit);
    (2) So much of the renewable electricity production credit 
determined under section 45(a) of the Code as is attributable to 
qualified facilities that are originally placed in service after 
December 31, 2022 (section 45 credit);
    (3) So much of the credit for carbon oxide sequestration determined 
under section 45Q(a) of the Code as is attributable to carbon capture 
equipment that is originally placed in service after December 31, 2022 
(section 45Q credit);
    (4) The zero-emission nuclear power production credit determined 
under section 45U(a) of the Code (section 45U credit);
    (5) So much of the credit for production of clean hydrogen 
determined under section 45V(a) of the Code as is attributable to 
qualified clean hydrogen production facilities that are originally 
placed in service after December 31, 2012 (section 45V credit);
    (6) In the case of a ``tax-exempt entity'' described in section 
168(h)(2)(A)(i), (ii), or (iv) of the Code, the credit for qualified 
commercial vehicles determined under section 45W of the Code by reason 
of section 45W(d)(3) \1\ (section 45W credit);
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

    \1\ The reference was intended to be to section 45W(d)(2). See 
General Explanation of Tax Legislation Enacted in the 117th 
Congress, JCS-1-23 (December 21, 2023) at 282. Thus, the final 
regulations refer to section 45W(d)(2).
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

    (7) The credit for advanced manufacturing production under section 
45X(a) of the Code (section 45X credit);
    (8) The clean electricity production credit determined under 
section 45Y(a) of the Code (section 45Y credit);
    (9) The clean fuel production credit determined under section 
45Z(a) of the Code (section 45Z credit);
    (10) The energy credit determined under section 48 of the Code 
(section 48 credit);
    (11) The qualifying advanced energy project credit determined under 
section 48C of the Code (section 48C credit); and
    (12) The clean electricity investment credit determined under 
section 48E of the Code (section 48E credit).
    As described in part II of this Background, section 6417(d) defines 
an ``applicable entity'' and provides generally applicable rules for 
making elective payment elections. Section 6417(e) through (h) provide 
special rules applicable under section 6417 that are described in part 
II of this Background. As described in parts III and IV of this 
Background, section 6417(c), (d)(1)(B) through (D), and (d)(3) also 
contain special rules allowing a taxpayer, including for this purpose a 
partnership or S corporation, that is not an applicable entity 
(electing taxpayer) to elect to be treated as an applicable entity for 
the limited purpose of making an elective payment election under 
section 6417, but only with respect to section 45Q credits, section 45V 
credits, and section 45X credits. Part V of this Background describes 
Notice 2022-50, 2022-43 I.R.B. 325, which, in part, requested feedback 
from the public on potential issues with respect to the elective 
payment election provisions under section 6417. Part VI of this 
Background describes proposed regulations (REG-101607-23) and temporary 
regulations (TD 9975) issued under section 6417.

II. Applicable Entities and General Elective Payment Election Rules

    Section 6417(d)(1)(A) defines the term ``applicable entity'' to 
mean:
    (1) Any organization exempt from tax imposed by subtitle A;
    (2) Any State or political subdivision thereof;
    (3) The Tennessee Valley Authority;

[[Page 17547]]

    (4) An Indian tribal government (as defined in section 30D(g)(9) of 
the Code);
    (5) Any Alaska Native Corporation (as defined in section 3 of the 
Alaska Native Claims Settlement Act (43 U.S.C. 1602(m)); or
    (6) Any corporation operating on a cooperative basis that is 
engaged in furnishing electric energy to persons in rural areas.
    Section 6417(d)(2) provides that, in the case of any applicable 
entity that makes the election described in section 6417(a), any 
applicable credit amount is determined (1) without regard to section 
50(b)(3) and (4)(A)(i) of the Code (that is, restrictions on property 
used by tax-exempt organizations and governmental units), and (2) by 
treating any property with respect to which such credit is determined 
as used in a trade or business of the applicable entity.
    Section 6417(d)(3)(A)(i) provides rules regarding the due date for 
making any elective payment election. In the case of any government 
(such as a State, the District of Columbia, an Indian tribal 
government, any U.S. territory) or any political subdivision, agency or 
instrumentality of the foregoing described in section 6417(d)(1) and 
for which no return is required under section 6011 or 6033(a) of the 
Code, any election under section 6417(a) cannot be made later than the 
date as is determined appropriate by the Secretary. In any other case, 
any election under section 6417(a) cannot be made later than the due 
date (including extensions of time) for the tax return for the taxable 
year for which the election is made, but in no event earlier than 180 
days after the date of the enactment of section 6417 (that is, in no 
event earlier than 180 days after August 16, 2022, which is February 
13, 2023).
    Section 6417(d)(3)(A)(ii) provides that any election under section 
6417(a), once made, is irrevocable, and applies (except as otherwise 
provided in section 6417(d)(3)) with respect to any credit for the 
taxable year for which the election is made.
    Section 6417(d)(3)(B) provides that, in the case of section 45 
credits, any election under section 6417(a): (1) applies separately 
with respect to each qualified facility; (2) must be made for the 
taxable year in which such qualified facility is originally placed in 
service; and (3) applies to such taxable year and to any subsequent 
taxable year that is within the 10-year credit period described in 
section 45(a)(2)(A)(ii) with respect to such qualified facility.
    Section 6417(d)(3)(C) provides that, in the case of section 45Q 
credits, any election under section 6417(a): (1) applies separately 
with respect to the carbon capture equipment originally placed in 
service by the applicable entity during a taxable year; and (2) applies 
to such taxable year and to any subsequent taxable year that is within 
the 12-year credit period described in section 45Q(a)(3)(A) or (4)(A) 
with respect to such equipment. Section 6417(d)(3)(C)(i)(II)(aa), 
(d)(3)(C)(ii), and (d)(3)(C)(iii) provides special rules for a taxpayer 
making the election to be treated as an applicable entity for purposes 
of section 6417 with respect to a section 45Q credit (see part III of 
this Background).
    Section 6417(d)(3)(D) provides that, in the case of section 45V 
credits, any election under section 6417(a): (1) applies separately 
with respect to each qualified clean hydrogen production facility; (2) 
must be made for the taxable year in which such facility is placed in 
service (or within the 1-year period subsequent to the date of 
enactment of section 6417 in the case of facilities placed in service 
before December 31, 2022); and (3) applies to the taxable year and all 
subsequent taxable years with respect to such facility. Section 
6417(d)(3)(D)(i)(III)(aa), (ii), and (iii) provide special rules for a 
taxpayer making the election to be treated as an applicable entity for 
purposes of section 6417 with respect to the 45V credit (see part III 
of this Background).
    Section 6417(d)(3)(E) provides that, in the case of section 45Y 
credits, any election under section 6417(a): (1) applies separately 
with respect to each qualified facility; (2) must be made for the 
taxable year in which such facility is placed in service; and (3) 
applies to such taxable year and to any subsequent taxable year that is 
within the 10-year credit period described in section 45Y(b)(1)(B) with 
respect to such facility.
    Section 6417(d)(4) provides rules regarding when the elective 
payment is treated as made. Section 6417(d)(4)(A) provides that, in the 
case of any government or political subdivision described in section 
6417(d)(1), and for which no return is required under section 6011 or 
6033(a), the payment described in section 6417(a) is treated as made on 
the later of the date that a return would be due under section 6033(a) 
if such government or subdivision were described in section 6033 or the 
date on which such government or subdivision submits a claim for credit 
or refund (at such time and in such manner as the Secretary provides). 
Section 6417(d)(4)(B) provides that, in any other case, the payment 
described in section 6417(a) is treated as made on the later of the due 
date (determined without regard to extensions) of the return of tax for 
the taxable year or the date on which such return is filed with the 
IRS.
    Section 6417(d)(5) provides that, as a condition of, and prior to, 
any amount being treated as a payment that is made by an applicable 
entity under section 6417(a), the Secretary may require such 
information or registration as the Secretary deems necessary for 
purposes of preventing duplication, fraud, improper payments, or 
excessive payments under section 6417.
    Section 6417(d)(6) provides rules relating to excessive payments. 
In the case of any amount treated as a payment that is made by the 
applicable entity under section 6417(a), or the amount of the payment 
made pursuant to section 6417(c), that is determined to constitute an 
excessive payment, the tax imposed on such entity by chapter 1 of the 
Code (chapter 1), regardless of whether such entity would otherwise be 
subject to chapter 1 tax, for the taxable year in which such 
determination is made is increased by an amount equal to the sum of (1) 
the amount of such excessive payment, plus (2) an amount equal to 20 
percent of such excessive payment. The increase equal to 20 percent of 
the excessive payment does not apply if the applicable entity can 
demonstrate that the excessive payment resulted from reasonable cause.
    An excessive payment is defined as, with respect to a facility or 
property for which an election is made under section 6417 for any 
taxable year, an amount equal to the excess of (1) the amount treated 
as a payment that is made by the applicable entity under section 
6417(a), or the amount of the payment made pursuant to section 6417(c), 
with respect to such facility or property for such taxable year, over 
(2) the amount of the credit that, without application of section 6417, 
would be otherwise allowable (as determined pursuant to section 
6417(d)(2) and without regard to section 38(c)) with respect to such 
facility or property for such taxable year.
    Section 6417(e) provides a denial of double benefit rule providing 
that, in the case of an applicable entity making an election under 
section 6417 with respect to an applicable credit, such credit is 
reduced to zero and, for any other purpose under the Code, is deemed to 
have been allowed to such entity for such taxable year.

[[Page 17548]]

    Section 6417(f) provides a special rule relating to any territory 
\2\ of the United States with a mirror code tax system (as defined in 
section 24(k) of the Code). Under this rule, section 6417 will not be 
treated as part of the income tax laws of the United States for 
purposes of determining the income tax law of any such U.S. territory 
unless such U.S. territory elects to have section 6417 be so treated. 
Currently, the U.S. Virgin Islands, Guam, and the Commonwealth of the 
Northern Mariana Islands have mirror code tax systems.
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

    \2\ Section 6417(f) uses the term ``possession,'' but the 
proposed regulations and these final regulations use the alternative 
term ``territory.''
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

    Section 6417(g) provides basis reduction and recapture rules. It 
states that, except as otherwise provided in section 6417(c)(2)(A),\3\ 
rules similar to the rules of section 50 apply for purposes of section 
6417.
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

    \3\ There is no section 6417(c)(2)(A) and the Treasury 
Department and the IRS believe Congress intended to refer instead to 
section 6417(d)(2)(A). See General Explanation of Tax Legislation 
Enacted in the 117th Congress, JCS-1-23 (December 21, 2023) at 284. 
Thus, the proposed and final regulations refer to section 
6417(d)(2)(A).
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

    Section 6417(h) authorizes the Secretary to issue regulations or 
other guidance as may be necessary to carry out the purposes of section 
6417, including guidance to ensure that the amount of the payment or 
deemed payment made under section 6417 is commensurate with the amount 
of the credit that would be otherwise allowable (determined without 
regard to section 38(c)).

III. Special Rules Relating to Electing Taxpayers Making an Election 
Under Section 6417(d)(1)(B), (C), or (D)

    A taxpayer other than an applicable entity under section 
6417(d)(1)(A) (electing taxpayer) may make an election to be treated as 
an applicable entity for the limited purpose of making an elective 
payment election with respect to a section 45V credit, a section 45Q 
credit, or a section 45X credit under section 6417(d)(1)(B), (C), or 
(D), respectively. An electing taxpayer may make an elective payment 
election under section 6417(d)(1)(B), (C), or (D) at such time and in 
such manner as the Secretary provides (but no election may be made with 
respect to any taxable year beginning after December 31, 2032). The 
special rules for such an election are described in parts III.A, III.B, 
and III.C of this Background.

A. Electing Taxpayers Making an Election With Respect to Section 45V 
Credits

    Section 6417(d)(1)(B) allows an electing taxpayer to make an 
elective payment election for any taxable year in which such taxpayer 
has placed in service a qualified clean hydrogen production facility 
(as defined in section 45V(c)(3)), but only with respect to a section 
45V credit determined in such year with respect to the electing 
taxpayer. Pursuant to section 6417(d)(3)(D)(i)(III), such electing 
taxpayer is treated as having made such election for the taxable year 
with respect to which the election is made and each of the four 
subsequent taxable years ending before January 1, 2033. Under section 
6417(d)(3)(D)(iii), an electing taxpayer may elect to revoke the 
application of such election, but any such election to revoke, if made, 
applies to the applicable year specified in such election (but not any 
prior taxable year) and each subsequent taxable year within the 5-year 
period and cannot be revoked.
    Section 6417(d)(3)(D)(ii) prohibits an electing taxpayer from 
making a transfer election under section 6418(a) of the Code with 
respect to a section 45V credit for any year for which the electing 
taxpayer's election under section 6417(d)(1)(B) is in effect.
B. Electing Taxpayers Making an Election With Respect to Section 45Q 
Credits
    Section 6417(d)(1)(C) allows an electing taxpayer to make an 
elective payment election for any taxable year in which the electing 
taxpayer has, after December 31, 2022, placed in service carbon capture 
equipment at a qualified facility (as defined in section 45Q(d)), but 
only with respect to a section 45Q credit determined in such year with 
respect to such taxpayer. Pursuant to section 6417(d)(3)(C)(i)(II)(aa), 
such electing taxpayer is treated as having made such election for the 
taxable year with respect to which the election is made and each of the 
four subsequent taxable years ending before January 1, 2033. Under 
section 6417(d)(3)(C)(iii), an electing taxpayer may elect to revoke 
the application of such election, but any such election to revoke, if 
made, applies to the applicable year specified in such election (but 
not any prior taxable year) and each subsequent taxable year within the 
5-year period and cannot be revoked.
    Section 6417(d)(3)(C)(ii) prohibits an electing taxpayer from 
making a transfer election under section 6418(a) with respect to a 
section 45Q credit for any year for which the electing taxpayer's 
election under section 6417(d)(1)(C) is in effect.
C. Electing Taxpayers Making an Election With Respect to Section 45X 
Credits
    Section 6417(d)(1)(D) allows an electing taxpayer to make an 
elective payment election for any taxable year in which the electing 
taxpayer has, after December 31, 2022, produced eligible components (as 
defined in section 45X(c)(1)), but only with respect to a section 45X 
credit determined in such year with respect to such taxpayer. Pursuant 
to section 6417(d)(1)(D)(ii)(I), such electing taxpayer is treated as 
having made such election for the taxable year with respect to which 
the election is made and each of the four subsequent taxable years 
ending before January 1, 2033. Under section 6417(d)(1)(D)(ii)(II), an 
electing taxpayer may elect to revoke the application of such election, 
but any such election to revoke, if made, applies to the applicable 
year specified in such election (but not any prior taxable year) and 
each subsequent taxable year remaining within the 5-year period and 
cannot be revoked.
    Section 6417(d)(1)(D)(iii) prohibits an electing taxpayer from 
making a transfer election under section 6418(a) with respect to a 
section 45X credit for any year for which the electing taxpayer's 
election under section 6417(d)(1)(D) is in effect.

IV. Section 6417 Rules for Partnerships and S Corporations

    Section 6417(c) provides special rules for partnerships and S 
corporations that hold directly (as determined for Federal tax 
purposes) a facility or property for which an applicable credit is 
determined. Section 6417(c)(1) provides that, in the case of any 
applicable credit determined with respect to any facility or property 
held directly by a partnership or S corporation, any elective payment 
election must be made by such partnership or S corporation in the 
manner provided by the Secretary. If a partnership or S corporation 
makes an elective payment election with respect to any applicable 
credit, (1) a payment is made to such partnership or S corporation 
equal to the applicable credit amount; (2) section 6417(e) is applied 
with respect to the applicable credit before determining any partner's 
distributive share, or S corporation shareholder's pro rata share, of 
such applicable credit; (3) any applicable credit amount with respect 
to which the election in section 6417(a) is made is treated as tax 
exempt income for purposes of sections 705 and 1366 of the Code; and 
(4) a partner's distributive share of such tax exempt income is

[[Page 17549]]

based on such partner's distributive share of the otherwise applicable 
credit for each taxable year (an S corporation shareholder's share of 
tax exempt income is based on the shareholder's pro rata share).
    Section 6417(c)(2) provides that, in the case of any facility or 
property held directly by a partnership or S corporation, no election 
by any partner or shareholder is allowed under section 6417(a) with 
respect to any applicable credit determined with respect to such 
facility or property.

V. Notice 2022-50

    On October 24, 2022, the Department of the Treasury (Treasury 
Department) and the IRS published Notice 2022-50, 2022-43 I.R.B. 325, 
to, among other things, request feedback from the public on potential 
issues with respect to the elective payment election provisions under 
section 6417 that may require guidance. Stakeholders submitted more 
than 200 comments in response to Notice 2022-50. Feedback in those 
comments informed the development of the proposed regulations and is 
described in the preamble to the proposed regulations as appropriate.

VI. Proposed and Temporary Regulations

    On June 21, 2023, the Treasury Department and the IRS published 
proposed regulations under section 6417 (REG-101607-23) in the Federal 
Register (88 FR 40528) to provide guidance on elective payment 
elections (proposed regulations). Those proposed regulations included 
proposed Sec.  1.6417-5, which contained proposed rules identical to 
the temporary regulations at Sec.  1.6417-5T. Those temporary 
regulations also were published on June 21, 2023, in the Federal 
Register (88 FR 40093) to provide guidance on the mandatory information 
and registration requirements for elective payment elections. The 
provisions of the proposed regulations are explained in greater detail 
in the preamble to the proposed regulations.

Summary of Comments and Explanation of Revisions

    This Summary of Comments and Explanation of Revisions summarizes 
the proposed regulations and all the substantive comments submitted in 
response to the proposed regulations. The Treasury Department and the 
IRS received 151 written comments in response to the proposed 
regulations. The comments are available for public inspection at 
www.regulations.gov or upon request. A hearing was conducted in person 
and telephonically on August 21, 2023, during which 10 presenters 
provided comments. After full consideration of the comments received, 
these final regulations adopt the proposed regulations with 
modifications in response to the comments described in this Summary of 
Comments and Explanation of Revisions.
    Comments merely summarizing the proposed regulations, recommending 
statutory revisions to section 6417 or other statutes, or addressing 
issues that are outside the scope of this rulemaking, such as the 
calculation of applicable credits (including any bonus credit amounts) 
or recommended changes to IRS forms, are beyond the scope of these 
regulations and are not adopted.

I. General Rules and Definitions

A. Applicable Entities
    Section 6417(d)(1) defines applicable entity. Proposed Sec.  
1.6417-1(c) clarified the statutory definition of applicable entity 
pursuant to the Secretary's authority under section 6417(h) to issue 
regulations necessary to carry out the purposes of section 6417. 
Commenters addressed several aspects of the proposed definitions, as 
described in this Part I.A of the Summary of Comments and Explanation 
of Revisions.
1. Any Organization Exempt From the Tax Imposed by Subtitle A
    Section 6417(d)(1)(A)(i) defines ``applicable entity'' as including 
any organization exempt from the tax imposed by subtitle A. The 
proposed regulations would have clarified that ``any organization 
exempt from the tax imposed by subtitle A'' meant (1) any organization 
exempt from the tax imposed by subtitle A by reason of section 501(a) 
of the Code and (2) any organization exempt from the tax imposed by 
subtitle A because it is the government of any U.S. territory or a 
political subdivision thereof.
    A few commenters asked that Puerto Rico-registered nonprofits 
(those with Puerto Rico 1101.01 nonprofit status) be allowed to file 
for elective payment of renewable energy tax credits without having to 
acquire section 501(c)(3) status. As the preamble to the proposed 
regulations noted, stakeholders had previously responded to Notice 
2022-50 by asking whether an entity classified as a nonprofit under 
State law but that does not have Federal tax-exempt status would be 
described in section 6417(d)(1)(A). The preamble to the proposed 
regulations stated that such an entity would not be described in 
section 6417(d)(1)(A) because it is not exempt from the tax imposed by 
subtitle A (but that some of these entities might meet the requirements 
of another type of applicable entity, such as a State instrumentality, 
and might be an applicable entity on those grounds). This same answer 
applies to a Puerto Rico-registered nonprofit that does not have 
section 501(c)(3) status.
    Multiple commenters urged that homeowners' associations described 
in section 528 of the Code be considered applicable entities under 
section 6417(d)(1)(A) because they are ``exempt from the tax imposed by 
subtitle A'' by their statutory language. Two of these commenters noted 
that other sections within subchapter F of chapter 1 have similar 
statutory language, and one of these commenters thus requested that the 
final regulations be modified to include all organizations considered 
exempt from income taxes pursuant to subchapter F of chapter 1. In 
response, these final regulations adopt this comment and define ``any 
organization exempt from the tax imposed by subtitle A'' to include 
organizations exempt from the tax imposed by subtitle A by reason of 
subchapter F of chapter 1. Thus, under these final regulations, any 
organization described in sections 501 through 530 of the Code that 
meets the requirements to be recognized as exempt from tax under those 
sections is an applicable entity eligible to make an elective payment 
election.
    No commenters opposed the inclusion of the government of any U.S. 
territory or a political subdivision thereof in this definition; thus, 
these final regulations adopt this definition as proposed. However, 
several commenters recommended that the final regulations provide an 
exception to the general rule in section 50(b)(1) for territorial 
applicable entities making elections under section 6417 for investment 
tax credits, advocating that such a rule would provide better parity 
with domestic applicable entities making such elections and would 
advance the IRA's purpose by improving access to clean energy 
investment tax credits in U.S. territories.
    Since before the IRA, investment tax credits, vehicle-related 
credits, and energy efficiency incentives have included restrictions 
with respect to property located or used in U.S. territories by 
reference to section 50(b)(1). Section 50(b)(1) provides that ``no 
[investment tax] credit shall be determined . . . with respect to any 
property which is used predominantly outside the United States'' \4\ 
unless

[[Page 17550]]

section 168(g)(4) applies (which provides an exception for any property 
that is owned by a domestic corporation or by a United States citizen 
other than a citizen entitled to the benefits of section 931 or 933 of 
the Code, and that is used predominantly in a possession of the United 
States by such a corporation or such a citizen, or by a corporation 
created or organized in, or under the law of, a possession of the 
United States). The IRA did not amend these provisions; instead, the 
IRA specifically referenced 50(b)(1) in section 30C, incorporated 
section 50(b)(1) into section 45W, and did not exclude section 48, 48C, 
or 48E from the application of section 50(b)(1). Furthermore, section 
6417(d)(2) provides special rules that enable tax-exempt and government 
entities to benefit from section 30C, 45W, 48, 48C, and 48E because it 
provides that applicable credits are determined without regard to 
sections 50(b)(3) and (4)(A)(i). However, there is no provision lifting 
the territory-related restrictions of section 50(b)(1). Without 
specific language in section 6417 or in the underlying applicable 
credits addressing section 50(b)(1), or other compelling evidence of 
congressional intent, a special rule turning off the application of 
section 50(b)(1) is not supported by the Code. Therefore, these final 
regulations do not adopt this recommendation.
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

    \4\ Under section 7701(a)(9) of the Code, ``[t]he term `United 
States' when used in a geographical sense includes only the States 
and the District of Columbia.''
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

    One commenter asked for a process under which the Puerto Rico 
Department of Treasury (or any other agency designed by the Governor of 
Puerto Rico) is designated to receive, process, and/or administer 
elections for elective payments from applicable entities and 
instrumentalities of Puerto Rico, similar to the process for 
disbursements of Coronavirus Relief Funds under the Coronavirus Aid, 
Relief, and Economic Security Act, Public Law 116-136, 134 Stat. 281 
(March 27, 2020). The Treasury Department and the IRS have determined 
that creating the suggested process is inappropriate for elective 
payment elections because section 6417 involves the filing of a tax 
return with the IRS. Accordingly, these final regulations do not adopt 
this comment.
2. Any State or Political Subdivision Thereof
    Section 6417(d)(1)(A)(ii) defines ``applicable entity'' to include 
any State or political subdivision thereof. The proposed regulations 
would have clarified that this includes the District of Columbia. No 
comments addressed this definition, so these final regulations adopt 
the definition as proposed.
3. Indian Tribal Governments
    Section 6417(d)(1)(A)(iv) states that an applicable entity includes 
an Indian tribal government (as defined in section 30D(g)(9)). To 
provide Indian tribal governments parity with State governments, 
proposed Sec.  1.6417-1(c)(3) would have included subdivisions of 
Indian tribal governments in this definition. Proposed Sec.  1.6417-
1(k) defined the term Indian tribal government as the recognized 
governing body of any Indian or Alaska Native tribe, band, nation, 
pueblo, village, community, component band, or component reservation, 
individually identified (including parenthetically) in the most recent 
list published by the Department of the Interior in the Federal 
Register pursuant to section 104 of the Federally Recognized Indian 
Tribe List Act of 1994 (25 U.S.C. 5131). Although no comments were 
received that directly addressed the definition of an Indian tribal 
government provided in proposed Sec.  1.6417-1(c)(3), these final 
regulations clarify the proposed definition by specifying that the most 
recent list published by the Department of the Interior in the Federal 
Register is the one prior to the date on which a relevant elective 
payment election is made. (Comments regarding Tribal entities other 
than Indian tribal governments are discussed elsewhere in this Summary 
of Comments and Explanation of Revisions.)
4. Alaska Native Corporations
    Section 6417(d)(1)(A)(v) provides that any Alaska Native 
Corporation (as defined in section 3 of the Alaska Native Claims 
Settlement Act (43 U.S.C. 1602(m)) (ANC) is an applicable entity. The 
proposed regulations would have adopted this definition. The proposed 
regulations requested comments regarding the definition in proposed 
Sec.  1.6417-1(c)(4) and whether additional guidance is necessary 
regarding consolidated groups with ANC common parents. The Treasury 
Department and the IRS did not receive comments related to this 
definition, but these final regulations adopt the proposed regulation 
and broaden it to apply to consolidated groups with any applicable 
entity as a common parent, as described in part I.B.5. of this Summary 
of Comments and Explanation of Revisions.
5. Rural Electric Cooperatives
    Section 6417(d)(1)(A)(vi) provides that any corporation operating 
on a cooperative basis that is engaged in furnishing electric energy to 
persons in rural areas is an applicable entity. The proposed 
regulations did not elaborate on this definition but requested comments 
on whether further clarification of the definition in proposed Sec.  
1.6417-1(c)(6) is necessary.
    A few commenters addressed this definition. Some of these 
commenters stated that ``clarity would be better achieved'' if the 
Treasury Department and the IRS would refer to tax-exempt electric 
cooperatives as applicable entities described in 501(c)(12) and taxable 
electric cooperatives as applicable entities described in section 
1381(a)(2)(C) of the Code. One of these commenters stated that an 
electric cooperative may be described in section 45(e)(2)(A)(iii) as a 
not-for-profit electric utility that had or has received a loan or loan 
guarantee under the Rural Electrification Act of 1936. Another 
commenter asked that the final regulations also allow a ``pre-1962'' 
rural electric cooperative under section 1381(a)(2)(C) to be eligible 
to make an elective payment election. Another commenter asked that the 
final regulations clarify that rural electric cooperatives that file 
either Form 1120, U.S. Corporation Income Tax Return, or Form 990, 
Return of Organization Exempt from Income Tax, be eligible to make an 
elective payment election.
    The Treasury Department and the IRS have concluded that rural 
electric cooperatives as described in section 6417(d)(1)(A)(vi) include 
rural electric cooperatives that do not meet the requirements under 
section 501(c)(12), as cooperatives that meet the requirements under 
section 501(c)(12) are already considered tax-exempt entities in 
section 6417(d)(1)(A)(i). To avoid rendering section 6417(d)(1)(A)(vi) 
superfluous, it is necessary to include taxable (nonexempt) rural 
electric cooperatives in section 6417(d)(1)(A)(vi). Taxable (nonexempt) 
rural electric cooperatives are described in section 1381(a)(2)(C) as 
``any corporation operating on a cooperative basis that is engaged in 
furnishing electric energy to persons in rural areas.'' Thus, these 
final regulations under Sec.  1.6417-1(c)(6) clarify that section 
6417(d)(1)(A)(vi) means ``any corporation operating on a cooperative 
basis that is engaged in furnishing electric energy to persons in rural 
areas as described in section 1381(a)(2)(C) of the Code.'' These final 
regulations do not include ``any electric cooperative described in 
section 45(e)(2)(A)(iii)'' in the definition because such section does 
not exist in the Code, and the Treasury Department

[[Page 17551]]

and the IRS are unsure what cooperatives the commenter is referencing.
    One commenter recommended that the final regulations clarify that 
local, publicly owned utilities (for example, water and electric) and 
electric cooperatives (other than rural) are eligible entities under 
section 6417(d)(1)(A)(vi), stating that the proposed definition aligns 
with Congressional intent and that there are more than 2,800 public 
owned utilities and cooperatives in operation combined serving millions 
of customers across the United States. Because section 
6417(d)(1)(A)(vi) requires that a cooperative be engaged in furnishing 
electric energy to persons ``in rural areas,'' these final regulations 
do not include these entities in the definition of rural electric 
cooperative. However, it is possible that publicly owned utilities and 
non-profit co-ops could qualify as applicable entities under other 
definitions described in these rules, such as if they are considered 
agencies or instrumentalities of a State, local, territorial, or Tribal 
government.
    Multiple commenters asked that the final regulations expand rural 
electric cooperatives to cover workers cooperatives that install solar 
panels. These commenters also requested clarification as to how to 
determine an organization is (1) operating on a cooperative basis; (2) 
furnishing electricity; and (3) furnishing electricity in a rural area. 
The commenters generally suggest adopting existing rules under 
subchapter T of chapter 1 of the Code (subchapter T).
    These final regulations do not adopt a specific rule covering 
workers cooperatives that install solar panels because the revision to 
the definition of rural electric cooperatives in the final regulations 
is sufficient to clarify the meaning of the term. As these final 
regulations include any corporation operating on a cooperative basis 
that is engaged in furnishing electric energy to persons in rural areas 
as described in section 1381(a)(2)(C), it is the law that applies to 
those corporations that will apply in making the determination with 
respect to any respective corporation.
    With respect to operating on a cooperative basis, a summary of the 
taxation of nonexempt rural electric cooperatives may be helpful in 
explaining the key principles. The rules for tax treatment of most 
nonexempt cooperatives and their patrons were codified with the 
enactment of subchapter T as part of the Revenue Act of 1962. Public 
Law 87-834 (H.R. 10650). However, section 1381(a)(2)(C) states that 
subchapter T is not applicable to an organization engaged in furnishing 
electric energy (or providing telephone service) to persons in rural 
areas. According to the Senate Finance Committee Report accompanying 
the 1962 Act, the intent of Congress was that nonexempt rural electric 
cooperatives would continue to be treated as under ``present law'' as 
of 1962. While subchapter T does not expressly control the taxation of 
nonexempt rural electric cooperatives, its foundations rest upon pre-
1962 cooperative tax law. As a result, there are certain basic 
parallels between the tax treatment of nonexempt utility (electric and 
telephone) cooperatives and treatment of other cooperative 
organizations under subchapter T. Therefore, to extent that subchapter 
T reflects cooperative taxation as it existed prior to 1962, it is 
instructive in resolving certain issues facing rural electric 
cooperatives. This is because Congress stated that, in enacting 
subchapter T, it was merely codifying the long common law history of 
cooperative taxation (with the exception of ensuring at least one 
annual level of tax at the cooperative or patron level. See S. Rep. No. 
1881, 87th Cong., 1st Sess. 113 (1962)). Arguably, the case law post-
enactment is merely a continuation and refinement of the pre-enactment 
common law.
    Perhaps the most succinct definition of the term ``cooperative'' 
for Federal income tax purposes was provided by the U.S. Tax Court in 
Puget Sound Plywood, Inc. v. Commissioner, 44 T.C. 305 (1965), acq. 
1966-1 C.B. 3:

    Under the cooperative association form or organization . . . , 
the worker-members of the association supply their own capital at 
their own risk; select their own management and supply their own 
direction for the enterprise, through worker meetings conducted on a 
democratic basis; and then themselves receive the fruits of their 
cooperative endeavors, through allocations of the same among 
themselves as coworkers, in proportion to the amounts of their 
active participation in the cooperative undertaking.

    The Tax Court went on to describe three guiding principles at the 
core of economic cooperative theory as, id. at 308:

    (1) Subordination of capital, both as regards control over the 
cooperative undertaking, and as regards the ownership of the 
pecuniary benefits arising therefrom; (2) democratic control by the 
worker-members themselves; and, (3) the vesting in and allocation 
among the worker-members of all fruits and increases arising from 
their cooperative endeavor (i.e., the excess of operating revenues 
over the costs incurred in generating those revenues), in proportion 
to the worker-members active participation in the cooperative 
endeavor.

    The mechanism by which rural electric cooperatives achieve 
operation at cost is the patronage dividend (or capital credit). The 
payment of patronage dividends (and operation at cost) is critical to 
achieving cooperative status as defined by Puget Sound, so any 
organization must analyze this issue to determine whether it is 
operating on a cooperative basis.
    The comments related to the definition of ``furnishing'' 
electricity for purposes of section 6417(d)(1)(A)(vi) varied. For 
example, some commenters suggested using the language in Sec.  1.1381-
1(b)(4) as the standard, and some suggested the term should not be 
limited to generating and transmitting electricity. One commenter 
suggested that a percentage of rural nameplate capacity be applied for 
purposes of the definition of ``furnishing'' electricity, while another 
commenter stated that a more than de minimis standard should be used to 
meet furnishing requirements. Consistent with the determination that 
section 6417(d)(1)(A)(vi) will cover rural electric cooperatives 
described in section 1381(a)(2)(C), the Treasury Department and the IRS 
conclude that ``furnishing'' electricity under section 
6417(d)(1)(A)(vi) should be interpreted in the same manner as the 
language in Sec.  1.1381-1(b)(4), which provides ``[a]ny organization 
which is engaged in generating, transmitting, or otherwise furnishing 
electric energy.'' The purpose of this language in Sec.  1.1381-1(b)(4) 
is to identify rural electric cooperatives described in section 
1381(a)(2)(C). Using a similar interpretation for purposes of section 
6417 means that a cooperative furnishing electric energy under Sec.  
1.1381-1(b)(4) would meet this portion of the definition. Such a 
cooperative would not be subject to subchapter T as a result of section 
1381(a)(2)(C), assuming the electricity is provided to rural areas.
    With respect to this conclusion, the Treasury Department and the 
IRS note that some of the commenters identified themselves as 
cooperatives subject to the provisions of subchapter T. The definition 
of applicable entity in section 6417(d)(1)(A)(vi) would not include a 
cooperative that is subject to subchapter T, as a cooperative cannot be 
both subject to subchapter T and excepted from subchapter T. Further, 
the definition of furnishing in Sec.  1.1381-1(b)(4), and thus for 
purposes of section 6417, does not include the activity of installation 
of energy equipment (such as the installation of solar panels), as that 
alone is not the generation or other furnishing of electricity. Thus, 
organizations evaluating whether their

[[Page 17552]]

operations include furnishing electricity for purposes of section 6417 
should take this into account.
    Consistent with including rural electric cooperatives described in 
section 1381(a)(2)(C) and the use of Sec.  1.1381-1(b)(4) to determine 
whether a cooperative is ``furnishing'' electricity, the Treasury 
Department and the IRS reach a similar conclusion with respect to 
defining ``rural'' for purposes of section 6417 by reference to Sec.  
1.1381-1(b)(4). Section 1.1381-1(b)(4) provides that the term rural 
area has the meaning assigned to [it] in section 5 of the Rural 
Electrification Act of 1936, as amended (7 U.S.C. 924). Currently 7 
U.S.C. 924(b) provides that the term `rural area' is deemed to mean any 
area of the United States not included within the boundaries of any 
incorporated or unincorporated city, village, or borough having a 
population in excess of 5,000 inhabitants.
6. Tennessee Valley Authority
    Section 6417(d)(1)(A)(iii) states that the Tennessee Valley 
Authority is an applicable entity. The proposed regulations would have 
adopted this definition. No commenters addressed this definition, so 
these final regulations adopt the definition as proposed.
7. An Agency or Instrumentality of Certain Applicable Entities
    Proposed Sec.  1.6417-1(c)(7) would have clarified that an agency 
or instrumentality of (1) any U.S. territory or a political subdivision 
thereof; (2) any State, the District of Columbia, or political 
subdivision thereof; or (3) an Indian tribal government or a 
subdivision thereof is also an applicable entity eligible to make an 
elective payment election. The proposed regulations requested comments 
on this approach to defining applicable entities and on whether further 
guidance is necessary. Commenters addressed both the scope of the 
definition and whether it should be expanded to include Federal 
agencies and instrumentalities.
i. Scope of the Definition of ``Agency'' and ``Instrumentality''
    Several commenters asked for additional clarity on the definition 
of agencies and instrumentalities, such as whether joint powers 
authorities, housing authorities, transit authorities, air authorities, 
publicly owned utilities, or tax-exempt entities in the water sector 
are included (and one commenter requested a similar clarification 
pertaining to political subdivisions). Various commenters mentioned 
application of Rev. Rul. 57-128, 1957-1 C.B. 311, while two of these 
commenters asked how the facts and circumstances analysis in the 
revenue ruling would apply to their specific facts. One commenter 
requested a rule stating that whether an entity is an agency or an 
instrumentality is determined based on (or at least influenced by) 
State or local law. Finally, one commenter asked that the final 
regulations allow tribes to determine what is an agency or 
instrumentality of an Indian tribal government.
    The determination of whether an entity is an agency, 
instrumentality, or a political subdivision (or subdivision in the case 
of an Indian tribal government) is governed by Federal tax law that is 
outside the scope of these final regulations. Federal tax 
determinations of whether an entity is an agency or instrumentality of 
any government typically are analyzed on a facts and circumstances 
basis. In determining whether an entity is an agency or instrumentality 
for Federal tax purposes, Federal courts have applied a test similar to 
the six-factor test in Rev. Rul. 57-128, which generally provides 
guidance on whether an entity is an instrumentality for purposes of the 
exemption from employment taxes under sections 3121(b)(7) and 
3306(c)(7). See, e.g., Bernini v. Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis, 
Eighth District, 420 F. Supp. 2d 1021 (E.D. Mo. 2005) and Rose v. Long 
Island Railroad Pension Plan, 828 F.2d 910, 918 (2d Cir. 1987), cert. 
denied, 485 U.S. 936 (1988).
    Rev. Rul. 57-128 looks to the following six factors:

    (1) Whether the organization is used for a governmental purpose 
and performs a governmental function;
    (2) Whether performance of the organization's function is on 
behalf of one or more States or political subdivisions;
    (3) Whether there are any private interests involved, or whether 
the States or political subdivisions involved have the powers and 
interests of an owner;
    (4) Whether control and supervision of the organization is 
vested in public authority or authorities;
    (5) If express or implied statutory or other authority is 
necessary for the creation and/or use of such an instrumentality, 
and whether such authority exists; and
    (6) The degree of financial autonomy and the source of its 
operating expenses.

    The Treasury Department and the IRS are unaware of any different 
Federal tax authority or standard that applies to determine whether an 
entity qualifies as an instrumentality of an Indian tribal government 
for Federal tax purposes. The application of the facts-and-
circumstances analysis in Rev. Rul. 57-128 to any particular entity is 
outside the scope of this rulemaking.
    With respect to political subdivisions, Rev. Rul. 78-276, 1978-2 
C.B. 256, states that the term ``political subdivision'' has been 
defined consistently for all Federal tax purposes as denoting either 
(1) a division of a State or local government that is a municipal 
corporation, or (2) a division of such State or local government that 
has been delegated the right to exercise sovereign power by the State 
or local government. The three generally acknowledged sovereign powers 
are the power to tax, the power of eminent domain, and the police 
power. See Commissioner v. Estate of Shamberg, 3 T.C. 131 (1944), acq., 
1945 C.B. 6, aff'd 144 F.2d 998 (2d Cir. 1944), cert denied, 323 U.S. 
792 (1945). It is not necessary that all three sovereign powers 
enumerated in Shamberg be delegated. See Rev. Rul. 77-164, 1977-1 C.B. 
20. However, possession of only an insubstantial amount of any or all 
sovereign powers is not sufficient.
    In determining whether an entity is a division of a State or local 
governmental unit, important considerations are the extent that the 
entity is (1) controlled by the State or local government unit, and (2) 
motivated by a wholly public purpose. See., e.g., Rev. Rul. 78-276, 
1978-2 C.B. 256 and Rev. Rul. 83-131, 1983-2 C.B. 184.
    Determination of agency, instrumentality, or political subdivision 
(or subdivision in the case of an Indian tribal government) status is 
based on all the facts and circumstances, and additional guidance on 
this subject is beyond the scope of these final regulations. Generally, 
however, taxpayers may request a private letter ruling from the IRS 
Office of Chief Counsel to apply applicable law to the organization's 
specific set of facts. See Rev. Proc. 2024-1, I.R.B. 2024-1 (containing 
procedures for letter rulings) and Rev. Proc. 2024-3, I.R.B. 2024-1 
(containing a list of areas of the Code relating to matters on which 
the IRS will not issue letter rulings).
    One commenter asked that an instrumentality be eligible to make an 
elective payment election with respect to its assets that are operated 
and maintained by a private partner under a public-private partnership. 
While it is not clear what kind of entity the commenter means by 
``public-private partnership,'' if the arrangement is treated as a 
partnership for Federal tax purposes, then the partnership would not be 
an applicable entity listed in section 6417(d)(1)(A). See part I.B.4 of 
this Summary of Comments and Explanation of Revisions.

[[Page 17553]]

ii. Federal Agencies and Instrumentalities
    Several commenters asked that the final regulations include Federal 
agencies and instrumentalities within the definition of applicable 
entity. Commenters specifically mentioned the United States Postal 
Service, Federal hydropower agencies, Federal Power Marketing 
Administrations (PMAs), the Army Corps of Engineers, and the Bureau of 
Reclamation.
    One commenter stated that the proposed regulations did not provide 
a justification for why Federal agencies or instrumentalities were not 
included. This commenter did, however, note that, absent statutory 
authorization to the contrary, agency-collected user fees and charges 
already must be deposited in the Treasury General Fund. Several 
commenters suggested that the cross-reference in section 6417(b)(6)--
the provision setting out the list of applicable credits--to section 
168(h)(2)(A)(i) should be read to provide Federal agencies and 
instrumentalities with the ability to make an elective payment election 
for at least section 45W credits. Similarly, one commenter asked that 
PMAs be able to apply, file, and receive all elective payments under 
section 6417 on behalf of the power generating agencies of regional 
Federal power programs. This commenter stated that PMAs serve as the 
Federal entities responsible for facilitating the funding of and 
ensuring repayment for the regional power program, both expensed annual 
maintenance and capital improvements, and that it would be beneficial 
to eliminate unnecessary overlap, confusion, and administrative burdens 
to efficiently use elective payments for applicable projects. Section 
6417(a)(1), however, authorizes an election of an applicable credit 
only by an applicable entity under section 6417(d)(1)(A). Although the 
Treasury Department and the IRS solicited comments on the issue, no 
commenter addressed how appropriations issues raised by including 
Federal agencies and instrumentalities (beyond the Tennessee Valley 
Authority, which is specifically listed in the statute) or PMAs within 
the definition of applicable entities could or should be resolved. The 
Treasury Department and the IRS have thus retained the proposed 
approach and have not extended the definition of applicable entities to 
those additional entities in these final regulations.
8. Electing Taxpayers
    Certain taxpayers that are not listed in section 6417(d)(1)(A) or 
described in the preceding paragraphs may nevertheless make an election 
to be treated as an applicable entity with respect to applicable credit 
property giving rise to a section 45Q credit, section 45V credit, or 
section 45X credit, as described more fully in part III of this Summary 
of Comments and Explanation of Revisions. Proposed Sec.  1.6417-1(g) 
would have defined an ``electing taxpayer'' as any taxpayer that is not 
an applicable entity, but makes an election in accordance with proposed 
Sec. Sec.  1.6417-2(b), 1.6417-3, and, if applicable, 1.6417-4, to be 
treated as an applicable entity for a taxable year with respect to 
applicable credits determined with respect to an applicable credit 
property described in proposed Sec.  1.6417-1(e)(3), (5), or (7). No 
commenters addressed this definition; thus, these final regulations 
adopt the definition as proposed.
B. Entities Related to an Applicable Entity or an Electing Taxpayer
    Proposed Sec.  1.6417-2(a) would have provided rules for elective 
payment elections made by entities related to applicable entities or 
electing taxpayers. Commenters addressed several of these proposed 
rules.
1. Disregarded Entities
    Proposed Sec.  1.6417-1(f) defined ``disregarded entity'' as an 
entity that is disregarded as an entity separate from its owner for 
Federal income tax purposes. Proposed Sec.  1.6417-2(a)(1)(ii) would 
have provided that, if an applicable entity or electing taxpayer is the 
owner (directly or indirectly) of a disregarded entity that directly 
holds an applicable credit property, the applicable entity may make an 
elective payment election for applicable credits determined with 
respect to the applicable credit property held directly by the 
disregarded entity.
    Several commenters asked that the final regulations clarify whether 
Tribal corporations formed under section 17 of the Indian 
Reorganization Act of 1934 are considered applicable entities. In 
response, these final regulations clarify the definition of disregarded 
entity under Sec.  1.6417-1(f), consistent with the current rule in 
Sec.  301.7701-1(a)(3), to expressly state that the term includes a 
Tribal corporation incorporated under section 17 of the Indian 
Reorganization Act of 1934, as amended (25 U.S.C. 5124), or under 
section 3 of the Oklahoma Indian Welfare Act, as amended (25 U.S.C. 
5203), that is not recognized as an entity separate from the tribe for 
Federal tax purposes, and therefore is disregarded as an entity 
separate from its owner for purposes of section 6417.
    One commenter asked that the final regulations treat an applicable 
entity that is the sole shareholder of an S corporation as eligible to 
make an elective payment election for all applicable credits determined 
with respect to applicable property held by the S corporation, in the 
same manner as an applicable entity that is the owner of a disregarded 
entity would be eligible to make an elective payment election for all 
applicable credits determined with respect to applicable credit 
property held by the disregarded entity. Another commenter asked that 
any entity wholly owned by an applicable entity be treated as an 
applicable entity. This commenter anticipated that many applicable 
entities will want to create special purpose entities to own their tax 
credit eligible projects, but that the classification of such entities 
as an applicable entity can be uncertain. As an example, the commenter 
suggested that a city that would normally issue bonds through an 
industrial development authority that is treated as an agency or 
instrumentality of the city may want the industrial development 
authority to create a wholly-owned corporation or limited liability 
company to be the owner of the project. The commenter stated that it 
may be difficult to determine whether such wholly-owned entity of an 
industrial development authority would also be treated as an agency or 
instrumentality since it is based on a facts and circumstances 
analysis. Moreover, under Sec.  301.7701-2(b)(6), the commenter pointed 
out that a limited liability company that is wholly owned by an agency 
or instrumentality of a State or local governmental unit may be treated 
as a separate corporation and, therefore, may not be treated as a 
disregarded entity. In sum, the commenter stated that it saw no policy 
reason why an entity wholly owned by an applicable entity should not be 
treated as an applicable entity.
    The Treasury Department and the IRS have determined that special 
rules disregarding an entity's Federal tax status for purposes of 
section 6417(d)(1)(A) are not appropriate. Section 6417(d)(1)(A) is 
specific as to the types of entities afforded applicable entity status. 
Any regarded entity that has a Federal tax status separate from its 
owner(s) and is not separately listed in section 6417(d)(1)(A) cannot 
be treated as an applicable entity. This is consistent with the rule 
for taxable C corporations discussed in part I.B.2 of this Summary of 
Comments and Explanation of Revisions.

[[Page 17554]]

2. Taxable C Corporations
    The proposed regulations would have provided that, because a 
taxable C corporation is an entity separate from its owner, proposed 
Sec.  1.6417-1(c)(1) would not include a C corporation that is not 
itself an applicable entity described in proposed Sec.  1.6417-1(c)(1) 
as an applicable entity, even if its owner is an applicable entity 
described in proposed Sec.  1.6417-1(c)(1). However, an electing 
taxpayer may include a taxable C corporation (including a member of a 
consolidated group). These final regulations adopt Sec.  1.6417-1(c)(1) 
as proposed.
3. Undivided Ownership Interests
    Proposed Sec.  1.6417-2(a)(1)(iii) would have provided that, if an 
applicable entity is a co-owner in an applicable credit property 
through an arrangement properly treated as a tenancy-in-common (TIC) 
for Federal income tax purposes, or through an organization that has 
made a valid election under section 761(a) of the Code to be excluded 
from the application of subchapter K of chapter 1 (subchapter K), then 
the applicable entity's undivided ownership share of the applicable 
credit property will be treated as a separate applicable credit 
property owned by such applicable entity, and the applicable entity may 
make an elective payment election for the applicable credits determined 
with respect to such applicable credit property. Commenters addressed 
TICs, valid section 761(a) elections, and joint ownership under section 
48E.
i. Tenancies in Common and Organizations That Have Made a Valid 
Election Under Section 761(a)
    Several commenters asked for additional guidance and examples 
illustrating how an applicable entity's undivided ownership share of 
applicable credit property is determined in the context of renewable 
energy projects such as wind and solar projects, clean hydrogen 
projects, and electric vehicle infrastructure. These comments are 
beyond the scope of these final regulations. The ownership share of a 
party to a transaction will be determined based upon the agreement of 
the parties and other relevant facts and circumstances.
    Several commenters stated that the mechanisms for co-ownership 
allowed under the proposed regulations are in common practice today and 
would allow applicable entities to join with other entities in 
developing applicable credit properties without precluding elective 
payment election choices by project participants. However, other 
commenters stated that TICs and joint operating agreements (JOAs) that 
have validly elected out of subchapter K are not commonly used in the 
renewable energy marketplace (even by private entities) and can deprive 
participants of limited liability. These commenters stated that these 
arrangements may be less familiar to applicable entities as compared to 
traditional partnership structures used between public and private 
entities for the development of clean energy projects. Commenters also 
opined that applicable entities may not be sufficiently resourced to 
navigate these newer commercial law relationships and would be 
disadvantaged compared to non-applicable entities, who can avail 
themselves of partnership structures in the form of limited 
partnerships or limited liability companies, which provide most members 
with limited liability for State law purposes.
    Commenters asked for clear guidance and clarifications as to how a 
renewable energy project could meet the requirements for electing out 
of subchapter K. For example, one commenter asked how Sec.  1.761-2(a) 
could be applicable in the context of a jointly operated renewable 
energy project. Section 1.761-2(a) provides, in relevant part, that an 
unincorporated organization the members of which are able to compute 
their income without the necessity of computing partnership taxable 
income, and that is not an organization classifiable as an association, 
may be excluded from the application of subchapter K if the 
organization is availed of (1) for investment purposes only and not for 
the active conduct of a business, or (2) for the joint production, 
extraction, or use of property, but not for the purpose of selling 
services or property produced or extracted. Specifically, the commenter 
stated that it is unclear how parties jointly operating a renewable 
energy project can do so without conducting a business selling services 
or property produced (that is, selling electricity).\5\
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

    \5\ The commenter also raised Rev. Proc. 2002-22, 2002-1 CB 733 
(specifying the conditions under which the IRS will consider a 
request for a private letter ruling that an undivided fractional 
interest in rental real property is not an interest in a business 
entity), and noted that: ``if the parties to a joint venture combine 
capital or services with the intent of conducting a business or 
enterprise and of sharing the profits and losses from the venture, a 
partnership (or other business entity) is created.''
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

    Another commenter asked for clarity on what a delegation of 
authority under Sec.  1.761-2(a)(3)(iii) would cover for a JOA of 
applicable credit property that produces electricity. Section 1.761-
2(a)(3)(iii) provides, in relevant part, that a participant to a JOA 
may delegate authority to sell its share of any property produced or 
extracted, but not for a period in excess of the minimum needs of the 
industry, and in no event for more than one year. This commenter also 
asked for examples of compliant JOAs that would allow electricity 
generated through the joint ownership of applicable credit property to 
be sold pursuant to a power purchase agreement.
    Commenters also requested guidance permitting a single entity or 
taxpayer to handle the administrative affairs and day-to-day management 
activities of operating an applicable credit property on behalf of the 
other joint owners without impacting the owners' ability to be properly 
excluded from the application of subchapter K. One commenter stated 
that it would be useful to illustrate a range of JOAs likely to result 
in exclusion from the application of subchapter K and suggested that 
key elements of such fact patterns might include: an agreement to share 
revenues in proportion with the co-owners' respective ownership 
interests; an agreement to share revenues out of proportion with the 
co-owners' respective ownership interests; an agreement in which rights 
to dispose of property or take other significant actions are reserved 
to a subset of the co-owners; and/or an agreement to receive debt 
financing based on the anticipation of funds expected to result from an 
elective payment election in a case in which the lender is not a co-
owner.
    A commenter stated that it would also be helpful to clarify the 
application of Sec.  1.761-2(a)(3)(iii) to co-ownership ventures in 
cases in which co-owners generate and sell power as a collective rather 
than on their separate accounts, or alternatively if the collective 
entity sells power to each of the participating co-owners and then 
those co-owners sell power to third parties on their own accounts but 
the collective may sell some other services or property incidental to 
the activity for which the credit is determined. This commenter 
highlighted that, in California and some other States, local government 
agencies often pool resources under a Joint Powers Authority (JPA). The 
commenter asked that guidance clarify the conditions under which a JPA 
could be treated as an organization that has made a valid election 
under section 761(a) of the Code to be excluded from the application of 
subchapter K, including if the JPA is a separate legal entity and sells 
power under its own account.

[[Page 17555]]

    One commenter stated that existing guidance allowing for clean 
energy arrangements to validly elect out of subchapter K, including 
through the use of TIC structures, is limited and should be updated. 
This commenter stated that a partnership is defined in the Code and in 
the Treasury Regulations under sections 761 and 7701, but the 
distinction between an arrangement treated as a partnership for Federal 
tax purposes and one that has validly elected out of subchapter K, 
including a valid TIC, is not well defined in the energy generation 
context. The commenter pointed out that pre-IRA partnership guidance, 
including guidance allowing for the use of tax-equity partnership 
structures, is widely used as a basis for structuring projects within 
the renewable industry and is well understood. However, existing 
guidance for arrangements in the energy generation context that will 
not be treated as a partnership for Federal tax purposes is limited and 
outdated. The commenter urged the Treasury Department and the IRS to 
provide clear, updated, and timely guidance on clean energy 
arrangements that would not be treated as partnerships for Federal tax 
purposes.
    The Treasury Department and the IRS agree that additional guidance 
is needed on joint ownership arrangements of applicable credit property 
that produce electricity that can be excluded from the application of 
subchapter K. As a result, the Treasury Department and the IRS have 
proposed regulations in the Proposed Rules section of this edition of 
the Federal Register that would add certain exceptions to the 
requirements contained in the regulations under section 761(a) and 
provide an example. These exceptions generally would allow any 
applicable entity described in section 6417(d)(1)(A) and Sec.  1.6417-
1(c) that jointly owns applicable credit property that produces 
electricity to (1) own its interests through an entity (other than an 
entity required to be treated as a corporation under the Code) and (2) 
delegate its authority to an agent to sell its share of the electricity 
produced from such applicable credit property for a period of more than 
1 year, provided that the delegation authority to the agent is not for 
more than 1 year. See Election to Exclude Certain Unincorporated 
Organizations Owned by Applicable Entities from the Application of 
Subchapter K, REG-101552-24, in the Proposed Rules section of this 
edition of the Federal Register.
ii. Applying the Undivided Ownership Interests Rule to Qualified 
Property
    One commenter requested some clarifying edits to address how 
proposed Sec.  1.6417-2(a)(1)(iii), the rule for undivided ownership 
interests, would operate with respect to a section 48E credit. This 
commenter noted that proposed Sec.  1.6417-1(e)(12) defines 
``applicable credit property'' for purposes of section 48E as ``a 
qualified facility described in section 48E(b)(3);'' however, section 
48E(b) allows a section 48E credit to be claimed only with respect to a 
qualified investment in a qualified facility. The commenter asked for 
clarification on what part of the qualified investment is owned by such 
joint tenant, and suggested adding language to the final regulations to 
clarify that an applicable entity should be able to claim applicable 
credits with respect to the applicable credit property in proportion to 
its share of qualified property.
    The Treasury Department and the IRS agree with the commenter that a 
section 48E credit is determined, in part, based on an applicable 
entity's qualified investment with respect to a qualified facility, but 
do not believe that further language is needed because this concept is 
already covered in the language under proposed Sec.  1.6417-
2(a)(1)(iii), which provides that an applicable entity will be treated 
as owning a separate applicable credit property equal to its undivided 
ownership share. An applicable entity's undivided ownership share is 
determined under Federal income tax ownership principles and is outside 
the scope of these final regulations. Thus, these final regulations do 
not adopt the commenter's suggestion.
4. Partnerships
    The proposed regulations would have provided that partnerships and 
S corporations are not applicable entities described in section 
6417(d)(1)(A), but requested comments on whether any entity described 
in section 6417(d)(1)(A)(i) through (vi) or proposed Sec.  1.6417-1(c) 
could include an entity organized as a partnership or S corporation for 
Federal tax purposes. No commenter stated that an entity described in 
section 6417(d)(1)(A)(i) through (vi) or proposed Sec.  1.6417-1(c) 
could include an entity organized as a partnership or S corporation for 
Federal tax purposes. Therefore, these final regulations adopt the rule 
as proposed.
    Under the proposed regulations and these final regulations, a 
partnership or an S corporation is eligible to make the elective 
payment election only with respect to a section 45V credit, section 45Q 
credit, and section 45X credit (assuming all the other requirements to 
make the election with respect to these credits are met). This rule 
applies no matter how many of the partners or shareholders are 
applicable entities described in section 6417(d)(1)(A) and Sec.  
1.6417-1(c), including if all of the partners or shareholders are 
applicable entities described in section 6417(d)(1)(A) and Sec.  
1.6417-1(c). However, as the proposed regulations noted, because 
section 6418(f)(2) defines ``eligible taxpayer'' for purposes of 
transfer eligibility as ``any taxpayer which is not described in 
section 6417(d)(1)(A)'' (and thus not in proposed Sec.  1.6417-1(c)), 
such a partnership or S corporation would be an eligible taxpayer 
described in section 6418(f)(2) and may be eligible to transfer 
eligible credits.\6\
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

    \6\ The Treasury Department and the IRS acknowledge that section 
6418 does not contain a provision parallel to section 6417(d)(2) 
providing that section 50(b)(3) and (4)(A)(i) do not apply to limit 
the determination of a credit in section 6417. Thus, section 
50(b)(3) and (4)(A)(i) may limit eligible investment tax credits 
determined with respect to a partnership or S corporation with 
applicable entity partners or shareholders for purposes of section 
6418.
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

    A number of commenters requested that the final regulations allow 
applicable entities to make elective payment elections through an 
entity treated as a partnership for Federal tax purposes, either if all 
the partners in the partnership are applicable entities described in 
section 6417(d)(1)(A) or if at least one partner in the partnership is 
an applicable entity described in section 6417(d)(1)(A). Commenters 
advocating for including partnerships composed entirely of applicable 
entities as an applicable entity stated that such a rule would help 
cover capital needs, diversify risk, and fill gaps in expertise between 
applicable entities. Commenters advocating for mixed partnerships (that 
is, partnerships consisting of both applicable entities and entities 
that are not applicable entities) said that not allowing applicable 
entities to make elective payment elections for applicable credit 
property held through mixed partnerships would reduce economic 
incentives to invest in clean energy, undermining the objectives of the 
IRA. Several commenters stated that applicable entities lack the 
required resources to engage in green energy projects themselves and 
asked that the final regulations permit a partnership to make an 
elective payment election with respect to the portion of the underlying 
credits allocable to an applicable entity.

[[Page 17556]]

A few commenters stated that structures eligible to elect out of 
subchapter K have numerous requirements and complexities that limit 
their usefulness. One commenter recommended that the final regulations 
either (1) allow a partnership to make an elective payment election on 
one hundred percent of the credits so long as the partnership is 
majority owned by an applicable entity, or (2) allow a partnership with 
majority applicable entity ownership to make an elective payment 
election on the portion of credits allocable to such applicable 
entities.
    Based on the language in section 6417(c)(1) that treats a 
partnership as the owner of any applicable credit property held 
directly by the partnership and requires a partnership to make any 
elective payment election with respect to such property, these final 
regulations retain the proposed regulations' entity view of 
partnerships under section 6417(c)(1). Because an entity described in 
section 6417(d)(1)(A)(i) through (vi) or proposed Sec.  1.6417-1(c) 
does not include an entity treated as a partnership for Federal tax 
purposes (or as an S corporation), these final regulations do not adopt 
commenters' suggestions and do not allow entities treated as 
partnerships for Federal tax purposes (or S corporations) to make 
elective payment elections, except with respect to a section 45V 
credit, section 45Q credit, and section 45X credit. However, these 
restrictions do not apply to entities, whether comprised of only 
applicable entities or comprised of a mix of applicable and non-
applicable entities, that have made a valid election out of subchapter 
K under section 761(a), including through the exception for certain 
joint ownership arrangements of applicable credit property identified 
in the proposed regulations under section 761 described in part I.B.3.i 
of this Summary of Comments and Explanation of Revisions.
    A few commenters asked that taxable entities be permitted to serve 
as an administrative member or manager of a State law entity to which 
an applicable entity owns all of the other interests without creating a 
partnership for Federal tax purposes, provided that such taxable 
entities do not receive distributive shares of partnership items or 
partnership distributions. These final regulations do not attempt to 
establish any additional criteria by which a taxpayer can provide 
administrative or managerial services for an applicable entity without 
creating a partnership between the taxpayers for Federal tax purposes. 
However, as previously described, the Treasury Department and the IRS 
are simultaneously issuing proposed regulations under section 761 in 
the Proposed Rules section of this edition of the Federal Register that 
provide additional guidance for certain renewable energy arrangements 
that can validly elect out of subchapter K.
    Multiple commenters asked that the final regulations provide 
further clarity on Tribal entities and allow co-ownership of projects. 
A few commenters asked that the final regulations allow Tribal Energy 
Development Organizations (TEDOs), or other wholly owned Tribal 
enterprises, to be applicable entities regardless of how they are 
chartered. Some commenters asked that the final regulations allow 
tribes to form special purpose vehicles under an LLC structure to 
jointly own renewable energy projects and employ the distributive share 
rules for allocating the ``applicable credit'' to each LLC member, 
regardless of the tax status of that member. Commenters also asked that 
inter-governmental partnerships, whether formed under State law such as 
JPAs, or formed under Tribal law as inter-tribal consortiums, should be 
eligible to make an elective payment election.
    While it is possible that in certain cases a Tribal law entity 
(including a TEDO) and/or inter-governmental partnership could be an 
applicable entity, such a determination is outside the scope of these 
final regulations. However, the Treasury Department and the IRS are 
actively working on guidance regarding the Federal tax status of Tribal 
law entities organized and controlled by tribes. The Treasury 
Department and the IRS will not release final guidance in advance of 
additional Tribal consultation.
    Commenters also stated that, if the Treasury Department and the IRS 
allow for section 6417 elections to be made on behalf of applicable 
entity partners, the final regulations should make conforming 
clarifications, including clarifying that the ``applicable credit'' 
that is reduced to zero under section 6417(e) is only the portion of 
the credit for which a section 6417 election has been made and 
clarifying the distributive share rules. Because these final 
regulations do not allow section 6417 elections to be made on behalf of 
applicable entity partners, these final regulations do not adopt the 
suggested conforming changes.
5. Consolidated Groups
    Proposed Sec.  1.6417-2(a)(1)(v) would have provided that, for 
members of a consolidated group (as defined in Sec.  1.1502-1) the 
common parent of which is an Alaska Native Corporation, any member that 
is an electing taxpayer may make an elective payment election with 
respect to applicable credits determined with respect to the member. 
Proposed Sec.  1.6417-2(a)(2)(vi) would have provided the same rule 
with respect to electing taxpayers. See Sec.  1.1502-77 (providing 
rules regarding the status of the common parent as agent for its 
members). The proposed regulations would also have provided that a 
member of a consolidated group is required to complete pre-filing 
registration as a condition of, and prior to, making an elective 
payment election.
    The preamble to the proposed regulations stated that an ANC may be 
the common parent of a consolidated group of corporations (ANC-parented 
group) and noted that some stakeholders had inquired whether non-ANC 
members of an ANC-parented group may separately make an elective 
payment election with respect to a section 45V credit, section 45Q 
credit, or section 45X credit determined with respect to such member. 
In response, the preamble to the proposed regulations stated that a 
non-ANC member of an ANC-parented group may qualify as an electing 
taxpayer eligible to make elections under section 6417(d)(1)(B), (C), 
or (D), based on its own corporate status. See Sec.  1.1502-80(a). As 
with any other electing taxpayer, a non-ANC member of an ANC-parented 
group would be required to complete pre-filing registration (as would 
be required under proposed Sec.  1.6417-5) and must make its elective 
payment election under section 6417(d)(1)(B), (C), or (D) with respect 
to an applicable section 45V credit, section 45Q credit, or section 45X 
credit determined with respect to the member. See Sec.  1.1502-77 
(providing rules regarding the status of the common parent as agent for 
its members).
    The preamble to the proposed regulations requested comments (1) 
regarding the definition in proposed Sec.  1.6417-1(c)(4) and whether 
additional guidance is necessary regarding consolidated groups with ANC 
common parents; (2) whether additional guidance is necessary to address 
any uncertainty that may exist regarding the application of section 
6417 in the context of a consolidated group with members that are 
cooperatives subject to the rules of subchapter T of chapter 1; and (3) 
regarding the application of section 6417 to consolidated groups with 
electing taxpayers (for example, whether special rules are necessary 
for consolidated groups to apply the

[[Page 17557]]

``denial of double benefit'' rule under proposed Sec.  1.6417-2(e)(2)).
    No commenter addressed these issues relating to ANCs. However, the 
Treasury Department and the IRS have determined that the text of 
proposed Sec.  1.6417-2(a)(1)(v), which referred to consolidated groups 
``of which an Alaska Native Corporation is the common parent,'' was too 
limiting and should apply to any consolidated group with an applicable 
entity parent. Therefore, these final regulations expand the definition 
by removing the specific reference to Alaska Native Corporations in 
Sec.  1.6417-2(a)(1)(v) and broaden the rule to apply to any 
consolidated group of which an applicable entity is the common parent.
    A few commenters requested confirmation that the ``entity-
specific'' rules of section 6417 apply to an elective payment election 
made by a partnership that has as its only partners two or more members 
of the same consolidated group and suggested an example confirming the 
treatment. The commenters wanted confirmation that the election would 
be made by the partnership, as required by section 6417(c)(1) and 
proposed Sec.  1.6417-4(a), rather than by the partnership's members, 
as provided in proposed Sec.  1.6417-2(a)(2)(vi). The Treasury 
Department and the IRS agree that any entity treated as a partnership 
for Federal tax purposes, and not any of its partners (regardless of 
the identity or Federal tax status of the partners), would make an 
elective payment election with respect to section 45Q credits, section 
45V credits, or section 45X credits pursuant to section 6417(c)(1) and 
Sec.  1.6417-4(a), but disagree that an example illustrating this point 
is needed.
6. Pooled Investment Vehicles
    The proposed regulations did not provide a special rule for 
employee plans that are subject to the Employee Retirement Income 
Security Act of 1974 (ERISA) if they choose to invest through pooled 
investment vehicles, whether the vehicles are organized as partnerships 
or otherwise. One commenter stated that ERISA plans typically make 
investments through pooled investment vehicles, which often are 
organized as limited partnerships or LLCs, and take minority interests 
in them in order to avoid subjecting the vehicles to fiduciary, 
prohibited transaction, and other rules under ERISA's ``plan asset'' 
rules. The commenter believed that, if pooled investment vehicles are 
not considered to be applicable entities, then employee plans generally 
cannot benefit from elective payment elections under section 6417 with 
respect to some or all of the applicable credits listed in section 
6417(b). The commenter suggested that ERISA plan fiduciaries might 
choose not to invest in applicable credit activities at all. The 
commenter requested that the final regulations provide a mechanism by 
which ERISA plan investors indirectly investing through pooled 
investment vehicles can make an elective payment election.
    The Treasury Department and the IRS understand the commenter's 
concern that ERISA plans may be discouraged from investing in certain 
entities engaged in applicable credit activities under the proposed 
regulations. Other applicable entities have similar concerns that 
investments in certain entities engaged in applicable credit activities 
under the proposed regulations will not be investments in applicable 
entities. While there are rules outside of these final regulations that 
may impact how ERISA plans make investments, there is no indication in 
section 6417 that ERISA plans can or should be subject to rules 
different than those that apply to other applicable entities. Thus, 
these final regulations do not provide a special rule for ERISA plans 
investing in pooled investment vehicles that would allow ERISA plans to 
be eligible to make an elective payment election if investing through a 
partnership structure.

II. Rules for Making Elective Payment Elections

A. In General
    Proposed Sec.  1.6417-2 would have provided general rules for an 
applicable entity or electing taxpayer to make an elective payment 
election under section 6417 with respect to any applicable credit 
determined with respect to such entity. Commenters addressed many 
aspects of these proposed rules, which are discussed in this part II of 
the Summary of Comments and Explanation of Revisions. These final 
regulations adopt the rules as proposed, with the modifications 
described in this part II.
B. Manner of Making the Election
    Section 6417(a) provides that the elective payment election is made 
``at such time and in such manner as the Secretary may provide,'' and 
proposed Sec.  1.6417-2(b) would have provided the particular 
requirements for properly and timely making the election.
1. Return Requirements
    Proposed Sec.  1.6417-2(b)(1)(i) would have provided that an 
applicable entity makes an elective payment election on the applicable 
entity's or electing taxpayer's annual tax return, as defined in 
proposed Sec.  1.6417-1(b), in the manner prescribed by the IRS in 
guidance, along with any required completed source credit form(s) with 
respect to the applicable credit property, a completed Form 3800, 
General Business Credit (or its successor), and any additional 
information, including supporting calculations, required in 
instructions to the relevant forms.
    To avoid any confusion about how the elective payment election 
should be made, proposed Sec.  1.6417-1(b) would have defined ``annual 
tax return,'' for purposes of the section 6417 regulations, as follows: 
(1) for any taxpayer normally required to file an annual tax return 
with the IRS, such annual return (including the Form 1065, U.S. Return 
of Partnership Income, for partnerships and the Form 990-T, Exempt 
Organization Business Income Tax Return (and proxy tax under section 
6033(e)), for organizations with unrelated business income tax or a 
proxy tax under section 6033(e)); (2) for any taxpayer that is not 
normally required to file an annual tax return with the IRS (such as 
taxpayers located in the U.S. territories), the return they would be 
required to file if they were located in the United States, or, if no 
such return is required (such as for a State; the District of Columbia; 
or local or Indian tribal governments), the Form 990-T; and (3) for 
taxpayers filing a return for a taxable year of less than 12 months 
(short year), the short year tax return. These final regulations make 
minor, nonsubstantive edits to the definition in the proposed 
regulations to avoid using the phrase annual tax return in defining the 
term.
    Several commenters requested that the IRS use a new or different 
form than Form 990-T or revise certain forms (including Forms 990, 990-
T, 1120, 3468, 3800, 8038-CP, and 8911). Several commenters also 
requested a detailed list of the documents required to complete the 
filing process, information on how to complete required forms, or 
reduced information requirements for filers who had previously not been 
required to file any returns with the IRS.
    The Treasury Department and the IRS recognize that some taxpayers 
may not have experience or a historical filing obligation and will 
consider providing simplified instructions or the need for a new form 
in future years. The Treasury Department and IRS are committed to 
developing educational and outreach tools to assist tribes, government 
entities, their instrumentalities, and exempt organizations to complete 
the forms required solely to make an elective payment election. It is 
outside

[[Page 17558]]

of the scope of these final regulations to address comments related to 
individual forms or the kind of documentation that may be required to 
complete those forms. Thus, these final regulations adopt the rules as 
proposed.
    Several commenters requested confirmation that, for those taxpayers 
that normally file the Form 1120 with the IRS, the Form 1120 can be 
used to make the elective payment election. The Treasury Department and 
the IRS confirm that this is the intent of the language in Sec.  
1.6417-1(b)(1), which states ``[f]or any taxpayer normally required to 
file an annual tax return with the IRS, such annual return,'' and have 
added the Form 1120, as well as other examples of annual tax forms, to 
the parenthetical.
    Other commenters requested that the elective payment election could 
be made on the Form 1120-W. As the Form 1120-W is not an annual income 
tax return, these final regulations do not adopt that suggestion.
2. Original Return Requirements
    Proposed Sec.  1.6417-2(b)(1)(ii) would have provided that an 
elective payment election must be made on an original return (including 
any revisions on a superseding return) filed not later than the due 
date (including extensions of time) for the original return for the 
taxable year for which the applicable credit is determined. The 
proposed regulations stated that no elective payment election may be 
made ``or revised'' on an amended return or by filing an administrative 
adjustment request (AAR) under section 6227 of the Code. The proposed 
regulations also did not provide for relief under Sec.  301.9100-1 
through 301.9100-3 (9100 relief) for an elective payment election that 
is not timely filed.
    Multiple commenters asked that an elective payment election be 
permitted on an amended return or AAR and/or that a taxpayer be 
permitted an extension of time under the 9100 relief procedures to make 
a late election. Commenters stated that not allowing a late election is 
an unreasonable result for new market entrants and creates significant 
barriers for entities with limited resources. Some commenters 
recommended that applicable entities should be allowed to make the 
elective payment election on late returns and also be able to claim a 
six-month automatic extension of time to file the election under Sec.  
301.9100-2(b). Commenters requested that the final regulations provide 
some form of relief for taxpayers that acted in good faith and made a 
reasonable effort in complying, particularly for new filers who may not 
have had a prior filing obligation. Commenters further suggested that 
providing additional time to make an election would increase market 
participation and promote equity.
    In response to these comments, these final regulations remove the 
words ``or revised'' in Sec.  1.6417-2(b)(1)(ii) and provide ``[n]o 
elective payment election may be made for the first time on an amended 
return, withdrawn on an amended return, or made or withdrawn by filing 
an administrative adjustment request under section 6227, although a 
numerical error with respect to a properly claimed elective payment 
election may be corrected on an amended return or by filing an 
administrative adjustment request under section 6227 if necessary.'' 
This clarification is intended to address situations in which a 
taxpayer intended to make an elective payment election but made a 
reporting error with respect to an element of a valid election (for 
example, miscalculating the amount of the credit on the original return 
or making a typographical error in the process of inputting a 
registration number), and to allow the taxpayer to correct any errors 
that would result in a disallowance of the election or to correct an 
excessive payment before an excessive payment determination is made by 
the IRS. Consistently, it is appropriate to allow taxpayers to correct 
errors that would result in a larger payment than indicated on the 
original return as long as such larger amount is accurate. This 
provision cannot be used to revoke an election or to make an election 
for the first time on an amended return. In addition, the taxpayer's 
original return, which must be signed under penalties of perjury, must 
contain all of the information, including a registration number, 
required by these final regulations. To properly correct an error on an 
amended return or AAR, a taxpayer must have made an error in the 
information included on the original return such that there is a 
substantive item to correct; a taxpayer cannot correct a blank item or 
an item that is described as being ``available upon request.''
    These final regulations also modify the proposed regulations to 
permit an extension of time under Sec.  301.9100-2(b) to allow for an 
automatic six-month extension of time from the due date of the return 
(excluding extensions) to make the election prescribed in section 
6417(d)(3), which provides relief for applicable entities or electing 
taxpayers who have a filing obligation and file by the due date of the 
return. The elective payment election is a statutory election because 
its due date is prescribed by statute. As such, the section 9100 relief 
procedures apply only insofar as the late election is being filed 
pursuant to Sec.  301.9100-2(b), which requires that the taxpayer 
timely filed its return for the year the election should have been 
made. Relief under this provision applies only to taxpayers that have 
not received an extension of time to file a return after the original 
due date. Taxpayers eligible for this relief must take corrective 
action under Sec.  301.9100-2(c) within the six-month extension period 
and follow the procedural requirements of Sec.  301.9100-2(d).
    A few commenters requested clarification on superseding returns. 
One commenter stated that the proposed regulations appeared ambiguous 
regarding whether a return filed after the original due date, but 
within the automatic extension period, is considered a superseding 
return. This commenter recommended clarifying that this would be 
considered a superseding return.
    Neither the Code nor regulations define a superseding return, but 
administrative IRS guidance provides that a superseding return is a 
return filed subsequent to the originally-filed return but before the 
due date for filing the return (including extensions). For example, if 
an applicable entity subject to an automatic 6-month extension files an 
original return on the due date (excluding extensions) and then files a 
subsequent return within the automatic extension period, the subsequent 
return would generally be considered a superseding return. Unlike a 
superseding return, an amended return is a return filed after the 
taxpayer filed an original return and after the due date for filing the 
return (including extensions).
    One commenter stated that the reference to a superseding return 
seems to be an acknowledgment that some taxpayers will use a 
provisional tax return filed on the due date (before extensions) to 
hasten the election process. This commenter asked whether, if a 
taxpayer files a provisional return on March 15, 2024, and files a 
superseding return on September 15, 2024, the taxpayer would be treated 
as making payment against tax under section 6417(d)(4) on March 15, 
2024. The Treasury Department and the IRS note that the designation 
``provisional'' return has no basis in the Code or regulations and 
accordingly, such returns are not treated differently by the IRS upon 
filing. Taxpayers are reminded that a tax return is signed under 
penalties of perjury that the return is true, correct, and complete. If 
an

[[Page 17559]]

original return is filed on March 15, 2024, and contains a valid 
elective payment election, the taxpayer is treated as making a payment 
against tax on that day. A superseding return could increase or reduce 
the amount of the net elective payment election. If the amount is 
increased, the additional elective payment is treated as paid on the 
date the superseding return was filed. Taxpayers should be aware that 
filing a superseding return could result in a delay in processing the 
additional elective payment amount. If the net elective payment amount 
is reduced because of the superseding return, the taxpayer could be 
subject to interest and, if the taxpayer fails to pay the difference 
with the superseding return, penalties.
3. Pre-Filing Registration Requirements
    Proposed Sec.  1.6417-2(b)(2) would have specified that pre-filing 
registration (as is required under Sec.  1.6417-5T and would be 
required under proposed Sec.  1.6417-5) is a condition of any amount 
being treated as a payment that is made by an applicable entity under 
section 6417(a). The proposed regulations stated that an elective 
payment election will not be effective with respect to applicable 
credits determined with respect to an applicable credit property unless 
the applicable entity or electing taxpayer receives a valid 
registration number for the applicable credit property and provides the 
registration number for each applicable credit property on its Form 
3800 (or its successor) attached to the tax return, in accordance with 
guidance. These final regulations clarify in Sec.  1.6417-2(b)(2) that 
a valid registration number must also be included on any required 
completed source credit form(s) with respect to the applicable credit 
property. Additional information about the pre-filing registration 
process is described in part V of this Summary of Comments and 
Explanation of Revisions.
4. Due Date Requirements
    Section 6417(d)(3)(A)(i) provides that any election under section 
6417(a) must be made not later than (1) in the case of any government, 
or political subdivision, described in section 6417(d)(1) and for which 
no return is required under section 6011 or 6033(a), such date as is 
determined appropriate by the Secretary, or (2) in any other case, the 
due date (including extensions of time) for the return of tax for the 
taxable year for which the election is made, but in no event earlier 
than 180 days after the date of the enactment of section 6417 (February 
13, 2023). Section 6417 is applicable to taxable years beginning after 
December 31, 2022.
    Proposed Sec.  1.6417-2(b)(3) would have implemented this provision 
as follows. In the case of any taxpayer for which no income tax return 
is required under section 6011 or 6033(a) of the Code (such as a 
governmental entity), the elective payment election must be made no 
later than the due date (including an extension of time) for the 
original return that would be due under section 6033(a) if such 
applicable entity were described in that section. Under section 6072(e) 
of the Code, that date is the 15th day of the fifth month after the 
taxable year determined by section 441 of the Code. Subject to the 
issuance of guidance that specifies the manner in which an entity for 
which no Federal income tax return is required under section 6011 or 
6033(a) of the Code could request an extension of time to file, the 
proposed regulations would have provided that an automatic paperless 
six-month extension from the original due date is deemed to be allowed.
    In the case of any taxpayer that is not normally required to file 
an annual tax return with the IRS (such as those located in the U.S. 
territories), the proposed regulations would have provided that the 
elective payment election must be made no later than the due date 
(including extensions of time) that would apply if the taxpayer was 
located in the United States (such as the 15th day of the fourth month 
after the end of the year for individuals filing Form 1040 or for 
corporations filing Form 1120). For example, an individual in a U.S. 
territory would be required to make the elective payment election on or 
before the 15th day of April following the close of the calendar year, 
or, if the individual filed an extension, on or before the 15th day of 
October following the close of the calendar year.
    The proposed regulations would have provided that, in any other 
case, the elective payment election must be made no later than the due 
date (including extensions of time) for the original return for the 
taxable year for which the election is made, but in no event earlier 
than February 13, 2023.
    Commenters did not address the second or third provisions, and they 
are adopted without change. However, with respect to the first 
provision, these final regulations simplify the provision in proposed 
Sec.  1.6417-2(b)(3), which stated that an elective payment elective 
must be made no later than, ``[i]n the case of any taxpayer for which 
no Federal income tax return is required under section 6011 or 6033(a) 
of the Code, the due date (including an extension of time) for the 
original return that would be due under section 6033(a) if such 
applicable entity were described in that section. Under section 
6072(e), that date is the 15th day of the fifth month after the taxable 
year determined by section 441 of the Code,'' to simply provide that an 
elective payment election must be made no later than, ``[i]n the case 
of any taxpayer for which no Federal income tax return is required 
under sections 6011 or no Federal return is required under 6033(a) of 
the Code [ ], the 15th day of the fifth month after the taxable year.''
    Commenters asked that the final regulations clarify the 
determination of taxable year for an entity that does not have a filing 
requirement under section 6011 or 6033(a), stating that the reference 
to ``the taxable year determined by section 441 of the Code'' is 
confusing and that the Code provides latitude to taxpayers in 
determining their applicable taxable year (including calendar year, 
fiscal year, and short years as applicable). Commenters gave the 
example of an applicable entity that is filing Form 990-T for the sole 
reason of making an elective payment election for an applicable credit. 
If the applicable entity uses a fiscal year beginning July 1 and ending 
June 30, placed in service a project for which an applicable credit was 
determined during the first six months of 2023, and used its fiscal 
year for purposes of establishing a taxable year, then the applicable 
entity would be ineligible to make an elective payment election for 
such project because the fiscal year during which the project was 
placed in service began on July 1, 2022, which is a fiscal year 
beginning before December 31, 2022. Commenters noted that similarly 
situated taxpayers who file their returns on a calendar year basis 
would be eligible to make an elective payment election. Commenters 
requested that they be allowed to choose a calendar taxable year for 
purposes of making an elective payment election, or, alternatively, 
that they be permitted to file using a short year beginning January 1, 
2023, and ending on the date of their next fiscal year.
    These final regulations delete the reference to section 441 and 
clarify that, for purposes of section 6417, an applicable entity that 
is not required to file a Federal income tax return pursuant to section 
6011 or Federal return pursuant to section 6033(a) (such as a State; 
the District of Columbia; an Indian tribal government; any U.S. 
territory; a political subdivision of a State, the District of 
Columbia, or a U.S. territory, or a subdivision of an Indian tribal 
government; certain agencies or instrumentalities of a State, the 
District

[[Page 17560]]

of Columbia, an Indian tribal government, or a U.S. territory; or a 
taxpayer excluded from filing pursuant to section 6033(a)(3)), but is 
filing solely to make an elective payment election, may choose whether 
to file its first Form 990-T (and thus adopt a taxable year for 
purposes of section 6417) based upon a calendar or fiscal year, 
provided that such entity maintains adequate book and records, 
including a reconciliation of any difference between its regular books 
of account and its chosen taxable year, to support making an elective 
payment election on the basis of its chosen taxable year. This should 
allow an applicable entity that is not required to file a Federal 
income tax return pursuant to section 6011 or Federal return pursuant 
to section 6033, but has placed in service an applicable credit 
property in 2023, to file Form 990-T based on a calendar year and make 
an elective payment election with respect to the applicable credit 
property regardless of when the property was placed in service during 
2023.
    These final regulations continue to provide, consistent with the 
proposed regulations, that, subject to issuance of guidance that 
specifies the manner in which an entity for which no Federal income tax 
return is required under section 6011 or no Federal return is required 
under section 6033(a) could request an extension of time to file and 
make the elective payment election, an automatic paperless six-month 
extension from the 15th day of the fifth month after the taxable year 
is deemed to be allowed.
    The Treasury Department and the IRS note that a taxpayer that has 
filed a Federal income tax return under section 6011 or a Federal 
return under section 6033(a) with the IRS must continue to use that 
taxable year unless the taxpayer requests a change of annual accounting 
period pursuant to section 442 of the Code.
5. Irrevocability Requirement
    Proposed Sec.  1.6417-2(b)(4) would have provided that any election 
under section 6417(a), once made, is irrevocable and applies with 
respect to any applicable credit for the taxable year for which the 
election is made.
    Under section 6417, the election period applies for a period of 
years with respect to certain applicable credits. Specifically, for a 
section 45 credit or section 45Y credit, the election applies to the 
10-year period beginning on the date the facility was originally placed 
in service. For a section 45Q credit, the election applies to the 12-
year period beginning on the date the equipment was originally placed 
in service. For a section 45V credit, the election applies to all 
subsequent taxable years with respect to the facility.
    Electing taxpayers make the election for one five-year period per 
applicable credit property, but are allowed one revocation per 
applicable credit property, as provided in section 6417(d)(1)(D), 
(d)(3)(C), and (d)(3)(D), and would have been provided in proposed 
Sec.  1.6417-3 (as described in part III of this Explanation of 
Provisions).
    No commenters addressed the irrevocability rule, and these final 
regulations adopt the rule without change.
6. No Partial Elections
    Proposed Sec.  1.6417-2(b)(5) would have provided that an elective 
payment election applies to the entire amount of applicable credit(s) 
determined with respect to each applicable credit property that was 
properly registered for the taxable year, resulting in an elective 
payment amount that is the entire amount of applicable credit(s) 
determined with respect to the applicable entity or electing taxpayer 
for a taxable year. As a result, the proposed regulations would require 
that an applicable entity make an elective payment election for the 
entire amount of the credit determined with respect to each applicable 
credit property.
    A few commenters advocated for allowing partial elections, stating 
that this flexibility would be helpful. The Treasury Department and the 
IRS note that the statute and the proposed regulations already provide 
considerable flexibility because taxpayers can register none, some, or 
all of their applicable credit properties. Further, as opposed to 
section 6418(a), which allows an eligible taxpayer to elect to transfer 
all (or any portion specified in the election) of an eligible credit, 
section 6417(a) provides that an applicable entity making an election 
is treated as making a payment against the income tax ``equal to the 
amount of'' the applicable credit, which does not provide the 
flexibility to make an election equal to a portion of the applicable 
credit. Thus, these final regulations adopt the proposed regulations 
without change.
C. Determination of Applicable Credit
    Proposed Sec.  1.6417-2(c) would have provided three rules relating 
to the determination of any applicable credit: (1) special rules for 
tax-exempt organizations and government entities; (2) a special rule 
for investment-related credit property acquired with income that is 
exempt from taxation under subtitle A; and (3) a rule that credits must 
be determined with respect to the applicable entity or electing 
taxpayer.
1. Special Rules for Tax-Exempt Organizations and Government Entities
    In accordance with section 6417(d)(2), proposed Sec.  1.6417-
2(c)(1) would have provided that, in the case of any applicable entity 
that makes the election described in section 6417(a), any applicable 
credit is determined (1) without regard to the restrictions regarding 
use of property by tax-exempt organizations and government entities 
found in sections 50(b)(3) and (4)(A)(i); and (2) by treating any 
property with respect to which such credit is determined as used in a 
trade or business of the applicable entity.
    Proposed Sec.  1.6417-2(c)(2) would have elaborated on the effect 
of the ``trade or business'' rule in section 6417(d)(2) and proposed 
Sec.  1.6417-2(c)(1)(ii). Proposed Sec.  1.6417-2(c)(2)(i) would have 
allowed tax-exempt and government entities to take advantage of 
applicable credits even outside of the unrelated business taxable 
income context (provided other requirements are met) by allowing the 
entity to treat an item of property as if it is of a character subject 
to an allowance of depreciation (such as under sections 30C and 45W); 
to produce items ``in the ordinary course of a trade or business of the 
taxpayer'' (such as in sections 45V and 45X); and to state that an item 
of property is one for which depreciation (or amortization in lieu of 
depreciation) is allowable (such as in sections 48, 48C, and 48E). No 
commenter addressed this rule, but these final regulations made 
nonsubstantive edits to this proposed version.
    Proposed Sec.  1.6417-2(c)(2)(ii) would have allowed the entity to 
apply the capitalization and accelerated depreciation rules (such as 
sections 167, 168, 263 and 263A of the Code) that apply to determining 
the basis and the depreciation allowance for property used in a trade 
or business. One commenter asked whether applicable entities can use 
section 266 of the Code to capitalize carrying charges. In response, 
these final regulations add section 266 to the list of capitalization 
and accelerated depreciation rules that applicable entities can use in 
Sec.  1.6417-2(c)(2)(ii).
    Proposed Sec.  1.6417-2(c)(2)(iii) would have made limitations on 
the use of credits generally applicable to persons engaged in the 
conduct of a trade or business applicable to the making of an elective 
payment election under section 6417, such as the at-risk rules of 
section 49 of the Code in the context of

[[Page 17561]]

investment credits determined under sections 48, 48C, and 48E, and the 
passive activity rules under section 469 of the Code that apply to all 
applicable credits. For section 49 to apply to investment tax credits 
for which an elective payment election is made, the property must be 
placed in service by an applicable entity or electing taxpayer 
described in section 465(a)(1) of the Code (for example, an individual 
or a C corporation with respect to which the stock ownership 
requirements of section 542(a)(2) of the Code are met). For section 469 
to apply to applicable credits for which an elective payment election 
is made, the applicable entity or electing taxpayer would need to be 
described in section 469(a)(2) (that is, an individual, estate or 
trust, a closely held C corporation, or a personal service 
corporation). Thus, for any applicable entity or electing taxpayer for 
which section 49 or 469 generally applies, those limitations apply with 
respect to the determination of applicable credits for purposes under 
section 6417.
    The proposed regulations requested comments on whether any 
additional clarification is needed regarding the application of 
sections 49 and 469 to applicable entities or electing taxpayers 
determining the amount of an applicable credit. Two commenters asked 
that the final regulations clarify that section 49 does not apply to 
limit credits available to tribes or Tribal entities that use direct 
loan or Federal loan guarantee programs. The Treasury Department and 
the IRS note that section 49 generally applies only to individuals and 
C corporations meeting the stock ownership requirements of section 
542(a)(2), and that section 49 reduces the credit base only by the 
amount of nonqualified nonrecourse financing, as defined in section 
49(a)(1)(D)(ii). Both of these determinations are dependent on the 
facts and circumstances and are outside of the scope of these final 
regulations.
    Proposed Sec.  1.6417-2(c)(2)(iv) would have stated that the trade 
or business rule does not create any presumption that the trade or 
business is related (or unrelated) to a tax-exempt entity's exempt 
purpose. One commenter asked whether nonprofits will owe tax on Solar 
Renewable Energy Credits (SREC) sales and how selling the SRECs upfront 
versus selling them over time might change the result. This comment is 
outside the scope of these final regulations. Another commenter asked 
that the final regulations provide that income from applicable credit 
property does not give rise to unrelated business income tax (UBIT). 
Whether income from applicable credit property gives rise to UBIT is a 
fact-intensive inquiry under sections 511 through 514 of the Code and 
it is outside the scope of these final regulations. As these comments 
do not require revisions to the proposed rule, these final regulations 
adopt the Sec.  1.6417-2(c)(2)(iv) as proposed.
    In addition, these final regulations clarify that the trade or 
business rule subjects the applicable entity to the credit limitation 
that applies when there is an excess benefit, as described in part 
II.C.2 of this Summary of Comments and Explanation of Revisions. See 
Sec.  1.6417-2(c)(2)(v) and (c)(3)(ii).
2. Special Rule for Investment-Related Credit Property Acquired With 
Amounts, Including Income From Certain Grants and Forgivable Loans, 
That Are Exempt From Taxation Under Subtitle A
    Proposed Sec.  1.6417-2(c)(3) would have provided a special rule 
for investment credit property acquired with amounts, including income 
from certain grants and forgivable loans, that are exempt from taxation 
under subtitle A (tax exempt amounts) and would have expanded the rule 
to ``investment-related tax credits'' (that is, to other credits that 
are determined as a percentage of a property's basis).
    The special rule stated that, for purposes of section 6417, any tax 
exempt amounts used to purchase, construct, reconstruct, erect, or 
otherwise acquire an applicable credit property described in sections 
30C, 45W, 48, 48C, or 48E (investment-related credit property) are 
included in basis for purposes of computing the applicable credit 
amount determined with respect to the investment-related credit 
property, regardless of whether basis is required to be reduced (in 
whole or in part) by such amounts under general tax principles. Without 
this rule, applicable entities that use tax exempt amounts to purchase, 
construct, reconstruct, erect, or otherwise acquire investment-related 
credit property may not be able to take full advantage of investment-
related tax credits with respect to such property because general tax 
principles may require applicable entities to reduce the basis in such 
property, for general business credit purposes, by the amount paid for 
with tax exempt amounts.
    This special rule, by not reducing basis for tax-exempt amounts for 
purposes of computing the applicable credit amount, conferred excess 
tax benefits under general tax principles applicable to taxable 
entities. The proposed regulations contained a ``no excess benefit'' 
rule in proposed Sec.  1.6417-2(c)(3) to give effect to the requirement 
in section 6417(d)(2)(B) that the investment-related credit property be 
treated as used in a trade or business of an applicable entity (and 
thus subject to general tax principles that apply to taxable entities). 
The proposed no excess benefit rule would have reduced the applicable 
credit amount with respect to ``restricted tax exempt amounts,'' which 
taxable entities are generally not entitled to include in the basis of 
corresponding investment-related credit property under general tax 
principles, if the sum of such restricted tax-exempt amounts plus the 
applicable credit exceeded the cost of the applicable credit property. 
Specifically, proposed Sec.  1.6417-2(c)(3) would have provided that, 
if an applicable entity receives tax exempt amounts for the specific 
purpose of purchasing, constructing, reconstructing, erecting, or 
otherwise acquiring an investment-related credit property (restricted 
tax exempt amount), and any restricted tax exempt amounts plus the 
applicable credit otherwise determined with respect to that investment-
related credit property exceeds the cost of the investment-related 
credit property, then the amount of the applicable credit is reduced so 
that the total amount of applicable credit plus the amount of any 
restricted tax exempt amounts equals the cost of investment-related 
credit property. This no excess benefit rule was a subset of the 
special rule for investment credit property acquired with tax exempt 
amounts in that it applied only to restricted tax exempt amounts; in 
other words, it only applied to tax exempt amounts that are conditioned 
on being used for the specific purpose of purchasing, constructing, 
reconstructing, erecting, or otherwise acquiring an investment credit 
property and did not apply to other tax exempt amounts. Proposed Sec.  
1.6417-2(c)(5) contained three examples illustrating these rules.
    One commenter strongly supported the special rule for investment-
related credit property acquired with income that is exempt from 
taxation as reasonable and necessary, stating that it (1) places 
applicable entities on similar footing as taxable entities with respect 
to impacts on basis, (2) makes funding count equally for investment tax 
credits (that are determined as a percentage of basis) and production 
tax credits (which are not tied to basis), and (3) is consistent with 
the purposes in section 6417. Several other commenters expressed 
appreciation for this ``stackability'' feature of the proposed 
regulations.

[[Page 17562]]

    However, some commenters did not support the no excess benefit part 
of the rule, stating that section 6417 does not contain any limitation 
on determining the amount of an elective payment for an applicable 
credit if the applicable entity has received grants or forgivable loans 
not subject to Federal income tax. These commenters opined that not 
only does section 6417 not authorize promulgation of such a rule, but 
the proposed rule is inconsistent with the intent of section 6417, 
which, in the commenters' view, is generally to permit applicable 
entities to receive an elective payment of an applicable credit in an 
amount otherwise allowable under the Code.
    These final regulations generally adopt the proposed special rule 
for investment-related credit property acquired with amounts, including 
income from certain grants and forgivable loans, that are exempt from 
taxation, with modifications discussed in this Part II.C.2 of the 
Summary of Comments and Explanation of Provisions section. First, these 
final regulations seek to clarify that the no excess benefit rule is a 
subset of the general rule by separating the special rule into two 
parts: (1) an ``amounts included in basis'' rule (allowing tax exempt 
amounts to count toward basis) and (2) a ``no excess benefit from 
restricted tax exempt amounts'' rule (not allowing restricted tax 
exempt amounts plus the amount of the credit to exceed the cost of the 
investment-related credit property).
    With respect to the second part of the rule, the Treasury 
Department and the IRS conclude that section 6417(d)(2)(B) effectively 
places a limitation on determining the amount of an applicable credit 
by treating the property as being used in a trade or business of an 
applicable entity, which otherwise subjects the investment-related 
credit property and the applicable credit to general tax principles 
that apply to taxable entities. Taxable entities that receive 
restricted tax exempt amounts are generally required to reduce their 
basis in the corresponding investment-related credit property under 
general tax principles, which would limit the amount of the applicable 
credit. While the no excess benefit rule does not go so far as to 
require basis in investment-related credit property to be reduced by 
the restricted tax exempt amount, it limits the applicable credit so 
that an applicable entity that receives a restricted tax exempt amount 
does not receive more than the cost of the investment-related credit 
property financed without those non-taxable funds. The alternative to 
the no excess benefit rule would be to disallow restricted tax exempt 
amounts from counting toward the basis in investment-related credit 
property (a more severe limitation), which would still give effect to 
section 6417(d)(2)(B) but not accomplish the goals of the IRA as well 
as the no excess benefit rule does.
    However, these final regulations clarify the no excess benefit rule 
in several ways. These final regulations provide that the determination 
of whether a tax exempt grant is made for the specific purpose of 
purchasing, constructing, reconstructing, erecting, or otherwise 
acquiring an investment-related credit property is made at the time the 
grant is awarded to the applicable entity. (If only a portion of a tax 
exempt amount is restricted and another portion is unrestricted, then 
only the restricted tax exempt amount is considered for purposes of 
this rule.)
    Similarly, these final regulations clarify how to treat a grant 
that is awarded after investment-related credit property is purchased, 
constructed, reconstructed, erected, or otherwise acquired. One 
commenter requested clarification of whether the excessive payment 
addition to tax may apply if an applicable entity received a Federal 
grant after the elective payment election submission. Although the 
comment was unclear, it appears that the commenter was asking whether a 
grant received after the acquisition of investment-related credit 
property might be considered a ``restricted tax exempt amount'' that 
could affect the amount of the applicable credit claimed on the annual 
return. Similarly, two commenters asked that applicable entities be 
allowed to self-identify during the pre-filing registration process or 
the elective payment election process, or both, if they are preparing 
to apply for a Federal grant that could potentially impact their 
elective payment amount. These commenters stated that an entity could 
then amend its return based on whether the grant was received to better 
determine if the entity should receive the full elective payment amount 
or be required to recalculate the elective payment amount so as not 
incur an addition to tax due to a possible excessive payment in 
subsequent taxable years.
    A grant awarded after acquisition of the property is generally not 
a restricted tax exempt amount because a restricted tax exempt amount 
is one made for the specific purpose of purchasing, constructing, 
reconstructing, erecting, or otherwise acquiring an investment-related 
credit property and, in the commenters' examples, the applicable entity 
would already have acquired the investment-related credit property 
before receiving the grant funds. However, to avoid allowing taxpayers 
to circumvent the no excess benefit rule by acquiring applicable credit 
property in cases in which the receipt of the grant is assured if an 
application is made and the applicable entity only needs to finance the 
purchase until the money is received, these final regulations provide 
that a grant awarded after acquisition of the property is a restricted 
tax exempt amount if approval of the grant was perfunctory and the 
amount of the grant was virtually assured at the time of application.
    Commenters asked whether the credit reduction applies to a loan 
that is not a forgivable loan or to a taxable loan. The Treasury 
Department and the IRS clarify that loans that need to be repaid are 
not tax exempt amounts and, thus, will not be restricted tax exempt 
amounts for purposes of this rule. Commenters also asked about the 
timing of the credit reduction and whether there is any potential tax 
credit recapture if a loan for a project that was not intended to be 
forgivable is later forgiven by the lender. In response, these final 
regulations add a sentence clarifying that the determination of whether 
a loan is made for the specific purpose of purchasing, constructing, 
reconstructing, erecting, or otherwise acquiring an investment-related 
credit property, and whether forgiveness of that loan is contingent 
upon the specific purpose being satisfied, is made at the time the loan 
is approved.
    Several commenters did not appear to understand that the no excess 
benefit rule is a subset of the special rule for investment-related 
credit property because it applies only to restricted tax-exempt 
amounts. For example, one commenter opined that, if an applicable 
entity's general revenue (from charitable donations) is not taxable and 
does not reduce the credit amount, then the concern of an excessive 
benefit for specific grants is unfounded. Multiple commenters expressed 
confusion by the definitions in the rule, asking for further definition 
(or a safe harbor) of ``restricted tax exempt amount'' or for a 
definition of ``unrestricted funds.'' Restricted gifts are 
distinguishable from unrestricted gifts because of the restrictions 
donors place on the use of the funds. In response to these comments, 
however, these final regulations add a sentence to the end of Sec.  
1.6417-2(c)(3)(ii) stating that the no excess benefit rule does not 
apply if the tax exempt amount is not received for the specific purpose 
of purchasing,

[[Page 17563]]

constructing, reconstructing, erecting, or otherwise acquiring a 
property eligible for an investment-related credit. This sentence 
includes two examples of a tax exempt amount that is not considered to 
be a restricted tax exempt amount: (1) a tax exempt amount from the 
organization's general funds and (2) a tax exempt amount the use of 
which is not restricted to the purpose of purchasing, constructing, 
reconstructing, erecting, or otherwise acquiring an investment-related 
credit property (such as purchasing an electric vehicle) and could be 
used for any of several different applicable credit properties (such as 
purchasing an electric vehicle or purchasing solar panels) or can be 
put to other purposes (such as purchasing an electric vehicle or making 
a building more energy efficient). In addition, these final regulations 
add an example with unrestricted funds to clarify that unrestricted 
funds do not implicate the no excess benefit rule.
    One commenter thought that the no excess benefit rule is 
administratively impractical and will lead certain applicable entities 
and their donors to structure donations as unrestricted grants (with an 
unenforceable expectation that the grant will still be used to fund the 
energy property). The commenter stated that this lack of a legally 
enforceable obligation by donors will lead to more opportunities for 
the misuse of funds and further frustrate Congressional intent to 
encourage applicable entities to actually build and operate energy 
property. The Treasury Department and the IRS recognize that 
unrestricted funds are not impacted by the no excess benefit rule; 
thus, taxpayers could structure around the no excess benefit rule by 
requesting unrestricted funds rather than restricted ones. However, 
these final regulations maintain the decision that, when a restricted 
tax exempt amount plus a general business credit exceeds the cost of 
the applicable credit property that was purchased with the restricted 
tax exempt amount, then the no excess benefit rule is reasonable and 
necessary, gives effect to section 6417(d)(2)(B), and is consistent 
with general tax principles.
    In response to the commenters asking that applicable entities be 
allowed to self-identify if they are preparing to apply for a Federal 
grant that could potentially impact their elective payment amount, as 
provided in part V of this Summary of Comments and Explanation of 
Revisions, Sec.  1.6417-5(b)(5)(vii)(E) provides that an applicable 
entity must provide information on the source of funds the taxpayer 
used to acquire the property as part of the pre-filing registration 
process if the applicable credit property is an investment-related 
credit property. However, the reporting of an actual credit amount is 
done on the annual tax return. In addition, if an applicable entity 
makes a valid elective payment election but later determines the amount 
was calculated incorrectly, these final regulations provide the 
opportunity to file an amended return or AAR to make the appropriate 
adjustments to the elective payment amount. See part II.B.2 of this 
Summary of Comments and Explanation of Revisions. As described in part 
VI of this Summary of Comments and Explanation of Revisions, these 
final regulations clarify that, if an applicable entity or electing 
taxpayer amends its tax return or files an AAR to properly adjust an 
excessive elective payment amount before the IRS opens an examination, 
then the excessive payment provisions of section 6417(d)(6) and Sec.  
1.6417-6(a) would not apply.
    A commenter recommended that the final regulations limit or 
eliminate the proposed rule that tax-exempt funds raised to pay for the 
cost of a system must be subtracted from the installed system cost 
before calculating the value of the investment tax credit. The 
commenter's summary of the proposed rule is not accurate. The excess 
benefit determination is made after the investment tax credit is 
calculated and reduces the amount of the calculated credit only to the 
extent that an excess benefit was created by any restricted tax exempt 
amounts used to fund the purchase.
    One commenter asked how the credit reduction relates to tax-exempt 
bond financing (which, for certain credits, results in a reduction of 
the credit amount). The Treasury Department and the IRS confirm that 
the no excess benefit rule applies after application of any rule, such 
as sections 45(b)(3), 45Q(f)(8), 45V(d)(3), 45Y(g)(8), 48(a)(4), and 
48E(d)(2), that relates to the determination of the underlying 
applicable credit.
    A few commenters said that only Federal grants should be considered 
in applying the no excess benefit rule. The Treasury Department and the 
IRS have concluded that all restricted tax exempt amounts should be 
treated the same way, as any could lead to an excess benefit.
    Two commenters stated that an applicable credit property financed 
with ``recoverable grants'' should not result in the reduction of the 
applicable credit, stating that recoverable grants are similar to loans 
although some nonprofits and schools cannot enter into loan agreements. 
These final regulations do not adopt this comment because, without 
knowing the conditions upon which the grant proceeds are returned to 
the grantor, it is not possible to conclude whether such amounts would 
be considered restricted tax exempt amounts. For example, if a grantor 
requires return of the grant proceeds to the extent of an excess 
benefit created, the proceeds required to be repaid would likely not be 
considered a restricted tax exempt amount for purposes of Sec.  1.6417-
2(c)(3), as those amounts are more similar to debt repayment.
    One commenter asked that the final regulations provide more 
specific information about ``other amounts generally exempt from 
taxation under subtitle A,'' stating that all revenues earned by 
section 501(c) entities that are not subject to the unrelated business 
income provisions of sections 511 through 514 are generally exempt from 
tax. The commenter noted that Examples 2 and 3 in the proposed 
regulations contained an exempt organization's own unrestricted funds, 
which the commenter presumed was from income exempt from taxation under 
subtitle A. The Treasury Department and the IRS agree that the types of 
income mentioned by the commenter are examples of income ``that is 
exempt from taxation under subtitle A'' that are intended to be 
included in basis for purposes of computing the applicable credit 
amount determined with respect to the applicable credit property, 
regardless of whether basis is required to be reduced (in whole or in 
part) by such amounts under general tax principles. However, the 
Treasury Department and the IRS have identified that certain 
governmental entities, including Indian tribal governments, may have 
income that is excluded from Federal income taxation rather than exempt 
from taxation under subtitle A. The intent of the special rule was to 
have all of this income count towards the basis of investment-related 
credit property. Thus, these final regulations add ``or otherwise 
excluded from taxation'' to the text of Sec.  1.6417-2(c)(3).
    A commenter asked how the special rule works if grant or loan 
proceeds are paid directly to the contractor building the property, 
providing an example in which (1) another entity helped cover the cost 
of the applicable credit property for the applicable entity by paying a 
vendor directly, and (2) the remaining funds were provided by a lender 
to the applicable entity, with the lender providing the proceeds of the 
loan directly to the vendor. The commenter

[[Page 17564]]

asked whether these arrangements would affect the cost basis for 
determining the credit amount, which could then impact the applicable 
entity's ability to make an elective payment election. These final 
regulations do not address this question since it requires analysis of 
the details surrounding the contractual arrangements (for example, the 
terms of the gift and the terms of the loan), as the results depend on 
the underlying facts.
    One commenter asked whether there are any restrictions on the use 
of elective payment amounts once they are received by the applicable 
entity; for example, whether they can be used to repay grant match 
requirements or to pay off debt used specifically to purchase 
applicable credit property. Section 6417 imposes no restriction on the 
use an applicable entity makes of the elective payment amount after it 
has been paid to the entity (although the entity bears the risk that 
any excessive payments are subject to repayment plus a 20-percent tax).
3. Credits Must Be Determined With Respect to the Applicable Entity or 
Electing Taxpayer
    Proposed Sec.  1.6417-2(c)(4) would have stated that any credit for 
which an election is made under section 6417(a) must have been 
``determined with respect to'' the applicable entity or electing 
taxpayer, meaning that the applicable entity or electing taxpayer must 
own the underlying eligible credit property or, in the case of section 
45X, conduct the activities giving rise to the underlying eligible 
credit.\7\ This proposed rule, which is consistent with the proposed 
regulations under section 6418, would prohibit an applicable entity or 
electing taxpayer from making an election under section 6417(a) for 
credits transferred pursuant to section 6418, transferred pursuant to 
section 45Q(f)(3), acquired by a lessee from a lessor by means of an 
election to pass through the credit to a lessee under former section 
48(d) (pursuant to section 50(d)(5)), owned by a third party, or 
otherwise not determined directly with respect to the applicable entity 
or electing taxpayer, which the proposed regulations labeled 
``chaining.''
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

    \7\ The section 45X credit requires that the taxpayer produce 
eligible components. Thus, an applicable entity or electing taxpayer 
must produce eligible components to claim the credit.
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

    The preamble to the proposed regulations noted several potential 
obstacles to permitting chaining, but requested comments on any limited 
situations in which exceptions to this proposed rule may be appropriate 
because they are consistent with the text, design, and intent of the 
IRA, while also ensuring that such exceptions are not subject to fraud 
or abuse.
i. Credits Transferred Pursuant to Section 6418
    One commenter agreed with the proposed rule, stating that chaining 
will likely create practical and administrative challenges and make the 
applicable credits more vulnerable to fraud and abuse. However, 
multiple commenters stated that chaining is consistent with the text, 
design, and intent of the IRA and requested that it be allowed. Some 
commenters advocated for enacting a limited exception tailored to 
certain situations or limited to certain types of taxpayers, such as 
(1) a taxpayer whose receipt of credits is directly tied to the 
taxpayer's involvement in the manufacturing process and its contractual 
agreements with third-party producers under section 45X, if not 
considered a producer under section 45X; (2) public-private partnership 
arrangements under which a governmental entity or nonprofit entity can 
be treated as the owner of the project while receiving private capital 
from the private, for-profit partner to finance the project; (3) 
governmental entities and unrelated section 501(c)(3) entities on whose 
premises the project is located; (4) green banks and other public 
financing entities; (5) governmental agencies; (6) public power systems 
that entered into a long-term power purchase agreement with respect to 
the electricity to be produced at a qualifying facility; (7) entities 
conducting the activity that do not own the applicable credit property; 
(8) a transferor and transferee that are joint tenants or partners in a 
partnership completing a single return, or cross-referencing returns, 
in which the transfer and elective payment elections are made 
concurrently on the due date of the return (or later filing date under 
a valid extension); or (9) in cases in which an ERISA plan, entity 
holding plan assets, or an entity in which an ERISA plan or entity 
holding plan assets is the primary equity holder, the transferee would 
not own more than 50 percent of the seller, the transferee does the 
same due diligence required of all transferees, the transferee pays a 
minimum of 90 percent of the face value of the credit in cash, and, if 
the purchasing ERISA plan has an indirect interest in the proceeds of 
the sale, it is not permitted to buy more than the commensurate share 
of the proceeds it would have received if the seller had elected to 
sell the tax credit to another person or entity with no relationship to 
the seller. One commenter asked that any rule prohibiting chaining be 
limited to potentially abusive situations in which a principal purpose 
of the structure is to avoid the transfer election rules or otherwise 
allow taxpayers that are not applicable entities to make elective 
payment elections.
    After considering comments, the Treasury Department and the IRS 
have determined that sections 6417 and 6418, read together, are most 
straightforwardly understood as creating two separate, mutually 
exclusive regimes regarding credit monetization. While the Treasury 
Department and the IRS acknowledge that no specific language in section 
6417 or 6418 directly prohibits chaining, not permitting chaining 
allows for more straightforward application of the statute as a whole. 
This interpretation reads ``determined with respect to'' in both 
sections 6417 and 6418 to require the entity to own the underlying 
applicable credit property with respect to which the applicable credit 
is determined and conduct the activities giving rise to the applicable 
credit or, in the case of section 45X, for which ownership of 
applicable credit property is not required, to be considered (under the 
section 45X regulations) the taxpayer with respect to which the section 
45X credit is determined.
    The Treasury Department and the IRS also remain concerned about the 
administrability of chaining and the scope for fraud and abuse. The 
Treasury Department and the IRS considered commenters' suggestions on 
how chaining might be limited to certain types of taxpayers or certain 
situations. While there may be ways in which limiting chaining to 
certain types of entities or those performing certain activities could 
potentially reduce risks of fraud and abuse, the Treasury Department 
and the IRS have concluded, based on the comments, statutory text, and 
available information, that the IRS would face substantial challenges 
in attempting to distinguish those types of taxpayers or situations 
from other applicable entities or other situations. For example, the 
existing pre-filing registration process and portal, a key anti-fraud 
and anti-abuse feature specifically authorized by sections 6417 and 
6418, are not capable of administering such distinctions as, for 
example, the proposed requisite relationships between the parties, many 
of which would require assessments of particular circumstances or other 
fact-dependent inquiries. The Treasury Department and the IRS have not 
determined how the proposed distinctions or criteria could be

[[Page 17565]]

sufficiently verified in an administratively reasonable manner during 
the pre-filing registration process. Thus, based on available 
information, the Treasury Department and the IRS could not conclude 
that any chaining rule could be limited in the manner taxpayers 
proposed.
    Furthermore, any chaining rule would need ancillary rules to 
address operational differences between the two statutory provisions 
and complications that would necessarily arise from chaining. For 
example, absent ancillary rules to address differences between the two 
statutes, there would be inconsistencies in the requirements for 
elective payment elections made by applicable entities for applicable 
credits that are determined with respect to the applicable entity and 
elective payment elections made by applicable entities for transferred 
credits (even if a taxpayer was making both elections for the same type 
of credit). Transfer elections under section 6418 with respect to 
credits determined under sections 45, 45Q, 45X, 45V, and 45Y are made 
on an annual basis, whereas elective payment elections under section 
6417 with respect to these credits are made for a multi-year period and 
are irrevocable. Additionally, transfer elections under section 6418 
are permitted to be made for a portion of eligible credits determined 
with respect to an eligible credit property, whereas section 6417 does 
not on its face permit partial elections. A partnership making the 
election under section 6417 must hold the applicable credit property 
``directly,'' language that is not a clear fit for transferred credits. 
If a chaining rule were permitted, the rules in section 6418 would need 
to accommodate the election requirements in section 6417, but the 
Treasury Department and the IRS could not determine, based on comments 
received and available information, how the differences between 
elective payment elections and transfer elections could be addressed in 
an administratively reasonable manner.
    Similarly, an applicable entity that is both a transferee under 
section 6418 and an applicable entity under section 6417 could be 
subject to both the excessive credit transfer addition to tax under 
section 6418(g)(2) and the excessive payment addition to tax under 
section 6417(d)(6). None of the comments addressed how the excessive 
credit transfer or excessive payment additions to tax should apply in 
the case of a chaining rule, including whether there would be authority 
to avoid application of both additions to tax by the same applicable 
entity.
    Additionally, none of the comments addressed how the basis 
reduction and recapture rules under sections 6418(g)(3) and 6417(g) 
would work in the case of a chaining rule, given that transferred 
credits presumably would need to be treated as ``determined with 
respect to'' the applicable entity for purposes of section 6417(g).
    A chaining rule would also create administrative challenges with 
regard to the pre-filing registration process that are separate from 
the challenge of potentially distinguishing types of entities or 
situations, and which were not addressed in comments. A facility or 
property intended to produce credits that would be chained would appear 
to need to be registered twice--first, under section 6418 as an 
eligible credit property and second, under section 6417 as an 
applicable credit property--which would result in two different 
registration numbers with respect to the same facility or property. 
Both of these registrations would presumably need to occur after the 
eligible/applicable credit property was placed in service, but before 
either taxpayer filed their annual tax return.
    Finally, the Treasury Department and the IRS remain concerned that 
a rule allowing for chaining could increase risks of fraudulent 
elective payment elections as well as fraudulent transfers of credits 
(such as transferring credits that have not been earned by the 
transferor and therefore do not exist), given a range of factors 
including the limited time before filing season that the IRS would have 
to verify information as part of the pre-filing registration process, 
the transferor's incentives to shift risk to the transferee, and the 
difficulties of recovering monies once already paid out to applicable 
entities. Comments received by the Treasury Department and the IRS have 
not provided information that addresses these concerns.
    Thus, these final regulations adopt the rule as proposed. However, 
the Treasury Department and the IRS will continue to consider potential 
chaining rules that would address these concerns and be consistent with 
the statutory framework, as well as the legislative purpose, of 
sections 6417 and 6418. In particular, the Treasury Department and the 
IRS will be monitoring uptake and efficiency of the market for 
transferred credits and whether additional or different approaches may 
be useful to improve the functioning of the market to ensure that the 
provisions are functioning consistent with Congress's intent in 
enacting the IRA. The Treasury Department and the IRS will also be 
monitoring uptake of the elective payment election, including whether 
additional or different regulatory approaches may be useful to ensure 
broad access to the clean energy tax credits consistent with Congress's 
intent in enacting the IRA. At the same time, the Treasury Department 
and the IRS will be monitoring the risk of improper payments with 
respect to sections 6417 and 6418 and will consider additional 
regulatory or administrative action to reduce such risk as experience 
is gained with respect to these novel provisions.
ii. Credits Allowed Pursuant to Section 45Q(f)(3)
    As described in part II.C.3 of this Summary of Comments and 
Explanation of Revisions, proposed Sec.  1.6417-2(c)(4) would have 
provided that no election may be made under section 6417(a) for credits 
transferred pursuant to section 45Q(f)(3).
    Multiple commenters opined that section 45Q credits transferred 
pursuant to section 45Q(f)(3)(B) should be considered ``determined with 
respect to'' the transferee. Commenters posited that this is the 
correct result because those transferees conduct carbon capture 
activities necessary to give rise to a section 45Q credit, citing the 
language in proposed Sec.  1.6417-2(c)(4) that ``[a]n applicable credit 
is determined with respect to an applicable entity or electing taxpayer 
in cases where the applicable entity or electing taxpayer owns the 
underlying eligible credit property or, if ownership is not required, 
otherwise conducts the activities giving rise to the underlying 
eligible credit.'' Commenters further stated that performing those 
carbon capture activities makes them distinguishable from taxpayers 
that are transferred a credit under section 6418 or an election under 
section 50(d)(5).
    The Treasury Department and the IRS have concluded that a taxpayer 
that is transferred a section 45Q credit as a result of an election 
under section 45Q(f)(3) is not the taxpayer with respect to which the 
section 45Q credit is determined. Under section 45Q(f)(3)(A)(ii), a 
section 45Q credit is attributable to the person that owns the carbon 
capture equipment and physically or contractually ensures the capture 
and disposal, utilization, or use as a tertiary injectant of such 
qualified carbon oxide (emphasis added). Further, under Sec.  1.45Q-
1(h)(3), it is the taxpayer described in Sec.  1.45Q-1(h)(1) to whom 
the section 45Q credit is attributable (electing taxpayer), that may 
elect to allow the person that enters into a contract with the electing 
taxpayer to dispose of the qualified carbon oxide (disposer), utilize 
the qualified carbon

[[Page 17566]]

oxide (utilizer), or use the qualified carbon oxide as a tertiary 
injectant (injector) to claim the credit (credit claimant) (section 
45Q(f)(3)(B) election). Contrary to commenters' assertions, it is not 
sufficient for a party to only conduct carbon capture activities to be 
eligible for a section 45Q credit. Further, the requirement of 
ownership in the section 45Q statute and regulations means the 
commenters' argument that the language in Sec.  1.6417-2(c)(4) allows a 
section 45Q credit to be determined with respect to an applicable 
entity or electing taxpayer when the party ``otherwise conducts the 
activities giving rise to the underlying applicable credit'' is 
misplaced. That language in Sec.  1.6417-2(c)(4) applies only in the 
case of an applicable credit for which ownership of property is not 
required, which is not the case with respect to a section 45Q credit. 
Thus, these final regulations clarify in Sec.  1.6417-2(c)(4) that the 
only applicable credit for which ownership is not required is the 
section 45X credit. While the activities of a contractor may be 
necessary for a section 45Q credit to be determined, ultimately, the 
credit is attributable to and determined by the person that both owns 
the equipment and physically or contractually ensures the capture and 
disposal, injection, or utilization of such qualified carbon oxide. 
Thus, these final regulations adopt the proposed regulations without 
change on this issue.
    Other commenters implied that a section 45Q(f)(3) election is not a 
transfer, just the attribution of the credit to the claimant. The 
Treasury Department and the IRS note that the relevant standard under 
section 6417 for making an elective payment election is that a section 
45Q credit must be determined with respect to the applicable entity or 
electing taxpayer. Thus, while the proposed regulations used the term 
``transfer,'' the result would have remained unchanged if the proposed 
regulations used the term `attributed' in referring to a party that 
receives the credit as a result of a section 45Q(f)(3)(B) election. To 
maintain consistency with Sec.  1.45Q-1(h)(3), these final regulations 
use the word ``allowed,'' but the result is unchanged from the proposed 
regulations.
    One commenter asked that, in the case of a taxpayer that is 
registering a single process train for purposes of a section 45Q credit 
and will make a section 45Q(f)(3)(B) election to allow all or a portion 
of that credit to disposers/utilizers, the final regulations require 
information about such election, as well as an acknowledgment by the 
owner of the single process train that the disposer(s)/utilizer(s) may 
make a section 6417 election for its portion of section 45Q credit 
allowed, using the registration number obtained by the owner of the 
single process train. As described previously, a section 45Q credit 
that is received as the result of a section 45Q(f)(3)(B) election is 
not determined with respect to the recipient, and therefore the 
recipient is ineligible to make a section 6417 election and has no need 
to complete pre-filing registration.
    Commenters stated, citing Rev. Rul. 2021-13, 2021-30 IRB 152, that 
a taxpayer does not need to own every component of a single process 
train to claim a section 45Q credit. The Treasury Department and the 
IRS agree that guidance under section 45Q does not require a taxpayer 
to own every component of a single process train and have revised the 
language under Sec.  1.6417-1(e)(3) (defining applicable credit 
property with respect to the section 45Q credit) accordingly.
iii. Credits Acquired by a Lessee From a Lessor by Means of an Election 
To Pass Through the Credit to a Lessee Under Former Section 48(d) 
(Pursuant to Section 50(d)(5))
    Several commenters stated that tribes cannot monetize their 
elective payment amounts by making transfer elections under section 
6418.\8\ These commenters stated that tribes should thus be able to 
structure projects through sale-leasebacks or inverted leases, which 
would allow tribes to retain ownership of the project while a third 
party receives tax benefits in exchange for contributing capital to the 
project.
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

    \8\ While it is true that section 6418(f)(2) defines ``eligible 
taxpayer'' for purposes of transfer election eligibility as ``any 
taxpayer which is not described in section 6417(d)(1)(A)'' (and thus 
an Indian tribal government (including agencies and 
instrumentalities) described in section 6417(d)(1)(A)(iv) and Sec.  
6417-1(c)(3) and -1(k) would not be eligible to make a transfer 
election), a Tribal entity that is not described in section 
6417(d)(1)(A) would be eligible to make a transfer election under 
section 6418.
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

    The proposed regulations did not specifically address sale-
leaseback transactions under section 50(d)(4), and the Treasury 
Department and the IRS have determined that adopting an explicit rule 
with respect to sale-leaseback transactions in these final regulations 
is not necessary. Such a rule is unnecessary because a sale-leaseback 
transaction under section 50(d)(4) is one in which a purchaser/lessor 
of investment credit property owns the underlying property with respect 
to which an applicable credit is determined. In that case, provided all 
of the applicable rules are met, because the applicable credit is 
determined with respect to applicable credit property owned and treated 
as originally placed in service by the purchaser/lessor, the purchaser/
lessor can make an elective payment election with respect to the 
property under section 6417.
    With respect to inverted leases, the Treasury Department and the 
IRS understand the commenters to be referring to an election to pass 
through the applicable credit to a lessee under former section 48(d) 
(pursuant to section 50(d)(5)). The commenters pointed out that a rule 
allowing the lessee to make a section 6417 election with respect to a 
credit would allow tribes to retain ownership of the project while a 
third-party receives tax benefits in exchange for contributing capital 
to the project. There is a distinction between sale-leaseback 
transactions under section 50(d)(4) and lease-passthrough elections 
under former section 48 (pursuant to section 50(d)(5)). In the latter 
case, it is the lessor that is the party with respect to which the 
credit is determined, and not the lessee that is allowed to claim the 
credit as a result of the election. Therefore, the lessee does not meet 
the requirement of section 6417(a), which requires the applicable 
credit to be determined with respect to the applicable entity making 
the elective payment election. The Treasury Department and the IRS have 
concluded that the rationale underlying the proposed rule is correct. 
Thus, these final regulations adopt the proposed rule without change.
iv. Ownership
    Proposed Sec.  1.6417-2(c)(4) would have provided that applicable 
credits must be determined with respect to the applicable entity or 
electing taxpayer, and further explained that an applicable credit is 
determined with respect to an applicable entity or electing taxpayer in 
cases in which the applicable entity or electing taxpayer owns the 
underlying applicable credit property or, if ownership is not required, 
otherwise conducts the activities giving rise to the underlying 
applicable credit. Commenters addressed the ownership aspect of this 
proposed rule. A commenter asked for clarity on the types of activities 
that would be required to give rise to the underlying applicable credit 
and whether, if the electing taxpayer owns the property for which the 
applicable credit is determined, they are also required to conduct 
activities giving rise to the underlying applicable credit. This 
commenter stated that property owners often contract with a third-party 
for operations and maintenance. This

[[Page 17567]]

commenter also asked for clarification on whether property ownership is 
sufficient to satisfy any other requirements. Lastly, the commenter 
requested additional information on the types of documentation needed 
to establish ownership of the property.
    It is generally outside of the scope of these final regulations to 
address the types of activities required to determine the underlying 
applicable credits. However, to help clarify, these final regulations 
specify that the applicable entity or electing taxpayer must both own 
the underlying applicable credit property and conduct the activities 
giving rise to the applicable credit or, in the case of a section 45X 
credit for which ownership of applicable credit property is not 
required, to be considered (under the section 45X regulations) the 
taxpayer with respect to which the section 45X credit is determined. 
That is, with respect to all of the applicable credits, with the 
exception of the section 45X credit, ownership of qualified property is 
required. It is also true that, in order to be eligible for an 
applicable credit, it is necessary to first complete activities 
required by the Code section(s) relevant to the determination of the 
applicable credit. To the extent that an applicable entity or electing 
taxpayer contracts with a third party for operation or maintenance of 
the property, the applicable entity or electing taxpayer must meet the 
applicable credit requirements for the credit to be determined with 
respect to such entity or taxpayer. Lastly, with respect to additional 
information on documentation necessary for establishing ownership, the 
determination will be made based on the regulations for the particular 
applicable credit or bonus credit amount as well as Federal income tax 
principles. Ultimately, the principle incorporated into these final 
regulations, which is based on language in section 6417(a), is that the 
applicable credit must have been determined with respect to the 
applicable entity or electing taxpayer making the elective payment 
election.
    One commenter asked that the final regulations contain a safe 
harbor for determining the Federal tax owner of the tax credit eligible 
project and recommended the safe harbor under section 142(b) of the 
Code as a model. Section 142(b) requires certain facilities financed 
with tax-exempt bonds to be owned by a governmental unit. The safe 
harbor under section 142(b) treats property that is subject to a lease, 
a management contract, or other similar operating agreement to be 
treated as owned by the governmental unit under specified conditions. 
Specifically, the lessee (or manager or operator) must make an 
irrevocable election not to claim depreciation or an investment credit 
with respect to the property; the term of the agreement must not exceed 
80 percent of the reasonably expected economic life of the property; 
and the lessee (or manager or operator) must have no option to purchase 
the property other than at fair market value as of the time the option 
is exercised. The commenter proposed language for a safe harbor for 
purposes of section 6417 that included language nearly identical to 
that under section 142(b) but that also included a requirement that the 
applicable entity own the property under State or local law. These 
final regulations do not adopt the commenter's proposal because 
ownership is determined based on general Federal tax principles, 
including any requirements applicable to the relevant applicable 
credit.
D. Denial of Double Benefit
    Section 6417(a) allows an applicable entity or electing taxpayer 
other than a partnership or S corporation to be treated as making a 
payment against the tax imposed by subtitle A for the taxable year with 
respect to which such credit was determined equal to the amount of such 
credit. Section 6417(c)(1)(A) provides that, for an electing taxpayer 
that is a partnership or S corporation, the Secretary will make a 
payment to such partnership or S corporation with respect to a credit 
determined with respect to applicable credit property held directly by 
the partnership or S corporation equal to the amount of such credit. 
Sections 6417(e) and (c)(1)(B) each provide that such credit is reduced 
to zero and, for any other purposes of the Code, is deemed to have been 
allowed to such entity for such taxable year. Section 6417(h) provides 
that the Secretary must issue guidance necessary to carry out the 
purposes of section 6417, including guidance to ensure that the amount 
of the payment (in the case of an electing taxpayer that is a 
partnership or S corporation) or deemed payment (in the case of all 
other electing taxpayers and applicable entities) made under section 
6417 is commensurate with the amount of the credit that would be 
otherwise allowable (determined without regard to section 38(c)).
    Proposed Sec.  1.6417-2(e)(2) and (3) would have addressed the 
methodology for determining the elective payment election amount and 
reducing the applicable credit to zero while treating the applicable 
credit as allowed for the taxable year for all other purposes of the 
Code with respect to applicable entities and electing taxpayers other 
than partnerships or S corporations as provided in section 6417(e). The 
methodology with respect to a payment made to a partnership or S 
corporation is described in part IV of this Summary of Contents and 
Explanation of Revisions.
    Under the proposed regulations, an applicable entity or electing 
taxpayer (other than an electing taxpayer that is a partnership or S 
corporation) making an elective payment election would have applied 
section 6417(e) by taking the following steps. First, the taxpayer 
would have computed the amount of the Federal income tax liability (if 
any) for the taxable year, without regard to the GBC, that is payable 
on the due date of the return (without regard to extensions), and the 
amount of the Federal income tax liability that may be offset by GBCs 
pursuant to the limitation based on the amount of tax under section 38. 
Second, the taxpayer would have computed the allowed amount of GBC 
carryforwards carried to the taxable year plus the amount of current 
year GBCs (including current applicable credits) allowed for the 
taxable year under section 38 (that is, in accordance with all the 
rules in section 38, including the ordering rules provided in section 
38(d)). Since the election would have been required to be made on an 
original return, any business credit carrybacks would not have been 
considered in determining the elective payment amount for the taxable 
year. Third, the taxpayer would have applied the GBCs allowed for the 
taxable year as computed in step 2, including those attributable to 
applicable credits as GBCs, against the tax liability computed in step 
1. Fourth, the taxpayer would have identified the amount of any excess 
or unused current year business credit, as defined under section 39 of 
the Code, attributable to current year applicable credit(s) for which 
the applicable entity is making an elective payment election. The 
amount of such unused applicable credits would have been treated as a 
payment against the tax imposed by subtitle A for the taxable year with 
respect to which such credits are determined (rather than having them 
available for carryback or carryover) (net elective payment amount). 
Fifth, the taxpayer would have reduced the applicable credits for which 
an elective payment election is made by the amount (if any) allowed as 
a GBC under section 38 for the taxable year, as provided in step 3, and 
by the net elective payment

[[Page 17568]]

amount (if any) that is treated as a payment against tax, as provided 
in step 4, which results in the applicable credits being reduced to 
zero.
    Proposed Sec.  1.6417-2(e)(3) would have provided, consistent with 
section 6417(e), that the full amount of the applicable credits for 
which an elective payment election is made is deemed to have been 
allowed for all other purposes of the Code, including, but not limited 
to, the basis reduction and recapture rules imposed by section 50 and 
calculation of any underpayment of estimated tax under sections 6654 
and 6655 of the Code. The proposed regulations gave several examples 
illustrating these rules.
    The proposed regulations requested comments on whether future 
guidance should expand or clarify the methodology that an applicable 
entity follows to compute its elective payment amount. The proposed 
regulations also requested comments on additional Code sections under 
which it may be necessary to consider the applicable credit to have 
been deemed to have been allowed for the taxable year in which an 
elective payment election is made.
    Multiple commenters asked that the final regulations revise or not 
include the section 38 ordering rule in Sec.  1.6417-2(e)(2). 
Commenters stated that, under the proposed ordering rules, if a 
taxpayer reaches the section 38(c) limitation using prior year credit 
carryforwards and current year applicable credits, which may be 
considered used ahead of some other non-applicable credits based on the 
section 38(d) ordering rule, then the taxpayer would lose the benefit 
of treating the applicable credit as a payment because it could have 
used the non-applicable credits to reach the section 38(c) limitation. 
Instead of receiving the benefits of treating the applicable credit as 
a payment, the taxpayer could be required to carry otherwise usable 
non-applicable credit GBCs back or forward to other taxable years. 
These commenters suggested that the elective payment amount should not 
be reduced if a taxpayer has non-applicable credits that can be used to 
reduce tax liability to the section 38(c) limitation. A commenter 
thought specifically that the language in section 6417(e) should not be 
read as a reference to the GBC ordering rules. The commenter thought 
that the proposed rule's application of the GBC ordering rules goes 
beyond merely addressing a double benefit issue and effectively limits 
the availability of direct payments, contrary to the statutory language 
in section 6417. The commenter thought that the proper application of 
section 6417(e) is demonstrated in proposed Sec.  1.6417-2(e)(3)--for 
example, deeming the applicable credit as allowed for purposes of basis 
reduction, recapture rules, and estimated tax calculations.
    The Treasury Department and the IRS note that the fact pattern 
raised by commenters will have no relevance, and application of the 
rules in Sec.  1.6417-2(e) should be straightforward, for any 
applicable entities without taxable income to offset or with only 
applicable credits. However, the Treasury Department and the IRS agree 
with commenters that the GBC ordering rules can result in a lowered 
elective payment amount for other applicable entities and/or electing 
taxpayers; thus, these final regulations include changes to address 
that result.
    Section 6417(a) provides that the applicable entity will be treated 
as making a payment against tax equal to the amount of the credit, and 
section 6417(d)(4) references such payment, as noted by commenters. It 
is section 6417(e) that creates a bifurcated treatment for purposes of 
the Code by reducing the credit to zero, but for any other purposes 
under the Code, deeming the applicable credit to have been allowed to 
such entity for such taxable year.
    In reviewing these provisions, the Treasury Department and the IRS 
have determined that section 38 is the section of the Code with respect 
to which applicable credits should be reduced to zero as provided under 
section 6417(e), other than as explained in this paragraph. As section 
38 is the operative provision under which all of the applicable credits 
would be taken into account and allowed to reduce tax liability, it is 
reasonable to read the no double benefit rule in section 6417(e) to 
reduce the applicable credits to zero for purposes of section 38. This 
prevents a direct double benefit that could be achieved from claiming 
the credits. However, preventing such a double benefit does not require 
reducing the applicable credit to zero for purposes of section 38 to 
the extent an applicable credit is needed to reduce tax liability up to 
the section 38(c) limitation. In addition, reducing an applicable 
credit to zero in such situations would unnecessarily disadvantage an 
applicable entity or electing taxpayer filing on extension by 
preventing them from claiming the applicable credit as a current year 
GBC. This is because, to the extent applied as a credit, the applicable 
credit will reduce tax liability as of the due date of the return, 
while the elective payment amount is not treated as being made until 
the later of the due date of the return or the date of filing. See 
section 6417(d)(4). Treating the entire applicable credit as zero in 
the case of an applicable entity or electing taxpayer filing on 
extension could result in more tax due on the due date of the return 
and, if not paid, would result in the applicable entity or electing 
taxpayer owing interest and could result in penalties assessed against 
the taxpayer.
    The proposed rules accounted for this situation, and as noted by a 
commenter, helped mitigate any potential estimated tax penalties if 
amounts owed were not paid by the due date. No commenters objected to 
this aspect of the proposed rule. Thus, the Treasury Department and the 
IRS conclude that these final regulations should treat the applicable 
credit as a credit for section 38 in the limited situation that the 
applicable credit is needed to reduce tax liability up to the section 
38(c) limitation. It is also noted that, for an applicable entity or 
electing taxpayer that is filing and making an election by the due date 
of their return, there should be no difference in outcome between 
treating an applicable credit resulting in an elective payment as 
reduced to $0 for section 38, or as a credit that reduces tax liability 
up to the section 38(c) limitation and a payment beyond the section 
38(c) limitation.
    Based on these conclusions, the Treasury Department and the IRS 
have revised the rules and examples in proposed Sec.  1.6417-2(e) and 
have added a new example. Under these final regulations, there is still 
a description of steps for an applicable entity or electing taxpayer to 
complete, but there is a change in the ordering of the steps and in the 
calculation of the net elective payment amount. The net elective 
payment amount, consistent with the proposed regulations, is the amount 
of an applicable credit that is treated as a payment against the tax 
imposed by subtitle A. In these final regulations, the net elective 
payment amount is equal to the lesser of (1) the aggregate of all 
applicable credits or (2) the total GBC (including applicable credits) 
over the total GBC allowed against tax liability (determined with 
regard to section 38(c)). Under these final regulations, an applicable 
entity or electing taxpayer will calculate the net elective payment 
amount prior to applying the ordering rules of section 38(d). These 
revisions allow an applicable entity or electing taxpayer that has 
other non-applicable credit GBCs to lower tax liability to the section 
38(c) limitation using the non-applicable credit GBCs without impact 
from applicable credits. But the revisions also require a taxpayer to 
use an applicable credit as a current year

[[Page 17569]]

GBC to the extent that it is necessary to reduce tax liability up to 
the limitation under section 38(c). In all other situations, the 
applicable credit will be zero for purposes of section 38 and the 
applicable credit will be considered a payment of tax on the later of 
the due date of the return or filing (as prescribed by section 
6417(d)(4)).
    In sum, these revisions to proposed Sec.  1.6417-2(e) and the 
examples ensure two outcomes. First, consistent with commenters' 
recommendations, these final regulations ensure that taxpayers making 
an elective payment election will not have to delay using non-
applicable GBCs because of an applicable credit. Second, consistent 
with the proposed rule, these final regulations allow a taxpayer to 
benefit from a reduction in tax liability as of the due date of the 
return by treating an applicable credit as a credit for purposes of 
section 38, up to the section 38(c) limitation.
    One commenter urged that the final regulations revise proposed 
Sec.  1.6417-2(e)(3) to treat the entire elective payment amount as a 
payment against tax for purposes of the calculations under section 59A 
of the Code, relating to the tax on base erosion of taxpayers with 
substantial gross receipts (also known as the base erosion anti-abuse 
tax or BEAT), so that the amount (regardless of any portion included in 
the GBC calculation) of a section 45X credit for which an elective 
payment election is made is treated as zero for purposes of section 
59A. In contrast with the analysis earlier for section 38, the Treasury 
Department and the IRS conclude that treatment of an applicable credit 
for purposes of BEAT falls within the portion of section 6417(e) that 
provides, ``for any other purposes under this title [26],'' the 
applicable credit is deemed to have been allowed to such entity for 
such taxable year. In contrast to section 38, BEAT is not a provision 
pursuant to which the applicable credits would be directly claimed, and 
treatment of the elective payment amount as suggested by the commenter 
would conflict with the language in section 6417(e). Further, since 
section 6417(e) provides that applicable credits are treated as credits 
for any other purposes of the Code, the applicable credits are not 
analogous to other credits that are considered pre-payments of tax and 
for which the BEAT regulations have an exception. See Sec.  1.59A-
5(b)(3)(i)(C) (providing that regular tax liability is not reduced for 
``[a]ny credits allowed under sections 33, 37, and 53'' of the Code. 
Section 33 credits are related to withholding of tax at the source with 
respect to payments to foreign corporations and nonresident aliens. 
Section 37 is a credit for the overpayment of taxes. Section 53 relates 
to a credit for alternative minimum tax paid in a prior year). Thus, 
these final regulations adopt the rule in Sec.  1.6417-2(e)(3) as 
proposed.
    Another commenter requested clarification on apparent ambiguities 
in proposed Sec.  1.6417-2(e)(2)(ii) and (iii). As the revisions in 
these final regulations removed the text that the commenter thought was 
unclear, it is not necessary to address these comments in these final 
regulations.
    Although no commenters specifically raised the application of 
potential penalties under section 6651 in the context of the proposed 
denial of double benefit rule, these final regulations modify Sec.  
1.6417-2(e)(3) to clarify that a taxpayer may also be subject to a 
penalty under section 6651(a)(2) of the Code relating to the taxpayer's 
failure to timely pay tax if a return is filed after the original due 
date.
E. Timing of Payment
    Section 6417(d)(4) provides that the payment described in section 
6417(a) is treated as made on (1) in the case of any government, or 
political subdivision, described in section 6417(d)(1) and for which no 
return is required under section 6011 or 6033(a), the later of the date 
that a return would be due under section 6033(a) if such government or 
subdivision were described in that section or the date on which such 
government or subdivision submits a claim for credit or refund (at such 
time and in such manner as the Secretary provides), and (2) in any 
other case, the later of the due date (determined without regard to 
extensions) of the return of tax for the taxable year or the date on 
which such return is filed. Proposed Sec.  1.6417-2(d) generally 
follows the statutory provision. Commenters addressed many aspects of 
this rule.
1. Processing the Elective Payment
    Several commenters asked that the final regulations specify a 
timeframe within which an applicable entity will receive an elective 
payment amount. These commenters stated that having certainty on the 
time it will take to receive payments is important for purposes of 
securing needed financing or other funding while they are waiting to 
receive their elective payment amounts. One commenter stated that, if 
the IRS takes several months to process the payments, an organization 
may default on its loan payment(s). A few commenters speculated that an 
elective payment amount could be delayed for many months after filing, 
given slow processing times by the IRS. One commenter asked that the 
IRS impose a process similar to Form 4466, Corporation Application for 
Quick Refund of Overpayment of Estimated Tax, which requires the IRS to 
process a tax refund within 45 days from the date it is filed, for 
elective payment amounts. Another commenter suggested that the final 
regulations require written notice to applicable entities if the IRS 
will not meet the timeline, with an explanation and a date payment can 
be expected. Several commenters requested that the time between when 
the payments can be claimed and the time of payment be as short as 
possible, as delays can increase an organization's costs.
    The Treasury Department and the IRS decline to specify a particular 
time within which an elective payment election will be processed. 
Several factors, including the volume of returns on which elective 
payment elections are made and whether any particular return contains 
complete and accurate information, will affect processing time. 
However, as the preamble to the proposed and temporary regulations 
stated, the pre-filing registration is intended to allow the IRS to 
verify certain information about a taxpayer in a timely manner while 
mitigating the risk of fraud or improper payments and then process the 
annual tax return with minimal delays.
2. Number of Payments
    One commenter asked whether the elective payment amount would be 
provided in one lump sum or in multiple payments. The statute and these 
final regulations contemplate one return containing the elective 
payment election, and one payment to the taxpayer, per taxable year. 
The only exception to this rule is if a taxpayer's superseding or 
amended return increases the applicable credit amount reflected on the 
original return, as described in part II.B.2 of this Summary of 
Comments and Explanation of Revisions.
3. Accelerated Payments
    Several commenters asked that payments be provided to applicable 
entities before the time the statute provides; for example, that 
applicable entities be allowed to submit elective payment elections as 
soon as qualified energy properties are placed into service; that the 
IRS provide a pre-payment of the tax credit of some percentage (for 
example 20 to 50 percent) based on the ``pre-filing record'' (and that 
pre-filing occur at the

[[Page 17570]]

beginning of construction); or that ``third-party attestations'' or 
Treasury verification of initial pre-filing information could support 
the distribution of cash refunds at that time (which does not preclude 
the possibility of later audits). Because section 6417(d)(4) provides 
the date the payment described in section 6417(a) is treated as made 
on, which must occur prior to the IRS providing the payment, the 
Treasury Department and the IRS have determined it is not possible to 
provide for accelerated payments, including in the scenarios advocated 
by commenters. Thus, these final regulations do not adopt these 
comments.
4. Payments Against Estimated Tax
    In response to several stakeholder responses to Notice 2022-50 
asking whether an applicable entity could treat an applicable credit 
arising during a quarter as a payment against quarterly estimated tax 
(assuming such an amount was due), the proposed regulations stated that 
no special rule was needed because taxpayers can determine, based on 
their projected tax liability, the correct amount of estimated tax to 
pay in order to avoid a section 6654 or section 6655 estimated tax 
penalty at the end of the year.
    In response to the proposed regulations, multiple commenters 
continued to advocate that applicable credits be able to be used 
against estimated tax payments or stated that the Treasury Department 
and the IRS should allow for quarterly elections and payments even 
though the elective payment is not deemed to occur until the later of 
the due date or filing date of the applicable tax return. Some 
commenters stated that allowing properly determined credits to be used 
against quarterly estimated tax payments could more efficiently provide 
taxpayers with the funds to make and sustain investments, that a delay 
in realizing the value of the credits would increase pressure on cash 
flows and working capital, and that the inability to offset quarterly 
estimated tax liability with an applicable credit is inconsistent with 
the purpose of section 6417. Commenters opined that the Treasury 
Department and the IRS could allow eligible taxpayers to make and 
receive quarterly elections and payments, align quarterly elections 
with quarterly returns, and replicate the quarterly excise tax 
reporting mechanism similar to rules under sections 6426 and 6427 of 
the Code, allowing eligible entities to claim payments every quarter. 
One commenter recommended that applicable entities be permitted to 
include applicable credits within the calculation of estimated tax for 
Form 4466. Another commenter suggested the Treasury Department and the 
IRS could exercise its authority under section 6655(j) to promulgate 
regulations impacting estimated tax penalties.
    The distinction between estimated tax installments (which are the 
obligation of the taxpayer to calculate) versus an end of year 
estimated tax penalty (that may result if the taxpayer's calculations 
are not correct and/or if the taxpayer's annual tax liability is not 
paid on the due date for the return, including a ``payment'' that is 
made through an elective payment election) appeared to confuse several 
commenters. For example, one commenter stated that proposed Sec.  
1.6417-2(e)(3) could be interpreted to permit a taxpayer to calculate 
their estimated tax installments and any underpayment by considering 
properly determined refundable credits in making quarterly estimated 
tax payments, even though the elective payment amount is not deemed to 
be made until the later of the due date or filing date of the 
applicable tax return.
    Some commenters asked for clarifications to proposed Sec.  1.6417-
2(e)(4), Example 5, which describes a situation in which an electing 
taxpayer filed its tax return on a timely filed extension after the due 
date of the return (without extensions). Example 5 in the proposed 
regulations would have provided:

``[e]ven though W did not owe tax after applying the net elective 
payment amount against its net tax liability, W may be subject to 
the section 6655 penalty for failure to pay estimated income tax. 
The net elective payment is not an estimated tax installment, 
rather, it is treated as a payment made at the filing of the 
return.''

    Commenters asked that the applicable credits be considered to have 
been estimated tax payments, resulting in no tax liability at the end 
of the year or, at a minimum, that final regulations waive estimated 
tax penalties related to an elective payment election. In other words, 
commenters requested that the elective payment election amount may be 
applied both as a reduction to any quarterly estimated tax payments 
(without penalty) and to offset any taxes that are reported on the 
taxpayer's income tax return for any taxable year in which those 
elections are in effect.
    These final regulations do not adopt these suggestions. Section 
6417(d)(4) generally requires a single payment and clearly states the 
timing of when the payment is treated as made, which is, at the 
earliest, the return due date (determined without regard to 
extensions). In that sense, payments made under section 6417 are no 
different than other kinds of payments a taxpayer may make as part of 
filing a timely return (excluding extensions) or making a payment with 
a timely filed application for extension. Taxpayers can adequately 
determine whether their quarterly estimated payments are sufficient to 
avoid estimated income tax penalties based on their projected income 
and by considering any expected, properly determined applicable credit. 
For the same reasons, applicable credits may not be included to 
calculate estimated tax for Form 4466, which, under section 6425(a)(1) 
of the Code must be filed after the close of a corporation's taxable 
year, on or before the 15th day of the fourth month following the close 
of such taxable year, and prior to the filing of the corporation's 
return for such taxable year. Comments requesting the promulgation of 
regulations under section 6655 are outside the scope of these final 
regulations. For the sake of clarity, however, these final regulations 
modify Example 5 under Sec.  1.6417-2(e)(4) to better reflect the 
conclusion that a taxpayer that files its return after the due date for 
filing (excluding extensions) may also be subject to a penalty under 
section 6651(a)(2) for the failure to timely pay tax, even if it did 
not owe tax after applying the net elective payment amount against its 
net tax liability.
    Some commenters requested clarification on whether the elective 
payment amount under section 6417(a) is subject to the same treatment 
as estimated payments against income taxes under Sec.  301.6402-4; as a 
refund other than estimated taxes; as a refundable tax credit; or as 
some other form of special payment. Commenters also stated that, if the 
elective payment amount is treated as a refund, the final regulations 
should clarify what specific refund procedures under the Code apply.
    These final regulations do not adopt a specific rule related to 
these comments. As previously described, section 6417(d)(4) expressly 
states the timing of when the payment is treated as made. Therefore, 
the payment under section 6417 is distinguishable from both an 
estimated payment made during the taxable year and a refundable credit. 
A refundable credit reduces tax liability as of the original due date 
of a return, while a payment of tax relates to a tax liability after 
application of credits and is treated as occurring on the date the 
payment is made.

[[Page 17571]]

    One commenter requested clarification that, under proposed Sec.  
1.6417-2(e)(2), an elective payment election does not override 
accounting for section 45X credits within the normal GBC limitation 
under section 38, even if an elective payment election is made. The 
commenter asked that the ``net elective payment amount'' should only be 
the excess over the amount allowable in the section 38 calculation. The 
commenter stated that this net elective payment is then treated as a 
payment against tax for the year but that, given the examples provided 
in the proposed regulations, their interpretation was that any amount 
utilized as part of the section 38 limitation is allowed to offset 
estimated taxes during the taxable year; whereas the net elective 
payment amount is not allowed as a reduction to estimated taxes as it 
is deemed paid on the date the return is filed. The revisions to 
proposed Sec.  1.6417-2(e)(2) in these final regulations, including the 
definition of net elective payment amount and the examples in Sec.  
1.6417-2(e)(4), are intended to clarify that any amount utilized as 
part of the section 38 limitation is allowed to reduce tax liability 
for purposes of determining any underpayment of estimated tax; whereas 
the net elective payment amount is not treated as reducing tax 
liability as it is deemed paid on the later of the due date of filing 
the return or the date the return is filed.
    The proposed regulations addressed the interaction between the 
timing rule in section 6417(d)(4) and the denial of double benefit rule 
in section 6417(e). In considering the comments in relation to timing 
of the payment, it is clear from section 6417(d)(4) that the payment is 
considered made at the later of the due date of filing the tax return 
or the actual filing. Further, rather than as suggested by most 
commenters, it is this timing rule and not the rules in proposed Sec.  
1.6417-2(e)(2) and (3) (regarding ordering and use of the applicable 
credit) that creates the commenters' issue related to penalties for 
underpayment of estimated taxes. For example, if a taxpayer with a tax 
liability was solely relying on the elective payment amount to cover 
the tax liability, such taxpayer could receive a payment related to the 
applicable credit but could still incur an estimated tax penalty 
because section 6417(d)(4) explicitly states that the payment of tax 
occurs on the date on which such return is filed. These final 
regulations do revise proposed Sec.  1.6417-2(e)(2), but the revisions 
continue to allow taxpayers the beneficial approach of the proposed 
regulations in this respect. Under the revisions, if any of the 
applicable credits for which the election is being made are needed to 
reach the limitation under section 38(c), then those credits are 
treated as reducing tax liability as of the due date of the return 
(excluding extensions). As one commenter stated, while the proposed 
rule does not eliminate the potential for an estimated tax penalty, the 
approach can mitigate the potential penalty by minimizing the amount of 
tax due on the return. The same result is achieved in these final 
regulations. While commenters are suggesting it is possible to allow a 
payment as having been made at various times of the year, these 
comments contradict the timing of payment language in section 
6417(d)(4). Thus, these final regulations do not adopt comments that 
suggested revisions to the rules in proposed Sec.  1.6417-2(e), but 
make clarifications in the examples that illustrate the application of 
those rules.
5. Partnership Elections
    Proposed Sec.  1.6417-4(c) would provide rules for a partnership or 
S corporation that makes an election under section 6417(a) and proposed 
Sec.  1.6417-2(b) in accordance with the special rules for partnerships 
and S corporation under section 6417(c)(1)(A) through (D). One 
commenter opined that the proposed regulations seem to allow a 
corporation making an elective payment election for section 45X credits 
determined during the year to reduce quarterly estimated taxes by 
including credits in its general business credit computation up to the 
section 38(c) limitation. However, the commenter thought this was not 
the case for section 45X credits earned through a partnership, as the 
election and payment are made at the partnership level. The commenter 
thought that, in the absence of quarterly elections and payments, the 
final regulations should provide a mechanism for corporate partners to 
reduce quarterly estimated taxes for applicable credits determined with 
respect to applicable credit property held through partnerships that 
will make elective payment elections; otherwise, the commenter thought 
it would be penalizing taxpayers that operate their businesses through 
partnerships, for example, as joint ventures.
    The Treasury Department and the IRS note that the treatment of 
partners of a partnership (or shareholders of an S corporation) is 
different from the treatment of an applicable entity or electing 
taxpayer directly making the elective payment election. This is a 
result of the special rules for partnerships in section 6417(c)(1) that 
require an elective payment election for applicable credits determined 
with respect to any applicable credit property held directly by a 
partnership to be made by the partnership. An elective payment election 
made by a partnership is not reduced by the Federal tax liabilities of 
its partners. Instead, it is only reduced by any partnership level 
Federal tax liability. If partners were allowed to reduce their 
quarterly estimated taxes for applicable credits determined with 
respect to applicable credit property held by a partnership for which 
the partnership makes an elective payment election, then the amount of 
the elective payment made to the partnership should be reduced by the 
partners' corresponding quarterly estimated tax liabilities. Otherwise, 
the partners would receive a windfall because the same applicable 
credits would be used to both reduce the partners' estimated tax 
payments and generate an elective payment to the partnership. Section 
6417(c)(1) does not allow for such a mechanism. Instead, section 
6417(c)(1)(C) provides that, if a partnership makes an elective payment 
election, any elective payment amount is treated as tax exempt income 
for purposes of section 705 and a partner's distributive share of such 
tax exempt income is equal to such partner's distributive share of the 
otherwise applicable credit for each taxable year as determined under 
Sec.  1.704-1(b)(4)(ii). As the elective payment election results in an 
applicable credit being treated as tax exempt income rather than as a 
credit, it is inappropriate to adopt a rule allowing the partners to 
treat the same amount as a credit for estimated tax purposes. Thus, 
these final regulations do not adopt the commenter's recommendation of 
a rule allowing corporate (or any other) partners to reduce quarterly 
estimated taxes for applicable credits determined with respect to 
applicable credit property held through partnerships that make elective 
payment elections.
6. Appeal and Litigation Rights
    Several commenters asked whether the procedural guidelines outlined 
in subtitle F of the Code are applicable to elective payment elections 
in scenarios involving an audit or rejection by the IRS. These 
commenters opined that, because section 6417 treats an elective payment 
election as akin to an income tax payment, the procedures outlined in 
subtitle F of the Code should apply, and further, that the overpayment 
interest provisions of sections 6611 and 6621 should apply based on the 
payment dates described in section 6417(d)(4)(B)

[[Page 17572]]

and in the proposed regulations. The Treasury Department and the IRS 
note that section 6417 is located in chapter 65 of the Code, which 
relates to Abatements, Credits, and Refunds, which is in turn located 
under subtitle F of the Code. Accordingly, subtitle F of the Code, 
which include provisions relating to overpayment interest, applies to 
elective payment elections under section 6417.
    Commenters requested that the final regulations confirm an 
applicable entity or electing taxpayer's right to appeal an adverse 
determination by the IRS with respect to a determination regarding an 
elective payment election, and that deficiency procedures (including 
the right to petition the U.S. Tax Court) are applicable. An applicable 
entity or electing taxpayer may challenge an adverse determination by 
the IRS with respect to an elective payment election if the denial of 
such election creates a tax deficiency, for which deficiency procedures 
apply, including the right to petition the U.S. Tax Court. For example, 
if an applicable entity or electing taxpayer claimed an elective 
payment amount for applicable credits that were subsequently disallowed 
by the IRS, then the applicable entity or electing taxpayer could 
protest the disallowance before the IRS Independent Office of Appeals 
(Appeals) and ultimately petition the U.S. Tax Court, if desired or 
appropriate.
    Another commenter suggested that the IRS should be required to 
share with the taxpayer the reasons why the IRS has denied a credit. 
The Treasury Department and the IRS intend for disallowances of an 
applicable credit under section 6417 to function the same as 
disallowances by the IRS for other credits or deductions. In such 
situations, a taxpayer will be provided the basis for the disallowance. 
Accordingly, this comment is not adopted.
    One commenter stated that the proposed regulations designated the 
elective payment election as a ``special enforcement matter'' for 
purposes of the centralized partnership audit regime \9\ pursuant to 
section 6241(11) of the Code but provided no information about what 
audit rules apply in lieu of those partnership audit rules or why 
special enforcement is required to make an elective payment election. 
Under section 6241(11), in the case of partnership-related items 
involving special enforcement matters, the Secretary may prescribe 
regulations providing that the centralized partnership audit regime (or 
any portion thereof) does not apply to such items and that such items 
are subject to special rules as the Secretary determines to be 
necessary for the effective and efficient enforcement of the Code. The 
Treasury Department and the IRS have determined that applying the 
special enforcement rules to the elective pay election is appropriate 
in order to prevent payments for invalid credits and avoid the need for 
audits at that stage. The IRS uses the special enforcement rule to make 
an adjustment upon the determination of an ineffective election instead 
of following the audit procedures of the centralized partnership audit 
regime. This special enforcement rule only applies to adjustments to 
the elective payment election and payment; any other adjustments that 
may be required later in time remain subject to the centralized 
partnership audit regime.
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

    \9\ Subchapter C of chapter 63 of the Code as amended by the 
Bipartisan Budget Act of 2015 (BBA).
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

    Another commenter stated that it would be helpful to specify what, 
if any, audit process would apply to tax-exempt or governmental 
entities that do not normally file tax returns or pay taxes. This 
commenter stated that the pre-registration certification process will 
go a long way toward preventing fraud associated with these projects 
and thus recommended that the Treasury Department and the IRS identify 
a category of smaller projects that could be excluded from, or 
subjected to, a simplified audit process. The Treasury Department and 
the IRS expect that tax-exempt or governmental entities that do not 
ordinarily file tax returns or pay tax would be subject to the same 
examination process and procedures as other entities that have 
historically had a filing obligation. Any changes to such procedures, 
including a simplified audit process, are outside the scope of these 
final regulations, but may be considered in future guidance.

III. Elective Payment Election by Electing Taxpayers

    Section 6417(d)(1)(B) through (D) provides that an electing 
taxpayer (that is, a person other than an applicable entity described 
in section 6417(d)(1)(A)) that, with respect to any taxable year, 
places in service applicable credit property that qualifies for a 
section 45V credit or a section 45Q credit, or, with respect to any 
taxable year in which such taxpayer has, after December 31, 2022, 
produced eligible components (as defined in section 45X(c)(1)), 
respectively, may elect to be treated as an applicable entity for 
purposes of section 6417 for such taxable year, but only with respect 
to the aforementioned applicable credit property and only with respect 
to a section 45V credit, section 45Q credit, or section 45X credit, 
respectively.
    The special rules for electing taxpayers are found in section 
6417(d)(1) and (3). Proposed Sec.  1.6417-3 would have combined these 
rules for clarity, and these final regulations adopt proposed Sec.  
1.6417-3 with minor changes noted in this part III of the Summary of 
Comments and Explanation of Revisions.
    Proposed Sec.  1.6417-3(b), (c), and (d) would have provided the 
specific rules regarding the election under section 6417(d)(1)(B) 
through (D). Proposed Sec.  1.6417-3(e) would have provided the rules 
relating to the election for electing taxpayers. As described in part 
IV of this Summary of Comments and Explanation of Revisions, proposed 
Sec.  1.6417-4 would have provided additional rules for electing 
taxpayers that are partnerships or S corporations.
A. Qualified Clean Hydrogen Production Facility (Section 45V)
    Proposed Sec.  1.6417-3(b) would have provided that an electing 
taxpayer that has placed in service a qualified clean hydrogen 
production facility, as defined in section 45V(c)(3), during the 
taxable year may make an elective payment election for such taxable 
year (or by August 16, 2023, in the case of facilities placed in 
service before December 31, 2022), but only with respect to the 
qualified clean hydrogen production facility, only with respect to a 
section 45V credit, and only if the pre-filing registration process 
required by Sec.  1.6417-5T was properly completed. An electing 
taxpayer that elects to treat qualified property that is part of a 
specified clean hydrogen production facility as energy property under 
section 48(a)(15) would not be able to make an elective payment 
election with respect to such facility. No commenter addressed this 
provision, and these final regulations adopt it without change.
B. Carbon Oxide Sequestration (Section 45Q)
    Proposed Sec.  1.6417-3(c) would have provided that an electing 
taxpayer that has, after December 31, 2022, placed in service a single 
process train described in Sec.  1.45Q-2(c)(3) at a qualified facility 
(as defined in section 45Q(d)) during the taxable year may make an 
elective payment election for such taxable year, but only with respect 
to the single process train, only with respect to a section 45Q credit, 
and only if the pre-filing registration process required by Sec.  
1.6417-5T was properly completed.

[[Page 17573]]

    One commenter asked about registering multiple process trains that 
are part of a single facility under section 45Q. The IRS will consider 
ways outside of these final regulations to make the pre-filing 
registration process more streamlined for entities doing multiple 
registrations. Therefore, these final regulations adopt this provision 
without change.
C. Advanced Manufacturing Credit (Section 45X)
    Section 6417(d)(1)(D) provides that an electing taxpayer can make 
an election with respect to any taxable year in which such taxpayer 
has, after December 31, 2022, produced eligible components (as defined 
in section 45X(c)(1)), and section 6417(d)(1)(D)(ii)(I) provides that 
the elective payment election applies to each of the four succeeding 
taxable years ending before January 1, 2033. Proposed Sec.  1.6417-
2(a)(3)(v) and -3(d) would have clarified that an electing taxpayer 
that produces, after December 31, 2022, eligible components (as defined 
in section 45X(c)(1)) at an applicable credit property described in 
Sec.  1.6417-1(e)(7) (in other words, a facility that produces eligible 
components, as described in guidance under sections 48C and 45X) during 
the taxable year (whether the facility existed on or before, or after, 
December 31, 2022) may make an elective payment election for such 
taxable year, but only with respect to the facility at which the 
eligible components are produced by the electing taxpayer in that year, 
only with respect to a section 45X credit, and only if the pre-filing 
registration process required by Sec.  1.6417-5T was properly 
completed.
    Commenters asked for clarifications regarding section 45X 
facilities (such as how to designate different parts as different 
facilities). These comments are outside the scope of these final 
regulations; thus, these final regulations adopt this provision without 
change.
D. Electing Taxpayer Making an Elective Payment Election
    Proposed Sec.  1.6417-3(e) would have provided rules on how the 
electing taxpayer makes the elective payment election, as further 
described in this section.
1. In General
    Proposed Sec.  1.6417-3(e)(1) would have provided that, if an 
electing taxpayer makes an elective payment election under proposed 
Sec.  1.6417-2(b) with respect to any taxable year in which the 
electing taxpayer places in service a qualified clean hydrogen 
production facility for which a section 45V credit is determined, 
places in service a single process train at a qualified facility for 
which a section 45Q credit is determined, or produces, after December 
31, 2022, eligible components (as defined in section 45X(c)(1)) at a 
facility, respectively, the electing taxpayer will be treated as an 
applicable entity for purposes of making an elective payment election 
for such taxable year and during the election period described in 
proposed Sec.  1.6417-3(e)(3), but only with respect to the applicable 
credit property described in proposed Sec.  1.6417-1(e)(3), (5), or 
(7), respectively, that is the subject of the election. The taxpayer 
would be required to otherwise meet all requirements to earn the credit 
in the electing year and in each succeeding year during the election 
period described in proposed Sec.  1.6417-3(e)(3).
    No commenter addressed this rule, and these final regulations adopt 
this provision without change.
2. Election Is per Applicable Credit Property
    Proposed Sec.  1.6417-3(e)(2) would have provided that the election 
must be made separately for each applicable credit property, which is, 
respectively, a qualified clean hydrogen production facility placed in 
service for which a section 45V credit is determined, a single process 
train placed in service at a qualified facility for which a section 45Q 
credit is determined, or a facility in which eligible components are 
produced for which a section 45X credit is determined. An electing 
taxpayer may only make one election with respect to any specific 
applicable credit property.
    A few commenters requested that the final regulations clarify 
whether it is possible to make a second 5-year elective payment 
election for the same applicable credit property, opining that section 
6417 does not preclude a second 5-year election and that the language 
in proposed Sec.  1.6417-2(b)(4)(iii) is ambiguous. The Treasury 
Department and the IRS have determined that it is more consistent with 
the statute to allow only one election per specific applicable credit 
property; thus, these final regulations continue to unambiguously 
provide that it is not possible to make an elective payment election 
for the same applicable credit property for a second 5-year period and 
Sec.  1.6417-2(b)(4)(iii) is adopted without change.
    One commenter asked whether a change in ownership during the 5-year 
period would continue the 5-year period. Although the comment was 
unclear, presumably, the commenter preferred the 5-year period to 
continue rather than beginning a new 5-year period or ending the old 5-
year period. The Treasury Department and the IRS note that proposed 
Sec.  1.6417-5(c)(4) would have provided that, if a facility previously 
registered for an elective payment election undergoes a change of 
ownership (incident to a corporate reorganization or an asset sale) 
such that the new owner has a different employer identification number 
(EIN) than the owner who obtained the original registration, the 
original owner would be required to amend the original registration to 
disassociate its EIN from the credit property and the new owner would 
be required to submit an original registration (or if the new owner 
previously registered other credit properties, must amend its original 
registration) to associate the new owner's EIN with the previously 
registered credit property. This provision was intended to provide that 
the previous 5-year period would continue despite the change in 
ownership. This is because it would be inappropriate to start a new 5-
year period with respect to the same applicable credit property, while 
at the same time undesirable to cut short a 5-year period that had not 
yet ended. These final regulations add a sentence to clarify this 
point.
3. Election Period
i. In General
    Pursuant to section 6417(d)(1)(D)(ii)(I), (d)(3)(C)(i)(II)(aa), and 
(d)(3)(D)(i)(III)(aa), proposed Sec.  1.6417-3(e)(3)(i) would have 
provided that the elective payment election generally would apply for 
an election period consisting of the taxable year in which the election 
is made and each of the four succeeding taxable years that end before 
January 1, 2033. Proposed Sec.  1.6417-3(e)(3)(i) also would have 
provided that the election period cannot be less than a taxable year 
but may be made for a taxable period of less than 12 months within the 
meaning of section 443 of the Code.
    Several commenters thought the five-year period should start on the 
date equipment is placed in service and run for 60 months; for example, 
using an ``annualization principle.'' Commenters stated that, unless 
the qualified facility or carbon capture equipment is placed in service 
on the first day of an electing taxpayer's taxable year, the elective 
payment amount would not be commensurate with the credit that would be 
otherwise allowable under section 45Q(a)(3) and (4). Commenters stated 
that this could incentivize

[[Page 17574]]

taxpayers to delay placing projects in service until the first day of 
the following taxable year so as to make an elective payment election 
for the amount of applicable credit allowed for a full year, but that 
incentivizing such a delay is counterintuitive and seems misaligned 
with the original intent for permitting elective payment elections.
    The Treasury Department and the IRS agree that such a result may 
seem counterintuitive but note that any other rule would be 
inconsistent with the statute. For section 45V credits, the elective 
payment election is made for the taxable year the equipment or facility 
is placed in service (or by August 16, 2023, in the case of facilities 
placed in service before December 31, 2022) and the four succeeding 
taxable years with respect to such facility which end before January 1, 
2033.\10\ For section 45Q credits, the elective payment election is 
made for the taxable year in which such taxpayer has, after December 
31, 2022, placed in service carbon capture equipment at a qualified 
facility (as defined in section 45Q(d)), and the four subsequent 
taxable years with respect to such equipment which end before January 
1, 2033.\11\ Because the statute is unambiguous with respect to which 
taxable years qualify for the election after an applicable credit 
property is placed in service, these final regulations adopt proposed 
Sec.  1.6417-3(e)(3)(i) without change.
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

    \10\ See section 6417(d)(1)(B), 6417(d)(3)(D)(i)(II), and 
6417(d)(3)(D)(i)(III)(aa).
    \11\ See section 6417(d)(1)(C) and 6417(d)(3)(C)(i)(II)(aa).
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

    One commenter suggested that a taxpayer should be able to file a 
short year tax return ending on the 60th month so that the taxpayer can 
make a transfer election under section 6418 for the remainder of the 
taxpayer's taxable year following the 60th month. The Treasury 
Department and the IRS note that the rules for short year tax returns 
are found in section 443 and the regulations thereunder. Among other 
things, adopting a short year if the taxpayer is still in existence 
would require approval by the IRS. Because the rules for short year 
returns are outside the scope of these final regulations, these final 
regulations do not adopt a special rule in response to the comment.
ii. Revocation
    Proposed Sec.  1.6417-3(e)(3)(ii) would have provided that an 
electing taxpayer may, during a subsequent year of the election period, 
revoke the elective payment election with respect to an applicable 
credit property described in proposed Sec.  1.6417-1(e)(3), (5), or (7) 
in accordance with forms and instructions. Any such revocation, if 
made, applies to the taxable year in which the revocation is made 
(which cannot be less than a taxable year but may be made for a taxable 
period of less than 12 months within the meaning of section 443 of the 
Code) and each subsequent taxable year within the election period. Any 
such revocation may not be subsequently revoked.
    One commenter requested clarification that an elective payment 
election remains in effect even if an electing taxpayer does not make 
an election in a particular year, as long as the taxpayer does not 
affirmatively revoke the election. As a clarification, unless otherwise 
provided in forms and instructions, the act of not making an elective 
payment election during the election period is not itself a revocation 
of the election. Thus, for example, if an electing taxpayer makes an 
elective payment election in years 1 and 2 but fails to make the 
election in year 3, then the electing taxpayer is still eligible to 
make the election in years 4 and 5 if the electing taxpayer so desires. 
However, the Treasury Department and the IRS note that, as described in 
part III.4 of this Summary of Comments and Explanation of Revisions, 
the electing taxpayer is ineligible to make a transfer election under 
section 6418 while the section 6417 election period is still in effect.
4. No Transfer Election Under Section 6418(a) Permitted While an 
Elective Payment Election Is in Effect
    Pursuant to section 6417(d)(1)(D)(iii) (section 45X credit), 
(d)(3)(C)(ii) (section 45Q credit), and (d)(3)(D)(ii) (section 45V 
credit), proposed Sec.  1.6417-3(e)(4) would have provided that an 
electing taxpayer could not make a transfer election under section 
6418(a) with respect to any applicable credit under proposed Sec.  
1.6417-1(d)(3), (5), or (7) determined with respect to applicable 
credit property described in proposed Sec.  1.6417-1(e)(3), (5), or (7) 
during the election period for that applicable credit property. 
However, if the election period is no longer in effect with respect to 
an applicable credit property, any credit determined with respect to 
such applicable credit property could be transferred pursuant to a 
transfer election under section 6418(a), as long as the taxpayer meets 
the requirements of section 6418 and the section 6418 regulations.
    One commenter requested that the final regulations clarify that 
electing taxpayers described in section 6417(d)(1)(B) may make a 
section 6417 elective payment election for up to five years and then 
make a section 6418 transfer election for the remainder of the 12-year 
credit period provided for under section 45Q. The Treasury Department 
and the IRS agree that this is permitted as long as the electing 
taxpayer complies with the requirements of sections 45Q, 6417, and 
6418, and the respective regulations thereunder, but concluded that no 
clarification in these final regulations is necessary.
    This commenter also requested clarification that electing taxpayers 
may forgo the elective payment election under section 6417 altogether 
and elect to transfer credits under section 6418 for the entire 12-year 
credit period provided for under section 45Q. The Treasury Department 
and the IRS agree that an electing taxpayer that does not elect to be 
treated as an applicable entity with respect to applicable credit 
property described in proposed Sec.  1.6417-1(e)(3), (5), or (7), 
respectively, is not subject to the rules of section 6417, and may make 
a section 6418 election for a credit determined with respect to the 
electing taxpayer under section 45Q, 45V, or 45X as long as the 
taxpayer meets the requirements of those sections and the respective 
regulations thereunder.

IV. Elective Payment Election for Partnerships and S Corporations

    Section 6417(c)(1) provides that, in the case of any applicable 
credit determined with respect to any applicable credit property held 
directly by a partnership or S corporation, any election under section 
6417(a) is made by such partnership or S corporation. Section 
6417(c)(1)(A) through (D) describes the treatment of an elective 
payment election made by a partnership or S corporation, and proposed 
Sec.  1.6417-4 would have provided additional rules for electing 
taxpayers that are partnerships or S corporations.
    Proposed Sec.  1.6417-4(a) would have provided that, if an 
applicable credit is determined with respect to applicable credit 
property owned by a partnership or S corporation, the elective payment 
election must be made by the partnership or S corporation. Proposed 
Sec.  1.6417-4(b) would have provided that, if an elective payment 
election is made with respect to applicable credit property pursuant to 
section 45Q, 45V, or 45X, such partnership or S corporation would be 
treated as an applicable entity for purposes of making such elective 
payment election. Proposed Sec.  1.6417-4(c)(1) would have provided 
that, if such partnership or S corporation makes an elective payment 
election: (1) the IRS will make a payment to such partnership or S

[[Page 17575]]

corporation in the amount of the credit determined; (2) before 
determining a partner's distributive share or shareholder's pro rata 
share of any applicable credit, the applicable credit is reduced to 
zero; (3) any amount received with respect to such elective payment 
election is treated as tax exempt income; (4) a partner's distributive 
share of such tax-exempt income is equal to such partner's distributive 
share of the otherwise applicable credit; and (5) such tax exempt 
income is treated as received or accrued, including for purposes of 
sections 705 and 1366, as of the date the applicable credit is 
determined. Proposed Sec.  1.6417-4(c)(2) would have provided that if a 
partnership (upper-tier partnership) receives from a lower tier 
partnership an allocation of tax exempt income pursuant to section 
6417, the upper-tier partnership must determine its partners' 
distributive shares of such tax exempt income in proportion to the 
partners' distributive shares of the otherwise applicable credit. 
Proposed Sec.  1.6417-4(c)(3) would have provided that such tax exempt 
income is treated as arising from an investment activity rather than 
the conduct of a trade or business and is therefore not treated as 
income from a passive activity under section 469. Proposed Sec.  
1.6417-4(d) would have provided that a partnership or S corporation 
must compute the amount of the applicable credit allowable as if an 
elective payment election were not made and without regard to the 
limitations in sections 38(b) and (c) and 469 because those provisions 
apply at the partner or S corporation shareholder level. Additionally, 
because the only applicable credits with respect to which a partnership 
or S corporation may make an elective payment election are not 
investment credits under section 46, proposed Sec.  1.6417-4(d) would 
have provided that sections 49 and 50 do not apply to limit the amount 
of the applicable credits. Because there were no comments related to 
the provisions described in this paragraph, the proposed regulations 
are adopted without change in these final regulations.
    In connection with the implementation of section 6417, the proposed 
regulations would have added a sentence to Sec.  301.6241-1(a)(6)(iii) 
(regarding items or amounts with respect to a BBA Partnership) to 
provide that any chapter 1 tax that is the liability of the BBA 
Partnership is an item with respect to the BBA Partnership, regardless 
of whether that chapter 1 tax is required to be reflected or shown on 
the partnership return or required to be maintained in the BBA 
Partnership's books and records. The Treasury Department and the IRS 
did not receive any comments related to this change under Sec.  
301.6241-1; consequently, the proposed rule is adopted without change 
in these final regulations.

V. Pre-Filing Registration Requirements

    Section 6417(d)(5) provides that as a condition of, and prior to, 
any amount being treated as a payment that is made by the taxpayer 
under section 6417(a) or any payment being made pursuant to section 
6417(c), the Secretary may require such information or registration as 
the Secretary deems necessary or appropriate for purposes of preventing 
duplication, fraud, improper payments, or excessive payments. Proposed 
Sec.  1.6417-5 would have addressed these requirements by adding a pre-
filing registration process, and Sec.  1.6417-5T (TD 9975), issued 
contemporaneously, put those rules into effect for taxable years ending 
on or after June 21, 2023. Because these final regulations obsolete the 
temporary regulations, this part V discusses the proposed regulations 
rather than the temporary regulations, which are identical in content.
    Proposed Sec.  1.6417-5(a)-(d) would have provided the mandatory 
pre-filing registration process that, except as provided in guidance, 
an applicable entity or electing taxpayer would be required to complete 
as a condition of, and prior to (1) any amount being treated as a 
payment against the tax imposed by subtitle A that is made by an 
applicable entity or electing taxpayer (other than a partnership or S 
corporation) under proposed Sec.  1.6417-2(a)(1)(i) or (a)(2)(i); or 
(2) any amount being paid to a partnership or S corporation pursuant to 
proposed Sec.  1.6417-2(a)(2)(ii).
    Proposed Sec.  1.6417-5(a) would have provided an overview of the 
pre-filing registration process. Proposed Sec.  1.6417-5(b) would have 
included the pre-filing registration requirements, including: (1) 
manner of pre-filing registration; (2) pre-filing registration and 
election for members of a consolidated group; (3) timing of pre-filing 
registration; (4) that each applicable credit property must have its 
own registration number; and (5) information required to complete the 
pre-filing registration process. Proposed Sec.  1.6417-5(c) would have 
provided rules related to the registration number, including: (1) 
general rules; (2) that the registration number is valid for only one 
taxable year; (3) renewing registration numbers; (4) amendment of 
previously submitted registration information if a change occurs before 
the registration number is used; and (5) that the registration number 
is required to be reported on the return for the taxable year of the 
elective payment election. Proposed Sec.  1.6417-5(d) would have 
provided that the section applies to taxable years ending on or after 
date of publication of the final rule.
    Some commenters stated the proposed rules related to pre-filing 
registration were too cumbersome. For example, commenters noted that 
local governments have significantly limited resources and may, in some 
cases, require robust technical assistance or otherwise abandon these 
projects altogether. One suggestion was to create a streamlined pre-
filing registration process for projects that are less complex. Another 
was that the IRS establish a minimum credit threshold to relieve some 
applicants who are planning to claim lower credit amounts from the pre-
filing registration requirements.
    The Treasury Department and the IRS understand commenters' concerns 
about the need for resources to complete the pre-filing registration 
process; however, pre-filing registration is necessary to help meet the 
government's compelling interest to prevent fraud and duplication while 
also allowing for a more efficient processing and payment upon filing 
of the return. The information requested is also information that an 
applicable entity should have available after having engaged in an 
activity for which an applicable credit is determined. Further, for 
entities engaging in fewer projects, the pre-filing registration 
process will be less complex. For example, an applicable entity with 
one applicable credit property for which an applicable credit is 
determined during the taxable year will have a more streamlined 
registration process than will an applicable entity with multiple 
applicable credit properties for which multiple applicable credits are 
determined during the taxable year. Finally, the IRS is committed to 
ongoing efforts to provide guidance to help applicable entities 
understand how to qualify for the underlying credits, the pre-filing 
registration requirements, and the elective payment election process, 
and these efforts should address the commenters' concerns. Thus, the 
Treasury Department and the IRS have concluded that these final 
regulations should adopt the pre-filing registration process as 
proposed.
    Multiple commenters asked how long the pre-filing registration 
process is expected to take and what a taxpayer should do if the IRS 
does not timely issue a registration number. Because the

[[Page 17576]]

timeframe and procedures of the pre-filing registration process may be 
modified over time as both the IRS and taxpayers gain experience with 
it, these final regulations do not contain any such timeframe or 
procedure. Instead, the Treasury Department and the IRS recommend that 
taxpayers with these sorts of questions consult the current version of 
Publication 5884, Inflation Reduction Act (IRA) and CHIPS Act of 2022 
(CHIPS) Pre-Filing Registration Tool User Guide and Instructions, for 
the latest guidance on the pre-filing registration process. As of 
February 2024, Publication 5884 states:

    Even though registration is not possible prior to the beginning 
of the tax year in which the credit will be earned, the IRS 
recommends that taxpayers register as soon as reasonably practicable 
during the tax year. The current recommendation is to submit the 
pre-filing registration at least 120 days prior to when the 
organization or entity plans to file its tax return. This should 
allow time for IRS review, and for the taxpayer to respond, if the 
IRS requires additional information before issuing the registration 
numbers.

    One commenter recommended a safe harbor if the pre-filing 
registration was completed by the registrant within a certain time 
period prior to filing. These final regulations do not adopt this 
suggestion because the timing of the submission is only one factor; the 
quality and accuracy of information of the provided information is also 
a factor. Further, as the IRS and taxpayers gain experience with the 
pre-filing registration portal, the timing of processing submissions 
may change, making any proposed safe harbor period obsolete.
    One commenter recommended that the final regulations provide that 
an election could be made prior to receiving a registration number if 
the applicable entity or electing taxpayer completed the pre-filing 
registration process but had not yet received a registration number, 
suggesting that an amended return could be filed upon receipt of the 
registration number. These final regulations continue to provide that 
an applicable entity or electing taxpayer that does not obtain a 
registration number or report the registration number on its annual tax 
return with respect to an otherwise applicable credit property is 
ineligible to receive any elective payment amount with respect to the 
amount of any credit determined with respect to that applicable credit 
property. Publication 5884 states that the IRS will work to issue a 
registration number even if the registration submission is made close 
in time before the registrant's filing deadline. However, in such 
cases, the registrant should anticipate that the tax return on which 
the elective payment or transfer election is made may undergo 
heightened scrutiny to mitigate the risk of fraud and duplication that 
pre-filing registration is intended to address before a payment is 
issued.
    The Treasury Department and the IRS also note that an elective 
payment election can be made on any return filed on or before the due 
date for filing the tax return (including extensions), that Sec.  
1.6417-2(b)(3)(i) contains a special rule providing an automatic 
paperless six-month extension for entities that are not otherwise able 
to request an automatic six-month extension, and that these final 
regulations provide late election relief for certain taxpayers, 
assuming the taxpayer has not received an extension of time to file a 
return, the taxpayer's original return is timely filed, and the 9100 
relief requirements are met. See parts II.B.2 and II.B.4 of this 
Summary of Comments and Explanation of Revisions.
    A few commenters asked about the scope of prefiling registration 
review and whether taxpayers can appeal any denials of registration 
numbers. Section 7803(e)(3) of the Code provides that it is the 
function of Appeals to resolve Federal tax controversies without 
litigation. Decisions made by the IRS relating to the denial, 
suspension, or revocation of a registration number are not Federal tax 
controversies within the meaning of section 7803(e)(3) because 
registration is too attenuated and separate from any tax liability of 
the applicable entity or electing taxpayer. Publication 5884 describes 
the IRS review, and opportunity for taxpayers to respond with 
additional information, of pre-filing registration submissions. In 
cases in which a pre-filing registration submission is incomplete, the 
IRS will attempt to contact the registrant using the information 
provided to indicate deficiencies with the registration prior to making 
a determination. However, once the IRS determines that a registration 
number should not be given, the registrant may not appeal the denial 
unless the IRS and Appeals agree that such review is available and the 
IRS provides the time and manner for such review.
    A few commenters suggested that pre-filing registration include a 
``pre-approval process'' or ``pre-approval certification'' that ensures 
that applicable entities would be able to make elective payment 
elections for their projects. A few of these commenters sought the 
distribution of cash refunds earlier than the filing of a return; for 
example, when a project is placed in service or when pre-filing 
registration is complete, perhaps by allowing for third-party 
attestations or verification of initial pre-filing information. One 
commenter asked that the process of obtaining a registration number 
provide as much assurance as possible for applicants that they are 
indeed eligible for the applicable credit for which they intend to make 
an elective payment election, opining that the pre-filing registration 
portal should function as a checklist, so an applicant should have 
reasonable assurance that it will be eligible for the applicable 
credits if the information it provides is accurate. This commenter 
stated that, similar to pre-qualifying for a mortgage loan before 
purchasing a home, those who receive registration numbers should 
reasonably be able to expect to receive an elective payment, barring 
any significant changes in project design or entity status.
    The pre-filing registration process is not a guarantee that a 
project will qualify for an applicable credit for which an elective 
payment election may be made, as verification of initial pre-filing 
information cannot be used by the IRS to confirm compliance with the 
requirements of an underlying credit. Compliance with the underlying 
credit requirements is reported and verified in additional detail on 
the annual tax return, and, as those requirements are provided in Code 
sections outside of section 6417, are largely outside the scope of 
these final regulations. Further, section 6417(d)(4) provides that the 
payment is treated as being made by the applicable entity on the later 
of the due date for the return or the date the return is actually 
filed, so the statute does not permit the IRS to make any payments 
earlier than such dates. Thus, these final regulations do not adopt the 
commenters' suggestions.
    One commenter asked that the portal allow users to track where they 
are in the approval process and allow for a transparent and expedited 
appeals process if the clean energy project is deemed ineligible for a 
registration number. While outside the scope of these final 
regulations, the Treasury Department and the IRS note that the pre-
filing registration portal does allow users to track where they are in 
the approval process. See Publication 5884.
    Proposed Sec.  1.6417-5(b)(5)(vii)(D) would have required that, to 
complete the pre-filing registration process, registrants must provide 
information as to the beginning of construction date and the placed in 
service date of the applicable credit property. A few commenters 
requested that entities be able to complete pre-filing registration 
prior to property being placed in

[[Page 17577]]

service, such as for residential or small commercial systems or for 
Alaska Native villages and other Tribal entities. Another commenter 
requested that the final regulations require registration more than 60 
days before construction starts for prevailing wage and apprenticeship 
(PWA) purposes. The Treasury Department and the IRS have determined 
that a registration number should not be given before the applicable 
credit property is placed in service, which is an important step to 
ensuring that the applicable credit property qualifies for the 
applicable credit for which the applicable entity seeks to make an 
elective payment election. Because a credit must be determined in the 
taxable year of the elective payment election, maintaining the proposed 
requirement will ensure that taxpayers are not attempting to make an 
elective payment election in a year in which a credit is not 
determined. Further, this information will help the IRS prevent fraud. 
The Treasury Department and the IRS have also determined that it is not 
necessary to require registration prior to construction for PWA 
purposes. Thus, these final regulations adopt proposed Sec.  1.6417-
5(b)(5)(vii)(D) without change.
    Multiple commenters asked that the final regulations allow the 
option to group multiple qualified facilities as a ``single project'' 
that would obtain a single registration number, or that consolidated 
filings be available for multiple small projects. Commenters asked that 
the final regulations apply Section 4.04 of Notice 2013-29, 2012-20 
I.R.B. 1085, which provides that multiple qualified facilities may be 
treated as a single project for the ``beginning of construction'' 
purposes, provided the facilities share certain characteristics, such 
as common ownership, contiguous location, common PPA, or common 
permits. A commenter suggested having a ``Master Registration 
Agreement'' to allow issuing a single registration number as a single 
master project instead of a ``thousand or more'' registration numbers 
which would burden the applicable entity as well as the IRS.
    The definition of applicable credit property in section 6417 is 
based on the relevant rules for the underlying applicable credit, and 
changes to the definition of particular properties under the underlying 
Code sections is outside the scope of this rulemaking. If such 
underlying Code section allows grouping to determine a qualified 
property, then grouping for purposes of a registration number is 
permitted. If such definition does not allow grouping, then each 
applicable credit property must be registered separately; however, for 
some applicable credits, the pre-filing registration portal allows 
applicable credit property information to be uploaded by way of a 
spreadsheet file (bulk upload). See Publication 5884.
    One commenter asked that the text of Sec.  1.6417-5 be amended to 
specifically include the words ``restricted tax exempt amounts.'' These 
final regulations do not adopt this suggestion because the term ``the 
source of funds the taxpayer used to acquire the property'' found in 
Sec.  1.6417-5 includes restricted tax exempt amounts (as described in 
Section II.C.3 of this Summary of Comments and Explanation of 
Revisions) and may also include information about other sources of 
funding that the IRS has determined is necessary for tax 
administration.
    One commenter asked that applicable entities and electing taxpayers 
be required to state during pre-filing registration whether they intend 
to qualify for the prevailing wage and apprenticeship bonus amount. 
These final regulations do not adopt this comment because the pre-
filing registration process is primarily intended to verify that the 
applicant is an applicable entity and that the registered property is 
an applicable credit property. Calculation of the credit amount 
(including qualifying for any bonus amounts that would increase the 
base credit amount) is done on the annual return. However, the Treasury 
Department and the IRS will monitor the pre-filing registration process 
to determine whether requesting additional information is needed to 
prevent duplication, fraud, improper payments, or excessive payments 
under section 6417.
    One commenter asked that the final regulations allow an applicable 
entity to use a certificate, permit, or evidence of ownership, rather 
than all three, during pre-filing registration, especially since 
applicable entities are required to maintain books and records 
supporting the underlying credit. Proposed Sec.  1.6417-5(b)(5)(vii)(C) 
would have required an applicable entity or electing taxpayer to 
provide information related to applicable credit properties, including 
``any'' supporting documentation relating to the construction or 
acquisition of the applicable credit property. The Treasury Department 
and the IRS did not intend for proposed Sec.  1.6417-5(b)(5)(vii)(C) to 
require all supporting documentation to be provided during the pre-
filing registration process. Rather, the intent was to require 
information sufficient to verify the applicable credit property. In 
response to the comment, these final regulations remove the word 
``any'' from the provision so that it now reads ``[s]upporting 
documentation relating to the construction or acquisition of the 
applicable credit property . . .''
    The documentation to support the existence of valid applicable 
credit property will vary by the credit being claimed. The pre-filing 
registration portal and Publication 5884 list, for each credit, a 
description of the types of documents that will facilitate processing 
of the pre-filing registration. A registrant does not need to provide 
all information that may be available; in fact, in February 2024, 
Publication 5884 states:

    If detailed project plans or contractual agreements are the best 
support that the taxpayer is engaging in activities or making tax 
credit investments that qualify the registrant to claim a credit, 
the registrant should submit an extract of the document showing the 
name of the taxpayer, date of purchase and identifying information 
such as serial numbers, rather than the entire document.

    However, to the extent the information provided is insufficient for 
purposes of the pre-filing registration process, the IRS may request 
further information. See Publication 5884.
    One commenter recommended that the Treasury Department and the IRS 
consider authorizing users to renew their registrations on an annual 
basis rather than submit entirely new registrations each year. Several 
commenters stated that renewal of registration numbers should not be 
required because an annual renewal is a significant burden on taxpayers 
and may disincentivize taxpayers from undertaking a production tax 
credit project. A few commenters stated that renewal should not be 
required if the project is extended or delayed from going into 
operation or if there is no change in the relevant facts with respect 
to the facility, and one of these commenters requested that 
registration numbers be valid for multiple years for public projects 
that are more likely to be delayed. Several commenters suggested that, 
if no factual information required for the pre-filing registration 
process has changed, then the registration portal should provide an 
expedited or streamlined process such as a ``short form.''
    Proposed Sec.  1.6417-5(c)(3) provided, and these final regulations 
also state, that a renewal must be made ``in accordance with applicable 
guidance, including attesting that all the facts previously provided 
are still correct or updating any facts.'' Thus, any changes to the 
pre-filing registration process to make it be more streamlined for 
renewals will be addressed in

[[Page 17578]]

applicable guidance. Further, a registration number is not provided 
until an applicable credit property is placed in service; therefore, 
project delays should be irrelevant to the pre-filing registration 
process.
    A commenter asked whether two unrelated taxpayers who own separate 
applicable credit properties (for example, a single process train under 
section 45Q and a qualified facility as defined in section 45Z(d)(4)), 
could each complete the preregistration process so long as such 
taxpayers ultimately make an elective payment election or a transfer 
election under section 6418 in accordance with the qualification rules. 
The commenter added it did not expect that both taxpayers would be able 
to claim their respective tax credits in the same taxable year. The 
commenter seems to misunderstand that pre-filing registration and 
elective payment elections are made on the basis of individual 
applicable credit properties, so to the extent there are two applicable 
credit properties, separate registration numbers are required. A 
registration number can only be obtained by the entity who owns the 
underlying applicable credit property and conducts the activities 
giving rise to the credit or, in the case of section 45X (under which 
ownership of applicable credit property is not required), be considered 
(under the section 45X regulations) the taxpayer with respect to which 
the section 45X credit is determined. Further, a registration number is 
valid only for the taxable year for which it is obtained.
    A few commenters recommended that tax professionals be allowed to 
apply for registration numbers for their clients. The Treasury 
Department and the IRS note that the proposed regulations would not 
have restricted a taxpayer from authorizing a representative to apply 
for a registration number on behalf of the taxpayer, and these final 
regulations similarly do not do so. See Publication 5884, which 
provides that a person who wishes to access Energy Credits Online on 
behalf of a taxpayer must authorize an IRS Energy Credits Online 
account by selecting ``Start Authorization.'' These final regulations 
modify Sec.  1.6417-5(c)(5) to clarify that a valid registration number 
is one that was assigned to the particular taxpayer during the pre-
registration process.
    A commenter requested clarification that persons completing pre-
filing registration documentation on behalf of applicable entities do 
not, by virtue of such activity, become ``tax return preparers.'' The 
determination of whether a person is a tax return preparer, as defined 
under section 7701(a)(36), is based on facts and circumstances that are 
outside of the scope of these final regulations.

VI. Special Rules

    Section 6417(d)(6) provides rules relating to excessive payment, 
and section 6417(g) provides rules relating to basis reduction and 
recapture. Proposed Sec.  1.6417-6 would have implemented these 
provisions.
A. Excessive Payments
    Pursuant to section 6417(d)(6), proposed Sec.  1.6417-6(a) would 
have provided that the IRS may determine that an amount treated as a 
payment made by an applicable entity under proposed Sec.  1.6417-
2(a)(1)(i) or an electing taxpayer under proposed Sec.  1.6417-
2(a)(2)(i), or the amount of the payment made to a partnership electing 
taxpayer pursuant to proposed Sec.  1.6417-2(a)(2)(ii), constitutes an 
excessive payment. Proposed Sec.  1.6417-6(a) would have provided that, 
in the case of an excessive payment determined by the IRS, the amount 
of chapter 1 tax imposed on the applicable entity or electing taxpayer 
for the taxable year in which the excessive payment determination is 
made is increased by an amount equal to the sum of (1) the amount of 
such excessive payment, plus (2) an amount equal to 20 percent of such 
excessive payment (additional 20 percent tax). This would be the case 
even if the applicable entity or electing taxpayer is otherwise not 
subject to chapter 1 tax. If the additional 20 percent tax is 
applicable, it would apply in addition to any penalties, additions to 
tax, or other amounts applicable under the Code. The additional 20 
percent tax amount would not apply if the applicable entity or electing 
taxpayer demonstrates to the satisfaction of the IRS that the excessive 
payment resulted from reasonable cause. The preamble to the proposed 
regulations stated that the Treasury Department and the IRS anticipated 
that existing standards of reasonable cause would inform the 
determination by the IRS of whether reasonable cause has been 
demonstrated for this purpose.
    Proposed Sec.  1.6417-6(a)(3) would have defined ``excessive 
payment'' as an amount equal to the excess of (1) the amount treated as 
a payment under proposed Sec.  1.6417-2(a)(1)(i) or proposed Sec.  
1.6417-2(a)(2)(i), or the amount of the payment made pursuant to 
proposed Sec.  1.6417-2(a)(2)(ii), with respect to such facility or 
property for such taxable year, over (2) the amount of the credit that, 
without application of section 6417, would be otherwise allowable (as 
described in parts II.C and II. D. or part IV of this Summary of 
Comments and Explanation of Revisions and without regard to section 
38(c)) under the Code with respect to such facility or property for 
such taxable year.
    Commenters asked for ``regulatory relief'' from the excessive 
payment rules, and whether appeals rights, deficiency procedures, and 
the right to petition the Tax Court apply to excessive payment 
determinations by the IRS. Any excessive payment determination will be 
made by the IRS under established examination procedures and these 
final regulations do not except any taxpayers or any calculations from 
this process.
    Several commenters sought clarification of the definition and 
application of reasonable cause, including requesting additional 
factors or examples (such as the absence of fraud, reliance on a 
project labor agreement, excessive payments that stem from labor 
standards noncompliance, or the misallocation of general versus 
earmarked funding). Multiple commenters asked that reasonable cause be 
interpreted broadly to include a taxpayer's ``reasonable effort'' or 
``good faith.'' Another commenter recommended the final regulations 
include a rebuttable presumption that applicable entities have 
reasonable cause because they lack internal resources, tax expertise, 
and experience in the initial period of elective payment 
implementation. Commenters also asked for guidance on reasonable cause 
and the PWA bonus amount. The Treasury Department and the IRS recognize 
that taxpayers operating under certain tax rules for the first time 
will desire certainty. However, reasonable cause standards are already 
well-established under case law and administrative and regulatory 
authorities. For example, a taxpayer that receives an excessive payment 
may assert defenses that are commonly raised by taxpayers in other 
situations in which the IRS has asserted an addition to tax. Section 
1.6664-4, for example, provides guidance related to reasonable cause in 
the context of accuracy-related penalties under section 6662. Comments 
regarding reasonable cause standards as they relate to specific 
provisions concerning increased credit or deduction amounts available 
for taxpayers satisfying PWA requirements are outside the scope of 
these final regulations. Thus, these final regulations continue to 
provide that existing standards and authorities for determining 
reasonable cause apply for purposes of the additional 20 percent tax 
amount, and do not adopt

[[Page 17579]]

commenters' suggestions to create new, special rules for certain types 
of entities or for purposes of section 6417.
    As described in part II.C.2 of this Summary of Comments and 
Explanation of Revisions, commenters requested that the final 
regulations clarify whether a taxpayer could amend its return to adjust 
the elective payment amount and avoid incurring the excessive payment 
addition to tax. These final regulations clarify that, if an applicable 
entity or electing taxpayer amends its tax return or files an AAR 
before the IRS opens an examination, and the amended return or AAR 
adjusts the elective payment amount to the amount properly determined 
with respect to the applicable entity or electing taxpayer, then the 
excessive payment provisions of section 6417(d)(6) and Sec.  1.6417-
6(a) would not apply.
B. Basis Reduction and Recapture
    Section 6417(g) provides basis reduction and recapture rules. It 
states that, except as otherwise provided in section 6417(d)(2)(A), 
rules similar to the rules of section 50 apply for purposes of section 
6417. (Section 6417(g) erroneously refers to section 6417(c)(2)(A), a 
provision that does not exist, and it is evident that such reference 
was intended to be to section 6417(d)(2)(A). That error is accounted 
for in these final regulations.) Proposed Sec.  1.6417-6(b) would have 
provided these rules.
    One commenter addressed basis reduction, requesting that the basis 
reduction under section 50(c)(3) not apply to a taxable electric 
cooperative that is an applicable entity under the statute. The 
commenter stated that electric cooperatives seldom dispose of or sell 
any significant assets; instead, they typically retire the assets once 
they are no longer used and useful in providing electric service. The 
commenter also stated that taxable electric cooperatives typically have 
little to no tax liability and utilize longer straight-line methods of 
tax depreciation; as a result, there is no increase in tax that may 
result from reduced depreciation deductions.
    The Treasury Department and the IRS note that most applicable 
entities listed in section 6417(d)(1)(A) have little or no tax 
liability and have concluded that, as section 6417(g) states that rules 
``similar to'' the rules of section 50 apply for purposes of section 
6417 and there does not appear to be any valid reason to treat a 
taxable rural electric cooperative differently from other applicable 
entities with respect to this rule, these final regulations should not 
adopt this suggestion.
    A commenter asked that the final regulations include an exception 
to the recapture rules for certain sales by applicable entities, for 
example, a sale to a party that would (1) be a more suitable operator 
and (2) be able to monetize tax depreciation (unlike applicable 
entities in most circumstances). The Treasury Department and the IRS 
have determined that allowing such exceptions would be too far of a 
departure from the general rules of section 50, as section 6417(g) 
provides that rules similar to section 50 apply. Section 50(a) provides 
that if, during any taxable year, investment credit property is 
disposed of, or otherwise ceases to be investment credit property with 
respect to the taxpayer, before the close of the recapture period 
(which is five years after the property is placed in service), then the 
tax under chapter 1 for such taxable year is increased by the recapture 
percentage. To provide an exception for sales to a party that the 
seller determines to be a more suitable operator, or because the buyer 
would be able to take a depreciation deduction, would severely limit 
the application and congressional purpose of section 50. Thus, these 
final regulations do not adopt this comment.

VII. Comments That Are Outside the Scope of These Final Regulations

    Several commenters noted typos or corrections to the proposed 
regulations, which were generally corrected in these final regulations. 
In addition, several categories of comments were outside the scope of 
these final regulations but are generally summarized below.
A. Requests To Streamline or Simplify the Process
    In addition to general requests to streamline the pre-filing 
registration process, a few commenters asked that the IRS prioritize 
support for low-income and disadvantaged communities, and several 
commenters requested that their particular entity be eligible for a 
simplified process. One commenter requested that the final regulations 
eliminate the tax return requirement for governmental entities that do 
not have a Federal tax obligation, and another commenter requested a 
``waiver process.'' The Treasury Department and the IRS acknowledge the 
potential for complexity for applicable entities and electing taxpayers 
seeking to make elective payment elections, especially for taxpayers 
who have not historically had a return-filing obligation, and have 
sought to balance taxpayer compliance burdens with the need to ensure 
payments are being correctly made to applicable entities and electing 
taxpayers. The proposed regulations specifically requested comments on 
methods to reduce paperwork burden or burdens on small entities. While 
these final regulations do not adopt comments recommending a 
streamlined process for certain taxpayers, including comments 
suggesting the removal of a return-filing requirement, the Treasury 
Department and the IRS will continue to monitor the elective payment 
process to determine whether there are areas in which more efficiencies 
can be created.
B. Requests for Plain Language Guidance or Other Assistance
    Multiple commenters asked for additional help in accessing 
applicable credits, including developing and delivering a far-reaching 
awareness campaign; providing a webinar or workshop to provide clear 
guidance and clarification to some of the issues raised; providing IRS 
staff to answer questions via email, telephone, or in-person outreach 
or via a taxpayer customer service portal and ensuring this support is 
culturally appropriate and language-accessible; publishing 
straightforward materials (for example, a checklist of necessary steps) 
to claim credits; publishing templates, filing manuals, sample forms, 
and documentation examples; providing clear examples of timelines, 
including for entities with different tax filing years; providing 
regular updates on when these credits will expire; testing approaches 
with early potential users and using feedback to adjust as necessary; 
collaborating with other agencies; leveraging community partnerships; 
and expanding efforts to proactively consult communities with the 
greatest barriers to access, among other things.
    The Treasury Department and the IRS acknowledge the learning curve 
many taxpayers will face in registering for and making elective payment 
elections for applicable credits and intend to provide as much 
additional assistance as possible to taxpayers. The Treasury Department 
and the IRS are endeavoring to provide as much plain language guidance 
as possible to taxpayers to expand access and uptake of applicable 
credits. As previously discussed, the Treasury Department and the IRS 
will monitor the pre-filing registration and filing processes and have 
already embarked on many of these recommendations. For example, as of 
the publication of these final regulations, the Treasury Department and 
the IRS have conducted webinars; issued FAQs; published information on

[[Page 17580]]

IRS.gov \12\ on how taxpayers can complete the pre-filing registration 
process; and have held ``office hours'' with taxpayers offering 
assistance with the pre-filing registration process.
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

    \12\ For additional information, see https://www.irs.gov/credits-deductions/elective-pay-and-transferability.
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

    One commenter recommended creation of a simple online ``elective 
payment amount estimator'' tool that would estimate (without 
guarantees) the elective payment amount and the timing of key actions 
(for example, when to register and file, when receipt of payment is 
estimated) that could aid taxpayers considering the making of an 
elective payment election. Such a tool, according to the commenter, 
would facilitate bridge financing by assisting, for example, school 
construction authorities or green banks by estimating future elective 
payment amounts. It is not possible for the IRS to estimate the 
elective payment amount at the time of pre-filing because the IRS will 
not have adequate information, such as eligibility for bonus credit 
amounts to make such a calculation, but a taxpayer may be able to 
estimate the amount of credit by completing a draft Form 3800 and any 
required completed source form(s).
C. Tax Exempt Bonds
    The proposed regulations did not contain any rules specifically 
addressing the use of tax-exempt bond financing. However, multiple 
commenters had questions about the interplay between tax-exempt bonds 
and section 6417. These questions generally are outside of the scope of 
these final regulations because the use of proceeds of tax-exempt bonds 
under section 103 may impact the amount of a particular applicable 
credit in the underlying Code sections (such as sections 45 and 48), 
and such reduction in the credit amount occurs before the application 
of section 6417 and independently from the application of section 6417.
    One commenter requested that the final regulations clarify that the 
amount received pursuant to an elective payment election is not treated 
as ``proceeds'' of a tax-exempt bond issue, which would be subject to 
use and investment limits under the tax-exempt bond rules. This 
commenter stated that, if the payment were treated as proceeds of a 
bond issue, the use of tax-exempt bond financing could ruin the 
economics of the deal. The Treasury Department and the IRS confirm that 
section 6417(a) provides that the applicable credit is treated as a 
payment against the tax imposed by subtitle A and, therefore, the 
amount received as an elective payment is not proceeds of a tax-exempt 
bond issue.
    Multiple commenters addressed the reduction to the section 45 
credit required by section 45(b)(3) (section 45(b)(3) credit reduction) 
for the use of tax-exempt bond proceeds and its interaction with 
section 6417(a). One commenter requested clarification that the section 
45(b)(3) credit reduction is not required if parties use tax-exempt 
bridge financing for credit property and retire it before the facility 
is placed in service. One commenter recommended that project owners be 
granted permission to use the tax-exempt bond allocation rules (that 
is, the allocation rules for purposes of determining a bond's tax-
exempt status) to determine the percentage of tax-exempt bond financing 
utilized and calculate any reduction necessary if energy credits are 
utilized. One commenter stated that calculation of the credit reduction 
percentage should be permitted to occur when the tax-exempt bonds are 
structured, sold, or issued, because unless additional funds are added 
to the project, a final allocation of tax-exempt bond proceeds to 
expenditures under Sec.  1.148-6 should not result in a change in the 
amounts of tax-exempt bond proceeds and other funds for purposes of 
calculating the credit reduction percentage. One commenter requested 
examples for local governments or municipal utilities of how the 
section 45(b)(3) credit reduction affects elective payment amounts. One 
commenter requested confirmation that the cost determination necessary 
to calculate the extent of any section 45(b)(3) credit reduction with 
respect to a production tax credit facility should be based on criteria 
and guidance developed in the context of investment tax credits. One 
commenter stated that the allocation of tax-exempt bond proceeds for 
purposes of the section 45(b)(3) credit reduction to property that is 
qualified or non-qualified for a credit within a larger facility that 
includes both types of property should not impact the application of 
the bond rules under Sec.  1.141-6 relating to private business use. 
This commenter also stated there should be no requirement that the 
allocations under section 45(b)(3) and Sec.  1.141-6 be consistent with 
regards to floating allocations of sources of funding to uses. One 
commenter recommended that the final regulations treat tax-exempt bond 
proceeds as automatically allocated to any portions of the overall 
facility that are not part of the ``qualified facility'' (as that term 
is used in section 45(b)(3)).
    The rules for the allocation of tax-exempt bond proceeds for 
purposes of the credit reduction fraction under section 45(b)(3) and 
Sec.  1.148-6(d) are generally outside the scope of these final 
regulations. Section 1.148-6(d) provides that an issuer must account 
for the allocation of proceeds to expenditures not later than 18 months 
after the later of the date the expenditure is paid or the date the 
project, if any, that is financed by the issue is placed in service. 
Further, the allocation must be made in any event by the date 60 days 
after the fifth anniversary of the issue date or the date 60 days after 
the retirement of the issue.
    One commenter requested that, if the rules for allocation of tax-
exempt bond proceeds to expenditures under Sec.  1.148-6 are applied to 
credit reduction for tax-exempt bond financing under section 45(b)(3), 
the final regulations should provide an automatic extension to file a 
superseding return to reflect changes with regards to tax-exempt 
financing, or issue other guidance to accommodate this situation. As 
discussed in part II.B.2 of this Summary of Comments and Explanation of 
Revisions, these final regulations allow an applicable entity or 
electing taxpayer that has made an elective payment election on an 
original return to file a superseding return if permissible, or to 
amend their return or file an AAR to the extent the amount of the 
applicable credit is later determined to need adjustment.
    Commenters asked that excessive payment provisions not apply if 
allocations of tax-exempt bond proceeds to expenditures under Sec.  
1.148-6 occur after a project is placed in service. As described in 
part IV.A of this Summary of Comments and Explanation of Revisions, 
excessive payment provisions may apply if the amount the applicable 
entity treats as a payment under section 6417(a) (including the 
allocations of tax-exempt bond expenditures) is greater than the amount 
of the credit that, without application of section 6417, would be 
otherwise allowable (as determined pursuant to section 6417(d)(2) and 
without regard to section 38(c)). However, as described in part VI.A of 
this Summary of Comments and Explanation of Revisions, if a taxpayer 
amends their return or files an AAR before the IRS opens an 
examination, then the 20-percent addition to tax does not apply.
    One commenter requested guidance that the rules under section 50(c) 
regarding the reduction of basis (section 50(c) basis reduction rules) 
and the recapture of credits will not cause tax-exempt bond proceeds to 
be deallocated from project costs. The section 50(c)

[[Page 17581]]

basis reduction rules are outside of the scope of these final 
regulations. The Treasury Department and the IRS clarify that the 
section 50(c) basis reduction rules apply to the credit that is 
determined, but any effect on the allocation or deallocation of tax-
exempt bond proceeds occurs outside of these final regulations.
    A few commenters asked whether refundable credits pledged as 
security or used to pay debt service for a bond issue results in a 
Federal guarantee of the bonds per section 149 of the Code. The 
Treasury Department and the IRS confirm that a pledge of the refundable 
credits as security for, or the use of the refundable credits to pay 
debt service on, the bonds by itself does not result in a Federal 
guarantee of the bonds.
    One commenter wanted confirmation that the existing allocation and 
accounting rules in Sec.  1.141-6 apply with respect to the credit 
reduction for tax-exempt bond financing under section 45(b)(3), whereas 
another commenter requested that the regulations under section 141 be 
``modernized'' in light of the enactment of section 6417. Regulations 
under section 141 are outside of the scope of these final regulations.
    Commenters requested that the reduction for restricted tax exempt 
amounts considered in the special rule for investment-related credit 
property acquired with tax exempt income in proposed Sec.  1.6417-
2(c)(3) be calculated after the 15 percent credit reduction under 
section 45(b)(3) related to tax-exempt financing is made. The Treasury 
Department and the IRS confirm that the rule in Sec.  1.6417-2(c)(3) 
applies after application of any reduction under section 45(b)(3) 
because determination of the underlying credit amount occurs before the 
amount is possibly adjusted by section 6417 and the regulations 
thereunder.
    Commenters requested confirmation that the 15-percent credit 
reduction under section 45(b)(3) for the use of tax-exempt financing is 
applied separately and independently to each co-tenant's undivided 
interest in cases in which applicable credit property is held as a TIC 
or JOA. The Treasury Department and the IRS can confirm that each co-
tenant's undivided interest is an undivided ownership share of the 
applicable credit property and will be treated as a separate applicable 
credit property owned by such applicable entity under Sec.  1.6417-
2(a)(1)(iii). Thus, it will be necessary for each owner to determine 
whether its undivided ownership share is subject to the reduction under 
section 45(b)(3).
D. Comments About Other Code Provisions
    Multiple commenters asked about the application of other Code 
provisions. For example, commenters asked for guidance on the 
underlying credits or bonus provisions such as the energy communities 
bonus amount, the prevailing wage and apprenticeship bonus amounts, and 
the domestic content bonus amount and for domestic content waivers. 
Commenters asked that the placed in service requirements be clarified 
or relaxed in various ways. Commenters requested guidance under section 
30C, including a map or searchable address database that clearly shows 
eligible census tracts. Commenters also asked for guidance under 
sections 45U, 45V, and 48; asked whether the 5 MW maximum threshold for 
projects qualifying for the Low-Income Bonus to the ITC applies to 
individual sites or interconnection points; asked what is allowed in 
the cost basis of the project (e.g., infrastructure costs and soft 
costs); asked for guidance on the ``clean electricity ITC and PTC;'' 
and asked for clarifications regarding 45X facilities (how to designate 
different parts as different facilities). Commenters asked what methods 
tax-exempt entities could use to monetize depreciation deductions and 
that applicable entities should be able to make elective payment 
elections with respect to section 179D deductions. All of these 
comments are outside the scope of this rulemaking, which addresses only 
sections 6417 and 6241.
E. Comments About Provisions Outside the Internal Revenue Code
    Multiple commenters asked for guidance on provisions that are not a 
part of the Code. For example, commenters requested (1) guidance on how 
a city could protect itself from liability without losing the ability 
to make an elective payment election because of the per se corporation 
rule; (2) guidance on how an applicable entity could obtain funding 
related to payments it expects to receive from making an elective 
payment election; (3) clarification on whether applicable credits are 
treated as ``proceeds . . . from any other activities of the 
Corporation'' under 16 U.S.C. 831y; (4) guidance on whether refunds 
greater than $5 million will require review by the Joint Committee on 
Taxation; (5) confirmation that for a partnership (i) with a tax-exempt 
electric cooperative as a partner, and (ii) that elects under section 
761 to be excluded from the application of subchapter K, the basis of 
the allocable share of property to the tax exempt electric cooperative 
is determined both by tax law plus any other costs incurred by the tax 
exempt electric cooperative using book accounting in accordance with 
generally acceptable accounting principles (GAAP) that are properly 
capitalizable; \13\ and (6) guidance on whether a municipal utility 
that builds a qualifying bioenergy project and seeks the tax incentive 
could also consider implementing an eRINs program with the renewable 
energy produced, and if so, whether this impacts the tax incentive in 
any way, or causes a reduction in the incentive. All of these comments 
are outside the scope of this rulemaking.
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

    \13\ The commenter stated that tax-exempt electric cooperatives, 
as tax-exempt entities, use book accounting based on GAAP and 
Uniform Systems of Account such as provided by the Rural Utilities 
Service, and stated that it would be helpful to know that, while 
their initial basis in a partnership asset may have been determined 
on a tax basis, cost subsequent to the election under section 761 to 
be excluded from the application of subchapter K that are properly 
capitalizable under GAAP are also properly includible in the cost 
basis of a qualifying asset for Federal income tax purposes.
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

Effect on Other Documents

    The temporary regulations are removed May 10, 2024.

Special Analyses

I. Regulatory Planning and Review

    Pursuant to the Memorandum of Agreement, Review of Treasury 
Regulations under Executive Order 12866 (June 9, 2023), tax regulatory 
actions issued by the IRS are not subject to the requirements of 
section 6(b) of Executive Order 12866, as amended. Therefore, a 
regulatory impact assessment is not required.

II. Paperwork Reduction Act

    The Paperwork Reduction Act of 1995 (44 U.S.C. 3501-3520) (PRA) 
generally requires that a Federal agency obtain the approval of the 
Office of Management and Budget (OMB) before collecting information 
from the public, whether such collection of information is mandatory, 
voluntary, or required to obtain or retain a benefit. An agency may not 
conduct or sponsor, and a person is not required to respond to, a 
collection of information unless the collection of information displays 
a valid control number.
    The collections of information in these final regulations contain 
reporting and recordkeeping requirements. The recordkeeping 
requirements mentioned within these final regulations are considered 
general tax records under Section 1.6001-1(e). These records are 
required for the IRS to validate that

[[Page 17582]]

taxpayers have met the regulatory requirements and are entitled to make 
an elective payment election. For PRA purposes, general tax records are 
already approved by OMB under 1545-0047 for tax-exempt organizations 
and government entities; 1545-0074 for individuals; and under 1545-0123 
for business entities.
    These final regulations also mention reporting requirements related 
to making elections as detailed in Sec. Sec.  1.6417-2 and 1.6417-3 and 
calculating the claim amounts as detailed in Sec. Sec.  1.6417-2 and 
1.6417-4. These elections will be made by taxpayers on Forms 990-T, 
1040, 1120-S, 1065, and 1120; and credit calculations will be made on 
Form 3800 and supporting forms. These forms are approved under 1545-
0047 for tax-exempt organizations and governmental entities; 1545-0074 
for individuals; and 1545-0123 for business entities.
    These final regulations also mention recapture procedures as 
detailed in Sec.  1.6417-6. These recaptures are performed using Form 
4255. This form is approved under 1545-0047 for tax-exempt 
organizations and governmental entities; 1545-0074 for individuals; and 
1545-0123 for business entities. These final regulations are not 
changing or creating new collection requirements not already approved 
by OMB.
    These final regulations mention a requirement to register with the 
IRS to be able to elect payments as detailed in Sec.  1.6417-5. The 
pre-filing registration portal is approved under 1545-2310 for all 
filers.
    The IRS solicited feedback on the collection requirements for 
reporting, recordkeeping, and pre-filing registration. Although no 
public comments received by the IRS were directed specifically at the 
PRA or on the collection requirements, several commenters generally 
expressed concerns about the burdens associated with the documentation 
requirements contained in the proposed regulations. As described in the 
relevant portions of this preamble, the Treasury Department and the IRS 
believe that the documentation requirements are necessary to administer 
the elective payment election under section 6417.

III. Regulatory Flexibility Act

    The Regulatory Flexibility Act (5 U.S.C. 601 et seq.) (RFA) imposes 
certain requirements with respect to Federal rules that are subject to 
the notice and comment requirements of section 553(b) of the 
Administrative Procedure Act (5 U.S.C. 551 et seq.) and that are likely 
to have a significant economic impact on a substantial number of small 
entities. Unless an agency determines that a proposal is not likely to 
have a significant economic impact on a substantial number of small 
entities, section 603 of the RFA requires the agency to present a final 
regulatory flexibility analysis (FRFA) of the final regulations. The 
Treasury Department and the IRS have not determined whether these final 
regulations will likely have a significant economic impact on a 
substantial number of small entities. This determination requires 
further study. Because there is a possibility of significant economic 
impact on a substantial number of small entities, a FRFA is provided in 
these final regulations.
    Pursuant to section 7805(f) of the Code, this notice of final 
rulemaking has been submitted to the Chief Counsel of Advocacy of the 
Small Business Administration for comment on its impact on small 
business, and no comments were received.
1. Need for and Objectives of the Rule
    These final regulations provide greater clarity to taxpayers that 
intend to take advantage of the credit monetization mechanism in 
section 6417. It provides needed definitions, the time and manner to 
make the election, and information about the pre-filing registration 
process, among other items. The Treasury Department and the IRS intend 
and expect that giving taxpayers guidance that allows them to use 
section 6417 will beneficially impact various industries, delivering 
benefits across the economy, and reduce economy-wide greenhouse gas 
emissions.
    In particular, section 6417 allows applicable entities to treat an 
applicable credit as a payment against Federal income taxes and defines 
applicable entities to include many entities that may not have any tax 
liability. Allowing entities without sufficient Federal income tax 
liability to use a business tax credit to instead make an election to 
receive a refund of any overpayment of taxes created by the elective 
payment election will increase the incentive for taxpayers to invest in 
clean energy projects that give rise to applicable credits because it 
will increase the amount of cash available to those entities, thereby 
reducing the amount of financing needed for clean energy projects.
2. Significant Issues Raised by Public Comments in Response to the IRFA
    There were no comments filed that specifically addressed the 
Proposed Rules and policies presented in the IRFA. Additionally, no 
comments were filed by the Chief Counsel of Advocacy of the Small 
Business Administration.
3. Affected Small Entities
    The RFA directs agencies to provide a description of, and if 
feasible, an estimate of, the number of small entities that may be 
affected by the final regulations, if adopted. The Small Business 
Administration's Office of Advocacy estimates in its 2023 Frequently 
Asked Questions that 99.9 percent of American businesses meet its 
definition of a small business. The applicability of these final 
regulations does not depend on the size of the business, as defined by 
the Small Business Administration. As described more fully in the 
preamble to these final regulations and in this FRFA, section 6417 and 
these final regulations may affect a variety of different entities 
across several different industries as there are 12 different 
applicable credits for which an elective payment election may be made. 
Further, the elective payment election for 3 of the applicable credits 
may be made both by applicable entities and by taxpayers other than 
applicable entities. Although there is uncertainty as to the exact 
number of small businesses within this group, the current estimated 
number of respondents to these final rules is 20,000 taxpayers, as 
described in the Paperwork Reduction Act section of the preamble.
    The Treasury Department and the IRS expect to receive more 
information on the impact on small businesses once taxpayers start to 
make the elective payment election using the guidance and procedures 
provided in these final regulations.
4. Impact of the Rules
    These final regulations provide rules for how taxpayers can take 
advantage of the section 6417 credit monetization regime. Taxpayers 
that elect to take advantage of section 6417 will have administrative 
costs related to reading and understanding the rules as well as 
recordkeeping and reporting requirements because of the pre-filing 
registration and tax return requirements. The costs will vary across 
different-sized entities and across the type of project(s) in which 
such entities are engaged.
    The pre-filing registration process requires a taxpayer to register 
itself as intending to make the elective payment election, to list all 
applicable credits it intends to claim, and to list each applicable 
credit property that contributed to the determination of such credits. 
This process must be completed to receive a registration number for 
each

[[Page 17583]]

applicable credit property with respect to which the applicable 
taxpayer intends to make an elective payment election. To make the 
elective payment election and claim the credit, the taxpayer must file 
an annual tax return. The reporting and recordkeeping requirements for 
that return would be required for any taxpayer that is claiming a 
general business credit, regardless of whether the taxpayer was making 
an elective payment election under section 6417.
    Although the Treasury Department and the IRS do not have sufficient 
data to determine precisely the likely extent of the increased costs of 
compliance, the estimated burden of complying with the recordkeeping 
and reporting requirements are described in the Paperwork Reduction Act 
section of the preamble.
5. Alternatives Considered
    The Treasury Department and the IRS considered alternatives to the 
final regulations. For example, in adopting the pre-filing registration 
requirements, the Treasury Department and the IRS considered whether 
such information could be obtained at the filing of the relevant annual 
tax return. However, the Treasury Department and the IRS decided that 
such an option would increase the opportunity for duplication, fraud, 
improper payments, or excessive payments under section 6417 as well as 
potentially delaying payments to qualifying taxpayers. Section 
6417(d)(5) specifically authorizes the IRS to require such information 
or registration as the Secretary deems necessary for purposes of 
preventing duplication, fraud, improper payments, or excessive payments 
under section 6417 as a condition of, and prior to, any amount being 
treated as a payment that is made by an applicable entity under section 
6417. As described in the preamble to these final regulations, these 
final rules carry out that Congressional intent as pre-filing 
registration allows for the IRS to verify certain information in a 
timely manner and then process the annual tax return with minimal 
delays. Having a distinction between applicable entities or electing 
taxpayers that are small businesses versus others making an elective 
payment election would create a scenario in which a subset of taxpayers 
seeking to make an elective payment election would not have been 
verified or received registration numbers, potentially delaying payment 
not only to them but to other taxpayers seeking to use section 6417.
    Additionally, in considering how taxpayers should claim the credits 
and make the elective payment election, the Treasury Department and the 
IRS considered creating an election system outside of the tax return 
filing system. However, it was determined that such a process would not 
be an efficient use of resources, especially given the statutory due 
date to make an election, which is the return filing date for the 
taxpayers with a filing obligation (which would include small business 
taxpayers). The Treasury Department and the IRS decided that the most 
efficient and reliable method is to use the existing method for 
claiming business tax credits; that is, the filing of the annual tax 
return. To create a different method for small businesses making an 
elective payment election than for a small business claiming the credit 
(or a larger business making an elective payment election or claiming 
the credit) would create an additional burden for both small businesses 
and the IRS, without any commensurate benefit.
    The Treasury Department and the IRS solicited comments on the 
requirements in the proposed regulations, including specifically 
whether there are less burdensome alternatives that do not increase the 
risk of duplication, fraud, improper payments, or excessive payments 
under section 6417. The comments received in response to this request 
have been discussed in the preceding paragraphs.
6. Duplicative, Overlapping, or Conflicting Federal Rules
    These final regulations do not duplicate, overlap, or conflict with 
any relevant Federal rules. As discussed above, these final regulations 
merely provide procedures and definitions to allow taxpayers to take 
advantage of the ability to make an elective payment election. The 
Treasury Department and the IRS solicited input from interested members 
of the public about identifying and avoiding overlapping, duplicative, 
or conflicting requirements. No comments were received in response to 
this request.

IV. Unfunded Mandates Reform Act

    Section 202 of the Unfunded Mandates Reform Act of 1995 (UMRA) 
requires that agencies assess anticipated costs and benefits and take 
certain other actions before issuing a final rule that includes any 
Federal mandate that may result in expenditures in any one year by a 
State, local, or Indian tribal government, in the aggregate, or by the 
private sector, of $100 million (updated annually for inflation). These 
final regulations do not include any Federal mandate that may result in 
expenditures by State, local, or Indian tribal governments, or by the 
private sector in excess of that threshold.

V. Executive Order 13132: Federalism

    Executive Order 13132 (Federalism) prohibits an agency from 
publishing any rule that has federalism implications if the rule either 
imposes substantial, direct compliance costs on State and local 
governments, and is not required by statute, or preempts State law, 
unless the agency meets the consultation and funding requirements of 
section 6 of the Executive Order. These final regulations do not have 
federalism implications and do not impose substantial direct compliance 
costs on State and local governments or preempt State law within the 
meaning of the Executive Order.

VI. Executive Order 13175: Consultation and Coordination With Indian 
Tribal Governments

    Executive Order 13175 (Consultation and Coordination with Indian 
Tribal Governments) prohibits an agency from publishing any rule that 
has Tribal implications if the rule either imposes substantial, direct 
compliance costs on Indian tribal governments, and is not required by 
statute, or preempts Tribal law, unless the agency meets the 
consultation and funding requirements of section 5 of the Executive 
Order. These final regulations do not have substantial direct effects 
on one or more federally recognized Indian tribes and do not impose 
substantial direct compliance costs on Indian tribal governments within 
the meaning of the Executive Order.
    Nevertheless, on July 17, 2023, the Treasury Department and the IRS 
held a consultation with Tribal leaders requesting assistance in 
addressing questions related to the proposed rules published on June 
21, 2023, which informed the development of these final regulations.

VII. Congressional Review Act

    Pursuant to the Congressional Review Act (5 U.S.C. 801 et seq.), 
the Office of Information and Regulatory Affairs designated this rule 
as a major rule as defined by 5 U.S.C. 804(2).

Statement of Availability of IRS Documents

    Guidance cited in this preamble is published in the Internal 
Revenue Bulletin and is available from the Superintendent of Documents, 
U.S. Government Publishing Office, Washington, DC 20402, or by visiting 
the IRS website at www.irs.gov.

[[Page 17584]]

Drafting Information

    The principal authors of these final regulations are Jeremy Milton 
and James Holmes, Office of the Associate Chief Counsel (Passthroughs 
and Special Industries), IRS. However, other personnel from the 
Treasury Department and the IRS participated in their development.

List of Subjects

26 CFR Part 1

    Income taxes, Reporting and recordkeeping requirements.

26 CFR Part 301

    Employment taxes, Estate taxes, Excise taxes, Gift taxes, Income 
taxes, Penalties, Reporting and recordkeeping requirements.

Amendments to the Regulations

    Accordingly, the Treasury Department and the IRS amend 26 CFR parts 
1 and 301 as follows:

PART 1--INCOME TAXES

0
Paragraph 1. The authority citation for part 1 continues to read in 
part as follows:

    Authority: 26 U.S.C. 7805 * * *
* * * * *
    Sections 1.6417-0 through 1.6417-6 also issued under 26 U.S.C. 
6417(h).
* * * * *

0
Par. 2. Sections 1.6417-0 through 1.6417-6 are added to read as 
follows:
Sec.
* * * * *
1.6417-0 Table of contents.
1.6417-1 Elective payment of applicable credits.
1.6417-2 Rules for making elective payment elections.
1.6471-3 Special rules for electing taxpayers.
1.6417-4 Elective payment election for electing taxpayers that are 
partnerships or S corporations.
1.6417-5 Additional information and registration.
1.6417-6 Special rules.
* * * * *


Sec.  1.6417-0  Table of Contents.

    This section lists the table of contents for Sec. Sec.  1.6417-1 
through 1.6417-6.

Sec.  1.6417-1 Elective payment election of applicable credits.

    (a) In general.
    (b) Annual Tax Return.
    (c) Applicable entity.
    (d) Applicable credit.
    (e) Applicable credit property.
    (f) Disregarded entity.
    (g) Electing taxpayer.
    (h) Elective payment amount.
    (i) Elective payment election.
    (j) Guidance.
    (k) Indian tribal government.
    (l) Partnership.
    (m) S corporation.
    (n) Section 6417 regulations.
    (o) Statutory references.
    (p) U.S. territory.
    (q) Applicability date.

Sec.  1.6417-2 Rules for making elective payment elections.

    (a) Elective payment elections.
    (b) Manner of making election.
    (c) Determination of applicable credit.
    (d) Timing of payment.
    (e) Denial of double benefit.
    (f) Applicability date.

Sec.  1.6417-3 Special rules for electing taxpayers.

    (a) In general.
    (b) Elections with respect to the credit for production of clean 
hydrogen.
    (c) Election with respect to the credit for carbon oxide 
sequestration.
    (d) Election with respect to the advanced manufacturing 
production credit.
    (e) Election for electing taxpayers.
    (f) Applicability date.

Sec.  1.6417-4 Elective payment election for electing taxpayers that 
are partnerships or S corporations.

    (a) In general.
    (b) Elections.
    (c) Effect of election.
    (d) Determination of amount of the credit.
    (e) Partnerships subject to subchapter C of chapter 63.
    (f) Applicability date.

Sec.  1.6417-5 Additional information and registration.

    (a) Pre-filing registration and election.
    (b) Pre-filing registration requirements.
    (c) Registration number.
    (d) Applicability date.

Sec.  1.6417-6 Special rules.

    (a) Excessive payment.
    (b) Basis reduction and recapture.
    (c) Mirror code territories.
    (d) Partnerships subject to subchapter C of chapter 63 of the 
Code.
    (e) Applicability date.


Sec.  1.6417-1  Elective payment election of applicable credits.

    (a) In general. An applicable entity may make an elective payment 
election with respect to any applicable credit determined with respect 
to such applicable entity in accordance with section 6417 of the Code 
and the section 6417 regulations. Paragraphs (b) through (p) of this 
section provide definitions applicable to the section 6417 regulations. 
See Sec.  1.6417-2 for rules and procedures under which all elective 
payment elections must be made, rules for determining the amount and 
the timing of payments, and statutory rules denying double benefits. 
See Sec.  1.6417-3 for special rules pertaining to electing taxpayers. 
See Sec.  1.6417-4 for special rules pertaining to electing taxpayers 
that are partnerships or S corporations. See Sec.  1.6417-5 for pre-
filing registration requirements and other information required to make 
any elective payment election effective. See Sec.  1.6417-6 for special 
rules related to excessive payments, basis reduction and recapture, any 
U.S. territory with a mirror code tax system, and payments made to 
partnerships subject to subchapter C of chapter 63 of the Code.
    (b) Annual tax return. The term annual tax return means the 
following returns (and for each, any successor return)--
    (1) For any taxpayer normally required to file a tax return with 
the IRS on an annual basis, such return (including the Form 1040 for 
individuals; the Form 1120 for corporations, certain rural electric 
cooperatives, and certain agencies and instrumentalities; the Form 
1120-S for S corporations; the Form 1065 for partnerships; and the Form 
990-T for organizations subject to tax imposed by section 511 of the 
Code or a proxy tax under section 6033(e) or that are required to file 
a Form 990 pursuant to section 6033(a));
    (2) For any taxpayer that is not normally required to file a tax 
return with the IRS on an annual basis (such as taxpayers located in 
the U.S. territories), the return they would be required to file if 
they were located in the United States, or, if no such return is 
required (such as for governmental entities), the Form 990-T; and
    (3) For taxpayers filing a return for a taxable year of less than 
12 months (short year), the short year tax return.
    (c) Applicable entity. The term applicable entity means--
    (1) Any organization exempt from the tax imposed by subtitle A of 
the Code--
    (i) By reason of subchapter F of chapter 1 of subtitle A; or
    (ii) Because it is the government of any U.S. territory or a 
political subdivision thereof;
    (2) Any State, the District of Columbia, or political subdivision 
thereof;
    (3) An Indian Tribal government or a subdivision thereof;
    (4) Any Alaska Native Corporation (as defined in section 3 of the 
Alaska Native Claims Settlement Act, 43 U.S.C. 1602(m));
    (5) The Tennessee Valley Authority;
    (6) Any corporation operating on a cooperative basis that is 
engaged in furnishing electric energy to persons in rural areas as 
described in section 1381(a)(2)(C) of the Code; and
    (7) An agency or instrumentality of any applicable entity described 
in paragraph (c)(1)(ii) or (c)(2) or (3) of this section.

[[Page 17585]]

    (d) Applicable credit. The term applicable credit means each of the 
following:
    (1) So much of the credit for alternative fuel vehicle refueling 
property determined under section 30C of the Code that, pursuant to 
section 30C(d)(1), is treated as a credit listed in section 38(b) of 
the Code (section 30C credit).
    (2) So much of the renewable electricity production credit 
determined under section 45(a) of the Code as is attributable to 
qualified facilities that are originally placed in service after 
December 31, 2022 (section 45 credit).
    (3) So much of the credit for carbon oxide sequestration determined 
under section 45Q(a) of the Code as is attributable to carbon capture 
equipment that is originally placed in service after December 31, 2022 
(section 45Q credit).
    (4) The zero-emission nuclear power production credit determined 
under section 45U(a) of the Code (section 45U credit).
    (5) So much of the credit for production of clean hydrogen 
determined under section 45V(a) of the Code as is attributable to 
qualified clean hydrogen production facilities that are originally 
placed in service after December 31, 2012 (section 45V credit).
    (6) In the case of a tax-exempt entity described in section 
168(h)(2)(A)(i), (ii), or (iv) of the Code, the credit for qualified 
commercial vehicles determined under section 45W of the Code by reason 
of section 45W(d)(2) (section 45W credit).
    (7) The credit for advanced manufacturing production determined 
under section 45X(a) of the Code (section 45X credit).
    (8) The clean electricity production credit determined under 
section 45Y(a) of the Code (section 45Y credit).
    (9) The clean fuel production credit determined under section 
45Z(a) of the Code (section 45Z credit).
    (10) The energy credit determined under section 48 of the Code 
(section 48 credit).
    (11) The qualifying advanced energy project credit determined under 
section 48C of the Code (section 48C credit).
    (12) The clean electricity investment credit determined under 
section 48E of the Code (section 48E credit).
    (e) Applicable credit property. The term applicable credit property 
means each of the following units of property with respect to which the 
amount of an applicable credit is determined:
    (1) In the case of a section 30C credit, a qualified alternative 
fuel vehicle refueling property described in section 30C(c).
    (2) In the case of a section 45 credit, a qualified facility 
described in section 45(d).
    (3) In the case of a section 45Q credit, a component of carbon 
capture equipment within a single process train described in Sec.  
1.45Q-2(c)(3).
    (4) In the case of a section 45U credit, a qualified nuclear power 
facility described in section 45U(b)(1).
    (5) In the case of a section 45V credit, a qualified clean hydrogen 
production facility described in section 45V(c)(3).
    (6) In the case of a section 45W credit, a qualified commercial 
clean vehicle described in section 45W(c).
    (7) In the case of a section 45X credit, a facility that produces 
eligible components, as described in guidance under sections 48C and 
45X.
    (8) In the case of a section 45Y credit, a qualified facility 
described in section 45Y(b)(1).
    (9) In the case of a section 45Z credit, a qualified facility 
described in section 45Z(d)(4).
    (10) Section 48 credit property--(i) In general. In the case of a 
section 48 credit and except as provided in paragraph (d)(10)(ii) of 
this section, an energy property described in section 48.
    (ii) Pre-filing registration and elections. At the option of an 
applicable entity or electing taxpayer, and to the extent consistently 
applied for purposes of the pre-filing registration requirements of 
Sec.  1.6417-5 and the elective payment election requirements of 
Sec. Sec.  1.6417-2 through 1.6417-4, an energy project as described in 
section 48(a)(9)(A)(ii) and defined in guidance.
    (11) In the case of a section 48C credit, an eligible property 
described in section 48C(c)(2).
    (12) In the case of a section 48E credit, a qualified facility 
described in section 48E(b)(3) or, in the case of a section 48E credit 
relating to a qualified investment with respect to energy storage 
technology, an energy storage technology described in section 
48E(c)(2).
    (f) Disregarded entity. The term disregarded entity means an entity 
that is disregarded as an entity separate from its owner for Federal 
income tax purposes under Sec. Sec.  301.7701-1 through 301.7701-3 of 
this chapter. The term includes a Tribal corporation incorporated under 
section 17 of the Indian Reorganization Act of 1934, as amended, 25 
U.S.C. 5124, or under section 3 of the Oklahoma Indian Welfare Act, as 
amended, 25 U.S.C. 5203, that is not recognized as an entity separate 
from the tribe for Federal tax purposes, and therefore is disregarded 
as an entity separate from its owner for purposes of section 6417.
    (g) Electing taxpayer. The term electing taxpayer means any 
taxpayer that is not an applicable entity described in paragraph (c) of 
this section but makes an election in accordance with Sec. Sec.  
1.6417-2(b), 1.6417-3, and, if applicable, 1.6417-4, to be treated as 
an applicable entity for a taxable year with respect to applicable 
credits determined with respect to an applicable credit property 
described in paragraph (e)(3), (5), or (7) of this section.
    (h) Elective payment amount--(1) In general. The term elective 
payment amount means, with respect to an applicable entity or an 
electing taxpayer that is not a partnership or an S corporation, the 
applicable credit(s) for which an applicable entity or electing 
taxpayer makes an elective payment election to be treated as making a 
payment against the tax imposed by subtitle A for the taxable year, 
which is equal to the sum of--
    (i) The amount (if any) of the current year applicable credit(s) 
allowed as a general business credit under section 38 for the taxable 
year, as provided in Sec.  1.6417-2(e)(2)(iii), and
    (ii) The amount (if any) of unused current year applicable credits 
that would otherwise be carried back or carried forward from the unused 
credit year under section 39 and that are treated as a payment against 
tax, as provided in Sec.  1.6417-2(e)(2)(iv).
    (2) Elective payment amount with respect to partnerships and S 
corporations. With respect to an electing taxpayer that is a 
partnership or an S corporation, the term elective payment amount means 
the sum of the applicable credit(s) for which the partnership or S 
corporation makes an elective payment election and that results in a 
payment to such partnership or S corporation equal to the amount of 
such credit(s) (unless the partnership owes a Federal tax liability, in 
which case the payment may be reduced by such tax liability).
    (i) Elective payment election. The term elective payment election 
means an election made in accordance with Sec.  1.6417-2(b) for 
applicable credit(s) determined with respect to an applicable entity or 
electing taxpayer.
    (j) Guidance. The term guidance means guidance published in the 
Federal Register or Internal Revenue Bulletin, as well as 
administrative guidance such as forms, instructions, publications, or 
other guidance on the IRS.gov website. See Sec. Sec.  601.601 and 
601.602 of this chapter.
    (k) Indian Tribal government. The term Indian Tribal government 
means the recognized governing body of any Indian or Alaska Native 
Tribe, band,

[[Page 17586]]

nation, pueblo, village, community, component band, or component 
reservation, individually identified (including parenthetically) in the 
most recent list published by the Department of the Interior in the 
Federal Register pursuant to section 104 of the Federally Recognized 
Indian Tribe List Act of 1994 (25 U.S.C. 5131) prior to the date on 
which a relevant elective payment election is made.
    (l) Partnership. The term partnership has the meaning provided in 
section 761 of the Code.
    (m) S corporation. The term S corporation has the meaning provided 
in section 1361(a)(1) of the Code.
    (n) Section 6417 regulations. The term section 6417 regulations 
means Sec. Sec.  1.6417-1 through 1.6417-6.
    (o) Statutory references--(1) Chapter 1. The term chapter 1 means 
chapter 1 of the Code.
    (2) Code. The term Code means the Internal Revenue Code.
    (3) Subchapter K. The term subchapter K means subchapter K of 
chapter 1.
    (4) Subtitle A. The term subtitle A means subtitle A of the Code.
    (p) U.S. territory. The term U.S. territory means the Commonwealth 
of Puerto Rico, Guam, the U.S. Virgin Islands, American Samoa, and the 
Commonwealth of the Northern Mariana Islands.
    (q) Applicability date. This section applies to taxable years 
ending on or after March 11, 2024. For taxable years ending before 
March 11, 2024, taxpayers, however, may choose to apply the rules of 
Sec. Sec.  1.6417-1 through 1.6417-4 and 1.6417-6, provided the 
taxpayers apply the rules in their entirety and in a consistent manner.


Sec.  1.6417-2  Rules for making elective payment elections.

    (a) Elective payment elections--(1) Elections by applicable 
entities--(i) In general. An applicable entity that makes an elective 
payment election in the manner provided in paragraph (b) of this 
section will be treated as making a payment against the Federal income 
taxes imposed by subtitle A for the taxable year with respect to which 
an applicable credit is determined in the amount determined under 
paragraph (c) of this section.
    (ii) Disregarded entities. If an applicable entity is the owner 
(directly or indirectly) of a disregarded entity that directly holds an 
applicable credit property, the applicable entity may make an elective 
payment election in the manner provided in paragraph (b) of this 
section for applicable credits determined with respect to the 
applicable credit property held directly by the disregarded entity.
    (iii) Undivided ownership interests. If an applicable entity is a 
co-owner in an applicable credit property through an arrangement 
properly treated as a tenancy-in-common for Federal income tax 
purposes, or through an organization that has made a valid election 
under section 761(a) of the Code to be excluded from the application of 
subchapter K of the Code, then the applicable entity's undivided 
ownership share of the applicable credit property will be treated as a 
separate applicable credit property owned by such applicable entity, 
and the applicable entity may make an elective payment election in the 
manner provided in paragraph (b) of this section for the applicable 
credits determined with respect to such applicable credit property.
    (iv) Partnerships and S corporations not applicable entities. 
Partnerships and S corporations are not applicable entities described 
in Sec.  1.6417-1(c), and thus are not eligible to make any election 
under paragraph (b) of this section, unless the partnership or S 
corporation is an electing taxpayer. This is the case no matter how 
many of the partners of a partnership are described in Sec.  1.6417-
1(c), including if all of a partnership's partners are so described.
    (v) Members of a consolidated group of which an applicable entity 
is the common parent. In the case of a consolidated group (as defined 
in Sec.  1.1502-1) the common parent of which is an applicable entity, 
any member that is an electing taxpayer may make an elective payment 
election with respect to applicable credits determined with respect to 
the member. See Sec.  1.1502-77 (providing rules regarding the status 
of the common parent as agent for its members).
    (2) Electing taxpayers--(i) Electing taxpayers that are not 
partnerships or S corporations. An electing taxpayer other than a 
partnership or an S corporation that has made an elective payment 
election in accordance with Sec.  1.6417-3 and paragraph (b) of this 
section will be treated as making a payment against the Federal income 
taxes imposed by subtitle A of the Code for the taxable year with 
respect to which the applicable credit is determined, in the amount 
determined under paragraph (c) of this section.
    (ii) Electing taxpayers that are partnerships or S corporations. In 
the case of an electing taxpayer that is a partnership or S corporation 
that has made an elective payment election in accordance with 
Sec. Sec.  1.6417-3 and 1.6417-4 and paragraph (b) of this section, the 
Internal Revenue Service will make a payment to such partnership or S 
corporation equal to the amount of such credit determined under 
paragraph (c) of this section and Sec.  1.6417-4(d) (unless the 
partnership owes any Federal income tax liability, in which case the 
payment may be reduced by such tax liability).
    (iii) Partners and S corporation shareholders prohibited from 
making any elective payment election. Under section 6417(c)(1) of the 
Code, any elective payment election with respect to applicable credit 
property held directly by a partnership or S corporation must be made 
by the partnership or S corporation. As provided under section 
6417(c)(2), no partner in a partnership, or shareholder of an S 
corporation, may make an elective payment election with respect to any 
applicable credit determined with respect to such applicable credit 
property.
    (iv) Disregarded entities. If an electing taxpayer is the owner 
(directly or indirectly) of a disregarded entity that directly holds 
any applicable credit property, the electing taxpayer may make an 
elective payment election in the manner provided in paragraph (b) of 
this section for applicable credits determined with respect to the 
applicable credit property held directly by the disregarded entity.
    (v) Undivided ownership interests. If an electing taxpayer is a co-
owner in an applicable credit property through an arrangement properly 
treated as a tenancy-in-common for Federal income tax purposes, or 
through an organization that has made a valid election under section 
761(a) to be excluded from the application of subchapter K of the Code, 
then the electing taxpayer's undivided ownership interest in or share 
of the applicable credit property will be treated as a separate 
applicable credit property owned by such electing taxpayer, and the 
electing taxpayer may make an elective payment election in the manner 
provided in paragraph (b) of this section for the applicable credits 
determined with respect to such applicable credit property.
    (vi) Members of a consolidated group. A member of a consolidated 
group may make an elective payment election with respect to applicable 
credits determined with respect to the member. See Sec.  1.1502-77 
(providing rules regarding the status of the common parent as agent for 
its members).
    (3) Special rules for certain credits--(i) Renewable electricity 
production credit. Any election under this paragraph (a) with respect 
to a section 45 credit--

[[Page 17587]]

    (A) Applies separately with respect to each qualified facility;
    (B) Must be made in the manner provided in paragraph (b) of this 
section for the taxable year in which such qualified facility is 
originally placed in service; and
    (C) Applies to such taxable year and to any subsequent taxable year 
that is within the period described in section 45(a)(2)(A)(ii) with 
respect to such qualified facility.
    (ii) Credit for carbon oxide sequestration. Except as provided in 
Sec.  1.6417-3(c), which provides a special rule for electing 
taxpayers, any election under this paragraph (a) with respect to a 
section 45Q credit--
    (A) Applies separately with respect to the carbon capture equipment 
originally placed in service by the applicable entity during a taxable 
year;
    (B) Must be made in the manner provided in paragraph (b) of this 
section for the taxable year in which such carbon capture equipment is 
originally placed in service; and
    (C) Applies to such taxable year and to any subsequent taxable year 
that is within the period described in section 45Q(3)(A) or (4)(A) with 
respect to such equipment.
    (iii) Credit for production of clean hydrogen. Except as provided 
in Sec.  1.6417-3(b), which provides a special rule for electing 
taxpayers, any election under this paragraph (a) with respect to a 
section 45V credit--
    (A) Applies separately with respect to each qualified clean 
hydrogen production facility;
    (B) Must be made in the manner provided in paragraph (b) of this 
section for the taxable year in which such facility is placed in 
service (or within the 1-year period after August 16, 2022, for 
facilities placed in service before December 31, 2022); and
    (C) Applies to such taxable year and all subsequent taxable years 
with respect to such facility.
    (iv) Clean electricity production credit. Any elective payment 
election with respect to a section 45Y credit--
    (A) Applies separately with respect to each qualified facility;
    (B) Must be made in the manner provided in paragraph (b) of this 
section for the taxable year in which such facility is placed in 
service; and
    (C) Applies to such taxable year and to any subsequent taxable year 
that is within the period described in section 45Y(b)(1)(B) with 
respect to such facility.
    (v) Advanced manufacturing production credit. Any elective payment 
election with respect to a section 45X credit applies separately with 
respect to each facility (whether the facility existed on or before, or 
after, December 31, 2022) at which a taxpayer produces, after December 
31, 2022, eligible components (as defined in section 45X(c)(1)) during 
the taxable year.
    (b) Manner of making election--(1) In general--(i) Election is made 
on the annual tax return. An elective payment election is made on the 
annual tax return, as defined in Sec.  1.6417-1(b), in the manner 
prescribed by the IRS in guidance, along with any required completed 
source credit form(s) with respect to the applicable credit property, a 
completed Form 3800, General Business Credit, (or its successor), and 
any additional information, including supporting calculations, required 
in instructions.
    (ii) Election must be made on original return. An election must be 
made on an original return (including any revisions on a superseding 
return) filed not later than the due date (including extensions of 
time) for the original return for the taxable year for which the 
applicable credit is determined. No elective payment election may be 
made for the first time on an amended return, withdrawn on an amended 
return, or made or withdrawn by filing an administrative adjustment 
request under section 6227 of the Code. A numerical error with respect 
to a properly claimed elective payment election may be corrected on an 
amended return or by filing an administrative adjustment request under 
section 6227 if necessary; however, the applicable entity or electing 
taxpayer's original return, which must be signed under penalties of 
perjury, must contain all of the information, including a registration 
number, required by these final regulations. To properly correct an 
error on an amended return or administrative adjustment request under 
section 6227, an applicable entity or electing taxpayer must have made 
an error in the information included on the original return such that 
there is a substantive item to correct; an applicable entity or 
electing taxpayer may not correct a blank item or an item that is 
described as being ``available upon request.'' There is no relief 
available under Sec.  301.9100-1 or Sec.  301.9100-3 of this chapter 
for an elective payment election that is not timely filed; however, 
relief under Sec.  301.9100-2(b) may apply if the applicable entity or 
electing taxpayer has not received an extension of time to file a 
return after the original due date, has timely filed a return, takes 
corrective action under Sec.  301.9100-2(c) within the six-month 
extension period, and meets the procedural requirements outlined in 
Sec.  301.9100-2(d).
    (2) Pre-filing registration required. Pre-filing registration in 
accordance with Sec.  1.6417-5 is a condition for making an elective 
payment election. An elective payment election will not be effective 
with respect to credits determined with respect to an applicable credit 
property unless the applicable entity or electing taxpayer received a 
valid registration number for the applicable credit property in 
accordance with Sec.  1.6417-5(c) and provided the registration number 
for each applicable credit property on its Form 3800 (or its 
successor), and on any required completed source form(s) with respect 
to the applicable credit property, attached to the tax return, in 
accordance with guidance.
    (3) Due date for making the election. To be effective, an elective 
payment election must be made no later than:
    (i) In the case of any taxpayer for which no Federal income tax 
return is required under sections 6011 or no Federal return is required 
under 6033(a) of the Code (such as a State; the District of Columbia; 
an Indian Tribal government; any U.S. territory; a political 
subdivision of a State, the District of Columbia, or a U.S. territory, 
or a subdivision of an Indian Tribal government; certain agencies or 
instrumentalities of a State, the District of Columbia, an Indian 
Tribal government, or a U.S. territory; or a taxpayer excluded from 
filing pursuant to section 6033(a)(3)), the 15th day of the fifth month 
after the end of the taxable year. For purposes of section 6417, an 
applicable entity that is not required to file a Federal income tax 
return pursuant to sections 6011 or a Federal return pursuant to 
6033(a), but is filing solely to make an elective payment election, may 
choose whether to file its first return (and thus adopt a taxable year 
for purposes of section 6417) based upon a calendar or fiscal year, 
provided that such entity maintains adequate book and records, 
including a reconciliation of any difference between its regular books 
of account and its chosen taxable year, to support making an elective 
payment election on the basis of its chosen taxable year. Subject to 
issuance of guidance that specifies the manner in which an entity for 
which no Federal income tax return is required under sections 6011 or 
no Federal return is required pursuant to 6033(a) could request an 
extension of time to file and make the elective payment election, an 
automatic paperless six-month extension from the 15th day of the fifth 
month after the end of the taxable year is deemed to be allowed.

[[Page 17588]]

    (ii) In the case of any taxpayer located in a U.S. territory, the 
due date (including extensions of time) that would apply if the 
taxpayer were located in the United States.
    (iii) In any other case, the due date (including extensions of 
time) for the original return for the taxable year for which the 
election is made, but in no event earlier than February 13, 2023.
    (4) Election is not revocable--(i) In general. Except as provided 
in paragraphs (b)(4)(ii) and (iii) of this section, any elective 
payment election, once made, is irrevocable and applies with respect to 
any applicable credit for the taxable year for which the election is 
made.
    (ii) Election lasts for a period of years for certain credits. For 
applicable entities making elective payment elections with respect to 
section 45 credits described in Sec.  1.6417-1(d)(2) or section 45Y 
credits described in Sec.  1.6417-1(d)(8), the election applies to each 
taxable year in the 10-year period provided in section 45(a)(2)(A)(ii) 
or 45Y(b)(1)(B), respectively, beginning on the date the facility was 
originally placed in service. For applicable entities making elective 
payment elections with respect to section 45Q credits described in 
Sec.  1.6417-1(d)(3), the election applies to each taxable year in the 
12-year period provided in section 45Q(a)(3)(A) or (4)(A) beginning on 
the date the carbon capture equipment was originally placed in service. 
For applicable entities making elective payment elections with respect 
to section 45V credits described in Sec.  1.6417-1(d)(5), the election 
applies to the taxable year in which the qualified clean hydrogen 
production facility was originally placed in service and all subsequent 
taxable years.
    (iii) Electing taxpayers. For electing taxpayers who make an 
elective payment election, the election applies for one five-year 
period per applicable credit property, but such election may be revoked 
once per applicable credit property, as provided in Sec.  1.6417-3.
    (5) Scope of election. An elective payment election applies to the 
entire amount of applicable credit(s) determined with respect to each 
applicable credit property that was properly registered for the taxable 
year, resulting in an elective payment amount that is the entire amount 
of applicable credit(s) determined with respect to the applicable 
entity or electing taxpayer for a taxable year.
    (c) Determination of applicable credit--(1) In general. In the case 
of any applicable entity making an elective payment election, any 
applicable credit is determined--
    (i) Without regard to section 50(b)(3) and (4)(A)(i) of the Code, 
and
    (ii) By treating any property with respect to which such credit is 
determined as used in a trade or business of the applicable entity.
    (2) Effect of trade or business rule. The trade or business rule in 
paragraph (c)(1)(ii) of this section--
    (i) Allows the applicable entity to treat an item of property as if 
it is: of a character subject to an allowance of depreciation (such as 
under sections 30C and 45W); one for which depreciation (or 
amortization in lieu of depreciation) is allowable (such as in sections 
48, 48C, and 48E); and used to produce items in the ordinary course of 
a trade or business of the taxpayer (such as in sections 45V and 45X);
    (ii) Allows the applicable entity to apply the capitalization and 
accelerated depreciation rules (such as sections 167, 168, 263, 263A, 
and 266 of the Code) that apply to determining the basis and the 
depreciation allowance for property used in a trade or business;
    (iii) Makes applicable those credit limitations generally 
applicable to persons engaged in the conduct of a trade or business, 
such as section 49 of the Code in the context of investment tax credits 
and section 469 of the Code for all applicable credits;
    (iv) Does not create any presumption that the trade or business is 
related (or unrelated) to a tax-exempt entity's exempt purpose; and
    (v) Subjects the applicable entity to the credit limitation in 
paragraph (c)(3)(ii) of this section.
    (3) Special rule for investment-related credit property acquired 
with amounts, including income from certain grants and forgivable 
loans, that are exempt from taxation--(i) Amounts included in basis. 
Subject to paragraph (c)(3)(ii) of this section, for purposes of 
section 6417, amounts that are exempt from taxation under subtitle A or 
otherwise excluded from taxation (such as income from certain grants 
and forgivable loans), and used to purchase, construct, reconstruct, 
erect, or otherwise acquire an applicable credit property described in 
section 30C, 45W, 48, 48C, or 48E (investment-related credit property) 
are included in basis for purposes of computing the applicable credit 
amount determined with respect to the applicable credit property, 
regardless of whether basis is required to be reduced (in whole or in 
part) by such amounts under general tax principles.
    (ii) No excess benefit from restricted tax exempt amounts. If an 
applicable entity receives a grant, forgivable loan, or other income 
exempt from taxation under subtitle A or otherwise excluded from 
taxation (tax exempt amount) for the specific purpose of purchasing, 
constructing, reconstructing, erecting, or otherwise acquiring an 
investment-related credit property (restricted tax exempt amount), and 
the sum of any restricted tax exempt amounts plus the applicable credit 
otherwise determined with respect to that investment-related credit 
property exceeds the cost of the investment-related credit property, 
then the amount of the applicable credit is reduced so that the total 
amount of applicable credit plus the amount of any restricted tax 
exempt amounts equals the cost of investment-related credit property. 
The determination of whether a tax exempt grant is made for the 
specific purpose of purchasing, constructing, reconstructing, erecting, 
or otherwise acquiring an investment-related credit property is made at 
the time the grant is awarded to the applicable entity. A tax exempt 
grant awarded after the investment-related credit property is 
purchased, constructed, reconstructed, erected, or otherwise acquired 
is generally not a restricted tax exempt amount unless approval of the 
grant was perfunctory and the amount of the grant was virtually assured 
at the time of application. The determination of whether a loan is made 
for the specific purpose of purchasing, constructing, reconstructing, 
erecting, or otherwise acquiring an investment-related credit property 
and whether forgiveness of that loan is dependent on satisfying that 
specific purpose is made at the time the loan is approved. This 
paragraph does not apply if a tax exempt amount is not received for the 
specific purpose of purchasing, constructing, reconstructing, erecting, 
or otherwise acquiring a property eligible for an investment-related 
credit; for example, if the tax exempt amount is from the 
organization's general funds or if such amount's use is not restricted 
to the purpose of purchasing, constructing, reconstructing, erecting, 
or otherwise acquiring an investment-related credit property (such as 
purchasing an electric vehicle) and could be used for any of several 
different applicable credit properties (such as purchasing an electric 
vehicle or purchasing solar panels) or can be put to other purposes 
(such as purchasing an electric vehicle or making a building more 
energy efficient).
    (4) Credits must be determined with respect to the applicable 
entity or electing taxpayer. Any credits for which an elective payment 
election is made must have been determined with respect to the 
applicable entity or electing

[[Page 17589]]

taxpayer. An applicable credit is determined with respect to an 
applicable entity or electing taxpayer if the applicable entity or 
electing taxpayer owns the underlying applicable credit property and 
conducts the activities giving rise to the credit or, in the case of 
section 45X (under which ownership of applicable credit property is not 
required), to be considered (under the section 45X regulations) the 
taxpayer with respect to which the section 45X credit is determined. 
Thus, no election may be made under this section for any credits 
transferred pursuant to section 6418, allowed pursuant to section 
45Q(f)(3), acquired by a lessee from a lessor by means of an election 
to pass through the credit to a lessee under former section 48(d) 
(pursuant to section 50(d)(5)), owned by a third party, or otherwise 
not determined with respect to the applicable entity or electing 
taxpayer.
    (5) Examples. The following examples illustrate the rules of this 
paragraph (c).
    (i) Example 1. School district A receives a tax exempt grant in the 
amount of $400,000 from the Environmental Protection Agency to purchase 
electric school bus B. The grant is a restricted tax exempt amount 
described in paragraph (c)(3)(ii) of this section. A purchases B for 
$400,000. Pursuant to paragraph (c)(3)(i) of this section, A's basis in 
B is $400,000. B qualifies for the maximum section 45W credit, $40,000. 
However, because the amount of the restricted tax exempt grant plus the 
amount of the section 45W credit exceeds the cost of B, the no excess 
benefit rule found in paragraph (c)(3)(ii) of this section applies. A's 
section 45W credit is reduced by the amount necessary so that the total 
amount of the section 45W credit plus the restricted tax exempt amount 
equals the cost of B. A's section 45W credit is therefore reduced by 
$40,000 to zero.
    (ii) Example 2. Assume the same facts as in paragraph (c)(5)(i) of 
this section (Example 1), except that the grant is in the amount of 
$300,000. This grant is still a restricted tax exempt amount described 
in paragraph (c)(3)(ii) of this section. A purchases B using the grant 
and $100,000 of A's unrestricted funds. A's basis in B is still 
$400,000 and A's section 45W credit is $40,000. Since the amount of the 
restricted tax exempt amount plus the amount of the section 45W credit 
($340,000) is less than the cost of B, A's 45W credit under section 
6417(b)(6) is not subject to the no excess benefit rule found in 
paragraph (c)(3)(ii) of this section.
    (iii) Example 3. Public charity B receives a $60,000 grant from a 
private foundation to build energy property, P, a qualified investment 
credit property that costs $80,000. The $60,000 grant is a restricted 
tax exempt amount described in paragraph (c)(3)(ii) of this section. B 
uses $20,000 of its own funds plus the $60,000 grant to build P. 
Pursuant to paragraph (c)(3)(i) of this section, B's basis in P is 
$80,000. Assume that, based upon acquisition cost, B can earn a section 
48 investment credit (with bonus credit amounts) of $40,000 (50% of 
basis). However, because the amount of the restricted tax exempt amount 
($60,000) plus the section 48 credit ($40,000) exceeds P's cost by 
$20,000, the no excess benefit rule found in paragraph (c)(3)(ii) of 
this section applies to reduce B's section 48 applicable credit by 
$20,000 so that the total amount of the section 48 investment credit 
plus the restricted tax exempt amount equals the cost of P.
    (iv) Example 4. The U.S. Department of Housing and Urban 
Development annually provides Capital Funds to Public Housing Agencies 
(PHAs) for the development, financing, and modernization of public 
housing developments and for management improvements. Public Housing 
Authority H uses its annual allotment of Capital Funds to purchase 
rooftop solar panels for its property and to pay for the related 
equipment and labor to install the panels. These purchases are 
considered among the list of eligible uses, but are not the exclusive 
uses, of H's Capital Funds. Although the Capital Funds are exempt from 
taxation under subtitle A and used to purchase, construct, reconstruct, 
erect, or otherwise acquire an investment-related credit property, 
pursuant to paragraph (c)(3)(i) of this section, they are included in 
basis for purposes of computing the applicable credit amount determined 
with respect to the applicable credit property. In addition, because 
the Capital Funds were not given for the specific purpose of 
purchasing, constructing, reconstructing, erecting, or otherwise 
acquiring an investment-related credit property, they are not 
considered restricted tax exempt amounts and the no excess benefit rule 
found in paragraph (c)(3)(ii) of this section does not apply.
    (v) Example 5. Taxpayer Q is engaged in the business of capturing 
carbon oxide. Q properly elects to be treated as an applicable entity 
with respect to the section 45Q credit determined with respect to 
single process trains A, B, and C for 2024. In the same year, Q also 
purchases section 45Q credits under section 6418 from an unrelated 
taxpayer and has section 45Q credits allowed to itself pursuant to 
section 45Q(f)(3). Q can make an elective payment election only with 
respect to section 45Q applicable credits determined with respect to A, 
B, and C. Q cannot make an elective payment election with respect to 
any credits transferred to Q pursuant to section 6418 or allowed to Q 
pursuant to section 45Q(f)(3).
    (d) Timing of payment. Except as provided in Sec.  1.6417-4(d) 
(relating to payments to partnerships and S corporations), the elective 
payment amount will be treated as made--
    (1) In the case of any taxpayer for which no Federal income tax 
return is required under section 6011 or no Federal return is required 
under 6033(a), on the later of--
    (i) The date that is the 15th day of the fifth month after the end 
of the taxable year, or
    (ii) The date on which such taxpayer submits a claim for credit or 
refund in accordance with paragraph (b) of this section.
    (2) In any other case, on the later of--
    (i) The due date (determined without regard to extensions) of the 
return for the taxable year, or
    (ii) The date on which such return is filed.
    (e) Denial of double benefit--(1) In general. Under section 
6417(e), in the case of an applicable entity or electing taxpayer 
making an elective payment election with respect to an applicable 
credit, such credit is reduced to zero and is, for any other purposes 
of the Code, deemed to have been allowed as a credit to such entity or 
taxpayer for such taxable year. Paragraph (e)(2) and (3) of this 
section explain the application of the section 6417(e) denial of double 
benefit rule to an applicable entity or electing taxpayer (other than a 
partnership or S corporation). The application of section 6417(e) for 
an electing taxpayer that is a partnership or S corporation is provided 
in Sec.  1.6417-4(c)(1)(ii).
    (2) Application of the denial of double benefit rule. An applicable 
entity or electing taxpayer (other than an electing taxpayer that is a 
partnership or S corporation) making an elective payment election 
applies section 6417(e) by taking the following steps:
    (i) Compute the amount of the Federal income tax liability (if any) 
for the taxable year, without regard to the general business credit 
allowed by section 38 of the Code (GBC), that is payable on the due 
date of the return (without regard to extensions), and the amount of 
the Federal income tax liability that may be offset by GBCs pursuant to 
the limitation based on amount of tax under section 38.

[[Page 17590]]

    (ii) Compute the allowed amount of GBC carryforwards carried to the 
taxable year under section 38(a)(1) plus the amount of current year 
GBCs (including current applicable credits) for the taxable year under 
section 38(a)(2) and (b). Because the election is made on an original 
return for the taxable year for which the applicable credit is 
determined, any business credit carrybacks are not considered in 
determining the elective payment amount for the taxable year.
    (iii) Calculate the net elective payment amount for all applicable 
credits, which equals the lesser of the sum of all applicable credits 
for which an elective payment election is made or the excess (if any, 
otherwise the excess is zero) of the total GBC credits described in 
paragraph (e)(2)(ii) of this section over the amount of the Federal 
income tax liability that may be offset by GBCs pursuant to the 
limitation based on amount of tax under section 38 computed in 
paragraph (e)(2)(i) of this section. Treat the net elective payment 
amount of all applicable credits for which an elective payment election 
is made as a payment against the tax imposed by subtitle A for the 
taxable year with respect to which such credits are determined.
    (iv) Excluding the net elective payment amount determined under 
paragraph (e)(2)(iii) of this section, but including any applicable 
credits that are not part of the net elective payment amount, compute 
the allowed amount of GBC carryforwards carried to the taxable year 
plus the amount of current year GBCs allowed for the taxable year under 
section 38 (including, for clarity purposes, the ordering rules in 
section 38(d)). Apply these GBCs against the tax liability computed in 
paragraph (e)(2)(i) of this section.
    (v) Reduce the applicable credits for which an elective payment 
election is made by the net elective payment amount, as provided in 
paragraph (e)(2)(iii) of this section, and by the amount (if any) 
allowed as a GBC under section 38 for the taxable year, as provided in 
paragraph (e)(2)(iv) of this section, which results in the applicable 
credits being reduced to zero.
    (3) Use of applicable credit for other purposes. The full amount of 
the applicable credits for which an elective payment election is made 
is deemed to have been allowed for all other purposes of the Code, 
including, but not limited to, the basis reduction and recapture rules 
imposed by section 50 and calculation of tax, calculation of the amount 
of any underpayment of estimated tax under sections 6654 and 6655 of 
the Code, and the addition to tax for the failure to pay under section 
6651(a)(2) of the Code (if any).
    (4) Examples. The following examples illustrate the rules of this 
paragraph (e).
    (i) Example 1. U is a tax-exempt university that is not a trust 
subject to section 469 and is described in section 501(c)(3). U's 
fiscal year runs from July 1 to June 30. U places in service P, energy 
property eligible for a section 48 credit, in June 2024. P is an asset 
used in connection with its unrelated business. U completes the pre-
filing registration in accordance with Sec.  1.6417-5 as an applicable 
entity that has placed P into service and intends to make an elective 
payment election with respect to section 48 credits determined with 
respect to P. U timely files its 2024 Form 990-T on November 15, 2024. 
On its return, U properly determines that it has $500,000 of Unrelated 
Business Income Tax (UBIT) under section 512. On its Form 3800 attached 
to its return, U calculates its limitation of GBC under section 38(c) 
(simplified) is $375,000 (paragraph (e)(2)(i) of this section). U 
attaches Form 3468 to claim a section 48 credit of $100,000 with 
respect to P (its GBC for the taxable year) (paragraph (e)(2)(ii) of 
this section). Under paragraph (e)(2)(iii) of this section, the net 
elective payment amount is $0, so the section 48 credit is considered a 
credit that reduces U's UBIT liability to $400,000 under paragraph 
(e)(2)(iv) of this section. U pays its $400,000 tax liability on 
November 15, 2024. Under paragraph (e)(2)(v) of this section, the 
$100,000 of section 48 credit is reduced by the $100,000 of applicable 
credits claimed as GBCs for the taxable year, which results in the 
applicable credits being reduced to zero. However, the $100,000 of 
current year section 48 credit is deemed to have been allowed to U for 
2024 for all other purposes of the Code (paragraph (e)(3) of this 
section).
    (ii) Example 2. Assume the same facts as in paragraph (e)(4)(i) of 
this section (Example 1), except that U has $80,000 of Unrelated 
Business Income Tax (UBIT) under section 512 and calculates its 
limitation of GBC under section 38(c) (simplified) is $60,000 
(paragraph (e)(2)(i) of this section). Under paragraph (e)(2)(iii) of 
this section, the net elective payment amount is $40,000 (lesser of 
$100,000 applicable section 48 credit or $100,000 of total GBC credits 
described in paragraph (e)(2)(ii) of this section minus $60,000 of 
section 38(c) limitation). Under paragraph (e)(2)(iv) of this section, 
U uses $60,000 of its $100,000 of section 48 credit against its tax 
liability. U reduces its applicable credit by the $40,000 net elective 
payment amount determined in paragraph (e)(2)(iii) of this section and 
by the $60,000 section 48 credit claimed against tax in paragraph 
(e)(2)(iv) of this section, resulting in the applicable credit being 
reduced to zero (paragraph (e)(2)(v) of this section). When the IRS 
processes U's 2024 Form 990-T, the net elective payment amount results 
in a $20,000 refund to U (after applying $20,000 of the $40,000 net 
elective payment amount to cover U's tax shown on the return). However, 
for other purposes of the Code, the $100,000 section 48 credit is 
deemed to have been allowed to U for 2024 (paragraph (e)(3) of this 
section).
    (iii) Example 3. V is a city located in the United States that 
never has Federal income tax liability, so paragraph (e)(2)(i) of this 
section does not apply. V timely completes pre-filing registration in 
accordance with Sec.  1.6417-5 as an applicable entity that will be 
eligible to make an elective payment election, with regard to its 
annual accounting period ending in 2024, for the credit determined 
under section 30C(a) from properties A, B, and C; the credit determined 
under section 45(a) for facility D; the credit determined under section 
45U(a) for facility E; the credit determined under section 45W(a) with 
respect to vehicles F, G, and H; and the credit determined under 
section 48(a) with respect to property I and J. V timely files its 2024 
Form 990-T. V properly completes and attaches the relevant source 
credit forms and Form 3800 with registration numbers and all required 
information in the instructions, properly making the elective payment 
election for all of the credits, and properly determining that the 
amount of applicable credits determined with respect to A, B, C, D, E, 
F, G, H, I, and J is $500,000 (its GBC for the taxable year) (paragraph 
(e)(2)(ii) of this section). Under paragraph (e)(2)(iii) of this 
section, the net elective payment amount is $500,000. Under paragraph 
(e)(2)(iii) of this section, the entire $500,000 net elective payment 
amount is a payment against the tax imposed by subtitle A for the 
taxable year with respect to which such credits are determined. When 
the IRS processes V's 2024 Form 990-T, the net elective payment amount 
results in a $500,000 refund to V. V's elective payment amount is 
reduced by the net elective payment amount, so all applicable credits 
for 2024 are reduced to zero (paragraph (e)(2)(v) of this section). 
However, for other purposes of the Code, the $500,000 of applicable 
credits are deemed to have been allowed to V for its annual accounting 
period ending in 2024 (paragraph (e)(3) of this section).

[[Page 17591]]

    (iv) Example 4. W is a business taxpayer engaged in the 
manufacturing of components, including eligible components as defined 
in section 45X(c)(1) at facility F. W completes pre-filing registration 
in accordance with Sec.  1.6417-5 stating that it intends to elect to 
be treated as an applicable entity with respect to eligible components 
produced at F in 2024. In 2025, W timely files its 2024 return electing 
to be treated as an applicable entity, calculating its Federal income 
tax before GBCs of $125,000 and that its limitation of GBC under 
section 38(c) (simplified) is $100,000 (paragraph (e)(2)(i) of this 
section). W attaches Form 7207 to claim a current section 45X credit of 
$50,000 with respect to eligible components produced at F (its 
applicable credits). W also attaches Form 5884 to claim a current work 
opportunity tax credit (WOTC) of $50,000 (WOTC is not an applicable 
credit). W also has business credit carryforwards of $25,000, which 
together with the 45X credit and WOTC results in a total of $125,000 of 
GBC for the taxable year (paragraph (e)(2)(ii) of this section). Under 
paragraph (e)(2)(iii) of this section, the net elective payment amount 
is $25,000. Under paragraph (e)(2)(iv) of this section, including using 
the ordering rules in section 38(d), W is allowed $25,000 of the 
carryforwards, $50,000 of WOTC plus only $25,000 of section 45X credit 
against net income tax, as defined under section 38(c)(1)(B). The 
$25,000 of unused section 45X credit is the net elective payment amount 
that results in a $25,000 payment against tax by W (paragraph 
(e)(2)(iii) of this section). On its return, W shows net tax liability 
of $25,000 ($125,000-$100,000 allowed GBC) and the net elective payment 
of $25,000 that W applied to net tax liability, resulting in zero tax 
owed on the return. Under paragraph (e)(2)(v) of this section, W's 
applicable credit is reduced by the $25,000 of the net elective payment 
amount, as well as by the $25,000 of section 45X credit claimed as a 
GBC for the taxable year, resulting in the $50,000 of applicable credit 
being reduced to zero. However, for all other purposes of the Code, the 
$50,000 of 45X applicable credits are deemed to have been allowed to W 
for 2024 (paragraph (e)(3) of this section). Even though W did not owe 
tax after applying the net elective payment amount against its net tax 
liability, W may be subject to the section 6655 penalty for failure to 
pay estimated income tax. The net elective payment is not an estimated 
tax installment, rather, it is treated as a payment made at the filing 
of the return.
    (v) Example 5. Assume the same facts as in paragraph (e)(4)(iv) of 
this section (Example 4), except W filed the return on a timely filed 
extension after the due date of the return (excluding extensions). Even 
though the net elective payment amount is sufficient to cover W's tax 
liability, W may also be subject to the section 6651(a)(2) penalty for 
failure to pay tax.
    (vi) Example 6. Assume the same facts as in paragraph (e)(4)(iv) of 
this section (Example 4), except W's activities gave rise to a $100,000 
section 45Q credit and W filed a Form 8933, Carbon Oxide Sequestration 
Tax Credit, instead of a $50,000 section 45X credit and Form 7207. 
Assume also that W's activities gave rise to a $50,000 small employer 
health insurance credit under section 45R (section 45R credit) and W 
filed Form 8941, Credit for Small Employer Health Insurance Premiums, 
instead of a $50,000 WOTC and Form 5884. Under paragraph (e)(2)(iii) of 
this section, the net elective payment amount is $75,000. Under 
paragraph (e)(2)(iv) of this section, including using the ordering 
rules in section 38(d), W is allowed $25,000 of the carryforwards, 
$25,000 of the section 45Q credit, plus its $50,000 of section 45R 
credit against net income tax, as defined under section 38(c)(1)(B). 
The $75,000 of unused section 45Q credit that is the net elective 
payment amount results in a $75,000 payment against tax by W (paragraph 
(e)(2)(iii) of this section). On its return, W shows net tax liability 
of $25,000 ($125,000-$100,000 allowed GBC) and the net elective payment 
amount of $75,000 that W applied to net tax liability, resulting in a 
refund of $50,000. Under paragraph (e)(2)(v) of this section, W's 
applicable credit is reduced by the $75,000 of the net elective payment 
amount, as well as by the $25,000 of section 45Q credit claimed as a 
GBC for the taxable year, resulting in the $100,000 of applicable 
credit being reduced to zero. However, for all other purposes of the 
Code, the $100,000 of section 45Q applicable credits are deemed to have 
been allowed to W for 2024 (paragraph (e)(3) of this section).
    (f) Applicability date. This section applies to taxable years 
ending on or after March 11, 2024. For taxable years ending before 
March 11, 2024, taxpayers, however, may choose to apply the rules of 
Sec. Sec.  1.6417-1 through 1.6417-4 and 1.6417-6, provided the 
taxpayers apply the rules in their entirety and in a consistent manner.


Sec.  1.6417-3  Special rules for electing taxpayers.

    (a) In general. This section relates to the election available to 
electing taxpayers. An electing taxpayer that makes an elective payment 
election in accordance with this section is treated as an applicable 
entity for the duration of the election period, but only with respect 
to the applicable credit property described in proposed Sec.  1.6417-
1(e)(3), (5), or (7), respectively, that is the subject of the 
election. See paragraphs (b), (c), and (d) of this section for the 
specific rules regarding taxpayers making an election under section 
6417(d)(1)(B), (C), or (D), respectively. See paragraph (e) of this 
section for rules relating to the making the election. See Sec.  
1.6417-4 for special rules related to electing taxpayers that are 
partnerships or S corporations.
    (b) Elections with respect to the credit for production of clean 
hydrogen. An electing taxpayer that has placed in service applicable 
credit property described in Sec.  1.6417-1(e)(5) (in other words, a 
qualified clean hydrogen production facility as defined in section 
45V(c)(3)) during the taxable year may make an elective payment 
election for such taxable year (or by August 16, 2023, in the case of 
facilities placed in service before December 31, 2022), but only with 
respect to the qualified clean hydrogen production facility, only with 
respect to the applicable credit described in Sec.  1.6417-1(d)(5) (in 
other words, the section 45V credit), and only if the pre-filing 
registration required by Sec.  1.6417-5 was properly completed. An 
electing taxpayer that elects to treat qualified property that is part 
of a specified clean hydrogen production facility as energy property 
under section 48(a)(15) may not make an elective payment election with 
respect to such facility.
    (c) Election with respect to the credit for carbon oxide 
sequestration. An electing taxpayer that has, after December 31, 2022, 
placed in service applicable credit property described in Sec.  1.6417-
1(e)(3) (in other words, a single process train described in Sec.  
1.45Q-2(c)(3) at a qualified facility (as defined in section 45Q(d)) 
during the taxable year may make an elective payment election for such 
taxable year, but only with respect to the single process train, only 
with respect to the applicable credit described in Sec.  1.6417-1(d)(3) 
(in other words, the section 45Q credit), and only if the pre-filing 
registration required by Sec.  1.6417-5 was properly completed.
    (d) Election with respect to the advanced manufacturing production 
credit. An electing taxpayer that produces, after December 31, 2022, 
eligible components (as defined in section 45X(c)(1)) at an applicable 
credit property described in Sec.  1.6417-1(e)(7)

[[Page 17592]]

during the taxable year (whether the facility existed on or before, or 
after, December 31, 2022) may make an elective payment election for 
such taxable year, but only with respect to the facility at which the 
eligible components are produced by the electing taxpayer in that year, 
only with respect to the applicable credit described in Sec.  1.6417-
1(d)(7) (in other words, the section 45X credit), and only if the pre-
filing registration required by Sec.  1.6417-5 was properly completed.
    (e) Election for electing taxpayers--(1) In general. If an electing 
taxpayer makes an elective payment election under Sec.  1.6417-2(b) 
with respect to any taxable year in which the electing taxpayer places 
in service a qualified clean hydrogen production facility for which a 
section 45V credit is determined, places in service a single process 
train at a qualified facility for which a section 45Q credit is 
determined, or produces, after December 31, 2022, eligible components 
(as defined in section 45X(c)(1)) at a facility, respectively, the 
electing taxpayer will be treated as an applicable entity for purposes 
of making an elective payment election for such taxable year and during 
the election period described in paragraph (e)(3) of this section, but 
only with respect to the applicable credit property described in Sec.  
1.6417-1(e)(3), (5), or (7), as applicable, that is the subject of the 
election. The taxpayer must otherwise meet all requirements to earn the 
credit in the electing year and in each succeeding year during the 
election period described in paragraph (e)(3) of this section.
    (2) Election is per applicable credit property. An elective payment 
election under Sec.  1.6417-2(b) is made separately for each applicable 
credit property, which is, respectively, a qualified clean hydrogen 
production facility placed in service for which a section 45V credit is 
determined, a single process train placed in service at a qualified 
facility for which a section 45Q credit is determined, or a facility at 
which eligible components are produced for which a section 45X credit 
is determined. An electing taxpayer may only make one election with 
respect to any specific applicable credit property.
    (3) Election period--(i) In general. Except as provided in 
paragraph (e)(3)(ii) of this section, if an electing taxpayer makes an 
elective payment election under Sec.  1.6417-2(b) with respect to 
applicable credit property described in Sec.  1.6417-1(e)(3), (5), or 
(7) for which an applicable credit is determined under Sec.  1.6417-
1(d)(3), (5), or (7), the election period during which such election 
applies includes the taxable year for which the election is made and 
each of the four subsequent taxable years that end before January 1, 
2033. The election period cannot be less than a taxable year but may be 
made for a taxable period of less than 12 months within the meaning of 
section 443 of the Code.
    (ii) Revocation of election. An electing taxpayer may, during a 
subsequent year of the election period described in paragraph (e)(3)(i) 
of this section, revoke the elective payment election with respect to 
an applicable credit property described in Sec.  1.6417-1(e)(3), (5), 
or (7), in accordance with forms and instructions. See Sec.  601.602 of 
this chapter. Any such revocation, if made, applies to the taxable year 
for which the revocation is made (which cannot be less than a taxable 
year but may be made for a taxable period of less than 12 months as 
described in section 443 of the Code) and each subsequent taxable year 
within the election period. Any such revocation may not be subsequently 
revoked.
    (4) No transfer election under section 6418(a) permitted while an 
elective payment election is in effect. No transfer election under 
section 6418(a) may be made by an electing taxpayer with respect to any 
applicable credit under Sec.  1.6417-1(d)(3), (5), or (7) determined 
with respect to applicable credit property described in Sec.  1.6417-
1(e)(3), (5), or (7) during the election period for that applicable 
credit property. However, if the election period is no longer in effect 
with respect to an applicable credit property, any credit determined 
with respect to such applicable credit property can be transferred 
pursuant to a transfer election under section 6418(a), as long as the 
taxpayer meets the requirements of section 6418 and the 6418 
regulations.
    (f) Applicability date. This section applies to taxable years 
ending on or after March 11, 2024. For taxable years ending before 
March 11, 2024, taxpayers, however, may choose to apply the rules of 
Sec. Sec.  1.6417-1 through 1.6417-4 and 1.6417-6, provided the 
taxpayers apply the rules in their entirety and in a consistent manner.


Sec.  1.6417-4  Elective payment election for electing taxpayers that 
are partnerships or S corporations.

    (a) In general. In the case of any applicable credit determined 
with respect to any applicable credit property described in Sec.  
1.6417-1(e)(3), (5), or (7) that is held directly (or treated as held 
directly because it is held by a disregarded entity) by an electing 
taxpayer that is a partnership or S corporation, any elective payment 
election under Sec.  1.6417-2(b) must be made by the partnership or S 
corporation.
    (b) Elections. If an electing taxpayer that is a partnership or S 
corporation makes an elective payment election under Sec.  1.6417-2(b) 
with respect to any taxable year in which the electing taxpayer places 
in service applicable credit property described in Sec.  1.6417-1(e)(3) 
or (5), or produces, after December 31, 2022, eligible components (as 
defined in section 45X(c)(1)) at an applicable credit property 
described in Sec.  1.6417-1(e)(7), the electing taxpayer will be 
treated as an applicable entity for purposes of making an elective 
payment election for such taxable year and during the election period 
described in Sec.  1.6417-3(e)(3), but only with respect to the 
applicable credit property described in Sec.  1.6417-1(e)(3), (5), or 
(7), respectively, that is the subject of the election. In addition, 
the taxpayer must otherwise meet all requirements to earn the credit in 
the electing year and in each succeeding year during the election 
period described in Sec.  1.6417-3(e)(3).
    (c) Effect of election--(1) In general. If a partnership or S 
corporation electing taxpayer makes an elective payment election, with 
respect to the section 45V, 45Q, or 45X credit--
    (i) The Internal Revenue Service will make a payment to such 
partnership or S corporation equal to the amount of such credit, 
determined in accordance with paragraph (d) of this section (unless the 
partnership or S corporation owes a Federal tax liability, in which 
case the payment may be reduced by such tax liability);
    (ii) Before determining any partner's distributive share, or S 
corporation shareholder's pro rata share, of such credit, such credit 
is reduced to zero and is, for any other purposes under the Code, 
deemed to have been allowed solely to such entity (and not allocated or 
otherwise allowed to its partners or shareholders) for such taxable 
year;
    (iii) Any amount with respect to which such election is made is 
treated as tax exempt income for purposes of sections 705 and 1366 of 
the Code;
    (iv) A partner's distributive share of such tax exempt income is 
equal to such partner's distributive share of the otherwise applicable 
credit for each taxable year, as determined under Sec.  1.704-
1(b)(4)(ii);
    (v) An S corporation shareholder's pro rata share (as determined 
under section 1377(a) of the Code) of such tax exempt income for each 
taxable year (as determined under sections 444 and

[[Page 17593]]

1378(b) of the Code) is equal to the S corporation shareholder's pro 
rata share (as determined under section 1377(a)) of the otherwise 
applicable credit for each taxable year; and
    (vi) Such tax exempt income resulting from such election is treated 
as received or accrued, including for purposes of sections 705 and 
1366, as of the date the applicable credit is determined with respect 
to the partnership or S corporation. (such as, for investment credit 
property, the date the property is placed in service).
    (2) Electing partnerships in tiered structures. If a partnership 
(upper-tier partnership) is a direct or indirect partner of a 
partnership that makes an elective payment election (electing 
partnership) and directly or indirectly receives an allocation of tax 
exempt income resulting from the elective payment election made by the 
electing partnership, the upper-tier partnership must determine its 
partners' distributive shares of such tax exempt income in proportion 
to the partners' distributive shares of the otherwise applicable credit 
as provided in paragraph (c)(1)(iv) of this section.
    (3) Character of tax exempt income. Tax exempt income resulting 
from an elective payment election by an S corporation or a partnership 
is treated as arising from an investment activity and not from the 
conduct of a trade or business within the meaning of section 
469(c)(1)(A) of the Code. As such, the tax exempt income is not treated 
as passive income to any partners or shareholders who do not materially 
participate within the meaning of section 469(c)(1)(B).
    (d) Determination of amount of the credit--(1) In general. In 
determining the amount of an applicable credit that will result in a 
payment under paragraph (c)(1)(i) of this section, the partnership or S 
corporation must compute the amount of the applicable credit allowable 
as if an elective payment election were not made. Because a partnership 
or S corporation is not subject to sections 38(b) and (c) and 469 (that 
is, those sections apply at the partner or S corporation shareholder 
level), the amount of applicable credit determined by a partnership or 
S corporation is not subject to limitation by those sections. In 
addition, because the only applicable credits with respect to which a 
partnership or S corporation may make an elective payment election are 
not investment credits under section 46 of the Code, sections 49 and 50 
of the code do not apply to limit the amount of the applicable credits.
    (2) Example. The rules of this paragraph (d) are illustrated in the 
following example. A and B each contributed cash to P, a calendar-year 
partnership, for the purpose of manufacturing clean hydrogen at V, a 
qualified clean hydrogen facility that meets the definition of section 
45V(c)(3). The partnership agreement provides that A and B share 
equally in all items of income, gain, loss, deduction and credit of P. 
P completes the pre-filing registration process with respect to the 
section 45V credit at V for 2023 in accordance Sec.  1.6417-5. P places 
V in service in 2023. P timely files its 2023 Form 1065 and properly 
makes the elective payment election in accordance with Sec. Sec.  
1.6417-2(b),1.6417-3, and 1.6417-4. On its Form 1065, P properly 
determined that the amount of the section 45V credit with respect to 
the clean hydrogen produced at V for 2023 is $100,000. The IRS 
processes P's return and makes a $100,000 payment to P. Before 
determining A's and B's distributive shares, P reduces the credit to 
zero. While the $100,000 section 45V credit is deemed to have been 
allowed to P for 2023 for any other purpose under this title, the 
credit is not allocated or otherwise allowed to its partners. The 
$100,000 is treated as tax exempt income for purposes of section 705 
and is treated as arising from an investment activity and not from the 
conduct of a trade or business within the meaning of section 
469(c)(1)(A). P allocates the tax exempt income from the elective 
payment election proportionately among the partners based on each 
partner's distributive share of the otherwise eligible section 45V 
credit as determined under Sec.  1.704-1(b)(4)(ii). Under that section, 
if partnership receipts or expenditures give rise to a credit, the 
partner's interest in the partnership with respect to such credit is in 
the same proportion as such partners' distributive shares of such 
receipt, loss, or deduction. Section 45V credits arise based on the 
amount of clean hydrogen produced at a facility. Under the partnership 
agreement, A and B share all items equally. Thus, A and B will each be 
allocated $50,000 of tax exempt income for 2023. P will continue to be 
treated as an applicable entity with respect to V for taxable years 
2024-2027 unless P revokes its election in accordance with Sec.  
1.6417-3(e)(3)(ii). At the end of 2023, A and B increase their 
respective tax bases in their partnership interest and capital accounts 
by $50,000 each (that is, their share of the $100,000 of tax exempt 
income).
    (e) Partnerships subject to subchapter C of chapter 63. For the 
application of subchapter C of chapter 63 of the Code to section 6417, 
see Sec.  301.6241-7 of this chapter.
    (f) Applicability date. This section applies to taxable years 
ending on or after March 11, 2024. For taxable years ending before 
March 11, 2024, taxpayers, however, may choose to apply the rules of 
Sec. Sec.  1.6417-1 through 1.6417-4 and 1.6417-6, provided the 
taxpayers apply the rules in their entirety and in a consistent manner.


Sec.  1.6417-5   Additional information and registration.

    (a) Pre-filing registration and election. An applicable entity or 
electing taxpayer is required to satisfy the pre-filing registration 
requirements in paragraph (b) of this section as a condition of, and 
prior to, making an elective payment election. An applicable entity or 
electing taxpayer must use the pre-filing registration process to 
register itself as intending to make the elective payment election, to 
list all applicable credits it intends to claim, and to list each 
applicable credit property that contributed to the determination of 
such credits as part of the pre-filing submission (or amended 
submission). An applicable entity or electing taxpayer that does not 
obtain a registration number under paragraph (c)(1) of this section or 
report the registration number on its annual tax return, as defined in 
Sec.  1.6417-1(b), pursuant to paragraph (c)(5) of this section with 
respect to an otherwise applicable credit property, is ineligible to 
receive any elective payment amount with respect to the amount of any 
credit determined with respect to that applicable credit property. 
However, completion of the pre-filing registration requirements and 
receipt of a registration number does not, by itself, mean the 
applicable entity or electing taxpayer is eligible to receive a payment 
with respect to the applicable credits determined with respect to the 
applicable credit property.
    (b) Pre-filing registration requirements--(1) Manner of pre-filing 
registration. Unless otherwise provided in guidance, an applicable 
entity or electing taxpayer must complete the pre-filing registration 
process electronically through the IRS electronic portal and in 
accordance with the instructions provided therein.
    (2) Pre-filing registration and election for members of a 
consolidated group. A member of a consolidated group is required to 
complete pre-filing registration as a condition of, and prior to, 
making an elective payment election. See Sec.  1.1502-77 (providing 
rules regarding the status of the common parent as agent for its 
members).

[[Page 17594]]

    (3) Timing of pre-filing registration. An applicable entity or 
electing taxpayer must satisfy the pre-filing registration requirements 
of this paragraph (b) and receive a registration number under paragraph 
(c) of this section prior to making an elective payment election under 
Sec.  1.6417-2(b) on the applicable entity's or electing taxpayer's 
annual tax return for the taxable year at issue.
    (4) Each applicable credit property must have its own registration 
number. An applicable entity or electing taxpayer must obtain a 
registration number for each applicable credit property with respect to 
which it intends to make an elective payment election.
    (5) Information required to complete the pre-filing registration 
process. Unless modified in future guidance, an applicable entity or 
electing taxpayer must provide the following information to the IRS to 
complete the pre-filing registration process:
    (i) The applicable entity's or electing taxpayer's general 
information, including its name, address, taxpayer identification 
number, and type of legal entity.
    (ii) Any additional information required by the IRS electronic 
portal, such as information regarding the taxpayer's exempt status 
under section 501(a) of the Code; that the applicable entity is a 
political subdivision of a State, the District of Columbia, or a U.S. 
territory, or subdivision of an Indian tribal government; or that the 
applicable entity is an agency or instrumentality of a State, the 
District of Columbia, an Indian tribal government, or a U.S. territory.
    (iii) The taxpayer's taxable year.
    (iv) The type of annual tax return(s) normally filed by the 
applicable entity or electing taxpayer, or that the applicable entity 
or electing taxpayer does not normally file an annual tax return with 
the IRS.
    (v) The type of applicable credit(s) for which the applicable 
entity or electing taxpayer intends to make an elective payment 
election.
    (vi) For each applicable credit, each applicable credit property 
that the applicable entity or electing taxpayer intends to use to 
determine the credit for which the applicable entity or electing 
taxpayer intends to make an elective payment election.
    (vii) For each applicable credit property listed in paragraph 
(b)(4)(vi) of this section, any further information required by the IRS 
electronic portal, such as--
    (A) The type of applicable credit property;
    (B) Physical location (that is, address and coordinates (longitude 
and latitude) of the applicable credit property);
    (C) Supporting documentation relating to the construction or 
acquisition of the applicable credit property (such as State, District 
of Columbia, Indian tribal, U.S. territorial, or local government 
permits to operate the applicable credit property; certifications; 
evidence of ownership that ties to a land deed, lease, or other 
documented right to use and access any land or facility upon which the 
applicable credit property is constructed or housed; U.S. Coast Guard 
registration numbers for offshore wind vessels; and the vehicle 
identification number of an eligible clean vehicle with respect to 
which a section 45W credit is determined);
    (D) The beginning of construction date and the placed in service 
date of the applicable credit property,
    (E) If an investment-related credit property (as defined Sec.  
1.6417-2(c)(3)), the source of funds the taxpayer used to acquire the 
property; and
    (F) Any other information that the applicable entity or electing 
taxpayer believes will help the IRS evaluate the registration request.
    (viii) The name of a contact person for the applicable entity or 
electing taxpayer. The contact person is the person whom the IRS may 
contact if there is an issue with the registration. The contact person 
must either possess legal authority to bind the applicable entity or 
electing taxpayer or must provide a properly executed power of attorney 
on Form 2848, Power of Attorney and Declaration of Representative.
    (ix) A penalties of perjury statement, effective for all 
information submitted as a complete application, and signed by a person 
with personal knowledge of the relevant facts that is authorized to 
bind the registrant.
    (x) Any other information the IRS deems necessary for purposes of 
preventing duplication, fraud, improper payments, or excessive payments 
under this section that is provided in guidance.
    (c) Registration number--(1) In general. The IRS will review the 
information provided and will issue a separate registration number for 
each applicable credit property for which the applicable entity or 
electing taxpayer provided sufficient verifiable information.
    (2) Registration number is only valid for one taxable year. A 
registration number is valid only with respect to the applicable entity 
or electing taxpayer that obtained the registration number under this 
section and only for the taxable year for which it is obtained.
    (3) Renewing registration numbers. If an elective payment election 
will be made with respect to an applicable credit property for a 
taxable year after a registration number under this section has been 
obtained, the applicable entity or electing taxpayer must renew the 
registration for that subsequent taxable year in accordance with 
applicable guidance, including attesting that all the facts previously 
provided are still correct or updating any facts.
    (4) Amendment of previously submitted registration information if a 
change occurs before the registration number is used. As provided in 
instructions to the pre-filing registration portal, if specified 
changes occur with respect to one or more applicable credit properties 
for which a registration number has been previously obtained but not 
yet used, an applicable entity or electing taxpayer must amend the 
registration (or may need to submit a new registration) to reflect 
these new facts. For example, if the owner of a facility previously 
registered for an elective payment election for applicable credits 
determined with respect to that facility and the facility undergoes a 
change of ownership (incident to a corporate reorganization or an asset 
sale) such that the new owner has a different employer identification 
number (EIN) than the owner who obtained the original registration, the 
original owner of the facility must amend the original registration to 
disassociate its EIN from the applicable credit property and the new 
owner must submit separately an original registration (or if the new 
owner previously registered other credit properties, must amend its 
original registration) to associate the new owner's EIN with the 
previously registered applicable credit property. If the change of 
ownership is with respect to an electing taxpayer, then the 5-year 
election period will continue despite the change in ownership.
    (5) Registration number is required to be reported on the return 
for the taxable year of the elective payment election. The applicable 
entity or electing taxpayer must include the registration number of the 
applicable credit property on its annual tax return as provided in 
Sec.  1.6417-2(b) for the taxable year. The IRS will treat an elective 
payment election as ineffective with respect to an applicable credit 
determined with respect to an applicable credit property for which the 
applicable entity or electing taxpayer does not include a valid 
registration number that was assigned to that particular taxpayer

[[Page 17595]]

during the pre-registration process on the annual tax return.
    (d) Applicability date. This section applies to taxable years 
ending on or after March 11, 2024.


Sec.  1.6417-6  Special rules.

    (a) Excessive payment--(1) In general. In the case of any elective 
payment amount that the IRS determines constitutes an excessive 
payment, the tax imposed on such entity by chapter 1, regardless of 
whether such entity or taxpayer would otherwise be subject to chapter 1 
tax, for the taxable year in which such determination is made will be 
increased by an amount equal to the sum of--
    (i) The amount of such excessive payment, plus
    (ii) An amount equal to 20 percent of such excessive payment.
    (2) Reasonable cause. The amount described in paragraph (a)(1)(ii) 
of this section will not apply to an applicable entity or electing 
taxpayer if the applicable entity or electing taxpayer demonstrates to 
the satisfaction of the IRS that the excessive payment resulted from 
reasonable cause.
    (3) Excessive payment defined. For purposes of this section, the 
term excessive payment means, with respect to an applicable credit 
property for which an elective payment election is made under Sec.  
1.6417-2(b) for any taxable year, an amount equal to the excess of--
    (i) The amount treated as a payment under Sec.  1.6417-2(a)(1)(i) 
or (a)(2)(i), or the amount of the payment made pursuant to Sec.  
1.6417-2(a)(2)(ii), with respect to such applicable credit property for 
such taxable year, over
    (ii) The amount of the credit that, without application of this 
section, would be otherwise allowable under the Code (as determined 
pursuant to Sec.  1.6417-2(c) and (e) or Sec.  1.6417-4(d)(1) and (3), 
and without regard to the limitation based on tax in section 38(c)) 
with respect to such applicable credit property for such taxable year. 
For purposes of this section, the amount of such credit that would be 
otherwise allowable is the amount claimed on an original or amended 
return, including any administrative adjustment request under section 
6227.
    (4) Example. This example illustrates the principles of this 
paragraph (a). B, an instrumentality of State M, places in service in 
2023 facility F, which is eligible for the energy credit determined 
under section 48. B properly completes the pre-filing registration as 
an applicable entity that will earn the energy credit from F in 
accordance with Sec.  1.6417-5, and receives a registration number for 
F. B timely files its 2023 Form 990-T, properly providing the 
registration number for F and otherwise complying with Sec.  1.6417-
2(b). On its Form 990-T, B calculates that the amount of energy credit 
determined with respect to F is $100,000 and that the net elective 
payment amount is $100,000. B receives a refund in the amount of 
$100,000. In 2025, the IRS determines that the amount of energy credit 
properly allowable to B in 2023 with respect to F (as determined 
pursuant to Sec.  1.6417-2(c) and (e) and without regard to the 
limitation based on tax in section 38(c)) was $60,000. B is unable to 
show reasonable cause for the difference. The excessive payment amount 
is $40,000 ($100,000 treated as a payment-$60,000 allowable amount). In 
2025, the tax imposed under chapter 1 on B is increased in the amount 
of $48,000 ($40,000 + (20% * $40,000).)
    (b) Basis reduction and recapture--(1) In general. Rules similar to 
the rules of section 50 (without regard to section 50(b)(3) and 
(4)(A)(i)) apply for purposes of this section.
    (2) Reporting recapture. Any reporting of recapture is made on the 
annual tax return of the applicable entity or electing taxpayer in the 
manner prescribed by the IRS in any guidance, along with supplemental 
forms such as Form 4255, Recapture of Investment Credit.
    (3) Example. This example illustrates the principles of this 
paragraph (b). In December 2023, G, a government entity, places in 
service P, which is energy property eligible for the energy credit 
determined under section 48 (section 48 credit). G properly completes 
the pre-filing registration in accordance with Sec.  1.6417-5 as an 
applicable entity to make an election under section 6417 for 2023. G 
timely files its 2023 Form 990-T in 2024, properly making the elective 
payment election in accordance with Sec.  1.6417-2 for a section 48 
energy credit determined with respect to P. On its Form 990-T, G 
properly determines that the amount of section 48 credit determined 
with respect P is $100,000 and that its net elective payment amount is 
$100,000. The IRS sends G a $100,000 refund. Pursuant to section 50(c), 
G reduces its basis in P by $50,000. In July 2025, P ceases to be 
investment credit property with respect to G. Because this occurs 
before the close of the recapture period set forth in section 50, 
section 50(a)(1)(A) provides that the tax under chapter 1 for 2025 is 
increased by the recapture percentage of the aggregate decrease in the 
credits allowed under section 38 for all prior taxable years that would 
have resulted solely from reducing to zero any credit determined under 
subpart E of part IV of subchapter A of chapter 1 with respect to such 
property. Because P ceased to be investment credit property within 2 
full years after P was placed in service, section 50(a)(1)(B) provides 
that the recapture percentage is 80%. G must properly report the 
recapture event in 2025, paying an $80,000 tax. Because G is a 
government entity, G reports the recapture event on a Form 990-T or any 
Form provided in further guidance, along with supplemental forms such 
as Form 4255, Recapture of Investment Credit. G's basis in P is 
increased by $40,000.
    (c) Mirror code territories. Pursuant to section 6417(f) of the 
Code, section 6417 and the section 6417 regulations are not treated as 
part of the income tax laws of the United States for purposes of 
determining the income tax law of any U.S. territory with a mirror code 
tax system (as defined in section 24(k) of the Code), unless such U.S. 
territory elects to have section 6417 and the section 6417 regulations 
be so treated. The applicable territory tax authority for a U.S. 
territory determines whether such an election has been made.
    (d) Partnerships subject to subchapter C of chapter 63 of the Code. 
See Sec.  301.6241-7(j) of this chapter for rules applicable to 
payments made to partnerships subject to subchapter C of chapter 63 of 
the Code for a partnership taxable year.
    (e) Applicability date. This section applies to taxable years 
ending on or after March 11, 2024. For taxable years ending before 
March 11, 2024, taxpayers, however, may choose to apply the rules of 
Sec. Sec.  1.6417-1 through 1.6417-4 and 1.6417-6, provided the 
taxpayers apply the rules in their entirety and in a consistent manner.


Sec.  1.6417-5T  [Removed]

0
Par. 3. Section 1.6417-5T is removed.

PART 301--PROCEDURE AND ADMINISTRATION

0
Par. 4. The authority citation for part 301 is amended by revising the 
entries for Sec. Sec.  301.6241-1 and 301.6241-7 to read in part as 
follows:

    Authority:  26 U.S.C. 7805.
* * * * *
    Section 301.6241-1 also issued under sections 48D(d), 6241, and 
6417.
* * * * *
    Section 301.6241-7 also issued under sections 48D(d), 6241, and 
6417.
* * * * *

0
Par. 5. Section 301.6241-1 is amended by:
0
a. Adding a sentence after the second sentence in paragraph 
(a)(6)(iii); and

[[Page 17596]]

0
b. Adding a sentence to the end of paragraph (b)(1).
    The additions read as follows:


Sec.  301.6241-1  Definitions.

    (a) * * *
    (6) * * *
    (iii) * * * Notwithstanding the previous two sentences, any tax, 
penalty, addition to tax, or additional amount imposed on the 
partnership under chapter 1 is an item or amount with respect to the 
partnership. * * *
* * * * *
    (b) * * *
    (1) * * * The third sentence of paragraph (a)(6)(iii) of this 
section applies to partnership taxable years ending on or after June 
21, 2023.
* * * * *

0
Par. 6. Section 301.6241-7 is amended by:
0
a. Redesignating paragraph (j) as paragraph (k);
0
b. Adding new paragraph (j);
0
c. Revising the first sentence of newly redesignated paragraph (k)(1); 
and
0
d. Adding paragraph (k)(3).
    The additions and revisions read as follows:


Sec.  301.6241-7  Treatment of special enforcement matters.

* * * * *
    (j) Elections resulting in payments to a partnership. The IRS may 
adjust any election that results or could result in a payment to the 
partnership in lieu of a Federal tax credit or deduction without regard 
to subchapter C of chapter 63. The IRS may also make determinations, 
without regard to subchapter C of chapter 63, about the payment itself 
as well as any partnership-related item relevant to adjusting the 
election or the payment.
* * * * *
    (k) * * *
    (1) * * * Except as provided in paragraphs (k)(2) (relating to 
paragraph (b) of this section) and (k)(3) of this section (relating to 
paragraph (j) of this section), this section applies to partnership 
taxable years ending on or after November 20, 2020. * * *
* * * * *
    (3) Elections resulting in payments to a partnership. Paragraph (j) 
of this section applies to taxable years ending on or after June 21, 
2023.

Douglas W. O'Donnell,
Deputy Commissioner for Services and Enforcement.
    Approved: February 27, 2024.
Aviva Aron-Dine,
Acting Assistant Secretary of the Treasury (Tax Policy).
[FR Doc. 2024-04604 Filed 3-5-24; 8:45 am]
BILLING CODE 4830-01-P