[Federal Register Volume 88, Number 212 (Friday, November 3, 2023)]
[Proposed Rules]
[Pages 75744-75888]
From the Federal Register Online via the Government Publishing Office [www.gpo.gov]
[FR Doc No: 2023-23716]



[[Page 75743]]

Vol. 88

Friday,

No. 212

November 3, 2023

Part III





Office of Personnel Management





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5 CFR Part 890





Department of the Treasury





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Internal Revenue Service





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26 CFR Part 54





Department of Labor





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Employee Benefits Security Administration





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29 CFR Part 2590





Department of Health and Human Services





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Centers for Medicare & Medicaid Services





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45 CFR Part 149





Federal Independent Dispute Resolution Operations; Proposed Rule

  Federal Register / Vol. 88 , No. 212 / Friday, November 3, 2023 / 
Proposed Rules  

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OFFICE OF PERSONNEL MANAGEMENT

5 CFR Part 890

RIN 3206-AO48

DEPARTMENT OF THE TREASURY

Internal Revenue Service

26 CFR Part 54

[REG-122319-22]
RIN 1545-BQ55

DEPARTMENT OF LABOR

Employee Benefits Security Administration

29 CFR Part 2590

RIN 1210-AC17

DEPARTMENT OF HEALTH AND HUMAN SERVICES

Centers for Medicare & Medicaid Services

45 CFR Part 149

[CMS-9897-P]
RIN 0938-AV15


Federal Independent Dispute Resolution Operations

AGENCY: Office of Personnel Management; Internal Revenue Service, 
Department of the Treasury; Employee Benefits Security Administration, 
Department of Labor; Centers for Medicare & Medicaid Services, 
Department of Health and Human Services.

ACTION: Notice of proposed rulemaking.

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SUMMARY: This document sets forth proposed rules related to certain 
provisions of the No Surprises Act regarding the Federal independent 
dispute resolution (IDR) process, which was established as part of the 
Consolidated Appropriations Act, 2021 (CAA). These proposed rules would 
set forth new requirements relating to the disclosure of information 
that group health plans and health insurance issuers offering group or 
individual health insurance coverage must include along with the 
initial payment or notice of denial of payment for certain items and 
services subject to the surprise billing protections in the No 
Surprises Act. These proposed rules would also require plans and 
issuers to communicate information by using claim adjustment reason 
codes (CARCs) and remittance advice remark codes (RARCs), as specified 
in guidance, when providing any paper or electronic remittance advice 
to an entity that does not have a contractual relationship with the 
plan or issuer. This document also proposes to amend certain 
requirements related to the open negotiation period preceding the 
Federal IDR process, the initiation of the Federal IDR process, the 
Federal IDR dispute eligibility review, and the payment and collection 
of administrative fees and certified IDR entity fees. This document 
also proposes to define bundled payment arrangements, amend 
requirements related to batched items and services, and amend the rules 
for extensions of timeframes due to extenuating circumstances. 
Additionally, this document proposes to require plans and issuers to 
register in the Federal IDR portal. In accordance with Federal law, a 
summary of these rules may be found at https://www.regulations.gov/.

DATES: To be assured consideration, comments must be received at one of 
the addresses provided below by January 2, 2024.

ADDRESSES: Written comments may be submitted to the addresses specified 
below. Any comment that is submitted will be shared among the 
Department of the Treasury, the Department of Labor, the Department of 
Health and Human Services (the Departments), and the Office of 
Personnel Management. Please do not submit duplicates.
    Comments will be made available to the public. Warning: Do not 
include any personally identifiable information (such as name, address, 
or other contact information) or confidential business information that 
you do not want publicly disclosed. Comments are posted on the internet 
exactly as received and can be retrieved by most internet search 
engines. No deletions, modifications, or redactions will be made to the 
comments received, as they are public records. Comments may be 
submitted anonymously.
    In commenting, refer to file code RIN 0938-AV15. Because of staff 
and resource limitations, the Departments cannot accept comments by 
facsimile (FAX) transmission.
    Comments, including mass comment submissions, must be submitted in 
one of the following three ways (please choose only one of the ways 
listed):
    1. Electronically. You may submit electronic comments on this 
regulation to https://www.regulations.gov. Follow the ``Submit a 
comment'' instructions.
    2. By regular mail. You may mail written comments to the following 
address ONLY: Centers for Medicare & Medicaid Services, Department of 
Health and Human Services, Attention: CMS-9897-P, P.O. Box 8016, 
Baltimore, MD 21244-8016.
    Please allow sufficient time for mailed comments to be received 
before the close of the comment period.
    3. By express or overnight mail. You may send written comments to 
the following address ONLY: Centers for Medicare & Medicaid Services, 
Department of Health and Human Services, Attention: CMS-9897-P, Mail 
Stop C4-26-05, 7500 Security Boulevard, Baltimore, MD 21244-1850.
    For information on viewing public comments, see the beginning of 
the SUPPLEMENTARY INFORMATION section.

FOR FURTHER INFORMATION CONTACT: Padma Babubhai Shah, Office of 
Personnel Management, at 202-606-4056; Shira B. McKinlay, Internal 
Revenue Service, Department of the Treasury, at 202-317-5500; Elizabeth 
Schumacher or Shannon Hysjulien, Employee Benefits Security 
Administration, Department of Labor, at 202-693-8335; Zarah Ghiasuddin 
or Bryan Kirk, Centers for Medicare & Medicaid Services, Department of 
Health and Human Services, at 301-492-4308.
    Customer Service Information: Information from the Office of 
Personnel Management (OPM) on health benefits plans offered under the 
Federal Employees Health Benefits (FEHB) Program can be found on the 
OPM website (http://www.opm.gov/healthcare-insurance/healthcare/). 
Individuals interested in obtaining information from the Department of 
Labor (DOL) concerning employment-based health coverage laws may call 
the Employee Benefits Security Administration (EBSA) Toll-Free Hotline 
at 1-866-444-EBSA (3272) or visit the DOL's website (www.dol.gov/agencies/ebsa). In addition, information from the Department of Health 
and Human Services (HHS) on private health insurance coverage and 
coverage provided by non-Federal governmental group health plans can be 
found on the Centers for Medicare & Medicaid Services (CMS) website 
(http://www.cms.gov/marketplace), information on health care reform can 
be found at http://www.healthcare.gov, and information on surprise 
medical bills can be found at http://www.cms.gov/nosurprises.

SUPPLEMENTARY INFORMATION: 
    Inspection of Public Comments: Comments received before the close 
of the comment period are available for viewing by the public, 
including any personally identifiable or confidential

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business information that is included in a comment. The Departments 
post comments received before the close of the comment period on the 
following website as soon as possible after they have been received: 
http://www.regulations.gov. Follow the search instructions on that 
website to view public comments. The Departments will not post on 
Regulations.gov public comments that make threats to individuals or 
institutions or suggest that the commenter will take actions to harm an 
individual. The Departments continue to encourage individuals not to 
submit duplicative comments. The Departments will post acceptable 
comments from multiple unique commenters even if the content is 
identical or nearly identical to other comments.

I. Background

A. Preventing Surprise Medical Bills and Establishing the Federal IDR 
Process Under the Consolidated Appropriations Act, 2021

    On December 27, 2020, the Consolidated Appropriations Act, 2021 
(CAA) was enacted.\1\ Title I, also known as the No Surprises Act, and 
title II (Transparency) of Division BB of the CAA amended chapter 100 
of the Internal Revenue Code (Code), Part 7 of the Employee Retirement 
Income Security Act (ERISA), and title XXVII of the Public Health 
Service Act (PHS Act). The No Surprises Act provides Federal 
protections against surprise billing by limiting out-of-network cost 
sharing and prohibiting balance billing in many of the circumstances in 
which surprise bills most frequently arise. In particular, the No 
Surprises Act added new provisions applicable to group health plans and 
health insurance issuers offering group or individual health insurance 
coverage. Section 102 of the No Surprises Act added section 9816 of the 
Code, section 716 of ERISA, and section 2799A-1 of the PHS Act, which 
contain limitations on cost sharing and requirements regarding the 
timing of initial payments and notices of denial of payment by plans 
and issuers for emergency services furnished by nonparticipating 
providers and nonparticipating emergency facilities, and for non-
emergency services furnished by nonparticipating providers with respect 
to patient visits to participating health care facilities, generally 
defined as hospitals, hospital outpatient departments, critical access 
hospitals, and ambulatory surgical centers.\2\
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    \1\ Public Law 116-260 (Dec. 27, 2020).
    \2\ Section 102(d)(1) of the No Surprises Act amended the 
Federal Employees Health Benefits Act, 5 U.S.C. 8901 et seq., by 
adding a new subsection (p) to 5 U.S.C. 8902. Under this new 
provision, each FEHB Program contract must require a carrier to 
comply with requirements described in sections 9816 and 9817 of the 
Code, sections 716 and 717 of ERISA, and sections 2799A-1 and 2799A-
2 of the PHS Act (as applicable) in the same manner as these 
provisions apply with respect to a group health plan or health 
insurance issuer offering group or individual health insurance 
coverage.
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    Section 103 of the No Surprises Act established a Federal IDR 
process that plans and issuers and nonparticipating providers and 
facilities may utilize to resolve certain disputes regarding out-of-
network rates under section 9816 of the Code, section 716 of ERISA, and 
section 2799A-1 of the PHS Act.
    Section 105 of the No Surprises Act added section 9817 of the Code, 
section 717 of ERISA, and section 2799A-2 of the PHS Act. These 
sections contain limitations on cost sharing and requirements for the 
timing of initial payments and notices of denial of payment by plans 
and issuers for air ambulance services furnished by nonparticipating 
providers of air ambulance services and allow plans and issuers and 
nonparticipating providers of air ambulance services to utilize the 
Federal IDR process.
    The No Surprises Act also added provisions to title XXVII of the 
PHS Act in a new part E that apply to health care providers, 
facilities, and providers of air ambulance services, such as 
prohibitions on balance billing for certain items and services and 
requirements related to disclosures about balance billing protections.
    The Departments of the Treasury, Labor, and HHS (the Departments), 
along with the Office of Personnel Management (OPM), are issuing 
regulations in phases that implement provisions of the No Surprises Act 
and have issued multiple rulemakings since 2021 to implement various 
provisions. More specifically relevant to this proposed rulemaking, the 
Departments and OPM issued interim final rules (July 2021 interim final 
rules \3\ and October 2021 interim final rules),\4\ and the Departments 
issued final rules (August 2022 final rules) \5\ implementing 
provisions of sections 9816 and 9817 of the Code, sections 716 and 717 
of ERISA, and sections 2799A-1 and 2799A-2 of the PHS Act. These rules 
implement provisions to protect consumers from surprise medical bills 
for emergency services, non-emergency services furnished by 
nonparticipating providers with respect to patient visits to 
participating facilities \6\ in certain circumstances, and air 
ambulance services furnished by nonparticipating providers of air 
ambulance services. These rules also implement provisions to establish 
a Federal IDR process to determine payment amounts when there is a 
dispute between plans or issuers and providers, facilities, or 
providers of air ambulance services about the out-of-network rate for 
these services in cases where a specified State law or an applicable 
All-Payer Model Agreement does not provide a method for determining the 
total amount payable.
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    \3\ 86 FR 36872 (July 13, 2021).
    \4\ 86 FR 55980 (Oct. 7, 2021).
    \5\ 87 FR 52618 (Aug. 26, 2022).
    \6\ References to a ``participating facility'' in this preamble 
mean a ``participating health care facility,'' as defined at 26 CFR 
54.9816-3T, 29 CFR 2590.716-3, and 45 CFR 149.30.
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    The July 2021 interim final rules and October 2021 interim final 
rules generally apply to plans and issuers (including grandfathered 
health plans) for plan years (in the individual market, policy years) 
beginning on or after January 1, 2022, and to health care providers, 
facilities, and providers of air ambulance services for items and 
services furnished during plan years (in the individual market, policy 
years) beginning on or after January 1, 2022.\7\ The August 2022 final 
rules became effective October 25, 2022, and are applicable for items 
and services provided or furnished on or after October 25, 2022, for 
plan years (in the individual market, policy years) beginning on or 
after January 1, 2022. As discussed in sections I.D and I.F of this 
preamble, certain provisions of these rules relating to the methodology 
for calculating the qualifying payment amount (QPA), the information 
that a certified IDR entity must consider in making a payment 
determination, the establishment of the administrative fee to use the 
IDR process, and certain restrictions on the qualified IDR items or 
services that may be considered jointly as part of a batched 
determination have been vacated \8\ by

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the United States District Court for the Eastern District of Texas 
(District Court). On September 26, 2023, the Departments published the 
Federal IDR Process Administrative Fee and Certified IDR Entity Fee 
Ranges Proposed Rules (IDR Process Fees proposed rules) \9\ to amend 
the administrative fee and certified IDR entity fee provisions in the 
October 2021 interim final rules to provide additional guidance and 
promote transparency in the administrative fee calculation and 
certified IDR fee ranges. If finalized, the rules would apply for 
disputes initiated on or after the later of the effective date or 
January 1, 2024.
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    \7\ The interim final rules also include interim final 
regulations under 5 U.S.C. 8902(p) issued by OPM that specify how 
certain provisions of the No Surprises Act apply to health benefit 
plans offered by carriers under the Federal Employees Health 
Benefits Act. These provisions apply to carriers in the FEHB Program 
with respect to contract years beginning on or after January 1, 
2022. The disclosure requirements at 45 CFR 149.430 regarding 
patient protections against balance billing are applicable as of 
January 1, 2022.
    \8\ See Tex. Med. Ass'n, et al. v. U.S. Dep't of Health and 
Human Servs., 587 F. Supp. 3d 528 (E.D. Tex. 2022) (TMA I), Tex. 
Med. Ass'n, et al. v. U.S. Dep't of Health and Human Servs., Case 
No. 6:22-cv-372 (E.D. Tex.) (Feb. 6, 2023) (TMA II), Tex. Med. 
Ass'n, et al. v. U.S. Dep't of Health and Human Servs., Case No. 
6:22-cv-450-JDK (E.D. Tex. Aug. 24, 2023) (TMA III), and Tex. Med. 
Ass'n, et al. v. U.S. Dep't of Health and Human Servs., Case No. 
6:23-cv-00059-JDK, (E.D. Tex. Aug. 3, 2023) (TMA IV).
    \9\ 88 FR 65888 (Sept. 26, 2023).
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B. July 2021 Interim Final Rules

    The July 2021 interim final rules implement sections 9816(a)-(b) 
and 9817(a) of the Code, sections 716(a)-(b) and 717(a) of ERISA, and 
sections 2799A-1(a)-(b), 2799A-2(a), 2799A-7, 2799B-1, 2799B-2, 2799B-
3, and 2799B-5 of the PHS Act.
    The No Surprises Act directs the Departments to specify the 
information that a plan or issuer must share with a nonparticipating 
provider or nonparticipating emergency facility when determining the 
QPA. Therefore, 26 CFR 54.9816-6T(d), 29 CFR 2590.716-6(d), and 45 CFR 
149.140(d) require that plans and issuers make certain disclosures 
about the QPA with each initial payment or notice of denial of payment, 
and that plans and issuers provide certain additional information upon 
the request of the provider, facility, or provider of air ambulance 
services. This information must be provided in writing, either on paper 
or electronically, to a nonparticipating provider, facility, or 
provider of air ambulance services, as applicable, when the QPA serves 
as the recognized amount.
    With an initial payment or notice of denial of payment, a plan or 
issuer must provide the QPA for each item or service involved, as well 
as a statement certifying that based on the determination of the plan 
or issuer: (1) the QPA applies for purposes of the recognized amount 
(or, in the case of air ambulance services, for calculating the 
participant's, beneficiary's, or enrollee's cost sharing), and (2) each 
QPA shared with the provider, facility, or provider of air ambulance 
services was determined in compliance with the methodology outlined in 
the July 2021 interim final rules.\10\
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    \10\ 86 FR 36888; 26 CFR 54.9816-6T(d)(1)(iii), 29 CFR 2590.716-
6(d)(1)(iii), and 45 CFR 149.140(d)(1)(iii). For guidance regarding 
the certification statement in light of the decision in TMA III, see 
U.S. Department of Health and Human Services, U.S. Department of 
Labor, U.S. Department of the Treasury, Office of Personnel 
Management, FAQs about Consolidated Appropriations Act, 2021 
Implementation Part 62 (Oct. 6, 2023), Q3, available at https://www.dol.gov/sites/dolgov/files/EBSA/about-ebsa/our-activities/resource-center/faqs/aca-part-62.pdf and https://www.cms.gov/files/document/faqs-part-62.pdf.
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    A plan or issuer is also required to provide a statement that if 
the provider, facility, or provider of air ambulance services wishes to 
initiate a 30-day open negotiation period for purposes of determining 
the amount of total payment, the provider, facility, or provider of air 
ambulance services may contact the appropriate person or office to 
initiate open negotiation, and that if the 30-day open negotiation 
period does not result in an agreement on the payment amount, 
generally, the provider, facility, or provider of air ambulance 
services may initiate the Federal IDR process within 4 days after the 
end of the open negotiation period.\11\ The plan or issuer must provide 
contact information, including a telephone number and email address, 
for the appropriate office or person for the provider, facility, or 
provider of air ambulance services to contact to initiate open 
negotiation for purposes of determining a payment amount (inclusive of 
cost sharing) for the item or service.\12\
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    \11\ 86 FR 36899; 26 CFR 54.9816-6T(d)(1)(iv), 29 CFR 2590.716-
6(d)(1)(iv), and 45 CFR 149.140(d)(1)(iv).
    \12\ 86 FR 36899; 26 CFR 54.9816-6T(d)(1)(v), 29 CFR 2590.716-
6(d)(1)(v), and 45 CFR 149.140(d)(1)(v).
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    In addition, upon request by the provider or facility,\13\ a plan 
or issuer must provide in a timely manner information about whether the 
QPA includes contracted rates that were not set on a fee-for-service 
basis for the specific items and services and whether the QPA for those 
items and services was determined using underlying fee schedule rates 
or a derived amount.\14\ If an eligible database was used to determine 
the QPA, upon request by the provider or facility, the plan or issuer 
must provide information to identify which database was used.\15\ 
Similarly, if a related service code was used to determine the QPA for 
an item or service billed under a new service code, upon request by the 
provider or facility the plan or issuer must provide information to 
identify which related service code was used.\16\
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    \13\ As discussed further in section II.C. of this preamble, 
this proposed rule would add a reference to providers of air 
ambulance services in 26 CFR 54.9816-6T(d)(2), 29 CFR 2590.716-
6(d)(2), and 45 CFR 149.140(d)(2).
    \14\ 26 CFR 54.9816-6T(d)(2)(i), 29 CFR 2590.716-6(d)(2)(i), and 
45 CFR 149.140(d)(2)(i). Under the July 2021 interim final rules, 
plans and issuers are required to calculate the QPA using underlying 
fee schedule rates or derived amounts when the plan or issuer has 
sufficient information to calculate the median of its contracted 
rates but the payments under the contractual agreements are not on a 
fee-for-service basis (such as bundled or capitation payments). 86 
FR 36893; 26 CFR 54.9816-6T(b)(2)(iii), 29 CFR 2590.716-
6(b)(2)(iii), 45 CFR 149.140(b)(2)(iii). Plans and issuers are not 
otherwise permitted to use underlying fee schedule rates or derived 
amounts to calculate the QPA.
    \15\ 86 FR 36899; 26 CFR 54.9816-6T(d)(2)(ii), 29 CFR 2590.716-
6(d)(2)(ii), and 45 CFR 149.140(d)(2)(ii).
    \16\ 86 FR 36899; 26 CFR 54.9816-6T(d)(2)(iii), 29 CFR 2590.716-
6(d)(2)(iii), and 45 CFR 149.140(d)(2)(iii).
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    Finally, upon request by the provider or facility, the plan or 
issuer must provide a statement, if applicable, that the plan's or 
issuer's contracted rates include risk-sharing, bonus, penalty, or 
other incentive-based or retrospective payments or payment adjustments 
that were excluded for purposes of calculating the QPA for the items 
and services involved.\17\
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    \17\ 86 FR 36899; 26 CFR 54.9816-6T(d)(2)(iv), 29 CFR 2590.716-
6(d)(2)(iv), and 45 CFR 149.140(d)(2)(iv).
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C. October 2021 Interim Final Rules and Related Guidance

    The October 2021 interim final rules implement the Federal IDR 
process under sections 9816(c) and 9817(b) of the Code, sections 716(c) 
and 717(b) of ERISA, and sections 2799A-1(c) and 2799A-2(b) of the PHS 
Act. The Federal IDR process may be used by group health plans and 
health insurance issuers offering group or individual health insurance 
coverage and nonparticipating providers, facilities, and providers of 
air ambulance services to determine the out-of-network rate for certain 
items and services. These are emergency services, non-emergency 
services furnished by nonparticipating providers for patient visits to 
certain participating facilities (unless an individual has been 
provided notice and waived the individual's balance billing 
protections, in accordance with 45 CFR 149.410 or 149.420, as 
applicable), and air ambulance services furnished by nonparticipating 
providers of air ambulance services, for situations in which neither an 
All-Payer Model Agreement under section 1115A of the Social Security 
Act nor a specified State law as defined in 26 CFR 54.9816-3T, 29 CFR 
2590.716-3, and 45 CFR 149.30 applies.
    To implement the Federal IDR process, the October 2021 interim 
final

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rules include requirements governing the 30-business-day open 
negotiation period; the initiation of the Federal IDR process; the 
Federal IDR process following initiation, including the selection of a 
certified IDR entity, submission of offers, payment determinations, and 
written decisions; costs of the Federal IDR process; certification of 
IDR entities, including the denial or revocation of certification of an 
IDR entity; and the collection of information related to the Federal 
IDR process from certified IDR entities to satisfy reporting 
requirements under the statute.
    To be eligible for the Federal IDR process, the subject of the 
dispute must be a qualified IDR item or service as defined in 26 CFR 
54.9816-8T(a)(2)(xi), 29 CFR 2590.716-8(a)(2)(xi), and 45 CFR 
149.510(a)(2)(xi). The October 2021 interim final rules define 
``qualified IDR item or service'' to mean an emergency service 
furnished by a nonparticipating provider or nonparticipating facility 
subject to the protections of 26 CFR 54.9816-4T, 29 CFR 2590.716-4, or 
45 CFR 149.110, for which the exception under 45 CFR 149.410(b) 
(regarding receipt of notice and consent to waive surprise billing 
protections) does not apply. A qualified IDR item or service may also 
be an item or service furnished by a nonparticipating provider at a 
participating health care facility subject to the requirements of 26 
CFR 54.9816-5T, 29 CFR 2590.716-5, and 45 CFR 149.120, for which the 
exception under 45 CFR 149.420(c)-(i) (regarding receipt of notice and 
consent to waive surprise billing protections) does not apply. For an 
item or service to be considered a qualified IDR item or service, the 
provider, facility, or provider of air ambulance services or plan or 
issuer, as applicable, must submit a valid notice of IDR initiation 
through the Federal IDR portal for the item or service. The notice of 
IDR initiation is not valid if the 30-business-day open negotiation 
period under 26 CFR 54.9816-8T(b)(1), 29 CFR 2590.716-8(b)(1), and 45 
CFR 149.510(b)(1) has not elapsed or an agreement on the payment amount 
has been reached. The term ``qualified IDR item or service'' also 
includes air ambulance services furnished by nonparticipating providers 
of air ambulance services subject to the protections of 26 CFR 54.9817-
1T, 29 CFR 2590.717-1, and 45 CFR 149.130, as these services are 
defined in 26 CFR 54.9816-3T, 29 CFR 2590.716-3, and 45 CFR 149.30, for 
which the open negotiation period under 26 CFR 54.9816-8T(b)(1), 29 CFR 
2590.716-8(b)(1), and 45 CFR 149.510(b)(1) has elapsed, no agreement on 
the payment amount has been reached, and a valid notice of IDR 
initiation has been submitted after the 30-business-day open 
negotiation period has been satisfied.
    The term ``qualified IDR item or service'' does not include items 
and services for which the out-of-network rate is determined by an All-
Payer Model Agreement under section 1115A of the Social Security Act or 
by reference to a specified State law. Additionally, this term does not 
include an item or service submitted by the initiating party that is 
subject to the 90-calendar-day suspension period (also referred to as 
the ``cooling-off period'') under 26 CFR 54.9816-8T(c)(4)(vii)(B), 29 
CFR 2590.716-8(c)(4)(vii)(B), and 45 CFR 149.510(c)(4)(vii)(B) except 
to the extent that it is submitted during the subsequent 30-business-
day period, as allowed under the October 2021 interim final rules.\18\
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    \18\ In the case of a determination made by a certified IDR 
entity, the party that submitted the initial notification initiating 
the Federal IDR process may not submit a subsequent notification 
involving the same other party with respect to a claim for the same 
or similar item or service that was the subject of the initial 
notification during the 90-calendar-day period following the 
determination (the ``cooling off period'').
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    The open negotiation period may be initiated by either party during 
the 30-business-day period beginning on the day the nonparticipating 
provider, facility, or nonparticipating provider of air ambulance 
services receives either an initial payment or a notice of denial of 
payment for an item or service.\19\ In order for a plan, issuer, 
provider, facility, or provider of air ambulance services to know when 
it is a party to an open negotiation and the item or service for which 
the payment is to be negotiated, the party initiating the open 
negotiation period must provide written notice to the other party of 
its intent to negotiate using a standardized form, referred to as an 
open negotiation notice. The open negotiation notice must include 
information sufficient to identify the item or service subject to 
negotiation, including the date the item or service was furnished, the 
service code, the initial payment amount or notice of denial of 
payment, as applicable, an offer for the out-of-network rate, and the 
contact information of the party sending the open negotiation notice. 
The open negotiation notice must be sent during the 30-business-day 
period beginning on the day the initial payment or notice of denial of 
payment from the plan or issuer regarding such item or service was 
received and must be provided in writing. The party sending the open 
negotiation notice may satisfy this requirement by providing the notice 
to the opposing party electronically (such as by email) if the 
following two conditions are satisfied: (1) the party sending the open 
negotiation notice has a good faith belief that the electronic method 
is readily accessible to the other party; and (2) the notice is 
provided in paper form free of charge upon request. The 30-business-day 
open negotiation period begins on the day on which the open negotiation 
notice is first sent by a party.
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    \19\ As clarified in the July 2021 interim final rules, the 
initial payment should be an amount that the plan or issuer 
reasonably intends to be payment in full based on the relevant facts 
and circumstances, prior to the beginning of any open negotiations 
or initiation of the Federal IDR process. See 86 FR 36900-36901.
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    As stated in the preamble to the October 2021 interim final rules, 
parties should be able to provide effective notice because the parties 
have already made initial contact (that is, the provider, facility, or 
provider of air ambulance services has transmitted a bill to the plan 
or issuer, and the plan or issuer sent an initial payment or a notice 
of denial of payment to the provider, facility, or provider of air 
ambulance services).\20\ The Departments encouraged the parties to take 
reasonable measures to ensure that actual notice is provided, such as 
by confirming that the email address is correct, and cautioned that if 
the open negotiation notice is not properly provided to the other party 
(and no reasonable measures have been taken to ensure actual notice has 
been provided), the Departments or a certified IDR entity may determine 
that the 30-business-day open negotiation period has not begun. In such 
a case, any subsequent payment determination from a certified IDR 
entity may be unenforceable due to the failure of the party sending the 
open negotiation notice to meet the open negotiation requirement of the 
October 2021 interim final rules. In guidance, the Departments 
clarified how a provider, facility, or provider of air ambulance 
services should proceed if the plan or issuer fails to disclose 
information necessary to initiate the open negotiation period when 
providing the initial payment or notice of denial of payment and 
whether providers, facilities, or providers of air ambulance services 
are required to use a plan's or issuer's online portal to submit an 
open negotiation notice.\21\
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    \20\ 86 FR 55980, 55990.
    \21\ See U.S. Department of Health and Human Services, U.S. 
Department of Labor, and U.S. Department of the Treasury FAQs about 
Affordable Care Act and Consolidated Appropriations Act, 2021 
Implementation Part 55, Q20 and Q21 (Aug. 19, 2022), available at 
https://www.dol.gov/sites/dolgov/files/EBSA/about-ebsa/our-activities/resource-center/faqs/aca-part-55.pdf and https://www.cms.gov/files/document/faqs-part-55.pdf.

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[[Page 75748]]

    The October 2021 interim final rules provide that if the parties 
have not negotiated an agreement on the out-of-network rate by the last 
day of the open negotiation period, either party may initiate the 
Federal IDR process during the 4-business-day period beginning on the 
31st business day after the start of the open negotiation period.\22\ 
To initiate the Federal IDR process, the initiating party must submit 
the standard notice of IDR initiation to the other party and to the 
Departments. As stated in the preamble of the October 2021 interim 
final rules, this notice must be provided to the Departments and the 
other party on the same day.\23\ The notice of IDR initiation must 
include: (1) information sufficient to identify the qualified IDR items 
and services (and whether the qualified IDR items or services are 
designated as batched items and services), including the furnishing 
date(s) and location(s) of the item or service, the type of qualified 
IDR item or service (such as emergency services, post-stabilization 
professional services, hospital-based services), corresponding service 
and place-of-service code(s), the amount of cost sharing allowed, and 
the amount of the initial payment made by the plan or issuer for the 
qualified IDR item or service, if applicable; (2) the names and contact 
information of the parties involved, including email addresses, phone 
numbers, and mailing addresses; (3) the State where the qualified IDR 
item or service was furnished; (4) the commencement date of the open 
negotiation period; (5) the initiating party's preferred certified IDR 
entity; (6) an attestation that the item or service is a qualified IDR 
item or service within the scope of the Federal IDR process; (7) the 
QPA; (8) information about the QPA as described in 26 CFR 54.9816-
6T(d), 29 CFR 2590.716-6(d), and 45 CFR 149.140(d); and (9) general 
information describing the Federal IDR process as specified by the 
Departments.\24\ The general information should include a description 
of the scope of the Federal IDR process and key deadlines in the 
Federal IDR process, including the dates to initiate the Federal IDR 
process, how to select a certified IDR entity, and the process for 
selecting an offer.\25\ The Departments have developed a form that 
parties must use to satisfy this requirement to provide general 
information describing the Federal IDR process.
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

    \22\ 86 FR 55991; 26 CFR 54.9816-8T(b)(2)(i), 29 CFR 2590.716-
8(b)(2)(i), and 45 CFR 149.510(b)(2)(i).
    \23\ 86 FR 55991.
    \24\ 26 CFR 54.9816-8T(b)(2)(iii)(A), 29 CFR 2590.716-
8(b)(2)(iii)(A), and 45 CFR 149.510(b)(2)(iii)(A).
    \25\ 86 FR 55991.
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

    Under section 9816(c)(1)(B) of the Code, section 716(c)(1)(B) of 
ERISA, and section 2799A-1(c)(1)(B) of the PHS Act, the date of 
initiation of the Federal IDR process is the date of the submission of 
the notice of IDR initiation or another date specified by the 
Departments that is not later than the date of receipt of the notice of 
IDR initiation by both the other party to the dispute and the 
Departments. The October 2021 interim final rules establish that the 
initiation date of the Federal IDR process is the date of receipt of 
the notice of IDR initiation by the Departments.\26\
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

    \26\ Id.
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

    Under the October 2021 interim final rules, the plan or issuer and 
the nonparticipating provider, nonparticipating emergency facility, or 
nonparticipating provider of air ambulance services (as applicable) may 
jointly select a certified IDR entity no later than 3 business days 
following the date of the IDR initiation.\27\ As previously stated, the 
initiating party will select its preferred certified IDR entity in the 
notice of IDR initiation. The party in receipt of the notice of IDR 
initiation (non-initiating party) may agree or object to the preferred 
certified IDR entity identified by the initiating party in the notice 
of IDR initiation. If the non-initiating party does not object within 3 
business days of the date of initiation of the Federal IDR process, the 
preferred certified IDR entity identified in the notice of IDR 
initiation will be the selected certified IDR entity, provided that the 
certified IDR entity does not have a conflict of interest. If the non-
initiating party objects, that party must timely notify the initiating 
party of the objection and propose an alternative preferred certified 
IDR entity. The initiating party must then agree or object to the 
alternative preferred certified IDR entity. If the initiating party 
fails to object to the alternative preferred certified IDR entity 
within 3 business days of the date of initiation of the Federal IDR 
process, the alternative preferred certified IDR entity proposed by the 
non-initiating party will be the selected certified IDR entity, 
provided that the certified IDR entity does not have a conflict of 
interest. If both parties agree on and select a certified IDR entity or 
fail to agree upon a certified IDR entity within the specified 
timeframe, the initiating party must notify the Departments by 
electronically submitting the notice of the certified IDR entity 
selection or failure to select (as applicable), no later than 1 
business day after the end of the 3-business-day period (or in other 
words, 4 business days after the date of initiation of the Federal IDR 
process) through the Federal IDR portal. If the parties fail to jointly 
select a certified IDR entity, the Departments will then randomly 
select a certified IDR entity not later than 6 business days after the 
date of initiation of the Federal IDR process and will notify the 
parties of the selection. In addition, in instances in which the non-
initiating party believes that an item or service is not eligible for 
the Federal IDR process, the non-initiating party must notify the 
Departments through the Federal IDR portal within the same timeframe 
that the notice of certified IDR entity selection or failure to select 
is required (or in other words, 4 business days after the date of 
initiation of the Federal IDR process) and provide information that 
demonstrates why an item or service is not eligible for the Federal IDR 
process.
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

    \27\ 86 FR 55991 through 55992, 26 CFR 54.9816-8T(c)(1)(i), 29 
CFR 2590.716-8(c)(1)(i), and 45 CFR 149.510(c)(1)(i).
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

    After being notified of selection (either by the parties or the 
Departments), certified IDR entities are required within 3 business 
days of selection to attest that they do not have a conflict of 
interest as specified under 26 CFR 54.9816-8T(c)(1)(ii), 29 CFR 
2590.716-8(c)(1)(ii), and 45 CFR 149.510(c)(1)(ii). Certified IDR 
entities are also required to review the information submitted in the 
notice of IDR initiation and any additional requested information to 
determine whether the dispute is for a qualified IDR item or service, 
as defined in 26 CFR 54.9816-8T(a)(2)(xi), 29 CFR 2590.716-8(a)(2)(xi), 
and 45 CFR 149.510(a)(2)(xi), that is eligible for the Federal IDR 
process, including whether an All-Payer Model Agreement or specified 
State law applies. If an item or service is not a qualified IDR item or 
service eligible for the Federal IDR process, certified IDR entities 
must notify the Departments and the parties within 3 business days of 
making this determination.
    The October 2021 interim final rules provide that, not later than 
30 business days after the selection of a certified IDR entity, the 
certified IDR entity must select one of the offers submitted by either 
party to the dispute to be the out-of-network rate for the qualified 
IDR

[[Page 75749]]

item or service.\28\ For each qualified IDR item or service, the total 
plan or coverage payment is the amount by which this out-of-network 
rate exceeds the cost-sharing amount for the qualified IDR item or 
service (with any initial payment made by the plan or issuer counted 
toward the total plan or coverage payment).
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

    \28\ 26 CFR 54.9816-8T(c)(4)(ii), 29 CFR 2590.716-8(c)(4)(ii), 
and 45 CFR 149.510(c)(4)(ii).
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

    The October 2021 interim final rules also provided that, after 
considering the QPA, the statutory factors under sections 
9816(c)(5)(C)(ii) and 9817(b)(5)(C)(ii) of the Code, sections 
716(c)(5)(C)(ii) and 717(b)(5)(C)(ii) of ERISA, and sections 2799A-
1(c)(5)(C)(ii) and 2799A-2(b)(5)(C)(ii) of the PHS Act, additional 
information requested by the certified IDR entity from the parties, and 
all of the additional credible information submitted by the parties 
that was not prohibited information under 26 CFR 54.9816-8T(c)(4)(v), 
29 CFR 2590.716-8(c)(4)(v), and 45 CFR 149.510(c)(4)(v), the certified 
IDR entity must select the offer closest to the QPA, unless the 
certified IDR entity determined that the credible information submitted 
by the parties clearly demonstrated that the QPA was materially 
different from the appropriate out-of-network rate, or the offers were 
equally distant from the QPA but in opposing directions.\29\ In those 
situations, the October 2021 interim final rules required the certified 
IDR entity to select the offer that the certified IDR entity determined 
best represented the value of the item or service, which could be 
either party's offer.\30\ However, as discussed in sections I.D. and 
I.F. of this preamble, the District Court vacated portions of these 
rules related to certified IDR entity determinations.\31\
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

    \29\ 86 FR 55995.
    \30\ Id.
    \31\ TMA I and TMA II.
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

    The October 2021 interim final rules also provide that not later 
than 30 business days after the selection of the certified IDR entity, 
the certified IDR entity must notify parties to the dispute of the 
selection of the offer and provide a written decision,\32\ which must 
be submitted to the parties and the Departments through the Federal IDR 
portal.\33\
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

    \32\ 86 FR 55995, 26 CFR 54.9816-8T(c)(4)(ii), 29 CFR 2590.716-
8(c)(4)(ii), and 45 CFR 149.510(c)(4)(ii).
    \33\ The Federal IDR portal is available at https://www.nsa-idr.cms.gov and must be used throughout the Federal IDR process to 
maximize efficiency and reduce burden.
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

    Section 9816(c)(3)(A) of the Code, section 716(c)(3)(A) of ERISA, 
and section 2799A-1(c)(3)(A) of the PHS Act direct the Departments to 
specify criteria under which multiple qualified IDR items and services 
are permitted to be considered jointly as part of a single 
determination (``batched determination'' or ``batched dispute'') by a 
certified IDR entity for purposes of encouraging the efficiency 
(including minimizing costs) of the Federal IDR process. These sections 
further require that items and services may be considered as part of a 
batched determination only if the items and services are furnished by 
the same provider or facility; payment for the items and services is 
required to be made by the same group health plan or health insurance 
issuer; such items and services are related to the treatment of a 
similar condition; and the items and services were furnished during the 
30-day period following the date on which the first item or service 
included in the batched determination was furnished, or during an 
alternative period as determined by the Departments, for use in limited 
situations, such as by the consent of the parties or in the case of 
low-volume items and services, to encourage procedural efficiency and 
minimize health plan and provider administrative costs. The October 
2021 interim final rules implemented these requirements for batched 
determinations at 26 CFR 54.9816-8T(c)(3)(i), 29 CFR 2590.716-
8(c)(3)(i), and 45 CFR 149.510(c)(3)(i), which are subject to the 
certified IDR entity fee for batched determinations.\34\
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

    \34\ 86 FR 55994. See also the October 2021 interim final rules 
in which the Departments defined ``batched items and services'' as 
``multiple qualified IDR items or services that are considered 
jointly as part of one payment determination by a certified IDR 
entity for purposes of the Federal IDR process.'' 86 FR 55987
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

    The October 2021 interim final rules also establish requirements 
related to the costs of the Federal IDR process. Under the October 2021 
interim final rules, each party must pay a non-refundable 
administrative fee for participating in the Federal IDR process.\35\ 
The certified IDR entity may invoice the parties for the administrative 
fee at the time the certified IDR entity is selected, and the parties 
must pay the administrative fee by the time of offer submission.\36\ 
The administrative fee is paid by each party to the certified IDR 
entity and remitted to the Departments.\37\ Under the October 2021 
interim final rules, the administrative fee was to be established 
annually through guidance in a manner such that the total 
administrative fees collected for a year are estimated to be equal to 
the amount of expenditures estimated to be made by the Departments to 
carry out the Federal IDR process for that year.
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

    \35\ 26 CFR 54.9816-8T(d)(2)(i), 29 CFR 2590.716-8(d)(2)(i), and 
45 CFR 149.510(d)(2)(i).
    \36\ See Federal Independent Dispute Resolution (IDR) Process 
Guidance for Disputing Parties, available at: https://www.cms.gov/files/document/rev-102822-idr-guidance-disputing-parties.pdf.
    \37\ 26 CFR 54.9816-8T(e)(2)(ix), 29 CFR 2590.716-8(e)(2)(ix), 
and 45 CFR 149.510(e)(2)(ix). The No Surprises Act directed the 
Departments to jointly establish one Federal IDR process. To 
operationalize the Federal IDR process, HHS collects administrative 
fees for all disputes initiated under the Federal IDR process, 
including the administrative fees paid in connection with the 
Federal IDR process for health plans that are subject to the Code or 
ERISA.
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

    Additionally, under the October 2021 interim final rules, each 
party must also pay a certified IDR entity fee to the certified IDR 
entity at the time that the party submits its offer.\38\ However, the 
non-prevailing party is ultimately responsible for the full certified 
IDR entity fee, which is retained by the certified IDR entity for the 
services it performed.\39\ The certified IDR entity fee that was paid 
by the prevailing party is returned to the prevailing party by the 
certified IDR entity within 30 business days following the date of the 
payment determination.\40\ If the parties reach an agreement after 
initiating the Federal IDR process but before the certified IDR entity 
makes a payment determination, the certified IDR entity fee is split 
evenly between the parties, unless the parties agree on an alternative 
method for allocating the certified IDR entity fee.\41\ Similarly, if 
the initiating party withdraws a dispute after a certified IDR entity 
has been assigned but before the certified IDR entity makes a payment 
determination, responsibility for the certified IDR entity fee is split 
evenly between the parties.\42\ In the case of batched determinations, 
the certified IDR entity may make different payment determinations for 
each qualified IDR item or service under dispute. In these cases, the 
party with the fewest determinations in its favor is considered the 
non-prevailing party and is responsible for the full certified IDR 
entity fee. If each party prevails in an equal number of 
determinations, the certified IDR entity fee is split evenly between 
the parties. Under the October 2021 interim final rules, the

[[Page 75750]]

Departments set certified IDR entity fee ranges annually through 
guidance.
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

    \38\ 26 CFR 54.9816-8T(d)(1)(ii), 29 CFR 2590.716-8(d)(1)(ii), 
and 45 CFR 149.510(d)(1)(ii).
    \39\ 26 CFR 54.9816-8T(d)(1)(i), 29 CFR 2590.716-8(d)(1)(i), and 
45 CFR 149.510(d)(1)(i).
    \40\ 26 CFR 54.9816-8T(d)(1)(ii), 29 CFR 2590.716-8(d)(1)(ii), 
and 45 CFR 149.510(d)(1)(ii).
    \41\ 26 CFR 54.9816-8T(c)(2)(ii), 29 CFR 2590.716-8(c)(2)(ii), 
and 45 CFR 149.510(c)(2)(ii).
    \42\ See https://www.cms.gov/cciio/resources/regulations-and-guidance/downloads/patient-provider-dispute-resolution-administrative-fee-cy-2023.pdf.
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

D. Litigation Regarding the July 2021 and October 2021 Interim Final 
Rules and Related Guidance

    On October 28, 2021, the Texas Medical Association, a trade 
association representing physicians, and a Texas physician filed a 
lawsuit against the Departments and OPM (TMA I),\43\ stating that 
certain provisions of the October 2021 interim final rules relating to 
the certified IDR entities' consideration of the QPA, as well as 
additional factors related to items and services that are not air 
ambulance services, should be vacated. Plaintiffs argued that the 
October 2021 interim final rules ignored Congress's intent that 
certified IDR entities weigh the QPA and other factors without favoring 
any factor, and the plaintiffs stated that as a result, the rules would 
skew IDR results in favor of plans and issuers. On February 23, 2022, 
the District Court issued a memorandum opinion and order that vacated 
portions of the October 2021 interim final rules governing aspects of 
the Federal IDR process related to non-air ambulance qualified IDR 
items or services including: (1) the definition of ``material 
difference''; (2) the requirement that a certified IDR entity must 
select the offer closest to the QPA unless the certified IDR entity 
determines that credible information submitted by either party under 26 
CFR 54.9816-8T(c)(4)(i), 29 CFR 2590.716-8(c)(4)(i), and 45 CFR 
149.510(c)(4)(i) clearly demonstrates that the QPA is materially 
different from the appropriate out-of-network rate for non-air 
ambulance qualified IDR items or services, or if the offers are equally 
distant from the QPA but in opposing directions; (3) the requirement 
that the certified IDR entity may only consider the additional 
information submitted by either party to the extent that the credible 
information related to the circumstances under 26 CFR 54.9816-
8T(c)(4)(i), 29 CFR 2590.716-8(c)(4)(i), and 45 CFR 149.510(c)(4)(i) 
clearly demonstrates that the QPA is materially different from the 
appropriate out-of-network rate for non-air ambulance qualified IDR 
items or services; (4) the dispute resolution examples; and (5) the 
requirement that, if the certified IDR entity does not choose the offer 
closest to the QPA, the certified IDR entity's written decision must 
include an explanation of the credible information that the certified 
IDR entity determined demonstrated that the QPA was materially 
different from the appropriate out-of-network rate, based on the 
factors certified IDR entities are permitted to consider for the 
qualified IDR item or service.\44\
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

    \43\ Tex. Med. Ass'n, et al. v. U.S. Dep't of Health and Human 
Servs., 587 F. Supp. 3d 528 (E.D. Tex. 2022).
    \44\ Id.
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

    On April 27, 2022, LifeNet, Inc., a provider of air ambulance 
services, filed a lawsuit against the Departments and OPM (LifeNet) 
\45\ seeking the vacatur of additional provisions of the October 2021 
interim final rules applicable to air ambulance services. In 
particular, LifeNet alleged that the requirement codified in the last 
sentence of 26 CFR 54.9817-2T(b)(2), 29 CFR 2590.717-2(b)(2), and 45 
CFR 149.520(b)(2), which specifies the certified IDR entity may 
consider information submitted by a party only if the information 
``clearly demonstrate[s] that the qualifying payment amount is 
materially different from the appropriate out-of-network rate,'' should 
be vacated. On July 26, 2022, the District Court issued a memorandum 
opinion and order vacating this language.\46\
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

    \45\ LifeNet, Inc. v. U.S. Dep't of Health and Human Servs., 617 
F.Supp.3d 547 (E.D. Tex. July 26, 2022).
    \46\ Id.
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

    On November 30, 2022, the Texas Medical Association, Tyler Regional 
Hospital, and a Texas physician filed a lawsuit (TMA III) \47\ against 
the Departments and OPM, asserting that the July 2021 interim final 
rules, including the provisions of the regulations governing the 
methodology for calculating the QPA, and certain related guidance 
documents were in conflict with the statutory language. On August 24, 
2023, the District Court issued a memorandum opinion and order \48\ 
that vacated certain portions of the July 2021 interim final rules and 
associated regulatory provisions \49\ and portions of guidance 
documents,\50\ including portions related to the methodology for 
calculating the QPA and interpretations for certified IDR entities 
related to the processing of disputes for air ambulance services.
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

    \47\ Tex. Med. Ass'n., et al. v. U.S. Dep't of Health and Human 
Servs., Case No. 6:22-cv-00450-JDK (E.D. Tex. November 30, 2022).
    \48\ See Memorandum Opinion and Order, Tex. Med. Ass'n., et al. 
v. U.S. Dep't of Health and Human Servs., No. 6:22-cv-00450-JDK 
(E.D. Tex. August 24, 2023).
    \49\ Specifically, the District Court vacated certain provisions 
of 54.9816-6T and 54.9817-1T, 29 CFR 2590.716-6 and 2590.717-1, and 
45 CFR 149.130 and 149.140. The District Court also vacated 5 CFR 
890.114(a), insofar as it requires compliance with the vacated 
regulations and guidance.
    \50\ Specifically, the District Court vacated FAQs about 
Affordable Care Act and Consolidated Appropriations Act, 2021 
Implementation Part 55 (Aug. 19, 2022), Q14 and 15, as well as 
portions of Technical Guidance for Certified IDR Entities at 2-3 
(Aug. 18, 2022).
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

    On January 30, 2023, the Texas Medical Association, Houston 
Radiology Associated, Texas Radiological Society, Tyler Regional 
Hospital, and a Texas physician filed a lawsuit (TMA IV) \51\ against 
the Departments and OPM, asserting that the December 2022 fee guidance 
\52\ and the October 2021 interim final rules were unlawfully issued 
without notice and comment rulemaking and were arbitrary and 
capricious.\53\ On August 3, 2023, the District Court issued a 
memorandum opinion and order \54\ that vacated the portion of the 
December 2022 fee guidance increasing the administrative fee for the 
Federal IDR process to $350 per party for disputes initiated during the 
calendar year beginning January 1, 2023. The District Court also 
vacated certain provisions of the October 2021 interim final rules 
setting forth the batching criteria under which multiple IDR items or 
services are treated as related to the ``treatment of a similar 
condition.'' \55\ In light of the TMA IV order, on August 3, 2023, the 
Departments instructed certified IDR entities to pause all work in the 
Federal IDR portal until the Departments updated Federal IDR process 
guidance, systems, and related documents to make them consistent with 
the TMA IV order. Subsequently, on August 7, 2023, the Departments 
directed certified IDR entities to resume processing all single and 
bundled disputes for which the administrative fee had already been paid 
and all batched disputes for which the certified IDR entity had already 
determined the dispute eligible and

[[Page 75751]]

administrative fees had been paid (or the deadline for collecting fees 
had expired) before August 3, 2023.\56\ On August 8, 2023, the 
Departments directed certified IDR entities to resume processing single 
and bundled disputes initiated in 2022 for which the administrative fee 
had not been paid before August 3, 2023. On August 11, 2023, the 
Departments released guidance to reflect the TMA IV order related to 
the administrative fee and to clarify the administrative fee amount for 
2023.\57\ On the same date, the Departments directed certified IDR 
entities to resume processing single and bundled disputes initiated in 
2023 for which the administrative fees had not been paid before August 
3, 2023.
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    \51\ Tex. Med. Ass'n., et al. v. U.S. Dep't of Health and Human 
Servs., Case No. 6:23-cv-00059-JDK, (E.D. Tex. Jan. 30, 2023).
    \52\ Centers for Medicare & Medicaid Services (Dec. 23, 2022). 
Amendment to the Calendar Year 2023 Fee Guidance for the Federal 
Independent Dispute Resolution Process Under the No Surprises Act: 
Change in Administrative Fee. https://www.cms.gov/cciio/resources/regulations-and-guidance/downloads/amended-cy2023-fee-guidance-federal-independent-dispute-resolution-process-nsa.pdf.
    \53\ See Motion for Summary Judgment and Reply in Support of 
Summary Judgment, p. 1, Tex. Med. Ass'n., et al. v. U.S. Dep't of 
Health and Human Servs., No. 6:23-cv-00059-JDK (E.D. Tex. March 27, 
2023).
    \54\ See Memorandum Opinion and Order, Tex. Med. Ass'n. v. U.S. 
Dep't of Health and Hum. Servs, No. 6:23-cv-00059-JDK (E.D. Tex. 
August 3, 2023).
    \55\ Specifically, the District Court vacated the requirement 
under 26 CFR 54.9816-8T(c)(3)(i)(C), 29 CFR 2590.716-8(c)(3)(i)(C), 
and 45 CFR 149.510(c)(3)(i)(C) that for a qualified IDR item and 
service to be considered the same or similar item and service, it 
must be billed under the same service code or a comparable code 
under a different procedural code system, such as the Current 
Procedural Terminology (CPT) codes with modifiers, if applicable, 
Healthcare Common Procedure Coding System (HCPCS) with modifiers, if 
applicable, or Diagnosis-Related Group (DRG) codes with modifiers, 
if applicable.
    \56\ For the purposes of the Federal IDR process, the 
Departments in guidance interpreted a bundled payment arrangement to 
be an arrangement under which: (1) a provider, facility, or provider 
of air ambulance services bills for multiple items or services under 
a single service code; or (2) a plan or issuer makes an initial 
payment or denial of payment to a provider, facility, or provider of 
air ambulance services under a single service code that represents 
multiple items or services (e.g., a DRG). See U.S. Department of 
Health and Human Services, U.S. Department of Labor, and U.S. 
Department of Treasury, Federal Independent Dispute Resolution (IDR) 
Process Technical Assistance for Certified IDR Entities, August 
2022, available at https://www.cms.gov/files/document/TA-certified-independent-dispute-resolution-entities-August-2022.pdf. These 
rules, discussed in section II.A. of this preamble, propose to 
codify that definition in the regulations.
    \57\ Centers for Medicare & Medicaid Services (Aug. 11, 2023). 
Federal Independent Dispute Resolution (IDR) Process Administrative 
Fee FAQs. https://www.cms.gov/cciio/resources/regulations-and-guidance/downloads/no-surprises-act-independent-dispute-resolution-administrative-fee-frequently-asked-questions.pdf.
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

    As a result of the TMA III order issued on August 24, 2023, the 
Departments again paused all IDR-related activities in order to 
evaluate the District Court's order and review current Federal IDR 
processes, templates, and system functions necessary to comply with the 
order. On September 5, 2023, the Departments directed certified IDR 
entities to resume making eligibility and conflict-of-interest 
determinations for all single and bundled disputes submitted on or 
before August 3, 2023, and encouraged disputing parties to continue 
engaging in open negotiations. On September 21, 2023, the Departments 
directed certified IDR entities to resume processing all single and 
bundled disputes submitted on or before August 3, 2023. On October 6, 
2023, the Departments and OPM released ``FAQs About Consolidated 
Appropriations Act, 2021 Implementation Part 62'' \58\ to provide 
guidance in light of the TMA III order. On the same day, the 
Departments reopened the Federal IDR portal for the initiation of 
certain new single and bundled disputes. At the time of this proposed 
rulemaking and in accordance with the TMA III and TMA IV orders, the 
Departments plan to release guidance to clarify how certified IDR 
entities should determine whether a dispute is appropriately batched.
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

    \58\ See U.S. Department of Health and Human Services, U.S. 
Department of Labor, U.S. Department of the Treasury, Office of 
Personnel Management, FAQs about Consolidated Appropriations Act, 
2021 Implementation Part 62 (Oct. 6, 2023), available at https://www.dol.gov/sites/dolgov/files/EBSA/about-ebsa/our-activities/resource-center/faqs/aca-part-62.pdf and https://www.cms.gov/files/document/faqs-part-62.pdf.
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

E. August 2022 Final Rules

    The August 2022 final rules included amendments to remove from the 
regulations the language vacated by the District Court in TMA I and 
LifeNet,\59\ as described in section I.D. of this preamble. In 
addition, the August 2022 final rules amended and finalized certain 
disclosure requirements related to information that plans and issuers 
must share about the QPA under the July 2021 interim final rules.\60\ 
The August 2022 final rules also amended and finalized select 
provisions of the October 2021 interim final rules on the information 
to be considered by a certified IDR entity when it makes a payment 
determination under the Federal IDR process.\61\
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

    \59\ 87 FR 52622.
    \60\ 87 FR 52622-52623.
    \61\ 87 FR 52628.
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    Specifically, the Departments amended and finalized parts of the 
July 2021 and October 2021 interim final rules related to: (1) the 
information that must be disclosed about the QPA under 26 CFR 54.9816-
6T(d), 29 CFR 2590.716-6(d), and 45 CFR 149.140(d) to address 
downcoding; (2) the certified IDR entity's consideration of the 
statutory factors when making a payment determination under the Federal 
IDR process at 26 CFR 54.9816-8T(c)(4)(iii)-(iv) and 54.9817-2T(b)(2), 
29 CFR 2590.716-8(c)(4)(iii)-(iv) and 2590.717-2(b)(2), and 45 CFR 
149.510(c)(4)(iii)-(iv) and 149.520(b)(2); and (3) the certified IDR 
entity's written decision at 26 CFR 54.9816-8T(c)(4)(vi)(B), 29 CFR 
2590.716-8(c)(4)(vi)(B), and 45 CFR 149.510(c)(4)(vi)(B).
    For the information that must be disclosed with the QPA, the August 
2022 final rules require that if a QPA is based on a downcoded service 
code or modifier, in addition to the information already required to be 
provided with an initial payment or notice of denial of payment, a plan 
or issuer must provide a statement that the service code or modifier 
billed by the provider, facility, or provider of air ambulance services 
was downcoded; an explanation of why the claim was downcoded, including 
a description of which service codes were altered, if any, and which 
modifiers were altered, added, or removed, if any; and the amount that 
would have been the QPA had the service code or modifier not been 
downcoded. The August 2022 final rules define the term ``downcode,'' as 
described in the preamble to the October 2021 interim final rules, to 
mean the alteration by a plan or issuer of a service code to another 
service code, or the alteration, addition, or removal by a plan or 
issuer of a modifier, if the changed code or modifier is associated 
with a lower QPA than the service code or modifier billed by the 
provider, facility, or provider of air ambulance services.\62\
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    \62\ 87 FR 52626.
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    The August 2022 final rules also provided that in determining which 
offer to select during the Federal IDR process, the certified IDR 
entity must consider the QPA for the applicable year for the same or 
similar item or service and then must consider all additional 
information submitted by a party to determine which offer best reflects 
the appropriate out-of-network rate, provided that the information 
relates to the party's offer for the payment amount for the qualified 
IDR item or service that is the subject of the payment determination 
and does not include information that the certified IDR entity is 
prohibited from considering in making the payment determination under 
section 9816(c)(5)(D) of the Code, section 716(c)(5)(D) of ERISA, and 
section 2799A-1(c)(5)(D) of the PHS Act. For this purpose, the preamble 
to the August 2022 final rules stated that information requested by a 
certified IDR entity, or submitted by a party, would be information 
relating to a party's offer if it tends to show that the offer best 
represents the value of the item or service under dispute. The August 
2022 final rules required the certified IDR entity to evaluate whether 
the information relates to the offer submitted by either party for the 
payment amount for the qualified IDR item or service that is the 
subject of the payment determination. The August 2022 final rules 
clarified that in considering this additional information, the 
certified IDR entity should evaluate whether the information that is 
offered is credible and should not give weight to information that is 
not credible. The appropriate out-of-network rate must be the offer 
that the certified IDR entity

[[Page 75752]]

determines best represents the value of the qualified IDR item or 
service.
    Additionally, the August 2022 final rules provided that when 
considering the additional information under 26 CFR 54.9816-
8(c)(4)(iii), 29 CFR 2590.716-8(c)(4)(iii), and 45 CFR 
149.510(c)(4)(iii), the certified IDR entity should evaluate the 
information and should not give weight to that information if it is 
already accounted for by any of the other information submitted by the 
parties, to avoid weighting the same information twice.
    For the written decision, the August 2022 final rules require the 
certified IDR entity to include what information the certified IDR 
entity used to determine that the offer selected as the out-of-network 
rate is the offer that best represents the value of the qualified IDR 
item or service, including the weight given to the QPA and any 
additional credible information submitted in accordance with the rules. 
The August 2022 final rules required that if the certified IDR entity 
relied on additional information in selecting an offer, its written 
decision must include an explanation of why the certified IDR entity 
concluded that this information was not already reflected in the QPA.

F. Litigation Regarding the August 2022 Final Rules

    On September 22, 2022, the Texas Medical Association, Tyler 
Regional Hospital, a Texas physician, LifeNet, Inc., Air Methods 
Corporation, Rocky Mountain Holdings, LLC, and East Texas Air One, LLC 
filed a lawsuit against the Departments (TMA II),\63\ asserting that 
certain provisions of the August 2022 final rules relating to the 
certified IDR entities' consideration of the QPA, as well as additional 
factors, should be vacated. Plaintiffs argued that the August 2022 
final rules unlawfully conflict with the No Surprises Act in the same 
manner as the vacated provisions of the October 2021 interim final 
rules--that is, such rules improperly restrict arbitrators' discretion 
and unlawfully tilt the arbitration process in favor of the QPA. On 
February 6, 2023, the District Court issued a memorandum opinion and 
order that vacated portions of the August 2022 final rules related to 
the certified IDR entity's consideration of the statutory factors when 
making a payment determination under the Federal IDR process at 26 CFR 
54.9816-8(c)(4)(iii)-(iv) and 54.9817-2(b)(3), 29 CFR 2590.716-
8(c)(4)(iii)-(iv) and 2590.717-2(b)(3), and 45 CFR 149.510(c)(4)(iii)-
(iv) and 149.520(b)(3) and part of the provision related to the 
certified IDR entity's written decision at 26 CFR 54.9816-
8(c)(4)(vi)(B), 29 CFR 2590.716-8(c)(4)(vi)(B), and 45 CFR 
149.510(c)(4)(vi)(B). The vacated portions of the rules include: (1) 
the requirement that certified IDR entities consider the QPA and then 
the additional statutory factors under 26 CFR 54.9816-
8(c)(4)(iii)(B)(1)-(5) and 54.9817-2(b)(3), 29 CFR 2590.716-
8(c)(4)(iii)(B)(1)-(5) and 2590.717-2(b)(3), and 45 CFR 
149.510(c)(4)(iii)(B)(1)-(5) and 149.520(b)(3); (2) the provision that 
a certified IDR entity should evaluate whether the information 
submitted under 26 CFR 54.9816-8(c)(4)(iii)(B)-(D) and 54.9817-2(b)(3), 
29 CFR 2590.716-8(c)(4)(iii)(B)-(D) and 2590.717-2(b)(3), and 45 CFR 
149.510(c)(4)(iii)(B)-(D) and 149.520(b)(3) is credible and relates to 
the offer submitted by either party for the payment amount for the 
qualified IDR item or service that is the subject of the payment 
determination, and the certified IDR entity should not give weight to 
information to the extent it is not credible, it does not relate to 
either party's offer for the payment amount for the qualified IDR item 
or service, or it is already accounted for by the QPA or another 
factor; (3) the dispute resolution examples; and (4) the requirement 
that, if the certified IDR entity relies on additional information in 
selecting an offer, its written decision must include an explanation of 
why the certified IDR entity concluded that this information was not 
already reflected in the QPA.
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    \63\ Tex. Med. Ass'n, et. al. v. U.S. Dep't of Health and Human 
Servs., Case No. 6:22-cv-372 (E.D. Tex. February 06, 2023) (TMA II). 
Air Methods Corporation, Rocky Mountain Holdings, LLC, and East 
Texas Air One, LLC are providers of air ambulance services.
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    As a result of the TMA II order, on February 10, 2023, the 
Departments instructed certified IDR entities to hold all payment 
determinations until the Departments updated Federal IDR process 
guidance, systems, and related documents to make them consistent with 
the TMA II order.\64\ Subsequently, the Departments directed certified 
IDR entities to resume making payment determinations on February 27, 
2023, for disputes involving an item or service furnished before 
October 25, 2022 (the effective date of the August 2022 Final 
Rules).\65\ On March 17, 2023, the Departments released updated 
guidance \66\ to reflect the TMA II order and directed certified IDR 
entities to resume making payment determinations in accordance with the 
guidance for disputes involving items or services furnished on or after 
October 25, 2022.
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    \64\ Centers for Medicare & Medicaid Services. (February 10, 
2023). Payment Disputes Between Providers and Health Plans, Notices. 
https://www.cms.gov/nosurprises/help-resolve-payment-disputes/payment-disputes-between-providers-and-health-plans.
    \65\ Centers for Medicare & Medicaid Services. (February 27, 
2023). Payment Disputes Between Providers and Health Plans, Notices. 
https://www.cms.gov/nosurprises/help-resolve-payment-disputes/payment-disputes-between-providers-and-health-plans.
    \66\ Centers for Medicare & Medicaid Services. (March 2023). 
Federal Independent Dispute Resolution (IDR) Process for Certified 
IDR Entities (Revised). https://www.cms.gov/files/document/federal-idr-guidance-idr-entities-march-2023.pdf and Federal Independent 
Dispute Resolution (IDR) Process for Disputing Parties (Revised). 
https://www.cms.gov/files/document/federal-idr-guidance-disputing-parties-march-2023.pdf.
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    On April 6, 2023, the Departments filed a notice of appeal to the 
United States Court of Appeals for the Fifth Circuit from the District 
Court's order granting summary judgement to the plaintiffs and denying 
summary judgment to the Departments.

G. Federal IDR Process Administrative Fee and Certified IDR Entity Fee 
Ranges 2023 Proposed Rules

    In light of TMA IV and to promote transparency in the 
administrative fee calculation, the Departments published the IDR 
Process Fees proposed rules on September 26, 2023. The IDR Process Fees 
proposed rules propose to amend the October 2021 interim final rules to 
provide that the administrative fee would be set in notice and comment 
rulemaking rather than annual guidance, propose an administrative fee 
amount that, if finalized, would apply for disputes initiated on or 
after the later of the effective date of the IDR Process Fees proposed 
rules or January 1, 2024, and propose a methodology that the 
Departments would use to calculate the administrative fee in the 
future. Additionally, the IDR Process Fees proposed rules would propose 
to amend the October 2021 interim final rules to provide that the 
certified IDR entity fee ranges for single and batched determinations 
would be set in notice and comment rulemaking rather than annual 
guidance, propose the certified IDR entity fee ranges for single and 
batched determinations, including a fixed tiered fee for batched 
disputes, and propose the considerations that the Departments would use 
to calculate the certified IDR entity fee ranges in the future. If 
finalized, the proposed certified IDR entity fee ranges and fixed 
tiered fees would apply for disputes initiated on or after the later of 
the effective date of the IDR Process Fees proposed rules or January 1, 
2024. If finalized, the proposed administrative fee and certified IDR 
entity fee ranges would remain in effect until changed by subsequent 
rulemaking.

[[Page 75753]]

H. The Federal IDR Process to Date

    On April 15, 2022, the Departments launched the Federal IDR portal 
to accept disputes regarding the appropriate out-of-network rate for 
claims subject to the surprise billing protections of the No Surprises 
Act. From April 15, 2022 to July 1, 2023, disputing parties submitted 
over 489,000 disputes. In the first year of operations, disputing 
parties submitted 14 times the number of disputes that the Departments 
had expected to receive in an entire calendar year.67 68 Due 
to this unexpectedly high volume, the limited number of certified IDR 
entities,\69\ the complexity of determining disputes' eligibility for 
the Federal IDR process, and a large number of ineligible disputes 
submitted, it is taking certified IDR entities longer than the 
timeframes established under the No Surprises Act and the October 2021 
interim final rules to process payment disputes. Further, the District 
Court's successive orders have resulted in multiple temporary closures 
of the Federal IDR portal, requiring the Departments to alter guidance, 
implement significant system updates, and communicate changes to 
disputing parties and certified IDR entities to comply with the orders. 
These interruptions to the Federal IDR process have exacerbated delays 
and required certified IDR entities and disputing parties to rapidly 
adjust to changing operations and guidance. Accordingly, a large number 
of disputes still await payment determinations.
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    \67\ Federal Independent Dispute Resolution Process--Status 
update. Available at: https://www.cms.gov/files/document/federal-idr-processstatus-update-april-2023.pdf.
    \68\ In the regulatory impact analysis of the October 2021 
interim final rules, the Departments estimated that 17,333 disputes 
involving non-air ambulance services and 4,899 disputes involving 
air ambulance services would be submitted to the Federal IDR process 
during the first year of implementation.
    \69\ https://www.cms.gov/nosurprises/help-resolve-payment-disputes/certified-idre-list.
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    Several factors are likely contributing to the high volume of 
initiated disputes. First, providers, facilities, and providers of air 
ambulance services \70\ have alleged that plans' and issuers' QPA 
calculations are sometimes artificially low and are even at times lower 
than Medicare rates. Providers, facilities, and providers of air 
ambulance services further allege that plans and issuers are making 
initial payments based on these artificially low QPAs, which 
incentivizes providers, facilities, and providers of air ambulance 
services to use the Federal IDR process for a larger number of items 
and services than they otherwise would.
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    \70\ For purposes of these proposed rules, unless otherwise 
stated, whenever the Departments are referring to providers, 
facilities, and providers of air ambulance services, the Departments 
are referring to nonparticipating providers, facilities, and 
providers of air ambulance services.
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    A second factor contributing to the high volume of disputes is that 
the disputing parties are not yet able to predict how disputes will be 
resolved by certified IDR entities. As the Departments stated in the 
preamble to the October 2021 interim final rules, a Federal IDR process 
with predictable outcomes will reduce the use of the Federal IDR 
process over time because, if outcomes are predictable in advance, 
parties will generally prefer to reach an agreement in line with the 
predicted outcome outside of the Federal IDR process to avoid the 
administrative costs of utilizing the process.
    Third, disputing parties are failing to engage in meaningful open 
negotiations. Parties representing providers, facilities, providers of 
air ambulance services, plans, and issuers have all asserted that they 
experience challenges in negotiating with other parties during the 30-
business-day open negotiation period, resulting in low levels of 
engagement during open negotiation. This lack of engagement has 
resulted in relatively few disputes being settled outside of the 
Federal IDR process, contributing to a higher-than-expected volume of 
disputes being initiated in the Federal IDR process. As discussed later 
in this section, interested parties also shared that the lack of 
meaningful engagement in open negotiation contributes to inefficiencies 
within the Federal IDR process, because disputing parties that fail to 
engage in open negotiation may not exchange information that would 
facilitate the Federal IDR process, such as contact information and 
other required disclosures, or may exchange only incomplete 
information.
    Fourth, the District Court's successive rulings have necessitated 
multiple temporary shutdowns of the Federal IDR process to comply with 
the District Court's orders. Each shutdown has halted parts, or all, of 
the Federal IDR process, interrupting the advancement of ongoing 
disputes through the process and preventing new disputes from being 
submitted. Reopening the Federal IDR portal each time has required the 
Departments to draft new guidance, engage in new rulemaking, implement 
significant system updates, and communicate changes to disputing 
parties and certified IDR entities. These interruptions to the Federal 
IDR process have exacerbated delays and required certified IDR entities 
and disputing parties to rapidly adjust to changing operations and 
guidance, which causes confusion regarding the current state of the 
process while certified IDR entities and disputing parties adapt to new 
or different processes, such as those discussed in section I.D. of this 
preamble related to the TMA III order.
    Finally, initiating parties are submitting a large number of 
disputes that are not eligible for the Federal IDR process, leading to 
both a high volume of dispute submissions and slow processing of 
disputes. Certified IDR entities have indicated to the Departments that 
determining the eligibility of disputes for the Federal IDR process is 
more time-consuming and burdensome than they expected. In fact, 
certified IDR entities report spending 50 to 80 percent of their time 
working on eligibility determinations. From April 15, 2022 to July 1, 
2023, non-initiating parties challenged the eligibility of 190,465 
disputes for the Federal IDR process, and certified IDR entities found 
59,604 disputes ineligible. A dispute is not eligible for the Federal 
IDR process unless it concerns an item or service that meets the 
definition of a qualified IDR item or service.\71\ Ineligible disputes 
often involve an item or service that is not a qualified IDR item or 
service because it is covered by a health plan or coverage that is not 
subject to the surprise billing protections of the No Surprises Act, 
such as Medicare or Medicaid, or because the item or service is subject 
to a specified State law or an All-Payer Model Agreement. Additionally, 
many batched disputes were found ineligible due to the initiating party 
incorrectly batching items or services in a manner that did not comply 
with the regulations, such as batching claims paid by different plans 
or issuers.\72\ Certified IDR entities have similarly reported 
encountering incorrectly bundled disputes for which providers are 
attempting to submit, for example, an emergency room facility code as a 
bundled code with various item and service codes included as line 
items, rather than properly submitting a single service code (for 
example, a Diagnosis-Related Group (DRG) code under which a provider, 
facility, or provider of air ambulance services can bill for multiple 
items or services).\73\ Disputes are also ineligible when the disputing 
parties have failed to satisfy the 30-business-day open negotiation 
period requirements specified under 26 CFR

[[Page 75754]]

54.9816-8T(b)(1), 29 CFR 2590.716-8(b)(1), and 45 CFR 149.510(b)(1) or 
have failed to initiate the Federal IDR process within 4 business days 
after the end of the 30-business-day open negotiation period as 
specified under 26 CFR 54.9816-8T(b)(2)(i), 29 CFR 2590.716-8(b)(2)(i), 
and 45 CFR 149.510(b)(2)(i).
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    \71\ 26 CFR 54.9816-8T(a)(2)(xi), 29 CFR 2590.716-8(a)(2)(xi), 
and 45 CFR 149.510 (a)(2)(xi).
    \72\ 26 CFR 54.9816-8T(c)(3)(i)(B), 29 CFR 2590.716-
8(c)(3)(i)(B), and 45 CFR 149.510(c)(3)(i)(B).
    \73\ 26 CFR 54.9816-8T(c)(3)(ii), 29 CFR 2590.716-8(c)(3)(ii), 
and 45 CFR 149.510(c)(3)(ii).
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    The Departments' review of the disputes submitted to date and 
feedback received from interested parties and certified IDR entities 
via letters, email communication and listening sessions shows a pattern 
of initiating parties submitting ineligible disputes to the Federal IDR 
process due to miscommunication or a lack of communication between the 
disputing parties. The Departments intended that sufficient information 
would be communicated through the disclosures that plans and issuers 
are required to provide with their initial payment or notice of denial 
of payment or would be subsequently communicated during the required 
30-business-day open negotiation period to identify whether the item(s) 
or service(s) involved in the dispute is a qualified IDR item(s) or 
service(s). Plans and issuers assert that providers, facilities, and 
providers of air ambulance services submit overwhelming numbers of 
ineligible disputes that overload the plans' and issuers' ability to 
identify and respond to dispute initiations, while providers, 
facilities, and providers of air ambulance services assert that plans 
and issuers do not provide required contact information and disclosures 
in a clear and convenient manner and fail to respond to their notices 
initiating open negotiation.
    Although plans and issuers are required to provide disclosures with 
the initial payment or notice of denial of payment containing 
information related to the QPA and contact information to initiate open 
negotiations, providers, facilities, and providers of air ambulance 
services have reported difficulty locating this information. The 
inability of providers, facilities, and providers of air ambulance 
services to locate required disclosures has led to confusion about how 
they should contact and engage in open negotiations with the plan or 
issuer and ultimately submit the dispute to the Federal IDR process. If 
disputing parties fail to share the required information, or if they 
provide inaccurate information, certified IDR entities will have 
incomplete or inaccurate information when making eligibility 
determinations. As a result, certified IDR entities must dedicate 
additional resources and conduct outreach to determine eligibility. 
Many interested parties have stated that the exchange of key 
information in a more standardized fashion, such as through the 
inclusion of the information on electronic remittance advice (ERA) 
transactions, discussed in greater detail in section II.B. of this 
preamble, would ensure that disputing parties have timely access to 
complete and accurate information and therefore help reduce the number 
of ineligible disputes submitted to the Federal IDR process. This is 
primarily because disputing parties would have timely access to the 
information they need to determine whether (1) an item or service is a 
qualified IDR item or service and (2) it is in their interest to 
initiate the Federal IDR process regarding such item or service. The 
Departments are of the view that timely access to that type of 
information would help reduce the overall number of ineligible 
disputes, resulting in more manageable workloads for certified IDR 
entities and more efficient dispute processing overall.
    Additionally, providers and facilities have raised concerns that 
the existing disclosure rules do not require plans and issuers to 
provide information necessary for determining whether the item or 
service is subject to a specified State law, an All-Payer Model 
Agreement, or the Federal IDR process for determining the out-of-
network rate. In particular, providers, facilities, and providers of 
air ambulance services have identified significant challenges in 
determining whether a claim involves a plan that is a self-insured 
group health plan subject to ERISA (and, if the claim involves an item 
or service covered by the No Surprises Act, is therefore generally 
subject to the Federal IDR process) or a fully-insured plan to which a 
specified State law or All-Payer Model Agreement may apply.\74\ The 
Departments also are aware that there are further challenges in 
identifying whether a plan subject to ERISA has opted into a specified 
State law and, separately, whether a specific item or service, or 
specific provider, facility, or provider of air ambulance services, is 
subject to a given specified State law or All-Payer Model Agreement. 
Additionally, providers, facilities, and providers of air ambulance 
services have identified difficulties in determining the correct legal 
business name of the plan or issuer. As a result, when initiating the 
Federal IDR process, providers, facilities, and providers of air 
ambulance services may initiate their dispute against the wrong party 
or may incorrectly batch claims that were paid by different plans or 
issuers.
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    \74\ The July 2021 interim final rules allow self-insured group 
health plans, including self-insured non-Federal governmental plans, 
to voluntarily opt in to a State law that provides for a method for 
determining the total amount payable under such a plan, where a 
State has chosen to expand access to such plans, to satisfy their 
obligations under section 9816(a)-(d) of the Code, section 716(a)-
(d) of ERISA, and section 2799A-1(a)-(d) of the PHS Act. A self-
insured plan that has chosen to opt-in to a State law must 
prominently display in its plan materials describing the coverage of 
out-of-network services a statement that the plan has opted in to a 
specified State law, identify the relevant State (or States), and 
include a general description of the items and services provided by 
nonparticipating facilities, providers, and providers of air 
ambulance services that are covered by the specified State law.
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

    To address the high volume of disputes submitted to the Federal IDR 
process and the growing backlog of cases, the Departments have provided 
ongoing technical assistance to certified IDR entities and disputing 
parties by issuing guidance as well as performing research and outreach 
on dispute eligibility determinations.\75\ In addition, the Departments 
have implemented Federal IDR portal system enhancements. These system 
enhancements, such as enabling non-initiating parties to submit 
supporting documentation to contest dispute eligibility within their 
response to the notice of IDR initiation, allow the Departments to 
collect information regarding dispute eligibility earlier in the 
process to identify whether the eligibility requirements are met. 
However, despite the efforts to date, the Departments and certified IDR 
entities continue to experience challenges related to determining 
eligibility for the Federal IDR process, such as delays due to 
necessary outreach by the certified IDR entities to the disputing 
parties to obtain or verify information regarding the eligibility of a 
dispute.
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    \75\ U.S. Department of Health and Human Services, U.S. 
Department of Labor, and U.S. Department of the Treasury, Federal 
Independent Dispute Resolution (IDR) Process Technical Assistance 
for Certified IDR Entities, August 2022, available at https://www.cms.gov/files/document/TA-certified-independent-dispute-resolution-entities-August-2022.pdf.
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I. Scope and Purpose of Rulemaking

    This proposed rulemaking is intended to address specific issues 
that are critical to ensuring the timely rendering of payment 
determinations and to address feedback from interested parties and 
certified IDR entities to improve the functioning of the Federal IDR 
process.
    These proposed rules are intended to address some of the common 
communication issues between disputing parties, including those 
stemming from a lack of clarity as to whether items and services are 
qualified IDR items and services covered by the

[[Page 75755]]

No Surprises Act. These proposed rules would impose requirements and 
create incentives for parties to engage with one another during the 
open negotiation period, which would help reduce the volume of 
ineligible disputes being submitted. Specifically, these proposed rules 
would make changes to the information that plans, issuers, providers, 
facilities, and providers of air ambulance services must share before 
initiating the Federal IDR process by including proposals at 26 CFR 
54.9816-6A, 29 CFR 2590.716-6A, and 45 CFR 149.100 to require plans and 
issuers to provide claim adjustment reason codes (CARCs) and remittance 
advice remark codes (RARCs) when providing any paper or electronic 
remittance advice in response to a claim for payment for health care 
items or services furnished by an entity with which it does not have a 
direct or indirect contractual relationship. Additionally, the 
Departments propose amendments at 26 CFR 54.9816-6, 29 CFR 2590.716-6, 
and 45 CFR 149.140 to the information that must be disclosed about the 
QPA. These proposed rules would also establish new requirements at 26 
CFR 54.9816-9, 29 CFR 2590.716-9, and 45 CFR 149.530, which would 
require plans and issuers to register with the Federal IDR portal to 
better enable a provider, facility, or provider of air ambulance 
services to identify the appropriate plan or issuer with which it has a 
dispute and determine whether its coverage of an item or service that 
is the subject of the dispute is subject to a specified State law, an 
All-Payer Model Agreement, or the Federal IDR process for determining 
the out-of-network rate.
    To further facilitate communication and improve open negotiations, 
these proposed rules would amend the open negotiation process that 
precedes the Federal IDR process. Specifically, at 26 CFR 54.9816-
8(b)(1), 29 CFR 2590.716-8(b)(1), and 45 CFR 149.510(b)(1), these 
proposed rules would amend the content requirements of the standard 
open negotiation notice, would establish requirements related to an 
open negotiation response notice, and would clarify the timing for when 
the open negotiation period begins. These proposed rules would also 
amend the process for initiating the Federal IDR process. Specifically, 
at 26 CFR 54.9816-8(b)(2), 29 CFR 2590.716-8(b)(2), and 45 CFR 
149.510(b)(2), these proposed rules would amend the content of the 
notice of IDR initiation and establish new requirements for a notice of 
IDR initiation response from the non-initiating party. At 26 CFR 
54.9816-8T(b)(3), 29 CFR 2590.716-8(b)(3), and 45 CFR 149.510(b)(3) 
these proposed rules would also establish a new manner for providing 
notices to the other party and the Departments.
    These proposed rules would also provide additional clarity 
regarding timeframes within the Federal IDR process. The No Surprises 
Act includes timeframes by which certain steps of the Federal IDR 
process must be completed. For example, the parties to a dispute must 
jointly select a certified IDR entity not later than the last day of 
the 3-business-day period following the date of the initiation of the 
Federal IDR process, and if the parties fail to jointly select a 
certified IDR entity, the Departments must select a certified IDR 
entity not later than 6 business days after the date of IDR 
initiation.\76\ While the No Surprises Act also provides detailed 
timeframes for certain other steps in the process, the steps that must 
be conducted before a payment determination can be issued are not as 
clearly defined, such as when a certified IDR entity must conduct a 
conflict-of-interest review and must determine whether an item or 
service is a qualified IDR item or service, as defined in 26 CFR 
54.9816-8T(a)(2)(xi), 29 CFR 2590.716-8(a)(2)(xi), and 45 CFR 
149.510(a)(2)(xi), and eligible for the Federal IDR process. Therefore, 
the provisions in these proposed rules would adjust certain steps and 
establish associated timeframes (see Table 1). This includes proposed 
provisions related to establishing a process for the preliminary 
selection of the certified IDR entity and the final selection of the 
certified IDR entity as set out in 26 CFR 54.9816-8(c)(1), 29 CFR 
2590.716-8(c)(1), and 45 CFR 149.510(c)(1), in order to account for the 
time it takes certified IDR entities to confirm that they do not have a 
conflict of interest with either party. To allow more time for 
certified IDR entities to conduct eligibility reviews, these proposed 
rules would include proposed amendments to the Federal IDR process 
eligibility review proposed in 26 CFR 54.9816-8T(c)(2), 29 CFR 
2590.716-8(c)(2), and 45 CFR 149.510(c)(2). As discussed in section 
I.H. of this preamble, eligibility reviews have proven to be complex 
and time consuming. In extenuating circumstances, such as when dispute 
volume is high, it may be more appropriate for the Departments, rather 
than certified IDR entities, to conduct eligibility reviews to 
facilitate quicker dispute processing. Therefore, these proposed rules 
would establish a departmental eligibility review process in proposed 
paragraph 26 CFR 54.9816-8(c)(2)(ii), 29 CFR 2590.716-8(c)(2)(ii), and 
45 CFR 149.510(c)(2)(ii). Further, to support eligibility 
determinations, conflict-of-interest reviews, or payment 
determinations, the Departments propose requirements for the submission 
of additional information from the disputing parties at 26 CFR 54.9816-
8(c)(2)(iii), 29 CFR 2590.716-8(c)(2)(iii), and 45 CFR 
149.510(c)(2)(iii). To clarify and establish a standard process for 
disputes to be withdrawn from the Federal IDR process, the Departments 
propose four conditions in which a dispute may be withdrawn at 26 CFR 
54.9816-8(c)(3)(i), 29 CFR 2590.716-8(c)(3)(i), and 45 CFR 
149.510(c)(3)(ii). To further adjust timeframes and processes 
associated with the Federal IDR process, these proposed rules would 
include proposed amendments related to submission of offers and payment 
determination and notification at 26 CFR 54.9816-8(c)(5), 29 CFR 
2590.716-8(c)(5), and 45 CFR 149.510(c)(5); the collection of the 
certified IDR entity fee at 26 CFR 54.9816-8(d)(1), 29 CFR 2590.716-
8(d)(1), and 45 CFR 149.510(d)(1); and the collection of the 
administrative fee, including a process for setting a reduced 
administrative fee for low-dollar amount disputes and for non-
initiating parties in cases of ineligible disputes, at 26 CFR 54.9816-
8(d)(2), 29 CFR 2590.716-8(d)(2), and 45 CFR 149.510(d)(2). These 
proposed rules also include provisions to expand upon situations in 
which Federal IDR process timeframes may be waived due to extenuating 
circumstances at 26 CFR 54.9816-8T(g), 29 CFR 2590.716-8(g), and 45 CFR 
149.510(g).
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    \76\ Section 9816(c)(4)(F) of the Code, section 716(c)(4)(F) of 
ERISA, and section 2799A-1(c)(4)(F) of the PHS Act.
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    Lastly, to address concerns regarding the vacated batching 
provision at 26 CFR 54.9816-8T(c)(3)(i)(C), 29 CFR 2590.716-
8(c)(3)(i)(C), and 45 CFR 149.510(c)(3(i)(C) and to create more 
efficiencies in the process, these proposed rules at 26 CFR 54.9816-
8(c)(4), 29 CFR 2590.716-8(c)(4), and 45 CFR 149.510(c)(4) would 
include provisions that would allow for more flexibility in batching 
multiple items or services in a single dispute.
    It is the Departments' intention that the implementation of the 
proposed provisions in these proposed rules, if finalized, would lead 
to a more efficient

[[Page 75756]]

Federal IDR process and more timely payment determinations.
BILLING CODE 6325-63-P; 4830-01-P; 4510-29-P; 4120-01-P
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BILLING CODE 6325-63-C; 4830-01-C; 4510-29-C; 4120-01-C

II. Overview of the Proposed Rules--Departments of the Treasury, Labor, 
and HHS

A. Definition of Bundled Payment Arrangement

    Section 9816(c)(3)(B) of the Code, section 716(c)(3)(B) of ERISA, 
and section 2799A-1(c)(3)(B) of the PHS Act state that the Departments 
shall provide that, in the case of items and services which are 
included by a provider or facility as part of a bundled payment, such 
items and services included in such bundled payment may be part of a 
single determination. The October 2021 interim final rules specify that 
in the case of qualified IDR items and services billed by a provider, 
facility, or provider of air ambulance services as part of a bundled 
payment arrangement, or if a plan or issuer makes or denies an initial 
payment as a bundled payment, the qualified IDR items and services may 
be submitted as part of one payment determination and are subject to 
the rules for batched determinations and the certified IDR entity fee 
for single determinations.\78\ The preamble to the October 2021 interim 
final rules describes a bundled payment arrangement as an instance in 
which a group health plan or health insurance issuer pays a provider, 
facility, or provider of air ambulance services a single payment for 
multiple items or services furnished during an episode of care to a 
single patient.\79\ To clarify how certified IDR entities can identify 
a dispute that includes a bundled payment arrangement, the Departments 
provided a definition for a bundled payment arrangement in the August 
2022 Technical Assistance for Certified IDR Entities.\80\ In that 
guidance, the Departments clarified that a single payment to one 
provider, facility, or provider of air ambulance services for multiple 
items or services must be made at the service code level for the entire 
bundle in order to be considered a bundled payment and therefore be 
treated as a single payment determination for the multiple items and 
services under the Federal IDR process. The Departments defined a 
bundled payment arrangement at the service code level because service 
codes are the principal mechanism by which health care services and 
supplies are identified and reimbursed. These rules propose to codify 
the clarification set forth in the August 2022 Technical Assistance for 
Certified IDR Entities. Specifically, the Departments propose to amend 
26 CFR 54.9816-3T, 29 CFR 2590.716-3, and 45 CFR 149.30 by defining the 
term ``bundled payment arrangement'' as an arrangement under which: (1) 
a provider, facility, or provider of air ambulance services bills for 
multiple items or services furnished to a single patient under a single 
service code that represents multiple items or services (for example, a 
DRG code); or

[[Page 75759]]

(2) a plan or issuer makes an initial payment or notice of denial of 
payment to a provider, facility, or provider of air ambulance services 
under a single service code that represents multiple items or services 
furnished to a single patient (for example, a DRG code).
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    \77\ For a chart outlining the Federal IDR Process under the 
current regulations, see the Federal IDR Process Guidance for 
Disputing Parties at https://www.cms.gov/files/document/federal-idr-guidance-disputing-parties-march-2023.pdf.
    \78\ 86 FR 55994.
    \79\ Id.
    \80\ U.S. Department of Health and Human Services, U.S. 
Department of Labor, and U.S. Department of the Treasury. (August 
2022). Technical Assistance for Certified IDR Entities. https://www.cms.gov/files/document/TA-certified-independent-dispute-resolution-entities-August-2022.pdf.
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    For example, the August 2022 Technical Assistance for Certified IDR 
Entities, the National Correct Coding Initiative (NCCI) Policy Manual 
\81\ explains that if a physician performs bilateral mammography, the 
provider shall report (or for the purpose of the Federal IDR process, 
the provider shall bill) Current Procedural Terminology (CPT) code 
77066 (Diagnostic mammography . . . bilateral). The provider should not 
submit CPT code 77065 (Diagnostic mammography . . . unilateral) with 2 
UOS or CPT code 77065 LT (unilateral left breast mammography) plus CPT 
code 77065 RT (unilateral right breast mammography). Under this 
example, the provider performed multiple services, and therefore, if 
the services are billed or reimbursed under one service code (CPT code 
77066), all services performed under that service code (CPT codes 77065 
LT and 77065 RT) may be considered a bundled payment arrangement for 
purposes of the Federal IDR process.
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    \81\ The NCCI, developed by the Centers for Medicare & Medicaid 
Services, promotes correct national coding methodologies. Although 
created for the purpose of reducing improper Medicare Part B 
payments, the NCCI policy manual is also used by commercial payers. 
CMS. (Feb. 28, 2023). Medicare National Correct Coding Initiative 
(NCCI) Edits. https://www.cms.gov/medicare-medicaid-coordination/national-correct-coding-initiative-ncci/ncci-medicare/medicare-ncci-policy-manual.
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    Further, under current rules at 26 CFR 54.9816-8T(c)(3)(ii), 29 CFR 
2590.716-8(c)(3)(ii), and 45 CFR 149.510(c)(3)(ii), bundled payment 
arrangements can be submitted as a single dispute and are subject to 
certified IDR entity fees for a single dispute rather than the higher 
fees for batched disputes (which may include multiple items or services 
from different claims between the same provider and plan but reflect 
the same service code or a similar code under a different procedural 
coding system).
    To further clarify the process for resolving IDR disputes for 
bundled payment arrangements, the Departments propose an amendment that 
would remove the language in the October 2021 interim final rules 
stating that a bundled payment arrangement is subject to the rules for 
batched determinations. While a bundled payment arrangement by 
definition is billed by the same provider or group of providers, 
facility, or same provider of air ambulance services and paid by the 
same group health plan or health insurance issuer, not all requirements 
for batched determinations \82\ apply to bundled payment arrangements.
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    \82\ 26 CFR 54.9816-8T(c)(3), 29 CFR 2590.716-8(c)(3), and 45 
CFR 149.510(c)(3).
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    The Departments solicit comment on the definition and treatment of 
bundled payment arrangements. The Departments also solicit comment on 
examples of service or procedural codes other than DRGs that would meet 
the proposed definition of a bundled payment arrangement.

B. Use of CARCs and RARCs

1. Existing Payment Communication Practice and Requirements
    As described in section I.E. of this preamble, plans and issuers 
are currently required to disclose certain information to providers, 
facilities, and providers of air ambulance services when making an 
initial payment or notice of denial of payment when the recognized 
amount is the QPA.\83\ The Health Insurance Portability and 
Accountability Act of 1996 (HIPAA) mandated the adoption of electronic 
standards for certain health care transactions, including health care 
payment and remittance advice. Under HIPAA and regulations implementing 
the electronic transaction standards, these disclosures, when 
transmitted from a plan or issuer to a provider, facility, or provider 
of air ambulance services,\84\ meet the definition of a health care 
remittance advice transaction.\85\ Therefore, plans and issuers must 
comply with the Accredited Standards Committee (ASC) X12 implementation 
guide adopted at 45 CFR 162.1602 when electronically transmitting the 
QPA disclosures required under 26 CFR 54.9816-6T(d), 29 CFR 2590.716-
6(d), and 45 CFR 149.140(d) to a provider, facility, or provider of air 
ambulance services.\86\ Further, plans and issuers are required to send 
remittance information electronically upon the request of a provider, 
facility, or provider of air ambulance services, regardless of whether 
the requesting individual or entity is in the plan's or issuer's 
network or otherwise affiliated with the plan or issuer.\87\ When 
remittance advice is transmitted electronically, it is commonly 
referred to as an ERA.
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    \83\ 26 CFR 54.9816-6T(d), 29 CFR 2590.716-6(d), and 45 CFR 
149.140(d). As explained in section II.C. of this preamble, the 
Departments are proposing the following amendments to 26 CFR 
54.9816-6T(d), 29 CFR 2590.716-6(d), and 45 CFR 149.140(d) to 
reflect that the concept of the recognized amount is not applicable 
to providers of air ambulance services: (1) requiring plans and 
issuers to disclose the QPA and certain information about the QPA 
when cost sharing is calculated using the QPA for an air ambulance 
service; and (2) requiring plans and issuers to provide these 
disclosures when the recognized amount (or with respect to air 
ambulance services, the amount on which cost sharing is based) is 
the QPA or the amount billed by the provider, facility, or provider 
of air ambulance services.
    \84\ HIPAA requirements related to health care remittance advice 
transactions apply to ``covered entities,'' including ``health 
plans'' (which generally include plans and issuers) and ``health 
care providers'' (which include providers, facilities, and providers 
of air ambulance services that transmit any health information in 
electronic form in connection with an electronic transaction for 
which a standard has been adopted under HIPAA). 45 CFR 160.102 and 
45 CFR 160.103. For purposes of continuity with the rest of this 
preamble, this section uses the terms ``plan'' and ``issuer'' to 
refer to entities that are subject to HIPAA requirements that apply 
to ``health plans'' and the term ``providers, facilities, and 
providers of air ambulance services'' to refer to entities that are 
subject to HIPAA requirements that apply to ``health care 
providers.'' However, self-administered group health plans with 
fewer than 50 participants are excluded from the term ``health 
plan'' under 45 CFR 160.103 and are not subject to HIPAA 
requirements.
    \85\ 45 CFR 162.1601 (``The health care electronic funds 
transfers (EFT) and remittance advice transaction is the 
transmission of either of the following for health care: (a) The 
transmission of any of the following from a health plan to a health 
care provider: (1) Payment. (2) Information about the transfer of 
funds. (3) Payment processing information. (b) The transmission of 
either of the following from a health plan to a health care 
provider: (1) Explanation of benefits. (2) Remittance advice.'').
    \86\ The ASC X12N 835 Version 5010 (835 transaction) is the 
current HIPAA standard that plans and issuers must use to 
electronically transmit explanation of benefits or remittance advice 
information to providers and facilities. As discussed later in this 
section II.B. of this preamble, the current ASC X12 standards 
predate, and therefore do not address, the No Surprises Act 
requirements.
    \87\ 45 CFR 162.925(a)(1). See also Gerhardt, C. (March 22, 
2022). Guidance on health plans' payment of health care claims using 
Virtual Credit Cards (VCCs) and adopted HIPAA standards for Health 
Care Electronic Funds Transfers (EFT) and Electronic Remittance 
Advice (ERA) transactions. Centers for Medicare & Medicaid Services. 
https://www.cms.gov/files/document/guidance-letter-vcc-eft-era.pdf. 
HIPAA regulations require that a covered entity conduct a 
transaction as a standard transaction when using electronic media to 
transmit a transaction for which the Secretary has adopted a 
standard (see 45 CFR 162.923(a)). HIPAA regulations also require a 
health plan to conduct transactions as standard transactions when 
requested to do so (see 45 CFR 162.925(a)(1)). HIPAA does not, 
however, obligate a health plan to conduct a transaction(s) that it 
would not otherwise conduct.
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    An ERA explains how a plan or issuer has adjusted claim charges 
based on factors like contract agreements, secondary payers, benefits 
coverage, and expected cost sharing.\88\ As noted earlier in this 
preamble section with reference to QPA disclosures, all ERAs must

[[Page 75760]]

comply with the ASC X12 835 transaction standard adopted by HHS under 
45 CFR 162.1602. The X12 835 implementation guide mandates the use of 
CARCs and RARCs to communicate remittance information (as opposed to 
any other code systems, such as proprietary codes developed by 
individual plans and issuers).\89\ The terms ``CARC'' and ``RARC'' are 
not defined in Federal statute but are described in the ASC X12 835 
implementation guide and the Council for Affordable Quality Healthcare 
Committee on Operating Rule for Information Exchange (CAQH CORE) 
operating rule adopted at 45 CFR 162.1603(a)(4). CARCs explain why a 
claim or service line was paid differently than it was billed.\90\ 
RARCs provide additional explanations for an adjustment already 
described by a CARC or convey information about remittance processing. 
RARCs are either ``supplemental,'' meaning that they provide additional 
explanation for an adjustment already described by a CARC, or 
``informational,'' meaning they convey information about remittance 
processing and are never related to a specific adjustment or CARC.\91\ 
The lists of approved CARCs and RARCs are maintained by separate 
committees (the CARC Committee and the RARC Committee) designated by 
HHS to review requests to add, remove, or modify existing CARCs and 
RARCs. The HIPAA operating rule adopted at 45 CFR 162.1603(a)(4) 
requires plans and issuers to use a uniform set of CARCs and RARCs for 
defined business scenarios. Updated lists of approved CARCs and RARCs, 
along with an updated list of approved code combinations and business 
scenarios, are published three times each year.\92\
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    \88\ Centers for Medicare & Medicaid Services. (June 16, 2022). 
Health Care Payment and Remittance Advice and Electronic Funds 
Transfer. https://www.cms.gov/Regulations-and-Guidance/Administrative-Simplification/Transactions/HealthCarePaymentandRemittanceAdviceandElectronicFundsTransfer.
    \89\ CARCs and RARCs are required by the ASC X12 835 transaction 
standard and are not currently required to be used on paper 
remittance advice.
    \90\ X12. (Nov. 16, 2022). Claim Adjustment Reason Codes. 
https://x12.org/codes/claim-adjustment-reason-codes.
    \91\ X12. (March 1, 2023). Remittance Advice Remark Codes. 
https://x12.org/codes/remittance-advice-remark-codes.
    \92\ CAQH CORE. (n.d). Ongoing Maintenance of the CORE Code 
Combinations. https://www.caqh.org/core/ongoing-maintenance-core-code-combinations.
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    The RARC Committee has approved a set of specific RARCs that convey 
information related to the No Surprises Act, including which of the No 
Surprises Act provisions apply to a claim, how cost sharing was 
calculated under the No Surprises Act, and whether a payment for a 
claim was an initial or final payment calculated in accordance with the 
No Surprises Act.\93\ These RARCs are currently available for use by 
plans and issuers, although the existing No Surprises Act-specific 
RARCs do not address all required QPA disclosures. The current 
standards and operating rules that govern ERA transactions under HIPAA 
were adopted prior to the enactment of the No Surprises Act and do not 
include specific requirements that dictate which combinations of CARCs 
and RARCs must be used to communicate claim adjudication information in 
business scenarios anticipated by the No Surprises Act.\94\
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    \93\ X12. (March 1, 2023). Remittance Advice Remark Codes. 
https://x12.org/codes/remittance-advice-remark-codes (complete list 
of approved RARC codes including No Surprises Act-specific codes); 
and Centers for Medicare & Medicaid Services. (March 1, 2022). 
Remittance Advice Remark Codes Related to the No Surprises Act. 
(unofficial reference list of No Surprises Act-specific RARC codes).
    \94\ The ASC X12 835 transaction standard requires health plans 
to convey information about the adjudication of a claim using CARCS 
and RARCS. The Phase III 360 CORE Uniform Use of CARCs and RARCs 
(835) Rule, adopted at 45 CFR 162.1603 requires plans to use 
specified combinations of CARCs and RARCs in certain business 
scenarios. CAQH CORE. (August 2022). CAQH CORE Payment and 
Remittance (835) Uniform Use of CARCs and RARCs Rule, Version 
PR.1.1. https://www.caqh.org/sites/default/files/core/Payment-Remittance-CARCs-RARCs-Rule.pdf.
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    Plans and issuers consequently convey the disclosures required 
under the No Surprises Act to providers, facilities, and providers of 
air ambulances through a variety of methods, including electronic and 
paper remittance advice. These disclosures, if more effectively 
communicated, would provide providers, facilities, and providers of air 
ambulance services with more accessible information to determine 
whether they may initiate open negotiation and the Federal IDR process. 
However, in part because plans and issuers are not able to transmit all 
of the required disclosures through standard transactions,\95\ such as 
the ASC X12 835 transaction, providers, facilities, and providers of 
air ambulance services have reported to the Departments that they are 
not always aware of, or cannot understand, the disclosures even when 
the plan or issuer claims to have met the disclosure requirements.\96\ 
Moreover, the Departments' ability to assess how often CARCs and RARCs 
are used to convey information related to the No Surprises Act is 
limited due to the minimal available data on uptake and the absence of 
guidance, standards, or operational rules specifying how these codes 
must be used. Informal feedback from providers, facilities, and 
providers of air ambulance services and plans and issuers suggests that 
some plans and issuers are using some of these codes, including when 
providing paper remittance advice, but there is not yet widespread 
usage.
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    \95\ ``Standard transaction'' means a transaction that complies 
with an applicable standard and associated operating rules adopted 
under the HIPAA Administrative Simplification requirements at 45 CFR 
part 162. 45 CFR 162.103.
    \96\ For example, the Departments are aware of some cases where 
providers, facilities, and providers of air ambulance services used 
third parties to process remittances and did not realize the process 
for viewing the remittances through those third parties was 
filtering out information related to the No Surprises Act. 
Similarly, some providers, facilities, and providers of air 
ambulance services may view electronic remittance advice without 
realizing plans and issuers provided the QPA and related information 
on paper remittance advice.
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2. Proposal To Require CARCs and RARCs To Improve Communication Between 
Plans and Issuers and Providers, Facilities, and Providers of Air 
Ambulance Services
    Gaps in communication between plans and issuers and providers, 
facilities, and providers of air ambulance services contribute to 
inefficiencies in resolving disputes in the Federal IDR process. The 
Departments have identified the following areas of confusion, reported 
by plans, issuers, providers, facilities, providers of air ambulance 
services, and certified IDR entities, which are also consistent with 
the Departments' experience administering the Federal IDR process: (1) 
whether the consumer protections against balance billing and out-of-
network cost sharing under the No Surprises Act apply to an item or 
service; (2) how cost sharing and the out-of-network rates are 
determined (that is, through an All-Payer Model Agreement, specified 
State law, or the Federal rules); (3) how and with whom to initiate 
open negotiations; and (4) which items or services eligible for the 
Federal IDR process can be batched or bundled into one dispute.
    To address communication challenges described in section II.B.1. of 
this preamble, the Departments propose new disclosure rules at 26 CFR 
54.9816-6A, 29 CFR 2590.716-6A, and 45 CFR 149.100. These proposed 
provisions would require plans and issuers to use CARCs and RARCs, as 
specified in guidance issued by the Departments (and discussed 
elsewhere in this section II.B. of this preamble), or as required under 
any applicable adopted standards and operating rules under 45 CFR part 
162, to communicate information related to whether a claim for an item 
or service furnished by an entity that does not have a direct or 
indirect

[[Page 75761]]

contractual relationship with the plan or issuer with respect to the 
furnishing of such item or service under the plan or coverage is 
subject to the provisions of 26 CFR 54.9816 and 54.9817; 29 CFR 
2590.716 and 2590.717; or 45 CFR part 149, subparts B, E, or F. To 
improve the functioning of the Federal IDR process and ensure timely 
rendering of payment determinations, the Departments are of the view 
that providers, facilities, and providers of air ambulance services 
need information to understand not only when items and services are 
subject to the No Surprises Act, but also when they are not, to avoid 
submission of ineligible disputes to the Federal IDR process.
    The Departments have the authority under section 9816(a)(2)(B)(ii) 
of the Code, section 716(a)(2)(B) of ERISA, and section 2799A-
1(a)(2)(B)(ii) of the PHS Act to establish through rulemaking the 
information that a plan or issuer must share with a provider or 
facility when making a determination of the QPA, including the form and 
manner of such disclosures.\97\ The Departments also have authority 
under section 9833 of the Code, section 734 of ERISA, and section 2792 
of the PHS Act to issue such regulations as may be necessary and 
appropriate to carry out the provisions of chapter 100 of the Code, 
part 7 of ERISA, and title XXVII of the PHS Act, including the 
provisions directing the Departments to establish the Federal IDR 
process.
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    \97\ The No Surprises Act does not include the same language 
addressing disclosures to providers of air ambulance services. 
However, the July 2021 interim final rules implemented the statute's 
cost-sharing requirements for air ambulance services by requiring 
that plans and issuers base any coinsurance and deductible for air 
ambulance services furnished by a nonparticipating provider of air 
ambulance services on the lesser of the QPA or the billed amount for 
the services. 86 FR 36884. Therefore, the July 2021 interim final 
rules also applied the requirement to make disclosures regarding the 
QPA with respect to providers of air ambulance services. As stated 
in the preamble to the July 2021 interim final rules, the 
Departments recognize that providers of air ambulance services 
subject to the surprise billing rules (as well as providers and 
emergency facilities) need transparency regarding how the QPA was 
calculated in order to inform the open negotiation process and the 
decision whether to initiate the Federal IDR process and what offer 
to submit. 86 FR 36898.
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    Under these authorities, the Departments propose to require plans 
and issuers to use CARCs and RARCs to convey specific information about 
the No Surprises Act when a plan or issuer provides a paper or 
electronic remittance advice to any entity with which it does not have 
a direct or indirect contractual relationship with respect to the 
furnishing of an item or service under the plan or coverage. 
Specifically, under these proposed rules, a plan or issuer would be 
required to use CARCs and RARCs in accordance with guidance issued by 
the Departments when, with respect to an entity with which it does not 
have a direct or indirect contractual relationship, the plan or issuer 
provides a paper or electronic remittance advice to a provider, 
facility, or provider of air ambulance services for an initial payment, 
notice of denial of payment, or total plan or coverage payment required 
under the No Surprises Act.
    These proposed requirements would also apply to plans and issuers 
when sending remittance advice to entities with which they do not have 
a direct or indirect contractual relationship with respect to items and 
services to which the No Surprises Act surprise billing requirements do 
not apply, in order to convey that the No Surprises Act does not apply.
    Requiring plans and issuers to use approved CARCs and RARCs to 
convey information related to the No Surprises Act on both electronic 
and paper remittance advice would better facilitate the flow of 
information between plans and issuers and providers, facilities, and 
providers of air ambulance services and increase efficiencies in the 
processing of claims subject to the No Surprises Act's surprise billing 
protections. This requirement would also assist providers, facilities, 
and providers of air ambulance services in identifying items and 
services that are not eligible for the Federal IDR process as early as 
the initial payment or notice of denial of payment, thereby reducing 
the submission of ineligible payment disputes to the Federal IDR 
process. This would decrease the need for outreach by certified IDR 
entities and allow them to concentrate resources on making payment 
determinations for eligible disputes.
    In addition, the Departments anticipate that the proposed 
requirement to use CARCs and RARCs would provide valuable information 
to certified IDR entities in determining whether disputing parties 
agree on the eligibility of a dispute for the Federal IDR process after 
it has been submitted. As described in section II.D.1. of this 
preamble, the Departments propose to require that the open negotiation 
notice include a copy of the initial payment or notice of denial of 
payment, which would, under the proposal described in this section of 
this preamble, include CARCs and RARCs related to the No Surprises Act. 
The Departments also propose, as described in section II.D.1. of this 
preamble, to require the open negotiation notice be submitted to the 
Departments through the Federal IDR portal. This would help ensure 
that, even if a plan or issuer does not respond to a notice of IDR 
initiation, the certified IDR entity has access to certain information 
regarding whether the plan or issuer believes the dispute could be 
eligible for the Federal IDR process, thereby avoiding unnecessary or 
duplicative outreach to the parties when possible.
    As discussed in section V.D. of this preamble, requiring the use of 
CARCs and RARCs as described in these proposed rules would result in an 
increase in burden for plans (or their third party administrators 
(TPAs)) and issuers, as they would need to implement and automate the 
use of new CARCs and RARCs. However, because all plans and issuers that 
provide ERA transactions subject to the HIPAA Administrative 
Simplification requirements already are required to use CARCs and 
RARCs, the Departments anticipate that most plans and issuers would 
generally have the capacity to provide No Surprises Act-specific CARCs 
and RARCs. The Departments seek comment on any circumstances in which 
it would not be possible for a plan or issuer to determine whether an 
item or service included on a remittance advice is, or is not, subject 
to the Federal IDR process at the time the remittance advice is issued 
to a provider, facility, or provider of air ambulance services. The 
Departments also seek comment on the technical and operational steps 
that would be necessary to initially implement new No Surprises Act-
specific CARCs and RARCs, including for plans and issuers that do not 
currently use CARCs and RARCs, or that are currently able to 
accommodate only one CARC and RARC combination per line item.
    The Departments propose that certain procedural aspects of this 
proposal would be implemented through guidance issued by the 
Departments.\98\ Should the proposal described in this section of the 
preamble be finalized, the Departments would be authorized to require 
plans and issuers to use CARCs and RARCs to communicate information 
related to whether a claim for an out-of-network item or service is or 
is not subject to the surprise billing provisions of the No Surprises 
Act. The guidance issued under this authority would identify specific 
CARCs and RARCs and describe the specific circumstances in

[[Page 75762]]

which the identified CARCs and RARCs must be used. As discussed in 
section II.B.1. of this preamble, this approach also mirrors the 
existing framework under HIPAA, in which required CARC and RARC code 
combinations are issued through guidance, as authorized by regulation. 
This would provide the Departments with the flexibility to specify the 
use of CARCs and RARCs, including new No Surprises Act-specific RARCs 
that may be developed in the future, while the Departments work to 
address communication challenges affecting the surprise billing 
provisions of the No Surprises Act. It would also provide flexibility 
for the Departments to discontinue the use of certain CARCs and RARCs 
should the information communicated using those CARCs and RARCs become 
readily available to providers, facilities, or providers of air 
ambulance services through a different mechanism or otherwise become 
unnecessary. As discussed in more detail in section II.H.1. of this 
preamble, the Departments propose that plans and issuers would have a 
period of time following the issuance of guidance to implement the use 
of CARCs and RARCs in accordance with the guidance.
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    \98\ This proposal would not alter HHS' authority under HIPAA to 
implement future guidance with respect to electronic remittance 
advice or to adopt new or modified standards or operating rules in 
accordance with Title XI Part C--Administrative Simplification of 
the Social Security Act.
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    HHS is not proposing changes to the HIPAA transaction standards 
(such as the X12 835 standard) or operating rules in these proposed 
rules. HHS continues to monitor the implementation of the No Surprises 
Act in order to determine whether future changes to the HIPAA 
transaction standards and operating rules, in accordance with the 
mandated HIPAA standards and operating rules development and adoption 
processes,\99\ might provide a long-term mechanism for facilitating 
communication related to the No Surprises Act between plans and issuers 
and providers, facilities, and providers of air ambulance services.
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    \99\ Sections 1172 and 1173 of the Social Security Act and 45 
CFR 162.910.
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    The Departments are of the view that it would be beneficial to 
standardize No Surprises Act-related communications between plans and 
issuers and providers, facilities, and providers of air ambulance 
services, regardless of whether the information is transmitted using 
HIPAA standard transactions. Therefore, under this proposal, the 
Departments would issue guidance regarding the use of CARCs and RARCs 
in both electronic transactions as well as formats outside the purview 
of the HIPAA transaction standards, including paper remittance advice. 
While CARCs and RARCs have not been widely used to transmit information 
outside of ERA transactions, the Departments understand that some plans 
and issuers routinely communicate with providers, facilities, and 
providers of air ambulance services using paper remittance advice and 
other formats outside the purview of the HIPAA transaction standards.
    In addition to the RARCs related to the No Surprises Act described 
previously in this section of the preamble that have been approved for 
use, the Departments are assessing whether additional CARCs or RARCs 
could be helpful for improving communication between parties about how 
out-of-network claims are being processed in relation to the No 
Surprises Act. For example, the Departments are considering whether it 
would be beneficial to require the use of CARCs and RARCs when plans 
and issuers have insufficient information to determine coverage for a 
claim from a nonparticipating provider of air ambulance services.\100\ 
The Departments are also considering whether it would be beneficial to 
require the use of RARCs that could be used to provide any of the 
information required to be disclosed about the QPA under 26 CFR 
54.9816-6T(d), 26 CFR 54.9816-6(d), 29 CFR 2590.716-6(d), and 45 CFR 
149.140(d). It also may be helpful to have a RARC that specifies that 
the No Surprises Act surprise billing protections do not apply. In 
addition, a large proportion of the disputes determined ineligible for 
the Federal IDR process by certified IDR entities involve items or 
services that providers, facilities, or providers of air ambulance 
services batched improperly because they did not realize that a TPA was 
administering coverage for multiple self-insured plans rather than a 
single issuer or group health plan, and the items and services were 
thus ineligible to be batched.\101\ Certified IDR entities have 
determined that other disputes are ineligible for the Federal IDR 
process because the self-insured plan involved in the dispute had 
voluntarily opted in to a specified State law.\102\ A RARC that could 
clearly identify a payer as a self-insured plan may reduce the number 
of disputes that are initiated and determined ineligible on the basis 
of a batching or jurisdictional error. The Departments solicit comment 
on whether and what information not conveyed in the existing RARCs 
would be helpful to convey through the creation of additional RARCs 
related to the No Surprises Act's surprise billing provisions.
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    \100\ In TMA III, the District Court vacated the language in 26 
CFR 54.9817-1T(b)(4)(i), 29 CFR 2590.717-1(b)(4)(i), and 45 CFR 
149.130(b)(4)(i), that stated with respect to air ambulance 
services, ``For purposes of this paragraph (b)(4)(i), the 30-
calendar-day period begins on the date the plan or issuer receives 
the information necessary to decide a claim for payment for the 
services.'' See Memorandum Opinion and Order, Tex. Med. Ass'n., et 
al. v. U.S. Dep't of Health and Hum. Servs., No. 6:22-cv-00450-JDK 
(E.D. Tex. August 24, 2023). Because a plan or issuer may not have 
the information necessary to decide a claim for payment within the 
30-calendar-day period, the Departments are considering whether 
CARCs and RARCs may be useful in such circumstances.
    \101\ 26 CFR 54.9816-8T(c)(3)(i)(B), 29 CFR 2590.716-
8(c)(3)(i)(B), and 45 CFR 149.510(c)(3)(i)(B).
    \102\ See discussion in section I.H. of of this preamble related 
to the provisions of the July 2021 interim final rules that allow 
self-insured group health plans, including self-insured non-Federal 
governmental plans, to voluntarily opt into a specified State law.
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    The Departments are aware that some States require issuers to use 
CARCs and RARCs to communicate information about State surprise billing 
laws. The Departments seek comment regarding experience with these 
requirements, including whether such requirements have been effective, 
and any challenges related to implementing such requirements. Should 
these proposed rules be finalized, the Departments note that nothing in 
these proposed rules would prevent a State from requiring that issuers 
use specific CARCs or RARCs in addition to those specified in the No 
Surprises Act-specific Federal guidance that the Departments would be 
authorized to issue; nor would a State or other entity be prevented 
from engaging with the relevant committees to request the creation or 
use of a CARC or RARC in addition to those specified in such guidance.
    Prior to the enactment of the No Surprises Act, out-of-network 
providers, facilities, and providers of air ambulance services commonly 
sought reimbursement directly from patients rather than from a plan or 
issuer, requiring a participant, beneficiary, or enrollee to then seek 
reimbursement for all or part of the cost of the out-of-network service 
directly from their plan or issuer. Because the No Surprises Act 
prohibits nonparticipating providers, facilities, and providers of air 
ambulance services from billing or holding liable a participant, 
beneficiary, or enrollee for an amount greater than the applicable in-
network cost-sharing requirement for items and services subject to the 
No Surprises Act, direct billing of patients is now largely limited to 
items and services to which surprise billing protections in the No 
Surprises Act do not apply. The Departments understand that requiring 
the plan or issuer to convey CARC or RARC information related to 
eligibility for such processes to a participant,

[[Page 75763]]

beneficiary, or enrollee in this circumstance would represent an 
administrative burden on the plan or issuer without any clear benefit 
to the participant, beneficiary, or enrollee. In addition, such a 
requirement would not further the aims of these proposed rules to 
facilitate timely rendering of payment determinations and to improve 
the functioning of the Federal IDR process, in which a participant, 
beneficiary, or enrollee cannot participate as a party. Therefore, the 
requirement to use CARCs and RARCs under these proposed rules would not 
apply for out-of-network items and services for which the plan or 
issuer makes payment directly to the participant, beneficiary, or 
enrollee. The Departments seek comment on whether a plan or issuer 
should generate a remittance advice that can be obtained upon request 
by the provider, facility, or provider of air ambulance services when 
the plan or issuer makes a payment directly to a participant, 
beneficiary, or enrollee, and whether the requirement to use CARCs and 
RARCs to convey No Surprises Act-specific information as proposed in 
these rules should apply in these circumstances.
    While the proposal refers to any paper or electronic remittance 
advice,\103\ the Departments seek comment on whether a more general 
term, such as ``any remittance advice,'' would be helpful in 
characterizing the types of communications accompanying payments for 
items and services. The Departments also seek comment on this proposal 
generally.
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    \103\ The Departments are aware that different terms are 
sometimes used, such as paper remittance advice or explanation of 
payment, when referring to the paper communication that accompanies 
a payment or notice of denial of payment to a provider or facility 
for a claim and provides additional information about the 
adjudication of the claim for which payment is being made.
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C. Information To Be Shared About the QPA

    As described in sections I.B. and I.E. of this preamble, the July 
2021 interim final rules and August 2022 final rules provide that if 
the recognized amount with respect to an item or service is the QPA, 
plans and issuers must make certain disclosures about the QPA with each 
initial payment or notice of denial of payment and must also provide 
certain additional information upon request.\104\ This information must 
be provided in writing, either on paper or electronically, to a 
provider, facility, or provider of air ambulance services, as 
applicable.\105\
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    \104\ 86 FR 36898; 87 FR 52633.
    \105\ 26 CFR 54.9816-6T(d) and 54.9816-6(d), 29 CFR 2590.716-
6(d), and 45 CFR 149.140(d).
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

    While these requirements were intended to ensure the disclosure of 
information about the QPA in any instance in which an item or service 
would be eligible for the Federal IDR process, the text of the current 
regulation directs plans and issuers to make these disclosures only if 
the recognized amount with respect to an item or service furnished by a 
provider, facility, or provider of air ambulance services is the QPA. 
The Departments propose a change to reflect that the term ``recognized 
amount'' is not used in the statute or regulations for purposes of 
determining cost sharing with respect to air ambulance services 
furnished by nonparticipating providers of air ambulance services. 
Rather, under the July 2021 interim final rules, plans and issuers must 
calculate the cost-sharing amount for air ambulance services furnished 
by a nonparticipating provider of air ambulance services as if the 
total amount that would have been charged were equal to the lesser of 
the QPA or the billed amount for the services.\106\ Therefore, the 
Departments propose to amend the regulations to specify that plans and 
issuers must, in the case of air ambulance services, disclose the QPA 
and certain information about the QPA when cost sharing is calculated 
using the QPA. In addition, the Departments propose to require plans 
and issuers to make the same disclosures when the recognized amount (or 
with respect to air ambulance services, the amount on which cost 
sharing is based) is the amount billed by the provider, facility, or 
provider of air ambulance services, and not only when the recognized 
amount (or with respect to air ambulance services, the amount on which 
cost sharing is based) is the QPA, as these items and services would 
also be eligible for the Federal IDR process (provided all other 
eligibility criteria are satisfied).
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    \106\ 86 FR 36884.
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

    Under 26 CFR 54.9816-6T(d)(1)(iv), 29 CFR 2590.716-6(d)(1)(iv), and 
45 CFR 149.140(d)(1)(iv), a plan or issuer making disclosures about the 
QPA must include a statement that if the provider or facility wishes to 
initiate a 30-day open negotiation period for purposes of determining 
the amount of total payment, the provider or facility may contact the 
appropriate person or office to initiate open negotiation, and if the 
30-day open negotiation period does not result in a determination, 
generally the provider or facility may initiate the Federal IDR process 
4 days after the end of the open negotiation period. Under 26 CFR 
54.9816-6T(d)(2), 29 CFR 2590.716-6(d)(2), and 45 CFR 149.140(d)(2), 
plans and issuers are required to disclose additional information in a 
timely manner upon the request of the provider or facility.
    The Departments propose technical and conforming amendments to 
align these requirements with the October 2021 interim final rules 
\107\ and current practice. First, the Departments acknowledge that 26 
CFR 54.9816-6T(d), 29 CFR 2590.716-6(d), and 45 CFR 149.140(d) do not 
consistently include references to providers of air ambulances services 
when referring to providers and facilities, and propose amendments to 
clarify that these disclosure requirements apply with respect to 
providers of air ambulance services (in addition to providers and 
facilities). Specifically, in 26 CFR 54.9816-6T, 29 CFR 2590.716-6, and 
45 CFR 149.140, the Departments propose to amend the introductory 
language in paragraph (d), paragraph (d)(1)(iv), and the introductory 
language of paragraph (d)(2) to clarify the applicability with respect 
to disclosures to providers of air ambulance services.\108\ Second, the 
Departments propose to align the timeframes described in the disclosure 
with the timeframes established in the October 2021 interim final 
rules,\109\ by specifying that days are counted using business days 
(rather than calendar days), where applicable. The Departments also 
propose an amendment to align the language in 26 CFR 54.9816-
6T(d)(1)(iv), 29 CFR 2590.716-6(d)(1)(iv), and 45 CFR 149.140(d)(1)(iv) 
with the same requirements established in the October 2021 interim 
final rules by replacing the phrase ``amount of total payment'' with 
the term ``out-of-network rate,'' as defined in 26 CFR 54.9816-3T, 29 
CFR 2590.716-3, and 45 CFR 149.30, and by describing an unsuccessful 
open negotiation period as not resulting in an ``agreement on the 
amount of payment'' rather than a ``determination.''
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    \107\ 86 FR 55980.
    \108\ The Departments anticipate finalizing additional 
corrections to address this issue when finalizing the remainder of 
the July 2021 interim final rules.
    \109\ 26 CFR 54.9816-8T(b)(1)(i), 29 CFR 2590.716-8(b)(1)(i), 
and 45 CFR 149.510(b)(1)(i).
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    The Departments further propose to require that the statement also 
explain that the provider, facility, or provider of air ambulance 
services must notify the Departments as described under proposed 26 CFR 
54.9816-8(b)(1)(i), 29 CFR 2590.716-8(b)(1)(i), and 45 CFR 
149.510(b)(1)(i), as applicable, to initiate

[[Page 75764]]

open negotiation.\110\ The Departments propose that plans and issuers 
include this explanation as part of the disclosure once the open 
negotiation notice can be submitted through the Federal IDR portal.
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

    \110\ For a discussion of the proposed requirement to notify the 
Departments when initiating open negotiation, see section II.D.1.c. 
of this preamble.
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

    As stated in the preamble to the July 2021 interim final rules 
\111\ and the August 2022 final rules,\112\ the Departments seek to 
ensure transparent and meaningful disclosure of information relating to 
the calculation of the QPA for providers, facilities, and providers of 
air ambulance services, while at the same time minimizing 
administrative burdens on plans and issuers and on the Federal IDR 
process. The Departments are now of the view that additional disclosure 
of information with the QPA is critical to ensuring that all parties 
have the information necessary to determine whether a payment dispute 
is eligible for the Federal IDR process. The Departments therefore 
propose to amend 26 CFR 54.9816-6T, 29 CFR 2590.716-6, and 45 CFR 
149.140 by re-designating paragraph (d)(1)(v) as (d)(1)(vi) and adding 
a new paragraph (d)(1)(v) that would require plans and issuers to 
disclose the legal business name of the plan (if any) or issuer; the 
legal business name of the plan sponsor (if applicable); and the 
registration number assigned under proposed 26 CFR 54.9816-9, 29 CFR 
2590.716-9, or 45 CFR 149.530, as applicable, if the plan or issuer is 
registered with the Federal IDR registry.\113\ The Departments seek 
comment on the specific technical and operational steps that would be 
necessary for plans and issuers to disclose this additional information 
when providing an initial payment or notice of denial of payment. 
Further, the Departments are seeking comment on the appropriate 
implementation period that would allow plans and issuers to complete 
these steps to comply with these proposed rules, if finalized. As noted 
in section II.B. of this preamble, the Departments are also seeking 
comment on whether any of the additional proposed disclosures should be 
required to be communicated using a CARC or RARC specified in guidance 
issued by the Departments.
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

    \111\ 86 FR 36898.
    \112\ 87 FR 52625.
    \113\ For a discussion of the proposal to establish a Federal 
IDR registry and assign a registration number to each plan and 
issuer, see section II.F. of this preamble.
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D. Open Negotiation and Initiation of the Federal IDR Process

    Section 9816(c)(1)(A) of the Code, section 716(c)(1)(A) of ERISA, 
section 2799A-1(c)(1)(A) of the PHS Act, and the October 2021 interim 
final rules establish that, when the out-of-network rate is not 
determined by reference to an All-Payer Model Agreement under section 
1115A of the Social Security Act or specified State law as defined in 
26 CFR 54.9816-3T, 29 CFR 2590.716-3, and 45 CFR 149.30, the plan or 
issuer or provider or facility may engage in open negotiations to 
determine the total out-of-network rate (inclusive of any cost 
sharing).\114\ If the parties fail to reach an agreement through open 
negotiation, they may initiate the Federal IDR process. Section 9817(b) 
of the Code, section 717(b) of ERISA, and section 2799A-2(b) of the PHS 
Act provide that out-of-network rates for air ambulance services may be 
determined through open negotiation or an IDR process that is largely 
identical to the process provided for in section 9816(c) of the Code, 
section 716(c) of ERISA, and section 2799A-1(c) of the PHS Act. Thus, 
the preamble and regulatory text describing open negotiations and the 
Federal IDR process generally apply to providers of air ambulance 
services, unless otherwise specified.
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    \114\ 86 FR 55990.
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1. Open Negotiation
    The Departments propose to amend the open negotiation provisions of 
26 CFR 54.9816-8T(b)(1)(i) and (ii), 29 CFR 2590.716-8(b)(1)(i) and 
(ii), and 45 CFR 149.510(b)(1)(i) and (ii) to establish additional 
requirements for initiating open negotiation and to revise the open 
negotiation period start date. In addition, the Departments propose to 
add a new paragraph at 26 CFR 54.9816-8(b)(1)(iii), 29 CFR 2590.716-
8(b)(1)(iii), and 45 CFR 149.510(b)(1)(iii) that would establish a 
requirement that in response to a party's written notice of its intent 
to negotiate (open negotiation notice), the party in receipt of the 
notice must provide a written open negotiation response notice. In 
these proposed rules, the Departments propose amendments to the content 
requirements for the open negotiation notice. The Departments also 
propose to require an open negotiation response notice from non-
initiating parties, including specific content requirements.
    Section 9816(c)(1)(A) of the Code, section 716(c)(1)(A) of ERISA, 
section 2799A-1(c)(1)(A) of the PHS Act, and the October 2021 interim 
final rules establish that the open negotiation period may be initiated 
by either party during the 30-business-day period beginning on the day 
the provider, facility, or provider of air ambulance services receives 
either an initial payment or a notice of denial of payment for an item 
or service.\115\ The October 2021 interim final rules provide that in 
order for a plan, issuer, provider, facility, or provider of air 
ambulance services to know when it is a party to an open negotiation 
period and the item or service for which the payment is the subject of 
open negotiation, the party initiating open negotiation must provide to 
the other party a written open negotiation notice.\116\ Under 26 CFR 
54.9816-8T(b)(1)(ii)(A), 29 CFR 2590.716-8(b)(1)(ii)(A), and 45 CFR 
149.510(b)(1)(ii)(A), an open negotiation notice must include 
information sufficient to identify the item(s) and service(s) 
(including the date(s) the item(s) or service(s) were furnished, the 
service code, and the initial amount, if applicable, an offer of an 
out-of-network rate, and contact information for the party sending the 
open negotiation notice). The day on which the open negotiation notice 
is first sent by the party is the date that the 30-business-day open 
negotiation period begins. Consistent with the October 2021 interim 
final rules, negotiation during the open negotiation period occurs 
without the involvement of the Departments or a certified IDR 
entity.\117\ Furthermore, the requirement to complete a 30-business-day 
open negotiation period before initiating the Federal IDR process does 
not preclude the parties from reaching an agreement in fewer than 30 
business days. However, in the event the parties do not reach an 
agreement, they still must exhaust the 30-business-day open negotiation 
period before either party may initiate the Federal IDR process. The 
Departments encourage disputing parties to negotiate in good faith 
during this time period to reach an agreement on the out-of-network 
rate. The Departments expect parties to make a genuine effort to 
exchange information with one another at reasonable times and intervals 
with the goal of reaching a solution satisfactory to both parties. To 
the extent parties reach an agreement during the open negotiation 
period, they can avoid the administrative fee and

[[Page 75765]]

other costs associated with the Federal IDR process.
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

    \115\ As clarified in the July 2021 interim final rules, the 
initial payment should be an amount that the plan or issuer 
reasonably intends to be payment in full based on the relevant facts 
and circumstances, prior to the beginning of any open negotiations 
or initiation of the Federal IDR process. (86 FR 36900 through 
36901).
    \116\ 86 FR 55990.
    \117\ See 86 FR 55991.
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    The preamble to the October 2021 interim final rules explained 
that, given that the parties already would have made initial contact 
(namely, the provider, facility, or provider of air ambulance services 
transmitted a bill to the plan or issuer, and the plan or issuer sent 
an initial payment or notice of denial of payment to the provider, 
facility, or provider of air ambulance services), the Departments 
expected the parties to provide effective notice and encouraged the 
parties to take reasonable measures to confirm the other party's 
contact information and confirm electronic receipt through approaches 
such as read receipts, especially if a party does not initially respond 
to an open negotiation notice.\118\ Further, the Departments 
contemplated that issues related to eligibility and jurisdiction would 
be resolved through the disclosures that plans and issuers are required 
to provide with their initial payment or notice of denial of payment 
or, through the required 30-business-day open negotiation period. 
However, disputing parties and certified IDR entities have reported 
that disputing parties are sometimes not actively negotiating with each 
other during the required period as expected by the Departments. In 
addition, non-initiating parties and certified IDR entities continue to 
express concern that initiating parties sometimes do not properly 
initiate or complete the open negotiation period before initiating the 
Federal IDR process. Plans and issuers also have expressed concern with 
the Departments and the certified IDR entities, that providers, 
facilities, and providers of air ambulance services overwhelm them with 
requests to negotiate items or services that are ineligible for the 
Federal IDR process. At the same time, providers, facilities, and 
providers of air ambulance services assert that plans and issuers 
rarely respond to their notices initiating open negotiation or provide 
inadequate information to determine whether the Federal IDR process 
applies during the open negotiation period.
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

    \118\ 86 FR 55990.
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a. Determination of Payment Amount Through Open Negotiation
    To improve communication and information exchange between disputing 
parties and promote efficiencies in the Federal IDR process, the 
Departments propose to amend the open negotiation provisions of 26 CFR 
54.9816-8(b), 29 CFR 2590.716-8(b), and 45 CFR 149.510(b)(1) to impose 
new information exchange requirements and processes and to establish a 
process for tracking open negotiations through the Federal IDR portal 
in anticipation of initiation of a Federal IDR dispute.
    First, the Departments propose to amend paragraph 26 CFR 9816-
8(b)(1)(i), 29 CFR 2590.716-8(b)(1)(i), and 45 CFR 149.510(b)(1)(i) to 
establish a requirement that a party must provide a written open 
negotiation notice to the other party and to the Departments through 
the Federal IDR portal to initiate the open negotiation period.\119\ 
Requiring a party to submit the open negotiation notice to the 
Departments in addition to the other party would provide a record of 
whether and when the open negotiation period was properly initiated, 
which is essential in determining eligibility for the Federal IDR 
process, and would create greater transparency among parties engaged in 
open negotiation, the Departments, and certified IDR entities.
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

    \119\ 26 CFR 9816-8T(b)(3), 29 CFR 2590.716-8(b)(3), and 45 CFR 
149.510(b)(3).
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

    Second, the Departments propose to amend 26 CFR 54.9816-8(b)(1)(i), 
29 CFR 2590.716-8(b)(1)(i), and 45 CFR 149.510(b)(1)(i) to specify that 
the 30-business-day open negotiation period begins on the day a party 
first submits the open negotiation notice and a copy of the initial 
payment, notice of denial of payment, or other remittance advice, as 
specified at proposed 26 CFR 54.9816-8(b)(1)(ii)(A)(12), 29 CFR 
2590.716-8(b)(1)(ii)(A)(12), and 45 CFR 149.510(b)(1)(ii)(A)(12), to 
the other party and the Departments through the Federal IDR portal. 
This amendment would not change the timeframe for engaging in open 
negotiations but would provide greater clarity for parties engaged in 
open negotiation and improve the shared understanding of deadlines 
related to the open negotiation period. The Departments seek comment on 
these proposed amendments.
b. Open Negotiation Response Notice
    To have a meaningful open negotiation, the Departments are of the 
view that both parties must be active and responsive participants. The 
Departments' experience and feedback from disputing parties and 
certified IDR entities indicate that the Federal IDR process is less 
efficient overall when disputing parties are not engaging with each 
other during the open negotiation period. Therefore, the Departments 
propose at 26 CFR 54.9816-8(b)(1)(iii), 29 CFR 2590.716-8(b)(1)(iii), 
and 45 CFR 149.510(b)(1)(iii) to require that the party in receipt of 
the open negotiation notice provide a written notice and supporting 
documentation in response to the open negotiation notice (open 
negotiation response notice) to the other party and the Departments 
through the Federal IDR portal as soon as practicable, but no later 
than the 15th business day of the 30-business-day open negotiation 
period. Requiring the party in receipt of the open negotiation notice 
to submit an open negotiation response notice to both the other party 
and the Departments through the Federal IDR portal would help ensure 
that parties are responding to open negotiation notices and engaging 
with one another during the open negotiation period. To better inform 
the parties' negotiations, the Departments are proposing this 15-
business-day timeframe to give the party in receipt of the open 
negotiation notice sufficient time to review and respond to the open 
negotiation notice. This would also allow the party that submitted the 
open negotiation notice to consider, at its discretion, the information 
included in the open negotiation response notice during (at a minimum) 
the remaining 15 business days in the 30-business-day open negotiation 
period.
    These deadlines are intended to encourage meaningful participation 
in open negotiations and allow both parties time to consider offers and 
raise eligibility concerns prior to initiating the Federal IDR process. 
If a party were to fail to furnish an open negotiation response notice 
containing all required information to the other party and the 
Departments, the Departments would review and determine whether 
enforcement actions may be appropriate. However, failure to timely 
furnish an open negotiation response notice in any specific open 
negotiation would not extend the open negotiation period, delay the 
timeframe for initiation of the Federal IDR process, or affect either 
party's ability to initiate the Federal IDR process.
    The Departments solicit comment on the proposed modifications to 
the requirements for submitting the open negotiation notice and the 
newly proposed open negotiation response notice. Specifically, the 
Departments seek comment on whether the party in receipt of the open 
negotiation notice should be required to furnish the open negotiation 
response notice to the other party and the Departments earlier than 
proposed to allow additional time for the party submitting the open 
negotiation notice to review the open negotiation response notice. The 
Departments also seek comment on imposing a deadline for the open

[[Page 75766]]

negotiation response notice later than the proposed deadline, including 
by the 20th business day or up to the last day of the 30-business-day 
open negotiation period. A longer response timeframe may be necessary 
for a party in receipt of open negotiation notice to review and respond 
if the party receives a high number of open negotiation notices within 
a short time period. However, submission of the open negotiation 
response notice at the end of the open negotiation period would not 
provide the party that submitted the open negotiation notice sufficient 
time to review, consider, and engage with the party submitting the open 
negotiation response notice in a meaningful manner prior to the 
deadline for initiation of the Federal IDR process. Additionally, the 
Departments seek comment on allowing the certified IDR entities, as a 
means of incentivizing participation in the proposed exchange of 
notices, to take into consideration a party's compliance with the 15-
business-day deadline for the open negotiation response notice when 
making their payment determinations.
c. Open Negotiation Notice Content
    The Departments propose to amend 26 CFR 54.9816-8(b)(1)(ii)(A), 29 
CFR 2590.716-8(b)(1)(ii)(A), and 45 CFR 149.510(b)(1)(ii)(A) and add 26 
CFR 54.9816-8(b)(1)(ii)(A)(1) through (12), 29 CFR 2590.716-
8(b)(1)(ii)(A)(1) through (12), and 45 CFR 149.510(b)(1)(ii)(A)(1) 
through (12) to require that the open negotiation notice include 
additional information regarding the item or service under dispute and 
the party sending the open negotiation notice. The proposed amendments 
would add new elements and expand the information required on the open 
negotiation notice.
    Under these proposed rules, the content elements to identify the 
item or service on the open negotiation notice would align with those 
that the Departments propose to require in the notice of IDR initiation 
to identify an item or service under dispute as specified in 26 CFR 
54.9816-8(b)(2)(iii)(A), 29 CFR 2590.716-8(b)(2)(iii)(A), and 45 CFR 
149.510(b)(2)(iii)(A) and would encourage consistency between open 
negotiation and the Federal IDR process. The Departments are of the 
view that requiring the additional elements as part of the open 
negotiation notice would help parties identify the item or service, the 
reasons for the denial of payment or initial payment amount, and 
whether the Federal IDR process applies. Each proposed new or amended 
element on the open negotiation notice is described in this section, 
and the Departments' reasoning for the proposed change is explained.
    Under current rules, the open negotiation notice must include 
contact information for the party sending the notice. At proposed 
paragraphs 26 CFR 54.9816-8(b)(2)(iii)(A)(1) through (3), 29 CFR 
2590.716-8(b)(2)(iii)(A)(1) through (3), and 45 CFR 
149.510(b)(1)(ii)(A)(1) through (3), the Departments would require 
specific contact information sufficient to identify the provider, 
facility, or provider of air ambulance services, the plan or issuer, 
and any third party representing the parties in the open negotiation. 
This contact information would include legal business name, email 
address, phone number, and mailing address, as provided with the claim 
form submitted by the provider, facility, or air ambulance provider to 
the plan or issuer, which would encourage open negotiation initiation 
between the correct parties and effective communication of the required 
information.
    In addition to the proposed standard contact information elements, 
parties would also be required to include the National Provider 
Identification (NPI) number to identify the provider, facility, or 
provider of air ambulance services and the IDR registration number, 
assigned under proposed 26 CFR 54.9816-9, 29 CFR 2590.716-9, and 45 CFR 
149.530, to identify the plan or issuer (described further in section 
II.F. of this preamble).
    Providers, facilities, and providers of air ambulance services 
would obtain the IDR registration number from the plan or issuer when 
the plan or issuer provides it with the initial payment or notice of 
denial of payment. The proposed registration number would help the 
provider, facility, or provider of air ambulance services to accurately 
identify the plan and issuer with which to initiate open negotiation, 
and the contact and plan information necessary to initiate open 
negotiation, particularly if the plan or issuer fails to clearly 
disclose such information. Including this element on the open 
negotiation notice would streamline the process of submitting the open 
negotiation notice by providing a validated source of plan and issuer 
business and contact information, which providers, facilities, and 
providers of air ambulance services often struggle to identify on 
documentation provided with the initial payment or the notice of denial 
of payment and would promote greater consistency and accuracy in 
initiating open negotiation with the correct plan or issuer.
    The Departments acknowledge, as described in section II.F. of this 
preamble, that the plan or issuer may not be registered in the IDR 
registry at the time the provider, facility, or provider of air 
ambulance services initiates the open negotiation period. In these 
circumstances, the party submitting the open negotiation notice would 
attest that the party receiving the open negotiation notice was not 
registered prior to the date the party submitted its open negotiation 
notice and the registration number would not be required to be included 
in the notice. The submitting party would use the contact information 
currently required by the disclosure requirements established in 
sections 26 CFR 54.9816-6T(d)(1), 29 CFR 2590.716-6(d)(1), and 45 CFR 
149.140(d)(1) with the initial payment or notice of denial of payment 
to complete the open negotiation notice. Finally, if the party 
submitting the open negotiation notice is a plan or issuer, the plan or 
issuer would be required to include the plan type. It is the 
Departments' view that the plan or issuer is best positioned to provide 
this information and that this information is necessary in assessing 
applicability of the Federal IDR process. If the plan or issuer is not 
the party initiating open negotiation, the plan or issuer would be 
required to include this information on the open negotiation response 
notice form, as discussed in section II.D.1.d. of this preamble.
    Under the current regulations, the open negotiation notice must 
include information sufficient to identify the item(s) and service(s) 
furnished by the provider, facility, or provider of air ambulance 
services. These include the date(s) the item(s) or service(s) were 
furnished, the service code, and initial payment amount, if applicable, 
an offer of an out-of-network rate, and contact information for the 
party sending the open negotiation notice. If finalized, these proposed 
rules would add to this list of elements considered information 
sufficient to identify the item or service and, therefore, required to 
be included in the open negotiation notice at proposed paragraphs 26 
CFR 54.9816-8(b)(1)(ii)(A)(4), 29 CFR 2590.716-8(b)(1)(ii)(A)(4), and 
45 CFR 149.510(b)(1)(ii)(A)(4). The proposed additions include 
information to identify the location where the item or service was 
furnished (such as place of service code or bill type code \120\), type 
of item or service, the State where the item or service was furnished, 
and the

[[Page 75767]]

claim number. The place of service code is a two-digit code on health 
care professional claims that indicates the setting in which a service 
was furnished.\121\ Place of service code information is often needed 
to determine the acceptability of direct billing of Medicare, Medicaid, 
and private insurance services furnished by a given provider.\122\ 
Further, these proposed rules would require the open negotiation notice 
to include the type of item or service, including whether the item or 
service is an emergency service or a non-emergency service; whether the 
item or service is an air ambulance service as defined in 26 CFR 
54.9816-3T, 29 CFR 2590.716-3, and 45 CFR 149.30; and whether any 
service is a professional service or a facility-based service. Parties 
engaged in open negotiations may use place of service code and 
information on the type of item or service to analyze the 
appropriateness of the payment for the item or service and the 
applicability of the Federal IDR process. The place of service code and 
type of item or service along with the proposed requirement to include 
the State where the item or service was furnished would help the 
parties assess whether a specified State law or an All-Payer Model 
Agreement might apply. In some States, a specified State law or All-
Payer Model Agreement may apply only to certain items or services or 
with respect to services furnished by certain out-of-network providers 
or at certain locations (``bifurcated States'').\123\
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    \120\ Bill type code is the code relevant for billing by 
facilities (as opposed to place of service code for providers).
    \121\ See Centers for Medicare & Medicaid Services. (December 1, 
2021). Place of Service Codes. https://www.cms.gov/Medicare/Coding/
place-of-service-
codes#:~:text=Place%20of%20Service%20Codes%20are,throughout%20the%20h
ealth%20care%20industry.
    \122\ Id.
    \123\ There are currently 21 bifurcated States: California, 
Colorado, Connecticut, Delaware, Florida, Georgia, Illinois, Maine, 
Maryland, Michigan, Missouri, Nebraska, Nevada, New Hampshire, New 
Jersey, New Mexico, New York, Ohio, Texas, Virginia, and Washington. 
See https://www.cms.gov/files/document/applicability-federal-idr-bifurcated-states.pdf.
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

    The combination of these requirements would help parties identify 
whether the Federal IDR process applies or whether an applicable 
specified State law or All-Payer Model Agreement governs the out-of-
network payment amount. The Departments are of the view that requiring 
parties to provide this information on the open negotiation notice 
would improve communication between parties and help identify and 
resolve differences in their understanding of the items or services 
that are the subject of open negotiation. Further, the Departments 
expect that as the Federal IDR portal continues to evolve, this 
information may also be helpful in providing automatic verifications 
upon a party's initiation of the open negotiation period of eligibility 
for the Federal IDR process, which may result in a reduction in 
submission of ineligible items and services.\124\
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    \124\ The Departments note that while this information may 
assist parties in preliminarily assessing eligibility based on the 
location of service, it would not eliminate the need for the 
certified IDR entity or the Departments to determine whether a 
specified State law applies to the specific item or service and 
provider at issue.
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    Plans and issuers have expressed concern that it is often difficult 
to identify the item or service subject to the dispute within their 
billing systems without the associated claim number provided by the 
provider, facility, or provider of air ambulance services. Therefore, 
the Departments amended the standard open negotiation notice to include 
the claim number, as it is necessary to identify the item or service 
that is subject of the dispute.\125\ Under these proposed rules, the 
Departments are proposing to codify the requirement to include the 
associated claim number in the open negotiation notice.
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    \125\ U.S. Department of Health and Human Services, U.S. 
Department of Labor, and U.S. Department of Treasury. (expiration 
Nov. 30, 2025). Open Negotiation Notice. (OMB Control No. 1210-
0169). https://www.dol.gov/sites/dolgov/files/ebsa/laws-and-regulations/laws/no-surprises-act/surprise-billing-part-ii-information-collection-documents-attachment-2.pdf.
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    At proposed paragraph 26 CFR 54.9816-8(b)(1)(ii)(A)(5), 29 CFR 
2590.716-8(b)(1)(ii)(A)(5), and 45 CFR 149.510(b)(1)(ii)(A)(5), the 
Departments would specify that the open negotiation notice must include 
the initial payment amount (including $0 if, for example, the payment 
is denied) of the item or service subject to the open negotiation. The 
initial payment amount is an existing requirement of the open 
negotiation notice, and this proposed amendment relocates it to 26 CFR 
54.9816-8(b)(1)(ii)(A)(5), 29 CFR 2590.716-8(b)(1)(ii)(A)(5), and 45 
CFR 149.510(b)(1)(ii)(A)(5) in the regulatory text and clarifies that 
the plan or issuer must specify $0 if payment is denied.
    The Departments propose to add paragraph 26 CFR 54.9816-
8(b)(1)(ii)(A)(6), 29 CFR 2590.716-8(b)(1)(ii)(A)(6), and 45 CFR 
149.510(b)(1)(ii)(A)(6) to require a party initiating open negotiations 
to provide the QPA for the item or service that is the subject of the 
negotiation if it has been provided on the initial payment or notice of 
denial of payment or if the party submitting the open negotiation 
notice is a plan or issuer. Similarly, by requiring the QPA to be 
disclosed on the open negotiation notice, the Departments intend to 
facilitate better communication between parties in identifying whether 
there may be a mistake in the identified QPA, such as a typographical 
error or the incorrect use of the cost sharing amount rather than the 
QPA, so the information can be rectified before initiating the Federal 
IDR process, if applicable.
    At proposed paragraph 26 CFR 54.9816-8(b)(1)(ii)(A)(7), 29 CFR 
2590.716-8(b)(1)(ii)(A)(7), and 45 CFR 149.510(b)(1)(ii)(A)(7) the 
Departments would specify that the open negotiation notice must include 
an offer of an out-of-network rate for each item or service that is the 
subject of the open negotiation. The offer of an out-of-network-rate is 
an existing requirement of the open negotiation notice, and this 
proposed amendment relocates it to new paragraph (b)(1)(ii)(A)(7) in 
the regulatory text.
    Under proposed 26 CFR 54.9816-8(b)(1)(ii)(A)(8), 29 CFR 2590.716-
8(b)(1)(ii)(A)(8), and 45 CFR 149.510(b)(1)(ii)(A)(8) the Departments 
propose to require that if the party submitting the open negotiation 
notice is a plan or issuer, it must include the amount of cost sharing 
imposed for the item or service, if any. The Departments are of the 
view that the plan or issuer is in the best position to provide this 
information since non-participating providers, facilities, or providers 
of air ambulance services generally would not have access to this 
information. Because the amount of cost sharing for a qualified IDR 
item or service would be determined by the QPA amount, requiring the 
amount of cost sharing paid or owed by the participant, beneficiary, or 
enrollee could help parties better inform their offers while 
negotiating. The amount of cost sharing paid or owed by the 
participant, beneficiary, or enrollee would be used, along with the 
prevailing offer to calculate the final payment amount, should a party 
choose to initiate the Federal IDR process for the item or service in 
question. Having a shared understanding of this value and its impact on 
payment during open negotiations would support the parties' ability to 
negotiate with one another in good faith.
    A non-emergency item or service is ineligible for the Federal IDR 
process if the patient was properly provided notice and consented to 
waive their protections from balance billing under

[[Page 75768]]

the No Surprises Act.\126\ To reduce the number of Federal IDR process 
disputes initiated for items or services that are ineligible for this 
reason, the Departments propose to require at new 26 CFR 54.9816-
8(b)(1)(ii)(A)(9), 29 CFR 2590.716-8(b)(1)(ii)(A)(9), and 45 CFR 
149.510(b)(1)(ii)(A)(9) that if the party submitting the open 
negotiation notice is a provider or facility, that party must provide a 
statement that the items and services do not qualify for the notice and 
consent exception described at 45 CFR 149.410(b) or 149.420(c) through 
(i), either because the items and services are subject to the 
prohibition on balance billing without exception or because the 
provider or facility did not provide notice and receive consent.
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    \126\ The notice and consent exception does not apply to 
ancillary services, which include items and services related to 
emergency medicine, anesthesiology, pathology, radiology, and 
neonatology, whether furnished by a physician or non-physician 
practitioner; items and services furnished by assistant surgeons, 
hospitalists, and intensivists; diagnostic services, including 
radiology and laboratory services; and items and services furnished 
by a nonparticipating provider, if there is no participating 
provider who can furnish such item or service at such facility. 
Additionally, as specified in PHS Act section 2799B-2(c), the notice 
and consent exception does not apply to items or services furnished 
as a result of unforeseen, urgent medical needs that arise at the 
time an item or service is furnished for which a nonparticipating 
provider satisfied the notice and consent criteria.
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

    To further reduce the number of Federal IDR disputes initiated for 
ineligible items or services, the Departments propose at 26 CFR 
54.9816-8(b)(1)(ii)(A)(10), 29 CFR 2590.716-8(b)(1)(ii)(A)(10), and 45 
CFR 149.510(b)(1)(ii)(A)(10) to require that the party submitting the 
open negotiation notice provide a statement that the provider, 
facility, or provider of air ambulance services was a nonparticipating 
provider, facility, or provider of air ambulance services on the date 
the item or service was furnished. Identification of this eligibility 
factor at open negotiation may decrease the number of ineligible 
disputes initiated by drawing the attention of the parties to the 
statutory eligibility standards underlying the Federal IDR process.
    Currently, the standard form \127\ for the open negotiation notice 
provided by the Departments contains general information including a 
description of the open negotiation period, what happens at the end of 
the open negotiation period, and the Federal IDR process. The 
Departments propose at 26 CFR 54.9816-8(b)(1)(ii)(A)(11), 29 CFR 
2590.716-8(b)(1)(ii)(A)(11), and 45 CFR 149.510(b)(1)(ii)(A)(11) to 
align the general information requirements for the open negotiation 
notice with existing requirements under the October 2021 interim final 
rules regarding the notice of IDR initiation, which specify that the 
notice of IDR initiation must include a statement describing the 
Federal IDR process and general information to help ensure that the 
non-initiating party is informed about the process and is familiar with 
the next steps.\128\
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

    \127\ See U.S. Department of Health and Human Services, U.S. 
Department of Labor, and U.S. Department of the Treasury. 
(expiration Nov. 30, 2025). Open Negotiation Notice. (OMB Control 
No. 1210-0169). https://www.dol.gov/sites/dolgov/files/ebsa/laws-and-regulations/laws/no-surprises-act/surprise-billing-part-ii-information-collection-documents-attachment-2.pdf.
    \128\ 86 FR 55991.
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    To support the identification of items or services ineligible for 
the Federal IDR process, the Departments propose to require the party 
submitting the open negotiation notice to provide a copy of the initial 
payment or notice of denial of payment or other remittance advice that 
is required to include the proposed CARC and RARC disclosures described 
in section II.B. of this preamble at proposed 26 CFR 54.9816-
8(b)(1)(ii)(A)(12), 29 CFR 2590.716-8(b)(1)(ii)(A)(12), and 45 CFR 
149.510(b)(1)(ii)(A)(12). The remittance advice containing the proposed 
CARC and RARC disclosures would provide information as to whether the 
plan or issuer believes the claim is eligible for the Federal IDR 
process and ensure that a provider initiating open negotiation 
understands the position of the plan or issuer regarding the 
eligibility of an item or service, even in situations in which a plan 
or issuer in receipt of an open negotiation notice is not otherwise 
responsive.
    The Departments seek comment on the addition of these proposed 
required elements to the open negotiation notice. The Departments also 
solicit comment on whether the party submitting the open negotiation 
notice should be required to provide a statement describing why the 
party is initiating the open negotiation period, including any 
considerations that serve as the basis for the initiation of open 
negotiation for the item or service, such as any of the considerations 
currently described in 26 CFR 54.9816-8T(c)(4)(iii) and 54.9817-
2T(b)(2), 29 CFR 2590.716-8(c)(4)(iii) and 2590.717-2(b)(2), and 45 CFR 
149.510(c)(4)(iii) and 149.520(b)(2).
d. Open Negotiation Response Notice Content
    The Departments propose to establish requirements for an open 
negotiation response notice at 26 CFR 54.9816-8(b)(1)(iii)(A), 29 CFR 
2590.716-8(b)(1)(iii)(A), and 45 CFR 149.510(b)(1)(iii)(A). 
Specifically, the Departments propose to require that the party 
receiving an open negotiation notice must provide a response to the 
open negotiation notice, which would include the same information 
specified in proposed 26 CFR 54.9816-8(b)(1)(ii)(A)(1) through (3), 29 
CFR 2590.716-8(b)(1)(ii)(A)(1) through (3), and 45 CFR 
149.510(b)(1)(ii)(A)(1) through (3) related to the requirements to 
provide contact information sufficient to identify the provider, 
facility, or provider of air ambulance services, the plan or issuer 
that are parties to the open negotiation, and any third party 
representing a party in the open negotiation. The Departments further 
propose that the open negotiation response notice would include the 
following additional information under proposed 26 CFR 54.9816-
8(b)(1)(iii)(A)(4) through (11), 29 CFR 2590.716-8(b)(1)(iii)(A)(4) 
through (11), and 45 CFR 149.510(b)(1)(iii)(A)(4) through (11): (4) 
information sufficient to identify the item or service included in the 
open negotiation notice, including the date(s) the item or service was 
furnished, the claim number, and if the party in receipt of the open 
negotiation notice is a provider, facility, or provider of air 
ambulance services, the date(s) that the provider, facility, or 
provider of air ambulance services received the initial payment or 
notice of denial of payment for such item or service from the plan or 
issuer; (5) if the party in receipt of the open negotiation notice is a 
plan or issuer, a statement as to whether it agrees that the initial 
payment amount (including $0 if, for example, payment is denied) and 
the QPA reflected in the open negotiation notice accurately reflects 
the initial payment amount and QPA disclosed with the initial payment 
for the item or service, and if not, the initial payment amount 
(including $0 if, for example, payment is denied) and/or the QPA it 
believes to be correct and documentation to support the statement (for 
example, the remittance advice confirming the QPA amount); (6) if the 
party in receipt of the open negotiation notice is a plan or issuer, 
the amount of cost sharing imposed for the item or service, if any; (7) 
a counteroffer of an out-of-network rate for each item or service or an 
acceptance of the other party's offer; (8) if the party in receipt of 
the open negotiation notice is a provider or facility, a statement that 
the items and services do not qualify for the notice and consent 
exception described at 45 CFR 149.410(b) or 149.420(c) through (i); (9) 
with respect to each item

[[Page 75769]]

or service, a statement and supporting documentation that explains why 
the item or service is ineligible for the Federal IDR process or a 
statement agreeing that the item or service is eligible for the Federal 
IDR process; (10) a statement as to whether any of the information 
provided in the open negotiation notice is inaccurate and the basis for 
the statement, as well as supporting documentation; and (11) a 
statement confirming that the initial payment or notice of denial of 
payment or other remittance advice provided by the party submitting the 
open negotiation notice is accurate, and if inaccurate, a copy of the 
accurate initial payment or notice of denial of payment or other 
remittance advice that is required to include the disclosures under 26 
CFR 54.9816-6T(d)(1), 26 CFR 54.9816-6(d)(1), 29 CFR 2590.716-6(d)(1), 
and 45 CFR 149.140(d)(1), with respect to the item or service.
    Based on feedback from the certified IDR entities, non-initiating 
parties often do not object to the applicability of the Federal IDR 
process or to the accuracy of the QPA until after the certified IDR 
entity has been selected, including at the time of offer submission. 
Also, at times, disputing parties disagree about the accuracy of 
information relevant to the claim under dispute. In these cases, the 
initiating party is unaware of the non-initiating party's statement 
because this information is sent to the certified IDR entity and not to 
the initiating party well after the open negotiation period has ended. 
This significantly slows down the processing of disputes, as the 
certified IDR entity then must contact both parties to determine the 
appropriate QPA or solicit information necessary to confirm the Federal 
IDR process applies. To implement an efficient Federal IDR process, 
both parties must be active participants in the process. For this 
reason, and to minimize communication challenges between parties, the 
Departments are of the view that the party in receipt of the open 
negotiation notice should provide the proposed content elements to the 
party sending the open negotiation notice and to the Departments. All 
of the proposed open negotiation response notice content requirements 
are also included in the proposed open negotiation notice content 
requirements, except for: (1) a statement that explains why the item or 
service is not subject to the Federal IDR process or a statement 
agreeing that the item or service is subject to the Federal IDR 
process; (2) a statement as to whether the QPA reflected in the open 
negotiation notice is accurate for the item or service, and if not, a 
statement providing the QPA it believes to be correct and documentation 
to support the statement (for example, the remittance advice confirming 
the QPA amount); and (3) a statement confirming the accuracy of the 
initial payment, notice of denial of payment, or other remittance 
advice provided by the party submitting the open negotiation notice, 
and a copy of an accurate initial payment, notice of denial of payment 
or other remittance advice if inaccurate. By restating information on 
both the open negotiation notice and open negotiation response notice, 
parties would have an opportunity to confirm or update information 
necessary to negotiate and identify any information discrepancies which 
could impact eligibility and decisions to negotiate or participate in 
the Federal IDR process. With respect to the three proposed open 
negotiation response notice content requirements not included in the 
open negotiation notice, this proposal, if finalized, would make the 
party submitting the open negotiation notice aware of any objection 
that the party in receipt of the open negotiation notice has to the 
dispute's eligibility for the Federal IDR process or its objection to 
the QPA or remittance advice accuracy. Additionally, this proposal 
would require the party in receipt of the open negotiation notice to 
provide an explanation and documentation to support its statement(s).
    The Departments are of the view that this proposed method of 
exchanging information would facilitate communication and understanding 
between the parties as to the eligibility of an item or service for the 
Federal IDR process. The Departments seek comment on the content 
elements of the open negotiation response notice. The Departments also 
seek comment on the requirement to submit a counteroffer for an out-of-
network rate for the item or service or a statement accepting the other 
party's offer on the open negotiation response notice. Specifically, 
the Departments seek comment on whether it would hinder meaningful 
negotiation between the parties outside the Federal IDR portal, or 
whether it would promote negotiation among parties that might otherwise 
not negotiate.
e. Technical Amendments
    The Departments propose several technical amendments to the open 
negotiation regulatory text. These proposed changes correct or remove 
regulatory text that is being updated by the open negotiation proposals 
in these proposed rules. First, the Departments propose a technical 
correction for the cross reference at 26 CFR 54.9816-8T(b)(1)(i), 29 
CFR 2590.716-8(b)(1)(i), and 45 CFR 149.510(b)(1)(i) which directs 
readers to the definition of a qualified IDR item or service at 
paragraph (a)(2)(xii)(A), but should instead reference paragraph 
(a)(2)(xi)(A) for the appropriate cross reference to the definition of 
a qualified IDR item or service.
    Second, the Departments propose to remove the current regulatory 
text that describes the manner in which the open negotiation notice 
must be provided. The requirements for submitting the open negotiation 
notice described in paragraphs 26 CFR 54.9816-8T(b)(1)(ii)(B), 29 CFR 
2590.716-8(b)(1)(ii)(B), and 45 CFR 149.510(b)(1)(ii)(B) would be 
removed because they would no longer apply under the proposed changes 
to the open negotiation notice, and the removal of this paragraph 
aligns with the proposal described at section II.D.3. of this preamble, 
which would establish uniform standards for submitting notices for both 
open negotiations and the IDR initiation through the Federal IDR 
portal.
f. Implementation of Open Negotiation Through the Federal IDR Portal
    As discussed in section II.D.3. of this preamble, to implement the 
proposed modifications to the requirements for submitting the open 
negotiation notice and the newly proposed open negotiation response 
notice, the Departments would need to modify the Federal IDR portal to 
allow parties to send the open negotiation notice and open negotiation 
response notice to the other party and the Departments through the 
Federal IDR portal. While some plans or issuers have created their own 
proprietary portals to facilitate open negotiations, providers, 
facilities, and providers of air ambulance services are not required to 
use them. Accordingly, providers and facilities are not considered to 
have failed to provide an open negotiation notice or open negotiation 
response notice solely because they did not use a plan's or issuer's 
proprietary portal. The Departments are of the view that having one 
central location where plans, issuers, providers, facilities, and 
providers of air ambulance services could initiate open negotiations 
would increase efficiency. Plans, issuers, providers, facilities, 
providers of air ambulance services, and certified IDR entities have 
also requested that the Departments amend the rules to require parties 
to send the open negotiation notice through the Federal IDR portal to

[[Page 75770]]

streamline the process and create a centralized platform where parties 
can better track their open disputes. The Departments note that though 
these rules propose to require the open negotiation notice and the open 
negotiation response notice to be submitted through the Federal IDR 
portal, parties would not be required to conduct negotiations within 
the Federal IDR portal.
    The Federal IDR portal would facilitate transmittal of the open 
negotiation notice to the appropriate party. Specifically, if the party 
receiving the open negotiation notice is a provider, facility, or 
provider of air ambulance services, the Federal IDR portal would 
transmit the notice to the party based on the contact information 
provided in the open negotiation notice. However, if the party in 
receipt of the open negotiation notice is a plan or issuer, the Federal 
IDR portal would transmit the notice to the party based on the contact 
information provided through the IDR registry. As discussed in sections 
II.D.1.c. and II.F. of these proposed rules, it is possible that a plan 
or issuer would not have submitted their information to the registry by 
the time a party submits an open negotiation notice to them. If, at the 
time the open negotiation notice is submitted there is not a 
registration number for the plan or issuer, the Federal IDR portal 
would transmit the notice to the party based on the contact information 
provided in the open negotiation notice.
    The Departments seek comment on whether the disputing parties 
should be required to use the Federal IDR portal for further 
communication related to open negotiations beyond the initiation of 
open negotiation and the submission of the open negotiation response 
notice. The Departments seek comment on what modes of correspondence 
might be useful to the parties during the open negotiation period (for 
example, the submission of additional documentation to the other party, 
live chat, or message exchange, etc.) and if the content of those 
communications should be accessible to the certified IDR entities if a 
dispute is initiated on the relevant item or service. Lastly, the 
Departments solicit comment on whether there are any additional 
challenges preventing the parties from, or clarifications needed to 
assist the parties in, fully engaging in meaningful negotiations during 
the open negotiation period.
2. Changes to the Initiation of the Federal IDR Process
    Section 9816(c)(1)(B) of the Code, section 716(c)(1)(B) of ERISA, 
section 2799A-1(c)(1)(B) of the PHS Act, and the October 2021 interim 
final rules establish that, with respect to items or services that are 
the subject of an open negotiation period, if the parties have not 
agreed upon an amount for the out-of-network rate by the last day of 
the open negotiation period, either party may initiate the Federal IDR 
process during the 4-business-day period beginning on the 31st business 
day after the start of the open negotiation period.\129\
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    \129\ 86 FR 55991.
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a. Notice of IDR Initiation
    As discussed in section II.D.1. of this preamble, an efficient and 
transparent Federal IDR process requires both parties to be active 
participants. Therefore, the Departments propose to amend the IDR 
initiation provisions of 26 CFR 54.9816-8(b)(2), 29 CFR 2590.716-
8(b)(2), and 45 CFR 149.510(b)(2) to improve communication between 
parties, accelerate dispute processing, and reduce the burden on 
certified IDR entities when determining whether a case is eligible for 
the Federal IDR process. Specifically, these proposed rules would 
require the initiating party to include additional information in the 
notice of IDR initiation and would require non-initiating parties to 
provide a response to the notice of IDR initiation (notice of IDR 
initiation response) to the Departments and to the initiating party 
through the Federal IDR portal within 3 business days of receipt of the 
notice of IDR initiation. Section II.D.3. of this preamble describes 
how the parties would provide both the notice of IDR initiation and 
notice of IDR initiation response to the other party and the 
Departments.
    The Departments propose to amend the content of the notice of IDR 
initiation and redesignate proposed 26 CFR 54.9816-8(b)(2)(iii)(A), 29 
CFR 2590.716-8(b)(2)(iii)(A), and 45 CFR 149.510(b)(2)(iii)(A) as 26 
CFR 54.9816-8(b)(2)(ii)(A), 29 CFR 2590.716-8(b)(2)(ii)(A), and 45 CFR 
149.510(b)(2)(ii)(A). As described in section II.D.1.c. of this 
preamble, under these proposed rules several of the content elements in 
the notice of IDR initiation would be required in the open negotiation 
notice and open negotiation response notice.\130\ As discussed in 
section II.D.1.d. of this preamble, by restating information on the 
notices, parties would have an opportunity to confirm or update 
information necessary to continue negotiations and identify any 
information discrepancies that could impact eligibility for the Federal 
IDR process. Further, the open negotiation notice and notice of IDR 
initiation would often not be identical since disputing parties do not 
always decide to initiate the Federal IDR process for all items and 
services included in the open negotiation notice. The Departments 
anticipate that the Federal IDR portal would be able to prepopulate 
information included in the open negotiation notices and open 
negotiation response notices, which would mitigate additional burden on 
the disputing parties and would provide the certified IDR entity (or 
the Departments in the event the departmental eligibility review 
applies as described in section II.E.1.b.ii. of these proposed rules) 
sufficient information with respect to the item or service and dispute 
in a single document.
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    \130\ See proposed regulations for the open negotiation notice 
content at: 26 CFR 54.9816-8(b)(1)(ii)(A)(1)-(6) and (9)-(12); 29 
CFR 2590.716-8(b)(1)(ii)(A)(1)-(6) and (9)-(12); and 45 CFR 
149.510(b)(1)(ii)(A)(1)-(6) and (9)-(12). See proposed regulations 
for the open negotiation response content at: 26 CFR 54.9816-
8(b)(1)(iii)(A)(1)-(4), (8), and (11); 29 CFR 2590.716-
8(b)(1)(iii)(A)(1)-(4), (8), and (11); and 45 CFR 
149.510(b)(1)(iii)(A)(1)-(4), (8) and (11).
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    Under current rules, the notice of IDR initiation must include 
contact information for the parties to the dispute. The proposed rules 
under 26 CFR 54.9816-8(b)(2)(ii)(A)(1) through (3), 29 CFR 2590.716-
8(b)(2)(ii)(A)(1) through (3), and 45 CFR 149.510(b)(2)(ii)(A)(1) 
through (3), would require specific contact information depending on 
whether the initiating party is a provider, facility, or provider of 
air ambulance services, or the plan or issuer, as well as any third 
party representing the initiating party in the dispute. This contact 
information would include the legal business name, email address, phone 
number, mailing address, and Tax Identification Number (TIN). The 
initiating party would also be required to include the NPI to identify 
the provider, facility, or provider of air ambulance services and the 
plan or issuer IDR registration number, assigned under proposed 26 CFR 
54.9816-9, 29 CFR 2590.716-9, and 45 CFR 149.530 to identify the plan 
or issuer, if the plan or issuer is registered, or an attestation from 
the initiating party that the plan or issuer was not registered prior 
to the date of the notice (described further in section II.F. of this 
preamble). Further, if there is any third party representing the 
initiating party, the notice of IDR initiation would be required to 
include an attestation that the third party has the authority to act on 
behalf of the

[[Page 75771]]

party it represents in the Federal IDR process.\131\
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    \131\ Proposed 26 CFR 54.9816-8(b)(2)(ii)(A)(3), 29 CFR 
2590.716-8(b)(2)(ii)(A)(3), and 45 CFR 149.510(b)(2)(ii)(A)(3).
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

    Under current rules, the notice of IDR initiation must also include 
information sufficient to identify the items or services that are the 
subject of the dispute. These proposed rules would amend these 
requirements to include whether the dispute being initiated includes 
batched or bundled qualified IDR items or services \132\ (described in 
section II.E.2. of this preamble); the date(s) the qualified IDR item 
or service was furnished; if the initiating party is a provider, 
facility, or provider of air ambulance services, the date(s) that the 
provider, facility, or provider of air ambulance services received the 
initial payment or notice of denial of payment for such item or service 
from the plan or issuer; the date the open negotiation period began; 
the type of item or service; the State where the item or service was 
furnished; the claim number; the service code; and information to 
identify the location the item or service was furnished (including the 
place of service code or bill type code).\133\ The proposed rule 
requiring plans and issuers to provide the claim number in the notice 
of IDR initiation would codify existing content requirements in the 
notice of IDR initiation. The claim number is an element on the notice 
of IDR initiation that is currently approved for use by the initiating 
party, as it is information that is necessary to identify the item or 
service under dispute, as currently required by 26 CFR 54.9816-
8T(b)(2)(iii)(A)(1), 29 CFR 2590.716-8(b)(2)(iii)(A)(1), and 45 CFR 
149.510(b)(2)(iii)(A)(1). The Departments also propose requiring the 
initiating party to submit its TIN in the notice of IDR initiation in 
order to facilitate the Departments' ability to collect the 
administrative fees directly, as described in section II.E.3.d. of this 
preamble.\134\ The TIN would also facilitate debt collection from 
parties that fail to pay their administrative fees and generally 
streamline the collection process by serving as a unique identifier for 
disputing parties.
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    \132\ Proposed 26 CFR 54.9816-8(b)(2)(ii)(A)(4), 29 CFR 
2590.716-8(b)(2)(ii)(A)(4), and 45 CFR 149.510(b)(2)(ii)(A)(4).
    \133\ Proposed 26 CFR 54.9816-8(b)(2)(ii)(A)(5), 29 CFR 
2590.716-8(b)(2)(ii)(A)(5), and 45 CFR 149.510(b)(2)(ii)(A)(5).
    \134\ Currently, the administrative fee is paid to the selected 
certified IDR entity and then remitted to the Departments. 26 CFR 
54.9816-8T(d)(2)(i) and (e)(2)(ix), 29 CFR 2590.716-8(d)(2)(i) and 
(e)(2)(ix), and 45 CFR 149.510(d)(2)(i) and (e)(2)(ix).
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    Under current rules, the notice of IDR initiation requires the 
initiating party to provide the initial payment amount, the QPA, and if 
the initiating party is a provider or facility, a statement that the 
items and services do not qualify for the notice and consent exception 
described at 45 CFR 149.410(b) or 149.420(c) through (i). This 
information would still be required under these proposed rules at 
paragraphs 26 CFR 54.9816-8(b)(2)(ii)(A)(6) through (8), 29 CFR 
2590.716-8(b)(2)(ii)(A)(6) through (8), and 45 CFR 
149.510(b)(2)(ii)(A)(6) through (8), but would require the QPA only if 
provided with the initial payment of notice of denial or payment or if 
the initiating party is a plan or issuer. These proposed rules would 
also require that the initiating party provide the initial payment 
amount, including $0, if the payment was denied.
    Further, these proposed rules would require a statement that the 
provider, facility, or provider of air ambulance services was a 
nonparticipating provider, nonparticipating emergency facility, or 
nonparticipating provider of air ambulance services on the date the 
item or service was furnished.\135\ As discussed in section II.D.1.c. 
of this preamble, identification of this eligibility factor at the time 
of initiating the Federal IDR process may decrease the number of 
ineligible disputes initiated by drawing the attention of the parties 
to the statutory eligibility standards underlying the Federal IDR 
process.
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    \135\ Proposed 26 CFR 54.9816-8(b)(2)(ii)(A)(9), 29 CFR 
2590.716-8(b)(2)(ii)(A)(9), and 45 CFR 149.510(b)(2)(ii)(A)(9).
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

    Under current rules, the notice of IDR initiation requires the 
initiating party to provide an attestation that the item or service 
under dispute is a qualified IDR item or service, and the basis for the 
attestation; general information listed in the standard notice of IDR 
initiation developed by the Departments describing the Federal IDR 
process (including a description of the purpose of the Federal IDR 
process and key deadlines in the Federal IDR process); and the 
preferred certified IDR entity. Each of these content requirements 
would still be required under these proposed rules.\136\
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    \136\ Proposed 26 CFR 54.9816-8(b)(2)(ii)(A)(10) through (11) 
and (13), 29 CFR 2590.716-8(b)(2)(ii)(A)(10) through (11) and (13), 
and 45 CFR 149.510(b)(2)(ii)(A)(10) through (11) and (13).
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    To improve communications between the parties to a dispute, these 
proposed rules would also require the initiating party to include a 
copy of the initial payment or notice of denial of payment or other 
remittance advice that is required to include the disclosures under 26 
CFR 54.9816-6T(d)(1), 26 CFR 54.9816-6(d)(1), 29 CFR 2590.716-6(d)(1), 
and 45 CFR 149.140(d)(1), with respect to the item or service; \137\ 
and a statement describing the key aspects of the claim discussed by 
the parties during open negotiation that relate to the payment for the 
disputed claim, whether the reasons for initiating the Federal IDR 
process are different from those aspects discussed during the open 
negotiation period, and an explanation of why the party is initiating 
the Federal IDR process, including any of the considerations currently 
described in 26 CFR 54.9816-8(c)(4)(iii) and 54.9817-2(b)(2), 29 CFR 
2590.716-8(c)(4)(iii) and 2590.717-2(b)(2), and 45 CFR 
149.510(c)(4)(iii) and 149.520(b)(2) that serve as the party's basis 
for initiating the Federal IDR process.\138\ The Departments have 
received feedback that plans and issuers are often unaware of the 
reasons why the provider, facility, or provider of air ambulance 
services is initiating the Federal IDR process, despite engaging in the 
30-business-day open negotiation period. Further, plans and issuers 
have stated that providers, facilities, and providers of air ambulance 
services often raise different reasons in the notice of offer 
submission than the reasons they presented during the open negotiation 
period. Plans and issuers have also stated that if they knew earlier of 
a provider's, facility's, or provider of air ambulance services' 
reasoning for initiating the Federal IDR process, they may have a more 
accurate basis for making an alternative out-of-network payment amount 
that may better align with the provider's, facility's, or provider of 
air ambulance services' requested total payment amount. Thus, the 
Departments are of the view that requiring this information would 
result in the non-initiating party providing a more informed offer or 
help the disputing parties reach a settlement before the certified IDR 
entity makes a payment determination.
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    \137\ Proposed 26 CFR 54.9816-8(b)(2)(ii)(A)(12), 29 CFR 
2590.716-8(b)(2)(ii)(A)(12), and 45 CFR 149.510(b)(2)(ii)(A)(12).
    \138\ Proposed 26 CFR 54.9816-8(b)(2)(ii)(A)(14), 29 CFR 
2590.716-8(b)(2)(ii)(A)(14), and 45 CFR 149.510(b)(2)(ii)(A)(14).
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

    Requiring the initiating party to attest that the item or service 
under dispute is a qualified IDR item or service and to identify the 
basis for the attestation may reduce the number of ineligible disputes 
submitted because it would require the initiating party to actively 
evaluate eligibility before initiating the Federal IDR process. This 
would help reduce the time certified IDR entities spend conducting 
outreach to confirm whether

[[Page 75772]]

the item or service is eligible for the Federal IDR process.
    Lastly, the Departments propose to remove paragraphs 26 CFR 
54.9816-8T(b)(2)(iii)(B) and (C), 29 CFR 2590.716-8(b)(2)(iii)(B) and 
(C), and 45 CFR 149.510(b)(2)(iii)(B) and (C), which specify the manner 
in which the notice of IDR initiation must be provided to the other 
party and the Departments. The Departments propose to establish 
paragraphs 26 CFR 54.9816-8(b)(3), 29 CFR 2590.716-8(b)(3), and 45 CFR 
149.510(b)(3) to require use of the Federal IDR portal for transmission 
of notices of IDR initiation in the same manner as would be required 
for the transmission of notices related to open negotiation discussed 
in section II.D.3. of this preamble.
    The Departments seek comment on these proposals. Specifically, the 
Departments seek comment on the new content elements for the notice of 
IDR initiation and whether additional elements should be required to 
facilitate the exchange of information necessary to initiate the 
Federal IDR process. Further, the Departments solicit comment on the 
proposed requirement for the initiating party to include in the notice 
of IDR initiation a statement describing any key aspects of the claim 
discussed by the parties during open negotiation, whether the 
considerations for initiating the Federal IDR process are different 
from the key aspects of the claim discussed during the open negotiation 
period, and an explanation of why the party is initiating the Federal 
IDR process, including any of the permissible considerations described 
at 26 CFR 54.9816-8(c)(4)(iii) and 54.9817-2(b)(2), 29 CFR 2590.716-
8(c)(4)(iii) and 2590.717-2(b)(2), and 45 CFR 149.510(c)(4)(iii) and 
149.520(b)(2).
b. Notice of IDR Initiation Response
    The Departments propose to amend 26 CFR 54.9816-8(b)(2)(i), 29 CFR 
2590.716-8(b)(2)(i), and 45 CFR 149.510(b)(2)(i) to require that the 
non-initiating party provide a written notice and supporting 
documentation in response to the notice of IDR initiation to the 
initiating party and the Departments within 3 business days after the 
date of IDR initiation. As described in section II.D.2.a. of this 
preamble, the initiating party must submit the notice of IDR initiation 
through the Federal IDR portal. Upon proper submission of the notice of 
IDR initiation by the initiating party, the Federal IDR portal would 
facilitate transmittal of the notice of IDR initiation to the non-
initiating party. The non-initiating party would also receive the 
notice of IDR initiation response form from the Federal IDR portal on 
the date of IDR initiation, which is the date the Departments receive 
the notice of IDR initiation. The Departments are of the view that it 
is critical to require the non-initiating party to provide a response 
to the notice of IDR initiation (including any objections regarding 
preferred certified IDR entity selection and notice of any objection to 
Federal IDR process eligibility) in order to increase transparency and 
improve efficiencies in the Federal IDR process.
    The Departments propose to add 26 CFR 54.9816-8(b)(2)(iii)(A), 29 
CFR 2590.716-8(b)(2)(iii)(A), and 45 CFR 149.510(b)(2)(iii)(A), to 
provide that the notice of IDR initiation response must include 
information sufficient to identify the non-initiating party. Under the 
proposed rules, the notice of IDR initiation response must include the 
legal business name, email address, phone number, mailing address, the 
TIN, the NPI, and the plan's or issuer's registration number, as 
required under proposed 26 CFR 54.9816-9, 29 CFR 2590.716-9, and 45 CFR 
149.530. These proposed rules would also require the notice to include 
the name and contact information (including the legal business name, 
email address, phone number, and mailing address) for any third party 
representing the non-initiating party, and an attestation that the 
third party has the authority to act on behalf of the party it 
represents in the Federal IDR process.
    The Departments also propose that the notice must include 
information sufficient to identify each item or service included in the 
notice of IDR initiation (including the date(s) the item or service was 
furnished. If the non-initiating party is a provider, facility, or 
provider of air ambulance services, the notice must include the date(s) 
that the provider, facility, or provider of air ambulance services 
received the initial payment or notice of denial of payment for such 
item or service from the plan or issuer and the claim number). If the 
non-initiating party is a plan or issuer, the proposed rules would 
require a statement as to whether the non-initiating party agrees that 
the initial payment (including $0 if, for example, payment is denied) 
and the QPA reflected in the notice of IDR initiation was the initial 
payment amount and/or the QPA disclosed with the initial payment or 
notice of denial of payment for the item or service that is the subject 
of the dispute, and if not, the initial payment amount (including $0 
if, for example, payment is denied) and/or QPA it believes to be 
correct, and documentation to support the statement (for example, the 
remittance advice confirming the QPA). If the non-initiating party is a 
plan or issuer, the notice must include the amount of cost sharing 
imposed for the item or service, if any. If the non-initiating party is 
a provider or facility, the notice must include a statement that the 
items and services do not qualify for the notice and consent exception 
described at Sec.  149.410(b) or Sec.  149.420(c) through (i).
    With respect to each item or service that is the subject of the 
dispute, the notice must also include an attestation that the item or 
service is a qualified IDR item or service, or for each item or service 
that the non-initiating party asserts is not a qualified IDR item or 
service, an explanation and documentation to support the statement; a 
statement confirming that the initial payment or notice of denial of 
payment or other remittance advice provided by the initiating party 
under paragraph (b)(2)(ii)(A)(12) is accurate, and if inaccurate, a 
copy of the accurate initial payment or notice of denial of payment or 
other remittance advice required to include the disclosures under 26 
CFR 54.9816-6T(d)(1), 26 CFR 54.9816-6(d)(1), 29 CFR 2590.716-6(d)(1), 
and 45 CFR 149.140(d)(1), with respect to the item or service; a 
statement as to whether any of the information provided in the notice 
of IDR initiation is inaccurate, the basis for the statement, and any 
supporting documentation; and a statement as to whether the non-
initiating party agrees or objects to the initiating party's preferred 
certified IDR entity. If the non-initiating party objects to the 
initiating party's preferred certified IDR entity, the notice of IDR 
initiation response must include the name of an alternative preferred 
certified IDR entity and, if applicable, an explanation of any conflict 
of interest with the initiating party's preferred certified IDR entity.
    Most of the proposed notice of IDR initiation response content 
requirements are included in the proposed open negotiation notice, open 
negotiation response notice, and notice of IDR initiation content 
requirements.\139\ As

[[Page 75773]]

discussed in sections II.D.1.d. and II.D.2.a., by restating information 
on the notices, parties would have an opportunity to confirm or update 
information necessary to continue negotiations and identify any 
information discrepancies which could impact eligibility. Further, by 
requiring this information at IDR initiation, it would reduce the 
likelihood that additional outreach would be necessary to make 
eligibility determinations, improving IDR dispute processing. As 
discussed in section II.D.2.a. of this preamble, the Departments 
anticipate that the Federal IDR portal would be able to prepopulate 
information included in the open negotiation notice, open negotiation 
response notice, and the notice of IDR initiation notice, which would 
mitigate additional burden on the disputing parties.
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    \139\ See proposed regulations for the open negotiation notice 
content at: 26 CFR 54.9816-8(b)(1)(ii)(A)(1)-(6), (8)-(9), and (12); 
29 CFR 2590.716-8(b)(1)(ii)(A)(1)-(6), (8)-(9), and (12); and 45 CFR 
149.510(b)(1)(ii)(A)(1)-(6), (8)-(9), and (12). See proposed 
regulations for the open negotiation response content at: 26 CFR 
54.9816-8(b)(1)(iii)(A)(1)-(6), (8)-(9), and (11); 29 CFR 2590.716-
8(b)(1)(iii)(A)(1)-(6), (8)-(9), and (11); and 45 CFR 
149.510(b)(1)(iii)(A)(1)-(6), (8)-(9), and (11). See proposed 
regulations for the notice of IDR initiation content at: 26 CFR 
54.9816-8(b)(2)(ii)(A)(1)-(3), (5)-(8), (10), and (12); 29 CFR 
2590.716-8(b)(2)(ii)(A)(1)-(3), (5)-(8), (10), and (12); and 45 CFR 
149.510(b)(2)(ii)(A)(1)-(3), (5)-(8), (10) and (12).
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    The proposed rules also include additional content requirements for 
the notice of IDR initiation response that require a statement as to 
whether the non-initiating party agrees or objects to the initiating 
party's preferred certified IDR entity and, if the non-initiating party 
objects to the initiating party's preferred certified IDR entity, the 
name of an alternative preferred certified IDR entity. This proposed 
requirement is to meet the statutory requirement under Code section 
9816(c)(4)(F), ERISA section 716(c)(4)(F), and PHS Act section 2799A-
1(c)(4)(F) that the Departments must provide a method for the plan or 
issuer and the provider, facility, or provider of air ambulance 
services that are parties to a determination subject to the Federal IDR 
process to jointly select a certified IDR entity no later than 3 
business days following the date of the IDR initiation. Section 
II.E.1.a. of this preamble further describes the selection of the 
certified IDR entity process and the proposed amendments to the 
certified IDR entity selection process.
    The Departments anticipate updating the Federal IDR portal to 
create parameters to ensure information is submitted for each of the 
required fields for the notice of IDR initiation and notice of IDR 
initiation response. However, failure to timely furnish a notice of IDR 
initiation response would not delay the timeframe for initiation of the 
Federal IDR process (because the Federal IDR process has been initiated 
once a notice of IDR initiation has timely been submitted to the non-
initiating party and the Departments) or delay any subsequent 
timeframes under the Federal IDR process. As discussed in section 
II.D.1.b. of this preamble, if a party were to fail to furnish a notice 
of IDR initiation response to the other party and the Departments or 
fail to fill out all of the required information in good faith (for 
example, intentional omission of detail with the intent to advance the 
process without providing sufficient content), the Departments would 
review and determine whether enforcement actions may be warranted.
    The Departments seek comment on these proposals, including any 
administrative burden associated with the additional disclosure 
requirements.
3. Manner of Notices
    The October 2021 interim final rules generally require a party to 
initiate open negotiations and initiate the Federal IDR process by 
providing written notice to the other party.\140\ The party initiating 
the Federal IDR process must also furnish the notice of IDR initiation 
to the Departments through the Federal IDR portal. In both cases, 
notice to the other party may be provided electronically if the 
following two conditions are satisfied: (1) the party sending the open 
negotiation notice has a good faith belief that the electronic method 
is readily accessible to the other party; and (2) the notice is 
provided in paper form free of charge upon request.\141\ As mentioned 
in section II.D.1. and II.D.2. of this preamble, the Departments are 
proposing to remove the regulatory text at 26 CFR 54.9816-
8T(b)(1)(ii)(B), (b)(2)(iii)(B), and (b)(2)(iii)(C), 29 CFR 2590.716-
8(b)(1)(ii)(B), (b)(2)(iii)(B), and (b)(2)(iii)(C), and 45 CFR 
149.510(b)(1)(ii)(B), (b)(2)(iii)(B), and (b)(2)(iii)(C) and instead 
include new requirements related to the manner of submission of open 
negotiation notices and notices of IDR initiation to the Departments 
and the other party at 26 CFR 54.9816-8(b)(3), 29 CFR 2590.716-8(b)(3), 
and 45 CFR 149.510(b)(3). The Departments propose that these new 
requirements would also apply to the open negotiation response notice 
and the notice of IDR initiation response. Specifically, the 
Departments propose that a party must furnish to the other party and 
the Departments the notices and supporting documentation described in 
proposed paragraphs (b)(1)(ii) (open negotiation notice), (b)(1)(iii) 
(open negotiation response notice), (b)(2)(ii) (notice of IDR 
initiation), and (b)(2)(iii) (notice of IDR initiation response) 
through the Federal IDR portal, using the standard forms developed by 
the Departments.
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    \140\ 86 FR 55990.
    \141\ 26 CFR 54.9816-8T(b)(1)(ii)(B), (b)(2)(iii)(B), and 
(b)(2)(iii)(C), 29 CFR 2590.716-8(b)(1)(ii)(B), (b)(2)(iii)(B), and 
(b)(2)(iii)(C), and 45 CFR 149.510(b)(1)(ii)(B), (b)(2)(iii)(B) and 
(b)(2)(iii)(C).
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    Under the current regulations, the open negotiation notice between 
parties has taken place outside of the Federal IDR portal and has led 
to challenges for the Departments and certified IDR entities to confirm 
that all requirements related to the open negotiation notice and open 
negotiation period have been satisfied for each initiated dispute. 
Requiring a party to submit the open negotiation notice to the 
Departments and the other party through the Federal IDR portal would 
provide a record of whether and when the initiating party began open 
negotiations, which would help inform whether the item or service that 
is the subject of negotiation is eligible for the Federal IDR process. 
The Departments expect that this would decrease the amount of time and 
resources the Departments and certified IDR entities spend seeking 
information from the disputing parties to determine whether the open 
negotiation period was initiated and exhausted, which would ultimately 
provide certified IDR entities more time to review eligible disputes.
    As specified in the October 2021 interim final rules and set forth 
in these proposed rules, the Departments are of the view that it is 
important for a party receiving a notice to be furnished the notice on 
the same day as it is submitted to the Departments, because many of the 
timeframes required in the October 2021 interim final rules and 
proposed in these proposed rules are triggered upon receipt of a 
notice.\142\ Currently, when an initiating party submits the notice of 
IDR initiation to the Federal IDR portal, the non-initiating party 
receives a notice from the Departments on the same day the Departments 
receive the notice of IDR initiation. This notice from the Departments 
to the non-initiating party provides information contained in the 
notice of IDR initiation. However, it does not include any of the 
supporting documentation that the initiating party may have provided 
with the notice of IDR initiation. While the initiating party is 
required to directly furnish the notice of IDR initiation to the other 
party, non-initiating parties report that, at times, the initiating 
party provides the notice after the period for IDR initiation has 
expired, although it submits the notice to the Departments within the 
applicable notice period.
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    \142\ 86 FR 55990 through 55991.
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    If these proposed rules are finalized, the Departments would 
enhance the Federal IDR portal to allow the parties to transmit 
notices, including supporting documentation, through the Federal IDR 
portal so that the party sending the notice can notify the

[[Page 75774]]

Departments and the other party at the same time. Further, as discussed 
in sections II.D.1.c. and II.D.2.a. of this preamble, the Departments 
are proposing to require similar content requirements in the open 
negotiation notice and notice of IDR initiation. By streamlining the 
submission of these notices, the Departments would be able to use 
information that was submitted for one notice to pre-populate 
subsequent notices, reducing the burden of providing duplicative 
information. For instance, if a party decides to initiate the Federal 
IDR process after submitting the open negotiation notice through the 
Federal IDR portal and completing the 30-business-day open negotiation 
period, the Departments intend that the Federal IDR portal would pre-
populate the fields in the notice of IDR initiation and notice of IDR 
initiation response with the same information that was provided in the 
open negotiation notice and open negotiation response notice, as 
applicable. The Departments solicit comment on these proposals.

E. Federal IDR Process Following Initiation

1. Certified IDR Entity Selection and Eligibility Determinations
a. Certified IDR Entity Selection
    Section 9816(c)(4)(F) of the Code, section 716(c)(4)(F) of ERISA, 
section 2799A-1(c)(4)(F) of the PHS Act, and the October 2021 interim 
final rules \143\ provide parties to a dispute 3 business days after 
the initiation date of the Federal IDR process to jointly select a 
certified IDR entity. If parties to a dispute fail to jointly agree and 
select a certified IDR entity within the required timeframe, the 
Departments must select the certified IDR entity no later than 6 
business days after the initiation date of the Federal IDR process. 
More specifically, under the current rules, the non-initiating party 
may agree or object to the preferred certified IDR entity that the 
initiating party identifies in its notice of IDR initiation. If the 
non-initiating party fails to object within 3 business days after the 
date of IDR initiation, the preferred certified IDR entity identified 
in the notice of IDR initiation will be selected and will be treated as 
jointly agreed to by the parties. In this case, the initiating party's 
preferred certified IDR entity becomes the certified IDR entity for the 
dispute, provided that the certified IDR entity does not have a 
conflict of interest. If the non-initiating party objects to the 
initiating party's preferred certified IDR entity, it must notify the 
initiating party of the objection and propose an alternative preferred 
certified IDR entity within 3 business days after the date of IDR 
initiation. The initiating party must then agree or object to the 
alternative preferred certified IDR entity within 3 business days after 
the date of IDR initiation. If the initiating party fails to agree or 
object to the alternative preferred certified IDR entity within that 
timeframe, the alternative preferred certified IDR entity selected by 
the non-initiating party will be selected and will be treated as 
jointly agreed to by the parties. If the parties fail to jointly agree 
on a certified IDR entity within 3 business days after the date of IDR 
initiation, the Departments select a certified IDR entity through 
random selection.\144\
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    \143\ 87 FR 55991 through 55992.
    \144\ 26 CFR 54.9816-8T(c)(1)(iv), 29 CFR 2590.716-8(c)(1)(iv), 
and 45 CFR 149.510(c)(1)(iv).
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    Further, under the current rules, upon the joint selection of a 
certified IDR entity the initiating party must provide a notice of 
certified IDR entity selection to the Departments indicating whether 
the parties have jointly agreed or failed to agree on the selection of 
a certified IDR entity, as soon as practicable but no later than 1 
business day after selection.\145\ The notification must include an 
attestation by both parties, or by the initiating party if the non-
initiating party fails to object to the selection of the certified IDR 
entity, that the selected certified IDR entity does not have a conflict 
of interest as specified in 26 CFR 54.9816-8(c)(1)(ii), 29 CFR 
2590.716-8(c)(1)(ii), and 45 CFR 149.510(c)(1)(ii).\146\ Under the 
current rules, after the selection of the certified IDR entity by the 
parties (including when the initiating party selects a certified IDR 
entity and the non-initiating party does not object), or by the 
Departments when the parties fail to select a certified IDR entity, the 
certified IDR entity must review the selection and attest that it meets 
these conflict-of-interest requirements.\147\ If the certified IDR 
entity is unable to attest that it meets the conflict-of-interest 
requirements within 3 business days of selection, the parties, upon 
notification, must select another certified IDR entity. In such 
circumstances, the date of the notification sent by the certified IDR 
entity informing the parties that it cannot attest that it meets the 
conflict-of-interest requirements is treated as the date of IDR 
initiation for the purposes of selecting a new certified IDR entity.
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    \145\ 26 CFR 54.9816-8T(c)(1)(iii)-(iv), 29 CFR 2590.716-
8(c)(1)(iii)-(iv), and 45 CFR 149.510(c)(1)(iii)-(iv).
    \146\ 26 CFR 54.9816-8T(c)(1)(iii)(A)(3), 29 CFR 2590.716-
8(c)(1)(iii)(A)(3), and 45 CFR 149.510(c)(1)(iii)(A)(3).
    \147\ 26 CFR 54.9816-8T(c)(1)(v), 29 CFR 2590.716-8(c)(1)(v), 
and 45 CFR 149.510(c)(1)(v).
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    Since implementation of the Federal IDR process, the Departments 
have identified potential areas to improve upon and provide additional 
clarity with respect to the process for selecting a certified IDR 
entity. First, in the Departments' experience implementing these rules, 
when a non-initiating party waits until the third business day after 
the date of IDR initiation to select an alternative preferred certified 
IDR entity, the initiating party lacks sufficient time to agree or 
object to the alternative preferred certified IDR entity. As a result, 
the alternative preferred certified IDR entity will be ``jointly'' 
selected by default. The Departments are of the view that in order for 
a certified IDR entity to be ``jointly'' selected, the parties must 
agree on, or be given the opportunity to object to that certified IDR 
entity. Therefore, the Departments propose to amend the process for 
selecting a certified IDR entity when the parties fail to jointly agree 
on a certified IDR entity under section 9816(c)(4)(F)(i) of the Code, 
section 716(c)(4)(F)(i) of ERISA, and section 2799A-1(c)(4)(F)(i) of 
the PHS Act.
    Second, as part of the current operations, the Federal IDR portal 
automates the process for selecting the certified IDR entity such that 
the initiating party and the non-initiating party communicate directly 
through the Federal IDR portal when selecting, agreeing to, or 
objecting to a certified IDR entity. Therefore, the Departments are 
notified automatically through the Federal IDR portal if both parties 
have jointly agreed on a certified IDR entity. Similarly, when the 
Departments select a certified IDR entity, the disputing parties are 
notified automatically, provided the selected certified IDR entity 
attests to having no conflicts of interest. As described in section 
II.D. of this preamble, if finalized, these proposed rules would 
collect information regarding the applicability of the Federal IDR 
process from both parties as part of the proposed notice of IDR 
initiation and notice of IDR initiation response requirements. Because 
this information is automated through the Federal IDR portal or would 
be collected at other points of the IDR initiation process, the 
Departments propose to amend the notice of certified IDR entity 
selection requirements of 26 CFR 54.9816-8(c)(1)(iii), 29 CFR 2590.716-
8(c)(1)(iii), and 45 CFR 149.510(c)(1)(iii) and establish at 26 CFR 
54.9816-8(c)(1)(i)(D), 29 CFR 2590.716-8(c)(1)(i)(D), and 45 CFR

[[Page 75775]]

149.510(c)(1)(i)(D) the mechanism for parties to agree or object and 
select another alternative preferred certified IDR entity after the 
non-initiating party submits the notice of IDR initiation response form 
and before the deadline for parties to jointly select a certified IDR 
entity, which is within 3 business days after the date of IDR 
initiation.
    Lastly, to provide clarity on the Federal IDR process timeframes, 
in the Federal IDR Process Guidance for Certified IDR Entities and the 
Federal IDR Process Guidance for Disputing Parties, the Departments 
clarified that the certified IDR entity is ``preliminarily'' selected 
until it attests that it does not have a conflict of interest and 
determines whether the Federal IDR Process is applicable, thereby 
finalizing the selection.\148\ The guidance further clarifies that the 
certified IDR entities must submit their conflict-of-interest 
attestation within 3 business days of being contingently selected, and 
that the parties must submit their offers for an out-of-network payment 
amount, as specified in 26 CFR 54.9816-8(c)(4)(i), 29 CFR 2590.716-
8(c)(4)(i), and 45 CFR 149.510(c)(4)(i) no later than 10 business days 
after final selection of the certified IDR entity. To provide further 
clarity and to codify the process and timeframes for selecting a 
certified IDR entity, the certified IDR entity's conflict-of-interest 
review, and the date the certified IDR entity selection is considered 
finally selected, the Departments propose to amend 26 CFR 54.9816-
8(c)(1), 29 CFR 2590.716-8(c)(1), and 45 CFR 149.510(c)(1) to establish 
a process that includes both preliminary selection of the certified IDR 
entity and final selection of the certified IDR entity.
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    \148\ See https://www.cms.gov/files/document/federal-idr-guidance-idr-entities-march-2023.pdf and https://www.cms.gov/files/document/federal-idr-guidance-disputing-parties-march-2023.pdf.
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i. Preliminary Selection of the Certified IDR Entity
    The Departments propose to amend 26 CFR 54.9816-8T(c)(1)(i), 29 CFR 
2590.716-8(c)(1)(i), and 45 CFR 149.510(c)(1)(i) to establish the 
preliminary selection of the certified IDR entity in accordance with 
the statutory requirement at section 9816(c)(4)(F) of the Code, section 
716(c)(4)(F) of ERISA, and section 2799A-1(c)(4)(F) of the PHS Act. 
Under the process for preliminary selection of the certified IDR entity 
proposed in these rules, the non-initiating party would be required to 
agree or object to the preferred certified IDR entity in the notice of 
IDR initiation response within 3 business days after the date of IDR 
initiation as discussed in section II.D.2.b of this preamble. Under 
these proposed rules, if the non-initiating party agrees, or fails to 
object, to the selection of the initiating party's preferred certified 
IDR entity in the notice of IDR initiation response within the 3-
business-day timeframe after the date of IDR initiation, the initiating 
party's preferred certified IDR entity would be considered jointly 
selected by the parties on the third business day after the date of IDR 
initiation. If the non-initiating party objects to the selection of the 
initiating party's preferred certified IDR entity by designating an 
alternative preferred certified IDR entity in the notice of IDR 
initiation response within the 3-business-day timeframe after the date 
of IDR initiation, the initiating party would be required to agree or 
object to the alternative preferred certified IDR entity using the 
notice of certified IDR entity selection. Under these proposed rules, 
if the initiating party agrees to the alternative preferred certified 
IDR entity within 3 business days after the date of IDR initiation, or 
if the non-initiating party submits the notice of IDR initiation 
response on or before the second business day after the date of IDR 
initiation and the initiating party fails to respond within 3 business 
days after the date of IDR initiation, the alternative preferred 
certified IDR entity would be considered jointly selected by the 
parties. If the non-initiating party submits the notice of IDR 
initiation response on the third business day after the date of IDR 
initiation and the initiating party does not agree on the same day, the 
parties would have failed to jointly select a certified IDR entity.
    Additionally, these proposed rules would amend the process for the 
initiating and non-initiating parties to go back-and-forth in selecting 
and responding to a selection of an alternative preferred certified IDR 
entity after the non-initiating party submits a notice of IDR 
initiation response within the 3-business-day period after IDR 
initiation. Specifically, if a certified IDR entity is not jointly 
selected because the initiating party submits a notice of certified IDR 
entity selection objecting to the non-initiating party's alternative 
preferred certified IDR entity reflected in the notice of IDR 
initiation response, the non-initiating party may agree to the 
alternative preferred certified IDR entity selected in the initiating 
party's notice of certified IDR entity selection or select another 
alternative preferred certified IDR entity by submitting a notice of 
certified IDR entity selection to the initiating party and to the 
Departments. This back-and-forth may continue until the earlier of the 
date that the parties agree on an alternative preferred certified IDR 
entity or the deadline for joint selection, which is 3 business days 
after the date of IDR initiation. However, if either the notice of IDR 
initiation response or the notice of certified IDR entity selection is 
submitted on the third business day after the date of IDR initiation, 
the party last in receipt of the applicable notice would not be allowed 
to select another alternative preferred certified IDR entity, as 
discussed later in this section of the preamble. Once a party submits a 
notice of certified IDR entity selection, it may not submit another 
notice of IDR entity selection until after it receives a responding 
notice of certified IDR entity selection from the other party.
    If a party submits a notice of certified IDR entity selection to 
the other party on the first or second day after the date of IDR 
initiation and the party in receipt of the notice agrees or fails to 
object to the alternative preferred certified IDR entity by the third 
business day after the date of IDR initiation, the alternative 
preferred certified IDR entity would be considered jointly selected by 
the parties. If a party submits a notice of certified IDR entity 
selection to the other party on the third business day after the date 
of IDR initiation and the party last in receipt of the notice agrees to 
the alternative preferred certified IDR entity on the same day, the 
alternative preferred certified IDR entity will be considered jointly 
selected by the parties. If a party submits a notice of certified IDR 
entity selection to the other party on the third business day after the 
date of IDR initiation and the party last in receipt of the notice does 
not agree to the alternative preferred certified IDR entity on the same 
day, the parties would have failed to jointly select a certified IDR 
entity.
    Under these proposed rules at 26 CFR 54.9816-8(c)(1)(i)(D), 29 CFR 
2590.716-8(c)(1)(i)(D), and 45 CFR 149.510(c)(1)(i)(D), to notify the 
Departments and the other party of any subsequent agreement or 
objection to an alternative preferred certified IDR entity after the 
non-initiating party submits the notice of IDR initiation response, a 
party must submit a notice of certified IDR entity selection. The party 
must furnish the notice of certified IDR entity selection using the 
standard form developed by the Departments through the Federal IDR 
portal within 3 business days after the date of IDR initiation.
    The Departments propose to amend the existing content of the notice 
of certified IDR entity selection and specify that the notice must 
include a

[[Page 75776]]

statement indicating the party's agreement with or objection to the 
other party's alternative preferred certified IDR entity and, if 
applicable, an explanation of any conflict of interest with the other 
party's alternative preferred certified IDR entity. If the party in 
receipt of a notice of certified IDR entity selection objects to the 
other party's alternative preferred certified IDR entity and the party 
submits a notice of certified IDR entity selection by the end of the 
third business day after the date of IDR initiation, that party's 
notice of certified IDR entity selection reflecting the objection must 
include the name of another alternative preferred certified IDR entity.
    The Departments propose to amend 26 CFR 54.9816-8(c)(1)(iv), 29 CFR 
2590.716-8(c)(1)(iv), and 45 CFR 149.510(c)(1)(iv), which describe the 
certified IDR entity selection process when the disputing parties fail 
to jointly select a certified IDR entity, and redesignate the 
paragraphs as amended 26 CFR 54.9816-8(c)(1)(ii), 29 CFR 2590.716-
8(c)(1)(ii), and 45 CFR 149.510(c)(1)(ii). If the parties fail to 
jointly select a certified IDR entity within 3 business days after the 
date of IDR initiation, the Departments would select a certified IDR 
entity. The parties would have failed to jointly select a certified IDR 
entity if, by the end of the third business day after the date of IDR 
initiation, the party last in receipt of the notice of IDR initiation 
response or the notice of certified IDR entity selection has objected 
to the other party's alternative preferred certified IDR entity, or if 
the notice of IDR initiation response or the notice of certified IDR 
entity selection is submitted to the other party on the third business 
day after the date of IDR initiation and the party in receipt of the 
notice does not agree to the alternative preferred certified IDR entity 
within 3 business days after the date of IDR initiation.
    As part of the Departments' process to select a certified IDR 
entity when the parties do not jointly select one,\149\ under these 
proposed rules, the Departments would first confirm whether a party 
submitted the notice of IDR initiation response or notice of certified 
IDR entity selection with an alternative preferred certified IDR entity 
on the third business day after the date of IDR initiation without the 
other party's agreement to the selection. If either notice was provided 
on the third business day after the date of IDR initiation without the 
other party's agreement to the alternative preferred certified IDR 
entity by the end of third business day after the date of IDR 
initiation, the Departments would provide the party last in receipt of 
the applicable notice 2 additional business days to either agree or 
object to the other party's alternative preferred certified IDR entity 
selection. In these circumstances, under these proposed rules, if a 
party last in receipt of the notice of IDR initiation response or the 
notice of certified IDR entity selection agrees with the other party's 
alternative preferred certified IDR entity and notifies the Departments 
of the agreement or fails to notify the Departments of its objection in 
the Federal IDR portal by the fifth business day after the date of IDR 
initiation, the Departments would select the final alternative 
preferred certified IDR entity selected in the applicable notice. In 
disputes where the applicable notice was submitted on the third 
business day after the date of IDR initiation, the party last in 
receipt of the notice would not be allowed to select another 
alternative preferred certified IDR entity. If the party last in 
receipt of the notice notifies the Departments of its objection to the 
alternative preferred certified IDR entity by the fifth business day 
after the date of IDR initiation, the Departments would proceed with 
the random selection of the certified IDR entity from among the 
certified IDR entities (other than the preferred certified IDR entity 
and any alternative preferred certified IDR entity previously selected 
in such dispute by a party, unless there is no other certified IDR 
entity available to select) that charge a fee within the allowed range 
of certified IDR entity fees on the sixth business day after the date 
of IDR initiation. If there are insufficient certified IDR entities 
that charge a fee within the allowed range of certified IDR entity fees 
available to arbitrate the dispute, the Departments would select a 
certified IDR entity that has received approval, as described in 
paragraph 26 CFR 54.9816-8T(e)(2)(vii)(B), 29 CFR 2590.716-
8(e)(2)(vii)(B), and 45 CFR 149.510(e)(2)(vii)(B), to charge a fee 
outside of the allowed range of certified IDR entity fees. In either 
case, the Departments would notify the parties of the preliminarily 
selected certified IDR entity not later than 6 business days after the 
date of IDR initiation. The Departments are of the view that this 
proposed requirement would give each party a reasonable opportunity to 
review the other party's alternative preferred selected certified IDR 
entity and to notify the other party and the Departments whether the 
party agrees or disagrees with the selection. Consistent with section 
9816(c)(4)(F) of the Code, section 716(c)(4)(F) of ERISA, and section 
2799A-1(c)(4)(F) of the PHS Act, these requirements would ensure that 
the certified IDR entity selection timeframe occurs within 6 business 
days after the date of Federal IDR initiation, when the parties do not 
jointly select the certified IDR entity.
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    \149\ Section 9816(c)(4)(F)(ii) of the Code, section 
716(c)(4)(F)(ii) of ERISA, and section 2799A-1(c)(4)(F)(ii) of the 
PHS Act.
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    The Departments also propose to amend 26 CFR 54.9816-8T(c)(1)(iii), 
29 CFR 2590.716-8(c)(1)(iii), and 45 CFR 149.510(c)(1)(iii) to provide 
that the date of preliminary selection of the certified IDR entity is 3 
business days after the date of IDR initiation if the parties jointly 
selected a certified IDR entity, or 6 business days after the date of 
IDR initiation if the parties fail to jointly select a certified IDR 
entity and the Departments instead select the certified IDR entity.
    The Departments seek comment on these proposals.
ii. Final Selection of the Certified IDR Entity and Certified IDR 
Entity Conflict-of-Interest Review
    The Departments propose to add 26 CFR 54.9816-8(c)(1)(iv), 29 CFR 
2590.716-8(c)(1)(iv), and 45 CFR 149.510(c)(1)(iv) to establish the 
process for finalizing certified IDR entity selection. Under the 
proposed rules, the date of final selection of the certified IDR entity 
would be the date that triggers the timeframes for the requirement to 
issue payment determinations (not later than 30 business days after the 
date of final selection of the certified IDR entity) and the submission 
of offers from both parties (not later than 10 business days after the 
date of final selection of the certified IDR entity) under section 
9816(c)(5)(A) and (B) of the Code, section 716(c)(5)(A) and (B) of 
ERISA, and section 2799A-1(c)(5)(A) and (B) of the PHS Act.
    The statute provides that a certified IDR entity must meet certain 
conflict-of-interest standards before being selected as a certified IDR 
entity assigned to make a payment determination. However, the statute 
is silent on the specific timeframe or process for the selected 
certified IDR entity to review the parties' (or the Departments') 
selection to ensure that a conflict of interest does not exist. Based 
on feedback from interested parties and the Departments' experience 
with implementation of the Federal IDR process, the Departments are of 
the view that it is important to implement a timeframe that permits a 
meaningful opportunity for conflict-of-interest

[[Page 75777]]

review by the certified IDR entity while ensuring that it does not 
limit the time periods for either disputing parties to submit their 
offers or for the certified IDR entity to make a payment determination. 
To streamline this process, the Departments are of the view that 
permitting the certified IDR entity to be considered preliminarily 
selected until the certified IDR entity confirms that it has no 
conflict of interest with either party, would increase the efficiency 
of the process while balancing the need to ensure that certified IDR 
entities are free of conflict.
    After the certified IDR entity is preliminarily selected pursuant 
to 26 CFR 54.9816-8(c)(1)(iii), 29 CFR 2590.716-8(c)(1)(iii), and 45 
CFR 149.510(c)(1)(iii), the Departments propose that the preliminarily 
selected certified IDR entity would review the selection and attest to 
the Departments whether it meets the conflict-of-interest requirements 
as outlined in proposed 26 CFR 54.9816-8(c)(1)(iv)(A)(1) through (3), 
29 CFR 2590.716-8(c)(1)(iv)(A)(1) through (3), and 45 CFR 
149.510(c)(1)(iv)(A)(1) through (3). The Departments are not proposing 
new conflict-of-interest requirements, however, the Departments are 
proposing to make non-substantive amendments to improve clarity and 
align with the structure of the reorganized provisions as follows: (1) 
the certified IDR entity does not have a conflict of interest as 
defined in paragraphs 26 CFR 54.9816-8(a)(2)(iv), 29 CFR 2590.716-
8(a)(2)(iv), and 45 CFR 149.510(a)(2)(iv); (2) the certified IDR entity 
will only assign personnel to a dispute and make decisions regarding 
hiring, compensation, termination, promotion, or other similar matters 
related to personnel assigned to the dispute in a manner that is not 
based upon the likelihood that the assigned personnel will support a 
particular party to the dispute; and (3) the certified IDR entity will 
not assign any personnel to a dispute who would have any conflicts of 
interest, as defined in paragraphs 26 CFR 54.9816-8(a)(2)(iv), 29 CFR 
2590.716-8(a)(2)(iv), and 45 CFR 149.510(a)(2)(iv), regarding any party 
to the dispute or whose relationship with a party within the 1 year 
immediately preceding the assignment to the dispute would violate the 
restrictions on aiding or advising a former employer or principal in a 
manner similar to the restrictions set forth in 18 U.S.C. 207(b).
    Under 26 CFR 54.9816-8(c)(1)(iv)(B), 29 CFR 2590.716-
8(c)(1)(iv)(B), and 45 CFR 149.510(c)(1)(iv)(B), the Departments also 
propose that if the certified IDR entity notifies the Departments 
within 3 business days of the date of preliminary selection of the 
certified IDR entity that it does not meet the conflict-of-interest 
requirements or does not respond within 3 business days after the date 
of preliminary selection of the certified IDR entity, the Departments 
would randomly select another certified IDR entity. The Departments 
would notify the parties of the new randomly preliminarily selected 
certified IDR entity no later than 1 business day after the previously 
selected certified IDR entity notifies the Departments that it has a 
conflict of interest, or if the previously selected certified IDR 
entity fails to respond within 3 business days after the date of 
preliminary selection of the certified IDR entity, no later than 1 
business day after the end of the 3-business-day period.
    These proposed rules would streamline the process for certified IDR 
entity selection when the preliminarily selected certified IDR entity 
fails to timely respond or notifies the Departments that it cannot meet 
the conflict-of-interest requirements in proposed 26 CFR 54.9816-
8(c)(1)(iv)(A), 29 CFR 2590.716-8(c)(1)(iv)(A), and 45 CFR 
149.510(c)(1)(iv)(A). Under the October 2021 interim final rules, when 
a selected certified IDR entity is unable to attest that it has no 
conflict of interest within 3 business days of certified IDR entity 
selection, the parties to the dispute are given another opportunity to 
jointly agree on a certified IDR entity, and the end of the 3-business-
day period is treated as the date of initiation of the Federal IDR 
process. Under these proposed rules, when a preliminarily selected 
certified IDR entity provides notice of a conflict of interest, the 
Departments would select another certified IDR entity through random 
selection, as opposed to allowing the parties additional opportunities 
to jointly select a different certified IDR entity, in order to create 
operational efficiencies and minimize delays in processing disputes. 
Additionally, if the certified IDR entity does not respond to the 
conflict-of-interest review by the end of the 3-business-day period 
after preliminary selection of the certified IDR entity, the 
Departments would randomly select another certified IDR entity. If a 
certified IDR entity cannot review and provide a response related to a 
conflict of interest within a 3-business-day period, the dispute would 
move to a different certified IDR entity that may have the capacity to 
review the dispute in a timelier manner, which would improve the 
overall timeliness of dispute processing.
    Under 26 CFR 54.9816-8(c)(1)(iv)(C), 29 CFR 2590.716-
8(c)(1)(iv)(C), and 45 CFR 149.510(c)(1)(iv)(C) of these proposed 
rules, if the certified IDR entity that has been preliminarily selected 
attests within 3 business days that it meets the conflict-of-interest 
requirements, the Departments would notify the parties of the final 
selection of that certified IDR entity no later than 1 business day 
after the certified IDR entity attests that it meets the conflict-of-
interest requirements The date of final selection of the certified IDR 
entity is the date that the Departments provide this notice to the 
parties.
    Lastly, the Departments also propose to remove 26 CFR 54.9816-
8T(c)(1)(v), 29 CFR 2590.716-8(c)(1)(v), and 45 CFR 149.510(c)(1)(v), 
as these requirements regarding certified IDR entity conflict of 
interest and Federal IDR process eligibility review would be required 
under the paragraphs at 26 CFR 9816-8(c)(1)(iv)(A), 29 CFR 2590.716-
8(c)(1)(iv)(A), and 45 CFR 149.510(c)(1)(iv)(A) and 26 CFR 9816-
8(c)(2), 29 CFR 2590.716-8(c)(2), and 45 CFR 149.510(c)(2), 
respectively.
    The Departments seek comment on these proposals.
b. Federal IDR Process Eligibility Review
i. Federal IDR Process Eligibility Determination by Certified IDR 
Entity
    The No Surprises Act does not specify a timeframe or process for 
which the Departments or certified IDR entities must assess a dispute's 
eligibility for the Federal IDR process. Under the October 2021 interim 
final rules, certified IDR entities are required to review the 
information in the notice of IDR initiation and notice of certified IDR 
entity selection to determine whether the Federal IDR process applies 
and if not, to notify the Departments within 3 business days of making 
that determination.\150\ The Departments further clarified in the 
Federal IDR Process Guidance for Certified IDR Entities \151\ that 
certified IDR entities must make this eligibility determination within 
3 business days after they are selected, which is before the parties 
must submit an offer of an out-of-network rate (not later than 10 
business days after the date of selection of the certified IDR entity) 
and before the certified IDR entity must make a

[[Page 75778]]

payment determination (30 business days after the date of selection of 
the certified IDR entity).
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    \150\ 26 CFR 54.9816-8T(c)(1)(v), 29 CFR 2590.716-8(c)(1)(v), 
and 45 CFR 149.510(c)(1)(v).
    \151\ U.S. Department of Health and Human Services, U.S. 
Department of Labor, and U.S. Department of the Treasury. (Oct. 
2022). Federal Independent Dispute Resolution (IDR) Process Guidance 
for Certified IDR Entities. https://www.cms.gov/CCIIO/Resources/Regulations-and-Guidance/Downloads/Federal-Independent-Dispute-Resolution-Process-Guidance-for-Certified-IDR-Entities.pdf.
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    To provide certified IDR entities additional time to conduct 
eligibility reviews before the parties must submit their offers, the 
Departments propose to remove 26 CFR 54.9816-8T(c)(1)(v), 29 CFR 
2590.716-8(c)(1)(v), and 45 CFR 149.510(c)(1)(v), and add proposed 26 
CFR 54.9816-8(c)(2)(i), 29 CFR 2590.716-8(c)(2)(i), and 45 CFR 
149.510(c)(2)(i), which would allow certified IDR entities 5 business 
days after the date of final selection of the certified IDR entity to 
make an eligibility determination. Under these proposed rules, unless 
the departmental eligibility review described in section II.E.1.b.ii. 
of this preamble applies, the selected certified IDR entity would be 
required to review the information in the notice of IDR initiation, the 
notice of IDR initiation response, and any additional information as 
discussed in proposed 26 CFR 54.9816-8(c)(2)(iii), 29 CFR 2590.716-
8(c)(2)(iii), and 45 CFR 149.510(c)(2)(iii), and make a final 
determination as to whether the item or service is a qualified IDR item 
or service that is eligible for the Federal IDR process. The certified 
IDR entity would be required to make this eligibility determination and 
notify the Departments and both parties no later than 5 business days 
after the date of final selection of the certified IDR entity. If the 
certified IDR entity determines that the item or service is not a 
qualified IDR item or service, the dispute would be closed, and the 
selected certified IDR entity would not take any action with regard to 
the dispute.
    The Departments propose to provide 2 additional business days for 
certified IDR entities to review the notices and make an eligibility 
determination. This proposal would provide additional time while 
meeting the statutory requirement that the submission of offers be 
submitted no later than 10 days after the date of certified IDR entity 
selection.\152\ More specifically, under these proposed rules, the 
certified IDR entity would be required to determine whether a dispute 
was eligible for the Federal IDR process not later than 5 business days 
after the date of final selection of the certified IDR entity and if 
eligible, the parties to the dispute would be required to submit their 
offers not later than 10 business days after the final selection of the 
certified IDR entity (which would be at least 5 business days after the 
eligibility determination). Although currently eligibility reviews are 
generally taking certified IDR entities longer than 5 business days, 
these proposed rules are intended to facilitate more efficient 
processing of eligibility reviews, and the Departments therefore expect 
that 5 business days would be sufficient for this purpose if these 
proposed rules are finalized. Further, these proposed rules intend to 
balance the time certified IDR entities have to conduct eligibility 
reviews with the time parties are given to submit their final offers. 
Because the No Surprises Act provides only 10 days from the date of 
certified IDR entity selection for the parties to submit their offers, 
these proposed rules would provide equal time for eligibility review 
and for the parties to submit their offers after the eligibility 
review.
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    \152\ Section 9816(c)(5)(B) of the Code, section 716(c)(4)(B) of 
ERISA, and section 2799A-1(c)(4)(B) of the PHS Act.
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    A non-initiating party's attestation that a dispute is ineligible 
for the Federal IDR process, alone, would be insufficient to 
substantiate a determination of ineligibility. The certified IDR entity 
(or the Departments, if conducting eligibility reviews as described in 
section II.E.1.b.ii. of this preamble) would review disputes for 
eligibility in all instances.
    The Departments seek comment on these proposals, including the 
appropriate amount of time certified IDR entities should be provided to 
conduct eligibility reviews.
ii. Departmental Eligibility Review for Federal IDR Process Eligibility 
Determinations
    Even if the proposals in these proposed rules are finalized and the 
intended results of a more efficient eligibility review process and 
fewer ineligible initiated disputes are realized, circumstances may 
still arise where the Departments would need to take actions to 
facilitate more timely dispute processing, such as when the volume of 
disputes outpaces the capacity of certified IDR entities to timely 
process eligibility determinations. To address such circumstances, and 
provide for such flexibility, the Departments propose adding 26 CFR 
54.9816-8(c)(2)(ii), 29 CFR 2590.716-8(c)(2)(ii), and 45 CFR 
149.510(c)(2)(ii), which would establish an eligibility review process 
whereby, when the conditions set forth in 26 CFR 54.9816-
8(c)(2)(ii)(A), 29 CFR 2590.716-8(c)(2)(ii)(A), and 45 CFR 
149.510(c)(2)(ii)(A) are met, as described in section II.E.1.b.ii. of 
this preamble, the Departments would conduct the eligibility review and 
make the eligibility determination on behalf of the certified IDR 
entity (departmental eligibility review).
    Under these proposed rules, if the Departments determine that an 
item or service is not a qualified IDR item or service, the dispute 
would be closed, and the preliminarily selected certified IDR entity 
would not take any action regarding the dispute. If the dispute were 
found to be eligible, the Departments would inform the preliminarily 
selected certified IDR entity of eligibility so that it may conduct its 
conflict-of-interest assessment, and the dispute would otherwise 
continue through the Federal IDR process, including notification of the 
eligibility determination to the disputing parties by the preliminarily 
selected certified IDR entity.
    From the disputing parties' perspectives, Federal IDR process 
operations during departmental eligibility reviews would largely be 
unchanged. Timeframes and processes to initiate the Federal IDR 
process, conduct certified IDR entity selection, and submit offers 
would be the same. The noticeable differences for disputing parties 
would be that correspondence related to a dispute's eligibility, 
including any related information requests, would come from the 
Departments, rather than one of the certified IDR entities, and the 
potential impact departmental eligibility reviews may have on the 
administrative fee as outlined in section II.E.3.a. of this preamble. 
Additionally, depending on dispute volume and other factors impacting 
the Departments' decision to conduct eligibility reviews, the 
Departments may choose to exercise their authority to extend time 
periods for extenuating circumstances as discussed in section II.E.5. 
of this preamble to allow more time for the Departments to conduct 
eligibility reviews. This proposed approach is similar to what is 
currently occurring under the technical assistance provided to 
certified IDR entities that was announced in November 2022.\153\ The 
principal difference is that under these proposed rules, when 
departmental eligibility review is in effect, the Departments would be 
able to close a case after determining it is ineligible, rather than 
forwarding the Departments' eligibility recommendation to the certified 
IDR entity to make the final eligibility determination.
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    \153\ See https://www.cms.gov/files/document/idre-eligibility-support-guidance-11212022-final-updated.pdf.
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    For certified IDR entities, the Federal IDR process operations 
under the proposed departmental eligibility reviews would also function 
similarly to current operations except that, to

[[Page 75779]]

prevent certified IDR entities from conducting duplicative eligibility 
screenings, a certified IDR entity would not be notified of their 
selection for the purposes of their conflict-of-interest review until 
after eligibility has been determined by the Departments. The 
Departments are proposing the departmental eligibility review under 
certain circumstances to relieve the burden on certified IDR entities 
and to ensure that they can focus their time and resources on payment 
determinations in accordance with statutory timeframes. For the reasons 
discussed in section I.H. of this preamble, eligibility determinations 
have proven to be complex and time-consuming for certified IDR 
entities, and certified IDR entities are not compensated for the time 
and effort expended in assessing dispute eligibility when a dispute is 
determined ineligible for the Federal IDR process. This is because the 
statute provides that certified IDR entities may only retain their fees 
from the non-prevailing party to a dispute (unless the dispute is 
withdrawn or settled as discussed in section II.E.1.d. of this 
preamble). Moreover, some certified IDR entities have been unable to 
accept new disputes because they are overburdened with making 
eligibility determinations. Certified IDR entities have informally 
reported to the Departments during regular communications that they 
spend 50-80 percent of their time on making eligibility determinations 
and a few certified IDR entities have had to temporarily suspend 
accepting new disputes to manage their backlogs. When they are focused 
on eligibility challenges, certified IDR entities have less time and 
fewer resources to devote to making timely payment determinations.
    Ultimately, the certified IDR entities' participation in the 
Federal IDR process is voluntary and must be financially sustainable. 
Furthermore, the No Surprises Act directs the Departments to administer 
the Federal IDR process in a manner that ensures participation by a 
sufficient number of certified IDR entities.\154\ If certified IDR 
entities decline to participate because it is not economically viable 
to do so, the directive of the statute is defeated. Thus, the ability 
for certified IDR entities to obtain fair compensation for the work 
conducted is critical to the success of the Federal IDR process, and 
the Departments are therefore of the view that it is in the best 
interests of all parties to reduce the burden of eligibility 
determinations when feasible.
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    \154\ Section 9816(c)(4)(E) of the Code, section 716(c)(4)(E) of 
ERISA, and section 2799A-1(c)(4)(E) of the PHS Act.
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    The Departments intend for their role in conducting eligibility 
determinations to be temporary. The Departments are of the view that 
when eligibility determinations are less burdensome and the volume of 
disputes is manageable, certified IDR entities are better equipped to 
conduct eligibility determinations. Further, the Departments do not 
possess the staff or resources to carry out the eligibility 
determinations in the long term and must retain contract support to 
carry out the eligibility determinations in the short term. The 
Departments acknowledge that any increased expenditures related to 
conducting final eligibility determinations would be reflected in the 
non-refundable Federal IDR administrative fees because these fees must 
reflect the amount of expenditures estimated to be made by the 
Departments for the year in carrying out the Federal IDR process.\155\ 
Therefore, the Departments would not intend to continue this role if 
the other proposed policies in these rules, along with ongoing Federal 
IDR portal improvements, are successful in improving dispute processing 
and reducing the volume of ineligible disputes.
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    \155\ Section 9816(c)(8) of the Code, section 716(c)(8) of 
ERISA, and section 2799A-1(c)(8) of the PHS Act. Also see IDR 
Process Fees proposed rules at 88 FR 65893 (Sept. 26, 2023).
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iii. Application of the Departmental Eligibility Review
    The departmental eligibility review would apply when the 
Departments determine that extenuating circumstances under proposed 26 
CFR 54.9816-8(g)(1), 29 CFR 2590.716-8(g)(1), and 45 CFR 149.510(g)(1) 
require application of the departmental eligibility review to 
facilitate timely payment determinations or the effective processing of 
disputes under the Federal IDR process.
iv. Notification Regarding Applicability of the Departmental 
Eligibility Review
    Before invoking the application of the departmental eligibility 
review, the Departments propose to post advance public notification of 
the date on which the departmental eligibility review would take 
effect, and the reasons for invoking the application of the 
departmental eligibility review. Before ending the application of the 
departmental eligibility review, the Secretary will post advance public 
notification of the date on which the departmental eligibility review 
would no longer be in effect and the reasons for ending the application 
of the departmental eligibility review, as applicable.
    The Departments seek comment on these proposals, including whether 
the departmental eligibility reviews, when they are applicable, should 
be applied to all certified IDR entities or if the Departments should 
apply these proposed rules to only the certified IDR entities with 
significant dispute backlogs.
c. Request for Additional Information
    Based on the Departments' experience operating the Federal IDR 
process, disputing parties have not consistently submitted all 
information necessary for a certified IDR entity to make an eligibility 
determination, a conflict-of-interest assessment, or a payment 
determination. Certified IDR entities frequently must reach out to the 
disputing parties, sometimes multiple times, to obtain the required 
information. Such outreach is time intensive, inefficient, and costly. 
Even as the Departments propose other methods to promote information 
submission by disputing parties throughout the Federal IDR process (as 
described throughout this preamble), certified IDR entities and the 
Departments likely will still need to collect additional information to 
make accurate determinations in a timely fashion. Thus, using the 
general rulemaking authority granted to the Departments to establish 
the Federal IDR process under section 9816(c)(2)(A) of the Code, 
section 716(c)(2)(A) of ERISA, and section 2799A-1(c)(2)(A) of the PHS 
Act, the Departments are proposing in new 26 CFR 54.9816-8(c)(2)(iii), 
29 CFR 2590.716-8(c)(2)(iii), and 45 CFR 149.510(c)(2)(iii) to 
establish that the Departments and the certified IDR entity may request 
additional information from either party to a dispute at any time, 
including for the purpose of assessing whether a conflict of interest 
exists, conducting an eligibility determination, or making a payment 
determination. Under this proposal, a party must submit the requested 
additional information within 5 business days to the Departments or the 
selected certified IDR entity, as applicable, through the Federal IDR 
portal. Following a request for additional information, under these 
proposed rules, the time period for the applicable stage of the Federal 
IDR process would be tolled until the earlier of the date either all of 
the requested information is provided or the 5-business-day period 
expires, and each subsequent timeframe in the Federal IDR process would 
be determined based on the date of completion of the stage

[[Page 75780]]

of the Federal IDR process that was tolled for provision of the 
requested information.
    However, under the statute, the timeframe for parties making 
payment after the payment determination cannot be extended. Therefore, 
payments required as a result of a payment determination must be 
provided within 30 calendar days of that payment determination. If a 
party fails to submit the additional information as required, the 
related determination, including the eligibility determination, 
conflict-of-interest review, or payment determination will be made 
without the requested information unless a good-cause extension of the 
5-business-day period, as specified in 26 CFR 54.9816-8(g)(1)(i), 29 
CFR 2590.716-8(g)(1)(i), and 45 CFR 149.510(g)(1)(i) has been provided, 
and the party subsequently submits the additional information requested 
within the extended period.
    The Departments are of the view that a 5-business-day period is 
sufficient for a response without unduly delaying the Federal IDR 
process. This 5-business-day period is consistent with the 5-business-
day outreach period set forth in the August 2022 Technical Assistance 
for Certified IDR Entities.\156\ The Departments anticipate that this 
deadline would incentivize parties to submit information promptly, and 
that tolling any applicable time periods would give the Departments and 
certified IDR entities sufficient time to make such additional 
information requests without encroaching on other timeframes.
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    \156\ U.S. Department of Health and Human Services, U.S. 
Department of Labor, and U.S. Department of the Treasury. (Oct. 
2022) (Federal Independent Dispute Resolution (IDR) Process 
Technical Assistance for Certified IDR Entities. August 2022, 
available at: https://www.cms.gov/files/document/TA-certified-independent-dispute-resolution-entities-August-2022.pdf.
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    The Departments seek comment on these proposals, including whether 
certified IDR entities should still be required to make a payment 
determination and provide notification of the payment determination to 
the parties not later than 30 business days after the date of final 
selection of the certified IDR entity, after a preceding timeframe in 
the process has been tolled, such as for an eligibility determination.
d. Authority To Continue Negotiations or Withdraw
i. Authority To Continue To Negotiate
    To correct an omission, HHS is proposing a non-substantive change 
to 45 CFR 149.510(c)(3)(i) to add the term ``enrollee'' to references 
to participants and beneficiaries. HHS is proposing to add the term 
``enrollee'' to account for individuals who are enrolled in the 
individual health insurance market when referencing whose cost sharing 
must be considered as part of the total out-of-network rate agreed upon 
by both parties and to clarify who may not be billed for additional 
payments if the agreed upon out-of-network rate exceeds the QPA.
ii. Withdrawals
    The Departments propose to add 26 CFR 54.9816-8(c)(3)(ii), 29 CFR 
2590.716-8(c)(3)(ii), and 45 CFR 149.510(c)(3)(ii) to establish a 
process for disputes to be withdrawn from the Federal IDR process. 
Under these proposed rules, a dispute may be withdrawn from the Federal 
IDR process by the initiating party, the Departments, or the certified 
IDR entity before a payment determination is made if any one of the 
following four conditions is met. Under the proposed new 26 CFR 
54.9816-8(c)(3)(ii)(A), 29 CFR 2590.716-8(c)(3)(ii)(A), and 45 CFR 
149.510(c)(3)(ii)(A), the first condition would allow for withdrawal 
when the initiating party provides notification through the Federal IDR 
portal to the Departments and the certified IDR entity (if selected) 
that both parties to the dispute agree to withdraw the dispute from the 
Federal IDR process without agreement on an out-of-network rate. An 
initiating party generally should not be able to unilaterally withdraw 
a dispute once it is initiated because the non-initiating party may not 
wish to withdraw the dispute. Therefore, under these proposed rules, 
the notification must include the dispute number, a statement about 
both parties' agreement to withdraw and authorized signatures from both 
parties. A withdrawal that is agreed to by both parties would remove 
disputes from the system in the most efficient manner without the need 
for additional outreach.
    The Departments also propose to add 26 CFR 54.9816-8(c)(3)(ii)(B), 
29 CFR 2590.716-8(c)(3)(ii)(B), and 45 CFR149.510(c)(3)(ii)(B), to 
allow for withdrawal when the initiating party provides a standard 
withdrawal request notice through the Federal IDR portal to the 
Departments, the certified IDR entity (if selected), and the non-
initiating party of its request to withdraw the dispute from the 
Federal IDR process, and the non-initiating party notifies the 
Departments, certified IDR entity (if selected), and the initiating 
party through the Federal IDR portal of its agreement to withdraw from 
the Federal IDR process within 5 business days of the initiating 
party's request. If the non-initiating party fails to respond within 5 
business days of the initiating party's request, the non-initiating 
party would be considered to have agreed to the withdrawal, and the 
dispute would be withdrawn. The Departments propose adding withdrawal 
of a dispute in this situation to address circumstances in which the 
non-initiating party fails to respond because they are not engaging in 
the process. Permitting withdrawal of a dispute in such cases would 
decrease the number of payment determinations the certified IDR entity 
is required to adjudicate. These proposals strike a balance between 
fairness to the disputing parties and efficiency of the Federal IDR 
process by generally requiring mutual agreement by the disputing 
parties to withdraw the dispute but providing that the dispute would be 
withdrawn in the event the non-initiating party is nonresponsive within 
the specified timeframe.
    Under proposed new 26 CFR 54.9816-8(c)(3)(ii)(C), 29 CFR 2590.716-
8(c)(3)(ii)(C), and 45 CFR 149.510(c)(3)(ii)(C), the third condition 
under which a dispute may be withdrawn is when a certified IDR entity 
or the Departments cannot determine eligibility because both parties 
are unresponsive to a request for additional information as described 
in proposed 26 CFR 54.9816-8(c)(2)(iii), 29 CFR 2590.716-8(c)(2)(iii) 
and 45 CFR 149.510(c)(2)(iii). In situations where neither party 
responds to the requested information, the Departments believe it 
appropriate for the dispute to be withdrawn because the certified IDR 
entity lacks the appropriate information to make the required 
eligibility determination properly and the parties are failing to 
engage in the process.
    Under proposed new 26 CFR 54.9816-8(c)(3)(ii)(D), 29 CFR 2590.716-
8(c)(3)(ii)(D), and 45 CFR 149.510(c)(3)(ii)(D), the fourth condition 
under which a dispute may be withdrawn is when the certified IDR entity 
cannot make a payment determination because both parties have failed to 
submit an offer as described in proposed 26 CFR 54.9816-8(c)(5)(i), 29 
CFR 2590.716-8(c)(5)(i) and 45 CFR 149.510(c)(5)(i). The Departments 
are of the view that such disputes should be withdrawn from the Federal 
IDR process because under the statute, parties have ceased to 
participate in the Federal IDR process and failed to submit an offer 
that the certified IDR entity must select as the out-of-network payment 
amount. In addition, if neither party has submitted an offer, there is 
nothing from

[[Page 75781]]

which the certified IDR entity may select.\157\
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    \157\ Section 9816(c)(5)(A)(i) of the Code, section 
716(c)(5)(A)(i) of ERISA, and section 2799A-1(c)(5)(A)(i) of the PHS 
Act.
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    In addition to the proposals described in this section of the 
preamble, the Departments also propose technical revisions to the 
existing requirements for the authority to continue negotiations, which 
are currently set forth at 26 CFR 54.9816-8T(c)(2), 29 CFR 2590.716-
8(c)(2), and 45 CFR 149.510(c)(2). These proposed rules would 
redesignate paragraph (c)(2) as (c)(3) and amend the title at current 
paragraph (c)(2) by adding to the end of it ``or withdraw''.
    The Departments seek comment on these proposals, including if there 
are other circumstances for which the Departments should consider a 
dispute withdrawn.
2. Treatment of Batched Items and Services and Bundled Payment 
Arrangements
    The Departments propose revisions to the requirements for the 
treatment of batched items and services which are currently set forth 
at 26 CFR 54.9816-8T(c)(3)(i), 29 CFR 2590.716-8(c)(3)(i), and 45 CFR 
149.510(c)(3)(i). However, as discussed in section I.D. of this 
preamble, the requirements at 26 CFR 54.9816-8T(c)(3)(i)(C), 29 CFR 
2590.716-8(c)(3)(i)(C), and 45 CFR 149.510(c)(3)(i)(C) have been 
vacated by the District Court in TMA IV order. The Departments also 
propose technical changes to the treatment of bundled payment 
arrangements, currently set forth at 26 CFR 54.9816-8T(c)(3)(ii), 29 
CFR 2590.716-8(c)(3)(ii), and 45 CFR 149.510(c)(3)(ii). The batching 
and bundling payment proposals are informed by the Departments' 
experience implementing the regulatory requirements on the batching of 
items and services related to the treatment of a similar condition and 
relevant feedback from interested parties, including comments submitted 
in response to the October 2021 interim final rules.
a. Treatment of Batched Items and Services and Bundled Payment 
Arrangements Under Current and Vacated Rules
    Under the October 2021 interim final rules, multiple qualified IDR 
items and services were required to meet four conditions to be batched 
and considered as part of a single payment determination. First, the 
qualified IDR items and services must be billed by the same provider or 
group of providers, the same facility, or same provider of air 
ambulance services, which means the items and services must be billed 
under the same NPI or TIN.
    Second, the initial payment (or notice of denial of payment) for 
the items and services must be made by the same group health plan or 
health insurance issuer. The Departments clarified in August 2022 
Technical Assistance for Certified IDR Entities that qualified IDR 
items or services can be batched if payment is made by the same issuer 
even if the qualified IDR items and services relate to claims from 
different fully-insured group or individual health plan coverage 
offered by the issuer; and that for self-insured group health plans, 
qualified IDR items or services can be batched only if payment is made 
by the same plan, even if the same TPA administers multiple self-
insured plans.
    Third, the October 2021 interim final rules established that 
qualified IDR items and services were related to the treatment of a 
similar condition if the qualified IDR items and services were the same 
or similar items or services, meaning that those items and services are 
billed under the same service code with modifiers (if applicable), or 
billed under a comparable service code with modifiers (if applicable) 
under a different procedural code system.\158\ However, as discussed in 
section I.D. of this preamble, on August 3, 2023, the District Court 
vacated this provision on the grounds that it violated the notice-and-
comment requirement of the Administrative Procedure Act. The TMA IV 
order vacated the parts of the August 2022 Technical Assistance for 
Certified IDR Entities that stated that multiple qualified IDR items or 
services may be batched in a single dispute if the qualified IDR items 
or services were billed under the same service code with modifiers, or 
billed under comparable codes with modifiers under different procedural 
code systems. Further, as discussed in section I.D. of this preamble, 
on August 24, 2023, the District Court vacated that portion of the 
August 2022 Technical Assistance for Certified IDR Entities on the 
basis that the guidance prohibits a single air ambulance transport, 
which is billed under two service codes (one for the base rate and one 
for the mileage rate), to be submitted as a single dispute, and instead 
required two separate disputes to be submitted. The District Court 
vacated this provision as a violation of the statute which defines each 
air ambulance transport as a single service.\159\
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    \158\ In the July 2021 interim final rule (86 FR 36890), the 
Departments defined the service code as the code that describes an 
item or service using the Current Procedural Terminology (CPT), 
Healthcare Common Procedure Coding System (HCPCS), and the 
Diagnosis-Related Group (DRG) codes. See also 26 CFR 54.9816-
6T(a)(14), 29 CFR 2590.716-6(a)(14), and 45 CFR 149.140(a)(14).
    \159\ 42 U.S.C. 300gg-112(b)(1)(B), (c)(1).
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    Fourth, all the qualified IDR items and services must have been 
furnished within the same 30-business-day period or the 90-calendar-day 
suspension period (also referred to as the ``cooling-off period'') 
under 26 CFR 54.9816-8T(c)(5)(vii)(B), 29 CFR 2590.716-8(c)(5)(vii)(B), 
and 45 CFR 149.510(c)(5)(vii)(B).\160\ As stated in the preamble to the 
October 2021 interim final rules, for claims for an item or service for 
which the end of the open negotiation period occurs during the 90-
calendar-day suspension period, after the end of the 90-calendar-day 
suspension period, either party may initiate the Federal IDR process 
for any item or service affected by the suspension. For these items or 
services, the initiating party must submit the notice of IDR initiation 
within 30 business days following the end of the 90-calendar-day 
suspension period, as opposed to the standard 4-business-day period 
following the end of the open negotiation period. The 30-business-day 
period begins on the day after the last day of the 90-calendar-day 
suspension period.
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    \160\ The Departments propose a non-substantive amendment to 26 
CFR 54.9816-8(c)(4)(i)(D), 29 CFR 2590.716-8(c)(4)(i)(D), and 45 CFR 
149.510(c)(4)(i)(D) to correct the cross-reference to the cooling-
off period from 26 CFR 54.9816-8T(c)(4)(vi)(B), 29 CFR 2590.716-
8(c)(4)(vi)(B), and 45 CFR 149.510(c)(4)(vi)(B) to 26 CFR 54.9816-
8T(c)(5)(vii)(B), 29 CFR 2590.716-8(c)(5)(vii)(B), and 45 CFR 
149.510(c)(5)(vii)(B).
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    Section 9816(c)(3)(B) of the Code, section 716(c)(3)(B) of ERISA, 
and section 2799A-1(c)(3)(B) of the PHS Act direct the Departments, as 
part of specifying criteria for batched disputes, to provide that 
qualified IDR items and services included by a provider or facility as 
part of a bundled payment may be part of a single determination. The 
October 2021 interim final rules specify that items and services may be 
submitted as a bundled payment arrangement when qualified IDR items and 
services are billed by a provider, facility, or provider of air 
ambulance services as part of a bundled payment arrangement, or where a 
plan or issuer makes or denies an initial payment as a bundled payment. 
The August 2022 Technical Assistance for Certified IDR Entities 
clarified that for the purposes of the Federal IDR process, a bundled 
arrangement is an arrangement under which: (1) a provider, facility, or 
provider of air ambulance services bills

[[Page 75782]]

for multiple items or services under a single service code; or (2) a 
plan or issuer makes an initial payment or notice of denial of payment 
to a provider, facility, or provider of air ambulance services under a 
single service code that represents multiple items or services (for 
example, a DRG).\161\ The Departments also specified that bundled 
payment arrangements submitted under 26 CFR 54.9816-8T(c)(3)(ii), 29 
CFR 2590.716-8(c)(3)(ii), and 45 CFR 149.510(c)(3)(ii) are subject to 
the rules for batched determinations and the certified IDR entity fee 
for single determinations.
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    \161\ U.S. Department of Health and Human Services, U.S. 
Department of Labor, and U.S. Department of the Treasury. (August 
2022). Technical Assistance for Certified IDR Entities. https://www.cms.gov/files/document/TA-certified-independent-dispute-resolution-entities-August-2022.pdf.
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b. Feedback From Interested Parties on Current Batching Rules
    Since the publication of the October 2021 interim final rules, the 
Departments have reviewed comments in response to the rules and 
continue to engage interested parties to identify opportunities for 
improvements in the Federal IDR process. In particular, the Departments 
have received substantial feedback from interested parties on the 
batching criteria that specifies how multiple qualified IDR items or 
services that relate to the treatment of a similar condition may be 
batched. Specifically, some providers of air ambulance services have 
expressed that the now-vacated batching rule finalized in the October 
2021 interim final rules was burdensome because it prohibited a single 
air ambulance transport service from being the subject of a single 
dispute (for example, charges for fuel and mileage are two separate 
codes and could not be batched under the vacated batching rule). They 
highlighted that this essentially doubled their costs to dispute an 
out-of-network payment through the Federal IDR process. Some 
radiologists asserted that the vacated batching rule prohibited them 
from batching radiology items and services for multiple body parts for 
a single patient (for example, lumbar and thoracic spine) because these 
items and services are billed under different service codes, even 
though they may relate to a similar condition. They further asserted 
that, absent the ability to batch, radiologists are effectively denied 
access to the Federal IDR process because the reimbursements for most 
individual radiology codes are low-dollar and therefore are not cost-
effective to dispute individually. The Departments received similar 
feedback from other specialty providers, including laboratory and 
pathology physicians. Emergency physicians have stated that the nature 
of emergency care makes it difficult for them to batch claims under the 
vacated batching rule. For example, emergency physicians note that 
emergency care is characterized by a range of severity that patients 
present with, and a corresponding range of diagnostic, therapeutic, and 
decision-making intensity, which is different from scheduled surgery or 
office visits where the patient's diagnosis or condition is most often 
explicitly known. For this reason, emergency physicians recommend that 
for the purpose of emergency physicians, the ``condition'' should be 
defined as ``emergency medical care'' or ``EMTALA-related care'' \162\ 
and that limiting batching to individual ``conditions'' would result in 
a high number of disputes in the Federal IDR process, expense, and 
administrative burden.
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    \162\ An emergency medical condition is defined in the Emergency 
Medical Treatment and Active Labor Act (EMTALA) in part as: ``a 
medical condition manifesting itself by acute symptoms of sufficient 
severity (including severe pain) such that the absence of immediate 
medical attention could reasonably be expected to result in placing 
the individual's health [or the health of an unborn child] in 
serious jeopardy, serious impairment to bodily functions, or serious 
dysfunction of bodily organs.'' 42 U.S.C. 1395dd(e)(1).
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    Anesthesiologists have recommended two different mechanisms by 
which claims for services should be able to be batched. First, 
anesthesiologists have stated that anesthesia services should be 
batched based on anesthesia code families. Anesthesia services are 
classified in a distinct code set in which CPT codes are grouped 
according to body parts (for example, head, neck, thorax, etc.). 
Anesthesiologists have highlighted that if they are not permitted to 
batch claims for services within a related body-part code group, they 
will be confronted with unique and significant administrative burdens 
in the Federal IDR process. Second, anesthesiologists have raised that 
they should be able to batch all claims with the same anesthesia 
conversion factor because this reflects industry practice. The 
conversion factor is the basis for their negotiations with payers for 
in-network services; a payer generally contracts with an 
anesthesiologist or their group for payment for the full range of 
anesthesia services based upon a single, common anesthesia conversion 
factor (expressed in dollars per unit). Whether the anesthesia service 
is for a surgical procedure on the head, shoulder, arm, or leg, the 
anesthesia conversion factor for each service is the same \163\ and the 
assigned base units vary based on the procedure and the time units vary 
as determined by actual time.
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    \163\ In the August 2022 Technical Assistance for Certified IDR 
Entities, the Departments noted that plans and issuers generally 
calculate payment amounts for anesthesia services by multiplying the 
rate for the anesthesia conversion factor by (1) the base unit for 
the anesthesia service code, (2) the time unit, and (3) the physical 
status modifier unit. The base unit, time unit, and physical status 
modifier unit are specific to the individual receiving the 
anesthesia services. These base units are assigned to the services 
codes for anesthesia services, specifically CPT codes 00100 to 
01999.
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    The Departments also have received feedback from certified IDR 
entities regarding the batching rules and potential impacts of 
expanding batching. Certified IDR entities have indicated that disputes 
involving batched items and services under the current and now-vacated 
rules are more administratively burdensome than non-batched disputes, 
often due to the extra time and resources they must expend in verifying 
that the items and services are properly batched and eligible for the 
Federal IDR process. Further, certified IDR entities have stated that a 
substantial portion of the time and expense related to resolving 
disputes is spent on these administrative and eligibility-related 
tasks; and once the dispute reaches the certified IDR entities, they 
are able to make the substantive payment determinations relatively 
efficiently. However, in providing feedback to the Departments on ways 
to improve batching in the Federal IDR process, certified IDR entities 
signaled that processing batched disputes would become substantially 
more difficult if broad categories of items and services could be 
submitted to the Federal IDR process in a single batched dispute. This 
is because, in addition to adding further complexity to the eligibility 
review process, certified IDR entities would also need to closely 
review the potentially unique factual circumstances of each item and 
service contained within the batch in making the payment determination. 
This could include differing evidence of the additional circumstances 
described in section 9816(c)(5)(C) of the Code, section 716(c)(5)(C) of 
ERISA, and section 2799A-1(c)(5)(C) of the PHS Act for each batched 
item and service.
    Certified IDR entities recommended implementing a cap on the number 
of qualified IDR items and services (or ``line items'') included in 
batched disputes in order to ensure that they can resolve payment 
determinations within the 30-business-day requirement. Specifically, 
many certified IDR entities

[[Page 75783]]

suggested imposing a 25-line-item cap on the number of items and 
services that could be submitted in a batched dispute, to the extent 
factual circumstances among them differed. Some certified IDR entities 
mentioned that the necessary line-item cap would depend on how the 
parties would be permitted to batch items and services; however, 
certified IDR entities generally indicated that in any circumstance, it 
would not be feasible to resolve disputes in excess of 100 items and 
services within the 30-business-day period for making payment 
determinations. Certified IDR entities indicated they could manage 
batched claims containing a larger number of items and services (for 
example, 25 to 50) to the extent they involved the same type of claim 
and when the relevant facts are identical across the items or services 
in the batch. For example, some certified IDR entities stated that 
batching items and services from a single patient encounter and claim 
would be manageable and create efficiencies. However, certified IDR 
entities maintained that once the line items included in a batch reach 
a certain number, efficiencies are lost, and the batched dispute 
becomes unmanageable.
    Plans and issuers have also indicated that the relatively frequent 
submission of incorrectly batched items and services as a single 
dispute by providers and facilities poses a substantial administrative 
burden for them. This is because the initiating party may need to 
resubmit the dispute, which, under the current rules, could also result 
in the non-initiating party paying the applicable administrative fee, 
potentially multiple times. Such interested parties urged the 
Departments to avoid adding further complexity or ambiguity with 
respect to the ability to batch items and services.
c. Proposals To Improve Batching in the Federal IDR Process
    After considering comments and feedback from interested parties 
(including certified IDR entities, plans and issuers, providers, 
facilities, and providers of air ambulance services), and the 
Departments' general experience with operationalizing the Federal IDR 
process to date, the Departments are of the view that, under some 
circumstances, allowing multiple qualified IDR items and services that 
treat a similar condition to be batched together in a single payment 
determination proceeding, in accordance with the requirements of 26 CFR 
54.9816-8T(c)(3)(i), 29 CFR 2590.716-8(c)(3)(i), and 45 CFR 
149.510(c)(3)(i), encourages efficiency and can result in cost savings 
for disputing parties.\164\
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    \164\ Section 9816(c)(3)(A)(iv) of the Code, section 
716(c)(3)(A)(iv) of ERISA, and section 2799A-1(c)(3)(A)(iv) of the 
PHS Act.
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    In these proposed rules, the Departments are proposing new batching 
provisions that are intended to achieve a balance among several 
important objectives, including ensuring the batching rules do not 
unreasonably impede parties' access to the Federal IDR process 
considering relative costs and administrative burden, and simplifying 
Federal IDR process operations while avoiding new operational 
complexities that could create or exacerbate dispute backlogs. The 
Departments are of the view that the proposed provisions would help 
ensure that qualified IDR items and services included in batched 
determinations have clear definitional principles that would yield 
logical payment determinations across certified IDR entities, including 
determinations of whether items or services are properly submitted as 
batched determinations. The Departments are also of the view that these 
proposals would reduce potential risk that large and complicated 
batches would extend the time needed for certified IDR entities to make 
eligibility and payment determinations.\165\ In addition to these 
proposals, the Departments are considering altering current guidance on 
the resubmission of incorrectly batched disputes. In the August 2022 
Technical Assistance for Certified IDR Entities, the Departments stated 
that inappropriately batched or bundled disputes may be re-submitted as 
properly batched or single disputes if the qualified IDR items and 
services that are subject to the disputes meet all other applicable 
requirements, including requirements for timely initiation of the 
Federal IDR process. The Departments are considering removing this 
flexibility 90 business days after the proposed batching provisions, as 
finalized, would become applicable. This would allow parties time to 
adjust to the new proposed batching rules, if finalized.
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    \165\ Under this notice of proposed rulemaking, the Departments 
propose new requirements related to the treatment of batched items 
and services and bundled payment arrangements. While the Departments 
consider and discuss feedback from interested parties in the context 
of these new proposals, they do not specifically address all public 
comments on batching and bundling received in response to the 
October 2021 interim final rule.
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i. Treatment of Batched Items and Services
    The Departments first propose to redesignate paragraph (c)(3) as 
paragraph (c)(4) under 26 CFR 54.9816-8, 29 CFR 2590.716-8, and 45 CFR 
149.510. Newly redesignated paragraph (c)(4)(i) of these sections would 
provide that up to 25 qualified IDR items and services may be batched 
and considered jointly as part of one payment determination only if all 
requirements under paragraphs (c)(4)(i)(A) through (D) are met.
A. Line-Item Limit for Batched Items and Services
    The Departments propose to limit batched determinations to 25 line 
items in a single dispute. Without such a limit, the additional 
batching provisions in these proposed rules could increase the time and 
level of effort certified IDR entities spend on resolving payment 
determinations, which, in turn, would hinder their ability to make 
timely payment determinations. The Departments must ensure that the 
Federal IDR process operates efficiently, as section 9816(c)(3)(A) of 
the Code, section 716(c)(3)(A) of ERISA, and section 2799A-1(c)(3)(A) 
of the PHS Act direct the Departments to ``specify criteria under which 
multiple qualified IDR dispute items and services are permitted to be 
considered jointly as part of a single determination by an entity for 
purposes of encouraging the efficiency (including minimizing costs) of 
the IDR process.'' The Departments, therefore, and in line with the 
feedback from certified IDR entities discussed in section II.E.2.b of 
the preamble, propose a 25-line-item limit as a reasonable cap to 
ensure that large and complicated batches do not extend the timeframe 
needed for certified IDR entities to make eligibility and payment 
determinations. Further, a 25-line-item limit is intended to help 
ensure that certified IDR entities are able to reasonably forecast and 
cover their costs through the fees they set for batched disputes and to 
process batched disputes in a more timely manner.
    The Departments seek comment on the proposed limit on the number of 
qualified IDR items and services in a batched determination and whether 
an alternative line-item limit that is higher or lower than 25 line 
items would be more appropriate to promote efficiencies and cost 
savings in the Federal IDR process. The Departments are considering 
whether a 50-line-item limit is a more reasonable cap to encourage 
efficiencies for disputing parties, while still allowing certified IDR 
entities sufficient time to review the

[[Page 75784]]

eligibility of batched disputes and make payment determinations within 
the 30-business-day requirement. The Departments also solicit comment 
on whether the line-item limit should vary depending on the type of 
batched dispute. For example, there could be a 25-line-item limit for 
items and services furnished to a single patient on the same or 
consecutive dates of service and billed on the same claim, and a 50-
line-item limit for items and services furnished to one or more 
patients under the same service code.
    The Departments also seek comment on whether a line-item limit 
should be imposed and whether and how such a provision could increase 
efficiency and process disputes in a more timely manner. The 
Departments also solicit comment on whether the certified IDR entity 
fee structure for batched determinations should be adjusted given the 
proposed changes to the batching rules.
B. Batched Items and Services Must Be Billed by the Same Provider, 
Facility, or Provider of Air Ambulance Services
    The Departments propose to redesignate 26 CFR 54.9816-
8(c)(3)(i)(A), 29 CFR 2590.716-8(c)(3)(i)(A), and 45 CFR 
149.510(c)(3)(i)(A) as 26 CFR 54.9816-8(c)(4)(i)(A), 29 CFR 2590.716-
8(c)(4)(i)(A), and 45 CFR 149.510(c)(4)(i)(A), respectively. The 
Departments propose no substantive changes to this provision, which 
provides that qualified IDR items and services may be considered as 
part of a single batched determination only where they were billed by 
the same provider or group of providers, the same facility, or the same 
provider of air ambulance services. The provision also provides that 
qualified IDR items and services are billed by the same provider or 
group of providers, the same facility, or the same provider of air 
ambulance services if the items or services are billed with the same 
NPI or TIN. This provision reflects the first of four statutory 
requirements that must be satisfied for a qualified IDR item or service 
to be considered as part of a batched determination.\166\
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    \166\ Section 9816(c)(3)(A) of the Code, section 716(c)(3)(A) of 
ERISA, and section 2799A-1(c)(3)(A) of the PHS Act.
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C. Batched Items and Services Must Be Paid by the Same Plan or Issuer
    Under proposed 26 CFR 54.9816-8(c)(4)(i)(B), 29 CFR 2590.716-
8(c)(4)(i)(B), and 45 CFR 149.510(c)(4)(i)(B), the Departments propose 
that qualified IDR items and services may be batched and considered 
jointly as part of one payment determination if payment for the 
qualified IDR items and services is made by the same group health plan 
or health insurance issuer. Because the Departments have received 
questions about how to batch for claims involving group health plans 
that are fully-insured versus self-insured, the proposed rules specify 
that this requirement would be satisfied if the same issuer is required 
to make payment for the qualified IDR items and services, even if the 
qualified IDR items and services relate to claims from different group 
health plans or individual market policies. For self-insured group 
health plans, this requirement would be satisfied if the same self-
insured group health plan is required to make payment for the qualified 
IDR items and services, including when the plan makes payments through 
a TPA: the requirement would not be satisfied if multiple self-insured 
group health plans are required to make payments for the qualified IDR 
items and services, even if those group health plans make payments 
through the same third party administrator. While a given TPA may 
administer multiple self-insured plans, the self-insured group health 
plan generally is the responsible party for payment or reimbursement of 
the qualified IDR items and services.
D. Batched Items and Services Must Be Related to the Treatment of a 
Similar Condition
    The Departments propose to add 26 CFR 54.9816-8(c)(4)(i)(C), 29 CFR 
2590.716-8(c)(4)(i)(C), and 45 CFR 149.510(c)(4)(i)(C) to permit 
initiating parties to batch qualified IDR items and services in 
specific circumstances, so long as the items and services relate to the 
treatment of a similar condition and the batching of the items and 
services would encourage efficiency (including minimizing costs) in the 
Federal IDR process. As the Departments explained earlier in section 
II.E.2. of this preamble, the Departments are proposing new batching 
criteria for multiple qualified IDR items and services that relate to 
the treatment of a similar condition in an effort to ensure the Federal 
IDR process is efficient and economically feasible for providers, 
facilities, providers of air ambulance services, plans, and issuers. 
The Departments must also ensure that the Federal IDR process operates 
efficiently, as section 9816(c)(3)(A) of the Code, section 716(c)(3)(A) 
of ERISA, and section 2799A-1(c)(3)(A) of the PHS Act directs the 
Departments to ``specify criteria under which multiple qualified IDR 
dispute items and services are permitted to be considered jointly as 
part of a single determination by an entity for purposes of encouraging 
the efficiency (including minimizing costs) of the IDR process.'' 
However, there is a threshold number of items and services in a single 
batch at which that batch becomes so large that no efficiencies are 
gained, and an additional burden is imposed on the certified IDR 
entity, as discussed in section II.E.2.i.A. of this preamble (regarding 
line-item limits). Therefore, the Departments do not intend for the 
additional flexibility proposed under these rules to be unlimited or 
available in circumstances that would not promote efficiency in the 
Federal IDR process. The Departments propose four circumstances under 
which qualified IDR items and services would be considered to relate to 
the treatment of a similar condition such that a certified IDR entity's 
consideration of the items and services in a single payment 
determination would promote efficiency in the Federal IDR process.
    Under new 26 CFR 54.9816-8(c)(4)(i)(C)(1), 29 CFR 2590.716-
8(c)(4)(i)(C)(1), and 45 CFR 149.510(c)(4)(i)(C)(1), the Departments 
propose that qualified IDR items and services would be considered to 
relate to the treatment of a similar condition and encourage efficiency 
in the Federal IDR process when they were furnished to a single patient 
during the same patient encounter. For purposes of these proposed 
regulations, the Departments propose to define a single patient 
encounter as a patient encounter on one or more consecutive days during 
which the qualified IDR items or services were furnished to the same 
patient and billed on the same claim form.
    The Departments understand from engagement with providers, medical 
coding professionals, and certified IDR entities that while there may 
be some instances where a patient is treated for two or more unrelated 
or dissimilar conditions during a single patient encounter, in general, 
items and services furnished during a patient encounter and billed by 
the same provider, facility, or provider of air ambulance services on 
one claim form tend to relate to the treatment of the same or similar 
condition. The Departments are of the view that the proposed definition 
of a single patient encounter would promote efficiency by avoiding the 
requirement that an initiating party file separate disputes to obtain 
payment determinations for each of the items and services that were 
part of a single claim and patient encounter.
    Allowing qualified IDR items or services to be included in a 
batched

[[Page 75785]]

determination when they were furnished to the same patient on one or 
more consecutive days and billed on the same claim form would simplify 
and encourage efficiency of the Federal IDR process. For example, 
evidence of the additional circumstances described in section 
9816(c)(5)(C) of the Code, section 716(c)(5)(C) of ERISA, and section 
2799A-1(c)(5)(C) of the PHS Act would generally be identical for each 
qualified IDR item and service furnished during a single patient 
encounter. This would limit the burden on certified IDR entities 
considering such additional circumstances and making a payment 
determination for the batch. In addition, permitting batching of items 
and services furnished to a single patient during the same patient 
encounter would help the non-initiating party more readily identify the 
claims involved since the dispute submitted by the initiating party to 
the Federal IDR process would relate to a single claim form in the non-
initiating party's records, as opposed to having to locate and review 
multiple claim forms.
    The Departments note that the proposed requirement to permit 
batching by patient encounter would increase procedural efficiency 
compared to the vacated batching provision for providers of air 
ambulance services by allowing them to submit a single dispute for a 
patient's air ambulance transport (provided the other batching 
requirements are met). This approach is consistent with the TMA III 
order and opinion, which vacated provisions of the August 2022 
Technical Assistance for Certified IDR Entities that in effect required 
each air ambulance service code to be submitted as a single dispute, 
requiring two separate IDR disputes for a single air ambulance 
transport. Under these proposed rules, mileage and base rates, as well 
as any other item or service furnished during a single air transport 
and billed for on the same claim form, could be batched in a single 
payment determination. The Departments request comment on this 
proposal, including any data or other information that supports or 
contradicts the Departments' understanding underlying this proposal.
    At new 26 CFR 54.9816-8(c)(4)(i)(C)(2), 29 CFR 2590.716-
8(c)(4)(i)(C)(2), and 45 CFR 149.510(c)(4)(i)(C)(2), the Departments 
would reestablish the provision that qualified IDR items and services 
also would be considered to relate to the treatment of a similar 
condition and encourage efficiency when they were furnished to one or 
more patients during different patient encounters and were billed under 
the same service code or a comparable code under a different procedural 
code system, such as CPT codes with modifiers, if applicable, 
Healthcare Common Procedure Coding System (HCPCS) with modifiers, if 
applicable, or DRG codes with modifiers, if applicable. As discussed in 
section I.D. of this preamble, in TMA IV, the District Court's decision 
vacated this previously established provision only on the grounds that 
it violated the notice-and-comment requirement under the Administrative 
Procedure Act and did not address whether this criterion is a 
reasonable interpretation of the No Surprises Act.
    Qualified IDR items or services billed under the same code or under 
comparable codes of different coding systems would be considered to 
generally relate to treatment of a similar condition because they 
essentially would be the same item or service. For example, CPT code 
93000 and HCPCS code G0403 both correspond to a routine 
electrocardiogram (with 12 leads). The proposal would simplify and 
encourage the efficiency of the Federal IDR process by retaining a 
clearly defined methodology for disputing parties and certified IDR 
entities to determine whether qualified IDR items and services are 
appropriately batched, which would contribute to the efficiency and 
consistency of such determinations across certified IDR entities. 
However, the Departments request comment on whether there are 
circumstances in which a single provider, facility, or provider of air 
ambulance services--as a practical matter--would bill for the same 
qualified IDR item or service using different code sets or whether the 
proposed flexibility could potentially incentivize billing practices 
specifically intended to circumvent these batching rules or other 
requirements of the Federal IDR process. The Departments request 
comment on this proposal, including any data or other information that 
supports or contradicts the Departments' understanding underlying this 
proposal.
    Some interested parties have suggested that the Departments should 
deem all qualified IDR items and services within the same major CPT 
Category I codes or ``family'' to relate to the treatment of similar 
conditions. These sub-categories include Evaluation and Management, 
Anesthesia, Surgery, Radiology/Diagnostic Radiology/Diagnostic 
Ultrasound, Pathology and Laboratory/Proprietary Laboratory Analysis, 
and Medicine. The Departments seek to balance the breadth of the 
interpretation of the statutory requirement that batched items and 
services relate to the treatment of a ``similar condition'' with the 
goal of efficiency. The Departments have heard from certified IDR 
entities that significant variability among items or services in a 
batched claim often leads to payment determinations that are 
significantly more time-intensive and burdensome to review than claims 
for items and services that are significantly similar. Efficiency in 
making eligibility and payment determinations is affected by several 
factors including the payer, the provider, the circumstances of each 
patient's treatment, and the QPA for the items and services under 
dispute. Grouping larger numbers of items and services together into a 
single batch can lower costs to the extent that it minimizes effort on 
the part of the certified IDR entity in evaluating factors related to 
the dispute or disputing parties, such as eligibility for the Federal 
IDR process. However, larger batches of services with greater 
variability can also increase review time and costs of certified IDR 
entities, because larger batches that include disparate services and 
patient circumstances associated with different supporting information 
submitted by disputing parties, require certified IDR entities to 
analyze more information, often taking longer to review. For example, 
if the Departments permitted batching across the entirety of the 
Category I CPT code subcategory for radiology, an individual dispute 
could contain an X-ray of the eye for detection of a foreign body (CPT 
code 70030), a bilateral screening mammography (CPT code 77067), and 
simple intensity modulated radiation treatment (IMRT) delivery (CPT 
code 77385). These services would have different circumstances for the 
treatment of the patient and would result in the certified IDR entity 
evaluating a unique set of factors and supporting documentation for 
each of these services, thus reducing the ability of the certified IDR 
entity to make timely payment determinations for such disputes.
    The Departments are of the view that the variability of the 
conditions represented within the CPT Category I sub-categories would 
reduce, rather than promote greater efficiency of the Federal IDR 
process and would be less likely to relate to the treatment of a 
similar condition. Thus, the Departments propose to specify in guidance 
ranges of CPT codes within sub-categories of CPT Category I codes that 
may be batched, in order to promote efficiency in the Federal IDR 
process. Specifically, the Departments propose at 26 CFR 54.9816-

[[Page 75786]]

8(c)(4)(i)(C)(3), 29 CFR 2590.716-8(c)(4)(i)(C)(3), and 45 CFR 
149.510(c)(4)(i)(C)(3) that for anesthesiology, radiology, pathology, 
and laboratory qualified IDR items and services, items and services 
would be considered to relate to the treatment of similar conditions 
when they are furnished to one or more patients and were billed under 
service codes belonging to the same Category I CPT code ranges, which 
would be specified in guidance published by the Departments.
    The Departments propose to divide Category I CPT codes into ranges 
based on the Departments' characterization of those codes as being 
related to the treatment of a similar condition. In Tables 2 through 4, 
the Departments detail proposed ranges of Category I CPT sub-categories 
for anesthesiology, radiology, pathology, and laboratory items or 
services that an initiating party may batch together within a single 
dispute (provided the other batching requirements are met). Under this 
proposal, the Departments would permit batching only of codes within 
these ranges for anesthesiology, radiology, pathology, and laboratory 
qualified IDR items and services. By allowing for the more narrowly 
defined Category I CPT code spans for batched determinations indicated 
in Tables 2 through 4, the Departments could increase the probability 
that the items or services in a dispute both relate to the treatment of 
a similar condition and increase the efficiency of the Federal IDR 
process, since the associated items or services would share the 
clinical commonality of pertaining to patients who require diagnostic 
imaging, radiation oncology, similar laboratory tests, etc.
    If these proposed rules are finalized, the Departments would 
establish descriptions of each sub-category of CPT codes, and update 
periodically as necessary the allowable ranges of service codes 
belonging to the same CPT sub-category for purposes of batching under 
proposed 26 CFR 54.9816-8(c)(4)(i)(C)(3), 29 CFR 2590.716-
8(c)(4)(i)(C)(3), and 45 CFR 149.510(c)(4)(i)(C)(3) in guidance. CPT 
codes are defined in the American Medical Association's (AMA's) ``CPT 
Manual,'' which is updated and published annually. The AMA releases the 
CPT manual in the fall of each year to precede their January 1st 
effective date. The Departments would review the modifications made to 
the CPT manual once available and determine if the modifications 
necessitate updates to the Category I CPT code spans for batched 
determinations based on the Departments' interpretation of the pre-
existing descriptive categories with which a new Category I CPT code 
most closely aligns. For example, if a new CPT manual established a new 
Category I CPT code for diagnostic radiology (imaging) that would fall 
outside of CPT code spans 70010-71555, the Departments would need to 
release updated guidance for batched determinations to advise parties 
of which pre-existing descriptive categories of CPT code spans most 
closely align with the new code, and, thus, with which it can be 
batched. In such circumstances, the Category I CPT code spans for 
batched determinations most recently established by the Departments 
would stand until the publication of further guidance.

BILLING CODE 6325-63-P; 4830-01-P; 4510-29-P; 4120-01-P;


[[Page 75787]]


[GRAPHIC] [TIFF OMITTED] TP03NO23.005


[[Page 75788]]


[GRAPHIC] [TIFF OMITTED] TP03NO23.006


[[Page 75789]]


[GRAPHIC] [TIFF OMITTED] TP03NO23.007


BILLING CODE 6325-63-C; 4830-01-C; 4510-29-C; 4120-01-C;
    Another goal of this proposal is to ensure that the batching rules 
facilitate access to the Federal IDR process considering the relative 
costs and administrative burden associated with participating. 
Consistent with feedback from interested parties, this proposal would 
also allow providers of lower-dollar qualified IDR items and services, 
such as providers of radiology, pathology, and laboratory items or 
services, to batch more services than was permitted under the October 
2021 interim final rules, because such qualified IDR items and services 
may not be cost-effective to dispute individually.
    As discussed earlier in section II.E.2.c of this preamble, the 
Departments are proposing new batching provisions to ensure the 
batching rules do not unreasonably impede the parties' access to the 
Federal IDR process considering relative costs and administrative 
burden. The Departments intend these provisions to improve the 
efficiency of the Federal IDR process while avoiding new operational 
complexities that could create or exacerbate dispute backlogs. The 
proposed rule would provide new flexibility in two ways: first, it 
would allow initiating parties to batch all items and services related 
to a single patient encounter; second, it would allow batching of 
certain items and services within the same Category I CPT code sub-
sections. For the purposes of this proposal, the Departments are 
primarily focusing on provider specialties that have been involved in a 
majority of disputes under the Federal IDR process, with one exception 
(emergency medicine, discussed in further detail below). The 
Departments solicit comment on whether there are other Category I CPT 
code subsections (for example, Medicine and Surgery) that would satisfy 
the statutory requirements that batched items and services relate to 
the treatment of a similar condition and encourage efficiency of the 
Federal IDR process. Although batching of items and services within the 
same Category I CPT code subsection is not available for all medical 
specialties, the Departments are of the view that the proposed batching 
provisions that would allow batching for a single patient encounter 
would improve efficiency of the Federal IDR process for medical, 
surgical, and emergency providers.
    As discussed in section II.E.2.b. of this preamble, emergency 
providers have recommended that the Departments permit batching of the 
most common evaluation and management CPT codes (99281-99285) for items 
and services furnished in emergency departments. After considering this 
feedback, the Departments are concerned that the variability of the 
conditions that are represented across the emergency medicine 
evaluation and management CPT codes would increase the likelihood for 
dissimilar conditions and patient acuities to be batched, which would 
be inefficient and highly burdensome for certified IDR entities. For 
instance, if these five different emergency medicine evaluation and 
management codes could be batched together, the conditions represented 
in

[[Page 75790]]

one batched dispute could include such diverse situations as a patient 
evaluated for an insect bite and one patient treated for a heart 
attack. The Departments seek comment on whether there are ways to 
provide additional batching flexibility for emergency department 
services in a way that mitigates the Departments' concerns that such 
flexibility would increase the likelihood that claims for treatment of 
dissimilar conditions would be batched and promotes the efficiency of 
the IDR process, for example, data or estimates related to a potential 
decrease in the number of disputes involving emergency department 
services that would be realized if emergency department providers were 
permitted to batch items and services across the five evaluation and 
management Level I CPT codes, without a commensurate increase in the 
diversity of documentation that certified IDR entities would need to 
review to evaluate disputes related to different, but similar 
conditions.
    The Departments seek comment on the proposal to permit 
anesthesiology, radiology, pathology, and laboratory qualified IDR 
items and services that were furnished under service codes belonging to 
the same Category I CPT code section, as specified in guidance 
published by the Departments, including the proposed Category I CPT 
code spans for batched determinations, and whether there are any items 
and services similar to pathology, radiology, and laboratory qualified 
IDR items and services to which this policy should apply. For example, 
the Departments seek comment on whether additional batching 
flexibility, consistent with the statutory requirements, is necessary 
or appropriate for providers of lower-dollar items or services other 
than laboratory, pathology, or radiology services, to remove 
impediments and promote reasonable access to the Federal IDR process. 
The Departments also request comment on the proposed pathology and 
laboratory Category I CPT code spans for batched determinations. 
Specifically, the Departments solicit comment on whether Organ or 
Disease Oriented Panels, Urinalysis, and Chemistry Category I CPT codes 
should be combined for batched determinations. The Departments 
understand that these are frequently billed codes, and that such high 
volume would be a reason to not combine these three code-span ranges 
together. The Departments seek comment on this assumption, including 
any data or other information that supports or contradicts the 
Departments' understanding, such as if the volume of these codes for 
out-of-network services would be substantially less.
    Further, consistent with feedback from anesthesiologists, this 
proposal would allow anesthesiologists to batch items and services 
within a related body-part code group, which would align with the 
established framework in the field. Anesthesiologists have expressed to 
the Departments that while an anesthesia service for one spinal 
procedure may be related to multiple different medical conditions, the 
anesthesia administration itself is substantially similar. For example, 
for spinal procedures, the anesthesia service may be related to 
different spinal conditions such as stenosis or discectomy. Since the 
anesthesia administration itself is substantially similar for these 
different conditions, the Departments are of the view that these 
conditions could be considered similar and that the payment 
considerations a certified IDR entity would evaluate are similar.
    As discussed in section II.E.2.b. of this preamble, 
anesthesiologists have requested that claims be batched by the same 
conversion factor, since contracting practices for anesthesiology items 
and service focus on conversion factor rates, and not traditional codes 
like CPT codes. The Departments have not identified a basis upon which 
such conversion factor rates would satisfy the statutory requirement 
that batched items and services relate to a similar condition at 
section 9816(c)(3)(A)(iii) of the Code, section 716(c)(3)(A)(iii) of 
ERISA, and section 2799A-1(c)(3)(A)(iii) or how conversion factors are 
a meaningful method of encouraging efficiency. It is the Departments' 
understanding that because conversion factors would be identical for 
every out-of-network service furnished by an anesthesiologist provider 
or provider group, use of the ``same conversion factor'' for batching 
would result in the provider or provider group being able to batch 
every out-of-network service it furnishes that otherwise satisfies the 
remaining batching factors. Instead, the Departments are of the view 
that batching based on CPT code categories would lead to greater 
efficiency, would more closely align with the statutory requirement 
that batched items and services relate to the treatment of a similar 
condition, and would lead to less variability among the items and 
services and factual circumstances that certified IDR entities must 
consider.
    The Departments request comment on the proposal that would govern 
whether anesthesiology qualified IDR items and services are considered 
to relate to the treatment of similar conditions. Specifically, the 
Departments solicit comment on whether and how items and services that 
share the same anesthesia conversion factor could be considered to 
relate to the treatment of similar conditions and could meaningfully 
encourage efficiency in the Federal IDR process. The Departments 
request comment on these proposals, including any data or other 
information that supports or contradicts the Departments' understanding 
underlying this proposal.
E. Batched Items and Services Must Have Been Furnished Within the Same 
Time Period
    Finally, the Departments propose at 26 CFR 54.9816-8(c)(4)(i)(D), 
29 CFR 2590.716-8(c)(4)(i)(D), and 45 CFR 149.510(c)(4)(i)(D) that 
batched qualified IDR items and services must have been furnished 
within the same 30-business-day period following the date on which the 
first item or service included in the batched determination was 
furnished and have been the subjects of a 30-business-day open 
negotiation period that ended within 4 business days of IDR initiation, 
except as provided in proposed 26 CFR 54.9816-8(c)(5)(vii)(B), 29 CFR 
2590.716-8(c)(5)(vii)(B), and 45 CFR 149.510(c)(5)(vii)(B), which refer 
to the 90-calendar-day ``cooling off'' period. This is consistent with 
section 9816(c)(3)(B) of the Code, section 716(c)(3)(B) of ERISA, and 
section 2799A-1(c)(3)(B) of the PHS Act and is in effect the same as 
the current regulations at 26 CFR 54.9816-8T(c)(3)(i)(D), 29 CFR 
2590.716-8(c)(3)(i)(D), and 45 CFR 149.510(c)(3)(i)(D). The Departments 
are also proposing a non-substantive amendment at 26 CFR 54.9816-
8(c)(4)(i)(D), 29 CFR 2590.716-8(c)(4)(i)(D), and 45 CFR 
149.510(c)(4)(i)(D) to both remove the redundant language on the 90-
calendar-day ``cooling off'' period and correct the cross-reference to 
paragraph 26 CFR 54.9816-8T(c)(5)(vii)(B), 29 CFR 2590.716-
8(c)(5)(vii)(B), and 45 CFR 149.510(c)(5)(vii)(B). The Departments do 
not propose any alternative time periods for batched determinations, as 
the Departments are of the view that the batching rules proposed in 
these rules are sufficient to encourage procedural efficiency and 
minimize administrative costs for the disputing parties.
    The Departments solicit comment on the application of the cooling 
off period after a determination on a dispute consisting of multiple 
items and services batched by patient encounter or CPT code ranges. For 
example, if provider X submitted a notice of IDR

[[Page 75791]]

initiation that included as part of a batched determination a single 
view x-ray of the abdomen (CPT code 74018) to payer Y and the certified 
IDR entity made a determination on the dispute, should provider X be 
allowed to submit another dispute, such as a batched patient encounter 
dispute, within the 90-day period following such determination that 
involves a single view x-ray of the abdomen (CPT code 74018) to payer 
Y? It is the Departments' understanding that under these proposed 
batching rules, the 90-calendar-day cooling off period could result in 
operational challenges and barriers both to disputing parties 
submitting subsequent IDR disputes and certified IDR entities' review. 
In the example of provider X that submitted a batched dispute with an 
x-ray of the abdomen (CPT code 74018) to payer Y, and for which a 
certified IDR entity had made a determination, provider X under the 
proposed rules would have to ensure to not include an x-ray of the 
abdomen (CPT code 74018) in any subsequent notices of IDR initiation to 
payer Y within the 90-calendar-day period following such determination. 
Where subsequent disputes involve larger numbers of items or services, 
such as batched disputes based on patient encounters or CPT code 
ranges, this could result in additional time a party must spend 
excluding the specific item or service subject to the cooling off 
period from the batch and could also present additional burdens on 
certified IDR entities in assessing whether the cooling off period 
applies to one item or service within a batch and therefore whether the 
batched dispute is eligible for initiation of the Federal IDR process. 
In addition, the Departments have heard from some providers that since 
cooling off periods are allowed to overlap, and with each new written 
determination issued the current cooling off period is extended before 
it has ended, there are certain high-volume payers with which providers 
may be required to wait multiple years before the Federal IDR process 
could be initiated again. Batches for single patient encounters may 
exacerbate this situation.
    Under section 9816(c)(9) of the Code, section 716(c)(9) of ERISA, 
and section 2799A-1(c)(9) of the PHS Act, the time periods required 
under the No Surprises Act and 26 CFR 54.9816-8T, 26 CFR 54.9816-8, 29 
CFR 2590.716-8, and 45 CFR 149.510 (other than the timing of the 
payments to prevailing parties) may be modified at the Departments' 
discretion to ensure that all claims that occur during a 90-day period 
following a payment determination for which a notification is not 
permitted to be submitted during such period by reason of the cooling-
off-period requirements are eligible for the IDR process. If the 
proposed batching provisions are finalized, the Departments are 
considering using this statutory waiver authority under section 
9816(c)(9) of the Code, section 716(c)(9) of ERISA, and section 2799A-
1(c)(9) of the PHS Act, to shorten the 90-day cooling off time period 
with respect to qualified IDR items and services for which a certified 
IDR entity makes a payment determination as part of a batched dispute. 
This would increase the efficiency of processing subsequently submitted 
batched disputes and ensure that claims that occur during the cooling 
off period are eligible for the Federal IDR process. The Departments 
seek comment on this exception and alternative time periods the 
Departments should consider for the cooling off period in this 
circumstance. The Departments are considering shortening the cooling 
off period for batched disputes to between 1 to 30 business days, if 
the batching proposals are finalized. As discussed in this section of 
the preamble, the Departments are of the view that the interaction of 
the 90-day cooling off period with the proposed batching provisions 
would reduce inefficiencies for the disputing parties, certified IDR 
entities, and the Federal IDR process. Further, as discussed in section 
II.E.2.c. of this preamble, section 9816(c)(3)(A) of the Code, section 
716(c)(3)(A) of ERISA, and section 2799A-1(c)(3)(A) of the PHS Act 
directs the Departments to ensure that the Federal IDR process operates 
efficiently. Thus, the Departments are of the view that to encourage 
the efficiency of the Federal IDR process (including minimizing costs), 
the Departments should exercise their waiver authority to reduce the 
length of the cooling off period to be as short as 1 business day. 
Under these proposed rules, disputing parties would not be able to 
realize the efficiencies of batching by patient encounter if both 
parties may have to wait 90 business days before submitting a 
subsequent dispute. For example, it is the Departments understanding 
that it is highly likely that provider X could have multiple patient 
encounter batched disputes that involve payer Y where at least one 
common item or service would overlap in each of those disputes. The 
Departments are also aware of concerns that due to throughput issues, 
when payment determinations are made, and the inability to submit 
disputes either because they could not be submitted as batched disputes 
under the vacated batching rules or because the cooling off period 
applied, the Federal IDR process has not been economically feasible for 
all providers. The Departments are of the view that markedly reducing 
the cooling off period, in combination with the other proposed 
provisions in these rules, would help make the Federal IDR process both 
more economically feasible and efficient for disputing parties. The 
Departments have also heard from some payers that they are inundated 
with multiple open negotiation notices and disputes from certain 
providers making it difficult to meet the deadlines for each dispute. 
For this reason, the Departments are considering as much as 30 business 
days for the duration of the cooling off period for batched disputes as 
it may help ensure parties are not inundated with disputes and provide 
parties sufficient time to meet the different time-period requirements 
of the Federal IDR process. The Departments solicit comment on this 
proposal, including specific alternative time periods the Departments 
should consider for the cooling off period. The Departments request any 
data or other information that supports or contradicts the Departments' 
understanding.
    The Departments request comment on these proposals, including 
whether there are different or additional ways to encourage procedural 
efficiency and minimize administrative costs through the batching 
rules.
ii. Treatment of Bundled Payment Arrangements
    The Departments propose at 26 CFR 54.9816-8(c)(4)(ii), 29 CFR 
2590.716-8(c)(4)(ii), and 45 CFR 149.510(c)(4)(ii) that qualified IDR 
items and services that meet the definition of a bundled payment 
arrangement at proposed 26 CFR 54.9816-3, 29 CFR 2590.716-3, and 45 CFR 
149.30 may be submitted and considered as a single payment 
determination for which the certified IDR entity must make one payment 
determination for the multiple items and services included in the 
bundled payment arrangement. The Departments further propose that 
bundled payment arrangements submitted under paragraph (c)(4)(ii) would 
continue to be subject to the certified IDR entity fee for single 
determinations as described at 26 CFR 54.9816-8T(e)(2)(vii), 29 CFR 
2590.716-8(e)(2)(vii), and 45 CFR 149.510(e)(2)(vii). These proposed 
technical amendments to 26 CFR 54.9816-8(c)(4)(ii), 29 CFR 2590.716-
8(c)(4)(ii), and 45 CFR 149.510(c)(4)(ii) would include a reference to 
the definition of ``bundled payment

[[Page 75792]]

arrangement,'' \167\ a correction that the certified IDR entity must 
make one payment determination for the multiple qualified IDR items and 
services included in the bundled payment arrangement, removal of the 
language that bundled payment arrangements are subject to the rules for 
batched determinations, and an updated cross reference to paragraph 
(c)(4)(ii).
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    \167\ As discussed in section II.A. of the preamble, the 
Departments propose to amend 26 CFR 54.9816-3, 29 CFR 2590.716-3, 
and 45 CFR 149.30 to define the term ``bundled payment 
arrangement.''
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3. Administrative and Certified IDR Entity Fee Collection
    The Departments propose to amend the administrative and certified 
IDR entity fee provisions of 26 CFR 54.9816-8(d), 29 CFR 2590.716-8(d), 
and 45 CFR 149.510(d) to adjust the timing of collection of the 
administrative fee and make changes to the administrative fee structure 
to ensure that the financial costs to the Departments to administer the 
Federal IDR process align with the assessed administrative fees, to 
encourage disputing parties to engage in meaningful open negotiations, 
to accelerate dispute processing, and to reduce the burden on certified 
IDR entities.
a. Establishment of the Administrative Fee Amount
    Under section 9816(c)(8)(A) of the Code, section 716(c)(8)(A) of 
ERISA, section 2799A-1(c)(8)(A) of the PHS Act, and the October 2021 
interim final rules,\168\ each party to a determination must pay an 
administrative fee for participating in the Federal IDR process. Under 
section 9816(c)(8)(B) of the Code, section 716(c)(8)(B) of ERISA, 
section 2799A-1(c)(8)(B) of the PHS Act, and the October 2021 interim 
final rules,\169\ the administrative fee is established annually in a 
manner so that the total administrative fees paid for a year are 
estimated to be equal to the amount of expenditures estimated to be 
made by the Departments to carry out the Federal IDR process for that 
year.
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    \168\ 26 CFR 54.9816-8T(d)(2)(i), 29 CFR 2590.716-8(d)(2)(i), 
and 45 CFR 149.510(d)(2)(i).
    \169\ 26 CFR 54.9816-8T(d)(2)(ii), 29 CFR 2590.716-8(d)(2)(ii), 
and 45 CFR 149.510(d)(2)(ii).
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    On September 26, 2023, the Departments issued the IDR Process Fees 
proposed rules,\170\ proposing to amend the language at 26 CFR 54.9816-
8(d)(2)(ii), 29 CFR 2590.716-8(d)(2)(ii), and 45 CFR 149.510(d)(2)(ii) 
to establish the Federal IDR process administrative fee amount through 
notice and comment rulemaking, rather than in guidance.\171\ In the IDR 
Process Fees proposed rules, the Departments proposed the methodology 
to calculate the administrative fee amount for disputes initiated on or 
after the later of the effective date of the IDR Process Fees proposed 
rules or on January 1, 2024, by projecting the amount of expenditures 
to be made by the Departments in carrying out the Federal IDR process 
and dividing this by the projected number of administrative fees to be 
paid by the parties. Using this methodology, the Departments proposed 
an administrative fee of $150 per party per dispute. Additionally, the 
Departments proposed that the administrative fee amount specified in 
rulemaking would remain in effect until a new administrative fee amount 
is specified in subsequent rulemaking. Furthermore, in the IDR Process 
Fees proposed rules, the Departments proposed to remove the requirement 
to set the administrative fee amount annually, allowing the Departments 
the flexibility to update the administrative fee amount more or less 
frequently than annually to increase the Departments' ability to 
respond to changes in expenditures or collections that would require a 
new administrative fee amount. The comment deadline on the IDR Process 
Fees proposed rules is October 26, 2023. The Departments will review 
all public comments received on the IDR Process Fees proposed rules.
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    \170\ 88 FR 65888 (September 26, 2023).
    \171\ In TMA IV, the District Court issued an opinion and order 
holding that the process by which the Departments amended the 
December 2022 fee guidance to increase the administrative fee for 
the Federal IDR process from $50 to $350 per party for disputes 
initiated during the calendar year beginning January 1, 2023, was a 
violation of the Departments' obligation under the Administrative 
Procedure Act to give affected parties notice of and an opportunity 
to comment on the administrative fee. In light of the District 
Court's opinion and order, as well as the Departments' reassessment 
regarding the practicability of establishing the administrative fee 
through notice and comment rulemaking, the Departments proposed in 
the IDR Process Fees proposed rules to establish the amount of the 
administrative fee through notice and comment rulemaking.
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    The Departments note that a number of the proposed provisions in 
these proposed rules would impact the collection of administrative 
fees, including the time of collection of the administrative fee 
discussed in section II.E.3.b. of this preamble, the proposed reduced 
administrative fee for both parties in low-dollar disputes discussed in 
section II.E.3.e. of this preamble, and the proposed reduced 
administrative fee for non-initiating parties in ineligible disputes 
discussed in section II.E.3.f. of this preamble and would therefore 
impact the methodology that the Departments use to determine the 
administrative fee. Accordingly, in these proposed rules, the 
Departments propose to adjust the methodology for calculating the 
administrative fee amount that was proposed in the IDR Process Fees 
proposed rules. As discussed in greater detail below, while in the IDR 
Process Fees proposed rules the Departments proposed to calculate the 
projected number of administrative fees to be paid using the total 
volume of disputes to be closed, in these proposed rules, the 
Departments propose to instead use the total volume of disputes to be 
initiated, due to the proposal to collect the administrative fee 
earlier in the Federal IDR process, as discussed further in section 
II.E.3.b. of this preamble.
    In addition, the Departments are proposing other policies in these 
proposed rules that, if finalized, would impact the Departments' 
expenditures in carrying out the Federal IDR process, including the 
proposed departmental eligibility review discussed in section 
II.E.1.b.ii. of this preamble, the direct collection of the 
administrative fee by the Departments discussed in section II.E.3.c. of 
this preamble, and the proposed Federal IDR process registry discussed 
in section II.F. of this preamble, which would impact the inputs under 
the methodology used to calculate the administrative fee amount.
    The Departments note that, using the base methodology as proposed 
in the IDR Process Fees proposed rules, and taking into account the 
additional proposed policies in these rules and their impact on the 
inputs under the administrative fee methodology proposed in the IDR 
Process Fees proposed rules, the administrative fee amount would 
continue to be $150 per party per dispute.
    In light of the proposals in these rules, the Departments project 
the annual expenditures to carry out the Federal IDR process, if the 
proposals in these rules are finalized, to be approximately $100.2 
million. The proposed expenditures upon which the administrative fee 
amount in these rules is based include contract costs and Federal 
resources associated with:
     Maintaining the Federal IDR portal, including the proposed 
Federal IDR process registry discussed in section II.F. of this 
preamble, which is intended to make the parties' and certified IDR 
entities' experiences using the portal more efficient, clear, and 
streamlined;
     Certifying IDR entities and collecting data from them, 
which is intended to increase the number of certified IDR entities, 
improve the speed of eligibility and payment determinations, and assist 
the Departments in understanding where efficiencies may still be gained 
in the process;

[[Page 75793]]

     Conducting program integrity activities, such as QPA 
audits and IDR decision audits, which are intended to ensure the 
program integrity by reducing and preventing errors in the Federal IDR 
process;
     Investigating relevant complaints, which is intended to 
ensure compliance with the Federal IDR process requirements;
     Providing outreach to parties and technical assistance to 
certified IDR entities, which is intended to streamline the experience 
and further improve the speed and integrity of eligibility and payment 
determinations;
     Collecting administrative fees directly from disputing 
parties, which is intended to reduce burden on certified IDR entities, 
increasing capacity of certified IDR entities to perform other required 
functions;
     Conducting eligibility determinations when any of the 
extenuating circumstances described in proposed 26 CFR 54.9816-8(g), 29 
CFR 2590.716-8(g), and 45 CFR 149.510(g) require application of the 
departmental eligibility review to facilitate timely payment 
determinations or the effective processing of disputes under the 
Federal IDR process; and
     Retaining and making available Federal personnel dedicated 
to carrying out Federal IDR process activities.
    Further, as described above, estimates for these expenditures 
assume that the Departments would determine that extenuating 
circumstances exist to invoke the departmental eligibility review, as 
discussed in sections II.E.1.b.ii. through iv. of this preamble and as 
proposed in 26 CFR 54.9816-8(c)(2)(ii), 29 CFR 2590.716-8(c)(2)(ii), 
and 45 CFR 149.510(c)(2)(ii). The Departments began conducting pre-
eligibility reviews in 2023 to allow the certified IDR entities to 
complete their eligibility determinations more efficiently. As 
discussed in section II.E.1.b.ii. of this preamble, the departmental 
eligibility review proposed in these proposed rules contemplates a 
similar process except that the Departments would make eligibility 
determinations, rather than eligibility recommendations, to certified 
IDR entities.
    With respect to the Departments' projected number of administrative 
fees to be paid, in the IDR Process Fees proposed rules, the 
Departments proposed to base this number on the total volume of 
disputes that were projected to be closed. However, in these proposed 
rules, the Departments propose to project the number of administrative 
fees to be paid based on the total volume of disputes projected to be 
initiated. In the IDR Process Fee proposed rules, the Departments 
proposed to use the total volume of disputes projected to be closed, 
rather than the total volume of disputes projected to be initiated, 
because the total volume of closed disputes would be more indicative of 
the total volume of disputes for which fees are paid under the 
Departments' current collections process.\172\ In these proposed rules, 
the Departments propose to instead use the total volume of disputes 
projected to be initiated because the proposed operational changes in 
these proposed rules, if finalized, would result in the Departments' 
collection of administrative fees closer to a dispute's date of 
initiation, and therefore, the total volume of initiated disputes would 
be indicative of the total volume of disputes for which fees would be 
paid.
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    \172\ 88 FR 65888, 65893.
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    Additionally, in projecting the administrative fees to be paid, the 
Departments consider that, if the proposed policies described in 
sections II.E.3.e. and II.E.3.f. of this preamble are finalized, the 
initiating and non-initiating parties in ineligible and low-dollar 
disputes may pay a reduced administrative fee, which would be 
percentages of the full administrative fee amount. To arrive at the 
proposed reduced administrative fee percentages, the Departments 
analyzed historical trends of low-dollar and ineligible disputes and 
include further discussion of the calculation of these percentages in 
sections II.E.3.e. and II.E.3.f. of this preamble. As with the full 
administrative fee amount, the Departments propose at 26 CFR 54.9816-
8(d)(2)(iii), 29 CFR 2590.716-8(d)(2)(iii), and 45 CFR 
149.510(d)(2)(iii) that the reduced administrative fee amounts would 
remain in effect until changed by subsequent rulemaking. Accordingly, 
the total amount of projected administrative fees paid is calculated to 
reflect that the Departments would not collect a full administrative 
fee from both parties on a portion of disputes.
    To determine the administrative fees to be paid, the Departments 
project approximately 420,000 disputes will be initiated annually. This 
projection is based on the most recent 6-month period of continuous 
Federal IDR process data before Federal IDR process operations were 
temporarily paused on August 3, 2023.\173\ Using this projected volume 
of disputes, the Departments assume a prospective reduction of 
approximately 25 percent in the volume of initiated disputes because of 
the anticipated impact of the proposed batching policies in these 
proposed rules, if finalized. As previously explained, to calculate the 
number of administrative fees to be paid from the projected volume of 
disputes initiated, the Departments consider that non-initiating and 
initiating parties may pay a reduced administrative fee in low-dollar 
and ineligible disputes if the proposed policies described in sections 
II.E.3.e. and II.E.3.f. of this preamble are finalized. Additionally, 
the Departments consider the proposals in these rules pertaining to 
open negotiation, initiation, batching, registration, and the other 
administrative fee policies, if finalized, in calculating the number of 
disputes initiated and this administrative fee amount.
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    \173\ The Departments applied the approximate 25 percent 
reduction described in these rules to the average monthly volume and 
multiplied this number by 12 to project the annual volume of 
initiated disputes.
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

    Therefore, the Departments estimate that 420,000 initiated 
disputes, which include low-dollar and ineligible disputes with reduced 
administrative fees, would translate to an amount approximately equal 
to 691,000 full administrative fees paid. This estimate reflects that 
both parties to a dispute pay an administrative fee. Further, based on 
Federal IDR process data, the Departments estimate that 20 percent of 
initiated disputes would qualify as low-dollar disputes and 22 percent 
of initiated disputes would be ineligible. As described in Table 5, the 
Departments estimate that low-dollar and ineligible disputes will 
overlap such that some low-dollar disputes are determined to be 
ineligible. As explained further in sections II.E.3.e. and II.E.3.f. of 
this preamble, non-initiating parties would pay 20 percent of the full 
administrative fee in ineligible disputes and both initiating and non-
initiating parties would pay 50 percent of the full administrative fee 
in low-dollar disputes.
    Using the proposed methodology and inputs discussed above, the 
administrative fee for disputes initiated on or after January 1, 2025, 
and continuing until changed by subsequent rulemaking, would be 
calculated by dividing the projected annual expenditures of 
approximately $100.2 million to be made by the Departments in carrying 
out the Federal IDR process by the projected annual number of 
administrative fees to be paid by the disputing parties of 691,000. 
This results in a full administrative fee amount of $150 per party per 
dispute, which is the same amount as the Departments proposed in the 
IDR Process Fees proposed rules. However,

[[Page 75794]]

as described in this preamble section, the methodology and inputs for 
calculating the administrative fee in these proposed rules differ from 
those in the IDR Process Fees proposed rules. In the IDR Process Fees 
proposed rules, the Departments calculated the proposed administrative 
fee by dividing projected annual expenditures of $70 million by 
approximately 450,000 full administrative fees paid on 225,000 closed 
disputes.
    As discussed further in sections II.E.3.e. and II.E.3.f. of these 
rules, the reduced administrative fee for both parties in low-dollar 
disputes would be 50 percent of the full administrative fee (or $75) 
per party per dispute, and the reduced administrative fee for non-
initiating parties in ineligible disputes would be 20 percent of the 
full administrative fee (or $30) per party per dispute. These fee 
estimates, as set forth in Table 5, are based on the best available 
data, the Departments' projected expenditures as of the publication of 
these proposed rules, and the assumptions that the administrative fee 
of $150 per party per dispute in the IDR Process Fees proposed rules is 
finalized and applicable starting January 1, 2024. These projections 
may change between the publication of the proposed and final rules 
based on more recent data available at that time; thus, the Departments 
propose to finalize an administrative fee amount that follows the 
methodology proposed here, as finalized, using the updated data, if 
applicable. In the event one or more of the policies proposed in these 
rules are not finalized or the departmental eligibility review is not 
anticipated to be invoked, the Departments would recalculate the 
proposed administrative fee amount to reflect relevant changes to the 
proposed policies when finalizing the administrative fee amount.

BILLING CODE 6325-63-P; 4830-01-P; 4510-29-P; 4120-01-P


[[Page 75795]]


[GRAPHIC] [TIFF OMITTED] TP03NO23.008

BILLING CODE 6325-63-C; 4830-01-C; 4510-29-C; 4120-01-C
    The Departments solicit comments on the methodology for calculating 
the administrative fee, additional inputs used to calculate the 
administrative fee

[[Page 75796]]

and proposed administrative fee amounts, including the reduced 
administrative fee amounts, as well as the proposed implementation date 
of the proposed administrative fee.
b. Time of Collection of Certified IDR Entity Fee and Administrative 
Fee
i. Time of Collection of Certified IDR Entity Fee
    The Departments propose to amend 26 CFR 54.9816-8(d)(1)(i), 29 CFR 
2590.716-8(d)(1)(i), and 45 CFR 149.510(d)(1)(i) to reflect that each 
party to a dispute that either the certified IDR entity or the 
Departments determine is eligible for the Federal IDR process must pay 
to the certified IDR entity the predetermined certified IDR entity fee 
no later than the time the parties submit their offers, as described in 
proposed 26 CFR 54.9816-8(c)(5)(i), 29 CFR 2590.716-8(c)(5)(i), and 45 
CFR 149.510(c)(5)(i).
    The Departments also propose to codify in 26 CFR 54.9816-
8(d)(1)(iii), 29 CFR 2590.716-8(d)(1)(iii), and 45 CFR 
149.510(d)(1)(iii) the current practice established in section 10.2 of 
the Federal IDR Process Guidance for Certified IDR Entities \174\ that 
the certified IDR entity must retain the certified IDR entity fee 
described in 26 CFR 54.9816-8(d)(1)(i), 29 CFR 2590.716-8(d)(1)(i), and 
45 CFR 149.510(d)(1)(i) paid by the party whose offer was not selected 
(the non-prevailing party, as defined in proposed 26 CFR 54.9816-
8(c)(5)(ii)(A)(2), 29 CFR 2590.716-8(c)(5)(ii)(A)(2), and 45 CFR 
149.510(c)(5)(ii)(A)(2)), consistent with the No Surprises Act.\175\ 
The Departments further propose to move the existing requirement in 
current paragraph 26 CFR 54.9816-8T(d)(1)(ii), 29 CFR 2590.716-
8(d)(1)(ii), and 45 CFR 149.510(d)(1)(ii), which requires the certified 
IDR entity to return the fee paid by the prevailing party within 30 
business days following the date of the certified IDR entity's payment 
determination, to 26 CFR 54.9816-8(d)(1)(iii), 29 CFR 2590.716-
8(d)(1)(iii), and 45 CFR 149.510(d)(1)(iii). Further, the Departments 
propose that in the event of a batched dispute in which each party 
prevails in an equal number of determinations, the certified IDR entity 
fee would be split evenly between the parties. In that case, the 
certified IDR entity would be required to return half of the fee paid 
by each party within 30 business days following the date of the 
certified IDR entity's payment determination.
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    \174\ Centers for Medicare & Medicaid Services (Mar. 2023). 
Federal Independent Dispute Resolution (IDR) Process Guidance for 
Certified IDR Entities. https://www.cms.gov/files/document/federal-idr-guidance-idr-entities-march-2023.pdf.
    \175\ Section 9816(c)(5)(F)(i) of the Code, section 
716(c)(5)(F)(i) of ERISA, and section 2799A-1(c)(5)(F)(i) of the PHS 
Act.
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    Additionally, the Departments propose to add 26 CFR 54.9816-
8(d)(1)(iv), 29 CFR 2590.716-8(d)(1)(iv), and 45 CFR 149.510(d)(1)(iv) 
to provide that when the parties reach an agreement on an out-of-
network rate for qualified IDR items or services, as described in 
proposed 26 CFR 54.9816-8(c)(3)(i), 29 CFR 2590.716-8(c)(3)(i), and 45 
CFR 149.510(c)(3)(i), or agree to withdraw a dispute under the 
circumstances set forth at proposed 26 CFR 54.9816-8(c)(3)(ii), 29 CFR 
2590.716-8(c)(3)(ii), and 45 CFR 149.510(c)(3)(ii), for a dispute that 
has already been assigned to a certified IDR entity and determined 
eligible for the Federal IDR process but for which the certified IDR 
entity has not made a payment determination, the certified IDR entity 
must return half of each party's certified IDR entity fee within 30 
business days of the agreement or withdrawal, unless directed otherwise 
by both parties. This proposed new paragraph would relocate the similar 
requirement when parties reach an agreement, currently captured in 26 
CFR 54.9816-8T(c)(2)(ii) and (e)(2)(viii), 29 CFR 2590.716-8(c)(2)(ii) 
and (e)(2)(viii), and 45 CFR 149.510(c)(2)(ii) and (e)(2)(viii), which 
require the certified IDR entity to return half of each party's 
certified IDR entity fee within 30 business days of an agreement, and 
codifies the Departments' interpretation that a withdrawal of a dispute 
should be treated similarly to a settlement. Similar to when parties 
settle prior to an eligibility determination and therefore do not need 
to pay the certified IDR entity fee because the certified IDR entity 
did not make an eligibility and/or payment determination, when a 
dispute is withdrawn prior to an eligibility determination, the 
Departments are of the view that the parties similarly should not be 
required to pay the fee because the certified IDR entity again did not 
make an eligibility and/or payment determination. Accordingly, because 
the certified IDR entity fee is only assessed for disputes that are 
determined eligible for the Federal IDR process, the Departments 
clarify that the certified IDR entity fee would not be assessed for a 
dispute that is withdrawn or settled before the Departments or the 
certified IDR entity, as applicable, make a determination on the 
eligibility of the dispute for the Federal IDR process. However, 
because the obligation to pay the certified IDR entity fee applies to 
all eligible disputes, both parties would still be required to pay the 
certified IDR entity fee if the dispute is withdrawn or settled after 
the dispute is determined eligible but before the certified IDR entity 
makes a payment determination.
    Finally, the Departments propose to add 26 CFR 54.9816-8(d)(1)(v), 
29 CFR 2590.716-8(d)(1)(v), and 45 CFR 149.510(d)(1)(v) to provide that 
when the parties reach an agreement on an out-of-network rate or agree 
to withdraw the dispute for which there is a final selection of the 
certified IDR entity but that has not yet had a final eligibility 
determination, unless directed otherwise by both parties, the certified 
IDR entity would be required to return each party's full certified IDR 
entity fee within 30 business days of the date both parties notify the 
certified IDR entity that they have agreed on an out-of-network rate or 
agreed to withdraw the dispute. The purpose of this proposal is to 
codify the responsibilities of the parties and certified IDR entities 
when the parties agree to settle or withdraw the dispute, but the 
dispute has not yet been determined eligible for the Federal IDR 
process. Similar to the proposal regarding settlements and withdrawals 
for eligible disputes, because the certified IDR entity fee is only 
assessed for disputes that are determined eligible for the Federal IDR 
process, the certified IDR entity fee would not be assessed for a 
dispute that is withdrawn or settled before the Departments or the 
certified IDR entity, as applicable, determine the eligibility of the 
dispute for the Federal IDR process.
    The Departments seek comment on these proposals including the 
treatment of a withdrawal of a dispute similar to a settlement.
ii. Time of Collection of Administrative Fee
    The Departments are also proposing multiple changes to the timing 
of the collection of the administrative fee in proposed 26 CFR 54.9816-
8(d)(2)(i)(A), 29 CFR 2590.716-8(d)(2)(i)(A), and 45 CFR 
149.510(d)(2)(i)(A). The Departments propose to require the initiating 
party to pay the administrative fee within 2 business days of the date 
of preliminary selection of the certified IDR entity pursuant to 
proposed 26 CFR 54.9816-8(c)(1)(iii), 29 CFR 2590.716-8(c)(1)(iii), and 
45 CFR 149.510(c)(1)(iii). The Departments further propose that the 
non-initiating party must pay the administrative fee within 2 business 
days of the date of notice that an eligibility determination for the 
Federal IDR process has been reached by either the certified IDR entity 
or the Departments, if the

[[Page 75797]]

departmental eligibility review applies as proposed in 26 CFR 54.9816-
8(c)(2)(ii), 29 CFR 2590.716-8(c)(2)(ii), and 45 CFR 149.510(c)(2)(ii).
    As discussed in section II.E.3.f. of this preamble, the Departments 
propose that the non-initiating party would pay a reduced 
administrative fee for disputes that are determined ineligible for the 
Federal IDR process; therefore, eligibility would need to be determined 
before the non-initiating party is charged the administrative fee. The 
Departments are of the view that 2 business days to pay the 
administrative fee would be an appropriate amount of time from the date 
of preliminary selection of the certified IDR entity (for initiating 
parties) and from the date of notice of an eligibility determination 
(for non-initiating parties), because it balances the need for the 
parties to have adequate notice of the fee being due and adequate time 
to pay the fee with the need to continue to move the Federal IDR 
process forward and provide parties with timelier payment 
determinations.
    Although the Departments considered requiring both parties to pay 
the administrative fee within the same 2-business-day period, failure 
of the initiating party to pay the administrative fee would result in 
dispute dismissal as discussed in section II.E.3.d. of this preamble, 
and neither party would owe the administrative fee for such a dispute. 
Additionally, the Departments are of the view that it is appropriate to 
align the non-initiating party's deadline to pay the administrative fee 
with the date of the eligibility determination because, as proposed in 
these rules and described in section II.E.3.f. of this preamble, the 
non-initiating party's administrative fee amount would be determined 
based on the eligibility of the dispute.
    The Departments are of the view that this timing would better 
ensure that the financial costs to the Departments to administer the 
Federal IDR process align with the assessed administrative fees. 
Specifically, as explained in section II.E.3.f. of this preamble, the 
Departments are of the view that requiring non-initiating parties to 
pay a reduced administrative fee if the dispute is ineligible would be 
appropriate because it would take into account the benefits that non-
initiating parties receive from having access to the Federal IDR 
process. Currently, for administrative efficiency, the Departments' 
guidance allows certified IDR entities the discretion to delay 
collection of the administrative fee until a party submits its 
offer,\176\ which is the same time that each party is required to pay 
the certified IDR entity fee described in 26 CFR 54.9816-8T(d)(1), 29 
CFR 2590.716-8(d)(1), and 45 CFR 149.510(d)(1). Amending the timing for 
administrative fee collection would accelerate dispute processing and 
ensure that the costs of using the Federal IDR process are being 
allocated to all parties accessing the process, regardless of whether 
their disputes are eligible or ineligible.
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    \176\ See U.S. Department of Health and Human Services, U.S. 
Department of Labor, and U.S. Department of the Treasury. (Oct. 
2022). Federal Independent Dispute Resolution (IDR) Process Guidance 
for Certified IDR Entities. https://www.cms.gov/files/document/federal-independent-dispute-resolution-guidance-disputing-parties.pdf.
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    Furthermore, the Departments propose at 26 CFR 54.9816-
8(d)(2)(i)(B), 29 CFR 2590.716-8(d)(2)(i)(B), and 45 CFR 
149.510(d)(2)(i)(B) that when the parties reach an agreement on an out-
of-network rate for qualified IDR items or services or agree to 
withdraw the dispute after the dispute is initiated, the administrative 
fee would not be returned to the parties if preliminary selection of 
the certified IDR entity has occurred, as described in 26 CFR 54.9816-
8(c)(1)(i), 29 CFR 2590.716-8(c)(1)(i), and 45 CFR 149.510(c)(1)(i). 
This new paragraph would relocate the similar requirement when parties 
reach an agreement, currently captured in 26 CFR 54.9816-8T(c)(2)(ii), 
29 CFR 2590.716-8(c)(2)(ii), and 45 CFR 149.510(c)(2)(ii), which 
provides that the administrative fee will not be returned to the 
parties in the event of an agreement, and extends those requirements in 
the event of a dispute withdrawal. The Departments are of the view that 
these proposed policies would help ensure that disputing parties are 
appropriately incentivized to settle disputes through open negotiation 
before initiating the Federal IDR process. The Departments expect that 
submission of ineligible disputes would decrease because of this 
financial incentive combined with the proposed changes to open 
negotiation, discussed in section II.D. of this preamble, requiring the 
initiating party to attest that the item or service under dispute is a 
qualified IDR item or service and to identify the basis for the 
attestation, which would necessitate the initiating party actively 
evaluating eligibility before initiating the Federal IDR process.
    The Departments also propose in this paragraph that the 
administrative fee would still be required to be paid if the parties 
have not yet paid it at the time of settlement or withdrawal, unless 
the dispute is closed for nonpayment of the administrative fee by the 
initiating party 2 business days after preliminary selection of the 
certified IDR entity. This proposal aligns with the current regulation 
at 26 CFR 54.9816-8T(d)(2)(i), 29 CFR 2590.716-8(d)(2)(i), and 45 CFR 
149.510(d)(2)(i) providing that the administrative fee is non-
refundable, as discussed in the October 2021 interim final rules.\177\ 
As stated in the October 2021 interim final rules, the Departments will 
have incurred expenditures to administer the Federal IDR process even 
in instances in which the parties reach an agreement before the 
certified IDR entity makes a payment determination. Thus, the 
Departments are proposing to codify the requirement that parties must 
pay the administrative fee for these disputes.
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

    \177\ 86 FR 56001.
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

    Requiring the initiating party to pay the administrative fee within 
2 business days of the date the certified IDR entity is preliminarily 
selected, which would occur before a dispute's eligibility 
determination is made, would provide an incentive to initiating parties 
to reduce the number of ineligible disputes submitted and ensure that 
the financial burden for administering the Federal IDR process is 
shared across the parties accessing the process. Consequently, the 
Departments anticipate that fewer ineligible disputes would be 
submitted, and all disputes in which a certified IDR entity is 
preliminarily selected would contribute to the funds available to 
administer the Federal IDR process, regardless of eligibility. The 
Departments are of the view that this would improve overall efficiency 
in the Federal IDR process and potentially enable the Departments to 
lower the administrative fee at a future date in notice and comment 
rulemaking, as the costs of carrying out the Federal IDR process would 
be more equally allocated across a larger proportion of submitted 
disputes.
    The Departments seek comment on these proposals.
c. Manner of Administrative Fee Collection
    The Departments propose to amend 26 CFR 54.9816-8(d)(2)(i), 29 CFR 
2590.716-8(d)(2)(i), and 45 CFR 149.510(d)(2)(i) to require each party 
participating in the Federal IDR process to pay the administrative fee 
directly to the Departments, instead of to the certified IDR entity for 
remittance to the Departments, as is currently required. The purpose of 
this proposal would be to improve dispute processing times and reduce 
certified IDR entities'

[[Page 75798]]

administrative burden. To support the transition to this proposed 
approach of directly collecting the administrative fee and to improve 
the operation of current processes, the Departments also propose to 
make conforming amendments to 26 CFR 54.9816-8(e)(2)(vi) and (ix), 29 
CFR 2590.716-8(e)(2)(vi) and (ix), and 45 CFR 149.510(e)(2)(vi) and 
(ix) to reflect that certified IDR entities must maintain appropriate 
safeguards, controls, and procedures for any administrative fees they 
may be in possession of before the effective date of the proposed 
change to the manner of administrative fee collection, if finalized.
    The October 2021 interim final rules established that each 
disputing party's administrative fee was due upon selection of the 
certified IDR entity and payable to the certified IDR entity.\178\ The 
Departments explained that allowing the certified IDR entity to collect 
the administrative fee on behalf of the Departments could increase 
efficiency, streamline the Federal IDR process, and allow for more 
convenient payment for the disputing parties and the Departments.\179\ 
However, there are many disputes in the Federal IDR process for which 
no fee has been collected for the work associated with processing the 
dispute, and the Departments are now of the view that collection of the 
administrative fee by the Departments directly rather than the 
certified IDR entities would be more efficient. The Departments are 
also of the view that, in light of the proposal to collect the 
administrative fee earlier in the process as proposed in these rules, 
collection of the administrative fee by the Departments would 
significantly reduce the burden on certified IDR entities because they 
would not have to collect fees at two different points in time, track 
collection of both fees, and then remit payment of the administrative 
fee to the Departments, as would be required if the proposal to change 
the administrative fee timing was finalized but the manner of 
collection was unchanged. Additionally, enabling the Departments to 
directly collect the administrative fee from the disputing parties may 
improve collection of the fee, in part through Federal debt collection 
mechanisms as outlined in section II.E.3.d. of this preamble. Finally, 
since these proposed rules would require parties to submit open 
negotiation notices, open negotiation notice responses, notices of 
initiation, and notice of initiation responses through the Federal IDR 
portal, as discussed in section II.D. of this preamble, the Departments 
would be in the best position to determine the appropriate time to bill 
and collect the administrative fee from the parties given the 
Departments' access to this information.
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    \178\ 86 FR 56001.
    \179\ Id.
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    The Departments seek comment on this proposal. Additionally, the 
Departments seek comment on restricting the manner of payment of 
administrative and certified IDR entity fees to only electronic 
payments, including electronic funds transferred from a bank account, 
rather than allowing payment by check.
d. Application of Federal IDR Process Requirements in Circumstances 
Involving a Failure To Pay Certified IDR Entity Fees or Administrative 
Fees
    To further streamline dispute processing, these proposed rules 
outline certain consequences that would apply for failure to timely pay 
the certified IDR entity fee, the administrative fee, or both fees. 
Specifically, the Departments propose in paragraph 26 CFR 54.9816-
8(d)(1)(ii), 29 CFR 2590.716-8(d)(1)(ii), and 45 CFR 149.510(d)(1)(ii) 
that if either party fails to pay the certified IDR entity fee by the 
time the offer is due, that party's offer would not be considered 
received. The Departments also propose that if a party fails to submit 
an offer or a party's offer is not considered received due to 
nonpayment of the certified IDR entity fee, the non-prevailing party 
would continue to be responsible for payment of the certified IDR 
entity fee. This means that a certified IDR entity would be able to 
take all steps consistent with applicable law to collect any certified 
IDR entity fee owed to it.
    The Departments do not propose to change the requirement that each 
party to a dispute for which a certified IDR entity is selected must 
pay a non-refundable administrative fee to participate in the Federal 
IDR process.\180\ Further, the Departments do not propose to change the 
requirement that the party whose offer is not selected by the certified 
IDR entity is ultimately responsible for payment of the certified IDR 
entity fee.\181\
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    \180\ See 26 CFR 54.9816-8T(d)(2)(i), 29 CFR 2590.716-
8(d)(2)(i), and 45 CFR 149.510(d)(2)(i).
    \181\ See id.
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    Additionally, the Departments propose to add new proposed paragraph 
26 CFR 54.9816-8(d)(2)(i)(C), 29 CFR 2590.716-8(d)(2)(i)(C), and 45 CFR 
149.510(d)(2)(i)(C) setting forth that if the initiating party fails to 
pay the administrative fee within 2 business days of the date of 
preliminary selection of the certified IDR entity under paragraph 
(c)(1)(iii), the dispute would be closed due to nonpayment and neither 
party would be responsible for the administrative fee. If a dispute is 
closed for nonpayment of the administrative fee by the initiating 
party, the Departments would not impose an obligation to pay the 
administrative fee on either party, since the dispute was terminated 
before substantial work was undertaken to process it. The Departments 
also propose in new paragraph (d)(2)(i)(C) that if the non-initiating 
party fails to pay the administrative fee within 2 business days of an 
eligibility determination, that party's offer would not be considered 
received. Even if the non-initiating party fails to submit an offer or 
the non-initiating party's offer is not considered received due to 
nonpayment of the administrative fee in accordance with paragraph 
(d)(2)(i)(A), the non-initiating party would continue to be responsible 
for payment of the administrative fee. In addition, if the dispute is 
determined to be ineligible for the Federal IDR process, the non-
initiating party would continue to be responsible for payment of the 
reduced administrative fees discussed in section II.E.3. of this 
preamble.
    Further, the Departments propose to provide in 26 CFR 54.9816-
8(d)(2)(i)(D), 29 CFR 2590.716-8(d)(2)(i)(D), and 45 CFR 
149.510(d)(2)(i)(D) that any party that fails to timely pay the 
administrative fee owed in accordance with paragraph (d)(2)(i)(A) of 
this section is still obligated to pay the administrative fee otherwise 
due and owing, and that failure to pay the administrative fee would 
result in a debt owed to the Federal Government, after netting any 
amounts owed by the Federal Government in accordance with 45 CFR 
156.1215, as applicable.\182\ The debt would then be collected pursuant 
to applicable debt collection authorities, including those that 
prescribe government-wide standards for administrative collection, 
compromise, disclosure of debt information to credit reporting 
agencies, referral of claims to private collection contractors for 
resolution, and referral to the Department of Justice for litigation.
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    \182\ HHS intends to propose in notice and comment rulemaking in 
the near future to amend 45 CFR 156.1215 to provide that 
administrative fees for utilizing the No Surprises Act Federal IDR 
process for health insurance issuers that participate in financial 
programs under the ACA would be subject to netting as part of HHS' 
integrated monthly payment and collections cycle. The netting 
proposals at 45 CFR 156.1215 would only apply to those issuers and 
their affiliates operating under the same TIN that participate in 
the financial programs under the ACA.

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[[Page 75799]]

    Additionally, the Departments propose that the party to the dispute 
that incurs the debt would be determined by the TIN or NPI associated 
with the plan, issuer, provider, facility, or provider of air ambulance 
services that is a party to the dispute, which may not be the entity 
that filed the dispute. This means that when a plan that is a party to 
a dispute utilizes a TPA or other representative, it is the plan that 
would incur the administrative fee debt, not the TPA or representative. 
Similarly, if a provider or facility engages a revenue cycle management 
company or other representative, the provider or facility would be 
responsible for the administrative fee debt, not the revenue cycle 
management company or other representative. A TPA, revenue cycle 
management company, or other representative would still be allowed to 
manage or initiate the Federal IDR process on behalf of a disputing 
party, including remitting the administrative fee amount on behalf of 
the party to the dispute.
    The Departments are of the view that codifying the consequences of 
failure to pay the certified IDR entity fees and administrative fees 
would increase transparency and reduce the incidence of nonpayment. The 
Departments seek comment on these proposals.
e. Administrative Fee Structure for Disputing Parties in Low-Dollar 
Disputes
    The Departments are proposing a framework to reduce the 
administrative fee for parties in low-dollar disputes to promote 
equitable access across the spectrum of parties seeking to initiate the 
Federal IDR process, such as providers in rural communities, small 
practices, specialties that regularly bill for services that have low-
dollar costs, and issuers with a smaller pool of claims to absorb the 
impact of a standard administrative fee assessed for low-dollar 
disputes.
    The Departments propose to add 26 CFR 54.9816-8(d)(2)(iii)(A) 
through (C), 29 CFR 2590.716-8(d)(2)(iii)(A) through (C), and 45 CFR 
149.510(d)(2)(iii)(A) through (C) to establish a framework for reducing 
the administrative fee in certain situations. The Departments propose 
in 26 CFR 54.9816-8(d)(2)(iii)(A), 29 CFR 2590.716-8(d)(2)(iii)(A), and 
45 CFR 149.510(d)(2)(iii)(A) to charge both parties a reduced 
administrative fee when the initiating party attests that the highest 
offer made during open negotiation by either party was less than the 
predetermined threshold proposed in these rules. The Departments 
propose that in order for both parties to be charged a reduced 
administrative fee for a dispute, the highest offer (or aggregate 
offers for a dispute, whether the dispute is for one item or service, a 
bundled payment arrangement, or multiple items and services submitted 
as part of a batched dispute) made during open negotiation for such 
dispute by either party must be less than the amount of the full 
administrative fee. As such, the Departments propose that the threshold 
that would apply for disputes initiated on or after January 1, 2025 
would equal the amount of the standard administrative fee as proposed 
in section II.E.3.a. of this preamble, which is proposed to be $150 for 
disputes initiated on or after January 1, 2025.
    Further, the Departments propose in 26 CFR 54.9816-8(d)(2)(iii)(A), 
29 CFR 2590.716-8(d)(2)(iii)(A), and 45 CFR 149.510(d)(2)(iii)(A) that 
the reduced administrative fee amount for these low-dollar disputes 
would be 50 percent of the administrative fee amount, equating to $75 
per party per dispute for disputes initiated on or after January 1, 
2025, if the proposed administrative fee amount of $150 per party per 
dispute is finalized. To determine the amount of the reduced 
administrative fee, the Departments evaluated various factors 
pertaining to low-dollar disputes. This discussion appears in section 
II.E.3.f. of this preamble.
    As discussed in section II.E.2. of this preamble, interested 
parties have expressed concerns that disputes over relatively low-
dollar claims, such as radiology claims, are being priced out of the 
Federal IDR process due to difficulties with batching items and 
services of sufficient value to make the Federal IDR process feasible. 
While the Departments anticipate that the new batching provisions 
proposed in these rules and discussed in section II.E.2. of this 
preamble would make the Federal IDR process more accessible to many 
parties, the Departments also want to consider other mechanisms to 
ensure that the Federal IDR process is financially accessible to a 
greater number of parties, including parties from rural communities, 
smaller organizations, and parties disputing services related to 
specialties that bill for low-dollar services. These parties may have 
more claims for low-dollar services than other types of parties due to 
the nature of their practice, which may result in fewer disputes that 
meet the batching requirements, making batching claims impractical for 
such parties. Even though the Departments recognize that disputes vary 
in complexity, resolving a dispute generally costs the Departments the 
same amount regardless of whether the dispute involves low-dollar or 
high-dollar items or services. Accordingly, the Departments are 
proposing this administrative fee structure to further the goal of 
financial accessibility while ensuring that the Departments can collect 
sufficient funds to cover the costs of carrying out the Federal IDR 
process. If either or both parties to the dispute attest to satisfying 
the requirements for a reduced administrative fee but the Departments 
determine that either or both parties did not act in good faith in 
their submissions or responses, the Departments may decline to charge a 
reduced administrative fee. The Departments solicit comments on 
situations in which it would be appropriate for the Departments to 
decline to charge a party the reduced administrative fee, such as if 
the initiating party incorrectly attests that no offer submitted during 
open negotiation exceeded the threshold, and the Departments also 
solicit comments on additional approaches the Departments should 
consider to mitigate potential abuse of the proposed reduced 
administrative fee structure.
    Under these proposed rules, a party initiating a dispute in the 
Federal IDR portal using the notice of IDR initiation form discussed in 
section II.D.2.a. of this preamble would be required to attest in the 
Federal IDR portal that the highest offer (including the cumulative 
total of all line items for batched disputes) made during open 
negotiation by either party was less than the predetermined threshold, 
which the Departments propose would equal the amount of the full 
administrative fee ($150 per party for disputes initiated on or after 
January 1, 2025, as discussed in section II.E.3.a. of this preamble). 
If the initiating party attests that the highest offer made during open 
negotiation by either party was less than the threshold, the 
administrative fee amount charged to both parties may be the reduced 
administrative fee for low-dollar disputes of 50 percent of the 
administrative fee. If the initiating party does not attest that the 
highest offer (or aggregate offers for a dispute, whether the dispute 
is for one item or service, a bundled payment arrangement, or multiple 
items and services submitted as part of a batched dispute) made during 
open negotiation by either party was less than the threshold, both 
parties may be charged the full amount of the proposed administrative 
fee.
    The Departments seek comment on the proposed administrative fee 
structure for low-dollar disputes, including any guardrails that may be 
necessary to prevent potential abuse.

[[Page 75800]]

Specifically, the Departments seek comment on capping the offers of 
parties to a low-dollar dispute when the reduced administrative fee for 
low-dollar disputes applies, such that these parties would be prevented 
from submitting an offer above the low-dollar dispute threshold amount 
to ensure that parties requesting to pay the reduced administrative fee 
actually have disputes that are considered to be low-dollar. The 
Departments also seek comment on whether the offer cap should be set at 
the same value as the threshold, or whether the offer cap should be 
higher than the threshold to allow for some increase between offers 
made during open negotiation and offers made during the Federal IDR 
process.
f. Administrative Fee Structure for Non-Initiating Parties in 
Ineligible Disputes
    The Departments are proposing a framework to more equitably 
allocate costs between disputing parties while also incentivizing non-
initiating parties to be responsive throughout the Federal IDR process, 
especially with respect to challenging the eligibility of a dispute. 
The Departments propose in 26 CFR 54.9816-8(d)(2)(iii)(B), 29 CFR 
2590.716-8(d)(2)(iii)(B), and 45 CFR 149.510(d)(2)(iii)(B) to charge a 
non-initiating party a reduced administrative fee when either the 
certified IDR entity or the Departments determine the entire dispute is 
ineligible for the Federal IDR process. The Departments also propose in 
26 CFR 54.9816-8(d)(2)(iii)(B), 29 CFR 2590.716-8(d)(2)(iii)(B), and 45 
CFR 149.510(d)(2)(iii)(B) that the reduced administrative fee amount 
for non-initiating parties in ineligible disputes would be 20 percent 
of the full administrative fee amount (proposed in section II.E.3.a. of 
this preamble), equating to $30 per non-initiating party per dispute if 
the administrative fee is finalized as proposed.
    For the reasons discussed in section II.D.1. of this preamble, 
implementing an efficient Federal IDR process requires both parties to 
be active participants in the process. As described in the ``Contested 
Dispute Eligibility'' section of the Initial Report on the Federal 
Independent Dispute Resolution (IDR) Process, April 15-September 30, 
2022,\183\ submission of ineligible and incomplete disputes delays 
processing of disputes. The Departments are of the view that charging a 
reduced administrative fee to the non-initiating party for an 
ineligible dispute would more fairly allocate the costs to the 
Departments associated with ineligible disputes by assigning the 
majority of those costs to the party best suited to prevent submission 
of such disputes--the initiating party. If the Departments determine 
either or both parties have not acted in good faith in their 
submissions or responses, the Departments may decline to charge a 
reduced administrative fee. The Departments solicit comments on 
situations in which the Departments should decline to charge the non-
initiating party a reduced administrative fee for an ineligible 
dispute, such as if the Departments obtain evidence that the non-
initiating party withheld key information during open negotiation or 
initiation that the dispute was ineligible, and the Departments also 
solicit comments on additional approaches the Departments should 
consider to mitigate potential abuse of the proposed reduced 
administrative fee structure.
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    \183\ See U.S. Department of Health and Human Services, U.S. 
Department of Labor, and U.S. Department of the Treasury, Initial 
Report on the Federal Independent Dispute Resolution (IDR) Process, 
April 15-September 30, 2022. https://www.cms.gov/files/document/initial-report-idr-april-15-september-30-2022.pdf.
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

    Additionally, the No Surprises Act requires the administrative fee 
to be assessed to each party, but does not require the fee amount 
assessed to each party to be equal.\184\ While the non-initiating party 
did not actively choose to bring the dispute to the Federal IDR 
process, it would nonetheless utilize the features of the Federal IDR 
process proposed in these proposed rules, such as open negotiation and 
the Federal IDR Registry. However, the Departments are of the view that 
payment of a reduced administrative fee amount for non-initiating 
parties is appropriate when disputes are not eligible for the Federal 
IDR process.
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

    \184\ See section 9816(c)(8)(A) of the Code, section 
716(c)(8)(A) of ERISA, and section 2799A-1(c)(8)(A) of the PHS Act.
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

    The Departments propose that this reduction would only be applied 
when the entire dispute is determined ineligible for the Federal IDR 
process. For example, if a batched dispute were determined to be 
partially ineligible (that is, some line items were eligible and some 
were ineligible), the non-initiating party may still be required to pay 
the full administrative fee amount, because the eligible line item(s) 
of the dispute would continue to move through the Federal IDR process.
    To develop the proposed administrative fee amounts for low-dollar 
disputes and ineligible disputes, the Departments considered several 
factors. Specifically, compared to ineligible disputes, the Departments 
are of the view that charging a higher reduced administrative fee 
amount for both parties in low-dollar disputes would be appropriate 
because low-dollar disputes generally proceed further in the Federal 
IDR process and result in either a payment determination or a 
negotiated settlement, and the additional Federal IDR process steps 
utilized by the parties incur additional expenses. However, non-
initiating parties in ineligible disputes utilize fewer Federal IDR 
process steps because the dispute is closed before reaching a payment 
determination. In the event a low-dollar dispute is ineligible, the 
non-initiating party may be assessed the lower of the reduced 
administrative fee amounts, which would be the ineligible dispute 
reduced administrative fee amount. The Departments are of the view that 
this would be an equitable structure for both initiating and non-
initiating parties and would help the Departments ensure that the total 
amount of administrative fees for each year is estimated to be equal to 
the amount of expenditures estimated to be made by the Departments to 
carry out the Federal IDR process, in compliance with the requirements 
of the No Surprises Act.
    To determine the projected amounts of the reduced administrative 
fees, the Departments evaluated various factors based on the data 
available to the Departments on both ineligible and low-dollar 
disputes, including:
     Reduction of follow-up required for ineligible disputes;
     Lower utilization of the Federal IDR portal for disputes 
that are closed as ineligible before a payment determination; and
     The proportion of total disputes that are ineligible or 
low-dollar.
    After evaluating these factors, the Departments balanced the need 
to collect an administrative fee from all parties to disputes that 
utilize the Federal IDR portal with the need to equitably allocate 
burden across the parties, as well as the need to enable greater access 
to the Federal IDR process, and determined that assessing a reduced 
administrative fee amount of 50 percent of the full administrative fee 
for both parties in a low-dollar dispute and 20 percent of the full 
administrative fee for the non-initiating party in an ineligible 
dispute would be appropriate.
    The Departments seek comment on this proposal, including whether 
the amount of the reduced administrative fee for non-initiating parties 
in ineligible disputes should be the same as the amount of the reduced 
administrative fee for both parties in low-dollar disputes discussed in 
section II.E.3.e. of this preamble.

[[Page 75801]]

4. Payment Determination
a. Submission of Offers Deadline
    Sections 9816(c)(5)(B) and 9817(b)(5)(B) of the Code, sections 
716(c)(5)(B) and 717(b)(5)(B) of ERISA, and sections 2799A-1(c)(5)(B) 
and 2799A-2(b)(5)(B) of the PHS Act set forth that not later than 10 
days after the date of selection of the certified IDR entity with 
respect to a determination for a qualified IDR item or service, the 
plan or issuer and the provider, facility, or provider of air ambulance 
services must each submit to the certified IDR entity an offer for a 
payment amount for such qualified IDR item or service. Under the 
October 2021 interim final rules, the Departments established that the 
offer must be submitted not later than 10 business days after the 
selection of the certified IDR entity. The Departments specified that 
parties to the Federal IDR process must also submit information 
requested by the certified IDR entity relating to the offer.
    To establish that the submission of offer is due from the provider, 
facility, or provider of air ambulance services and plan or issuer not 
later than 10 business days after the date of final selection of the 
certified IDR entity, as discussed in section II.E.1.a.ii. of this 
preamble, the Departments propose to redesignate 26 CFR 54.9816-
8(c)(4), 29 CFR 2590.716-8(c)(4), and 45 CFR 149.510(c)(4) as 26 CFR 
54.9816-8(c)(5), 29 CFR 2590.716-8(c)(5), and 45 CFR 149.510(c)(5) and 
amend redesignated 26 CFR 54.9816-8(c)(5)(i), 29 CFR 2590.716-
8(c)(5)(i), and 45 CFR 149.510(c)(5)(i). This proposed amendment would 
establish that the time period for submission of offers would commence 
when the Departments notify the parties that the certified IDR entity 
has attested it has no conflicts of interest, or if the Departments 
have granted an extension to the eligibility determination timeframe 
described at proposed 26 CFR 54.9816-8(g)(1)(ii)(A), 29 CFR 2590.716-
8(g)(1)(ii)(A), and 45 CFR 149.510(g)(1)(ii)(A) due to extenuating 
circumstances, when an eligibility determination has been made.
b. Payment Determination and Notification Deadline
    Sections 9816(c)(5)(A) and 9817(b)(5)(A) of the Code, sections 
716(c)(5)(A) and 717(b)(5)(A) of ERISA, and sections 2799A-1(c)(5)(A) 
and 2799A-2(b)(5)(B) of the PHS Act set forth that not later than 30 
days after the date of selection of the certified IDR entity with 
respect to a determination for a qualified IDR item or service, the 
certified IDR entity will select one of the submitted offers to be the 
amount of payment for such item or service and will notify the provider 
or facility and the plan or issuer of the offer selected. Under the 
October 2021 interim final rules, the Departments established that the 
certified IDR entity must select an offer no later than 30 business 
days after the selection of the certified IDR entity and set forth 
other requirements for certified IDR entities when rendering payment 
determinations.
    These rules propose to redesignate 26 CFR 54.9816-8(c)(4), 29 CFR 
2590.716-8(c)(4), and 45 CFR 149.510(c)(4) as 26 CFR 54.9816-8(c)(5), 
29 CFR 2590.716-8(c)(5), and 45 CFR 149.510(c)(5), respectively, and 
the proposal described in this section reflects that redesignation. 
With regard to the requirements for payment determination and 
notification, at redesignated 26 CFR 54.9816-8(c)(5)(ii), 29 CFR 
2590.716-8(c)(5)(ii), and 45 CFR 149.510(c)(5)(ii), the Departments 
propose several amendments to align with other proposed updates to 
regulatory text, to make technical amendments, and to codify existing 
subregulatory guidance. The Departments propose to amend the regulatory 
text at 26 CFR 54.9816-8(c)(5)(ii), 29 CFR 2590.716-8(c)(5)(ii), and 45 
CFR 149.510(c)(5)(ii) to reflect that the payment determination and 
notification deadline would be based on the date of final selection of 
the certified IDR entity, under proposed paragraph 26 CFR 54.9816-
8(c)(1)(iv)(C), 29 CFR 2590.716-8(c)(1)(iv)(C), and 5 CFR 
149.510(c)(1)(iv)(C), which is described further in section 
II.E.1.a.ii. of this preamble. Similar to the proposed amendment to the 
submission of offers deadline, this proposed amendment would align the 
sections of regulatory text and specify that these time periods would 
not commence at the date of preliminary selection of the certified IDR 
entity (before the certified IDR entity attests it has no conflicts of 
interest), but rather would be based on the date of final selection of 
the certified IDR entity. Additionally, if the Departments grant an 
extension to the eligibility determination timeframe described at 
proposed 26 CFR 54.9816-8(g)(1)(ii)(A), 29 CFR 2590.716-8(g)(1)(ii)(A), 
and 45 CFR 149.510(g)(1)(ii)(A) for extenuating circumstances, the 
submission of offers deadline would be based on the date of eligibility 
determination. This would create consistency across the timeframes for 
the Federal IDR process described in these rules and improve 
implementation of the Federal IDR process.
    Further, the Departments propose technical amendments to update the 
cross references in paragraphs 26 CFR 54.9816-8(c)(5)(ii)(A) and (B), 
29 CFR 2590.716-8(c)(5)(ii)(A) and (B), and 45 CFR 149.510(c)(5)(ii)(A) 
and (B) to reflect the proposed redesignation of paragraph 26 CFR 
54.9816-8(c)(5), 29 CFR 2590.716-8(c)(5), and 45 CFR 149.510(c)(5). 
Within these paragraphs, reference to paragraphs (c)(4)(i) and 
(c)(4)(iii) would be updated to paragraphs (c)(5)(i) and (c)(5)(iii), 
respectively, and reference to paragraphs (c)(4)(ii)(A) and (c)(4)(vi) 
would be updated to paragraphs (c)(5)(ii)(A) and (c)(5)(vi), 
respectively.
    Finally, the Departments propose to codify definitions for the 
prevailing and non-prevailing parties, which were described in the 
Calendar Year 2022 Fee Guidance for the Independent Dispute Resolution 
Process and in the October 2021 interim final rules. The Departments 
propose to add paragraphs 26 CFR 54.9816-8(c)(5)(ii)(A)(1) and (2), 29 
CFR 2590.716-8(c)(5)(ii)(A)(1) and (2), and 45 CFR 
149.510(c)(5)(ii)(A)(1) and (2), which would establish the definitions 
of prevailing and non-prevailing party in the case of single 
determinations or batched determinations. The Departments propose that 
a prevailing party, in the case of single determinations, would be the 
party whose offer is selected by the certified IDR entity. In the case 
of batched determinations, the prevailing party would be the party with 
the most determinations in its favor. The Departments propose that the 
non-prevailing party, in the case of single determinations, would be 
the party whose offer is not selected by the certified IDR entity and 
would be responsible for paying the certified IDR entity fee. In the 
case of batched determinations, the party with the fewest 
determinations in its favor is considered the non-prevailing party and 
would be responsible for paying the certified IDR entity fee. Codifying 
these definitions, already used by the certified IDR entities, would 
increase the clarity and consistency of regulatory requirements related 
to payment determinations and improve the parties' understanding of 
certified IDR entity determinations.
    The Departments solicit comment on the proposals related to payment 
determination and notification.
5. Extension of Time Periods for Extenuating Circumstances
    Under section 9816(c)(9) of the Code, section 716(c)(9) of ERISA, 
and section 2799A-1(c)(9) of the PHS Act, and as explained in the 
October 2021 interim final rules and subregulatory guidance issued by 
the Departments, the time periods required under the No Surprises

[[Page 75802]]

Act and 26 CFR 54.9816-8T, 29 CFR 2590.716-8, and 45 CFR 149.510 (other 
than the timing of the payments to prevailing parties) may be modified 
in the case of extenuating circumstances at the Departments' 
discretion.
    Under current regulations,\185\ the Departments may extend time 
periods on a case-by-case basis if the extension is necessary to 
address delays due to matters beyond the control of the parties or for 
good cause, such as due to a natural disaster that prevents certified 
IDR entities, providers, facilities, providers of air ambulance 
services, plans, or issuers from complying with an applicable time 
period. In addition, the parties must attest that prompt action will be 
taken to ensure that a payment determination is made as soon as 
administratively practicable under the circumstances. As the October 
2021 interim final rules explain, parties may request an extension by 
submitting a Request for Extension due to Extenuating Circumstances 
through the Federal IDR portal, including an explanation about the 
extenuating circumstances and why the extension is needed.\186\ 
However, requesting an extension does not toll any of the Federal IDR 
process timeframes unless and until an extension is granted.
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    \185\ 26 CFR 54.9816-8T(g)(1), 29 CFR 2590.716-8(g)(1), and 45 
CFR 149.510(g)(1).
    \186\ 86 FR 56009 through 56010.
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    Therefore, under this authority, the Departments propose, in 
accordance with sections 9816(c)(9) of the Code, section 716(c)(9) of 
ERISA, and section 2799A-1(c)(9) of the PHS Act, to amend and add new 
provisions to 26 CFR 54.9816-8(g), 29 CFR 2590.716-8(g), and 45 CFR 
149.510(g). The Departments are proposing to amend 26 CFR 54.9816-
8T(g), 29 CFR 2590.716-8(g), and 45 CFR 149.510(g) to combine the 
information in existing paragraphs (g)(1)(i) and (g)(1)(ii) into 
paragraph (g)(1)(i) and to establish at paragraph (g)(1)(i) that the 
Departments, or at the request of a certified IDR entity or a party, 
would determine whether an extension is necessary because the parties 
or certified IDR entity cannot meet applicable timeframes due to 
matters beyond the control of the certified IDR entity or one or both 
parties, or for other good cause. Under these proposed rules, the 
Departments would provide an extension of the time periods if they 
identify unforeseen or good cause delays on a case-by-case basis, as 
opposed to solely relying on one of the parties to submit an extension 
request. The Departments may detect these issues before either party 
would and could immediately grant the necessary extension without 
having to wait for the submission of a formal request. Further, these 
proposed changes would create greater flexibility for certified IDR 
entities. For example, a certified IDR entity may receive a high volume 
of disputes that could lead to the certified IDR entity being unable to 
resolve payment determinations within the 30-business-day period. With 
the proposed changes to 26 CFR 54.9816-8(g)(1)(i), 29 CFR 2590.716-
8(g)(1)(i), and 45 CFR 149.510(g)(1)(i), the certified IDR entity could 
submit an extension request for the Departments' consideration. Often, 
the certified IDR entity may be best positioned to identify issues that 
warrant such an extension on a case-by-case basis.
    The Departments also propose to establish at 26 CFR 54.9816-
8(g)(1)(ii), 29 CFR 2590.716-8(g)(1)(ii), and 45 CFR 149.510(g)(1)(ii) 
a generally applicable extension of time periods when the Departments 
determine that such extension is necessary due to extenuating 
circumstances that contribute to systematic delays in processing 
disputes under the Federal IDR process, such as a high volume of 
disputes or Federal IDR portal system failures. The Departments would 
post a public notice about any generally applicable extensions of time 
periods. For example, this proposed flexibility would be used, in 
addition to the generally applicable permission to toll timeframes 
during pending requests for additional information, to provide 
extensions when the volume of disputes initiated exceeds the certified 
IDR entities' capacity to complete eligibility determinations within 
the 5-business-day timeframe proposed in these rules, and to provide 
extensions when systematic failures within the Federal IDR portal 
impact the parties' and or certified IDR entities' ability to comply 
with any of the required timeframes in the Federal IDR process.
    Under extenuating circumstances caused by an unforeseen high volume 
of disputes, the Departments would grant certified IDR entities an 
extension of the eligibility determination timeframe. The amount of 
time provided in such an extension would be determined by the 
Departments based on the volume of disputes and the number of active 
certified IDR entities at the time the extension is granted. An 
extension of the eligibility determination deadline, if granted by the 
Departments, would not alter the length of the subsequent timeframes in 
the Federal IDR process. Rather, the extended eligibility deadline 
would be a starting point for the other established IDR deadlines. 
Accordingly, the submission of an offer would be due 10 business days 
after the extended eligibility determination timeframe and the payment 
determination would be due 30 business days after the extended 
eligibility determination timeframe, in accordance with the 
requirements established in statute and regulation.
    For example, if while monitoring IDR initiation data, the 
Departments detect a high volume of disputes initiated during the month 
of June and anticipate that the volume increase would prevent the 
certified IDR entities from reaching a payment determination within 30 
business days of final selection of the certified IDR entity, as 
required by regulation, the Departments would post a public notice 
indicating a 30-business-day extension of the eligibility timeframe for 
all disputes in which the certified IDR entity was selected on June 1 
through July 1. Rather than the 5-business-day eligibility 
determination deadline, certified IDR entities would have 30 business 
days to review eligibility on disputes initiated within this time 
period. In this example, a certified IDR entity was selected for a 
dispute on June 5 and attested to having no conflict of interest with 
respect to the dispute on June 6. The Departments would provide notice 
to the disputing parties that the certified IDR entity was selected on 
June 7, which would be the date of final selection of the certified IDR 
entity. The certified IDR entity would timely communicate the 
eligibility determination for the dispute by June 20, under the 
extension granted by the Departments. The date of eligibility 
determination (June 20) would become day 0 for calculating the 
remaining deadlines in the timeframe for the IDR process. As such, the 
submission of offer would be due from the disputing parties 10 business 
days (July 5) after the eligibility determination, and the payment 
determination would be due from the certified IDR entity 30 business 
days (August 2) after the eligibility determination.
    Under a second scenario, when a systematic failure of the Federal 
IDR portal impacts parties' or certified IDR entities' ability to 
comply with one or more of the required Federal IDR process timeframes, 
the Departments would grant the parties and/or the certified IDR 
entities an extension to the timeframe(s) which the Departments 
determine relevant. An extension under these circumstances would not 
alter the duration of the subsequent timeframes within the Federal IDR 
process, but, similar to the extension of eligibility determinations, 
would update the start dates of the subsequent timeframes. For example, 
if a systems failure crashed the

[[Page 75803]]

Federal IDR portal on June 1 and 2, the Departments could grant a 
general extension across all the Federal IDR process timeframes and 
apply an additional 2 business days to each relevant deadline on active 
disputes in the portal. In this example, if a non-initiating party's 
deadline to submit the notice of IDR initiation response occurred 
during the portal outage, they would receive a 2-business-day extension 
beginning the day that the systems failure is rectified. The party's 
new deadline for submitting the notice of IDR initiation response would 
be June 6.
    Under these proposed changes the Departments would extend the time 
periods under the Federal IDR process without requiring a case-by-case 
analysis of individual extension requests. The Departments are of the 
view that granting certain extensions in this manner would provide 
protection for parties engaged in the Federal IDR process from the 
impact of systematic processing delays and ensure that unforeseen 
circumstances do not unfairly disadvantage a party or hinder its 
ability to comply with the Federal IDR process timeframes. This would 
also provide more transparency into the timing it would take for a 
dispute to be processed.
    The Departments seek comment on these proposals.

F. Federal IDR Process Registration of Group Health Plans, Health 
Insurance Issuers, and Federal Employees Health Benefits Carriers

    The proposed addition of 26 CFR 54.9816-9, 29 CFR 2590.716-9, and 
45 CFR 149.530 would require that plans and issuers subject to the 
Federal IDR process submit certain information to the Departments 
through a registry. As explained later in section IV., OPM's 
regulations at 5 CFR 890.114 would require Federal Employees Health 
Benefits (FEHB) Program carriers to submit certain information through 
this registry. Upon submission of this information, each plan, issuer, 
or FEHB carrier would receive an IDR registration number 
(``registration number''). This registration number would make it 
easier for parties initiating disputes to acquire the information 
needed to ensure those disputes are eligible for the Federal IDR 
process. The registration number would help parties distinguish between 
different types of coverage (such as distinguishing between insurance 
coverage offered by an issuer, a self-insured group health plan for 
which an issuer serves as a TPA, or coverage offered by a FEHB 
carrier). The registry would be searchable, and parties would have 
access to the relevant registration number through the disclosure 
described in proposed 26 CFR 54.9816-6(d), 29 CFR 2590.716-6(d), and 45 
CFR 149.140(d), the notice described in proposed 26 CFR 54.9816-
8(b)(1)(ii), 29 CFR 2590.716-8(b)(1)(ii), and 45 CFR 149.510(b)(1)(ii), 
and the response notice in proposed 26 CFR 54.9816-8(b)(1)(iii), 29 CFR 
2590.716-8(b)(1)(iii), and 45 CFR 149.510(b)(1)(iii). Specifically, 
plans, issuers, and FEHB carriers would be required to provide the 
following information upon registration: (1) the legal business name 
(if any) of the group health plan, issuer, or FEHB carrier and, if 
applicable, the legal business name of the group health plan sponsor; 
(2) whether the plan or coverage is a self- or fully-insured group 
health plan subject to ERISA, individual health insurance coverage, a 
plan offered by a FEHB carrier, a self- or fully-insured non-Federal 
governmental plan, or a self- or fully-insured church plan; (3) the 
State(s) in which the plan or coverage is subject to a specified State 
law for any items or services to which the protections against balance 
billing apply; (4) the State(s) in which the plan or coverage is 
subject to an All Payer Model Agreement under section 1115A of the 
Social Security Act for any items or services to which the protections 
against balance billing apply; (5) for self-insured group health plans 
not otherwise subject to State law, any State(s) in which the group 
health plan has properly effectuated an election to opt in to a 
specified State law, if that State allows a plan not otherwise subject 
to the State law to opt in; and, for FEHB plans that adopt a specified 
State law pursuant to their FEHB carrier's contract terms, any State(s) 
in which they have made such an adoption; (6) contact information, 
including a telephone number and email address, for the appropriate 
person or office to initiate open negotiations for purposes of 
determining an amount of payment (including cost sharing) for such item 
or service; (7) the 14-digit Health Insurance Oversight System (HIOS) 
identifier, or, if the 14-digit HIOS identifier has not been assigned, 
the 5-digit HIOS identifier, or if no HIOS identifier is available, the 
plan's or the plan sponsor's Employer Identification Number (EIN) and 
the plan's plan number (PN), if a PN is available; or for FEHB 
carriers, the applicable contract number(s) and plan code(s); (8) any 
additional information needed to identify the plan or issuer and the 
applicable Federal and State requirements for determining appropriate 
out-of-network payment rates for items or services to which the 
protections against balance billing apply, as specified by the 
Departments in guidance, or such additional information needed with 
respect to FEHB carriers as specified by OPM in guidance; and (9) any 
additional information needed for purposes of administrative fee 
collection, as specified by the Departments in guidance, or such 
additional information needed with respect to FEHB carriers as 
specified by OPM in guidance.
    The Departments would gather the registration information in a 
centralized IDR registry, which the Departments would make available 
through the Federal IDR portal to parties seeking to initiate an open 
negotiation or a dispute. The Departments solicit comment on whether to 
also make the registry available to the public.
    Plans and issuers with coverage subject to the Federal IDR process 
on the effective date of the final rules would be required to register 
within 30 business days after the effective date of the final rules, if 
finalized, while plans and issuers that begin offering coverage subject 
to the Federal IDR process after the effective date of the final rules, 
if finalized, would be required to complete their initial registration 
on the date that they begin offering such coverage. In the event that 
the registry becomes available after the effective date of the final 
rule, plans and issuers would be required to register 30 business days 
after the registry becomes available. Registered plans and issuers 
would be required to update the information associated with their 
Federal IDR registration number through the Federal IDR portal within 
30 business days of any change to the information reported in the 
registry and to confirm accuracy annually during the fourth quarter of 
each calendar year. A group health plan's or health insurance issuer's 
initial registration and subsequent updates to its registration 
information could be completed and submitted by a third party with 
authority to act on behalf of the group health plan or health insurance 
issuer. However, if a group health plan or health insurance issuer 
chooses to enter into such an agreement with a third party, the plan or 
issuer would retain responsibility for compliance with the proposed 
registration requirements.
    The Departments solicit comment on whether plans and issuers with 
coverage subject to the Federal IDR process on the effective date of 
the final rules would be able to register by 30 business days after the 
effective date of the final

[[Page 75804]]

rules or would need additional time to register. The Departments also 
solicit comment on the potential impact on providers, facilities, and 
providers of air ambulance services if plans and issuers are permitted 
additional time to register.
    In addition, the Departments are aware that plans and issuers often 
engage TPAs or other service providers to manage payment disputes 
subject to the Federal IDR process on their behalf. Accordingly, to 
reflect this existing industry practice, the Departments propose that 
the aforementioned requirements with respect to the registry under 
proposed 26 CFR 54.9816-9(b)(1)-(3), 29 CFR 2590.716-9(b)(1)-(3), and 
45 CFR 149.530(b)(1)-(3) may be performed by a TPA or service provider 
with authority to act on behalf of the group health plan or health 
insurance issuer offering group or individual health insurance coverage 
subject to the Federal IDR process. The Departments propose that if the 
registration requirements are performed by such TPA or service 
provider, the group health plan or health insurance issuer offering 
group or individual health insurance coverage must require that such 
TPA or service provider clearly delineate each group health plan or 
health insurance issuer offering group or individual health insurance 
coverage for which the TPA or service provider has authority to act. 
Even where a third party performs the registration requirements, these 
proposed rules would still require that each group health plan or 
health insurance issuer offering group or individual health insurance 
coverage subject to the Federal IDR process be assigned a unique 
registration number. The Departments also propose to make clear that if 
such third party fails to provide the information in compliance with 
proposed 26 CFR 54.9816-9(b)(1)-(3), 29 CFR 2590.716-9(b)(1)-(3), and 
45 CFR 149.530(b)(1)-(3), the plan or issuer would be in violation of 
the requirements of this section. The Departments solicit comments on 
this approach and whether there are any additional clarifications or 
flexibilities needed to ensure that the registry includes all relevant 
information for all parties that engage in the Federal IDR process.
    Proposed 26 CFR 54.9816-9, 29 CFR 2590.716-9, and 45 CFR 149.530 
are intended to address concerns that providers, facilities, and 
providers of air ambulance services shared with the Departments about 
initiating both open negotiation and the Federal IDR process. 
Initiating parties, particularly those that are providers, facilities, 
and providers of air ambulance services, report that they are often 
missing or cannot locate key information needed for open negotiation 
and the Federal IDR process despite the disclosure requirements 
established in sections 26 CFR 54.9816-6T(d)(1), 29 CFR 2590.716-
6(d)(1), and 45 CFR 149.140(d)(1). First, the parties report difficulty 
finding the appropriate contact information to initiate open 
negotiation and the Federal IDR process. Second, they report difficulty 
determining whether the out-of-network rate for applicable items or 
services is governed by State or Federal law, including whether a self-
insured plan has opted into a specified State law in States that allow 
these opt-ins. Third, they assert that it can be difficult to 
differentiate between multiple group health plans offered by the same 
plan sponsor, as well as between a fully-insured plan offered by an 
issuer versus a self-insured group health plan administered by that 
issuer in its capacity as a TPA. Likewise, issuers and group health 
plan sponsors expressed concerns to the Departments that providers, 
facilities, and providers of air ambulance services sometimes initiate 
open negotiations or the Federal IDR process using incorrect contact 
information, or even initiate negotiations against the wrong plan or 
issuer. These communication difficulties present problems related to: 
(1) initiating open negotiation and the Federal IDR process with the 
correct party; (2) determining whether the items or services are 
eligible for the Federal IDR process; and (3) initiating correctly 
batched and bundled disputes that group together only items and 
services paid by the same plan or issuer.
    Given these concerns, the Departments are proposing to create a 
single registry of plans and issuers subject to the Federal IDR process 
to foster better communication between disputing parties. These changes 
would benefit all parties by reducing the need for time-consuming and 
expensive follow-up by disputing parties, certified IDR entities, and 
the Departments to obtain necessary information.
    The Departments recognize that plans and issuers have expressed 
concern about the burden of additional required disclosures. However, 
while plans and issuers would incur some additional administrative 
burden from providing plan and contact information through mandatory 
registration, the Departments are of the view that this approach also 
mitigates some administrative burden if the registry reduces the number 
of incorrectly submitted or incorrectly batched disputes.
    The Departments seek to minimize burden and ease compliance for 
plans and issuers by avoiding the issuance of duplicate registration 
numbers for the same plan or a single registration number for multiple 
plans. OPM similarly seeks to resolve concerns as discussed above, 
minimize burden and ease compliance for FEHB carriers. To that end, the 
Departments seek comment on the best way to separately identify 
multiple group health plans offered by the same plan sponsor, or 
multiple FEHB plans offered by the same FEHB carrier, and whether 
plans, issuers, or FEHB carriers would need to register multiple points 
of contact in their submissions to the IDR registry.
    To further minimize the reporting burden on plans, issuers, and 
FEHB carriers, the Departments are considering and solicit comment on 
whether to require plans, issuers, and FEHB carriers to register only 
after submitting or receiving their first open negotiation notice or 
only after receiving a certain number of disputes in a calendar year 
(for example, five disputes). Many group health plans are party to few, 
or no surprise billing disputes annually; excepting such parties from 
the registration requirement may minimize the regulatory burden on 
group health plans that receive few or no surprise billing disputes in 
a given year and could keep the registry size manageable. However, if 
registration is not universal, providers, facilities, and providers of 
air ambulance services may still experience difficulty accessing all 
information needed to initiate open negotiation and engage in the 
Federal IDR process with the subset of plans and issuers that would not 
be required to register.
    The Departments expect that providers, facilities, and providers of 
air ambulance services would make decisions about how and whether to 
initiate batched disputes based on the information submitted to the 
registry. The Departments, therefore, are considering and solicit 
comment on appropriate measures to address circumstances in which a 
provider or facility initiates a batched dispute in good faith based on 
information submitted by a plan or issuer as part of its registration 
and this dispute is later determined to be incorrectly batched.
    Finally, the Departments seek comment on this registration policy 
and what approaches should be adopted to ensure its accuracy, as well 
as whether submission of the offer as described in newly redesignated 
26 CFR 54.9816-8(c)(5)(i), 29 CFR 2590.716-8(c)(5)(i), and 45 CFR 
149.510(c)(5)(i) should be restricted until completion of the proposed 
registration.

[[Page 75805]]

G. Transparency Regarding In-Network and Out-of-Network Deductibles and 
Out-of-Pocket Limitation

    In addition to the challenges discussed previously, some interested 
parties have stated that it is difficult to know at the point of care 
whether a patient's plan or coverage is subject to Federal or State 
surprise billing protections. In general, section 9816(e) of the Code, 
section 716(e) of ERISA, and section 2799A-1(e) of the PHS Act, as 
added by section 107 of division BB of the CAA, require a group health 
plan or a health insurance issuer offering group or individual health 
insurance coverage and providing or covering any benefit with respect 
to items or services to include, in clear writing, on any physical or 
electronic plan or insurance ID card issued to participants, 
beneficiaries, or enrollees, any applicable deductibles, any applicable 
out-of-pocket maximum limitations, and a telephone number and website 
address for individuals to seek consumer assistance information, such 
as information related to in-network hospitals and urgent care 
facilities. The Departments are considering, under the general 
rulemaking authority granted to the Departments to establish the 
Federal IDR process under section 9816(c)(2)(A) of the Code, section 
716(c)(2)(A) of ERISA, and section 2799A-1(c)(2)(A) of the PHS Act, 
whether requiring that each plan or insurance card include information 
about whether the individual's plan or coverage is subject to Federal 
or State surprise billing protections would facilitate information 
sharing with respect to the Federal IDR process. The Departments 
acknowledge that the ID cards may not be able to clarify the 
applicability of the Federal IDR process in all contexts, because in 
some States the Federal protections will apply for some items, 
services, and providers, while the State protections will apply for 
others. The Departments seek comment on this potential approach, 
including whether ID cards should display the plan or coverage type 
(such as, self-insured or fully-insured ERISA plan, non-Federal 
governmental plan, church plan, FEHB plan, or individual health 
insurance coverage), as well as whether a symbol or code could be 
included on cards that would indicate the applicable regulatory 
authority of the plan or coverage (that is, State or Federal entity, or 
both).

H. Applicability

1. Applicability Dates
    These proposed rules would modify and add to certain provisions of 
the July 2021 and October 2021 interim final rules. Those interim final 
rules generally became applicable for plan years (in the individual 
market, policy years) beginning on or after January 1, 2022.
    The provision proposed in 26 CFR 54.9816-3, 29 CFR 2590.716-3, and 
45 CFR 149.30 to add the definition of bundled payment arrangement 
would apply beginning on the effective date of the final rules. These 
proposed rules would codify the existing definition set forth in 
guidance and would not require providers, facilities, providers of air 
ambulance services, plans, issuers, or certified IDR entities to modify 
existing processes or their own portals or systems to align with the 
proposed definition. Therefore, it would be appropriate for this 
definition to become applicable immediately upon the effective date of 
the final rules, if finalized.
    The provision in proposed new 26 CFR 54.9816-6A, 29 CFR 2590.716-
6A, and 45 CFR 149.100 that plans and issuers communicate information 
using CARCs and RARCs, as specified in guidance, would apply beginning 
on the effective date of the final rules, if finalized. The Departments 
would issue future guidance on the use of CARCs and RARCs in both 
electronic transactions and formats outside the purview of the HIPAA 
transaction standards, including paper remittance advice, to implement 
this proposed regulatory requirement. Should this proposal be 
finalized, the Departments recognize that plans and issuers would need 
time to make systems changes and other modifications to operationalize 
the use of CARCs and RARCs and are considering an approach under which 
the final rules would establish the implementation timeframe for the 
use of CARCs and RARCs following the issuance of guidance. For example, 
the final rules could specify that the requirement to use a specified 
CARC or RARC applies beginning on the date that is a certain timeframe, 
such as 6 months or 1 year, after the issuance of guidance. 
Alternatively, the final rules could provide that guidance issued by 
the Departments would establish an interval of not less than, for 
example, 6 months between when guidance is issued and when plans and 
issuers must begin using a specified CARC or RARC. This would balance 
plans' and issuers' interest in certainty in a minimum implementation 
timeframe while allowing for flexibility where the Departments 
determine necessary. The Departments seek comments on these potential 
approaches, including what timeframe would provide plans and issuers 
sufficient time to comply.
    The proposed modifications to the regulations at 26 CFR 54.9816-
6(d), 29 CFR 2590.716-6(d), and 45 CFR 149.140(d) addressing 
information to be shared about the QPA would apply to disclosures 
required to be provided on or after the effective date of the final 
rules, if finalized. The Departments note that many of these proposed 
changes are simply corrections or clarifications that would not 
substantially affect current plan or issuer operations. While these 
disclosures would be required to include some new content--namely a 
statement that a provider, facility, or provider of air ambulance 
services must notify the Departments when initiating open negotiation, 
the legal business name of the plan and plan sponsor (if applicable) 
and issuer, and the registration number assigned under these proposed 
rules--the Departments do not anticipate significant operational burden 
for plans and issuers to modify existing processes to include this 
information. The proposed regulatory text makes clear that plans and 
issuers would not be required to include a statement about notifying 
the Departments to initiate open negotiation until the open negotiation 
notice can be submitted through the Federal IDR portal. Further, plans 
and issuers would not be required to include their assigned 
registration number until the Federal IDR registry becomes available 
and the plan or issuer is registered.
    The proposed modifications to the Federal IDR process that would 
apply to disputes with open negotiation periods beginning on or after 
the later of August 15, 2024, or 90 days after the effective date of 
the final rules, if finalized, include:
     The requirements for batched qualified IDR items and 
services in 26 CFR 54.9816-8(a)(2)(i), 29 CFR 2590.716-8(a)(2)(i) and 
45 CFR 149.510(a)(2)(i);
     The provisions regarding the open negotiation notice, open 
negotiation response notice, notice of IDR initiation, and notice of 
IDR initiation response in 26 CFR 54.9816-8(b), 29 CFR 2590.716-8(b) 
and 45 CFR 149.510(b);
     The proposed rules governing the selection of a certified 
IDR entity, the Federal IDR process eligibility review, the authority 
to continue negotiations or withdraw, and the treatment of batched and 
bundled qualified IDR items and services in 26 CFR 54.9816-8(b) and 
(c)(1) through (c)(4), 29 CFR 2590.716-8(b) and (c)(1) through (c)(4), 
and 45 CFR 149.510(b) and (c)(1) through (c)(4); and
     Modifications made to the deadline for the submission of 
offers and payment determination and notification

[[Page 75806]]

in 26 CFR 54.9816-8(c)(5)(i) and (ii), 29 CFR 2590.716-8(c)(5)(i) and 
(ii), and 45 CFR 149.510(c)(5)(i) and (ii); and
     Modifications made to the suspension of certain subsequent 
IDR requests and subsequent submission of requests submitted in 26 CFR 
54.9816-8(c)(5)(vii)(B) and (C), 29 CFR 2590.716-8(c)(5)(vii)(B) and 
(C), and 45 CFR 149.510(c)(5)(vii)(B) and (C).
    The Departments recognize that each of these proposed changes would 
require providers, facilities, providers of air ambulance services, 
plans, issuers, and certified IDR entities to modify existing processes 
and their own portals or systems to align with the proposed 
requirements. For example, some certified IDR entities may need to 
update their own proprietary portals used to facilitate their 
eligibility and payment determinations to align with the new batching 
requirements. Further, the Departments would need to design and 
implement system changes to the Federal IDR portal, such as allowing 
the disputing parties to submit new and updated notices through the 
Federal IDR portal and updating the system's collection of newly 
permissible batched disputes. This proposed applicability date is 
intended to ensure the Departments, disputing parties, and certified 
IDR entities have sufficient time to understand the proposed changes to 
the Federal IDR process and modify current operations.
    The proposed modifications to the regulations at 26 CFR 54.9816-
8(d), 29 CFR 2590.716-8(d), and 45 CFR 149.510(d) addressing the time 
and manner of payment and collection of the administrative and 
certified IDR entity fees, the procedures in the event that either 
party fails to timely pay the administrative or certified IDR entity 
fee, and the framework for establishing the administrative and 
certified IDR entity fee structures would apply to disputes initiated 
on or after January 1, 2025. Similar to the proposed open negotiation, 
IDR initiation, and batched determination requirements, the Departments 
would need sufficient time to modify current operations so that the 
Departments could charge and collect the administrative fees directly 
from the parties, which are currently collected by the certified IDR 
entities and subsequently remitted to the Departments. The Departments 
would also need to update their payment systems and the Federal IDR 
portal to implement the proposed consequences when either party fails 
to pay the certified IDR entity fee or the administrative fee, such as 
the proposals to close a dispute when the initiating party fails to pay 
the administrative fee on time and to prohibit the non-initiating party 
from submitting an offer when the non-initiating party fails to pay the 
administrative fee or certified IDR entity fee in accordance with the 
proposed timeframes.
    The proposed changes at 26 CFR 54.9816-8(e)(2)(vi), (viii), and 
(ix), 29 CFR 2590.716-8(e)(2)(vi), (viii), and (ix), and 45 CFR 
149.510(e)(2)(vi), (viii), and (ix) regarding the certified IDR 
entity's controls to prevent and detect improper financial activities, 
and procedures to retain the certified IDR entity fee and 
administrative fee are minor in nature, and therefore these proposed 
rules would be applicable upon the effective date of the final rules, 
if finalized.
    The proposed changes at 26 CFR 54.9816-8(g), 29 CFR 2590.716-8(g), 
and 45 CFR 149.510(g) regarding the extension of time periods for 
extenuating circumstances would be applicable to disputes with open 
negotiation periods beginning on or after the later of August 15, 2024, 
or 90 days after the effective date of the final rules, if finalized.
    Until the relevant applicability date for the requirements of 26 
CFR 54.9816-8, 29 CFR 2590.716-8, and 45 CFR 149.510, plans, issuers, 
providers, facilities, providers of air ambulance services, and 
certified IDR entities are required to continue to comply with the 
corresponding section of 26 CFR 54.9816-8, 29 CFR 2590.716-8, and 45 
CFR 149.510, contained in the CFR as of October 25, 2022. In order to 
ensure compliance with these proposed requirements, the Departments 
would generally use existing processes for enforcing the relevant 
provisions of the Code, ERISA, and PHS Act that apply to group health 
plans and health insurance issuers, including the provisions added by 
the No Surprises Act.\187\ The Departments intend to monitor for non-
compliance with these proposed requirements when applicable, if 
finalized.
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    \187\ See Section 504 of ERISA (providing DOL with authority to 
determine whether any person has violated or is about to violate any 
provision of ERISA or any regulation or order thereunder, including 
with regard to group health plans); section 2723 of the PHS Act and 
45 CFR 150.101 et seq. (setting forth HHS's enforcement procedures 
related to the provisions of title XXVII of the PHS Act, including 
bases for initiating investigations and performing market conduct 
examinations). For an overview of applicable enforcement mechanisms, 
see also Staman, Jennifer (2020). ``Federal Private Health Insurance 
Market Reforms: Legal Framework and Enforcement,'' Congressional 
Research Service, available at https://crsreports.congress.gov/product/pdf/R/R46637.
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    Finally, provisions that would establish the Federal IDR registry, 
and the associated requirements at proposed 26 CFR 54.9816-9, 29 CFR 
2590.716-9, and 45 CFR 145.530 would become applicable on the effective 
date of the final rules, if finalized. Pursuant to the establishment of 
the registry, the requirements in proposed new 26 CFR 54.9816-9, 29 CFR 
2590.716-9, and 45 CFR 145.530 would require that each plan or issuer 
subject to the Federal IDR process complete its initial registration in 
the newly established Federal IDR registry by the later of the date 
that is 30 business days after the registry becomes available or the 
date the group health plan or health insurance issuer begins offering 
group or individual health insurance coverage.
    The Departments seek comment on whether disputing parties and 
certified IDR entities would need additional time to implement the 
proposed modifications after the final rules are published, if 
finalized.
2. Applicability of Surprise Billing Protections to Ground Ambulance 
Services
    The Departments have received questions about how the surprise 
billing protections under the No Surprises Act apply to ground 
ambulance services. In particular, the Departments understand that some 
plans and issuers have construed a statement in the preamble to the 
July 2021 interim final rules addressing when a participant, 
beneficiary, or enrollee is in a condition to receive notice and 
provide consent to waive surprise billing protections for post-
stabilization services \188\ to mean that the No Surprises Act surprise 
billing protections apply to post-stabilization inter-facility ground 
ambulance transports. The Departments do not interpret the No Surprises 
Act's surprise billing provisions to apply to emergency or non-
emergency ground ambulance services.\189\ This includes transport by 
ground ambulance after a participant, beneficiary, or enrollee has been 
stabilized and needs to be

[[Page 75807]]

transferred to another facility for continued observation or 
treatment.\190\ Instead, Congress enacted section 117 of the No 
Surprises Act, which requires the Departments to establish and convene 
an advisory committee for the purpose of reviewing options to improve 
the disclosure of charges and fees for ground ambulance services, 
better inform consumers of insurance options for such services, and 
protect consumers from balance billing. The advisory committee must 
submit a report that includes recommendations for the disclosure of 
charges and fees for ground ambulance services and insurance coverage, 
consumer protections and enforcement authorities of the Departments and 
States, and the prevention of balance billing to consumers.\191\
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    \188\ The preamble to the July 2021 interim final rules states, 
``In contrast to situations where a participant, beneficiary, or 
enrollee is able to travel using nonmedical transportation or 
nonemergency medical transportation following stabilization, in the 
event that the individual requires medical transportation to travel, 
including transportation by either ground or air ambulance vehicle, 
the individual is not in a condition to receive notice or provide 
consent. Therefore, the surprise billing protections continue to 
apply to post-stabilization services provided in connection with the 
visit for which the individual received emergency services.'' 86 FR 
36872, 36881 (July 13, 2021).
    \189\ Beginning in 2025, the President's Fiscal Year 2024 budget 
proposal extends surprise billing protections to ground ambulance 
services across the commercial market. See U.S. Department of Health 
and Human Services. Fiscal Year 2024 Budget in Brief, (2023), p.99, 
available at https://www.hhs.gov/sites/default/files/fy-2024-budget-in-brief.pdf.
    \190\ In contrast, if a plan or issuer provides or covers 
benefits for air ambulance services (such as inter-facility air 
ambulance transports), those services are subject the No Surprises 
Act surprise billing protections. See FAQs about Affordable Care Act 
and Consolidated Appropriations Act, 2021 Implementation Part 55, Q7 
(Aug. 19, 2022), available at https://www.dol.gov/sites/dolgov/files/EBSA/about-ebsa/our-activities/resource-center/faqs/aca-part-55.pdf and https://www.cms.gov/files/document/faqs-part-55.pdf.
    \191\ For more information about the Advisory Committee on 
Ground Ambulance and Patient Billing, see https://www.cms.gov/regulations-guidance/advisory-committees/advisory-committee-ground-ambulance-and-patient-billing-gapb.
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III. Severability

    It is the Departments' intent that if any provision of these 
proposed rules, if finalized, is held to be invalid or unenforceable by 
its terms, or as applied to any person or circumstance, these rules 
shall be construed so as to continue to give maximum effect to these 
rules as permitted by law, unless the holding shall be one of utter 
invalidity or unenforceability. In the event a provision is found to be 
utterly invalid or unenforceable, the provision shall be severable from 
these proposed rules as finalized, as well as the interim final rules 
and final rules they amend and shall not affect the remainder thereof 
or the application of the provision to persons not similarly situated 
or to dissimilar circumstances.
    According to the statute,\192\ the Departments must establish a 
Federal IDR process that plans and issuers and nonparticipating 
providers and facilities may utilize to resolve certain disputes 
regarding out-of-network rates under section 9816 of the Code, section 
716 of ERISA, and section 2799A-1 of the PHS Act, including the time, 
manner, and amount each party to a determination must pay to 
participate in the Federal IDR process. Further, under section 
9816(a)(2)(B)(ii) of the Code, section 716(a)(2)(B)(ii) of ERISA, and 
section 2799A-1(a)(2)(B)(ii) of the PHS Act, the Departments have 
authority to establish through rulemaking the information that a plan 
or issuer must share with a provider or facility when determining the 
QPA, including the form and manner of such disclosures. Under section 
9816(c)(9) of the Code, section 716(c)(9) of ERISA, and section 2799A-
1(c)(9) of the PHS Act, the Departments also may, at their discretion, 
modify any deadline or other timing requirement of the Federal IDR 
process (except for the timing of payment following a payment 
determination) in cases of extenuating circumstances, as specified by 
the Departments, or to ensure that all claims that are subject to the 
90-calendar-day cooling-off period submitted to the Federal IDR process 
are in fact eligible for the Federal IDR process.
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    \192\ Sections 9816(c)(2)(A) and 9817(b)(2)(A) of the Code, 
sections 716(c)(2)(A) and 717(b)(2)(A) of ERISA, and sections 2799A-
1(c)(2)(A) and 2799A-2(b)(2)(A) of the PHS Act.
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    For the reasons described in section II. of this preamble, the 
Departments are of the view that their authority to implement each of 
these aspects in the proposed regulation is well-supported in law and 
practice and should be upheld in any legal challenge. The Departments 
are also of the view that the exercise of their authority reflects 
sound policy. However, if any portion of these proposed rules is 
declared invalid, the Departments intend that the various aspects 
related to the Federal IDR process be severable. For example, if a 
court were to find unlawful (1) the requirement to use CARC and RARCs, 
(2) the standards for the open negotiation period, (3) the provision 
for the treatment of batched determinations, (4) the provision for 
departmental eligibility review, (5) the administrative fee 
requirements, or (6) the provision of extensions of timeframes under 
extenuating circumstances, or some combination thereof, the Departments 
still would intend the remaining features of the policy to stand. 
Further, the Departments also intend for parts of certain provisions in 
these rules to be severable. For example, if a court were to find 
unlawful (1) the policy of batching qualified IDR items and services 
furnished to a single patient on the same or consecutive dates of 
service and billed on the same claim form (single patient encounter), 
(2) the policy of batching qualified IDR items and services billed 
under the same service code or a comparable code under a different 
procedural coding system, or (3) the policy of batching anesthesiology, 
radiology, pathology, and laboratory qualified IDR items and services 
under service codes belonging to the same Category I CPT code section, 
or some combination thereof, the Departments still would intend the 
remaining features of the policy to stand.
    While the proposed policies in combination in these proposed rules 
would ameliorate different difficulties in the Federal IDR process and 
result in a more efficient and transparent process for the disputing 
parties and certified IDR entities, the Departments intend for each of 
the proposed policies to function independently and be severable from 
another. The Departments have added severability clauses to these 
proposed rules to emphasize the Departments' intent that, to the extent 
a reviewing court holds that any provision of the final rules is 
unlawful, the remaining rules should take effect and be given the 
maximum effect permitted by law. The Departments have also added 
severability clauses to these proposed rules to emphasize the 
Departments' intent that the provisions in 26 CFR 54.9816-6A, 54.9816-
6, 54.9816-8, and 54.9816-9; 29 CFR 2590.716-6A, 2590.716-6, 2590.716-
8, and 2590.716-9; and 45 CFR 149.100, 149.140, 149.510 and 149.530 are 
intended to be severable from one another.
    The proposed severability provisions in these rules, if finalized, 
would not conflict with the proposed severability provisions in the IDR 
Process Fees proposed rules, if those provisions are finalized. In the 
IDR Process Fees proposed rules the Departments proposed severability 
provisions in new proposed paragraphs 26 CFR 54.9816-8(d)(3)(i) and 
(ii), 29 CFR 2590.716-8(d)(3)(i) and (ii), and 45 CFR 149.510(d)(3)(i) 
and (ii). Those proposed paragraphs state that if any of the 
administrative fee or certified IDR entity fee proposals in the IDR 
Process Fees proposed rules, as finalized, are held to be unlawful by a 
court, the remaining rules should take effect and be given the maximum 
effect permitted by law.
    If the severability provisions proposed in the IDR Process Fees 
proposed rules are finalized and subsequently, the severability 
provisions proposed in these rules in new proposed paragraphs 26 CFR 
54.9816-8(i)(1) and (2), 29 CFR 2590.716-8(i)(1) and (2), and 45 CFR 
149.510(i)(1) and (2) are also finalized, the Departments would remove 
the severability provisions proposed in the IDR Process Fees proposed 
rules at 26 CFR 54.9816-8(d)(3)(i) and (ii), 29 CFR 2590.716-8(d)(3)(i) 
and (ii), and 45 CFR 149.510(d)(3)(i) and (ii).The purpose for this 
proposed approach would be to

[[Page 75808]]

simplify the Federal IDR process regulations and have one regulation 
section for the severability provisions applicable to the entire 
Federal IDR process, as proposed 26 CFR 54.9816-8(i)(1) and (2), 29 CFR 
2590.716-8(i)(1) and (2), and 45 CFR 149.510(i)(1) and (2).

IV. Overview of the Proposed Rules--Office of Personnel Management

    OPM proposes to amend existing 5 CFR 890.114(a) to include 
references to the Departments' regulations.\193\ OPM has the 
responsibility of administering the Federal Employees Health Benefits 
(FEHB) Program. This responsibility includes maintaining oversight and 
enforcement authority for FEHB plans, which are Federal governmental 
plans. In the July and October 2021 interim final rules, OPM adopted 
the Departments' regulations that implement the sections of the Code, 
ERISA, and the PHS Act that are referenced in 5 U.S.C. 8902(p). 
Generally, under 5 U.S.C. 8902(p), each FEHB contract must require a 
carrier to comply with requirements described in the Code, ERISA, and 
PHS Act in the same manner as they apply to a group health plan or 
health insurance issuer.
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    \193\ OPM also proposes a technical correction in 5 CFR 890.114 
that would add a cross-reference to 26 CFR 54.9817-2, which concerns 
the independent dispute resolution process for air ambulance 
services. The addition of this cross-reference is necessary because 
5 CFR 890.114 also cites to parallel provisions at 29 CFR 2590.717-2 
and 45 CFR 149.520.
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    Subject to OPM regulations and contract provisions, FEHB carriers 
must comply with the specified provisions of the Departments' 
regulations. The proposed amendments to 5 CFR 890.114 would allow for 
continued conformity, oversight, and enforcement. Specifically, through 
5 CFR 890.114 and its proposed amendments, FEHB carriers and their 
plans would be required to comply with all provisions of these proposed 
rules. Among other things, FEHB carriers would be required to:
     Comply with the proposed rules' new requirements relating 
to the disclosure of information that FEHB carriers must include along 
with the initial payment or notice of denial of payment for certain 
items and services subject to the surprise billing protections in the 
No Surprises Act;
     Communicate information by using CARCs and RARCs when 
providing any paper or electronic remittance advice to an entity that 
does not have a contractual relationship with the FEHB carrier;
     Comply with amended requirements related to the open 
negotiation period preceding the Federal IDR process, the initiation of 
the Federal IDR process, the Federal IDR dispute eligibility review, 
and the payment and collection of administrative fees;
     Comply with amended requirements related to the extension 
of timeframes due to extenuating circumstances, batched items and 
services, and bundled payment arrangements; and
     Register in the Federal IDR portal established by the 
Departments and provide the required data elements as applicable to 
FEHB carriers.

V. Economic Impact and Paperwork Burden

A. Summary--Departments of Health and Human Services and Labor

    These proposed rules would add new 26 CFR 54.9816-6A, 29 CFR 
2590.716-6A, and 45 CFR 149.100 requiring plans and issuers to use 
CARCs and RARCs, as specified in guidance issued by the Departments, or 
as required under any applicable, adopted standards and operating rules 
under 45 CFR part 162, on both electronic and paper remittance advice, 
to communicate information related to whether a claim for an item or 
service furnished by an entity that does not have a direct or indirect 
contractual relationship with the plan or issuer for the furnishing of 
such item or service under the plan or coverage is subject to the 
provisions of 26 CFR 54.9816 and 54.9817; 29 CFR 2590.716 and 2590.717; 
or 45 CFR part 149, subpart B, E, or F. The Departments further propose 
amendments to existing regulations to specify that plans and issuers 
must, in the case of air ambulance services, disclose the QPA and 
certain information about the QPA when cost sharing is calculated using 
the QPA. These proposed changes would reflect that the term 
``recognized amount'' is not used with respect to air ambulance 
services and make technical corrections to address omissions where 
providers of air ambulances were not listed alongside other providers 
and facilities in the current regulatory text.
    The Departments also propose to revise the regulation addressing 
information to be shared about the QPA to make clear these disclosures 
are required when the recognized amount (or for air ambulance services, 
the amount on which cost sharing is based) is the QPA or the amount 
billed by the provider, facility, or provider of air ambulance 
services.
    The Departments also propose amendments to the content of the 
statement required under the regulations regarding the information to 
be shared about the QPA. Specifically, the Departments propose that the 
required statement specify that the 30-day period for open negotiation 
is 30 business days; reference providers of air ambulance services (in 
addition to providers and facilities); specify that a party wishing to 
initiate open negotiation must provide the required notice within 30 
business days of receiving an initial payment or notice of denial of 
payment; and include language notifying the provider, facility, or 
provider of air ambulance services that they must notify the 
Departments and the plan or issuer to initiate the open negotiation 
period.\194\ The Departments also propose to require plans and issuers 
to disclose the legal business name of the plan (if any) or issuer; the 
legal business name of the plan sponsor (if applicable); and the 
registration number assigned under proposed 26 CFR 54.9816-9, 29 CFR 
2590.716-9, or 45 CFR 149.530, as applicable, if the plan or issuer is 
registered with the Federal IDR registry.
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

    \194\ For a description of the proposal to require parties to 
notify the Departments when they initiate open negotiation, see 
section II.D.1. of this preamble.
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

    These proposed rules also would require the party initiating open 
negotiations to provide an open negotiation notice and supporting 
documentation to the other party and the Departments via the Federal 
IDR portal to initiate the open negotiation period. The Departments 
also propose to require several new content requirements for the open 
negotiation notice. Furthermore, these proposed rules would require the 
party in receipt of the open negotiation notice to provide a response 
to the open negotiation notice, with specified content, and supporting 
documentation to the other party and the Departments no later than the 
15th business day of the 30-business-day open negotiation period.
    In addition, the Departments propose to amend the notice of IDR 
initiation content requirements to require the initiating party to 
submit certain additional information in the notice of IDR initiation. 
The Departments also propose that the non-initiating party must submit 
a written response to the notice of IDR initiation to the initiating 
party and to the Departments within 3 business days after the date of 
IDR initiation. These proposed rules would require the notice of IDR 
initiation

[[Page 75809]]

response to include an attestation that the item or service that is the 
subject of the dispute is a qualified IDR item or service or an 
assertion that the item or service is not a qualified IDR item or 
service, and an explanation and documentation to support the assertion. 
Furthermore, the Departments propose that the non-initiating party 
would also be required to indicate in the notice of IDR initiation 
response whether they agree or object to the initiating party's 
preferred certified IDR entity and provide a statement designating an 
alternative preferred certified IDR entity if the non-initiating party 
objects to the initiating party's preferred certified IDR entity.
    These proposed rules would require parties furnishing the open 
negotiation notice, open negotiation response notice, notice of IDR 
initiation, and notice of IDR initiation response to provide the 
notices and supporting documentation to the other party and the 
Departments on the same day via the Federal IDR portal.
    The Departments propose that if the party last in receipt of either 
the notice of IDR initiation response or the notice of certified IDR 
entity selection received the notice on the third business day after 
the date of IDR initiation, the Departments would provide the party 2 
additional business days to agree or object to other party's 
alternative preferred certified IDR entity selection. The Departments 
propose that if the party agrees with the other party's alternative 
preferred certified IDR entity and notifies the Departments of such 
agreement, or if the party fails to notify the Departments of its 
objection by the fifth business day after the date of IDR initiation, 
the Departments would select the alternative preferred certified IDR 
entity as the certified IDR entity for the dispute. The Departments 
propose that if the party notifies the Departments of its objection to 
the alternative preferred certified IDR entity by the fifth business 
day after the date of IDR initiation, the Departments would proceed 
with random selection of the certified IDR entity.
    Furthermore, the Departments propose to specify that the date of 
preliminary selection of the certified IDR entity would be 3 business 
days after the date of IDR initiation if the parties jointly selected a 
certified IDR entity, or 6 business days after the date of IDR 
initiation if the parties fail to agree and jointly select a certified 
IDR entity, and the Departments randomly select a certified IDR entity. 
These proposed rules would establish that if a selected certified IDR 
entity attests to having a conflict of interest, the Departments would 
randomly select another certified IDR entity, and the date of final 
selection of the certified IDR entity would be the date the Departments 
provide notice to the parties that the new certified IDR entity has 
attested that it meets the conflict-of-interest requirements.
    The Departments propose to establish several requirements regarding 
eligibility determinations. Specifically, the Departments propose that 
after the selected certified IDR entity attests that it meets the 
conflict-of-interest requirements, the selected certified IDR entity 
must review the information provided in the notice of IDR initiation 
and notice of IDR initiation response, as well as any additional 
information requested and received, and make an eligibility 
determination no later than 5 business days after the date of final 
selection of the certified IDR entity.
    These proposed rules would also establish a departmental 
eligibility review when the Departments, in their discretion, determine 
that application of the departmental eligibility review is necessary to 
facilitate timely payment determinations or the effective processing of 
disputes under the Federal IDR process. When the departmental 
eligibility review is in effect, the Departments would make eligibility 
determinations, as opposed to the certified IDR entities. The 
Departments propose to provide reasonable notice before the Departments 
invoke the departmental eligibility review and before ceasing to use 
the departmental eligibility review.
    The Departments further propose to establish a process for disputes 
to be withdrawn from the Federal IDR process. Specifically, the 
Departments propose that a dispute may be withdrawn from the Federal 
IDR process if: (1) the initiating party provides notification through 
the Federal IDR portal to the Secretary and the certified IDR entity 
(if selected) that both parties agree to withdraw the dispute from the 
Federal IDR process, with signatures from authorized signatories for 
both parties; (2) the initiating party provides a standard withdrawal 
request notice to the Departments, the certified IDR entity (if 
selected), and the non-initiating party and the non-initiating party 
notifies the Secretary, certified IDR entity (if selected), and 
initiating party of its agreement to withdraw the dispute within 5 
business days of the initiating party's request (or the non-initiating 
party fails to respond within 5 business days of the initiating party's 
request); (3) the certified IDR entity or the Departments cannot 
determine eligibility because both parties are unresponsive to any 
requests for additional information to determine eligibility; or (4) 
the certified IDR entity cannot make a payment determination because 
both parties have failed to submit an offer as described in section 
II.E.4. of this preamble.
    The Departments also propose to amend the batching policies for the 
Federal IDR process to increase efficiency and create a workable 
framework for disputing parties and certified IDR entities. 
Specifically, the Departments propose to allow qualified IDR items and 
services to be batched if: (1) the items and services were furnished to 
a single patient during a patient encounter on one or more consecutive 
dates of service and billed on the same claim form (single patient 
encounter); (2) the items and services were furnished to one or more 
patients and were billed under the same service code, or a comparable 
code under a different procedural code system; or (3) anesthesiology, 
radiology, pathology, and laboratory qualified IDR items and services 
were furnished under service codes belonging to the same Category I CPT 
code range, as specified in guidance by the Departments. These proposed 
rules would also require that no more than 25 qualified IDR items and 
services may be considered jointly as part of one payment determination 
for the purposes of batched determinations.
    The Departments further propose several changes to the collection 
of the administrative fee. First, in addition to proposing new 
administrative fee amounts and a revised methodology for calculating 
such amounts, the Departments propose that the initiating party must 
pay the administrative fee within 2 business days of the date of 
preliminary selection of the certified IDR entity. The Departments also 
propose that the non-initiating party must pay the administrative fee 
within 2 business days of notice of an eligibility determination by 
either the certified IDR entity or the Departments, as applicable. 
Third, the Departments propose to collect the administrative fee 
directly from the disputing parties. Fourth, the Departments propose to 
clarify how the Federal IDR process applies when either party fails to 
timely pay the fees associated with the Federal IDR process. Finally, 
the Departments propose to charge the disputing parties a reduced 
administrative fee for low-dollar disputes and to charge the non-
initiating party a reduced administrative fee when either the certified 
IDR entity or the Departments determine the dispute is not eligible for 
the Federal IDR process.

[[Page 75810]]

    The Departments also propose to clarify the extenuating 
circumstances in which the time periods, other than under current 26 
CFR 54.9816-8T(c)(4)(ix), 29 CFR 2590.716-8(c)(4)(ix), and 45 CFR 
149.510(c)(4)(ix), may be extended. Specifically, the Departments 
propose that such extenuating circumstances include circumstances that 
contribute to systematic delays in processing disputes under the 
Federal IDR process, such as an unforeseen volume of disputes or 
Federal IDR portal system failures. The Departments also propose that 
when the Departments determine that the parties or certified IDR 
entities cannot meet applicable timeframes due to systemic delays in 
processing disputes, the Departments would post a public notice 
regarding any extension of time periods due to such extenuating 
circumstances. These proposed rules would also establish that such 
extenuating circumstances would include, for a specific dispute, when 
the Departments determine that the parties or certified IDR entity 
cannot meet applicable timeframes due to matters beyond the control of 
one or both parties or the certified IDR entity, or for other good 
cause. Further, the Departments propose that a certified IDR entity may 
submit a request for an extension due to extenuating circumstances to 
the Departments through the Federal IDR portal.
    Finally, the Departments propose requiring plans and issuers that 
are subject to the Federal IDR process to register with the Federal IDR 
portal and submit certain information to the Departments. Under these 
proposed rules, initial registration would be required to be completed 
by the later of 30 business days after the effective date of the final 
rule or if plans and issuers begin offering coverage subject to the 
Federal IDR process after the effective date of the final rule, they 
would be required to complete their initial registration on the date 
the plan or issuer begins offering coverage subject to the Federal IDR 
process.
    The Departments have examined the effects of these proposed rules 
as required by Executive Order 13563 (76 FR 3821, January 21, 2011, 
Improving Regulation and Regulatory Review); Executive Order 12866 (58 
FR 51735, October 4, 1993, Regulatory Planning and Review); the 
Regulatory Flexibility Act (Pub. L. 96-354, enacted September 19, 1980, 
Pub. L. 96-354); section 1102(b) of the Social Security Act (42 U.S.C. 
1302(b)); section 202 of the Unfunded Mandates Reform Act of 1995 
(March 22, 1995, Pub. L. 104-4); and Executive Order 13132 (64 FR 
43255, August 10, 1999, Federalism).

B. Executive Orders 12866, 13563, and 14094--Departments of Health and 
Human Services and Labor

    Executive Orders 12866, 13563, and 14094 direct agencies to assess 
all costs and benefits of available regulatory alternatives and, if 
regulation is necessary, to select regulatory approaches that maximize 
net benefits (including potential economic, environmental, public 
health and safety effects, distributive impacts, and equity). Executive 
Order 14094 entitled ``Modernizing Regulatory Review'' amends section 
3(f)(1) of Executive Order 12866 (Regulatory Planning and Review). The 
amended section 3(f) of Executive Order 12866 defines a ``significant 
regulatory action'' as an action that is likely to result in a rule: 
(1) having an annual effect on the economy of $200 million or more in 
any 1 year (adjusted every 3 years by the Administrator of OMB's Office 
of Information and Regulatory Affairs (OIRA) for changes in gross 
domestic product), or adversely affect in a material way the economy, a 
sector of the economy, productivity, competition, jobs, the 
environment, public health or safety, or State, local, territorial, or 
tribal governments or communities; (2) creating a serious inconsistency 
or otherwise interfering with an action taken or planned by another 
agency; (3) materially altering the budgetary impacts of entitlement 
grants, user fees, or loan programs or the rights and obligations of 
recipients thereof; or (4) raising legal or policy issues for which 
centralized review would meaningfully further the President's 
priorities or the principles set forth in this Executive Order, as 
specifically authorized in a timely manner by the Administrator of OIRA 
in each case.
    A regulatory impact analysis (RIA) must be prepared for rules 
deemed significant under section 3(f)(1). Based on the Departments' 
estimates, OMB's OIRA has determined these rules are significant under 
section 3(f)(1). Therefore, the Departments have prepared an RIA that 
to the best of their ability presents the costs and benefits of these 
rules. OMB has reviewed these proposed regulations, and the Departments 
have provided the following assessment of their impact.

C. Need for Regulatory Action--Departments of Health and Human Services 
and Labor

    As discussed in section II.B. of this preamble, gaps in 
communication between plans and issuers and providers, facilities, and 
providers of air ambulance services have resulted in confusion around 
issues such as whether an item or service is eligible for resolution in 
the Federal IDR process; how cost sharing and out-of-network rates must 
be determined (that is, through an All-Payer Model Agreement, specified 
State law, or Federal rules); how and with whom to initiate open 
negotiations; and which eligible items and services can be batched or 
bundled into one dispute. Additionally, a higher-than-expected number 
of disputes have been submitted to the Federal IDR process for 
resolution, with many found to be ineligible,\195\ contributing to 
inefficiencies in resolving disputes in the Federal IDR process.
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

    \195\ In the first full year of Federal IDR process operations, 
approximately 37 percent of disputes were determined ineligible for 
the Federal IDR process. See U.S. Department of Health and Human 
Services, U.S. Department of Labor, and U.S. Department of the 
Treasury. Federal Independent Dispute Resolution Process--Status 
Update. April 27, 2023. https://www.cms.gov/files/document/federal-idr-processstatus-update-april-2023.pdf.
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

    These proposed rules would require plans and issuers to use CARCs 
and RARCs, as specified in guidance issued by the Departments, or as 
required under any applicable, adopted standards and operating rules 
under 45 CFR part 162, to communicate information related to whether a 
claim for an item or service furnished by an entity that does not have 
a direct or indirect contractual relationship with the plan or issuer 
for the furnishing of the item or service under the plan or coverage is 
subject to the provisions of 26 CFR 54.9816 and 54.9817; 29 CFR 
2590.716 and 2590.717; or 45 CFR part 149, subparts B, E, or F.
    The July 2021 interim final rules require plans and issuers to 
disclose the QPA and certain other information regarding the QPA for an 
item or service furnished by a provider, facility, or provider of air 
ambulance services, and specific information regarding the initiation 
of the Federal IDR process. These requirements were later amended by 
the August 2022 final rules. As discussed in section II.C. of this 
preamble, the Departments propose to amend regulations at 26 CFR 
54.9816-6T(d), 29 CFR 2590.716-6(d), and 45 CFR 149.140(d) to specify 
that plans and issuers must disclose the QPA and certain information 
about the QPA not only when the recognized amount (or for air ambulance 
services, the amount on which cost sharing is based) is the QPA but 
also when the recognized amount is the amount billed by the provider, 
facility, or provider of air ambulance services as these items and

[[Page 75811]]

services would also be eligible for the Federal IDR process (provided 
all other eligibility criteria are satisfied).
    In addition, the Departments propose amendments to the statement 
required to be provided by plans and issuers regarding the initiation 
of open negotiation and availability of the Federal IDR process. The 
Departments also propose amendments to the content of the statement to 
refer to providers of air ambulance services (as well as providers and 
facilities), and to specify that the open negotiation period is counted 
in business days and that a party wishing to initiate open negotiation 
must provide the required notice within 30 business days of receiving 
an initial payment or notice of denial of payment. Furthermore, the 
Departments propose that the statement must also note that the 
provider, facility, or provider of air ambulance services must notify 
the Departments, as applicable, to initiate open negotiations. To 
ensure payment disputes are directed to the correct parties, the 
Departments propose requiring plans and issuers to disclose the legal 
business name of the plan (if any) or issuer; the legal business name 
of the plan sponsor (if applicable); and the registration number to be 
assigned under 26 CFR 54.9816-9, 29 CFR 2590.716-9, or 45 CFR 149.530, 
as applicable, if the plan or issuer is registered with the Federal IDR 
registry.
    As discussed in section II.D.1. of this preamble, interested 
parties generally report that disputing parties are not negotiating 
with each other during the required open negotiation period to the 
extent expected by the Departments. To encourage effective use of the 
open negotiation period, the Departments propose to require the party 
initiating open negotiations to use a standardized open negotiation 
notice form, which includes an enumerated list of information, and to 
send supporting documentation to the other party and the Departments to 
initiate the open negotiation period. Furthermore, the party in receipt 
of the open negotiation notice would be required to provide a response 
to the open negotiation notice to the other party and the Departments 
no later than the 15th business day of the 30-business-day open 
negotiation period. The Departments are of the view that this proposal 
would create more certainty regarding whether and when the initiating 
party began open negotiations by ensuring that start and end dates are 
documented in the Federal IDR portal. This proposal also may reduce the 
number of ineligible disputes initiated by requiring the exchange of 
eligibility information during open negotiation.
    As discussed in section II.D.2. of this preamble, to accelerate 
dispute processing and reduce the burden on certified IDR entities, the 
Departments propose to require the initiating party to provide an 
enumerated list of additional information in the notice of IDR 
initiation, including the claim number, an attestation that the item or 
service under dispute is a qualified IDR item or service and the basis 
on which the party believes it is so, and a statement describing the 
elements of the claim that serve as the basis for initiating the 
Federal IDR process. Similarly, the Departments propose to require the 
non-initiating party to provide a response to the notice of IDR 
initiation that must also include an enumerated list of information, 
including an agreement to the preferred certified IDR entity identified 
in the notice of IDR initiation or an alternate preferred certified IDR 
entity selection, an attestation that the item or service under dispute 
is a qualified IDR item or service, and for each item or service that 
the non-initiating party asserts is not a qualified IDR item or 
service, an explanation and documentation to support the assertion. The 
Departments are of the view that these additional elements would assist 
in determining if the item or service is a qualified IDR item or 
service that is eligible for the Federal IDR process, allow for a 
streamlined process to track the initiation of the Federal IDR process, 
enhance communication among the parties, and facilitate a more 
efficient Federal IDR process.
    As discussed in section II.E.1.a. of this preamble, since the 
implementation of the Federal IDR process, the Departments have 
identified potential areas to improve upon and provide additional 
clarity with respect to the process for selecting a certified IDR 
entity. In the Departments' experience implementing this process, when 
a non-initiating party waits until the third business day after the 
date of IDR initiation to select an alternative preferred certified IDR 
entity, the initiating party lacks sufficient time to agree or object 
to the alternative preferred certified IDR entity. To provide the 
parties sufficient opportunity to agree or object to the alternative 
preferred certified IDR entity, the Departments propose to amend the 
process for selecting a certified IDR entity when the parties fail to 
jointly agree on a certified IDR entity. Specifically, the Departments 
propose that if the party last in receipt of either the notice of IDR 
initiation response or the notice of certified IDR entity selection 
received the notice on the third business day after the date of IDR 
initiation and did not agree to the other party's alternative preferred 
certified IDR entity by the end of third business day after the date of 
IDR initiation, the Departments would provide the party 2 additional 
business days to agree or object to other party's preferred certified 
IDR entity selection.
    To provide clarity and to codify the process and timeframes for 
selecting a certified IDR entity, the certified IDR entity's conflict-
of-interest review, and the date the certified IDR entity selection is 
considered finally selected, the Departments propose to establish a 
process that includes both preliminary selection of the certified IDR 
entity and final selection of the certified IDR entity. The Departments 
are of the view that the conflict-of-interest review by the certified 
IDR entity should not cut into the time periods for either the 
disputing parties to submit their offers or for the certified IDR 
entity to make a payment determination. For this reason, the 
Departments propose requirements that would provide for a certified IDR 
entity conflict-of-interest review process that must be conducted 
before a preliminary selection of the certified IDR entity is 
considered to be a final selected certified IDR entity. Under these 
proposed rules, final selection of the certified IDR entity would 
trigger the timeframes for conducting an eligibility review, accepting 
offers of an out-of-network payment amount, and making a payment 
determination.
    As discussed in section II.E.1.b. of this preamble, eligibility 
determinations have proven to be complex, time-consuming, resource-
intensive, and often uncompensated activities that impede timely 
payment determinations. To support eligibility determinations during a 
period of systemic delay or other extenuating circumstances, the 
Departments propose to implement a departmental eligibility review. 
When this departmental eligibility review is in effect, the Departments 
would make eligibility determinations instead of the certified IDR 
entities. The Departments are of the view that these changes are 
necessary to ensure certified IDR entities are able to spend the 
majority of their time and resources on making payment determinations 
for eligible IDR items and services, prevent certified IDR entities 
from temporarily suspending their acceptance of new disputes, ensure 
participation in the Federal IDR process remains financially 
sustainable for certified IDR entities, and prevent disparate outcomes.

[[Page 75812]]

    As discussed in section II.E.1.d.ii. of this preamble, the 
Departments have identified potential areas to improve upon and provide 
additional clarity with respect to the process for disputes to be 
withdrawn from the Federal IDR process. Currently, there is no clear 
uniform process for parties, the certified IDR entity, or the 
Departments to withdraw a dispute from the Federal IDR process. To 
establish a process for withdrawals, the Departments propose four 
conditions in which a dispute may be withdrawn from the Federal IDR 
process by the initiating party, the Departments, or the certified IDR 
entity before a payment determination is made. Specifically, the 
Departments propose that a dispute may be withdrawn from the Federal 
IDR process if: (1) the initiating party provides notification through 
the Federal IDR portal to the Departments and the certified IDR entity 
(if selected) that both parties agree to withdraw the dispute from the 
Federal IDR process, with signatures from authorized signatories for 
both parties; (2) the initiating party provides a standard withdrawal 
request notice to the Departments, the certified IDR entity (if 
selected), and the non-initiating party, and the non-initiating party 
notifies the Secretary, certified IDR entity (if selected), and 
initiating party of its agreement to withdraw within 5 business days of 
the initiating party's request (or the non-initiating party fails to 
respond within 5 business days of the initiating party's request); (3) 
the certified IDR entity or the Departments cannot determine 
eligibility because both parties to the dispute are unresponsive to any 
requests for additional information to determine eligibility; or (4) 
the certified IDR entity cannot make a payment determination because 
both parties to the dispute have failed to submit an offer as described 
in section II.E.4. of this preamble. The Departments are of the view 
that these proposals would strike a balance between fairness to the 
disputing parties and efficiency of the Federal IDR process by 
generally requiring mutual agreement by the disputing parties to 
withdraw the dispute and providing that a dispute would be withdrawn in 
the event the parties are nonresponsive within the required timeframes.
    As discussed in section II.E.2. of this preamble, in response to 
the Departments' experiences with batched determinations and 
operationalizing the Federal IDR process, as well as consideration of 
interested parties' feedback, the Departments propose batching policies 
for the Federal IDR process to increase efficiency and create a 
workable framework for disputing parties and certified IDR entities. 
The Departments propose to implement batching provisions that would 
allow parties the flexibility to batch qualified IDR items and services 
(or ``line items'') that relate to the treatment of similar conditions, 
with necessary limitations to encourage efficiency. Specifically, the 
policy would allow all qualified IDR items and services within the 
following groupings to be batched together: (1) the items and services 
were furnished to a single patient during a patient encounter on one or 
more consecutive dates of service and billed on the same claim form 
(single patient encounter); (2) the items and services were furnished 
to one or more patients and billed under the same service code, or a 
comparable code under a different procedural code system; or (3) 
anesthesiology, radiology, pathology, and laboratory qualified IDR 
items and services were furnished under service codes belonging to the 
same Category I CPT code range, as specified in guidance by the 
Departments. The Departments are of the view that this approach would 
appropriately balance several objectives of the Federal IDR process, 
including: encouraging efficiency (including minimizing costs) within 
the Federal IDR process without unreasonably impeding payers' or 
providers' access to the Federal IDR process and considering relative 
costs and administrative burden; providing a framework to expedite 
processing of the backlog of Federal IDR disputes by simplifying the 
Federal IDR process while avoiding creating new operational 
complexities; and ensuring that items and services included in batched 
determinations have a clear organizing principle that makes for logical 
and consistent payment determinations across certified IDR entities in 
order to reduce the chance of disparate outcomes. The Departments also 
propose to codify the definition of a bundled payment arrangement, as 
currently set forth in guidance, at proposed 26 CFR 54.9816-3, 29 CFR 
2590.716-3, and 45 CFR 149.30.
    As discussed in section II.E.3. of this preamble, to implement a 
fair and efficient Federal IDR process, the Departments propose to 
amend the certified IDR entity and administrative fee provisions of the 
Federal IDR process to align financial incentives for disputing parties 
with the efforts associated with administering the Federal IDR process. 
The Departments propose to amend the provisions related to the time and 
manner of fee collection, such that an initiating party would be 
required to pay the non-refundable administrative fee within 2 business 
days of the date of preliminary selection of the certified IDR entity, 
and a non-initiating party would be required to pay the non-refundable 
administrative fee within 2 business days of being notified of an 
eligibility determination. The Departments also propose to add 
flexibility to the process by removing the requirement that certified 
IDR entities, rather than the Departments, must collect the 
administrative fee, and propose to directly collect the administrative 
fee from the parties. The Departments further propose to revise how the 
Federal IDR process applies when either party fails to timely pay the 
fees associated with the Federal IDR process. The Departments also 
propose charging the disputing parties a reduced administrative fee for 
low-dollar disputes and charging a non-initiating party a reduced 
administrative fee when either the certified IDR entity or the 
Departments determine the dispute is not eligible for the Federal IDR 
process. The Departments are of the view that these fee collection 
changes would ensure that disputing parties pay an administrative fee 
to participate in the Federal IDR process even if the dispute is 
determined to be ineligible, remove the operational burden from 
certified IDR entities of processing administrative fees and remitting 
them to the Departments, improve accessibility of the Federal IDR 
process for certain types of parties, more fairly allocate the costs 
associated with ineligible disputes, and help reduce the need for 
future increases to the administrative fee.
    As discussed in section II.E.5. of this preamble, the Departments 
are proposing to codify a generally applicable extension of time 
periods when the Departments determine that such extension is necessary 
due to extenuating circumstances that contribute to systematic delays 
in processing disputes under the Federal IDR process, such as a high 
volume of disputes or Federal IDR portal system failures. This would 
allow the Departments to extend the time periods under the Federal IDR 
process without requiring a case-by-case analysis of individual 
extension requests. The Departments are of the view that granting 
certain extensions in this manner would provide protection for parties 
engaged in the Federal IDR process from the impact of systematic 
processing delays and ensure that unforeseen circumstances do not 
unfairly disadvantage a party or hinder its ability to comply with the 
Federal

[[Page 75813]]

IDR process timeframes. This would also provide more transparency into 
the timing it would take for a dispute to be processed.
    As discussed in section II.F. of this preamble, the Departments 
propose requiring plans and issuers subject to the Federal IDR process 
to register with the Departments and provide general information on the 
application of the Federal IDR process to items or services covered by 
the plan or coverage. Providers, facilities, and providers of air 
ambulance services report that when they initiate open negotiations 
prior to initiating the Federal IDR process, it is often difficult to 
identify the plan or issuer with which they are seeking to initiate a 
dispute, determine the correct contact information for initiating open 
negotiation or a dispute, and delineate between different group health 
plans offered by the same plan sponsor. To address these issues, the 
Departments propose to make available a registry containing this 
information, which would help providers, facilities, and providers of 
air ambulance services initiate open negotiations and the Federal IDR 
process with all required information by resolving the aforementioned 
information-sharing issues between parties.

D. Summary of Impacts and Accounting Table--Departments of Health and 
Human Services and Labor

    The expected benefits and costs of these proposed rules are 
summarized in Table 6 and discussed in this section of the preamble. In 
accordance with OMB Circular A-4, Table 6 depicts an accounting 
statement summarizing the Departments' assessment of the benefits and 
costs associated with this regulatory action. The Departments are 
unable to quantify all benefits and costs of these proposed rules but 
have sought, where possible, to describe these non-quantified impacts. 
The effects in Table 6 reflect non-quantified impacts and estimated 
direct monetary costs resulting from the provisions of these proposed 
rules.
BILLING CODE 6325-63-P; 4830-01-P; 4510-29-P; 4120-01-P

[[Page 75814]]

[GRAPHIC] [TIFF OMITTED] TP03NO23.009


[[Page 75815]]


[GRAPHIC] [TIFF OMITTED] TP03NO23.010

BILLING CODE 6325-63-C; 4830-01-C; 4510-29-C; 4120-01-C
1. Benefits
    These rules seek to maximize benefits to providers, facilities, 
providers of air ambulance services, plans, and issuers and to reduce 
burdens on certified IDR entities. The Departments invite comment 
regarding the assumptions

[[Page 75816]]

made in this section and any additional benefits that would be 
associated with the proposals in these rules. The Departments also seek 
comment from individuals from minority and underserved communities, and 
providers who serve these individuals, to help address the benefits 
that would be associated with these proposed rules related to these 
communities specifically.
a. Use of Claim Adjustment Reason Codes and Remittance Advice Remark 
Codes
    The proposed new 26 CFR 54.9816-6A, 29 CFR 2590.716-6A, and 45 CFR 
149.100, which would require plans and issuers to use CARCs and RARCs 
to convey information related to the No Surprises Act as specified in 
guidance issued by the Departments or as required under any applicable 
adopted standards and operating rules under 45 CFR part 162, on 
electronic and paper remittance advice, would help to ensure plans and 
issuers provide information to providers, facilities, and providers of 
air ambulance services in a standardized manner and in standardized 
language so that they may understand whether and how the No Surprises 
Act applies to claims for out-of-network items and services and 
determine whether disputes are eligible for the Federal IDR process or 
subject to a specified State law or All-Payer Model Agreement for 
purposes of determining the out-of-network rate. Additionally, the use 
of CARCs and RARCs would further reduce the potential for the 
communication issues discussed in section II.B. of this preamble, and 
would help providers, facilities, and providers of air ambulance 
services identify items and services that are not subject to the No 
Surprises Act's balance billing protections and thus identify items and 
services that are not eligible for the Federal IDR process.
    By ensuring that a plan or issuer communicates information related 
to whether a claim for an item or service furnished by an entity that 
does not have a direct or indirect contractual relationship with the 
plan or issuer for the furnishing of the item or service under the plan 
or coverage is subject to the prohibitions on balance billing in the No 
Surprises Act, the proposed CARC and RARC requirements would reduce the 
number of ineligible payment disputes submitted to the Federal IDR 
process, as further described in section V.D.1.l. of this preamble. The 
potential reduction in ineligible Federal IDR disputes could result in 
faster payment determinations, which in turn would result in providers, 
facilities, and providers of air ambulance services receiving 
reimbursements sooner.
b. Information To Be Shared About the QPA (26 CFR 54.9816-6T, 29 CFR 
2590.716-6, and 45 CFR 149.140)
    These proposed rules would revise 26 CFR 54.9816-6T(d), 29 CFR 
2590.716-6(d), and 45 CFR 149.140(d) to specify that plans and issuers 
must disclose the QPA and certain information about the QPA when cost 
sharing is calculated using the QPA or the billed amount (including for 
air ambulance services, for which the term ``recognized amount'' is 
inapplicable). These proposed revisions would provide greater clarity 
regarding when these disclosures must be provided.
    Further, the proposed amendments at 26 CFR 54.9816-6, 29 CFR 
2590.716-6, and 45 CFR 149.140 would require plans and issuers to 
disclose the legal business name (if any) of the plan or issuer; the 
legal business name of the plan sponsor (if applicable); the 
registration number assigned under 26 CFR 54.9816-9, 29 CFR 2590.716-9, 
or 45 CFR 149.530, as applicable, if the plan or issuer is registered 
with the Federal IDR registry. The proposed amendments would help 
ensure that payment disputes are directed to the appropriate parties, 
facilitate more productive open negotiations, and reduce the number of 
ineligible disputes ultimately submitted to the Federal IDR process (as 
further described in section V.D.1.l. of this preamble). Additionally, 
the required disclosure of the legal business name (if any) of the plan 
or issuer, the legal business name of the plan sponsor (if applicable), 
and the registration number would help providers, facilities, and 
providers of air ambulance services look up plans, plan sponsors, and 
issuers in the Federal IDR registry that would be established under 
these proposed rules.
c. Open Negotiation
    The Departments propose to amend the open negotiation provisions at 
26 CFR 54.9816-8(b)(1), 29 CFR 2590.716-8(b)(1), and 45 CFR 
149.510(b)(1) to require the party initiating open negotiations to 
provide an open negotiation notice and supporting documentation to the 
other party and the Departments through the Federal IDR portal to 
initiate the open negotiation period. The Departments also propose to 
expand the required information on the open negotiation notice to 
include new elements. Furthermore, the Departments propose that the 
party in receipt of the open negotiation notice would be required to 
provide a response to the open negotiation notice and supporting 
documentation to the other party and the Departments no later than the 
15th business day of the 30-business-day open negotiation period. Both 
of these notice provisions require the parties to provide specific 
information detailed in the proposed regulatory text.
    The Departments propose these changes to improve information 
sharing among the parties and the Departments. The Departments are of 
the view that this proposal would create more certainty regarding 
whether and when a party began open negotiations by recording start and 
end dates. Furthermore, this proposal may allow the parties to focus 
negotiations on items or services they believe would ultimately be 
eligible for the Federal IDR process. This proposal would also create 
an additional exchange of eligibility-related disclosures between the 
parties that may reduce the number of ineligible disputes submitted to 
the Federal IDR process, as further described in section V.D.1.l. of 
this preamble. While the Departments have issued guidance to clarify 
that the use of an issuer's proprietary open negotiation portal is not 
required by the parties, many issuers currently maintain their own open 
negotiation portals and encourage parties to submit notices through 
them. This proposal would benefit providers, facilities, and providers 
of air ambulance services by creating a centralized location in which 
they can exchange information for open negotiation, as opposed to using 
different portals and systems depending on the plan or issuer. These 
proposed requirements would reduce the number of platforms or vehicles 
the party submitting the open negotiation notice currently use to 
furnish the notices and supporting documentation to both the 
Departments and the other party.
d. Initiating the Federal IDR Process and Notice of IDR Initiation
    The Departments propose changes to 26 CFR 54.9816-8(b)(2), 29 CFR 
2590.716-8(b)(2), and 45 CFR 149.510(b)(2). Specifically, the 
Departments propose to require the initiating party to provide 
additional elements on the notice of IDR initiation, including expanded 
information to identify the disputing parties (as well as any third 
party representing a party) and additional information to identify the 
item or service subject to the dispute.
    Similarly, the Departments propose to require the non-initiating 
party to provide a response to the notice of IDR initiation that must 
include an enumerated list of information with

[[Page 75817]]

additional disclosures, such as either a statement agreeing to the 
preferred certified IDR entity or an alternative preferred certified 
IDR entity, and an attestation as to the eligibility of the item or 
service that is the subject of the dispute. The Departments are of the 
view that these additional elements would assist in determining whether 
the item or services is eligible for the Federal IDR process, allow for 
a streamlined process to track dispute initiation, enhance 
communication among the parties, and facilitate a more efficient 
process of IDR initiation. Information about why the non-initiating 
party believes the dispute is ineligible for the Federal IDR process 
would assist the Departments or the certified IDR entity in its review 
of dispute eligibility, thereby streamlining the eligibility review 
process.
    Additionally, by streamlining the submission of these notices 
through the Federal IDR portal, including the open negotiation notice 
and open negotiation response notice, the Departments may be able to 
use information that was submitted for one notice to pre-populate 
subsequent notices, reducing the burden of providing duplicative 
information. For instance, if a party that submitted the open 
negotiation notice through the Federal IDR portal decides to initiate 
the Federal IDR process after the open negotiation period has ended, 
the Departments anticipate that the Federal IDR portal may be able to 
pre-populate the fields in the notice of IDR initiation with the same 
information that was provided in the open negotiation notice. 
Furthermore, these proposed requirements would reduce the number of 
platforms or vehicles the initiating party must use in order to furnish 
the notice of IDR initiation and supporting documentation to both the 
Departments and the other party. This administrative streamlining would 
simplify the burden on initiating parties and would create greater 
efficiency.
e. Certified IDR Entity Selection
    The Departments propose amending 26 CFR 54.9816-8(c)(1), 29 CFR 
2590.716-8(c)(1), and 45 CFR 149.510(c)(1) regarding the process for 
certified IDR entity selection and submission of the notice of 
certified IDR entity selection. In the Departments' experience 
implementing the Federal IDR process, when a non-initiating party waits 
until the third business day after the date of IDR initiation to select 
an alternative preferred certified IDR entity, the initiating party 
lacks sufficient time to agree or object to the alternative preferred 
certified IDR entity. To provide the parties sufficient opportunity to 
agree or object to an alternative preferred certified IDR entity, the 
Departments propose that if the party last in receipt of either the 
notice of IDR initiation response or the notice of certified IDR entity 
selection received the notice on the third business day after the date 
of IDR initiation and did not agree to the other party's alternative 
preferred certified IDR entity by the end of third business day after 
the date of IDR initiation, the Departments would provide the party 2 
additional business days to agree or object to other party's 
alternative preferred certified IDR entity selection. Further, to 
provide clarity and to codify the process and timeframes for selecting 
a certified IDR entity, the certified IDR entity's conflict-of-interest 
review, and the date the certified IDR entity selection is considered 
finally selected, the Departments propose to establish a process that 
includes both preliminary selection of the certified IDR entity and 
final selection of the certified IDR entity. The Departments are of the 
view that the conflict-of-interest review by the certified IDR entity 
should not cut into the time periods for either the disputing parties 
to submit their offers or for the certified IDR entity to make a 
payment determination. For this reason, the Departments propose 
requirements that would provide for a certified IDR entity conflict-of-
interest review process that must be conducted before a preliminary 
selection of the certified IDR entity is considered a final selected 
certified IDR entity. Under these proposed rules, the final selection 
of the certified IDR entity would trigger the timeframes for conducting 
an eligibility review, accepting offers of an out-of-network payment 
amount, and making a payment determination. The Departments are of the 
view that this proposal would streamline the exchange of information 
between parties, provide clarity on the dates that trigger the 
timeframes for offer submission and payment determinations, and relieve 
the time constraints on certified IDR entities by not having the 
conflict-of-interest review cut into the timeframe for payment 
determinations.
f. Federal IDR Process Eligibility Determinations
    The Departments propose amending 26 CFR 54.9816-8(c), 29 CFR 
2590.716-8(c), and 45 CFR 149.510(c) to make Federal IDR process 
eligibility determinations the responsibility of the Departments in 
certain circumstances. Under this proposal, when certain criteria are 
met as discussed in section II.E.1.b. of this preamble, the Departments 
would determine whether the dispute is eligible and make the 
eligibility determination for the Federal IDR process (that is, 
departmental eligibility review). If the dispute is found to be 
eligible, the Departments would send it to the certified IDR entity to 
continue the Federal IDR process. If the dispute is found to be 
ineligible for the Federal IDR process, it would be closed.
    When the Departments are conducting eligibility determinations, it 
would relieve the burden on certified IDR entities of this 
responsibility and help ensure that they can focus their time and 
resources on payment determinations in accordance with statutory 
timeframes.
g. Withdrawals
    The Departments propose to add 26 CFR 54.9816-8(c)(3)(ii), 29 CFR 
2590.716-8(c)(3)(ii), and 45 CFR 149.510(c)(3)(ii) to establish a 
process for disputes to be withdrawn from the Federal IDR process. 
First, these proposed rules would allow a dispute to be withdrawn from 
the Federal IDR process if the initiating party provides notification 
through the Federal IDR portal to the Departments and the certified IDR 
entity (if selected) that both parties agree to withdraw the dispute, 
with signatures from authorized signatories for both parties. These 
proposed rules would also establish that the initiating party could 
withdraw a dispute by submitting a standard withdrawal request notice 
to the Departments, the non-initiating party, and the certified IDR 
entity (if selected) through the Federal IDR portal. In this case, the 
non-initiating party would then be required to provide the standard 
withdrawal request response notice within 5 business days indicating 
agreement or objection to the request for withdrawal. If the non-
initiating party fails to respond within 5 business days of the 
initiating party's request, the non-initiating party would be 
considered to have agreed to the dispute's withdrawal.
    The Departments also propose to establish that the certified IDR 
entity or the Departments could withdraw a dispute from the Federal IDR 
process if the certified IDR entity or the Departments cannot determine 
eligibility because both parties are unresponsive to any requests for 
additional information to determine eligibility, or if the certified 
IDR entity cannot make a payment determination because both parties 
have failed to submit an offer as described in 26 CFR 54.9816-
8(c)(5)(i), 29 CFR 2590.716-8(c)(5)(i), and 45 CFR 149.510(c)(5)(i). 
The Departments are of the view that these proposals would both create

[[Page 75818]]

fairness to the disputing parties and encourage efficiency of the 
Federal IDR process by generally requiring mutual agreement by the 
disputing parties to withdraw the dispute and providing that the 
dispute would be withdrawn in the event the parties are nonresponsive 
within the required timeframes. The Departments also are of the view 
that permitting the withdrawal of a dispute in such cases would 
decrease the number of payment determinations the certified IDR entity 
is required to adjudicate, improving efficiency of the Federal IDR 
process.
h. Treatment of Batched Items and Services
    The Departments propose to amend the batching polices in response 
to the Departments' experiences with batched determinations and 
operationalizing the Federal IDR process, as well as consideration of 
interested parties' feedback regarding the Federal IDR process. Under 
this proposal, the Departments would allow parties the flexibility to 
batch qualified IDR items and services (or ``line items'') that relate 
to the treatment of similar conditions with necessary limitations to 
encourage efficiency. Specifically, the policy would allow all 
qualified IDR items and services to be batched by: (1) items and 
services furnished to a single patient during a patient encounter on 
one or more consecutive dates of service and billed on the same claim 
form (single patient encounter); (2) items and services were furnished 
to one or more patients and billed under the same service code, or a 
comparable code under a different procedural code system; or (3) 
anesthesiology, radiology, pathology, and laboratory IDR items and 
services furnished under service codes belonging to the same Category I 
CPT code range, as specified in guidance by the Departments, in order 
to address the unique circumstances of certain medical specialties and 
provider types.
    As discussed in section II.E.2. of this preamble, the Departments 
are of the view this approach would encourage efficiency (including 
minimizing costs) within the Federal IDR process without unreasonably 
impeding payers' or providers' access to the Federal IDR process 
considering relative costs and administrative burden; provide a 
framework to expedite processing of the backlog of Federal IDR disputes 
by simplifying the Federal IDR process; and ensure that items and 
services included in batched determinations have a clear organizing 
principle that makes for logical and consistent payment determinations 
across certified IDR entities to reduce the chance of disparate 
outcomes.
i. Administrative and Certified IDR Entity Fee Collection
i. Establishment of the Administrative Fee Amount and Methodology
    First, the Departments propose revisions to the methodology for 
setting the administrative fee and propose new reduced administrative 
fee amounts. The revised methodology and amounts would account for the 
proposals in these proposed rules, such as the reduced administrative 
fees for ineligible disputes and low-dollar disputes discussed in 
sections II.E.3.e. and II.E.3.f. of this preamble, while still 
complying with the statutory requirement that the Departments set the 
administrative fee amount such that the total amount of fees paid for 
such year is estimated to be equal to the amount of expenditures 
estimated to be made by the Departments for such year in carrying out 
the Federal IDR process. These proposals would allow the Departments to 
administer the Federal IDR process and be responsive to the needs of 
the program by updating the methodology and administrative fee amounts 
in conjunction with policy and operational improvements to the process.
ii. Time of Collection of Administrative Fee and Certified IDR Entity 
Fee
    Second, the Departments are proposing to amend the provisions 
related to the time of administrative fee collection such that an 
initiating party would be required to pay the non-refundable 
administrative fee within 2 business days of the date of preliminary 
selection of the certified IDR entity, which occurs before an 
eligibility determination is complete, and the non-initiating party 
would be required to pay the non-refundable administrative fee within 2 
business days of the non-initiating party receiving notice of an 
eligibility determination. Specifically, an initiating party would be 
expected to pay the administrative fee regardless of whether the 
dispute is determined eligible for the Federal IDR process. Because the 
administrative fees are currently non-refundable and under the current 
regulation and associated impact analysis, this benefit is unchanged. 
The Departments are of the view that the effect of this change in 
benefits experienced as a result of this proposal on disputing parties 
would be minimal.
    Overall, the Departments are of the view that this proposal would 
promote the objective of costs of using the Federal IDR process being 
proportionately borne by parties to both eligible and ineligible 
disputes.
iii. Manner of Administrative Fee Collection
    Third, the Departments are proposing to directly collect the 
administrative fee from each party. Because the administrative fees are 
always non-refundable, the Departments are of the view that the impact 
of this proposed change would be minimal. The Departments anticipate 
that direct collection of the administrative fee by the Departments 
would reduce the burden on certified IDR entities, as it would remove 
the requirement that certified IDR entities collect this fee and later 
remit it to the Departments upon dispute closure. This burden is 
currently approved under OMB control number 1210-0169 and accounts for 
an average of 18 hours of clerical worker time annually per certified 
IDR entity, as discussed further in section V.F.7. of this 
preamble.\196\ If this policy is finalized, the Departments anticipate 
this change would have minimal impact on the certified IDR entities, as 
certified IDR entities would continue to collect certified IDR entity 
fees from disputing parties.
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

    \196\ OMB Control Number: 1210-0169 (No Surprises Act: IDR 
Process). The burden is estimated as follows: (18 hours x $39.56) = 
$712.08 per certified IDR entity. A labor rate of $39.56 is used for 
a clerical worker. The labor rates are applied in the following 
calculation: (13 x 18 hours x $39.56) = $9,257.
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

iv. Application of Federal IDR Process Requirements in Circumstances 
Involving a Failure To Pay Certified IDR Entity Fees or Administrative 
Fees
    Fourth, the Departments propose to clarify how the Federal IDR 
process applies when either party fails to timely pay the fees 
associated with the Federal IDR process. Specifically, the failure to 
pay the administrative fee by an initiating party would result in the 
closure of the dispute due to nonpayment, and failure to pay the 
certified IDR entity fee by an initiating party would result in the 
certified IDR entity not considering the initiating party's offer. 
Nonpayment of the certified IDR entity fee or administrative fee by a 
non-initiating party would result in the certified IDR entity not 
considering the non-initiating party's offer. The Departments are of 
the view that the impact of this change would be minimal. The purpose 
of this policy is to codify the sub-regulatory guidance that already 
exists and allow the closure of disputes in which the initiating party

[[Page 75819]]

does not provide the appropriate administrative fee payment.
v. Administrative Fee Structure for Disputing Parties in Low-Dollar 
Disputes
    Fifth, the Departments propose to charge both parties a reduced 
administrative fee when the initiating party attests that the highest 
offer (or aggregate offers for a dispute, whether the dispute is for 
one item or service, a bundled arrangement, or multiple items and 
services submitted as part of a batched dispute) made during open 
negotiation by either disputing party was less than the predetermined 
threshold. Because a reduction to the administrative fee would only be 
made in these limited situations, the Departments are of the view that 
the impact of this change would be minimal for most parties, 
particularly if the value of disputes increases as intended under the 
batching policies proposed in these rules, if finalized.
    Furthermore, the Departments are of the view that this proposal 
would have a positive impact on some initiating parties, particularly 
small providers or providers in rural areas, that may not be able to 
efficiently access the Federal IDR process even under the batching 
policies proposed in these rules. Even though the Departments estimate 
in the Regulatory Flexibility Act analysis later in these proposed 
rules that there are approximately 66,000 small physicians \197\ that 
may access the Federal IDR process, the Departments lack the data or 
ability to estimate how many providers would actually initiate the 
Federal IDR process and how many would or would not be able to 
efficiently initiate the process under the proposed batching policies 
in these rules and would therefore be impacted by the proposed reduced 
administrative fee for low-dollar disputes. The Departments seek 
comment on data sources or other resources to quantitatively estimate 
the benefits to this population and how to estimate the proportion of 
disputes that would be impacted by this policy.
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

    \197\ Based on data from the NAICS Association for NAICS code 
62111 (Offices of Physicians), the Departments estimate the percent 
of businesses within the industry of Offices of Physicians with less 
than $16 million in annual sales. By this standard, the Departments 
estimate that 47.2 percent or 66,207 physicians are considered small 
under the SBA's size standards. See https://www.census.gov/data/tables/2017/econ/susb/2017-susb-annual.html.
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

vi. Administrative Fee Structure for Non-Initiating Parties in 
Ineligible Disputes
    The Departments propose to charge the non-initiating party a 
reduced administrative fee when either the certified IDR entity or the 
Departments determine the entire dispute is not eligible for the 
Federal IDR process. Because a reduction to the administrative fee 
would be made only in this limited situation and one other situation 
(for low-dollar disputes), the Departments are of the view that the 
impact of this change would be minimal, particularly if the volume of 
ineligible disputes is reduced as anticipated due to the other policies 
proposed in these rules. The Departments are of the view that system 
improvements coupled with a reduced administrative fee in ineligible 
disputes may incentivize non-initiating parties to proactively raise 
and provide documentation to support eligibility challenges earlier in 
open negotiation or the Federal IDR process. This may result in a 
reduction in the volume of ineligible disputes (as further described in 
section V.D.1.l. of this preamble) and therefore reduce program 
administrative costs for the Departments overall. The Departments seek 
comment on the impact of a reduced administrative fee for non-
initiating parties in ineligible disputes, including whether bad faith 
challenges to dispute eligibility may increase burden and whether 
modifications to the guidance for disputing parties are needed to 
prevent bad faith challenges to dispute eligibility.
j. Extension of Time Periods for Extenuating Circumstances
    The Departments are proposing to amend 26 CFR 54.9816-8(g), 29 CFR 
2590.716-8(g), and 45 CFR 149.510(g) to establish at paragraph 
(g)(1)(i) that the Departments, or at the request of a certified IDR 
entity or a party, would determine whether an extension is necessary 
because the parties or certified IDR entity cannot meet applicable 
timeframes due to matters beyond the control of the certified IDR 
entity or one or both parties, or for other good cause. Under these 
proposed rules, the Departments would provide an extension of the time 
periods if they identify unforeseen or good cause delays on a case-by-
case basis, as opposed to solely relying on one of the parties to 
submit an extension request. The Departments may detect these issues 
before either party would, and could immediately grant the necessary 
extension without having to wait for the submission of a formal 
request.
    The Departments also propose to establish at 26 CFR 54.9816-
8(g)(1)(ii), 29 CFR 2590.716-8(g)(1)(ii), and 45 CFR 149.510(g)(1)(ii) 
to codify a generally applicable extension of time periods when the 
Departments determine that such extension is necessary due to 
extenuating circumstances that contribute to systematic delays in 
processing disputes under the Federal IDR process, such as a high 
volume of disputes or Federal IDR portal system failures. The 
Departments would also post a public notice about any generally 
applicable extensions of time periods. Under these proposed changes, 
the Departments would extend the time periods under the Federal IDR 
process without requiring a case-by-case analysis of individual 
extension requests. The Departments are of the view that granting 
certain extensions in this manner would provide protection for parties 
engaged in the Federal IDR process from the impact of systematic 
processing delays and ensure that unforeseen circumstances do not 
unfairly disadvantage a party or hinder its ability to comply with the 
Federal IDR process timeframes. This would also provide more 
transparency into the time it would take for a dispute to be processed.
k. Registration of Group Health Plans and Health Insurance Issuers
    Access to the IDR registry would provide a single, centralized 
place for initiating parties to find contact information for a plan or 
issuer, therefore reducing time spent by providers, facilities, and 
providers of air ambulance services when they initiate open 
negotiations. The registry would also help reduce wasted effort on 
inappropriately initiated disputes for certified IDR entities, as well 
as both initiating and non-initiating parties, by minimizing: (1) 
disputes initiated against the wrong party; (2) disputes over items or 
services that are subject to a specified State law or All-Payer Model 
Agreement; and (3) disputes that are incorrectly batched.
l. Reduction in Ineligible Disputes
    The Departments anticipate that provisions of these proposed rules, 
in particular the proposed use of RARCs and CARCs, the proposed 
requirements in the open negotiation notice and response and the IDR 
initiation notice and response, the proposed modifications to batching 
requirements, the proposal to require the initiating party to pay the 
non-refundable administrative fee earlier in the

[[Page 75820]]

initiation process, and the proposed registry for group health plans 
and health insurance issuers, would reduce the number of ineligible 
disputes initiated in the Federal IDR process each year. Preliminary 
internal data indicate that between June 2022 and May 2023, 
approximately 48,000 disputes were determined to be ineligible by 
certified IDR entities. Based on this data and the rates of 
ineligibility attributable to various reasons (for example, State 
jurisdiction over the dispute or the dispute being initiated against 
the wrong non-initiating party), the Departments estimate that a total 
decrease in ineligible disputes of approximately 50 to 75 percent, or 
24,000 to 36,000 disputes, could result from the cumulative impact of 
these proposals each year. The Departments have calculated this 
estimated range to reflect that the proposals in these rules, while 
severable, may work in concert with one another to reduce ineligible 
disputes. Uncertainties in the reduction of ineligible disputes remain, 
and the Departments note that variables such as the number of disputes 
initiated have changed over time and may continue to fluctuate. 
Therefore, it is possible that the number of ineligible disputes 
ultimately prevented by the proposals in these rules could be outside 
of the range estimated in this paragraph.
2. Costs
    These proposed rules seek to minimize costs to providers, 
facilities, providers of air ambulance services, plans, and issuers. 
The Departments seek comments on the assumptions made in this section 
and any additional costs that would be incurred by affected parties 
associated with the proposals in these proposed rules. The Departments 
also seek comment from individuals from minority and underserved 
communities, and providers who serve these individuals, to help address 
the costs that would be associated with these proposed rules related to 
these communities specifically.
a. Required Use of CARCs and RARCs
    Plans and issuers would incur costs to comply with the requirements 
of these proposed rules related to the use of CARCs and RARCs. Plans 
and issuers would be required to use CARCs and RARCs on both electronic 
and paper remittance advice, in accordance with guidance issued by the 
Departments or as required under any applicable, adopted standards and 
operating rules under 45 CFR part 162. This would be necessary when 
processing out-of-network claims \198\ to communicate information 
related to whether a claim for an item or service furnished by an 
entity that does not have a direct or indirect contractual relationship 
with the plan or issuer for the furnishing of the item or service under 
the plan or coverage is subject to the No Surprises Act's surprise 
billing provisions.
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

    \198\ This requirement would not apply to claims submitted by a 
participant, beneficiary, or enrollee directly to the plan or issuer 
for items or services furnished by a nonparticipating provider or 
nonparticipating facility.
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

    The Departments estimate that 1,500 issuers \199\ and 205 TPAs 
\200\ would incur costs to automate the process to include the 
appropriate CARCs and RARCs in the appropriate remittance documents and 
comply with the proposed provisions. The Departments anticipate that 
issuers and TPAs would need to make annual changes to their IT systems 
to accommodate additional No Surprises Act-related CARCs and RARCs that 
may be required by the Departments in future guidance, or as required 
under any applicable adopted standards and operating rules under 45 CFR 
part 162. The Departments estimate that each issuer or TPA would 
require a computer programmer 8 hours (at an hourly rate of $98.84) 
\201\ to make annual changes to their IT system to allow for the 
incorporation of newly developed No Surprises Act-related CARCs and 
RARCs into their remittance documents and an operations manager 1 hour 
(at an hourly rate of $118.14) to annually verify accuracy and 
accessibility. The Departments estimate that each issuer or TPA would 
require a total of 9 hours annually, with an associated cost of $909. 
For all issuers and TPAs, the Departments estimate an annual burden of 
15,345 hours, with an associated total annual cost of $1,549,606 
beginning in 2024.
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    \199\ Based on data from MLR annual report for the 2021 MLR 
reporting year. See https://www.cms.gov/CCIIO/Resources/Data-Resources/mlr.
    \200\ Non-issuer TPAs based on data derived from the 2016 
benefit year reinsurance program contributions.
    \201\ Wage rate derived from the BLS May 2022 National 
Occupational Employment and Wage Estimates for Computer Programmer 
(occupation 15-1251). Mean hourly rate ($49.42) has been increased 
by 100 percent to account for the cost of fringe benefits and other 
indirect costs ($49.42 * 100% = $98.84).
[GRAPHIC] [TIFF OMITTED] TP03NO23.011

    The Departments anticipate that most issuers and TPAs that are 
subject to HIPAA Administrative Simplification requirements currently 
use ERA and therefore are already required to use CARCs and RARCs in 
their ERAs to providers. However, the Departments recognize that some 
plans, issuers, and TPAs may not have the capacity to use more than one 
CARC and RARC per line item or may not currently use CARCs and RARCs 
when providing paper remittances. These issuers and TPAs would incur a 
higher burden and cost associated with the proposed provisions, 
particularly to the extent that an issuer or TPA is required to use 
multiple CARCs and RARCs per line item. In addition, plans and issuers 
with narrow networks may incur increased costs, as they would likely 
process more out-of-network claims to which this proposal would apply. 
The Departments anticipate that TPAs would, in general, pass on the 
costs to implement the use of CARCs and RARCs to plan sponsors, which 
in turn could be passed on to participants in the form of higher 
premiums or contributions.

[[Page 75821]]

    The Departments seek comment on these estimates, the number of 
issuers or TPAs that do not currently have the ability to use CARCs and 
RARCs on paper remittance documents, what the burden and cost would be, 
and if any of those costs would be passed on to plan sponsors, to meet 
the requirements of this proposed provision. The Departments 
specifically seek comment on whether plans and issuers generally have 
the ability to use CARCs and RARCs in both paper and electronic 
remittance advice, or just electronic remittance advice. The 
Departments recognize that an issuer's or TPA's current IT structure 
could play a role in their ability to meet the requirements in the 
proposed provisions and the ability to apply more than one CARC and 
RARC combination on a single line item, if required in certain 
scenarios. The Departments seek comment on issuers' and TPAs' 
capability to implement new No Surprises Act-specific CARCs and RARCs 
and to use more than one CARC and RARC combination on a single line 
item if necessary; what barriers plans, issuers, and TPAs may face in 
developing and implementing this capability; and what associated burden 
and cost would be incurred to implement and operationalize this 
capability for both electronic and paper remittances.
    In addition, the use of CARCs and RARCs on both electronic and 
paper remittance advice would potentially reduce costs to certified IDR 
entities by reducing the number of ineligible payment disputes 
submitted to the Federal IDR process, as further described in section 
V.D.1.l. of this preamble. It would also reduce administrative costs 
incurred by parties related to initiating and responding to ineligible 
payment disputes.
b. Information To Be Shared About the QPA
    As detailed in section V.F.2. of this preamble, the Departments 
estimate that in the aggregate plans (or their TPAs) and issuers would 
incur a total one-time cost in 2024 of approximately $505,567 to make 
changes to the currently required QPA notification to incorporate the 
additional information described in proposed amendments to paragraphs 
26 CFR 54.9816-6(d)(1)(iv) and (v), 29 CFR 2590.716-6(d)(1)(iv) and 
(v), and 45 CFR 149.140(d)(1)(iv) and (v).
c. Open Negotiation
    The Departments propose to amend the open negotiation provisions to 
require the party initiating open negotiations to provide an open 
negotiation notice and supporting documentation to the other party and 
the Departments through the Federal IDR portal to initiate the open 
negotiation period. The Departments propose to expand the required 
information on the open negotiation notice to include new elements. 
Furthermore, the party in receipt of the open negotiation notice would 
be required to provide a response to the open negotiation notice within 
the first 15 business days of 30-business-day open negotiation period.
    To implement this proposal and other proposals in these proposed 
rules impacting the submission of information to the Federal IDR portal 
(including the proposals pertaining to the notice of IDR initiation and 
notice of IDR initiation response forms, the notice of certified IDR 
entity selection form, and the departmental eligibility review), the 
Departments would need to implement system changes to the Federal IDR 
portal to ensure parties are able to submit the open negotiation notice 
through the portal to the other party and the Departments, and to allow 
for a response from the non-initiating party. The Departments estimate 
that their costs to implement all portal system changes described in 
these proposed rules would be approximately $11,000,000 in fiscal year 
2024. While some plans or issuers have created their own proprietary 
portals to facilitate open negotiations, providers, facilities, and 
providers of air ambulance services are not required to use them, and 
the Departments are of the view that there would be significant 
efficiencies in having one central location where providers, 
facilities, and providers of air ambulance services could initiate open 
negotiations across all plans and issuers.
    The Departments estimate that these proposed rules would increase 
burden and create burden for the parties submitting the open 
negotiation notice and the proposed open negotiation response 
notice.\202\ The total burden associated with these new requirements 
for parties would be 420,000 hours at a cost of $44,079,000 in 2024 and 
840,000 hours at a cost of $88,158,000 annually beginning in 2025. The 
burden associated with this information collection is discussed further 
in section V.F.3. of this preamble.
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

    \202\ OMB Control Number: 1210-0169 (No Surprises Act: IDR 
Process).
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

    The Departments seek comment on these costs and any other burdens 
interested parties foresee resulting from this proposal.
d. Initiating the Federal IDR Process and Notice of IDR Initiation
    The Departments are proposing changes impacting the process for 
initiating the Federal IDR process and the notice of IDR initiation. 
The cost associated with updates to the Federal IDR portal for IDR 
initiation are described in the previous section V.D.2.c. regarding 
open negotiation costs. The Departments are proposing these changes to 
accelerate dispute processing and reduce the burden on certified IDR 
entities. Specifically, the Departments propose to require the 
initiating party to provide additional information and supporting 
documentation on the notice of IDR initiation. The Departments also 
propose to require the non-initiating party to provide a response to 
the notice of IDR initiation within 3 business days of the date of IDR 
initiation that must include an enumerated list of information with 
additional disclosures, including a statement agreeing to the preferred 
certified IDR entity or providing an alternative preferred certified 
IDR entity, information regarding the eligibility of the item or 
service subject to the dispute, and supporting documentation. These 
proposals would increase the administrative burden for parties as they 
add information requirements that parties must submit at the initiation 
of the Federal IDR process. The Departments estimate that the total 
combined burden associated with the new requirements for all parties 
would be 315,000 hours at a cost of $33,059,250 in 2024 and 630,000 
hours at a cost of $66,118,500 annually beginning in 2025. The burden 
associated with this information collection is discussed further in 
section V.F.4.a. of this preamble.
e. Certified IDR Entity Selection
    The Departments propose to amend the process for the preliminary 
selection of the certified IDR entity and the submission of the notice 
of certified IDR entity selection. Specifically, under these proposed 
rules, the Departments propose that the non-initiating party must agree 
or object to the preferred certified IDR entity in the notice of IDR 
initiation response within 3 business days after the date of IDR 
initiation as discussed in section II.D.2.b. of this preamble. Due to 
this proposed change, the initiating party would only be required to 
submit the notice of certified IDR entity selection if the non-
initiating party submits an alternative preferred certified IDR entity 
in the notice of IDR initiation response. The initiating party

[[Page 75822]]

would submit its notice agreeing or objecting to the non-initiating's 
alternative preferred certified IDR entity through the Federal IDR 
portal. The non-initiating party would only be required to submit the 
notice of certified IDR entity selection if the initiating party 
provides an alternative preferred certified IDR entity in the notice of 
certified IDR entity selection within the 3-business-day period 
following the date of IDR initiation. As such, the burden associated 
with this collection would be increased by approximately $418,621 and 
is described further in section V.F.4.b. of this preamble.
f. Federal IDR Eligibility Determinations
    The Departments propose amending 26 CFR 54.9816-8(c)(1)(v), 29 CFR 
2590.716-8(c)(1)(v), and 45 CFR 149.510(c)(1)(v) to make Federal IDR 
process eligibility determinations the responsibility of the 
Departments in certain circumstances, at the discretion of the 
Departments. Under this proposal to invoke a departmental eligibility 
review when certain criteria are met as discussed in section II.E.1.b. 
of this preamble, following IDR initiation, the Departments would 
evaluate whether the dispute is eligible for the Federal IDR process 
and make an eligibility determination. If the dispute is found to be 
eligible, the Departments would send it to the certified IDR entity to 
continue the Federal IDR process. If the dispute is found to be 
ineligible for the Federal IDR process, it would be closed.
    By assuming the responsibility for Federal IDR process eligibility 
determinations, the Departments would incur costs that have thus far 
been incurred primarily by certified IDR entities. Therefore, it is 
important to note that these costs generally represent a transfer of 
costs (from certified IDR entities to the Departments) rather than 
actual new costs associated with the Federal IDR process. It is equally 
important to note that the Departments cannot quantify the full extent 
of these costs as they are now being incurred by certified IDR 
entities, and the Departments are not privy to their finances. As such, 
these estimates should be considered as the Departments' best 
approximations based on limited information.
    These costs would vary depending on whether the departmental 
eligibility review for Federal IDR process eligibility determinations 
is in effect or not and may also vary considerably based on Federal IDR 
process dispute volume. When the departmental eligibility review is not 
in effect, the Departments would incur fewer costs, as they would not 
be responsible for Federal IDR process eligibility determinations. The 
Departments estimate that they would incur a one-time ``startup'' cost 
for system and operations development in the first year beginning when 
these proposed rules are finalized and go into effect, which is 
included in the cost of the overall Federal IDR portal build described 
in section V.D.2.c. of this preamble, and ongoing operations and 
maintenance costs of $463,320 annually thereafter. When the 
departmental eligibility review is in effect, the Departments would be 
making eligibility determinations for disputes submitted to the Federal 
IDR process, which would incur a much higher level of burden, including 
responsibilities such as regulatory analysis, outreach, quality 
assurance, administrative activities, and close coordination among 
multiple parties. The Departments estimate that this would cost 
approximately $17,199,000 in 2024 and $41,277,600 per year beginning in 
2025. The Departments wish to reiterate the draft nature of these 
estimates and their strong dependency on Federal IDR process volume, 
which is highly challenging to predict. As such, the Departments 
encourage comment and feedback.
g. Withdrawals
    The Departments propose to add 26 CFR 54.9816-8(c)(3)(ii), 29 CFR 
2590.716-8(c)(3)(ii), and 45 CFR 149.510(c)(3)(ii) to establish a 
process for disputes to be withdrawn from the Federal IDR process. If 
the withdrawal is not agreed upon by both parties, these proposed rules 
would require the initiating party to submit a withdrawal request to 
the Departments and the non-initiating party through the Federal IDR 
portal. The non-initiating party would then be required to provide a 
response within 5 business days indicating agreement or objection to 
the request for withdrawal. If the non-initiating party fails to 
respond within 5 business days of the initiating party's request, the 
non-initiating party would be considered to have agreed to the 
dispute's withdrawal. This new collection would result in a cost to the 
parties of $455,196 in 2024 ($372,120 for initiating parties and 
$83,076 for non-initiating parties) and $910,392 ($744,240 for 
initiating parties and $166,152 for non-initiating parties) annually 
beginning in 2025, as discussed further in section V.F.6. of this 
preamble.
h. Treatment of Batched Items and Services
    The Departments propose to amend the batching policies in response 
to the Departments' experiences with batched determinations and 
operationalizing the Federal IDR process, as well as consideration of 
interested parties' feedback regarding the Federal IDR process. Under 
this proposal, the Departments would allow parties the flexibility to 
batch qualified IDR items and services (or ``line items'') that relate 
to the treatment of a similar condition with necessary limitations to 
encourage efficiency. Specifically, the policy would allow all 
qualified IDR items and services to be batched by: (1) items and 
services furnished to a single patient during a patient encounter on 
one or more consecutive dates of service and billed on the same claim 
form (single patient encounter); (2) items and services furnished to 
one or more patients and billed under the same service code, or a 
comparable code under a different procedural code system; or (3) 
anesthesiology, radiology, pathology, and laboratory IDR items and 
services furnished under service codes belonging to the same Category I 
CPT code range, as specified in guidance by the Departments, in order 
to address the unique circumstances of certain medical specialties and 
provider types.
    To implement this proposal, the Departments would need to implement 
system changes to the Federal IDR portal to ensure that the ability to 
batch under the new rules is operationalized. The total cost to 
implement system changes associated with submitting information through 
the portal, including those related to batching, is described in the 
open negotiation cost section of these proposed rules (section V.D.2.c. 
of this preamble). While the Federal IDR portal currently has batching 
capabilities, these proposed rules would allow for additional 
permissible mechanisms of batching which would need to be collected and 
captured in the Federal IDR portal.
i. Administrative Fee Collection
i. Establishment of the Administrative Fee Amount and Methodology
    The Departments propose revisions to the methodology for setting 
the administrative fee and propose new reduced administrative fee 
amounts. If the IDR Process Fees proposed rules are finalized as 
proposed, the administrative fee in effect in calendar year 2024 would 
be $150 per party per dispute.\203\ Based on internal Federal IDR 
process data and estimating the impact of TMA IV's vacatur of the

[[Page 75823]]

batching regulations at 26 CFR 54.9816-8T(c)(3)(i)(C), 29 CFR 2590-716-
8(c)(3)(i)(C), and 45 CFR 149.510(c)(3)(i)(C), the Departments estimate 
that approximately 225,000 disputes are closed per year. Therefore, if 
the administrative fee as proposed in the IDR Process Fees proposed 
rule, if finalized, were to remain applicable, disputing parties would 
pay approximately $67,500,000 in administrative fees annually (225,000 
disputes x 2 parties per dispute x $150 per party).
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

    \203\ Federal Independent Dispute Resolution (IDR) Process 
Administrative Fee and Certified IDR Entity Fee Ranges proposed 
rules, 88 FR 65888 (September 26, 2023).
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

    In these proposed rules, the Departments are proposing an 
administrative fee of $150 per party per dispute, a reduced 
administrative fee of $75 for both parties in low-dollar disputes, and 
a reduced administrative fee of $30 for non-initiating parties in 
ineligible disputes for disputes initiated on or after January 1, 2025. 
The Departments are also proposing to collect the administrative fee 
directly from the parties closer to the time of initiation rather than 
the time a dispute is closed.
    The Departments project a total of 420,000 disputes would be 
initiated annually based on internal data, which includes 65,520 
disputes for which both parties would pay the reduced administrative 
fee for low-dollar disputes, 18,480 disputes for which the initiating 
party would pay the reduced administrative fee for low-dollar disputes 
and the non-initiating party would pay the reduced administrative fee 
for ineligible disputes, 73,920 disputes for which the initiating party 
would pay the full administrative fee and the non-initiating party 
would pay the reduced administrative fee for ineligible disputes, and 
262,080 disputes for which both parties would pay the full 
administrative fee. Thus, based on this data and assuming the number of 
disputes remains stable year over year and the administrative fee 
amounts are not subsequently changed through notice and comment 
rulemaking, the Departments estimate that disputing parties would pay 
approximately $103,698,000 in administrative fees annually beginning in 
2025.\204\ Therefore, the costs associated with this proposal would be 
approximately $36,198,000 annually beginning in 2025 ($103,698,000 if 
this proposal is finalized -$67,500,000 if the baseline condition under 
the IDR Process Fees proposed rules, if finalized, were to continue).
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

    \204\ This is calculated as follows: (65,520 disputes x 2 
parties per dispute x $75 per party) + {18,480 disputes x [(1 party 
per dispute x $75 per party) + (1 party per dispute x $30 per 
party)]{time}  + {73,920 disputes x [(1 party per dispute x $150 per 
party) + (1 party per dispute x $30 per party)]{time}  + (262,080 
disputes x 2 parties per dispute x $150 per party) = $103,698,000.
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    The Departments seek comment on these estimates and assumptions.
ii. Time of Collection of Administrative Fee and Certified IDR Entity 
Fee
    The Departments are proposing to amend the provisions related to 
the time of administrative fee collection such that an initiating party 
would be required to pay the non-refundable administrative fee within 2 
business days of the date of preliminary selection of the certified IDR 
entity, and the non-initiating party would be required to pay the non-
refundable administrative fee within 2 business days after a notice of 
an eligibility determination. Because initiating parties are not 
required to pay the administrative fee until offer submission under 
current guidance, some initiating parties fail to pay this fee for 
ineligible disputes. Although the Departments anticipate that this 
proposal would result in all initiating parties paying their 
administrative fee because the administrative fees are always non-
refundable and incurred when preliminary selection of the certified IDR 
entity is complete, the Departments are of the view that the impact of 
this proposed change would be minimal on initiating parties, as 
compared to the existing regulation, associated burden analysis, and 
approved Paperwork Reduction Act Supporting Statement, which provide 
for all administrative fees to be non-refundable and to be paid in 
every dispute submitted. Under these proposed rules, if an initiating 
party fails to pay the required administrative fee within 2 business 
days of preliminary selection of the certified IDR entity, the dispute 
would be closed and neither disputing party would owe the 
administrative fee; thus, a dispute opened by an initiating party that 
fails to timely pay the administrative fee is treated as a provisional 
dispute that does not proceed through the full Federal IDR process. 
Further, the Departments anticipate that this proposal would result in 
almost all non-initiating parties paying their administrative fee 
because of associated penalties for nonpayment, including that their 
offer would not be considered received, the non-initiating party would 
still be responsible for paying the administrative fee, and the unpaid 
administrative fee would be subject to Federal debt collection 
procedures.
    Currently, approximately 40 percent of non-initiating parties do 
not pay the administrative fee. Under these proposed changes, the 
Departments estimate a total of 420,000 disputes would be initiated 
annually. However, the Departments are of the view that extrapolating a 
40 percent cost increase to non-initiating parties would not be 
appropriate. Specifically, the combination of policies proposed in 
these rules, including attestation of eligibility during open 
negotiation and requiring the initiating party to pay the 
administrative fee at preliminary selection of the certified IDR 
entity, are designed to reduce the number of ineligible disputes 
submitted (as further described in section V.D.1.l. of this preamble), 
which are the disputes for which parties are often not paying the 
associated administrative fees. This proposal would be implemented in 
tandem with the requirements that non-initiating parties respond to the 
notice of IDR initiation, and the estimated amount of time for the non-
initiating party to submit payment would be included in the estimated 
amount of time for the non-initiating party to submit the notice of IDR 
initiation response proposed in these rules. This amount of time is 
discussed further in section V.F.4.a. of this preamble.
    The Departments are of the view that, if these proposed rules are 
finalized, initiating parties would submit fewer ineligible disputes, 
which would decrease the expenses incurred by the Departments and 
certified IDR entities to review eligibility information. In addition, 
parties would pay the required administrative fees in a higher 
percentage of disputes. However, at the same time, there would be fewer 
disputes to review, so fewer administrative fees would be collected. 
Overall, the Departments are of the view that this proposal would 
ensure that the costs of using the Federal IDR process are being 
equitably allocated to both eligible and ineligible disputes.
iii. Manner of Administrative Fee Collection
    The proposal for the Departments to directly collect the 
administrative fee from disputing parties would increase the activities 
required to be accounted for in the administrative fee, as the 
Departments' costs associated with this collection would need to be 
included in that fee. The Departments estimate that there would be an 
implementation cost of approximately $3,000,000 for system and 
operations development related to administrative fee collection in FY 
2024, and ongoing operations and maintenance costs of approximately 
$2,500,000 in FY 2025, $1,250,000 in FY 2026, $1,000,000 in FY 2027, 
and $1,000,000 in FY 2028. Because the Federal IDR process is intended 
to be

[[Page 75824]]

self-sustaining, once the administrative fee calculation is adjusted, 
there would be no financial impact to the Federal Government. Although 
the Departments are of the view that requiring disputing parties to pay 
the administrative fee directly to the Departments, instead of to 
certified IDR entities, would not impose an additional administrative 
burden on disputing parties, the Departments acknowledge that any 
increased fee that could potentially result from this proposal could 
impact disputing parties. The Departments seek comment on these 
assumptions, including any burden increase associated with this process 
and whether that potential burden would be offset by a reduction of the 
administrative fee based on a higher collection rate of the 
administrative fee from disputing parties.
iv. Application of Federal IDR Process Requirements in Circumstances 
Involving a Failure To Pay Certified IDR Entity Fees or Administrative 
Fees
    The Departments propose to clarify how the Federal IDR process 
applies when either party fails to timely pay the fees associated with 
the Federal IDR process. Specifically, the failure to pay the 
administrative fee by an initiating party would result in the closure 
of the dispute, and nonpayment of the certified IDR entity fee by the 
initiating party would result in the certified IDR entity not 
considering the initiating party's offer. Nonpayment of the certified 
IDR entity or administrative fee by a non-initiating party would result 
in the certified IDR entity not considering the non-initiating party's 
offer. The Departments are of the view that the impact of this change 
would be minimal for the parties, as the purpose of this policy is to 
clarify the sub-regulatory guidance that already exists and allow 
closure of disputes in which the initiating party does not provide the 
appropriate administrative fee payment. Further, the Departments are of 
the view that it would take a de minimis amount of time for the 
initiating and non-initiating parties to include their taxpayer 
identification numbers, which would be required to link debts owed by 
the disputing parties to the Departments, on the notice of IDR 
initiation and the notice of IDR initiation response.
v. Administrative Fee Structure for Disputing Parties in Low-Dollar 
Disputes
    The Departments propose to charge the parties a reduced 
administrative fee when the initiating party attests that the highest 
offer made during open negotiation by either party was less than the 
predetermined threshold as discussed further in section II.E.3.e. of 
this preamble. Because a reduction of the administrative fee would be 
applied to both parties when a low-dollar dispute is initiated, the 
Departments are of the view that the impact of this change would be 
minimal for most parties when combined with the proposal to expand 
batching, because these policies combined would result in fewer single 
low-dollar disputes being initiated. Furthermore, this proposal would 
reduce costs for certain parties to participate in the process, namely 
parties that provide low-dollar items or services and are unable to 
batch a sufficient number of items and services together to benefit 
from the batching proposals in these rules.
    This proposal would require initiating parties to attest (for 
example, by checking a box) in the Federal IDR portal that no offer 
made by either party during open negotiation exceeded a predetermined 
threshold. The Departments are of the view that this action would only 
take a de minimis amount of time for the initiating party to complete, 
perhaps a minute, and therefore would result in negligible costs. This 
amount of time is minimal and is captured in the total time it takes to 
initiate the dispute--2.25 hours, as discussed further in the PRA 
package for the Federal IDR process (OMB control number: 1210-0169). 
This proposal may also increase the burden on the Federal Government 
due to the costs to complete system updates to account for this 
proposal, but the Departments anticipate that these costs would be 
incurred in tandem with changes to the other system build costs 
discussed in these proposed rules; thus, those costs are included in 
the cost estimates for the proposed changes related to open negotiation 
in section V.D.2.c. of this preamble. Furthermore, the Departments are 
of the view that the benefit of making the Federal IDR process more 
accessible to all types of providers, such as providers of low-dollar 
services, outweighs the limited costs to HHS to modify its system 
build.
vi. Administrative Fee Structure for Non-Initiating Parties in 
Ineligible Disputes
    Additionally, the Departments propose to charge the non-initiating 
party a reduced administrative fee when either the certified IDR entity 
or the Departments determine the entire dispute is not eligible for the 
Federal IDR process. Because a reduction of the administrative fee 
would be applied to the non-initiating party when a dispute is 
ineligible for the Federal IDR process, the Departments are of the view 
that the impact of this change would be minimal for two reasons. First, 
under the current process, certified IDR entities often do not collect 
the administrative fee in these disputes; however, non-paying parties 
have been on notice that this fee was due even if they did not pay at 
the appropriate time. Second, policies such as requiring an attestation 
of eligibility during open negotiation and requiring the initiating 
party to pay the administrative fee at preliminary selection of the 
certified IDR entity are designed to reduce the number of ineligible 
disputes (as further described in section V.D.1.l. of this preamble) 
such that non-initiating parties would be assessed an administrative 
fee in fewer ineligible disputes. Because this process may incentivize 
non-initiating parties to timely challenge dispute eligibility during 
open negotiation, this may better capture the costs associated with the 
parties.
    Further, the burden on disputing parties is dependent on whether 
the administrative fee is increased or decreased, which is a byproduct 
of estimated total annual expenditures by the Departments. In the event 
of a substantial change in payment of the administrative fee based on 
the volume of ineligible disputes or associated expenditures, which 
would impact the calculation of the administrative fee, the parties may 
incur an increased or decreased administrative fee to cover the costs 
to carry out the Federal IDR process. The Departments seek comment on 
potential impacts to disputing parties and certified IDR entities of 
any change in burden from this policy, including any modifications to 
internal operating procedures that may be required to implement this 
fee structure.
j. Extension of Time Periods for Extenuating Circumstances
    The Departments propose to establish that the Departments, or at 
the request of a certified IDR entity or a party, would determine 
whether an extension is necessary because the parties or certified IDR 
entity cannot meet applicable timeframes due to matters beyond the 
control of the certified IDR entity or one or both parties, or for 
other good cause. The process for requesting an extension due to 
extenuating circumstances would remain the same as when this process 
was established in the October 2021 interim final rules, and entities 
would continue to submit the Request for Extension due to Extenuating 
Circumstances form through the Federal IDR portal.

[[Page 75825]]

However, based on the proposed changes to this policy, the Departments 
estimate that the number of respondents would increase due to the 
addition of certified IDR entities, thus slightly increasing the total 
burden associated with this collection. The Departments estimate that 
the costs associated with certified IDR entity requests for the 
extension would be $99 in 2024 and $197.80 annually beginning in 2025. 
This cost is explained in further detail in section V.F.8. of this 
preamble.
k. Registration of Group Health Plans and Health Insurance Issuers
    Establishing the Federal IDR registry would impose a cost on the 
Departments by requiring them to develop and build the registry. The 
Departments anticipate incurring a cost of approximately $3,000,000 to 
develop and build the Federal IDR registry in FY 2024, with annual 
ongoing costs to maintain the registry of $150,000 on average 
thereafter. Additionally, enrolling in the Federal IDR registry would 
impose a cost on issuers and plans by requiring them to submit 
information to the Departments. These costs amount to $1,573,693 in 
2024 and $94,252 annually beginning in 2025 and are further described 
in section V.F.9. of this preamble.
3. Uncertainties
    While the Departments are of the view that the majority of issuers 
and TPAs have the capability to use single CARC and RARC combinations 
on ERA transactions, the Departments are uncertain about the current 
level of use within the industry and whether issuers and TPAs have the 
capability to incorporate this information on paper remittance advice. 
Further, the Departments are uncertain about the current capability or 
percentage of issuers and TPAs that have the ability to use multiple 
CARC and RARC combinations for individual line items, including on 
electronic and paper remittance advice; what barriers and challenges 
issuers and TPAs would face to implement and operationalize this 
capability; and whether substantial system changes would need to be 
implemented to effectuate this proposed policy.
    It is unclear whether the Federal IDR process would experience the 
same operating conditions, such as the number of ineligible disputes 
submitted or the number of disputes that would be closed for nonpayment 
of the administrative fee, if all or some of the policies proposed in 
these proposed rules are finalized and implemented. While these factors 
would have a direct impact on the expenditures made by the Departments 
to carry out the Federal IDR process, it is difficult to project the 
impact that may result to the administrative fee amount charged to the 
parties. It is also uncertain how many disputes would be considered 
low-dollar disputes in the future, which would impact how many parties 
would be charged the proposed reduced administrative fee for low-dollar 
disputes, and it is uncertain how many disputes would be determined 
ineligible if the proposals in these rules are finalized, which would 
impact how many non-initiating parties would be charged the proposed 
reduced administrative fee for ineligible disputes.
    Furthermore, it is unclear if or when the proposed departmental 
eligibility review, which would allow the Departments to make 
eligibility determinations rather than certified IDR entities, may need 
to be invoked. The departmental eligibility review would impact dispute 
processing times and overall certified IDR entity operations; further, 
these factors may impact what percentage of disputes are settled or 
withdrawn after initiation but before offer submission.
    The economies of scale that may be realized by batching qualified 
IDR items and services are uncertain, including whether there would be 
a reduction in the amount of fees each party has to pay since parties 
would generally be allowed to batch more items and services in a single 
dispute than under the vacated provisions (discussed in section II.E.2. 
of this preamble). The specific provisions of the batching proposal may 
have differing effects on the trends in dispute initiation overall. For 
example, the increased flexibility to batch based on a single patient 
encounter may increase initiation of batched disputes, while the 
proposed cap on the number of line items within a batch may require 
parties that previously submitted batches with a high number of line 
items to divide the claims across multiple batched disputes. Further, 
the Departments are of the view that the increased batching 
flexibilities in concert with the reduced administrative fee for low-
dollar disputes, if finalized, could lead to an increase in disputes 
initiated, since these policies may result in the Federal IDR process 
becoming more accessible to providers and payers. For these reasons, 
the Departments recognize the uncertainty in estimating the potential 
impact on the number of disputes submitted, and thus the fees 
collected, due to the proposed batching provisions. Further, it is 
uncertain if increased batching would lead to decreased collection of 
funds by the Departments if fewer administrative fees are paid.
    It is uncertain how much time would be needed for plans, issuers, 
carriers, and TPAs to collect the registration information that they 
would be required to provide under these proposed rules. Furthermore, 
it is unclear how many group health plans would choose to self-register 
for the proposed IDR registry, rather than relying on a TPA or other 
third party to register on their behalf. If a significant number of 
group health plans self-register, this may increase the burden to 
industry as well as the operational burden to the Departments to create 
and maintain the registry.
    Although the Departments have analyzed the last 12 months of 
Federal IDR process data available to inform their projections, it is 
uncertain if the trends in this data will remain applicable for two 
reasons. First, the Federal IDR process is still in an early phase of 
implementation and has not yet achieved the stabilization that occurs 
with long-term uptake of the process. Initially, the Departments 
estimated that approximately 22,000 disputes would be submitted to the 
process each year; \205\ uptake of the process, however, has rapidly 
outpaced that estimate as dispute initiations have grown exponentially 
since implementation, and analysis has revealed an estimated number 
closer to 420,000 annual disputes \206\ would have been more accurate.
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    \205\ In the regulatory impact analysis of the October 2021 
interim final rules, the Departments estimated that 17,333 disputes 
involving non-air ambulance services and 4,899 disputes involving 
air ambulance services would be submitted to the Federal IDR process 
during the first year of implementation, totaling 22,232 anticipated 
disputes.
    \206\ Federal Independent Dispute Resolution Process--Status 
Update. Centers for Medicare & Medicaid Services. April 27, 2023. 
https://www.cms.gov/files/document/federal-idr-processstatus-update-april-2023.pdf.
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

    Second, although each of the proposed provisions could be 
implemented separately and is severable, when reviewed holistically, 
implementation of these proposed policies would create comingled 
impacts, including on the number and type of disputes initiated, such 
that it is uncertain what the overall collective impact of these 
proposed policies would be. For example, although the Departments 
project a 50 to 75 percent decrease in the number of ineligible 
disputes as discussed further in section V.D.1.l. of this preamble, 
other policies such as expanded batching and the reduced administrative 
fee for low-

[[Page 75826]]

dollar disputes are anticipated to increase access to the Federal IDR 
process, such that the total number of disputes initiated yearly may 
increase overall. Additionally, the proposed framework for 
administrative fees that, if finalized, would result in a reduced 
administrative fee for some disputing parties when a dispute is 
ineligible or low-dollar complicates the analysis of what types of 
disputes would be initiated under these proposed rules. Further, the 
policies designed to increase communication between the disputing 
parties, such as the registry, open negotiation, and dispute initiation 
provisions, are anticipated to reduce the number of ineligible disputes 
initiated and increase the number of disputes resolved through open 
negotiation. However, the Departments are uncertain whether additional 
parties will utilize the Federal IDR process due to these process 
improvements, which would ultimately bring more disputes into the 
process.
    Overall, some of the proposed policies may reduce the number of 
disputes while others may increase the number of disputes initiated. 
Additionally, whether there will be a reduction in costs to the 
disputing parties is also uncertain under these collective proposals. 
For example, a provider that previously felt that the nature of their 
practice made it infeasible to initiate a dispute due to financial 
concerns may find the Federal IDR process more financially accessible 
under the proposed reduced administrative fee framework, thus incurring 
the associated cost and administrative fees and increasing the annual 
dispute number.
4. Regulatory Review Cost Estimation
    If regulations impose administrative costs on entities, such as the 
time needed to read and interpret rules, regulatory agencies should 
estimate the total cost associated with regulatory review. Based on 
comments received for the July 2021 interim final rules and October 
2021 interim final rules, the Departments estimate that more than 2,100 
entities will review these proposed rules, including 1,500 issuers, 205 
TPAs, and at least 395 other interested parties (for example, State 
insurance departments, State legislatures, industry associations, 
advocacy organizations, and providers and provider organizations). The 
Departments acknowledge that this assumption may understate or 
overstate the number of entities that will review these proposed rules.
    Using the mean hourly wage rate from the Bureau of Labor Statistics 
for a Lawyer (Code 23-1011) to account for average labor costs 
(including a 100 percent increase for the cost of fringe benefits and 
other indirect costs), the Departments estimate that the cost of 
reviewing these proposed rules would be $157.48 per hour.\207\ The 
Departments estimate, based on an average reading speed of 200 to 250 
words per minute, that it would take each reviewing entity 
approximately 10 hours to review these proposed rules, with an 
associated cost of approximately $1,574.80 (10 hours x $157.48 per 
hour). Therefore, the Departments estimate that the total burden to 
review these proposed rules will be approximately 21,000 hours (2,100 
reviewers x 10 hours per reviewer), with an associated cost of 
approximately $3,307,080 (2,100 reviewers x $1,574.80 per reviewer).
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    \207\ Centers for Medicare & Medicaid Services. (May 1, 2022). 
May 2022 National Occupational Employment and Wage Estimates. 
https://www.bls.gov/oes/current/oes_nat.htm.
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

    The Departments welcome comments on this approach to estimating the 
total burden and cost for interested parties to read and interpret 
these proposed rules.

E. Regulatory Alternatives--Departments of Health and Human Services 
and Labor

    In developing these proposed rules, the Departments considered 
various alternative approaches.
1. Required Use of CARCs and RARCs
    The Departments considered applying the proposed requirement to use 
CARCs and RARCs under new 26 CFR 54.9816-6A, 29 CFR 2590.716-6A, and 45 
CFR 149.100 only to claims subject to the surprise billing protections 
of the No Surprises Act. However, the Departments have become aware 
that providers, facilities, and providers of air ambulance services 
have sought to initiate open negotiations or the Federal IDR process 
for a sizeable number of claims that are not subject to the No 
Surprises Act. Therefore, the Departments have concluded that it would 
be helpful for plans and issuers to communicate information regarding 
the applicability of the No Surprises Act for all out-of-network 
claims, and that a narrower application would be less impactful. Thus, 
the proposed approach may reduce the number of ineligible claims 
submitted, as further described in section V.D.1.l. of this preamble.
    The Departments considered specifying in regulation which CARCs and 
RARCs must be used, rather than providing this information in guidance. 
The Departments are working to understand and address the current 
backlog of disputes slowing down the Federal IDR process. The 
Departments have concluded that retaining the flexibility to identify 
the CARCs and RARCs to be used in specified scenarios in guidance 
rather than through notice and comment rulemaking would provide greater 
ability to quickly address communication gaps that are contributing to 
this backlog and future implementation challenges, as the Departments 
better understand these gaps. This also mirrors the current approach 
for required CARC and RARC code combinations that must be used by 
HIPAA-covered entities in business scenarios, as specified in guidance.
    The Departments also considered continuing to support the voluntary 
use of No Surprises Act-specific RARCs. The Departments recognize the 
additional burden that requiring certain RARCs may place on small 
entities that may have fewer dedicated IT and coding staff. However, 
since the RARC Committee approved a set of RARCs for optional use, 
effective March 1, 2022, providers, facilities, and providers of air 
ambulance services and plans and issuers have continued to report 
communication challenges and to request more standardized mechanisms 
for communicating information. The Departments concluded that requiring 
certain CARCs and RARCs in specific circumstances, as well as 
continuing to permit the use of voluntary RARCs at the discretion of 
plans and issuers, would provide a more effective means of 
standardizing communication and better achieve a number of aims, 
including improving information flow between plans and issuers and 
providers, facilities, and providers of air ambulance services and 
consequently reducing the submission of ineligible claims to the 
Federal IDR process.
2. Open Negotiation Provision Changes (26 CFR 54.9816-8(b)(1), 29 CFR 
2590.716-8(b)(1), and 45 CFR 149.510(b)(1))
    The Departments propose to amend the open negotiation provisions at 
26 CFR 54.9816-8(b)(1)(i), 29 CFR 2590.716-8(b)(1)(i), and 45 CFR 
149.510 (b)(1)(i) to require the party initiating open negotiations to 
provide an open negotiation notice and supporting documentation to the 
other party and the Departments to initiate the open negotiation 
period. Furthermore, the party in receipt of the open negotiation 
notice would be required to provide a response to the open negotiation 
notice to the other party and the Departments no later than the 15th 
business day of the 30-business-day open negotiation period.

[[Page 75827]]

    The Departments considered alternative ways for the party 
initiating open negotiation to notify the Departments of the initiation 
of open negotiations instead of submitting the notice through the 
Federal IDR portal. The Departments considered having the party 
submitting the open negotiation notice notify the Departments via mail 
or email but decided that the portal would provide a more logical place 
for the notice to be provided, as this is where Federal IDR process 
information is stored. The Departments also considered taking no action 
and maintaining the current process in which parties initiating open 
negotiation do not inform the Departments directly of the initiation of 
open negotiations. However, the Departments are of the view that these 
changes are necessary to make it explicitly clear to the Departments 
when open negotiations are initiated in order to best track the flow of 
Federal IDR process dispute initiations. The Departments are of the 
view that these proposals would create more certainty regarding whether 
and when the party initiating open negotiation begins open negotiations 
by ensuring that start and end dates are documented in the Federal IDR 
portal, which is the official place of record for the Federal IDR 
process. Further, the Departments acknowledge the additional burden 
that small entities may face in meeting the requirements of the Federal 
IDR process since they may not have dedicated staff to perform all the 
functions necessary to meet the requirements. However, the Departments 
are of the view that the proposed policy to centralize the submission 
of open negotiation notices through the Federal IDR portal would 
alleviate burden on small entities as it would reduce the number of 
channels they previously submit these notices through.
    The Departments also considered alternatives to requiring the party 
in receipt of the open negotiation notice to provide a response to the 
open negotiation notice within the 30-business-day open negotiation 
period. The Departments considered maintaining the status quo of not 
requiring this response, but are of the view that creating this 
requirement would be the better alternative, because this proposal 
would create an additional exchange of eligibility-related disclosures 
between the parties and foster better communication between the parties 
to improve the Federal IDR process.
    The Departments also propose to require that the open negotiation 
notice contain additional specific information and be in a specific 
format as discussed in section II.D.1.c. of this preamble. The 
Departments further propose to require that the open negotiation 
response notice must be provided, using the standard form developed by 
the Departments, no later than the 15th business day of the 30-
business-day open negotiation period, and the party in receipt of the 
open negotiation notice must provide the open negotiation response 
notice through the Federal IDR portal resulting in receipt by the party 
initiating open negotiation and the Departments on the same day. The 
Departments considered maintaining the status quo and not requiring the 
additional information, the specific format, or timing, but determined 
that this proposal would create an additional exchange of information 
necessary to help the Federal IDR process be successful, allow 
certified IDR entities to make more informed decisions, and improve 
communication between the parties.
3. Changes to the Initiation of the Federal IDR Process and the Notice 
of IDR Initiation (26 CFR 54.9816-8(b)(2), 29 CFR 2590.716-8(b)(2), and 
45 CFR 149.510(b)(2))
    The Departments propose to amend the IDR initiation provisions of 
26 CFR 54.9816-8(b)(2), 29 CFR 2590.716-8(b)(2), and 45 CFR 
149.510(b)(2) to accelerate dispute processing and reduce the burden on 
certified IDR entities. Specifically, the Departments propose to 
require the initiating party to provide an enumerated list of 
additional information on the notice of IDR initiation, including a 
statement describing the aspects of the claim, such as patient acuity 
or level of training, any payment discussed by the parties during open 
negotiation, whether the reasons for initiating the Federal IDR process 
are different from the aspects of the claim discussed during the open 
negotiation period, and an explanation of why the party is initiating 
the Federal IDR process.
    Similarly, the Departments propose to require the non-initiating 
party to provide a response to the notice of IDR initiation, within 3 
business days after the date of IDR initiation, that must include an 
enumerated list of information, including an agreement or disagreement 
that the dispute is eligible for the Federal IDR process, supporting 
documentation if the non-initiating party believes a dispute is not 
eligible, and an agreement to the preferred certified IDR entity 
identified in the notice of IDR initiation or an alternate preferred 
certified IDR entity selection.
    The Departments propose to require these notices to be provided to 
the other party and the Departments electronically through the Federal 
IDR portal.
    The Departments considered alternatives to these notices and the 
information they are required to contain, including contemplating 
notices that contained less required information. Recognizing the 
increased administrative burden of providing this additional 
information within the specified timeframe, particularly for small 
entities that may regularly engage with the IDR process and may not 
have staff dedicated to perform this function, the Departments also 
considered maintaining the status quo, but instead determined that 
these notices are necessary to address processing and communication 
issues caused by the lack of information. These new requirements would 
provide information to the certified IDR entities that is frequently 
missing under the status quo.
    Each of the new required elements would provide specific 
information needed by the certified IDR entities to successfully 
conduct the Federal IDR process. The lack of these information elements 
creates a burden on the certified IDR entities, as they are currently 
required to undertake concerted efforts to obtain the information from 
the parties or other sources. This has resulted in additional time and 
effort for the certified IDR entities and caused the process to move at 
a slower pace than is desired. The Departments are of the view that 
requiring the parties to provide these notices and the information 
contained in them within the timeframes and in the manner proposed 
would result in a reduction in this burden on the certified IDR 
entities and would result in greater efficiency of the Federal IDR 
process overall. Additionally, the Departments are of the view that 
these additional elements would assist in determining whether the items 
or services associated with the dispute are eligible for the Federal 
IDR process, allow for a streamlined process to track dispute 
initiation, enhance communication between the parties, and facilitate a 
more efficient process of IDR initiation.
4. Certified IDR Entity Selection (26 CFR 54.9816-8(c)(1), 29 CFR 
2590.716-8(c)(1), and 45 CFR 149.510(c)(1))
    The Departments propose to establish a process for the preliminary 
selection of the certified IDR entity and final selection of the 
certified IDR entity at 26 CFR 54.9816-8(c)(1), 29 CFR 2590.716-
8(c)(1), and 45 CFR 149.510(c)(1).

[[Page 75828]]

Specifically, the Departments propose amending the preliminary 
selection of the certified IDR entity process to establish that if the 
party last in receipt of either the notice of IDR initiation response 
or the notice of certified IDR entity selection received the notice on 
the third business day after the date of IDR initiation and did not 
agree to the other party's alternative preferred certified IDR entity 
by the end of third business day after the date of IDR initiation, the 
Departments would provide the party 2 additional business days to agree 
or object to other party's alternative preferred certified IDR entity 
selection. Further, the Departments propose to clarify that the date of 
preliminary selection of the certified IDR entity would be 3 business 
days after the date of IDR initiation if the parties jointly selected a 
certified IDR entity, or 6 business days after the date of IDR 
initiation if the parties fail to jointly select a certified IDR entity 
and the Departments select a certified IDR entity either based on the 
agreement (or failure to respond) of the party in receipt of the last 
notice (either the notice of IDR initiation response or the notice of 
certified IDR entity selection) or through random selection. Lastly, 
the Departments propose to establish the process for finalizing 
selection of the certified IDR entity at 26 CFR 54.9816-8(c)(1)(iv), 29 
CFR 2590.716-8(c)(1)(iv), and 45 CFR 149.510(c)(1)(iv), which would 
establish that the date of final selection of the certified IDR entity 
is the date the Departments provide notice to the parties that the 
preliminarily selected certified IDR entity attests that it meets the 
conflict-of-interest requirements.
    The Departments considered alternatives to this proposal. The 
Departments considered maintaining the status quo and not modifying the 
process of selecting a certified IDR entity. However, given that the 
current rules allow the conflict-of-interest review to coincide with 
the eligibility review, the Departments are of the view that creating a 
finalization stage of certified IDR entity selection in the Federal IDR 
process would improve efficiency and reduce confusion when completing 
certified IDR entity selection. The Departments are of the view that 
this proposed policy would not increase burden for disputing parties, 
including small entities, as the time period requirement for disputing 
parties to jointly select a certified IDR entity is not changing. The 
Departments are of the view that the certified IDR entity must be 
considered preliminarily selected until it is determined that the 
certified IDR entity has no conflict of interest, and that the 
conflict-of-interest review should not cut into the time periods for 
either disputing party to submit their offers or for the certified IDR 
entity to make a payment determination.
5. Federal IDR Eligibility Determinations (26 CFR 54.9816-8(c)(1)(v), 
29 CFR 2590.716-8(c)(1)(v), and 45 CFR 149.510(c)(1)(v))
    The Departments propose to amend 26 CFR 54.9816-8(c), 29 CFR 
2590.716-8(c), and 45 CFR 149.510(c) regarding Federal IDR eligibility 
determinations to make the Federal IDR process eligibility reviews the 
responsibility of the Departments under certain circumstances. Under 
this proposal, when a departmental eligibility review is in effect, the 
Departments would determine whether the dispute is eligible for the 
Federal IDR process. If the dispute is found to be eligible, the 
Departments would send it to the certified IDR entity to continue the 
Federal IDR process. If the dispute is found to be ineligible for the 
Federal IDR process, it would be closed.
    The Departments considered being more involved in the entire 
eligibility review process on a permanent basis; however, once the 
Federal IDR process arrives at a steadier operational state, the 
Departments are of the view that the majority of eligibility work--in 
particular eligibility determinations--should be conducted by certified 
IDR entities, particularly if the other proposed policies in these 
proposed rules and non-regulatory improvements are successful in 
improving throughput. The Departments also considered maintaining the 
status quo of certified IDR entities performing the full scope of the 
eligibility determination process, but the burden of making these 
eligibility determinations has proven to be complex and time-consuming 
for certified IDR entities, and the statute only affords certified IDR 
entities the ability to collect the certified IDR entity fee when a 
payment determination is made. A payment determination can only be made 
for eligible disputes, so certified IDR entities are not able to keep 
any portion of their fee for disputes they determine are ineligible. 
This situation results in certified IDR entities being uncompensated 
for eligibility determination work on ineligible disputes. The 
Departments do not anticipate that this policy, if finalized as 
proposed, would have a differential impact on small entities. 
Therefore, the Departments are proposing this provision in a manner 
that provides the Departments with the flexibility to move the 
responsibility for Federal IDR eligibility determinations between the 
Departments and certified IDR entities, as appropriate and with 
appropriate notice to interested parties.
6. Withdrawals (26 CFR 54.9816-8(c)(3), 29 CFR 2590.716-8(c)(3), and 45 
CFR 149.510(c)(3))
    The Departments propose to add 26 CFR 54.9816-8(c)(3)(ii), 29 CFR 
2590.716-8(c)(3)(ii), and 45 CFR 149.510(c)(3)(ii) to establish a 
process for disputes to be withdrawn from the Federal IDR process. 
Specifically, the Departments propose that a dispute may be withdrawn 
from the Federal IDR process if: (1) the initiating party provides 
notification through the Federal IDR portal to the Secretary and the 
certified IDR entity (if selected) that both parties agree to withdraw 
the dispute from the Federal IDR process, with signatures from 
authorized signatories for both parties; (2) the initiating party 
provides a standard withdrawal request notice to the Departments, the 
certified IDR entity (if selected), and the non-initiating party, and 
the non-initiating party notifies the Secretary, certified IDR entity 
(if selected), and initiating party of its agreement to withdraw within 
5 business days of the initiating party's request (or the non-
initiating party fails to respond within 5 business days of the 
initiating party's request); (3) the certified IDR entity or the 
Departments cannot determine eligibility because both parties to the 
dispute are unresponsive to any requests for additional information to 
determine eligibility; or (4) the certified IDR entity cannot make a 
payment determination because both parties to the dispute have failed 
to submit an offer as described in 26 CFR 54.9816-8(c)(5)(i), 29 CFR 
2590.716-8(c)(5)(i), and 45 CFR 149.510(c)(5)(i).
    The Departments considered alternatives to this proposal. The 
Departments considered maintaining the status quo and not formalizing 
the process for disputes to be withdrawn. The Departments recognize 
that the withdrawal process may place particular burden on resource 
constrained small entities, that may face greater challenges meeting 
the timetables described in this proposal. However, given that the 
current rules do not establish a clear uniform process for disputes to 
be withdrawn, the Departments are of the view that these proposals 
would encourage efficiency by creating a centralized process for the 
parties to request a withdrawal of a dispute and requiring that the 
dispute would be withdrawn in the event the

[[Page 75829]]

parties are nonresponsive within the required timeframes. Further, the 
Departments also are of the view that permitting the withdrawal of a 
dispute in these cases would decrease the number of payment 
determinations the certified IDR entity is required to adjudicate.
7. Treatment of Batched Items and Services (26 CFR 54.9816-8(c)(4), 29 
CFR 2590.716-8(c)(4), and 45 CFR 149.510(c)(4))
    After considering feedback from interested parties, the Departments 
are of the view that the batching rules should be amended to capture 
additional efficiencies and expand access to the Federal IDR process, 
while avoiding combinations of unrelated claims in a single dispute 
that could unnecessarily complicate an IDR payment determination and 
operate to reduce efficiency. The Departments also anticipate that 
these batching policies, if finalized as proposed, would be 
particularly beneficial to small entities. By offering greater 
flexibility, these policies will improve the economic cost of the 
Federal IDR process and reduce the burden on small entities' billing 
and coding staff.
    The Departments considered different approaches to expand the 
batching rules at proposed 26 CFR 54.9816-8(c)(4), 29 CFR 2590.716-
8(c)(4), and 45 CFR 149.510(c)(4) for determining whether the items or 
services are related to treatment of a similar condition. In 
particular, the Departments considered approaches that relied on 
existing code sets that would capture a wider range of items and 
services than those under the current regulations, including the 
vacated provisions (discussed in section II.E.2. of this preamble). The 
rationale underlying batching based on code sets (or subsets of those 
code sets) is that based on the manner in which these code sets were 
built (by medical and coding professionals and others), the code sets 
present a reasonable basis upon which to conclude that certain sections 
(or subsections) of those code sets describe items and services that 
are related to the treatment of a similar condition.
    The broadest potentially workable standard the Departments 
considered for determining whether the items or services are related to 
treatment of a similar condition is the Berenson-Eggers Type of Service 
(BETOS) codes. The BETOS coding system was originally developed for 
analyzing the growth in Medicare expenditures and is not utilized for 
the purposes of billing.\208\ The Restructured BETOS Classification 
System (RBCS) includes HCPCS Level I codes (commonly referred to as 
``CPT codes'') and HCPCS Level II codes (commonly referred to as 
``HCPCS codes'') and groups CPT and HCPCS procedural codes into a few 
very broad categories: (1) anesthesia, (2) evaluation and management, 
(3) procedures, (4) imaging, (5) tests, (6) durable medical equipment, 
(7) treatment, and (8) other. However, this could theoretically offer 
unlimited batching of services furnished by specialty providers and, 
accordingly, result in batches that would be difficult for certified 
IDR entities to adjudicate in a timely manner. While this coding system 
is stable over time and is relatively immune to minor changes in 
technology or practice patterns, this approach would require parties 
and certified IDR entities to learn and become familiar with a new 
framework for categorizing items and services for the specific purpose 
of engaging with the Federal IDR process. The Departments are of the 
view that this would result in confusion and an exacerbation of backlog 
issues.
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    \208\ Centers for Medicare & Medicaid Services. (October 20, 
2022). Restructured BETOS Classification System. https://data.cms.gov/provider-summary-by-type-of-service/provider-service-classifications/restructured-betos-classification-system.
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    The Departments also considered allowing initiating parties to 
batch all items and services with the same ICD-10 diagnosis code. Every 
medical claim includes at least one ICD-10 diagnosis code, including a 
primary diagnosis code and optional secondary diagnosis codes. There 
are approximately 68,000 ICD-10 diagnosis codes that cover a wide 
variation in patient diagnoses. Given the wide variation in diagnoses 
and the fact that a single ICD-10 diagnosis code can cover a wide range 
of individual items or services, it is conceivable that diagnosis codes 
are not a reasonable basis upon which to determine that items or 
services provided to different patients sufficiently relate to 
treatment of a similar condition. Furthermore, the Departments are of 
the view that this level of variation could create complexity for 
disputing parties and certified IDR entities and increase the risk of 
inconsistent batching determinations.
    In addition to batching based on code sets, the Departments 
considered specific recommendations from interested parties on creating 
additional batching flexibilities for determining whether the items or 
services are related to treatment of a similar condition. As discussed 
in section II.E.2. of this preamble, anesthesiologists have advocated 
for batching by conversion factor since contracting practices for 
anesthesiology items and service focus on conversion factor rates. The 
Departments are of the view that this approach would undermine the 
Departments' efforts to increase efficiency in the Federal IDR process. 
Because conversion factors would be identical for every out-of-network 
service furnished by an anesthesiologist provider or provider group, 
the ``same conversion factor'' requirement results in the provider or 
provider group being able to batch every out-of-network service it 
furnishes that otherwise satisfies the requirements of the batching 
rules at proposed 26 CFR 54.9816-8(c)(4), 29 CFR 2590.716-8(c)(4), and 
45 CFR 149.510(c)(4). Instead, the Departments are of the view that 
batching based on CPT code categories would lead to greater efficiency, 
would more closely align with the interpretation of treatment of a 
similar condition, and would lead to less risk in the variability among 
the items and services and factual circumstances that certified IDR 
entities must consider.
    Additionally, the Departments considered feedback provided by 
emergency physicians, who stated that the nature of emergency care 
makes it difficult for them to batch claims under the current rules and 
suggested that the batching rules should allow for the most common 
evaluation and management CPT codes (99281-99285) to be batched 
together. However, the Departments have concluded that in the context 
of emergency care, the acuity of a patient may vary substantially in 
these circumstances. This means that certified IDR entities would need 
to review complex and disparate factual conditions for each item or 
service in a batch pertaining to emergency care, which would be 
extremely time consuming. Batching in these circumstances would 
therefore exacerbate payment determination delays and compound the 
backlog of disputes.
    Similarly, the Departments considered allowing batching of all 
items and services within one of the six major sections of the CPT code 
book: (1) evaluation & management, (2) anesthesiology, (3) surgery, (4) 
radiology, (5) pathology and laboratory, and (6) medicine. This could 
allow batching of the services most often provided by emergency 
physicians, anesthesiologists, radiologists, pathologists, and other 
specialty providers. Due to the breadth of CPT

[[Page 75830]]

codes relevant to surgery and radiology services, the Departments 
considered further limiting providers' batching ability to the specific 
services represented by the code spans relevant to each row in Table 8 
that correlates to surgery or radiology services. While these 
delineations could serve as straightforward guidelines that may result 
in consistent application of a batching standard across certified IDR 
entities, the Departments are of the view that variations in these 
services within a batched dispute could present challenges to certified 
IDR entities' efficient resolution of disputes due again to the fact-
specific and time intensive nature of reviewing information specific to 
each item or service within a batch.
[GRAPHIC] [TIFF OMITTED] TP03NO23.012

    The Departments are of the view that specific, narrower ranges 
within CPT Category I sections could mitigate this risk, more closely 
relate to the treatment of a similar condition, and encourage 
efficiencies of the Federal IDR process. Further, the Departments are 
of the view that batching based on CPT code categories would lead to 
greater efficiency, would more closely align with the interpretation of 
treatment of a similar condition, and would lead to less risk in the 
variability among the items and services and factual circumstances that 
certified IDR entities must consider. Thus, in balancing the need to 
create a workable batching rule for all parties and encouraging 
efficiency (including minimizing costs) to the Federal IDR process, the 
Departments determined that it would be appropriate to propose 
amendments to allow qualified IDR items and services to be batched by: 
(1) items and services furnished to a single patient during a patient 
encounter on one or more consecutive dates of service and billed on the 
same claim form (single patient encounter); (2) items and services 
furnished to one or more patients and billed under the same service 
code, or a comparable code under a different procedural code system; or 
(3) anesthesiology, radiology, pathology, and laboratory IDR items and 
services furnished under service codes belonging to the same Category I 
CPT code range, as specified in guidance by the Departments, in order 
to address the unique circumstances of certain medical specialties and 
provider types.
    Because these proposed rules would potentially allow batching of an 
unlimited number of qualified IDR items or services, the Departments 
also considered different approaches to mitigate the risk of large 
batches that may require certified IDR entities to review the 
eligibility for each line item, the acuity of each patient and/or other 
payment determination factors for each line item in the batch. First, 
the Departments considered modifying regulations related to the 
certified IDR entity fee to permit certified IDR entities to charge per 
line item. However, the Departments are of the view that a per line-
item charge would present cost challenges for providers with lower 
dollar-value claims when utilizing the Federal IDR process. The 
Departments subsequently considered modifying the IDR entity fee 
structure such that the certified IDR entity could charge per unique 
service code, so that certified IDR entities would be able to be 
adequately compensated for the time and work involved in payment 
determinations, while allowing for flexibility to batch a greater 
number of line items per dispute. However, given the Departments' 
experience in managing the Federal IDR process, the Departments are of 
the view that such a modification to the certified IDR entity fee 
structure would still necessitate a line-item limit to ensure certified 
IDR entities are able to make payment determinations within the 
required 30-business-day period. It is the Departments' understanding 
that a per service code charge and line-item limit combined may 
unnecessarily restrict access to the Federal IDR process.
    The Departments also considered limiting a batched dispute to more 
than 25 different payment offers. For line items in which the payment 
offers are equal, the certified IDR entity could resolve all such line 
items through its

[[Page 75831]]

review of a single set of facts and documentation. A few certified IDR 
entities noted that it is easier to resolve payment determinations if 
the QPA is the same across codes. However, to accommodate batching of 
more than 25 qualified IDR items and services with equal payment 
offers, the initiating party would need to provide the offer for each 
line item or service earlier in the process such as during open 
negotiation or in the notice of IDR initiation as opposed to only at 
the time of the notice of offer. The Departments are of the view that 
this option would prove challenging because it would raise the issue of 
how to handle the limit of unique payment offers if the non-initiating 
party disagrees with the amount of unique payment offers. Further, 
under this approach, if the Departments would require offer information 
at the time of IDR initiation, the initiating party would only have 4 
days to determine their offer following the end of the open negotiation 
period.
    Lastly, the Departments considered imposing line-item limits to 
mitigate the risk of unwieldy batches. Specifically, the Departments 
considered proposing a limit of no more than 50 qualified IDR items or 
services in a batched determination. As of June 6, 2023, the average 
number of line items per batched dispute was 9 line items from April 
2022 to June 2023. The Departments considered that while the average 
number of line items per batched dispute is much lower than the 50-
line-item limit, this data is reflective of the number of line items a 
party can submit under the same service code, or a comparable code 
under a different procedural code system, and that there may likely be 
a higher average with the additional proposed batching flexibilities. 
Further, the Departments considered that 50 line items might, in some 
cases, still allow certified IDR entities to resolve payment 
determinations within the required 30-business-day period. However, 
based on their experience making payment determinations under the 
current batching rule, many certified IDR entities stated that batched 
determinations with more than 25 line items would be difficult to 
render payment determinations within the 30-business-day period if the 
Departments proposed additional batching flexibilities. To ensure 
operational efficiency for certified IDR entities as they make their 
payment determinations and given the average number of line items in a 
batched dispute, the Departments propose to require that no more than 
25 qualified IDR items and services may be considered jointly as part 
of one payment determination for the purposes of batched 
determinations.
8. Administrative and Certified IDR Entity Fee Collection (26 CFR 
54.9816-8T(d), 29 CFR 2590.716-8(d), and 45 CFR 149.510(d))
    The Departments considered maintaining the current policy that both 
the administrative fee and the certified IDR entity fee are due at the 
same time, later in the Federal IDR process. The Departments, however, 
determined that requiring a uniform 2-business-day requirement for the 
administrative fee to be paid by the parties was appropriate. The 
Departments are of the view that requiring payment by an initiating 
party within 2 business days of the date of preliminary selection of 
the certified IDR entity and by a non-initiating party within 2 
business days of a notice of an eligibility determination by either the 
certified IDR entity or the Departments would substantially accelerate 
dispute throughput in the Federal IDR process and ensure that the costs 
of using the Federal IDR process are being allocated to both eligible 
and ineligible disputes.
    Further, the Departments considered requiring the initiating party 
to pay the administrative fee within 1 business day of the date of 
preliminary selection of the certified IDR entity. The Departments 
considered whether the initiating party, by virtue of being the party 
that brings the dispute into the Federal IDR process, takes a more 
active role from the outset, and it should therefore be aware that it 
would be required to pay the administrative fee soon after initiating 
the dispute. In contrast, the Departments considered whether it was 
appropriate to allow the non-initiating party an additional business 
day from the date of notice of an eligibility determination to pay the 
administrative fee, because the non-initiating party neither controls 
when the dispute is initiated nor when eligibility is determined. On 
balance, the Departments determined a uniform 2 business day deadline 
from the date the administrative fee amount is determined (which is at 
preliminary selection of the certified IDR entity for the initiating 
party and at notification of an eligibility determination for the non-
initiating party) was appropriate to allow equitable payment timeframes 
for both disputing parties.
    Further, the Departments considered requiring the non-initiating 
party to pay the administrative fee within 2 business days of 
preliminary selection of the certified IDR entity. However, because the 
Departments propose in these proposed rules that the non-initiating 
party may receive a reduced administrative fee for an ineligible 
dispute, the Departments determined requiring payment within 2 business 
days of notification of the eligibility determination was more 
appropriate. In making this determination, the Departments considered 
the additional burden associated with an overcharge to non-initiating 
parties for ineligible disputes, including the hold of additional 
administrative fees while eligibility is determined and operational 
costs to effectuate refunds to overcharged non-initiating parties.
    The Departments considered maintaining the status quo of certified 
IDR entities collecting the administrative fee on behalf of the 
Departments. However, collection of the administrative fee by the 
certified IDR entities is inefficient, increases the burden of 
uncompensated work to certified IDR entities when the volume of 
ineligible disputes is high, and has historically resulted in low 
collection rates for ineligible disputes partially due to the existing 
administrative fee collection timing. The Departments also considered 
direct collection of both the administrative fee and certified IDR 
entity fee. The Departments are of the view that direct payment of the 
fee by the parties to the organization to which payment is ultimately 
owed (the Departments for the administrative fee and the certified IDR 
entity for the certified IDR entity fee) is more appropriate, 
especially in light of the different timing of these fee collections.
    The Departments also considered only pursuing collection actions 
from all non-paying parties instead of moving up the timing of the fee 
collection. This option was counterbalanced by the expense associated 
with collection proceedings and the need to implement a policy that 
appropriately accounts for the financial burden of ineligible disputes.
    The Departments considered allowing disputes to be placed on a 
temporary hold while fees are paid. However, ensuring all appropriate 
Federal IDR process fees are paid was counterbalanced by the need to 
implement an efficient Federal IDR process to determine out-of-network 
rates between providers, facilities, and providers of air ambulance 
services and plans, issuers, and FEHB carriers. The Departments are 
also of the view that a hold would not incentivize non-responsive 
parties to take action to challenge eligibility and further participate 
in open negotiation and the Federal IDR process, which are some of the 
goals of this proposal.

[[Page 75832]]

    The Departments also considered charging only the initiating party 
a reduced administrative fee for low-dollar disputes and charging the 
non-initiating party the full administrative fee; however, the 
Departments determined this may be unnecessarily punitive to non-
initiating parties in low-dollar disputes. Before proposing the highest 
offer from a disputing party during open negotiation as the proper 
metric to determine whether a dispute is low-dollar, the Departments 
considered setting the threshold for low-dollar disputes based on 
several metrics including the QPA, billed charge amount, and submitted 
offer. The Departments are of the view that the QPA is inappropriate 
because interested parties have expressed concerns about relying on the 
QPA as a determinative factor in the Federal IDR process. Similarly, 
billed charge amount was discarded as an option because it is a 
statutorily prohibited factor in payment determinations; thus, 
including it as an anchoring point for the administrative fee amount in 
the Federal IDR portal may lead disputing parties to believe the billed 
charge amount would be improperly considered by the certified IDR 
entity in making the final payment determination. Additionally, it 
would be inappropriate to utilize the final offer amount for two 
reasons. First, the parties may not know their offer amount when the 
certified IDR entity is selected and the administrative fee is billed. 
Second, utilizing the initiating party's offer amount may result in the 
non-initiating party having insight into the final offer of the 
initiating party, which may afford a negotiating advantage to non-
initiating parties.
    The Departments also considered creating an administrative fee that 
would be scaled based on the value of the dispute initiated, such as 
charging each disputing party an administrative fee that was 20 percent 
of the value of the dispute submitted. The Departments, however, are of 
the view that this approach is not appropriate for two reasons. First, 
the value of disputes can have a wide range, such as a $5 million 
dispute for a NICU inpatient hospital stay compared to a $500 
outpatient service. This example structure would result in parties to 
the former dispute paying a $1 million administrative fee and parties 
to the latter dispute paying a $100 administrative fee. Second, the 
Departments recognize that resolving a dispute generally costs the 
Departments the same amount regardless of whether the dispute involves 
low-dollar or high-dollar items or services, and the Federal IDR 
process is intended to streamline resolution of payment disputes 
between plans or issuers and providers or facilities. Further, the 
nature of estimating the administrative fee based on the expenditures 
made by the Departments in a given year means the administrative fee is 
not particularized to an individual dispute. This makes a sliding scale 
impractical to apply to the wide range of disputes subject to the 
Federal IDR process. Finally, the Departments considered maintaining a 
flat administrative fee applicable to all disputes but determined that 
the impact of a flat administrative fee amount on parties seeking to 
initiate low-dollar disputes could make the Federal IDR process cost 
prohibitive for some initiating parties.
    The Departments considered applying a standardized administrative 
fee to all parties in all disputes regardless of eligibility. After 
considering a uniform application, the Departments determined that a 
framework that better accounts for eligibility costs based on the role 
of the disputing party and the eligibility of the dispute was a more 
appropriate distribution of the Departments' expenditures which the 
administrative fee is designed to recoup. The Departments also had 
concerns that non-initiating parties could be penalized by paying for 
an ineligible dispute if an initiating party indiscriminately submitted 
disputes; however, given that an initiating party must pay the 
administrative fee for a dispute to be considered fully submitted and 
for the fee to be assessed to both parties, the Departments are of the 
view that there are sufficient safeguards in place. Further, the 
Departments also considered not charging non-initiating parties for 
ineligible disputes; however, because the statute indicates that each 
party to a dispute is responsible for the administrative fee, and even 
in ineligible disputes the non-initiating party is benefiting from 
Federal IDR process safeguards such as access to the proposed registry 
and open negotiation, the Departments are of the view that a payment of 
a reduced administrative fee for non-initiating parties is appropriate, 
even in disputes that are not eligible for the Federal IDR process. The 
Departments recognize that the timelines described in this proposed 
policy may place additional burden on resource constrained small 
entities. However, the Departments believe that any additional burden 
to small entities will be significantly outweighed by the additional 
benefits to small entities from the proposed policies regarding low 
dollar and ineligible disputes.
9. Extension of Time Periods for Extenuating Circumstances (26 CFR 
54.9816-8(g), 29 CFR 2590.716-8(g), and 45 CFR 149.510(g))
    Under the proposed amendments to 26 CFR 54.9816-8(g), 29 CFR 
2590.716-8(g), and 45 CFR 149.510(g), the Departments would provide an 
extension of the time periods associated with the Federal IDR process 
if they identify unforeseen or good cause delays on a case-by-case 
basis, as opposed to solely relying on one of the parties to submit an 
extension request. Further, the Departments also propose to codify a 
generally applicable extension of time periods when the Departments 
determine that such extension is necessary due to extenuating 
circumstances that contribute to systematic delays in processing 
disputes under the Federal IDR process, such as an unforeseen high 
volume of disputes or Federal IDR portal system failures.
    The Departments considered alternatives to these proposals, 
including maintaining the status quo and not proposing to modify the 
ability of the Departments to provide extensions on a case-by-case 
basis or for generally applicable extensions of time periods. 
Additionally, the Departments considered only proposing the former, and 
not proposing to codify generally applicable extensions. However, the 
Departments are of the view that both proposed pathways to granting 
extensions of time periods for extenuating circumstances are relevant 
and necessary for the parties and entities participating in the Federal 
IDR process. In particular, the Departments are of the view that the 
ability to grant generally applicable extensions of time periods due to 
extenuating circumstances that contribute to systematic delays would 
provide protection for parties engaged in the Federal IDR process from 
the impact of systematic processing delays and ensure that unforeseen 
circumstances do not unfairly disadvantage a party or hinder its 
ability to comply with the Federal IDR process timeframes. Furthermore, 
the Departments believe that these additional protections may be 
especially beneficial to small entities, which may face difficulty in 
complying with the timelines proposed in this rulemaking. This proposed 
policy may partially offset the additional timeframe compliance burden 
placed on small entities, as described throughout this section, by 
providing greater flexibility in obtaining extensions in extenuating 
circumstances.

[[Page 75833]]

10. Registration of Group Health Plans and Health Insurance Issuers (26 
CFR 54.9816-9, 29 CFR 2590.716-9, and 45 CFR 149.530)
    These proposed rules would require plans and issuers to submit 
certain information to the Departments within 30 business days after 
the effective date of the final rules through an IDR registration 
process, and would make the resulting registry of plans and issuers 
available to parties initiating open negotiation requests or disputes 
through the Federal IDR portal. The Departments also recognize that 
this proposed policy may impose additional burden on resource 
constrained small entities by requiring them to submit additional 
information to the Departments. The Departments considered limiting 
registration information to a plan's or issuer's contact information 
and plan type (for example, fully-insured, self-insured, etc.). 
However, the Departments are of the view that this limited set of 
information would be insufficient to allow providers, facilities, and 
providers of air ambulances to initiate open negotiation and disputes 
correctly. For example, if a plan submitted information that it was 
self-insured but did not submit information showing that it had opted 
into a specified State law, a provider might incorrectly initiate a 
payment dispute in the Federal IDR process rather than the relevant 
State process. The Departments also considered requiring more 
comprehensive registration information, including a list of items and 
services that the plan covers which would be subject to a specified 
State law or All-Payer Model Agreement. The Departments are of the view 
that this level of detail would be overly burdensome on plans and 
issuers. Additionally, since States regularly modify the requirements 
of their specified State laws and All-Payer Model Agreements, the 
information contained in the registry would frequently be out-of-date. 
The Departments also considered allowing plans and issuers a period of 
one year following the rules' effective date to register; however, the 
Departments are of the view that since plans and issuers are already 
required to disclose most of the proposed registration information, 
requiring registration by 30 business days after the rules' effective 
date would not be unduly burdensome.

F. Paperwork Reduction Act--Department of Health and Human Services, 
Department of Labor, and Department of the Treasury

    Under the Paperwork Reduction Act of 1995 (PRA), the Departments 
are required to provide 60-day notice in the Federal Register and 
solicit public comment before a collection of information requirement 
is submitted to OMB for review and approval. To fairly evaluate whether 
an information collection should be approved by OMB, section 
3506(c)(2)(A) of the PRA requires that the Departments solicit comment 
on the following issues:
     The need for information collection and its usefulness in 
carrying out the proper functions of the Departments.
     The accuracy of the Departments' estimate of the 
information collection burden.
     The quality, utility, and clarity of the information to be 
collected.
     Recommendations to minimize the information collection 
burden on the affected public, including automated collection 
techniques.
1. Wage Estimates
    To derive wage estimates, the Departments generally used data from 
the Bureau of Labor Statistics to derive average labor costs (including 
a 100 percent increase for fringe benefits and overhead) for estimating 
the burden associated with the information collection requirements 
(ICRs).\209\ Table 9 presents the mean hourly wage, the cost of fringe 
benefits and overhead, and the adjusted hourly wage from the May 2022 
National Occupational Employment and Wage Estimates (https://www.bls.gov/oes/current/oes_nat.htm).
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

    \209\ Id.
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

    As indicated, employee hourly wage estimates have been adjusted by 
a factor of 100 percent. This is necessarily a rough adjustment, both 
because fringe benefits and overhead costs vary significantly across 
employers and because methods of estimating these costs vary widely 
across studies.
[GRAPHIC] [TIFF OMITTED] TP03NO23.013

2. ICRs Regarding Information To Be Shared About the QPA (26 CFR 
54.9816-6(d), 29 CFR 2590.716-6(d), and 45 CFR 149.140(d))
    The July 2021 interim final rules, as updated by the August 2022 
final rules, require plans and issuers to provide certain information 
regarding the QPA to providers, facilities, and providers of air 
ambulance services when making an initial payment or notice of denial 
of payment when the QPA is the recognized amount (or, for air ambulance 
services, the amount on which cost sharing is based).
    These proposed rules would require plans and issuers to disclose 
the legal business name of the group health plan (if any) or issuer; 
the legal business name of the plan sponsor (if applicable); and the 
assigned Federal IDR registration number (if the plan or issuer is 
registered with the Federal IDR

[[Page 75834]]

registry). In addition, these proposed rules would amend the statement 
required under 26 CFR 54.9816-6(d)(1)(iv), 29 CFR 2590.716-6(d)(1)(iv), 
and 45 CFR 149.140(d)(1)(iv) to make technical and conforming changes 
to the content of the statement.
    The Departments assume that TPAs would provide this information on 
behalf of the self-insured plans they administer. The Departments 
assume that issuers and TPAs would automate the process of preparing 
and providing this information to providers, facilities, and providers 
of air ambulance services. The Departments anticipate that issuers and 
TPAs would need to make a one-time change to their IT systems to make 
changes to the currently required QPA notification to incorporate the 
proposed information described in the proposed new paragraph (d)(1)(v) 
and paragraph (d)(1)(iv). The Departments estimate that for each plan 
and issuer, on average, it would take a computer programmer 3 hours (at 
an hourly rate of $98.84) to add fillable fields to disclose the legal 
business name (if any) of the group health plan or issuer; the legal 
business name of the plan sponsor (if applicable) and the assigned 
Federal IDR registration number (if the plan or issuer is registered 
with the Federal IDR registry); to add information notifying the 
provider, facility, or provider of air ambulance services of the 
proposed requirement to notify the Departments to initiate open 
negotiation; and to replace the phrase ``amount of total payment'' with 
the term ``out-of-network rate'' and the term ``determination'' with 
the phrase ``agreement on the amount of payment'' in the statement 
about initiating open negotiation. The Departments estimate that the 
one-time burden for each plan or issuer, to be incurred in 2024, would 
be 3 hours on average, with an equivalent cost of approximately $297. 
The Departments estimate a total one-time burden, for all issuers and 
TPAs, of 5,115 hours, with an associated cost of approximately 
$505,567. As the Departments share jurisdiction, HHS would account for 
50 percent of the total burden, or approximately 2,558 burden hours, 
with an equivalent cost of approximately $252,783. The Departments of 
Labor and the Treasury would each account for 25 percent of the total 
burden, or approximately 1,279 burden hours, with an equivalent cost of 
approximately $126,392. The Departments seek comment on these burden 
estimates.
    In addition, the Departments propose to revise the regulation 
addressing information to be shared about the QPA to make clear these 
disclosures are required when the recognized amount (or for air 
ambulance services, the amount on which cost sharing is based) is the 
QPA or the amount billed by the provider, facility, or provider of air 
ambulance services. The Departments anticipate that this is not a 
common occurrence and therefore would not result in an increase in 
burden for plans and issuers.
[GRAPHIC] [TIFF OMITTED] TP03NO23.014

    The Departments would revise the information collection currently 
approved under OMB control number 0938-1401 to account for this new 
burden.\210\
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    \210\ OMB Control Number: 0938-1401 (CMS-10780, Requirements 
Related to Surprise Billing: Qualifying Payment Amount, Notice and 
Consent, Disclosure on Patient Protections Against Balance Billing, 
and State Law Opt-in).
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

3. ICRs Regarding Open Negotiation (26 CFR 54.9816-8(b)(1), 29 CFR 
2590.716-8(b)(1), and 45 CFR 149.510(b)(1))
    The Departments propose to require a party to provide an open 
negotiation notice containing additional required elements and 
supporting documentation to the other party and the Departments to 
initiate the open negotiation period. The October 2021 interim final 
rules established that the initiating party must provide an open 
negotiation notice to the other party which must include information 
sufficient to identify the items or services subject to negotiation, 
including the date(s) the item(s) or service(s) were furnished, the 
service code, and initial payment amount, if applicable), an offer of 
an out-of-network rate, and contact information for the party sending 
the open negotiation notice. The provisions in these proposed rules 
would expand the required information in an open negotiation notice to 
include 12 new content additions to the existing required elements. The 
expanded content requirements would include: (1) information sufficient 
to identify the provider, facility or provider of air ambulance 
services, including name and current contact information (including the 
legal business name, email address, phone number, and mailing address) 
and the National Provider Identifier (NPI); (2) the plan's or issuer's 
registration number as required under 26 CFR 54.9816-9, 29 CFR 
2590.716-9, and 45 CFR 149.530 (if the plan or issuer is not registered 
under 26 CFR 54.9816-9, 29 CFR 2590.716-9, and 45 CFR 149.530, an 
attestation by the party submitting the open negotiation notice that 
the plan or issuer was not registered by the date it submitted the open 
negotiation notice), the legal business name of the plan or issuer as 
well as the current contact information (name, email address, phone 
number, and mailing address) of the plan or issuer as provided with the 
initial payment or notice of denial of payment, and if the party 
submitting the open negotiation notice is a plan or issuer, the plan 
type (for example, self-insured or fully-insured); (3) the name

[[Page 75835]]

and contact information including the legal business name, email 
address, phone number, and mailing address for any third party 
representing the party submitting the open negotiation notice and an 
attestation that the third party has the authority to act on behalf of 
the party it represents in the open negotiation; (4) information 
sufficient to identify the item or service, including, but not limited 
to: the date(s) the item or service was furnished and the date(s) that 
the provider, facility, or provider of air ambulance services received 
the initial payment or notice of denial of payment for such item or 
service from the plan or issuer; the type of item or service including, 
whether the item or service is an emergency service as defined in 26 
CFR 54.9816-4T(c)(2), 29 CFR 2590.716-4(c)(2), and 45 CFR 
149.110(c)(2), non-emergency times and services as described in 26 CFR 
54.9816-5T(b), 29 CFR 2590.716-5(b), and 45 CFR 149.120(b); or an air 
ambulance service as defined in 26 CFR 54.9816-3T, 29 CFR 2590.716-3, 
and 45 CFR 149.30; whether the service is a professional service or 
facility-based service; the State where the item or service was 
furnished; the claim number; the service code; and information 
sufficient to identify the location the item of service was furnished 
(such as place of service code or bill type); (5) the initial payment 
amount (including $0 if, for example, payment is denied); (6) the QPA 
if provided with the initial payment or denial of payment; (7) an offer 
of an out-of-network rate for each item or service; (8) if the party 
submitting the open negotiation notice is a plan or issuer, the amount 
of cost sharing imposed for the item or service; (9) if the party 
submitting the open negotiation notice is a provider or facility, a 
statement that the patient who received the item or service did not 
receive notice or provide consent as described in 45 CFR 149.410(b) or 
149.420(c) through (i) to be treated by a nonparticipating provider or 
nonparticipating emergency facility; (10) a statement that the 
provider, facility, or provider of air ambulance services was a 
nonparticipating provider, nonparticipating emergency facility, or 
nonparticipating provider of air ambulance services on the date the 
item or service was furnished; (11) general information listed in the 
standard open negotiation notice developed by the Departments 
describing the open negotiation period and the Federal IDR process 
(including a description of the purpose of the open negotiation period 
and Federal IDR process and key deadlines in the open negotiation 
period and Federal IDR process); and (12) a copy of the initial payment 
or notice of denial of payment or other remittance advice that is 
required to include the disclosures under 26 CFR 54.9816-6T(d)(1), 29 
CFR 2590.716-6(d)(1), and 45 CFR 149.140(d)(1) for the item or service.
    Furthermore, the Departments propose that the party in receipt of 
the open negotiation notice would be required to provide a response to 
the open negotiation notice through the Federal IDR portal no later 
than the 15th business day of the 30-business-day open negotiation 
period. The proposed open negotiation response notice would require the 
following categories of information, beginning with the same 
information as specified in proposed 26 CFR 54.9816-8(b)(1)(ii)(A)(1) 
through (3), 29 CFR 2590.716-8(b)(1)(ii)(A)(1) through (3), and 45 CFR 
45 CFR 149.510(b)(1)(ii)(A)(1) through (3) related to the requirements 
to provide contact information for the provider, facility, or provider 
of air ambulance services, and the plan or issuer that is a party to 
the open negotiation, and any third party representing a party in the 
open negotiation. It would also include (4) information sufficient to 
identify each item or service included in the open negotiation notice, 
including the date(s) the item or service was furnished and the date(s) 
that the provider, facility, or provider of air ambulance services 
received the initial payment or notice of denial of payment for such 
item or service from the plan or issuer and the claim number; (5) if 
the party in receipt of the open negotiation notice is a plan or 
issuer, a statement as to whether the party in receipt of the open 
negotiation notice agrees that the initial payment amount (including $0 
if, for example, payment is denied) and the QPA reflected in the open 
negotiation notice is accurate for the item or service, and if not, or 
if the open negotiation notice indicated that the initial payment 
amount or qualifying payment amount was not communicated by the plan or 
issuer with the initial payment or notice of denial of payment or other 
remittance advice, the initial payment amount (including $0 if, for 
example, payment is denied) and/or QPA amount it believes to be correct 
and documentation to support the statement; (6) if the party in receipt 
of the open negotiation notice is a plan or issuer, the amount of cost 
sharing imposed for the item or service; (7) a counteroffer of an out-
of-network rate for the item or service or an acceptance of the other 
party's offer; (8) if the party in receipt of the open negotiation 
notice is a provider or facility, a statement that the patient who 
received the item or service did not receive notice or provide consent 
to be treated by a nonparticipating provider or nonparticipating 
emergency facility as described in 149.410(b) or 149.420(c) through 
(i); (9) with respect to each item or service, either a statement and 
supporting documentation that notes why the item or service is 
ineligible for the Federal IDR process or a statement agreeing that the 
item or service is eligible for the Federal IDR process; (10) a 
statement as to whether any of the information provided in the open 
negotiation notice is inaccurate and the basis for the assertion; and 
(11) a statement confirming that the initial payment or notice of 
denial of payment or other remittance advice provided with the open 
negotiation notice is accurate, and if inaccurate, a copy of the 
initial payment or notice of denial of payment or other remittance 
advice that are required to include the disclosures under 26 CFR 
54.9816-6T(d)(1), 29 CFR 2590.716-6(d)(1), and 45 CFR 149.140(d)(1), 
for the item or service.
    In addition to the paperwork costs for the Federal IDR process 
previously accounted for in the July 2021 interim final rules and 
October 2021 interim final rules, the Departments estimate that it 
would take a compensation and benefits manager 30 minutes (at an hourly 
rate of $137.64) and an office clerk 15 minutes (at an hourly rate of 
$39.56) on average to prepare and submit the additional information for 
open negotiation for each plan, issuer, or FEHB carrier and provider or 
facility initiating open negotiation. This results in a cost of $78.71 
per party per open negotiation notice. Similarly, the Departments 
estimate that it would take a compensation and benefits manager 30 
minutes (at an hourly rate or $137.64) and an office clerk 15 minutes 
(at an hourly rate of $39.56) on average to prepare and submit the 
proposed open negotiation response notice for each party in receipt of 
the open negotiation notice, resulting in a cost of $78.71 per party 
per open negotiation response notice. In the October 2021 interim final 
rules, the Departments originally estimated that 25 percent of disputes 
would be resolved in open negotiation before entering the Federal IDR 
process.\211\ The Departments request data or comments on whether this 
assumption has been proven correct. Accordingly, the Departments 
estimate that 560,000 disputes per year would go through open 
negotiation, requiring

[[Page 75836]]

560,000 initiating parties to prepare and submit the additional 
materials proposed for the open negotiation notice and 560,000 non-
initiating parties to prepare and submit the additional materials 
proposed for the open negotiation notice response notice. At a cost of 
$78.71 ($68.82 for 30 minutes by the compensation and benefits manager 
and $9.89 for 15 minutes by the office clerk, or a combined hourly rate 
of $104.95) per party per dispute, this results in a total annual hour 
burden of 840,000 hours with an equivalent cost of approximately 
$88,158,000 for 560,000 disputes annually beginning in 2025.\212\ As 
the Departments and OPM share jurisdiction, HHS would account for 45 
percent of the total burden, or approximately 378,000 burden hours, 
with an equivalent cost of approximately $39,671,100. The Departments 
of Labor and the Treasury would each account for 25 percent of the 
total burden, or approximately 210,000 burden hours, with an equivalent 
cost of approximately $22,039,500. OPM would account for 5 percent of 
the total burden, or approximately 42,000 burden hours, with an 
equivalent cost of approximately $4,407,900. The Departments seek 
comment on these assumptions.
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    \211\ 86 FR 56056.
    \212\ As the Departments do not anticipate these proposed rules 
would be finalized and effective before July 1, 2024, the burden for 
2024 would be prorated to 50 percent, or 420,000 hours with an 
equivalent cost of $44,079,000.
[GRAPHIC] [TIFF OMITTED] TP03NO23.015

    The Departments would revise the information collection currently 
approved under OMB control number 1210-0169 to account for this new 
burden.\213\
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    \213\ OMB Control Number: 1210-0169 (No Surprises Act: IDR 
Process).
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4. ICRs Regarding Initiating the Federal IDR Process and the Notice of 
IDR Initiation (26 CFR 54.9816-8(b)(2), 29 CFR 2590.716-8(b)(2), and 45 
CFR 149.510(b)(2))
a. Notice of IDR Initiation and Notice of IDR Initiation Response
    To initiate the Federal IDR process, the initiating party must 
submit a written notice of IDR initiation to the non-initiating party 
and to the Departments (using the standard form developed by the 
Departments) during the 4-business-day period beginning on the first 
business day after the close of the 30-business-day open negotiation 
period. The Departments propose to add additional required elements 
under the 8 categories to the existing required information in the 
written notice of IDR initiation: (1) information sufficient to 
identify the initiating party, including the TIN, the NPI of the 
provider, facility, or provider of air ambulance services (if 
available), the plan's or issuer's registration number, if the plan or 
issuer is registered under 26 CFR 54.9816-9, 29 CFR 2590.716-9, and 45 
CFR 149.530, and if the initiating party is a plan or issuer, the plan 
type; (2) the name and contact information for any third party 
representing the initiating party and an attestation that the third 
party has the authority to act on behalf of the party it represents in 
the Federal IDR process; (3) information sufficient to identify whether 
the dispute being initiated includes batched or bundled qualified IDR 
items or services; (4) information sufficient to identify the item or 
service included in the notice of IDR initiation, including the date(s) 
the item or service was furnished. If the initiating party is a 
provider, facility, or provider of air ambulances, the date(s) the 
provider, facility, or air ambulance provider received the initial 
payment or denial of payment, the date the open negotiation period 
began, the type of item or service, whether the service is a 
professional or service or facility-based service, the State where the 
item or service was furnished, the claim number, service code and 
information to identify the location the service was furnished 
(including place of service or bill type code); (5) if the non-
initiating party is a plan or issuer, a statement that the provider, 
facility, or air ambulance provider was a nonparticipating provider, 
facility, or air ambulance provider; (6) an attestation that the item 
or service is a qualified IDR item or service and the basis for the 
attestation; (7) a copy of the initial payment or notice of denial of 
payment or other remittance advice that is required to include the 
disclosures under 26 CFR 54.9816-6T(d)(1), 29 CFR 2590.716-6(d)(1), and 
45 CFR 149.140(d)(1), with respect to the item or service; and (8) a 
statement describing the key aspects of the claim, such as patient 
acuity or level of training of the provider, facility, or provider of 
air ambulance services that furnished the qualified IDR item or 
service, discussed by the parties during open negotiation that relate 
to the payment for the disputed claim, whether the reasons for 
initiating the Federal IDR process are different from the aspects of 
the claim discussed during the open negotiation period, and an 
explanation of why the party is initiating the Federal IDR process.
    The Departments also propose that the non-initiating party must 
submit a written response to the notice of IDR initiation to the 
initiating party and to the Departments during the 3-business-day 
period beginning on the day after the notice of IDR initiation is 
received by the Departments. This proposed IDR initiation response 
notice would require the following information: (1) information 
sufficient to identify the provider, facility, or provider of air 
ambulance services, including name and current contact information 
(including the legal business name, email address, phone number, and 
mailing address), the TIN, the NPI of the

[[Page 75837]]

provider, facility, or provider of air ambulance services, (2) 
information sufficient to identify the plan or issuer including the 
plan's or issuer's registration number, as required under 26 CFR 
54.9816-9, 29 CFR 2590.716-9, and 45 CFR 149.530 or an attestation from 
the non-initiating party that the plan or issuer was not registered 
prior to the date that it submitted the notice, the legal business name 
of the plan or issuer, as well as the current contact information 
(name, email address, phone number, and mailing address) of the plan or 
issuer as provided with the initial payment or notice of denial of 
payment; and if the party submitting the notice of IDR initiation 
response is a plan or issuer, the plan type (for example, self-insured 
or fully-insured) and TIN (or, in the case of a plan that does not have 
a TIN, the TIN of the plan sponsor); (3) the name and contact 
information for any third party representing the non-initiating party 
and an attestation that the third party has the authority to act on 
behalf of the party it represents in the Federal IDR process; (4) 
information sufficient to identify each item or service (including the 
date(s) the item or service was furnished, if the non-initiating party 
is a provider, facility, or provider of air ambulance services, the 
date(s) that the provider, facility, or provider of air ambulance 
services received the initial payment or notice of denial of payment 
for such item or service from the plan or issuer, and the claim 
number); (5) if the non-initiating party is a plan or issuer, a 
statement as to whether the non-initiating party agrees that the 
initial payment (including $0 if, for example, payment is denied) and 
the QPA reflected in the notice of IDR initiation is accurate and if 
not, an assertion of the correct initial payment amount and/or the QPA 
that was disclosed with the initial payment or notice of denial of 
payment for the item or service and documentation to support the 
assertion; (6) if the non-initiating party is a plan or issuer, the 
amount of cost sharing imposed for the item or service; (7) if the non-
initiating party is a provider or facility, a statement that the items 
and services do not qualify for the notice and consent exception 
described at CFR 149.410(b) or 149.420(c); (8) for each item or service 
subject to the dispute, an attestation that the item or service that is 
the subject of the dispute is a qualified IDR item or service, and for 
each item or service that the non-initiating party attests is not a 
qualified IDR item or service, an explanation and supporting 
documentation; (9) a statement confirming that the initial payment or 
notice of denial of payment or other remittance advice provided by the 
initiating party under paragraph (b)(2)(ii)(A)(12) is accurate, and if 
inaccurate, a copy of the remittance advice or other documentation 
required to include the disclosures under 26 CFR 54.9816-6T(d)(1), 29 
CFR 2590.716-6(d)(1), and 45 CFR 149.140(d)(1), with respect to the 
item or service; (10) a statement as to whether any of the information 
provided in the notice of IDR initiation is inaccurate and the basis 
for the statement as well as any supporting documentation; and (11) a 
statement as to whether the non-initiating party agrees or objects to 
the initiating party's preferred certified IDR entity and if the party 
objects, an alternative preferred certified IDR entity.
    In addition to the paperwork costs for the Federal IDR process, the 
Departments estimate that it would take a compensation and benefits 
manager 30 minutes (at an hourly rate of $137.64) and an office clerk 
15 minutes (at an hourly rate of $39.56) on average to prepare and 
submit the additional statements proposed for the notice of IDR 
initiation for each initiating party, resulting in a cost of $78.71 per 
party per notice of IDR initiation. Similarly, the Departments estimate 
that it would take a compensation and benefits manager 30 minutes (at 
an hourly rate of $137.64) and an office clerk 15 minutes (at an hourly 
rate of $39.56) on average to prepare and submit the proposed notice of 
IDR initiation response for each non-initiating party, resulting in a 
cost of $78.71 per party per notice of IDR initiation response. The 
Departments estimate that 420,000 disputes would be initiated, 
requiring work by 840,000 disputing parties. At a per party cost of 
$78.71 ($68.82 for 30 minutes by the compensation and benefits manager 
at $137.64 per hour and $9.89 for 15 minutes by the office clerk at 
$39.56 per hour, or a combined hourly rate of $104.95) per party, this 
results in a total estimated annual hour burden of 630,000 hours or an 
equivalent cost burden of $66,118,500 for 420,000 disputes, which 
includes 315,000 estimated annual burden hours or an equivalent annual 
cost burden of $33,059,250 each for initiating and non-initiating 
parties, respectively, beginning in 2025.\214\ As the Departments and 
OPM share jurisdictions, HHS would account for 45 percent of the total 
burden, or approximately 283,500 burden hours, with an equivalent cost 
of approximately $29,753,325. The Departments of Labor and the Treasury 
would each account for 25 percent of the total burden, or approximately 
157,500 burden hours, with an equivalent cost of approximately 
$16,529,625. OPM would account for 5 percent of the total burden, or 
approximately 31,500 burden hours, with an equivalent cost of 
approximately $3,305,925. The Departments seek comment on these 
assumptions.
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    \214\ As the Departments do not anticipate these proposed rules 
would be finalized and effective before July 1, 2024, the burden for 
2024 would be prorated to 50 percent, or 315,000 hours with an 
equivalent cost of $33,059,250.
[GRAPHIC] [TIFF OMITTED] TP03NO23.016


[[Page 75838]]


    The Departments would revise the information collection currently 
approved under OMB control number 1210-0169 to account for the new 
burden.\215\
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    \215\ OMB Control Number: 1210-0169 (No Surprises Act: IDR 
Process).
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

b. Preliminary Selection of the Certified IDR Entity
    The Departments anticipate that the amendments to the process for 
the preliminary selection of the certified IDR entity would reduce the 
overall burden associated with collecting information through the 
notice of certified IDR entity selection. In these proposed rules, the 
Departments propose that the non-initiating party must agree or object 
to the preferred certified IDR entity in the notice of IDR initiation 
response. Accordingly, the initiating party would only be required to 
submit the notice of certified IDR entity selection if the non-
initiating party objects to the initiating party's preferred certified 
IDR entity and submits an alternative preferred certified IDR entity in 
the notice of IDR initiation response, thus limiting the frequency with 
which the Departments expect the initiating party to submit this 
information. Similarly, the non-initiating party would only be required 
to use the notice of certified IDR entity selection if the non-
initiating party objected to the initiating party's alternative 
preferred certified IDR entity included in the initiating party's 
notice of certified IDR selection form. The content submitted through 
the notice would also be streamlined to only reflect information 
confirming the party's agreement or objection, preferred alternative to 
other party's alternative preferred certified IDR entity, and if 
applicable, an explanation of the conflict of interest with the 
alternative preferred certified IDR entity.
    Under the current rules and currently approved PRA package (OMB 
control number 1210-0169), the Departments assume that all disputes 
require the submission of the notice of certified IDR entity selection, 
and that each notice corresponds to approximately 1.25 burden hours, 
with an equivalent cost of $119.\216\ Across all disputes, the 
Departments assume an annual burden of approximately 21,794 hours at a 
cost of approximately $2,156,635 for parties to submit the notice of 
certified IDR entity selection. However, based on these proposed rules, 
the Departments anticipate that the frequency and content of this 
collection would change, thus impacting the currently estimated burden.
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    \216\ The Departments assume that it will take 1 hour for a 
medical and health services professional to write the notice and 15 
minutes for a clerical worker to prepare and send the notice at a 
wage rate of $109.03 per hour for the medical and health services 
manager and a wage rate of $58.66 per hour for the clerical worker.
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

    Under these proposed rules, this information collection would be 
limited to those disputes in which either party does not agree to the 
other party's preferred alternative certified IDR entity. For this 
subset of disputes, the initiating party would be required to submit 
the notice of certified IDR entity selection to indicate agreement or 
objection to the non-initiating party's alternate preferred certified 
IDR entity selection as indicated in the notice of IDR initiation 
response, and both parties would have the ability to submit the notice 
back-and-forth during the 3-day period after the date of IDR initiation 
until an agreed upon entity is identified or the parties fail to 
jointly agree. The content of the collection would be revised to only 
require a party to indicate their agreement or objection and if 
applicable an explanation of the conflict of interest, and 
identification of an alternate preferred certified IDR entity and thus 
the Departments anticipate that it would take a respondent much less 
time to submit this information than previously estimated.
    Based on internal data, in approximately 29 percent of disputes, 
the non-initiating party objects to the certified IDR entity selected 
by the initiating party. Further, out of the 29 percent of disputes in 
which the non-initiating party objected to the certified IDR entity 
selected by the initiating party, the majority of those disputes (93 
percent, or 27 percent of all disputes) the initiating party agreed to 
the alternate preferred certified IDR entity selected by the non-
initiating party. In a very small percentage (approximately 2 percent) 
of disputes, the non-initiating party and initiating party engage in a 
back-and-forth by objecting to each other's preferred certified IDR 
entities multiple times. Based on the number of disputes submitted from 
June 2022 through June 2023, the Departments estimate that 
approximately 113,400 disputes would require the initiating party to 
submit a notice of certified IDR entity selection form a single time. 
The Departments estimate that it would take an office clerk 30 minutes 
(at an hourly rate of $39.56) on average to prepare and submit the 
notice indicating agreement or objection to the alternate preferred 
certified IDR entity and selecting an alternative entity, if 
applicable. This would result in a cost of $19.78 per dispute. For the 
approximately 113,400 disputes that would require this collection, the 
total annual hourly burden would be 56,700 hours, with an equivalent 
annual cost of approximately $2,243,052.\217\
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    \217\ The is calculated as follows: 113,400 disputes x 0.5 hours 
= 56,700 burden hours. 56,700 burden hours x $39.56 hourly rate = 
$2,243,052 total annual cost.
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    In addition, the Departments expect that, for a small proportion of 
disputes, the initiating party and the non-initiating party would 
exchange the notice of certified IDR entity selection multiple times 
within the proposed timeframe before reaching agreement and jointly 
selecting or defaulting to random selection. To reflect the additional 
burden associated with disputes requiring multiple notices, the 
Departments estimate that approximately 8,400 disputes would require 
the provision of two total rounds of notice exchange \218\ by the 
initiating party and non-initiating party before either jointly 
selecting a certified IDR entity or defaulting to selection by the 
Departments. This would result in a cost of $39.56 per dispute, and a 
total annual hourly burden of 8,400 hours with an equivalent cost of 
$332,304.\219\
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    \218\ Internal data show that the highest number of times a 
certified IDR entity was selected for a single dispute was five. 
Since these proposed rules would amend the frequency of use of the 
notice of certified IDR entity selection by transferring one of the 
selection instances to the notice of IDR initiation, five unique 
selections would correspond to four exchanges of the notice of 
certified IDR entity selection. However, the Departments anticipate 
that four exchanges would be quite rare based on internal data, so 
the Departments are using two exchanges of the notice of certified 
IDR entity selection in these estimates. The Departments seek 
comment on these assumptions.
    \219\ This is calculated as follows: 8,400 disputes x 0.5 hours 
x 2 exchanges = 8,400 burden hours. 8,400 burden hours x $39.56 
hourly rate = $332,304 total annual cost.
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    The Departments estimate that in total for disputes requiring this 
collection, including both the 113,400 disputes that the Departments 
anticipate would require a single submission of the notice of certified 
IDR entity selection form and the 8,400 disputes requiring multiple 
submissions of the form, the average burden per response would be 
approximately 0.53 hours \220\ with an equivalent cost of approximately 
$21.14 per response.\221\ Therefore, the total annual burden would be 
65,100 hours, with an equivalent cost of

[[Page 75839]]

$2,575,356.\222\ As the Departments and OPM share jurisdiction, HHS 
would account for 45 percent of the total burden, or approximately 
29,295 burden hours, with an equivalent cost of approximately 
$1,158,910. The Departments of Labor and the Treasury would each 
account for 25 percent of the total burden, or approximately 16,275 
burden hours each, with an equivalent cost of approximately $643,839 
each. OPM would account for 5 percent of the total burden, or 
approximately 3,255 burden hours, with an equivalent cost of 
approximately $128,768.
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    \220\ The precise unrounded number for the weighted average time 
per response is 0.53448 hours. This unrounded number is used to 
calculate the total annual burden across the disputes requiring the 
submission of a certified IDR entity selection notice. The 
calculation is as follows: 0.53448 weighted average time per 
response x 121,800 disputes = 65,100 total annual burden hours.
    \221\ This is calculated as follows: 0.53 hours x $39.56 hourly 
rate = $21.14 cost per response.
    \222\ As the Departments do not anticipate these proposed rules 
would be finalized and effective before July 1, 2024, the burden for 
2024 would be prorated to 50 percent, or 32,550 hours with an 
equivalent cost of $1,287,678.
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    However, as discussed earlier in this section, as the current 
information collection assumes a burden per respondent of 1.25 hours 
and a total cost burden of $2,156,635, the Departments estimate a total 
increase in costs of approximately $418,621 \223\ due to the proposed 
changes to the requirement to submit this notice. The Departments seek 
comment on these assumptions.
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    \223\ This is calculated as follows: $2,156,635 - $2,575,256 = -
$418,621.
[GRAPHIC] [TIFF OMITTED] TP03NO23.017

    The Departments would revise the information collection currently 
approved under OMB control number 1210-0169 to account for this revised 
burden.
5. ICRs Regarding Federal IDR Eligibility Determinations (26 CFR 
54.9816-8(c), 29 CFR 2590.716-8(c), and 45 CFR 149.510(c))
    The Departments anticipate no change or nominal change in burden 
related to the proposed departmental eligibility review provision. This 
information collection is approved under OMB control number 1210-0169. 
The same type and quantity of information would continue to be 
collected from disputing parties to determine eligibility under these 
proposed rules. When the departmental eligibility review is in effect, 
the Departments would be collecting information related to Federal IDR 
dispute eligibility. When the departmental eligibility review is not in 
effect, the Departments and the certified IDR entities would be 
collecting this information. Therefore, the Departments are of the view 
that there is no change in burden associated with changing to whom the 
parties are submitting eligibility information. The Departments seek 
comment on these assumptions.
6. ICRs Regarding Withdrawals (26 CFR 54.9816-8(c)(3)(ii), 29 CFR 
2590.716-8(c)(3)(ii), and 45 CFR 149.510(c)(3)(ii))
    The Departments propose to add 26 CFR 54.9816-8(c)(3)(ii), 29 CFR 
2590.716-8(c)(3)(ii), and 45 CFR 149.510(c)(3)(ii) to establish a 
process for disputes to be withdrawn from the Federal IDR process. The 
proposed withdrawal process would require the creation of a new 
collection of information and increase burden on the initiating and 
non-initiating parties required to submit the proposed notice. These 
proposed rules would require the initiating party to submit a 
withdrawal request to the Departments and the non-initiating party 
through the Federal IDR portal. The non-initiating party would then be 
required to provide a response within 5 business days indicating 
agreement or objection to the request for withdrawal. Each dispute 
would therefore require a collection from both the initiating 
(requesting) and the non-initiating (responding) parties in order to 
withdraw. If the non-initiating party fails to respond, the non-
initiating party would be considered to have agreed to the dispute's 
withdrawal. The Departments expect that dispute withdrawals would be 
relatively rare: Based on internal data, the Departments anticipate 
that approximately 4 percent of disputes (or 16,800 disputes) would be 
withdrawn annually.
    The Departments estimate that it would take a compensation and 
benefits manager 15 minutes (at an hourly rate of $137.64) and an 
office clerk 15 minutes (at an hourly rate of $39.56) for the 
initiating party to prepare and submit the notice of request for 
withdrawal to the non-initiating party and the Departments through the 
Federal IDR portal, resulting in a time of 30 minutes and cost of 
$44.30 per dispute for the initiating party.\224\ For the anticipated 
16,800 withdrawn disputes annually, initiating parties would incur a 
total of 8,400 burden hours with an equivalent cost burden of $744,240 
to submit withdrawal requests annually.\225\ Because the notice of 
withdrawal response would have fewer data elements and would require a 
lower amount of time and labor burden to submit, the Departments 
estimate that it would take an office clerk approximately 15 minutes 
(at an hourly rate of $39.56) on average for the non-initiating party 
to submit the notice of withdrawal response to the initiating party and 
the Departments through the Federal IDR portal, resulting in a cost of 
$9.89 per response.\226\ For the anticipated 16,800 withdrawn disputes 
annually, the non-initiating party would

[[Page 75840]]

incur a total of 4,200 burden hours or an equivalent cost burden of 
$166,152 to submit withdrawal responses annually.\227\ This results in 
a total estimated annual burden of 12,600 hours or an equivalent cost 
burden of $910,392 across both the initiating and non-initiating 
parties.\228\
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    \224\ This is calculated as follows: 0.25 hours per response x 
$137.64 hourly rate for a compensation and benefits manager = $34.41 
per response. 0.25 hours per response x $39.56 hourly rate for an 
office clerk = $9.89 per response. $34.41 + $9.89 = $44.30 total per 
response.
    \225\ This is calculated as follows: 16,800 disputes x 0.5 labor 
hours per dispute = 8,400 total burden hours. 16,800 disputes x 
$44.30 per dispute = $744,240 total cost. As the Departments do not 
anticipate these proposed rules would be finalized and effective 
before July 1, 2024, the burden for 2024 would be prorated to 50 
percent, or 4,200 hours with an equivalent cost of $372,120.
    \226\ This is calculated as follows: 0.25 hours per response x 
$39.56 hourly rate for an office clerk = $9.89 per response.
    \227\ This is calculated as follows: 16,800 disputes x 0.25 
labor hours per dispute = 4,200 total burden hours. 16,800 disputes 
x $9.89 = $166,152 total cost. As the Departments do not anticipate 
these proposed rules would be finalized and effective before July 1, 
2024, the burden for 2024 would be prorated to 50 percent, or 2,100 
hours with an equivalent cost of $83,076.
    \228\ This is calculated as follows: 8,400 total initiating 
party burden hours + 4,200 total non-initiating party burden hours = 
12,600 overall total burden hours. $744,240 total initiating party 
cost + $166,152 total non-initiating party cost = $910,392 overall 
total cost. As the Departments do not anticipate these proposed 
rules would be finalized and effective before July 1, 2024, the 
burden for 2024 would be prorated to 50 percent, or 6,300 hours with 
an equivalent cost of $455,196.
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    As the Departments and OPM share jurisdictions, HHS would account 
for 45 percent of the total burden, or approximately 5,670 burden 
hours, with an equivalent cost of approximately $409,676. The 
Departments of Labor and the Treasury would each account for 25 percent 
of the total burden, or approximately 3,150 burden hours, with an 
equivalent cost of approximately $227,598. OPM would account for 5 
percent of the total burden, or approximately 630 burden hours, with an 
equivalent cost of approximately $45,520. The Departments seek comment 
on these assumptions.
[GRAPHIC] [TIFF OMITTED] TP03NO23.018

    The Departments would revise the information collection currently 
approved under OMB control number 1210-0169 to account for this 
proposed burden.
7. ICRs Regarding Administrative and Certified IDR Entity Fee 
Collection (26 CFR 54.9816-8(d), 29 CFR 2590.716-8(d), and 45 CFR 
149.510(d))
    The Departments propose to allow for the administrative fee due 
from each party for participating in the Federal IDR process to be paid 
to the Departments. The burden currently associated with this 
requirement is the time and effort for a certified IDR entity to track 
payments made by disputing parties and submit the administrative fees 
to HHS upon invoice. In the No Surprises Act: IDR Process PRA 
package,\229\ the Departments estimated that tracking payments made by 
disputing parties and submitting the administrative fees to HHS upon 
invoice would take a clerical worker (a secretary or administrative 
assistant, not including legal, medical, or executive) approximately 18 
hours annually (at a rate of $39.56 per hour). The Departments 
estimated that each certified IDR entity would incur a burden of 18 
hours annually at a cost of approximately $711 per certified IDR entity 
to comply with the administrative fee reporting and submission 
requirements.
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    \229\ OMB Control Number: 1210-0169 (No Surprises Act: IDR 
Process). The burden is estimated as follows: (18 hours x $39.56) = 
$712.08 per certified IDR entity. A labor rate of $39.56 is used for 
a clerical worker (a secretary or administrative assistant, not 
including legal, medical, or executive). The labor rates are applied 
in the following calculation: (13 certified IDR entities x 18 hours 
x $39.56) = $9,257.04.
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    Since this proposal would eliminate the requirement that certified 
IDR entities collect the administrative fee on behalf of the 
Departments, the Departments propose to rescind this information 
collection. The burden associated with this information collection 
estimated above would be removed if this proposal is finalized, since 
certified IDR entities would no longer be collecting the administrative 
fee moving forward.
    The Departments estimate a total burden reduction, for 13 certified 
IDR entities, of 234 hours, with an associated cost reduction of 
approximately $9,257 beginning in 2025. As the Departments share 
jurisdiction, HHS would account for 45 percent of the total burden 
reduction, or a reduction of approximately 108 burden hours, with an 
equivalent cost reduction of approximately $4,272. The Departments of 
Labor and the Treasury would each account for 25 percent of the total 
burden reduction, or approximately 54 burden hours each, with an 
equivalent cost reduction of approximately $2,136. OPM would account 
for 5 percent of the total burden reduction, or approximately 18 burden 
hours, with an equivalent cost reduction of approximately $712. The 
Departments seek comment on these assumptions.

[[Page 75841]]

[GRAPHIC] [TIFF OMITTED] TP03NO23.019

    This information collection is approved under OMB control number 
1210-0169, and if this proposal is finalized, the Departments would 
rescind this information collection under OMB control number 1210-0169 
accordingly. The Departments seek comment on this proposed burden 
reduction.
    The Departments also propose to collect one new information 
collection element in the Federal IDR portal associated with the 
administrative fee. The Departments propose to require the initiating 
party to attest (for example, by checking a box) in the portal that no 
offer made by either party during open negotiation exceeded a 
predetermined threshold discussed in section II.E.3.f. of this 
preamble, to determine whether the parties should be charged the 
reduced administrative fee for low-dollar disputes. The Departments are 
of the view that checking this box would take a de minimis amount of 
time in the context of the total time it takes for the initiating party 
to initiate a dispute--2.25 hours, as discussed further in the PRA 
package for the Federal IDR process (OMB control number: 1210-0169). 
The Departments will add this information collection element to the 
information collection currently approved under OMB control number 
1210-0169. The Departments seek comment on this proposed information 
collection.
    Although the Departments would now be collecting the administrative 
fee directly from the disputing parties, rather than the certified IDR 
entities collecting the fee on the Departments' behalf, generally, the 
information collected from disputing parties and associated with this 
step in the Federal IDR process would not change; the parties would be 
submitting this information to the Departments rather than to the 
certified IDR entities. Therefore, the Departments are of the view that 
there is no additional information collection burden associated with 
this proposal. The Departments seek comment on this assumption.
8. ICRs Regarding Extension of Time Periods for Extenuating 
Circumstances (26 CFR 54.9816-8(g), 29 CFR 2590.716-8(g), and 45 CFR 
149.510(g))
    The Departments anticipate that codifying the ability of certified 
IDR entities to submit case-by-case extension requests in the same 
manner as parties would slightly increase the estimated burden 
associated with collecting requests for extensions. In general, the 
Departments maintain the expectation that requests for extensions due 
to extenuating circumstances would be relatively limited, and do not 
expect that certified IDR entities would submit a high volume of 
requests for extensions, particularly since these proposed rules also 
propose to codify the Departments' ability to grant case-by-case 
extensions of their own initiative without a prior request from 
certified IDR entities or parties. Based on internal data, the 
Departments anticipate that certified IDR entities would submit 
approximately 20 such requests for extensions annually.
    The Departments estimate that it would take an office clerk 
approximately 15 minutes (at an hourly rate of $39.56) on average to 
prepare and submit the Request for Extension due to Extenuating 
Circumstances form. Based on internal data reflecting the number of 
extension requests submitted by certified IDR entities, the Departments 
estimate that approximately 20 extensions requests would be submitted 
by certified IDR entities annually. Accordingly, the Departments 
estimate that the burden associated with the submission of the 
extension request notice by certified IDR entities would result in a 
total annual burden of 5 hours with an equivalent cost of approximately 
$197.80 \230\ across all certified IDR entities in addition to the 
existing burden estimate for extension requests submitted by plans, 
issuers, FEHB carriers, providers, facilities, and air ambulance 
services providers already approved under OMB 1210-0169. As the 
Departments and OPM share jurisdictions, HHS would account for 45 
percent of the total burden, or approximately 2.25 burden hours, with 
an equivalent cost of approximately $89.01. The Departments of Labor 
and the Treasury would each account for 25 percent of the total burden, 
or approximately 1.25 burden hours each, with an equivalent cost of 
approximately $49.45 each. OPM would account for 5 percent of the total 
burden, or approximately 0.25 burden hours, with an equivalent cost of 
approximately $9.89. The Departments seek comment on these assumptions.
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    \230\ This is calculated as follows: 20 annual requests x 0.25 
hours = 5 annual burden hours. 5 annual burden hours x $39.56 hourly 
rate = $197.80 total annual cost. As the Departments do not 
anticipate these proposed rules would be finalized and effective 
before July 1, 2024, the burden for 2024 would be prorated to 50 
percent, or 2.5 hours with an equivalent cost of $99.

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[[Page 75842]]

[GRAPHIC] [TIFF OMITTED] TP03NO23.020

    The Departments would revise the information collection currently 
approved under OMB control number 1210-0169 to account for this 
additional burden.
9. ICRs Regarding Registration of Group Health Plans and Health 
Insurance Issuers (26 CFR 54.9816-9, 29 CFR 2590.716-9, and 45 CFR 
149.530)
    These proposed rules would require plans and issuers that are 
subject to the Federal IDR process to register and submit certain 
information to the Departments.
    The Departments assume that TPAs would register on behalf of most 
self-insured plans. The Departments estimate that a total of 1,705 
issuers and TPAs would incur a burden to comply with this provision. 
The Departments estimate that for each issuer and TPA, an 
administrative assistant would spend 8 hours (at an hourly rate of 
$41.74), a compensation and benefits manager would spend 2 hours (at an 
hourly rate of $137.64), and a lawyer would spend 2 hours (at an hourly 
rate of $157.48), to communicate with plans, gather the necessary 
information, and prepare the registration, resulting in a combined 
hourly rate of $77.01. The estimated total burden for each issuer or 
TPA would be 12 hours with an equivalent cost of approximately $924.16. 
The estimated total cost for initial registration and submission of 
information would be 20,460 hours, with an equivalent cost of 
approximately $1,575,693. As the Departments and OPM share 
jurisdictions, HHS would account for 45 percent of the total burden, or 
approximately 9,207 burden hours, with an equivalent cost of 
approximately $709,062. The Departments of Labor and the Treasury would 
each account for 25 percent of the total burden, or approximately 5,115 
burden hours, with an equivalent cost of approximately $393,923. OPM 
would account for 5 percent of the total burden, or approximately 1,023 
burden hours, with an equivalent cost of approximately $78,785.
    The proposed regulation would also require that plans update the 
information associated with their registration no later than 30 days 
after such information changes or at least annually. The Departments 
estimate that for each issuer and TPA, an administrative assistant 
would spend 30 minutes (at an hourly rate of $41.74), and a 
compensation and benefits manager would spend 15 minutes (at an hourly 
rate of $137.64) to update information in a timely way when such 
information changes, resulting in a combined hourly rate of $73.71. The 
estimated total burden for each issuer or TPA would be 0.75 hours with 
an equivalent cost of approximately $55.28. The Departments estimate 
that updating information in a timely way would incur a total cost for 
all issuers and TPAs of approximately 1,279 hours with an equivalent 
cost of approximately $94,252 beginning in 2025. As the Departments and 
OPM share jurisdictions, HHS would account for 45 percent of the total 
burden, or approximately 575 burden hours, with an equivalent cost of 
approximately $42,414. The Departments of Labor and the Treasury would 
each account for 25 percent of the total burden, or approximately 320 
burden hours, with an equivalent cost of approximately $23,563. OPM 
would account for 5 percent of the total burden, or approximately 64 
burden hours, with an equivalent cost of approximately $4,713.
BILLING CODE 6325-63-P; 4830-01-P; 4510-29-P; 4120-01-P
[GRAPHIC] [TIFF OMITTED] TP03NO23.021


[[Page 75843]]


[GRAPHIC] [TIFF OMITTED] TP03NO23.022

    The Departments would revise the information collection currently 
approved under OMB control number 1210-0169 to account for this new 
burden.\231\ The Departments seek comment on these burden estimates.
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    \231\ OMB Control Number: 0938-1401 (CMS-10780, Requirements 
Related to Surprise Billing: Qualifying Payment Amount, Notice and 
Consent, Disclosure on Patient Protections Against Balance Billing, 
and State Law Opt-in).
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    The information collections are summarized as follows:

[[Page 75844]]

[GRAPHIC] [TIFF OMITTED] TP03NO23.023


[[Page 75845]]


[GRAPHIC] [TIFF OMITTED] TP03NO23.024

BILLING CODE 6325-63-C; 4510-01-C; 4120-01-C
10. Submission of PRA-Related Comments\232\
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    \232\ 840,000 respondents are duplicated between the open 
negotiation and Federal IDR proess initiation information 
collections becuase these respondents must complete open 
negotiations to be a party to an initiated dispute; therefore, the 
total number of respondents has been reduced to reflect an accurate 
total of respondents.
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    The Departments have submitted a copy of these proposed rules to 
OMB for its review of the rule's information collection and 
recordkeeping requirements. These requirements are not effective until 
they have been approved by the OMB.
    To obtain copies of the supporting statement and any related forms 
for the proposed collections for control number 0938-1401, please visit 
CMS's website at https://www.cms.gov/Regulations-and-Guidance/Legislation/PaperworkReductionActof1995/PRA-Listing. To obtain copies 
of the supporting statement for control number 1210-0169, please go to 
https://www.RegInfo.gov or email the request to [email protected] and 
reference control number 1210-0169. The Departments invite public 
comment on these potential information collection requirements. 
Commenters may send their views on the Departments' PRA analysis in the 
same way they send comments in response to these proposed rules as a 
whole (for example, through the https://www.regulations.gov website), 
including as part of a comment responding to the broader proposed 
rules.
    If you wish to comment, please submit your comments electronically 
as specified in the ADDRESSES section of these proposed rules and 
identify the rule (CMS-9897-P), the ICR's CFR citation, CMS ID number, 
and OMB control number.
    ICR-related comments are due January 2, 2024.

G. Regulatory Flexibility Act

    The Regulatory Flexibility Act (RFA) (5 U.S.C. 601, et seq.) 
requires agencies to analyze options for regulatory relief of small 
entities to prepare an initial regulatory flexibility analysis to 
describe the impact of these proposed rules on small entities, unless 
the head of the agency can certify that the rule will not have a 
significant economic impact on a substantial number of small entities. 
The RFA generally defines a ``small entity'' as (1) a proprietary firm 
meeting the size standards of the Small Business Administration (SBA), 
(2) a not-for-profit organization that is not dominant in its field, or 
(3) a small government jurisdiction with a population of less than 
50,000. States and individuals are not included in the definition of 
``small entity.'' The Departments use a change in revenues of more than 
3 to 5 percent as its measure of significant economic impact on a 
substantial number of small entities. For purposes of the RFA, small 
entities include small businesses, nonprofit organizations, and small 
governmental jurisdiction.
1. Need for Regulatory Action, Objectives, and Legal Basis
    This proposed rulemaking authorized by the No Surprises Act is 
intended to address specific issues that are critical to ensuring the 
timely rendering of payment determinations and to address feedback from 
interested parties and certified IDR entities to improve the 
functioning of the Federal IDR process. These proposed rules are 
intended to address some of the common communication issues between 
disputing parties stemming from a lack of clarity as to whether items 
and services are qualified IDR items and services covered by the No 
Surprises Act. These proposed rules would impose requirements and 
create incentives for parties to engage with one another during the 
open negotiation period, which would help reduce the volume of 
ineligible disputes being submitted. Specifically, these proposed rules 
would make changes to the information that plans, issuers, providers, 
facilities, and providers of air ambulance services must share before 
initiating the Federal IDR process by including proposals at 26 CFR 
54.9816-6A, 29 CFR 2590.716-6A, and 45 CFR 149.100 to require plans and 
issuers to provide CARCs and RARCs when providing any paper or 
electronic remittance in response to a claim for payment for health 
care items or services furnished by an entity with which it does not 
have a direct or indirect contractual relationship. Additionally, the 
Departments propose amendments at 26 CFR 54.9816-6, 29 CFR 2590.716-6, 
and 45 CFR 149.140 to the information that must be disclosed about the 
QPA. These proposed rules would also establish new requirements at 26 
CFR 54.9816-9, 29 CFR 2590.716-9, and 45 CFR 149.530, which would 
require plans and issuers to register with the Federal IDR portal to 
better enable a provider, facility, or provider of air ambulance 
services to identify the appropriate plan or issuer with which it has a 
dispute and determine whether its coverage of an item or service is 
subject to a specified State law, an All-Payer

[[Page 75846]]

Model Agreement, or the Federal IDR process for determining the out-of-
network rate.
    To further facilitate communication and improve open negotiations, 
these proposed rules would amend the open negotiation process that 
precedes the Federal IDR process. Specifically, at 26 CFR 54.9816-
8(b)(1), 29 CFR 2590.716-8(b)(1), and 45 CFR 149.510(b)(1), these 
proposed rules would amend the content requirements of the standard 
open negotiation notice, would establish requirements related to an 
open negotiation response notice, and would clarify the timing for when 
the open negotiation period begins. These proposed rules would also 
amend the process for initiating the Federal IDR process. Specifically, 
at 26 CFR 54.9816-8(b)(2), 29 CFR 2590.716-8(b)(2), and 45 CFR 
149.510(b)(2), these proposed rules would amend the content of the 
notice of IDR initiation and establish new requirements for a notice of 
IDR initiation response from the non-initiating party. At 26 CFR 
54.9816-8T(b)(3), 29 CFR 2590.716-8(b)(3), and 45 CFR 149.510(b)(3), 
these proposed rules would also establish a new manner for providing 
notices to the other party and the Departments.
    These proposed rules would also provide additional clarity 
regarding timeframes within the Federal IDR process. The No Surprises 
Act includes certain timeframes by which certain steps of the Federal 
IDR process must be conducted. For example, disputing parties must 
jointly select a certified IDR entity not later than the last day of 
the 3-business-day period following the date of the initiation of the 
Federal IDR process, and if the parties fail to jointly select a 
certified IDR entity, the Departments must select a certified IDR 
entity not later than 6 business days after the date of IDR 
initiation.\233\ While the No Surprises Act also provides detailed 
timeframes for certain other steps in the process, the steps that must 
be conducted before a payment determination can be issued are not as 
clearly defined, such as when a certified IDR entity must conduct a 
conflict-of-interest review and must determine whether an item or 
service is a qualified IDR item or service, as defined in 26 CFR 
54.9816-8T(a)(2)(xi), 29 CFR 2590.716-8(a)(2)(xi), and 45 CFR 
149.510(a)(2)(xi), and eligible for the Federal IDR process. Therefore, 
the provisions in these proposed rules would adjust certain steps and 
establish associated timeframes (see Table 1). These include provisions 
related to establishing a process for preliminary selection of the 
certified IDR entity and final selection of the certified IDR entity as 
set out in 26 CFR 54.9816-8(c)(1), 29 CFR 2590.716-8(c)(1), and 45 CFR 
149.510(c)(1), in order to account for the time it takes certified IDR 
entities to confirm that they do not have a conflict of interest with 
either party. To allow more time for certified IDR entities to conduct 
eligibility reviews, these proposed rules would include proposed 
amendments to the Federal IDR process eligibility review proposed in 26 
CFR 54.9816-8T(c)(2), 29 CFR 2590.716-8(c)(2), and 45 CFR 149.510 
(c)(2). As discussed in section I.H. of this preamble, eligibility 
reviews have proven to be complex and time consuming. In extenuating 
circumstances, such as when dispute volume is high, it may be more 
appropriate for the Departments, rather than certified IDR entities, to 
conduct eligibility reviews to facilitate quicker dispute processing. 
Therefore, these proposed rules would establish a Departmental 
eligibility review process in proposed paragraph 26 CFR 54.9816-
8(c)(2)(ii), 29 CFR 2590.716-8(c)(2)(ii), and 45 CFR 149.510 
(c)(2)(ii). Further, to support eligibility determinations, conflict-
of-interest reviews, and payment determinations, the Departments 
propose requirements for the submission of additional information from 
the disputing parties at 26 CFR 54.9816-8(c)(2)(iii), 29 CFR 2590.716-
8(c)(2)(iii), and 45 CFR 149.510(c)(2)(iii). To clarify and establish a 
standard process for disputes to be withdrawn from the Federal IDR 
process, the Departments propose four conditions in which a dispute may 
be withdrawn at 26 CFR 54.9816-8(c)(3)(i), 29 CFR 2590.716-8(c)(3)(i), 
and 45 CFR 149.510(c)(3)(ii). To further adjust timeframes and 
processes associated with the Federal IDR process, these proposed rules 
would include proposed amendments related to submission of offers and 
payment determination and notification at 26 CFR 54.9816-8(c)(5), 29 
CFR 2590.716-8(c)(5), and 45 CFR 149.510(c)(5); the collection of the 
certified IDR entity fee at 26 CFR 54.9816-8(d)(1), 29 CFR 2590.716-
8(d)(1), and 45 CFR 149.510(d)(1); and the collection of the 
administrative fee, including a process for setting a reduced 
administrative fee for low-dollar amount disputes and for non-
initiating parties in cases of ineligible disputes, at 26 CFR 54.9816-
8(d)(2), 29 CFR 2590.716-8(d)(2), and 45 CFR 149.510(d)(2). These 
proposed rules also include provisions to expand upon situations in 
which Federal IDR process timeframes may be waived due to extenuating 
circumstances at 26 CFR 54.9816-8T(g), 29 CFR 2590.716-8(g), and 45 CFR 
149.510(g).
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    \233\ Section 9816(c)(4)(F) of the Code, section 716(c)(4)(F) of 
ERISA, and section 2799A-1(c)(4)(F) of the PHS Act.
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    Lastly, to address concerns regarding the vacated batching 
provision at 26 CFR 54.9816-8(c)(3)(i)(C), 29 CFR 2590.716-
8(c)(3)(i)(C), and 45 CFR 149.510(c)(3(i)(C) and to create more 
efficiencies in the process, these proposed rules at 26 CFR 54.9816-
8(c)(4), 29 CFR 2590.716-8(c)(4), and 45 CFR 149.510(c)(4) include 
provisions that would allow for more flexibility in batching multiple 
items or services in a single dispute.
    It is the Departments' intention that the implementation of the 
proposed provisions in these proposed rules, if finalized, would lead 
to a more efficient Federal IDR process and more timely payment 
determinations.
2. Small Entities Regulated
    The provisions in these proposed rules would affect plans (or their 
TPAs), health insurance issuers offering group or individual health 
insurance coverage, certified IDR entities, and providers, facilities, 
and providers of air ambulance services.
    For purposes of analysis under the RFA, the Departments consider an 
employee benefit plan with fewer than 100 participants to be a small 
entity.\234\ The basis of this definition is found in section 
104(a)(2), which permits the Secretary of Labor to prescribe simplified 
annual reports for plans that cover fewer than 100 participants. Under 
section 104(a)(3), the Secretary may also provide for exemptions or 
simplified annual reporting and disclosure for welfare benefit plans. 
Under the authority of section 104(a)(3), DOL has previously issued 
simplified reporting provisions and limited exemptions from reporting 
and disclosure requirements for small plans, including unfunded or 
insured welfare plans, which cover fewer than 100 participants and 
satisfy certain requirements.\235\ While some large employers have 
small plans, small plans are generally maintained by small employers. 
Thus, the Departments are of the view that assessing the impact of 
these proposed rules on small plans is an appropriate substitute for 
evaluating the effect on small entities. The definition of a small 
entity considered

[[Page 75847]]

appropriate for this purpose differs, however, from a definition of a 
small business based on size standards issued by the SBA \236\ in 
accordance with the Small Business Act.\237\
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    \234\ The Department of Labor consulted with the Small Business 
Administration Office of Advocacy in making this determination, as 
required by 5 U.S.C. 603(c) and 13 CFR 121.903(c) in a memo dated 
June 4, 2020.
    \235\ See 29 CFR 2520.104-20, 2520.104-21, 2520.104-41, 
2520.104-46, and 2520.104b-10.
    \236\ 13 CFR 121.201 (2011).
    \237\ 15 U.S.C. 631 et seq. (2011).
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    In 2021, there were 1,500 issuers in the U.S. health insurance 
market \238\ and 205 TPAs.\239\ Health insurance issuers are generally 
classified under the North American Industry Classification System 
(NAICS) code 524114 (Direct Health and Medical Insurance Carriers). 
According to SBA size standards,\240\ entities with average annual 
receipts of $47 million or less are considered small entities for this 
NAICS code. The Departments expect that few, if any, insurance 
companies underwriting health insurance policies fall below these size 
thresholds. Based on data from MLR annual report submissions for the 
2021 MLR reporting year, approximately 87 out of 483 issuers of health 
insurance coverage nationwide had total premium revenue of $47 million 
or less.\241\ However, it should be noted that also based on MLR data, 
over 77 percent of these small companies belong to larger holding 
groups, and many, if not all, of these small companies, are likely to 
have non-health lines of business that would result in their revenues 
exceeding $47 million. The Departments are of the view that the same 
assumptions also apply to TPAs that would be affected by these proposed 
rules.\242\ To produce a conservative estimate, for the purposes of 
this analysis, the Departments assume 4.1 percent, or 62 health 
insurance issuers and 8 TPAs, of the total of 1,500 health insurance 
issuers and 205 TPAs across the country, are considered small 
entities.\243\ The Departments seek comment on this assumption.
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    \238\ Centers for Medicare and Medicaid Services. (2022). 
Medical Loss Ratio Data and System Resources. https://www.cms.gov/CCIIO/Resources/Data-Resources/mlr. There are 483 issuers of health 
insurance coverage nationwide and 1,500 issuer-State combinations.
    \239\ Non-issuer TPAs based on data derived from the 2016 
benefit year reinsurance program contributions.
    \240\ United States Small Business Administration. (March 17, 
2023). Table of Size Standards. https://www.sba.gov/document/support--table-size-standards.
    \241\ Centers for Medicare and Medicaid Services. (2022). 
Medical Loss Ratio Data and System Resources. https://www.cms.gov/CCIIO/Resources/Data-Resources/mlr.
    \242\ The Departments are of the view that most TPAs are also 
issuers.
    \243\ These numbers are calculated as follows: 77 percent of 
small companies belong to larger holding groups, so 23 percent do 
not and would be small entities. 87 issuers x 0.23 = 20. 20/483 = 
4.1 percent. Applying the 4.1 percent to 1,500 issuers and 205 TPAs 
total = 62 small issuers and 8 small TPAs.
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    These proposed rules would also affect health care providers due to 
the proposed requirements for the initiating party to submit the open 
negotiation notice to the non-initiating party and the Departments, 
among other proposals.\244\ The Departments estimate that 140,270 
physicians, on average, bill on an out-of-network basis. The number of 
small physicians is estimated based on the SBA's size standards. The 
size standard applied for providers is NAICS 62111 (Offices of 
Physicians), for which a business with less than $16 million in 
receipts is considered to be small. By this standard, the Departments 
estimate that 47.2 percent or 66,207 physicians are considered small 
under the SBA's size standards.\245\ These proposed rules are also 
expected to affect non-physician providers who bill on an out-of-
network basis. The Departments lack data on the number of non-physician 
providers who would be impacted.
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    \244\ Historically, less than 1 percent of disputes for 
emergency and non-emergency services have been submitted by group 
health plans, health insurance issuers, or FEHB carriers. See U.S. 
Department of Labor, U.S. Department of the Treasury, and U.S. 
Department of Health and Human Services. (December 15, 2022) Initial 
Report on the Federal Independent Dispute Resolution (IDR) Process, 
April 15--September 30, 2022. https://www.cms.gov/files/document/initial-report-idr-april-15-september-30-2022.pdf.
    \245\ Based on data from the NAICS Association for NAICS code 
62111, the Departments estimate the percent of businesses within the 
industry of Offices of Physicians with less than $16 million in 
annual sales. See https://www.census.gov/data/tables/2017/econ/susb/2017-susb-annual.html.
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    The Departments do not have the same level of data for the air 
ambulance sub-sector. In 2020, the total revenue of providers of air 
ambulance services was estimated to be $4.2 billion, with 1,114 air 
ambulance bases.\246\ This results in an industry average of $3.8 
million per air ambulance base. Based on a 2020 U.S.C.-Brookings 
Schaeffer report on air ambulance services,\247\ by 2017, large private 
equity firms controlled roughly two-thirds of the air ambulance market. 
The Departments seek comment on the number of small entities in the air 
ambulance market.
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    \246\ ASPE Office of Health Policy. (September 10, 2021). Air 
Ambulance Use and Surprise Billing. https://aspe.hhs.gov/sites/default/files/2021-09/aspe-air-ambulance-ib-09-10-2021.pdf.
    \247\ Adler, L., Hannick, K., and Lee, S. High Air Ambulance 
Charges Concentrated in Private Equity-Owned Carriers. U.S.C.-
Brookings Schaffer Initiative for Health Policy. October 13, 2020.
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    Although based on the Departments' experience operating the Federal 
IDR process, significantly fewer than 66,207 small providers have 
accessed the process to date, and the vast majority of disputes are 
initiated by 10 large revenue cycle management companies or provider 
groups,\248\ the Departments lack adequate data to better inform the 
number of small providers impacted by these proposed rules. The 
Departments are also aware that many providers are subject to a 
specified State law or All-Payer Model Agreement, rather than the 
Federal IDR process, and therefore would not have reason to access the 
Federal IDR process or need to review these proposed rules.\249\ 
Therefore, although the Departments acknowledge that 66,207 small 
providers is likely a significant overestimate of the number of small 
providers impacted by these proposed rules, the Departments use this 
number of small providers in this analysis to be conservative. The 
Departments seek comment on this assumption.
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    \248\ See U.S. Department of Health and Human Services, U.S. 
Department of Labor, and U.S. Department of the Treasury, Partial 
Report on the Federal Independent Dispute Resolution (IDR) Process, 
October 1--December 31, 2022. (n.d.). https://www.cms.gov/files/document/partial-report-idr-process-octoberdecember-2022.pdf.
    \249\ See Chart for Determining the Applicability for the 
Federal Independent Dispute Resolution (IDR) Process (n.d.). https://www.cms.gov/files/document/caa-federal-idr-applicability-chart.pdf.
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

    Additionally, as discussed in the Partial Report on the Federal 
Independent Dispute Resolution (IDR) Process, October 1--December 31, 
2022, the top 10 initiating parties initiate approximately 85 percent 
of disputes, and the top 10 non-initiating parties are initiated 
against in approximately 95 percent of disputes.\250\ These top 10 
parties are large provider groups or revenue cycle management groups 
and large insurance companies or their representatives. Therefore, for 
purposes of this analysis, the Departments assume that only 15 percent 
of all disputes involve small providers. The 5 percent of all disputes 
that do not involve the top 10 non-initiating parties could involve any 
of the 1,695 issuers and TPAs that are not the top 10 non-initiating 
parties (1,500 issuers and 205 TPAs total - 10 top non-initiating 
parties = 1,695 remaining issuers and TPAs). The Departments assume 
that the same proportion of small issuers and TPAs to all issuers and 
TPAs also applies to the number of disputes each issuer or TPA is 
involved in, as small issuers and TPAs cover fewer enrollees than large 
issuers and TPAs. The Departments seek comment on this assumption.
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

    \250\ Id.
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

3. Compliance Requirements
    The proposed policies that would result in an increased burden to 
small entities are described below.

[[Page 75848]]

    The Departments propose to require that plans and issuers use CARCs 
and RARCs to convey information related to the No Surprises Act, on 
electronic and paper remittance advice. The annual burden per issuer/
TPA associated with this proposal is $909. For more details, please 
refer to section V.D.2.a. of this preamble.
    The Departments also propose to amend the information plans and 
issuers must provide related to the QPA with an initial payment or 
notice of denial of payment. The one-time burden per issuer/TPA 
associated with this proposal is $297. For more details, please refer 
to V.F.2 of this preamble.
    Additionally, the Departments propose to require the party to 
provide an open negotiation notice and supporting documentation to the 
other party and the Departments to initiate the open negotiation 
period. Furthermore, the party in receipt of the open negotiation 
notice would be required to provide a response to the open negotiation 
notice that is provided to the other party and the Departments within 
the first 15 business days of the 30-business-day open negotiation 
period. The annual burden per small provider associated with this 
proposal is $79,\251\ and the annual burden per small issuer/TPA 
associated with this proposal is $1,338.\252\ For more details, please 
refer to section V.F.3. of this preamble.
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

    \251\ 560,000 disputes in open negotiations--85 percent 
(476,000) disputes entered into open negotiations by the top 10 
initiating parties = 84,000 disputes entered into open negotiations 
by other initiating parties. 84,000 disputes/66,207 small providers 
= approximately 1 dispute initiated per small provider annually. 1 
dispute x $78.71 per dispute = $79 per small provider.
    \252\ 560,000 disputes in open negotiations--95 percent 
(532,000) disputes entered into open negotiations against the top 10 
non-initiating parties = 28,000 disputes entered into open 
negotiations against other non-initiating parties. 28,000 disputes/
1,695 issuers/TPAs = 17 disputes per issuer/TPA. 17 disputes x 
$78.71 per dispute = $1,338 per small issuer/TPA.
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

    Furthermore, the Departments propose to continue requiring the 
initiating party to submit a written notice of IDR initiation to the 
non-initiating party and to the Departments. The Departments also 
propose that the non-initiating party must submit a written response to 
the notice of IDR initiation to the initiating party and to the 
Departments. The annual burden per small provider associated with this 
proposal is $79,\253\ and the annual burden per small issuer/TPA 
associated with this proposal is $945.\254\ For more details, please 
refer to section V.F.4.a. of this preamble.
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

    \253\ 420,000 disputes initiated--85 percent (357,000) disputes 
initiated by the top 10 initiating parties = 63,000 disputes 
initiated by other initiating parties. 63,000 disputes/66,207 small 
providers = approximately 1 dispute initiated per small provider 
annually. 1 dispute x $78.71 per dispute = $79 per small provider.
    \254\ 420,000 disputes initiated--95 percent (399,000) disputes 
initiated against the top 10 non-initiating parties = 21,000 
disputes initiated against other non-initiating parties. 21,000 
disputes/1,695 issuers/TPAs = 12 disputes per issuer/TPA annually. 
12 disputes x $78.71 per dispute = $945 per small issuer/TPA.
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

    Additionally, the Departments propose to revise the content in the 
notice of certified IDR entity selection form to reflect that this 
notice would only be used in situations in which the non-initiating 
party disagrees with the initiating party's preferred certified IDR 
entity identified in the notice of IDR initiation form. The annual 
burden per small provider associated with this proposal is $21,\255\ 
and the annual burden per small issuer/TPA associated with this 
proposal is $85.\256\ For more details, please refer to section 
V.F.4.b. of this preamble.
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

    \255\ 120,200 disputes for which a notice of certified IDR 
entity selection is required--85 percent (102,170) disputes 
initiated by the top 10 initiating parties = 18,030 disputes for 
other initiating parties. 18,030 disputes/66,207 small providers = 
less than 1 dispute per small provider annually. 1 dispute x $21.14 
= $21 per small provider.
    \256\ 120,200 disputes for which a notice of certified IDR 
entity selection is required--95 percent (114,190) disputes 
initiated against the top 10 non-initiating parties = 6,010 disputes 
for other non-initiating parties. 6,010 disputes/1,695 issuers/TPAs 
= 4 disputes per issuer/TPA annually. 4 disputes x $21.14 = $85 per 
small issuer/TPA.
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

    Moreover, the Departments propose to establish a process for 
disputes to be withdrawn from the Federal IDR process, including the 
creation of new notice of withdrawal and notice of withdrawal response 
forms. The annual burden per small provider associated with this 
proposal is $44,\257\ and the annual burden per small issuer/TPA 
associated with this proposal is $10.\258\ For more details, please 
refer to section V.F.6. of this preamble.
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

    \257\ 16,800 disputes withdrawn--85 percent (14,280) disputes 
withdrawn by the top 10 initiating parties = 2,520 disputes 
withdrawn by other initiating parties. 2,520 disputes/66,207 small 
providers = less than 1 dispute withdrawn per small provider 
annually. 1 dispute x $44.30 per dispute = $44 per small provider.
    \258\ 16,800 disputes withdrawn--95 percent (15,960) disputes 
withdrawn against the top 10 non-initiating parties = 840 disputes 
withdrawn against other non-initiating parties. 840 disputes/1,695 
issuers/TPAs = less than 1 dispute withdrawn per issuer/TPA 
annually. 1 dispute x $9.89 per dispute = $10 per small issuer/TPA.
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

    Additionally, for disputes initiated on or after January 1, 2025, 
the Departments propose to establish the administrative fee amount at 
$150 per party per dispute, a reduced administrative fee amount for 
both parties in low-dollar disputes of $75 per party per dispute, and a 
reduced administrative fee for non-initiating parties in ineligible 
disputes of $30 per party per dispute. The annual burden per small 
provider associated with this proposal is $150,\259\ and the annual 
burden per small issuer/TPA is $1,290.\260\ For more details, please 
refer to section V.D.2.i.i. of this preamble.
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

    \259\ 420,000 disputes initiated--85 percent (357,000) disputes 
initiated by the top 10 initiating parties = 63,000 disputes 
initiated by other initiating parties. 63,000 disputes/66,207 small 
providers = approximately 1 dispute initiated per small provider 
annually. 1 dispute x $150 per dispute = $150 per small provider.
    \260\ 420,000 disputes initiated--95 percent (399,000) disputes 
initiated against the top 10 non-initiating parties = 21,000 
disputes initiated against other non-initiating parties. 21,000 
disputes/1,695 issuers/TPAs = 12 disputes per small issuer/TPA 
annually. Of those 12 disputes, issuers/TPAs would pay a $75 
administrative fee for 16 percent (or 2 disputes), a $30 
administrative fee for 22 percent (or 3 disputes), and a $150 
administrative fee for 62 percent (or 7 disputes). (2 disputes x $75 
per dispute) + (3 disputes x $30 per dispute) + (7 disputes x $150 
per dispute) = $1,290.
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

    Finally, the Departments propose to require plans and issuers to 
submit information to the Departments to receive a registration number. 
The initial (one-time) burden per issuer/TPA associated with this 
proposal is $924, and the annual burden per issuer/TPA associated with 
this proposal is $55. For more details, please refer to section V.F.9. 
of this preamble.
    The Departments estimate the one-time cost to review the rule would 
be $1,575 per entity. For more details, please refer to section V.D.4. 
of this preamble.
    Thus, the per-entity estimated annual cost for each small issuer/
TPA is $4,632, and the per-entity estimated annual cost for each small 
provider is $373. The total annual cost for small issuers and TPAs is 
$324,240, and the total annual cost for small providers is $24,695,211. 
The per-entity estimated one-time cost for each small issuer/TPAs is 
$2,796, and the per-entity estimated one-time cost for each small 
provider is $1,575. The total one-time cost for small issuers and TPAs 
is $195,720, and the total one-time cost for small providers is 
$622,125. See Tables 20, 21, 22, and 23.
BILLING CODE 6325-63-P; 4830-01-P; 4510-29-P; 4120-01-P

[[Page 75849]]

[GRAPHIC] [TIFF OMITTED] TP03NO23.025

[GRAPHIC] [TIFF OMITTED] TP03NO23.026

[GRAPHIC] [TIFF OMITTED] TP03NO23.027

[GRAPHIC] [TIFF OMITTED] TP03NO23.028

BILLING CODE 6325-63-C; 4830-01-C; 4510-29-C; 4120-01-C
    The annual cost per small provider of $373 is approximately 0.03 
percent of the average annual receipts per small provider. The 
Departments anticipate that small providers would be unlikely to 
initiate disputes and thereby incur these costs unless they anticipate 
prevailing in the dispute and receiving payment from issuers or TPAs 
that exceed the costs incurred to initiate the dispute. The Departments 
therefore are of the view that small providers could experience an 
increase in receipts commensurate or larger than the increase in costs. 
The annual cost per small issuer/TPA of $4,632 is approximately 0.25 
percent of the average annual receipts per small issuer/TPA. The 
Departments anticipate that small issuers/TPAs could pass on these 
increased costs to consumers in the form of higher premiums (or for 
TPAs, higher administration fees), resulting in an increase in receipts 
commensurate with the increase in costs. However, the Departments are 
of the view that the actual increase in costs and subsequent impact on 
revenue is de minimis and likely to decrease due to the proposals in 
these rules, as many proposals are anticipated to result in increased 
efficiency and fewer dispute initiations, as discussed further in 
section V.D.1.l. of this preamble. Additionally, the Departments 
anticipate that by batching qualified IDR items and services, there may 
be a reduction in the per-service cost of the Federal IDR process, and 
potentially the aggregate administrative costs, because the Federal IDR 
process is likely to exhibit at least some economies of scale.\261\ The 
Departments seek comment on these assumptions.
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

    \261\ Fielder, M., Adler, L., Ippolito, B. (March 16, 2021). 
Recommendations for Implementing the No Surprises Act. U.S.C.-
Brookings Schaeffer on Health Policy. https://www.brookings.edu/blog/usc-brookings-schaeffer-on-health-policy/2021/03/16/recommendations-for-implementing-the-no-surprises-act/.
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

    Thus, the Departments do not anticipate that these proposed rules 
would have a significant impact on a substantial number of small 
entities, based on the HHS threshold of 3 to 5 percent change in 
revenue. The Departments seek comment on this analysis and seek 
information on the

[[Page 75850]]

number of small issuers, TPAs, or providers that may be affected by the 
provisions in these proposed rules, as well as any additional costs 
associated with these proposed rules that could have a significant 
economic impact on a substantial number of small entities.
4. Duplication, Overlap, and Conflict With Other Rules and Regulations
    The Departments do not anticipate any duplication, overlap, or 
conflict with other rules and regulations associated with these 
proposed rules. These proposed rules revise current regulations and add 
new regulations to continue to implement the No Surprises Act and 
improve the Federal IDR process. The Departments seek comment on any 
duplication, overlap, or conflict with other rules and regulations 
identified by interested parties.
5. Significant Alternatives
    The regulatory alternatives considered in developing these proposed 
rules are discussed in section V.E. of this preamble. The Departments 
are of the view that none of these alternatives would both achieve the 
policy objectives and goals of these proposed rules as previously 
stated and be less burdensome to small entities. For example, although 
the proposals pertaining to the open negotiation notice and response, 
initiation notice and response, selection form and response, and 
withdrawal form and response may impose costs on small entities, these 
proposals are critical to ensure the exchange of information between 
the parties in a standardized time and format, in order to reduce 
wasted effort for the parties at other stages of the Federal IDR 
process due to inappropriately or incorrectly initiated open 
negotiations or Federal IDR process disputes. Although the Departments 
recognize that the less stringent timetables considered in certain 
regulatory alternatives described in section V.E. of this preamble may 
account for the resources available to small entities, they would be 
contrary to the policy objectives of these proposed rules. Alternative 
timelines for small entities for any of the policy proposals described 
in these rules were not considered. The Departments did not identify 
any alternatives to these proposals that would be less burdensome to 
small entities while still achieving the objectives of these proposed 
rules. In addition, the proposals pertaining to the administrative fee 
may impose costs on small entities, but the proposed $150 
administrative fee amount in these proposed rules for disputes 
initiated on or after January 1, 2025 is the same as the proposed 
administrative fee amount for disputes initiated on or after January 1, 
2024,\262\ and these proposed rules further propose to reduce the 
administrative fee amount for both parties in low-dollar disputes and 
non-initiating parties in ineligible disputes. Therefore, although some 
of the regulatory alternatives considered may have led to minor 
reduction in burden to small entities, we believe they would ultimately 
undermine the proposals to reduce the cost to initiate a Federal IDR 
process dispute for small entities in certain situations, which we 
believe will confer a far greater benefit to small entities.
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

    \262\ See Federal Independent Dispute Resolution (IDR) Process 
Administrative Fee and Certified IDR Entity Fee Ranges proposed 
rules. 88 FR 65888 (September 26, 2023).
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

    For a more detailed discussion of the regulatory alternatives 
considered, please reference section V.E. of this preamble.
6. Small Rural Hospitals
    In addition, section 1102(b) of the Social Security Act requires 
the Departments to prepare a regulatory impact analysis if a rule may 
have a significant impact on the operations of a substantial number of 
small rural hospitals. This analysis must conform to the provisions of 
section 603 of the RFA. For purposes of section 1102(b) of the Act, the 
Departments define a small rural hospital as a hospital that is located 
outside of a metropolitan statistical area and has fewer than 100 beds. 
The Departments have determined that these proposed rules will not 
affect small rural hospitals and that these proposed rules are not 
subject to section 1102(b) of the Act. Therefore, the Secretary 
certifies that these proposed rules will not have a significant 
economic impact on a substantial number of small rural hospitals.

H. Special Analyses--Department of the Treasury

    Pursuant to the Memorandum of Agreement, Review of Treasury 
Regulations under Executive Order 12866 (June 9, 2023), tax regulatory 
actions issued by the IRS are not subject to the requirements of 
section 6 of Executive Order 12866, as amended. Therefore, a regulatory 
impact assessment is not required. Pursuant to section 7805(f) of the 
Code, these regulations have been submitted to the Chief Counsel for 
Advocacy of the Small Business Administration for comment on their 
impact on small business.

I. Unfunded Mandates Reform Act

    Section 202 of the Unfunded Mandates Reform Act of 1995 (UMRA) 
requires that agencies assess anticipated costs and benefits and take 
certain other actions before issuing a proposed rule or any final rule 
for which a general notice of proposed rulemaking was published that 
includes any Federal mandate that may result in expenditures in any 1 
year by State, local, or tribal governments, in the aggregate, or by 
the private sector, of $100 million in 1995 dollars, updated annually 
for inflation. That threshold is approximately $177 million in 2023. As 
discussed earlier in the RIA, plans, issuers, TPAs, certified IDR 
entities, and providers, facilities, and providers of air ambulance 
services would incur costs to comply with the proposed provisions of 
these proposed rules. The Departments estimate the combined impact on 
State, local, or tribal governments and the private sector would not be 
above the threshold.

J. Federalism

    Executive Order 13132 outlines the fundamental principles of 
federalism. It requires adherence to specific criteria by Federal 
agencies in formulating and implementing policies that have 
``substantial direct effects'' on the States, the relationship between 
the national government and States, or on the distribution of power and 
responsibilities among the various levels of government. Federal 
agencies issuing regulations that have these federalism implications 
must consult with State and local officials and describe the extent of 
their consultation and the nature of the concerns of State and local 
officials in the preamble to these proposed rules.
    The Departments do not anticipate that these proposed rules would 
have any federalism implications or limit the policy-making discretion 
of the States in compliance with the requirement of Executive Order 
13132. The Departments recognize that at least one State (and possibly 
more) currently require the use of CARCs and RARCs to communicate 
information related to the applicability of State balance billing laws. 
In these instances, these proposed rules would not infringe upon the 
State's ability to continue to specify its requirements related to 
using CARCs and RARCs.
    State and local government health plans may be subject to the 
Federal IDR process where a specified State law or All-Payer Model 
Agreement does not apply. The No Surprises Act authorizes States to 
enforce the new requirements, including those related to balance

[[Page 75851]]

billing, for issuers, providers, facilities, and providers of air 
ambulance services, with HHS enforcing only in cases where the State 
has notified HHS that the State does not have the authority to enforce 
or is otherwise not enforcing, or HHS has made a determination that a 
State has failed to substantially enforce the requirements. However, in 
the Departments' view, the federalism implications of these proposed 
rules are substantially mitigated because some States have their own 
process for determining the total amount payable under a plan or 
coverage for out-of-network emergency services and to out-of-network 
providers for patient visits to in-network facilities. Where a State 
has a specified State law, the State law, rather than the Federal IDR 
process, would apply. The Departments anticipate that some States, with 
their own process, may want to change their laws or adopt new laws in 
response to these proposed rules. The Departments anticipate that these 
States would incur a small incremental cost when making changes to 
their laws.
    In compliance with the requirement of Executive Order 13132 that 
agencies examine closely any policies that may have federalism 
implications or limit the policy making discretion of the States, the 
Departments have engaged in efforts to consult with and work 
cooperatively with affected States, including participating in 
conference calls with and attending conferences of the National 
Association of Insurance Commissioners and consulting with State 
insurance officials on an individual basis.
    While developing these rules, the Departments attempted to balance 
the States' interests in regulating health insurance issuers with the 
need to ensure market stability. By doing so, the Departments complied 
with the requirements of Executive Order 13132.

Laurie Bodenheimer,
Associate Director, Healthcare and Insurance, Office of Personnel 
Management.
Douglas W. O'Donnell,
Deputy Commissioner for Services and Enforcement, Internal Revenue 
Service.
Lisa M. Gomez,
Assistant Secretary, Employee Benefits Security Administration, 
Department of Labor.
Xavier Becerra,
Secretary, Department of Health and Human Services.

List of Subjects

5 CFR Part 890

    Administrative practice and procedure, Government employees, Health 
facilities, Health insurance, Health professions, Reporting and 
recordkeeping requirements.

26 CFR Part 54

    Excise taxes, Pensions, Reporting and recordkeeping requirements.

29 CFR Part 2590

    Continuation coverage, Disclosure, Employee benefit plans, Group 
health plans, Health care, Health insurance, Medical child support, 
Reporting and recordkeeping requirements.

45 CFR Part 149

    Balance billing, Health care, Health insurance, Reporting, and 
recordkeeping requirements, Surprise billing, State regulation of 
health insurance, and Transparency in coverage.

OFFICE OF PERSONNEL MANAGEMENT

    For the reasons stated in the preamble, the Office of Personnel 
Management proposes to amend 5 CFR part 890 as set forth below:

PART 890--FEDERAL EMPLOYEES HEALTH BENEFITS PROGRAM

0
1. The authority citation for part 890 continues to read as follows:

    Authority:  5 U.S.C. 8913; Sec. 890.102 also issued under 
sections 11202(f), 11232(e), and 11246(b) of Pub. L. 105-33, 111 
Stat. 251; Sec. 890.111 also issued under section 1622(b) of Pub. L. 
104-106, 110 Stat. 521 (36 U.S.C. 5522); Sec. 890.112 also issued 
under section 1 of Pub. L. 110-279, 122 Stat. 2604 (2 U.S.C. 2051); 
Sec. 890.113 also issued under section 1110 of Pub. L. 116-92, 133 
Stat. 1198 (5 U.S.C. 8702 note); Sec. 890.301 also issued under 
section 311 of Pub. L. 111-3, 123 Stat. 64 (26 U.S.C. 9801); Sec. 
890.302(b) also issued under section 1001 of Pub. L. 111-148, 124 
Stat. 119, as amended by Pub. L. 111-152, 124 Stat. 1029 (42 U.S.C. 
300gg-14); Sec. 890.803 also issued under 50 U.S.C. 3516 (formerly 
50 U.S.C. 403p) and 22 U.S.C. 4069c and 4069c-1; subpart L also 
issued under section 599C of Pub. L. 101-513, 104 Stat. 2064 (5 
U.S.C. 5561 note), as amended; and subpart M also issued under 
section 721 of Pub. L. 105-261 (10 U.S.C. 1108), 112 Stat. 2061; 25 
U.S.C. 1647b.

0
2. Section 890.114 is amended by revising paragraph (a) to read as 
follows:


Sec.  890.114  Surprise billing.

    (a) A carrier must comply with requirements described in 26 CFR 
54.9816-3, 54.9816-3T through 54.9816-6T, 54.9816-6A, 54.9816-6, 
54.9816-8T, 54.9816-8, 54.9817-1T, 54.9817-2, 54.9817-2T, 54.9822-1T, 
and 54.9825-3T through 6T; 29 CFR 2590.716-3 through 2590.716-6, 
2590.716-6A, 2590.716-8, 2590.717-1, 2590.717-2, 2590.722, 2590.725-1 
through 2590.725-4; and 45 CFR 149.30, 149.100, 149.110 through 
149.140, 149.310, 149.510 through 530, and 149.710 through 149.740 in 
the same manner as such provisions apply to a group health plan or 
health insurance issuer offering group or individual health insurance 
coverage, subject to 5 U.S.C. 8902(m)(1), and the provisions of the 
carrier's contract. For purposes of application of such sections, all 
carriers are deemed to offer health benefits in the large group market.
* * * * *

DEPARTMENT OF THE TREASURY

INTERNAL REVENUE SERVICE

    Accordingly, the Treasury Department and the IRS propose to amend 
26 CFR part 54 as follows:

PART 54--PENSION EXCISE TAXES

0
3. The authority citation for part 54 is amended by adding entries for 
Sec. Sec.  54.9816-3, 54.9816-6A and 54.9816-9 in numerical order to 
read in part as follows:

    Authority:  26 U.S.C. 7805 * * *
* * * * *
    Section 54.9816-3 also issued under 26 U.S.C. 9816.
    Section 54.9816-6A also issued under 26 U.S.C. 9816.
    Section 54.9816-9 also issued under 26 U.S.C. 9816.
* * * * *
0
4. Section 54.9816-3 is added to read as follows:


Sec.  54.9816-3  Definitions.

    (a) The definitions in Sec.  54.9801-2 apply to Sec. Sec.  54.9816-
4 through 54.9816-9, 54.9817-1, 54.9817-2, and 54.9822-1, unless 
otherwise specified. In addition, for purposes of Sec. Sec.  54.9816-4 
through 54.9816-9, 54.9817-1, 54.9817-2, and 54.9822-1, the following 
definition applies:
    Bundled payment arrangement means an arrangement under which--
    (1) A provider, facility, or provider of air ambulance services 
bills for multiple items and/or services furnished to a single patient 
under a single service code that represents multiple items or services 
(for example, a Diagnosis-Related Group (DRG) code); or
    (2) A plan or issuer makes an initial payment or notice of denial 
of payment to a provider, facility, or provider of air ambulance 
services under a single service code that represents multiple items or 
services furnished to a single patient (for example, a DRG code).
    (b) For further guidance, see Sec.  54.9816-3T.
0
5. Section 54.9816-3T is amended by--
0
a. Revising the introductory text; and

[[Page 75852]]

0
b. Adding the definition of ``Bundled payment arrangement'' in 
alphabetical order.
    The revisions and additions read as follows:


Sec.  54.9816-3T  Definitions (temporary).

    For further guidance, see Sec.  54.9816-3 introductory text;
* * * * *
    Bundled payment arrangement has the meaning given in Sec.  54.9816-
3(a).
* * * * *
0
6. Section 54.9816-6A is added to read as follows:


Sec.  54.9816-6A  Use of Claim Adjustment Reason Codes and Remittance 
Advice Remark Codes.

    (a) In general. When providing any paper or electronic remittance 
advice to an entity that does not have a contractual relationship 
directly or indirectly with a group health plan or a health insurance 
issuer offering group or individual health insurance coverage with 
respect to the furnishing of the item or service under the plan or 
coverage in response to a claim for payment for health care items and 
services furnished by that entity, the plan or issuer must use claim 
adjustment reason codes (CARCs) and remittance advice remark codes 
(RARCs) (see 45 CFR 162.1602 and 162.1603) as specified in guidance 
issued by the Secretaries of the Treasury, Labor, and Health and Human 
Services, or as required under any applicable adopted standards and 
operating rules under 45 CFR part 162, to communicate information 
related to whether the claim is or is not subject to the provisions of 
this part and 45 CFR part 149, subpart E.
    (b) Severability. (1) Any provision of this section held to be 
invalid or unenforceable by its terms, or as applied to any person or 
circumstance, shall be construed so as to continue to give maximum 
effect to the provision permitted by law, unless such holding shall be 
one of utter invalidity or unenforceability, in which event the 
provision shall be severable from this section and shall not affect the 
remainder thereof or the application of the provision to persons not 
similarly situated or to dissimilar circumstances.
    (2) The provisions in Sec.  54.9816-6A are intended to be severable 
from the provisions in Sec. Sec.  54.9816-6, 54.9816-6T, 54.9816-8, 
54.9816-8T, and 54.9816-9, from any grant of forbearance from removal 
resulting from this subpart, and from any provision referenced in 
Sec. Sec.  54.9816-6, 54.9816-6T, 54.9816-8, 54.9816-8T, and 54.9816-9.
0
7. Section 54.9816-6 is amended by adding a heading to paragraph (a), 
revising paragraphs (b), (c), and (d) and adding paragraph (h) to read 
as follows:


Sec.  54.9816-6  Methodology for calculating qualifying payment amount.

    (a) Definitions. * * *
    (b) Methodology for calculation of median contracted rate. For 
further guidance, see Sec.  54.9816-6T(b).
    (c) Methodology for calculation of the qualifying payment amount. 
For further guidance, see Sec.  54.9816-6T(c).
    (d) Information to be shared about the qualifying payment amount. 
In cases in which the recognized amount, with respect to an item or 
service furnished by a nonparticipating provider or nonparticipating 
emergency facility, is the qualifying payment amount or the amount 
billed by the provider or facility, or if the amount on which cost 
sharing is based with respect to air ambulance services furnished by a 
nonparticipating provider of air ambulance services is the qualifying 
payment amount or the amount billed by the provider of air ambulance 
services, the plan must provide to the provider, facility, or provider 
of air ambulance services, as applicable, in writing, in paper or 
electronic form--
    (1) With an initial payment or notice of denial of payment under 
Sec.  54.9816-4, Sec.  54.9816-4T, Sec.  54.9816-5, Sec.  54.9816-5T, 
Sec.  54.9817 or Sec.  54.9817-T:
    (i) For further guidance, see Sec.  54.9816-6T(d)(i);
    (ii) If the qualifying payment amount is based on a downcoded 
service code or modifier--
    (A) A statement that the service code or modifier billed by the 
provider, facility, or provider of air ambulance services was 
downcoded;
    (B) An explanation of why the claim was downcoded, which must 
include a description of which service codes were altered, if any, and 
a description of which modifiers were altered, added, or removed, if 
any; and
    (C) The amount that would have been the qualifying payment amount 
had the service code or modifier not been downcoded.
    (iii) For further guidance, see Sec.  54.9816-6T(d)(1)(iii);
    (iv) A statement that--
    (A) If the provider, facility, or provider of air ambulance 
services, as applicable, wishes to initiate a 30-business-day open 
negotiation period for purposes of determining the out-of-network rate, 
the provider, facility, or provider of air ambulance services must:
    (1) Contact the appropriate person or office to initiate open 
negotiation within 30 business days of receiving the initial payment or 
notice of denial of payment, and
    (2) For disclosures required to be provided on or after [DATE 90 
DAYS AFTER PUBLICATION OF FINAL REGULATIONS IN THE FEDERAL REGISTER] 
and once the open negotiation notice can be submitted through the 
Federal IDR portal, notify the Secretary as described under Sec.  
54.9816-8(b)(1)(i); and
    (B) If the 30-business-day open negotiation period does not result 
in an agreement on the amount of payment the provider, facility, or 
provider of air ambulance services may generally initiate the Federal 
IDR process within 4 business days after the end of the open 
negotiation period;
    (v) For disclosures required to be provided on or after [DATE 90 
DAYS AFTER PUBLICATION OF FINAL REGULATIONS IN THE FEDERAL REGISTER], 
the legal business name of the group health plan (if any), the legal 
business name of the plan sponsor (if applicable), and the registration 
number assigned under Sec.  54.9816-9, if the plan is registered under 
Sec.  54.9816-9.
    (vi) For further guidance, see Sec.  54.9816-6T(d)(1)(vi);
    (2) In a timely manner upon request of the provider, facility, or 
provider of air ambulance services:
    (i) For further guidance, see Sec.  54.9816-6T(d)(2)(i) through 
(iv)
    (ii) [Reserved]
* * * * *
    (h) Severability. (1) Any provision of this section held to be 
invalid or unenforceable by its terms, or as applied to any person or 
circumstance, shall be construed so as to continue to give maximum 
effect to the provision permitted by law, unless such holding shall be 
one of utter invalidity or unenforceability, in which event the 
provision shall be severable from this section and shall not affect the 
remainder thereof or the application of the provision to persons not 
similarly situated or to dissimilar circumstances.
    (2) The provisions in Sec.  54.9816-6 are intended to be severable 
from the provisions in Sec. Sec.  54.9816-6A, 54.9816-6T, 54.9816-8, 
54.9816-8T, and 54.9816-9, from any grant of forbearance from removal 
resulting from this subpart, and from any provision referenced in 
Sec. Sec.  54.9816-6A, 54.9816-8, 54.9816-8T, and 54.9816-9.
0
8. Section 54.9816-6T is amended by:
0
a. Revising paragraphs (d) introductory text, (d)(1)(iv) and (v);
0
b. Adding paragraph (d)(1)(vi);
0
c. Revising paragraph (d)(2) introductory text; and
0
d. Adding paragraph (h).

[[Page 75853]]

    The additions read as follows:


Sec.  54.9816-6T  Methodology for calculating qualifying payment amount 
(temporary).

* * * * *
    (d) For further guidance, see Sec.  54.9816-6(d) introductory text;
    (1) * * *
    (iv) For further guidance, see Sec.  54.9816-6(d)(1)(iv); and
    (v) For further guidance, see Sec.  54.9816-6(d)(1)(v);
    (vi) Contact information, including a telephone number and email 
address, for the appropriate person or office to initiate open 
negotiations for purposes of determining an amount of payment 
(including cost sharing) for such item or service.
    (2) For further information see Sec.  54.9816-6(d)(2):
* * * * *
    (h) Severability. For further guidance, see Sec.  54.9816-6(h).
0
9. Section 54.9816-8 is amended by revising paragraphs (a), (b), (c), 
(d), (e), (g), and (h), and adding paragraph (i) to read as follows:
    The revisions and additions read as follows:


Sec.  54.9816-8  Independent dispute resolution process.

    (a) Scope and definitions--(1) Scope. For further guidance, see 
Sec.  54.9816-8T(a)(1).
    (2) Definitions. For further guidance, see Sec.  54.9816-8T(a)(2). 
Additionally, for purposes of this section, the following definitions 
apply:
    (i) Batched qualified IDR items and services means multiple 
qualified IDR items or services that are considered jointly as part of 
one payment determination by a certified IDR entity for purposes of the 
Federal IDR process in accordance with paragraph (c)(4) of this 
section.
    (ii) For further guidance, see Sec.  54.9816-8T(a)(2)(ii)-(xii).
    (b) Determination of payment amount through open negotiation and 
the initiation of the Federal IDR process--(1) Determination of payment 
amount through open negotiation--(i) In general. With respect to an 
item or service that meets the requirements of Sec.  54.9816-
8T(a)(2)(xi)(A), the provider, facility, or provider of air ambulance 
services, or the group health plan or health insurance issuer offering 
group or individual health insurance coverage may, during the 30-
business-day period beginning on the day the provider, facility, or 
provider of air ambulance services receives an initial payment or 
notice of denial of payment regarding the item or service, initiate an 
open negotiation period for purposes of determining the out-of-network 
rate for such item or service. To initiate the open negotiation period, 
a party must submit a written open negotiation notice with the content 
specified in paragraph (b)(1)(ii) of this section to the other party 
and to the Secretary in the manner specified in paragraph (b)(3) of 
this section. The 30-business-day open negotiation period begins on the 
day on which the party first submits the open negotiation notice and 
the remittance advice documentation specified in paragraph 
(b)(1)(ii)(A)(12) of this section to the other party and the Secretary. 
The party in receipt of the open negotiation notice must provide to the 
other party and to the Secretary in the manner specified in paragraph 
(b)(3) of this section as soon as practicable, but no later than the 
15th business day of the 30-business-day open negotiation period, a 
written notice and supporting documentation in response to the open 
negotiation notice, as specified in paragraph (b)(1)(iii)(A) of this 
section.
    (ii) Open negotiation notice--(A) Content. The open negotiation 
notice must include, with respect to the item or service that is the 
subject of the open negotiation notice, information about the item or 
service and the parties including:
    (1) Information sufficient to identify the provider, facility, or 
provider of air ambulance services, including the name and current 
contact information (including the legal business name, email address, 
phone number, and mailing address) as provided with the claim form 
submitted by the provider, facility, or air ambulance provider to the 
plan or issuer, and the National Provider Identifier (NPI);
    (2) Information sufficient to identify the plan or issuer, 
including the plan's or issuer's registration number, as required under 
Sec.  54.9816-9, if the plan or issuer is registered under Sec.  
54.9816-9, or an attestation from the party submitting the open 
negotiation notice that the plan or issuer was not registered prior to 
the date it submitted the notice; the legal business name of the plan 
or issuer, as well as the current contact information (name, email 
address, phone number, and mailing address) of the plan or issuer as 
provided with the initial payment or notice of denial of payment; and 
if the party submitting the open negotiation notice is a plan or 
issuer, the plan type (for example, self-insured or fully-insured);
    (3) The name and contact information (including the legal business 
name, email address, phone number, and mailing address) for any third 
party representing the party submitting the open negotiation notice, 
and an attestation that the third party has the authority to act on 
behalf of the party it represents in the open negotiation;
    (4) Information sufficient to identify the item or service, 
including: the date(s) the item or service was furnished and, if the 
party submitting the open negotiation notice is a provider, facility, 
or provider of air ambulance services, the date(s) that the provider, 
facility, or provider of air ambulance services received the initial 
payment or notice of denial of payment for the item or service from the 
plan or issuer; the type of item or service (specifically, whether the 
item or service is an emergency service as defined in Sec.  54.9816-
4T(c)(2)(i) or (ii), a non-emergency service as described in Sec.  
54.9816-5T(b), or an air ambulance service as defined in Sec.  54.9816-
3T); whether the service is a professional service or facility-based 
service; the State where the item or service was furnished; the claim 
number; the service code; and information to identify the location 
where the item or service was furnished (such as, place of service code 
or bill type code);
    (5) The initial payment amount (including $0 if, for example, 
payment is denied);
    (6) The qualifying payment amount, if provided with the initial 
payment or notice of denial of payment or if the party submitting the 
open negotiation notice is a plan or issuer;
    (7) An offer of an out-of-network rate for each item or service;
    (8) If the party submitting the open negotiation notice is a plan 
or issuer, the amount of cost sharing imposed for the item or service, 
if any;
    (9) If the party submitting the open negotiation notice is a 
provider or facility, a statement that the items and services do not 
qualify for the notice and consent exception described at 45 CFR 
149.410(b) or Sec.  149.420(c) through (i);
    (10) A statement that the provider, facility, or provider of air 
ambulance services was a nonparticipating provider, nonparticipating 
emergency facility, or nonparticipating provider of air ambulance 
services on the date the item or service was furnished;
    (11) General information listed in the standard open negotiation 
notice developed by the Secretary pursuant to paragraph (b)(3) of this 
section describing the open negotiation period and the Federal IDR 
process (including a description of the purpose of the open negotiation 
period and Federal IDR process and key deadlines in the open 
negotiation period and Federal IDR process); and

[[Page 75854]]

    (12) A copy of the initial payment or notice of denial of payment 
or other remittance advice that is required to include the disclosures 
under Sec. Sec.  54.9816-6T(d)(1) and 54.9816-6(d)(1), with respect to 
the item or service.
    (B) [Reserved]
    (iii) Open negotiation response notice--(A) Content. The response 
to the open negotiation notice must include, with respect to the item 
or service that is the subject of the open negotiation response notice, 
information about the item or service and the parties including:
    (1) Information sufficient to identify the provider, facility, or 
provider of air ambulance services, including the name and current 
contact information (including the legal business name, email address, 
phone number, and mailing address) as provided with the claim form 
submitted by the provider, facility, or provider of air ambulance 
services to the plan or issuer, and the NPI;
    (2) Information sufficient to identify the plan or issuer, 
including the plan's or issuer's registration number, as required under 
Sec.  54.9816-9 if the plan or issuer is registered under Sec.  
54.9816-9, or an attestation from the party submitting the open 
negotiation response notice that the plan or issuer was not registered 
prior to the date it submitted the notice; the legal business name of 
the plan or issuer, as well as the current contact information (name, 
email address, phone number, and mailing address) of the plan or issuer 
as provided with the initial payment or notice of denial of payment; 
and if the party submitting the open negotiation response notice is a 
plan or issuer, the plan type (for example, self-insured or fully-
insured);
    (3) The name and contact information (including the legal business 
name, email address, phone number, and mailing address) for any third 
party representing the party submitting the open negotiation response 
notice, and an attestation that the third party has the authority to 
act on behalf of the party it represents in the open negotiation;
    (4) Information sufficient to identify the item or service included 
in the open negotiation notice, including the date(s) the item or 
service was furnished, and if the party submitting the open negotiation 
response notice is a provider, facility, or provider of air ambulance 
services, the date(s) that the provider, facility, or provider of air 
ambulance services received the initial payment or notice of denial of 
payment for such item or service from the plan or issuer, and the claim 
number;
    (5) If the party submitting the open negotiation response notice is 
a plan or issuer, a statement as to whether it agrees that the initial 
payment amount (including $0 if, for example, payment is denied) and 
the qualifying payment amount reflected in the open negotiation notice 
accurately reflect the initial payment amount and qualifying payment 
amount disclosed with the initial payment for the item or service, and 
if not, or if the open negotiation notice indicates that the qualifying 
payment amount was not communicated by the plan or issuer with the 
initial payment or notice of denial of payment or other remittance 
advice, the initial payment amount (including $0 if, for example, 
payment is denied) and/or qualifying payment amount it believes to be 
correct, and documentation to support the statement (for example, the 
remittance advice confirming the qualifying payment amount);
    (6) If the party submitting the open negotiation response notice is 
a plan or issuer, the amount of cost sharing imposed for the item or 
service, if any;
    (7) A counteroffer for an out-of-network rate for each item or 
service or an acceptance of the other party's offer;
    (8) If the party submitting the open negotiation response notice is 
a provider or facility, a statement that the items and services do not 
qualify for the notice and consent exception described at 45 CFR 
149.410(b) or 45 CFR 149.420(c) through (i);
    (9) With respect to each item or service, either a statement and 
supporting documentation that explains why the item or service is not 
subject to the Federal IDR process or a statement agreeing that the 
item or service is subject to the Federal IDR process;
    (10) A statement as to whether any of the information provided in 
the open negotiation notice is inaccurate and the basis for the 
statement, as well as supporting documentation; and
    (11) A statement confirming that the initial payment or notice of 
denial of payment or other remittance advice provided by the party 
submitting the open negotiation notice under paragraph 
(b)(1)(ii)(A)(12) of this section is accurate, and if inaccurate, a 
copy of the accurate initial payment or notice of denial of payment or 
other remittance advice required to include the disclosures under Sec.  
54.9816-6(d)(1) and Sec.  54.9816-6T(d)(1), with respect to the item or 
service.
    (B) [Reserved]
    (2) Initiating the Federal IDR process--(i) In general. Either 
party may initiate the Federal IDR process with respect to a qualified 
IDR item or service for which the parties do not agree upon an out-of-
network rate by the last day of the open negotiation period provided 
for under paragraph (b)(1) of this section. To initiate the Federal IDR 
process, a party (the initiating party) must submit a written notice of 
IDR initiation, consistent with paragraph (b)(2)(ii) of this section, 
to the other party to the dispute (the non-initiating party), and to 
the Secretary in the manner specified in paragraph (b)(3) of this 
section, during the 4-business-day period beginning on the first 
business day after the last day of the open negotiation period (unless 
it is otherwise required to be submitted in the timeframe specified in 
paragraph (c)(5)(vii)(C) of this section). The date of IDR initiation 
is the date that the Secretary receives the notice of IDR initiation 
described in paragraph (b)(2)(ii) of this section.
    (A) Exception for items and services provided by certain 
nonparticipating providers and facilities. A party may not initiate the 
Federal IDR process with respect to an item or service if, with respect 
to that item or service, the party knows (or reasonably should have 
known) that the provider or facility provided notice and received 
consent under 45 CFR 149.410(b) or 149.420(c) through (i).
    (B) [Reserved]
    (ii) Notice of IDR initiation--(A) Content. The notice of IDR 
initiation must include, with respect to the item or service that is 
the subject of the notice, information about the item or service and 
the parties including:
    (1) Information sufficient to identify the provider, facility, or 
provider of air ambulance services, including the name and current 
contact information (including the legal business name, email address, 
phone number, and mailing address), and the NPI; and if the initiating 
party is a provider, facility, or provider of air ambulance services, 
the Tax Identification Number (TIN);
    (2) Information sufficient to identify the plan or issuer, 
including the plan's or issuer's registration number, as required under 
Sec.  54.9816-9 if the plan or issuer is registered under Sec.  
54.9816-9, or an attestation from the initiating party that the plan or 
issuer was not registered prior to the date that it submitted the 
notice; the legal business name of the plan or issuer, as well as the 
current contact information (name, email address, phone number, and 
mailing address) of the plan or issuer as provided with the initial 
payment or notice of denial of payment; and if the initiating party is 
a plan or issuer, the

[[Page 75855]]

plan type (for example, self-insured or fully-insured) and TIN (or, in 
the case of a plan that does not have a TIN, the TIN of the plan 
sponsor);
    (3) The name and contact information (including the legal business 
name, email address, phone number, and mailing address) for any third 
party representing the initiating party, and an attestation that the 
third party has the authority to act on behalf of the party it 
represents in the Federal IDR process;
    (4) Information sufficient to identify whether the dispute being 
initiated includes batched or bundled qualified IDR items or services 
as described in paragraph (c)(4) of this section;
    (5) Information sufficient to identify the qualified IDR item or 
service that is the subject of the notice of IDR initiation, including 
the date(s) the qualified IDR item or service was furnished; if the 
initiating party is a provider, facility, or provider of air ambulance 
services, the date(s) that the provider, facility, or provider of air 
ambulance services received the initial payment or notice of denial of 
payment for such item or service from the plan or issuer; the date the 
open negotiation period under paragraph (b)(1) of this section began; 
the type of item or service (specifically, whether the qualified IDR 
item or service is an emergency service as defined in Sec.  54.9816-
4T(c)(2)(i) or (ii), a non-emergency service as described in Sec.  
54.9816-5T(b), or an air ambulance service as defined in Sec.  54.9816-
3T); whether the service is a professional service or facility-based 
service; the State where the item or service was furnished; the claim 
number; the service code; and information to identify the location the 
item or service was furnished (including place of service code or bill 
type code);
    (6) The initial payment amount (including $0 if, for example, 
payment is denied);
    (7) The qualifying payment amount, if provided with the initial 
payment or notice of denial of payment or if the initiating party is a 
plan or issuer;
    (8) If the initiating party is a provider or facility, a statement 
that the items and services do not qualify for the notice and consent 
exception described at 45 CFR 149.410(b) or 45 CFR 149.420(c) through 
(i);
    (9) A statement that the provider, facility, or provider of air 
ambulance services was a nonparticipating provider, nonparticipating 
emergency facility, or nonparticipating provider of air ambulance 
services on the date the item or service was furnished;
    (10) Attestation that the item or service under dispute is a 
qualified IDR item or service, and the basis for the attestation;
    (11) General information listed in the standard notice of IDR 
initiation developed by the Secretary pursuant to paragraph (b)(3) of 
this section describing the Federal IDR process (including a 
description of the purpose of the Federal IDR process and key deadlines 
in the Federal IDR process);
    (12) A copy of the initial payment or notice of denial of payment 
or other remittance advice that is required to include the disclosures 
under Sec.  54.9816-6(d)(1) and Sec.  54.9816-6T(d)(1), with respect to 
the item or service;
    (13) Preferred certified IDR entity; and
    (14) A statement describing the key aspects of the claim, such as 
patient acuity or level of training of the provider, facility, or 
provider of air ambulance services that furnished the qualified IDR 
item or service, discussed by the parties during open negotiation that 
relate to the payment for the disputed claim, whether the reasons for 
initiating the Federal IDR process are different from the aspects of 
the claim discussed during the open negotiation period, and an 
explanation of why the party is initiating the Federal IDR process, 
including any of the permissible considerations described in paragraph 
(c)(5)(iii) of this section and Sec.  54.9817-2(b)(2) that serve as the 
party's basis for initiating the Federal IDR process.
    (B) [Reserved]
    (iii) Notice of IDR initiation response. -The non-initiating party 
must provide to the initiating party and to the Secretary in the manner 
specified in paragraph (b)(3) of this section within 3 business days 
after the date of IDR initiation, a written notice and supporting 
documentation in response to the notice of IDR initiation, as specified 
in paragraph (b)(2)(iii)(A) of this section.
    (A) Content. The notice of IDR initiation response must include, 
with respect to the item or service that is the subject of the notice, 
information about the item or service and the parties including:
    (1) Information sufficient to identify the provider, facility, or 
provider of air ambulance services, including the name and current 
contact information (including the legal business name, email address, 
phone number, and mailing address), and the NPI; and if the non-
initiating party is a provider, facility, or provider of air ambulance 
services, the TIN;
    (2) Information sufficient to identify the plan or issuer, 
including the plan's or issuer's registration number, as required under 
Sec.  54.9816-9 if the plan or issuer is registered under Sec.  
54.9816-9 or an attestation from the non-initiating party that the plan 
or issuer was not registered prior to the date that it submitted the 
notice; the legal business name of the plan or issuer, as well as the 
current contact information (name, email address, phone number, and 
mailing address) of the plan or issuer as provided with the initial 
payment or notice of denial of payment; and if the non-initiating party 
is a plan or issuer, the plan type (for example, self-insured or fully-
insured) and TIN (or, in the case of a plan that does not have a TIN, 
the TIN of the plan sponsor);
    (3) The name and contact information (including the legal business 
name, email address, phone number, and mailing address) for any third 
party representing the non-initiating party, and an attestation that 
the third party has the authority to act on behalf of the party it 
represents in the Federal IDR process;
    (4) Information sufficient to identify each item or service 
included in the notice of IDR initiation, including the date(s) the 
item or service was furnished. If the non-initiating party is a 
provider, facility, or provider of air ambulance services, the date(s) 
that the provider, facility, or provider of air ambulance services 
received the initial payment or notice of denial of payment for such 
item or service from the plan or issuer, and the claim number;
    (5) If the non-initiating party is a plan or issuer, a statement as 
to whether the non-initiating party agrees that the initial payment 
(including $0 if, for example, payment is denied) and the qualifying 
payment amount reflected in the notice of IDR initiation are accurate 
for the item or service that is the subject of the dispute, and if not, 
the initial payment amount (including $0 if, for example, payment is 
denied) and/or qualifying payment amount it believes to be correct, and 
documentation to support the statement (for example, the remittance 
advice confirming the qualifying payment amount);
    (6) If the non-initiating party is a plan or issuer, the amount of 
cost sharing imposed for the item or service, if any;
    (7) If the non-initiating party is a provider or facility, a 
statement that the items and services do not qualify for the notice and 
consent exception described at 45 CFR 149.410(b) or 45 CFR 149.420(c) 
through (i);
    (8) With respect to each item or service that is the subject of the 
dispute, either an attestation that the item or service is a qualified 
IDR item or service, or, for each item or service that

[[Page 75856]]

the non-initiating party asserts is not a qualified IDR item or 
service, an explanation and documentation to support the statement;
    (9) A statement confirming that the initial payment or notice of 
denial of payment or other remittance advice provided by the initiating 
party under paragraph (b)(2)(ii)(A)(12) of this section is accurate, 
and if inaccurate, a copy of the accurate initial payment or notice of 
denial of payment or other remittance advice required to include the 
disclosures under Sec. Sec.  54.9816-6(d)(1) and 54.9816-6T(d)(1), with 
respect to the item or service;
    (10) A statement as to whether any of the information provided in 
the notice of IDR initiation is inaccurate and the basis for the 
statement as well as any supporting documentation; and
    (11) A statement as to whether the non-initiating party agrees or 
objects to the initiating party's preferred certified IDR entity. If 
the non-initiating party objects to the initiating party's preferred 
certified IDR entity, the notice of IDR initiation response must 
include the name of an alternative preferred certified IDR entity and, 
if applicable, an explanation of any conflict of interest with the 
initiating party's preferred certified IDR entity .
    (B) [Reserved].
    (3) Manner. A party furnishing notices as required under paragraphs 
(b)(1)(ii) and (iii), and (b)(2)(ii) and (iii) of this section must 
furnish the notices using the standard forms developed by the Secretary 
and must furnish the notices and supporting documentation to the other 
party and the Secretary, through the Federal IDR portal.
    (c) Federal IDR process following initiation--(1) Selection of 
certified IDR entity--(i) Preliminary selection of the certified IDR 
entity. Within 3 business days after the date of IDR initiation, the 
non-initiating party must agree or object to the preferred certified 
IDR entity identified in the notice of IDR initiation, as described in 
paragraph (b)(2)(iii)(A)(11) of this section.
    (A) If the non-initiating party agrees, or fails to object, to the 
selection of the initiating party's preferred certified IDR entity in 
the manner described in paragraph (b)(2)(iii)(A)(11) of this section 
and within the timeframe specified in paragraph (c)(1)(i) of this 
section, the initiating party's preferred certified IDR entity will be 
considered jointly selected on the third business day after the date of 
IDR initiation.
    (B) If the non-initiating party objects to the selection of the 
initiating party's preferred certified IDR entity by designating an 
alternative preferred certified IDR entity in the manner described in 
paragraph (b)(2)(iii)(A)(11) of this section and within 3 business days 
after the date of IDR initiation, the initiating party may then agree 
or object to the non-initiating party's alternative preferred certified 
IDR entity by submitting the notice of certified IDR entity selection 
in the manner specified in paragraph (c)(1)(i)(D) of this section. If 
the initiating party agrees to the non-initiating party's alternative 
preferred certified IDR entity within 3 business days after the date of 
IDR initiation, or if the non-initiating party submits the notice of 
IDR initiation response on or before the second business day after the 
date of IDR initiation and the initiating party fails to respond within 
3 business days after the date of IDR initiation, the alternative 
preferred certified IDR entity will be considered jointly selected by 
the parties. If the non-initiating party submits the notice of IDR 
initiation response on the third business day after the date of IDR 
initiation and the initiating party does not agree on the same day, 
selection will proceed under paragraph (c)(1)(i)(C) of this section.
    (C) If a certified IDR entity is not jointly selected under 
paragraph (c)(1)(i)(A) or (B) of this section, either party may select 
an alternative preferred certified IDR entity by submitting the notice 
of certified IDR entity selection in the manner specified in paragraph 
(c)(1)(i)(D) of this section, until the earlier of the date that the 
parties agree on the alternative preferred certified IDR entity or the 
deadline for joint selection, which is 3 business days after the date 
of IDR initiation. Once a party submits a notice of certified IDR 
entity selection, it may not submit another notice of certified IDR 
entity selection until after it receives a responding notice of 
certified IDR entity selection from the other party.
    (1) If a party submits a notice of certified IDR entity selection 
to the other party on the first or second day after the date of IDR 
initiation and the party in receipt of the notice agrees or fails to 
object to the alternative preferred certified IDR entity by the third 
business day after the date of IDR initiation, the alternative 
preferred certified IDR entity will be considered jointly selected by 
the parties.
    (2) If a party submits a notice of certified IDR entity selection 
to the other party on the third business day after the date of IDR 
initiation and the party last in receipt of the notice agrees to the 
alternative preferred certified IDR entity on the same day, the 
alternative preferred certified IDR entity will be considered jointly 
selected by the parties.
    (3) If a party submits a notice of certified IDR entity selection 
to the other party on the third business day after the date of IDR 
initiation and the party last in receipt of the notice does not agree 
to the alternative preferred certified IDR entity on the same day, the 
parties will have failed to jointly select a certified IDR entity.
    (D) To notify the other party and the Secretary of an agreement or 
objection to an alternative preferred certified IDR entity under 
paragraph(c)(1)(i)(C) of this section, a party must submit the notice 
of certified IDR entity selection. The party must furnish the notice of 
certified IDR entity selection using the standard form developed by the 
Secretary and must furnish the notice to the other party and the 
Secretary through the Federal IDR portal within 3 business days after 
the date of IDR initiation. However, in the event the conditions under 
paragraph (c)(1)(ii) of this section apply, the party may notify the 
Secretary of an agreement or objection to an alternative preferred 
certified IDR entity in accordance with paragraph (c)(1)(ii) of this 
section. The notice of certified IDR entity selection must include a 
statement indicating the party's agreement with or objection to the 
other party's alternative preferred certified IDR entity and, if 
applicable, an explanation of any conflict of interest with the 
alternative preferred certified IDR entity. If the party in receipt of 
a notice of certified IDR entity selection objects to the other party's 
alternative preferred certified IDR entity and the party submits a 
notice of certified IDR entity selection by the end of the third 
business day after the date of IDR initiation, that party's notice of 
certified IDR entity selection reflecting the objection must include 
the name of another alternative preferred certified IDR entity.
    (ii) Failure to jointly select a certified IDR entity. If the 
parties fail to jointly select a certified IDR entity within 3 business 
days after the date of IDR initiation, the Secretary will select a 
certified IDR entity. The parties will have failed to jointly select a 
certified IDR entity if, by the end of the third business day after the 
date of IDR initiation, the party last in receipt of the notice of IDR 
initiation response or the notice of certified IDR entity selection has 
objected to the other party's alternative preferred certified IDR 
entity, or if the notice of IDR initiation response or the notice of 
certified IDR entity selection is submitted to the other party on the 
third business day after the date of IDR initiation and the party in 
receipt of the notice does not agree to the alternative preferred 
certified IDR

[[Page 75857]]

entity within 3 business days after the date of IDR initiation.
    (A) In selecting the certified IDR entity, the Secretary will first 
confirm whether a party submitted the notice of IDR initiation response 
or the notice of certified IDR entity selection with an alternative 
preferred certified IDR entity on the third business day after the date 
of IDR initiation without the other party's agreement to the selection. 
If either notice was provided on the third business day after the date 
of IDR initiation without the other party's agreement to the 
alternative preferred certified IDR entity by the end of third business 
day after the date of IDR initiation, the Secretary will provide the 
party last in receipt of the applicable notice 2 additional business 
days to agree or object to the other party's alternative preferred 
certified IDR entity selection.
    (1) If the party last in receipt of the notice of IDR initiation 
response or the notice of certified IDR entity selection agrees with 
the other party's alternative preferred certified IDR entity and 
notifies the Secretary of the agreement or fails to notify the 
Secretary of its objection in the Federal IDR portal by the fifth 
business day after the date of IDR initiation, the Secretary will 
select the final alternative preferred certified IDR entity selected in 
the applicable notice. In disputes where the applicable notice was 
submitted on the third business day after the date of IDR initiation, 
the party last in receipt of the notice will not be allowed to select 
another alternative preferred certified IDR entity.
    (2) If the party notifies the Secretary of its objection to the 
alternative preferred certified IDR entity by the fifth business day 
after the date of IDR initiation, the Secretary will proceed with the 
random selection of the certified IDR entity from among the certified 
IDR entities (other than the preferred certified IDR entity and any 
alternative preferred certified IDR entity previously selected in such 
dispute by a party, unless there is no other certified IDR entity 
available to select) that charge a fee within the allowed range of 
certified IDR entity fees on the sixth business day after the date of 
IDR initiation. If there are insufficient certified IDR entities that 
charge a fee within the allowed range of certified IDR entity fees 
available to arbitrate the dispute, the Secretary will select a 
certified IDR entity that has received approval, as described in Sec.  
54.9816-8T(e)(2)(vii)(B), to charge a fee outside of the allowed range 
of certified IDR entity fees. In either case, the Secretary will notify 
the parties of the preliminary selection of the certified IDR entity 
not later than 6 business days after the date of IDR initiation.
    (B) [Reserved].
    (iii) Date of preliminary selection of the certified IDR entity. 
The date of preliminary selection of the certified IDR entity will be:
    (A) Three business days after the date of IDR initiation if the 
parties jointly selected a certified IDR entity, as specified in 
paragraph (c)(1)(i) of this section; or
    (B) Six business days after the date of IDR initiation, if the 
parties fail to jointly select a certified IDR entity as specified in 
paragraph (c)(1)(ii) of this section.
    (iv) Final selection of certified IDR entity--(A) Conflict-of-
interest review. The certified IDR entity preliminarily selected for a 
dispute must review the selection. The selection of the certified IDR 
entity will be finalized only if the certified IDR entity attests to 
the Secretary that it meets the following requirements:
    (1) The certified IDR entity does not have a conflict of interest 
as defined in Sec.  54.9816-8T(a)(2)(iv);
    (2) The certified IDR entity will only assign personnel to a 
dispute and make decisions regarding hiring, compensation, termination, 
promotion, or other similar matters related to personnel assigned to 
the dispute in a manner that is not based upon the likelihood that the 
assigned personnel will support a particular party to the dispute; and
    (3) The certified IDR entity will not assign any personnel to a 
dispute who would have any conflicts of interest, as defined in Sec.  
54.9816-8T(a)(2)(iv), regarding any party to the dispute or whose 
relationship with a party within the 1 year immediately preceding the 
assignment to the dispute would violate the restrictions on aiding or 
advising a former employer or principal in a manner similar to the 
restrictions set forth in 18 U.S.C. 207(b).
    (B) Failure to meet conflict-of-interest requirements. If the 
certified IDR entity notifies the Secretary within 3 business days of 
the date of preliminary selection of the certified IDR entity that it 
does not meet the requirements of paragraphs (c)(1)(iv)(A)(1) through 
(3) of this section or if the certified IDR entity does not respond 
within 3 business days after the date of preliminary selection of the 
certified IDR entity, the Secretary will randomly select another 
certified IDR entity consistent with paragraph (c)(1)(ii) of this 
section. The Secretary will notify the parties of the new randomly 
preliminarily selected certified IDR entity no later than 1 business 
day after the previously selected certified IDR entity notifies the 
Secretary that it has a conflict of interest or, if the previously 
selected certified IDR entity fails to respond within 3 business days 
after the date of preliminary selection of the certified IDR entity, no 
later than 1 business day after the end of the 3-business-day period.
    (C) Date of final selection of the certified IDR entity. If the 
certified IDR entity that has been preliminarily selected attests 
within 3 business days that it meets the requirements of paragraphs 
(c)(1)(iv)(A)(1) through (3) of this section, the Secretary will notify 
the parties of the final selection of the certified IDR entity no later 
than 1 business day after the certified IDR entity attests that it 
meets the conflict-of-interest requirements. The date of final 
selection of the certified IDR entity is the date that the Secretary 
provides this notice to the parties.
    (2) Federal IDR process eligibility review--(i) Federal IDR process 
eligibility determination by certified IDR entity. Unless the 
departmental eligibility review described in paragraph (c)(2)(ii) of 
this section applies, the selected certified IDR entity must review the 
information in the notice of IDR initiation, notice of IDR initiation 
response, and any additional information described in paragraph 
(c)(2)(iii) of this section, and make a final determination as to 
whether the item or service is a qualified IDR item or service, as 
defined in Sec.  54.9816-8T(a)(2)(xi), that is eligible for the Federal 
IDR process. The certified IDR entity must make such a determination 
and notify the Secretary and both parties no later than 5 business days 
after the date of final selection of the certified IDR entity. If the 
certified IDR entity determines that the item or service is not a 
qualified IDR item or service, the dispute will be closed, and the 
selected certified IDR entity will not take any action with regard to 
the dispute.
    (ii) Departmental eligibility review for Federal IDR process 
eligibility determinations. When the conditions for the departmental 
eligibility review set forth in paragraph (c)(2)(ii)(A) of this section 
are met, the Secretary will conduct the eligibility review and make the 
eligibility determination instead of the certified IDR entity. If the 
Secretary determines that the item or service is not a qualified IDR 
item or service, the dispute will be closed, and the selected certified 
IDR entity will not take any action with regard to the dispute. If the 
dispute is found to be eligible, the Secretary will inform the 
preliminarily

[[Page 75858]]

selected certified IDR entity of the dispute's eligibility so that it 
may conduct its conflict-of-interest assessment, and the dispute will 
otherwise continue through the Federal IDR process, including 
notification of the eligibility determination to the disputing parties 
by the preliminarily selected certified IDR entity.
    (A) Application of the departmental eligibility review. The 
departmental eligibility review will apply when the Secretary 
determines that any of the extenuating circumstances described in 
paragraph (g)(1) of this section require application of the 
departmental eligibility review to facilitate timely payment 
determinations or the effective processing of disputes under the 
Federal IDR process.
    (B) Notification regarding applicability of the departmental 
eligibility review. Before invoking the application of the departmental 
eligibility review, the Secretary will post advance public notification 
of the date on which the departmental eligibility review will take 
effect and the reasons for invoking the application of the departmental 
eligibility review. Before ending the application of the departmental 
eligibility review, the Secretary will post advance public notification 
of the date on which the departmental eligibility review will no longer 
be in effect and the reasons for ending the application of the 
departmental eligibility review.
    (iii) Request for additional information. The Secretary or the 
selected certified IDR entity may request additional information from 
either party to a dispute at any time, including for the purpose of 
assessing whether a conflict of interest exists, conducting an 
eligibility determination, or making a payment determination.
    (A) Upon request, a party must submit the additional information 
within 5 business days to the Secretary or the selected certified IDR 
entity, as applicable, through the Federal IDR portal. Following a 
request for additional information, the time period for the applicable 
stage of the Federal IDR process will be tolled until the earlier of 
the date either all of the requested information is provided or the 5-
business-day period expires, and each subsequent timeframe in the 
Federal IDR process will be determined based on the date of completion 
of the stage of the Federal IDR process that was tolled for provision 
of the requested information.
    (B) If a party fails to submit the additional information as 
required, the related determination, including the eligibility 
determination, conflict-of-interest review, or payment determination 
will be made without the requested information unless a good-cause 
extension of the 5-business-day period, as specified in paragraph 
(g)(1)(i) of this section, has been provided, and the party 
subsequently submits the additional information requested within the 
extended period.
    (3) Authority to continue negotiations or withdraw--(i) Authority 
to continue to negotiate. If the parties to the Federal IDR process 
agree on an out-of-network rate for a qualified IDR item or service 
after providing the notice of IDR initiation to the Secretary required 
under paragraph (b)(2)(ii) of this section, but before the certified 
IDR entity has made its payment determination, the amount agreed to by 
the parties for the qualified IDR item or service will be treated as 
the out-of-network rate for the qualified IDR item or service. To the 
extent the amount exceeds the initial payment amount and any cost 
sharing paid or required to be paid by the participant, beneficiary, or 
enrollee, or there was an initial denial of payment, payment must be 
made directly by the plan or issuer to the nonparticipating provider, 
nonparticipating facility, or nonparticipating provider of air 
ambulance services not later than 30 business days after the agreement 
is reached. In no instance may either party seek additional payment 
from the participant, beneficiary, or enrollee, including in instances 
in which the out-of-network rate exceeds the qualifying payment amount. 
The initiating party must send a notification to the Secretary and to 
the certified IDR entity (if selected) electronically, through the 
Federal IDR portal, as soon as possible, but no later than 3 business 
days after the date of the agreement. The notification must include the 
dispute number, a statement of the out-of-network rate for the 
qualified IDR item or service, and signatures from authorized 
signatories for both parties.
    (ii) Withdrawals. A dispute may be withdrawn from the Federal IDR 
process by the initiating party, the Secretary, or a certified IDR 
entity before a payment determination is made if one of the following 
conditions is met:
    (A) The initiating party provides notification through the Federal 
IDR portal to the Secretary and the certified IDR entity (if selected) 
that both parties to the dispute agree to withdraw the dispute from the 
Federal IDR process without agreement on an out-of-network rate. The 
notification must include the dispute number, a statement about both 
parties' agreement to withdraw, and signatures from authorized 
signatories for both parties.
    (B) The initiating party provides a standard withdrawal request 
notice through the Federal IDR portal to the Secretary, the certified 
IDR entity (if selected), and the non-initiating party of its request 
to withdraw the dispute from the Federal IDR process and the non-
initiating party notifies the Secretary, certified IDR entity (if 
selected), and the initiating party through the Federal IDR portal of 
its agreement to withdraw from the Federal IDR process within 5 
business days of the initiating party's request. If the non-initiating 
party fails to respond within 5 business days of the initiating party's 
request, the non-initiating party will be considered to have agreed to 
the withdrawal, and the dispute will be withdrawn.
    (C) The certified IDR entity or Secretary cannot determine 
eligibility because both parties to the dispute are unresponsive to any 
requests for additional information to determine eligibility as 
described in paragraph (c)(2)(iii) of this section, or
    (D) The certified IDR entity cannot make a payment determination 
because both parties to the dispute have failed to submit an offer as 
described in paragraph (c)(5)(i) of this section.
    (4) Treatment of batched qualified IDR items and services--(i) In 
general. A certified IDR entity may consider up to 25 qualified IDR 
items and services jointly as part of one payment determination that is 
subject to the certified IDR entity fee for batched determinations only 
if the qualified IDR items and services meet the requirements of this 
paragraph (c)(4)(i).
    (A) For further guidance, see Sec.  54.9816-8T(c)(4)(i)(A);
    (B) Payment for the qualified IDR items and services is required to 
be made by the same group health plan or health insurance issuer. For 
group or individual health insurance coverage, this requirement is 
satisfied if the same issuer is required to make payment for the 
qualified IDR items and services, even if the qualified IDR items and 
services relate to claims from different group health plans or 
individual market policies. For self-insured group health plans, this 
requirement is satisfied if the same self-insured group health plan is 
required to make payment for the qualified IDR items and services, 
including when the plan makes payments through a third party 
administrator; the requirement is not satisfied if multiple self-
insured group health plans are required to make payments for the 
qualified IDR items and services, even if those group health plans make 
payments through the same third party administrator;

[[Page 75859]]

    (C) The qualified IDR items and services meet any of the following 
criteria under which multiple qualified IDR items and services relate 
to the treatment of a similar condition and therefore are permitted to 
be considered jointly as a single payment determination for purposes of 
encouraging efficiencies (including minimizing costs) in the Federal 
IDR process:
    (1) The qualified IDR items or services were furnished to a single 
patient during the same patient encounter. For purposes of this 
section, a single patient encounter is defined as a patient encounter 
on one or more consecutive days during which the qualified IDR items or 
services were furnished to the same patient and billed on the same 
claim form; or
    (2) The qualified IDR items and services were furnished to one or 
more patients and were billed under the same service code or a 
comparable code under a different procedural coding system, such as 
Current Procedural Terminology (CPT) codes with modifiers, if 
applicable, Healthcare Common Procedure Coding System (HCPCS) codes 
with modifiers, if applicable, or Diagnosis-Related Group (DRG) codes 
with modifiers, if applicable; or
    (3) For anesthesiology, radiology, pathology, and laboratory 
qualified IDR items and services, the qualified IDR items and services 
were furnished to one or more patients and were billed under service 
codes belonging to the same Category I CPT code range, as specified in 
guidance published by the Secretary; and
    (D) All the qualified IDR items and services were furnished within 
the same 30-business-day period following the date on which the first 
item or service included in the batched determination was furnished and 
were the subjects of a 30-business-day open negotiation period that 
ended within 4 business days of IDR initiation, except as provided in 
paragraph (c)(5)(vii) of this section.
    (ii) Treatment of bundled payment arrangements. Qualified IDR items 
and services that meet the definition of a bundled payment arrangement 
under Sec.  54.9816-3 may be submitted and considered as a single 
payment determination, and the certified IDR entity must make a single 
payment determination for the multiple qualified IDR items and services 
included in the bundled payment arrangement. Bundled payment 
arrangements as defined in Sec.  54.9816-3 and submitted under this 
paragraph (c)(4)(ii) are subject to the certified IDR entity fee for 
single determinations.
    (5) Payment determination for a qualified IDR item or service--(i) 
Submission of offers. Not later than 10 business days after the date of 
final selection of the certified IDR entity as described in paragraph 
(c)(1)(iv)(C) of this section (or not later than 10 business days after 
the qualified IDR items and services are determined eligible as 
described in paragraph (c)(2) of this section, when the Secretary 
determines that any of the extenuating circumstances described in 
paragraph (g)(1)(ii) of this section apply), the plan or issuer and the 
provider, facility, or provider of air ambulance services:
    (A) For further guidance, see Sec.  54.9816-8T(c)(5)(i)(A).
    (B) For further guidance, see Sec.  54.9816-8T(c)(5)(i)(B);
    (ii) Payment determination and notification. Not later than 30 
business days after the date of final selection of the certified IDR 
entity as described in paragraph (c)(1)(iv)(C) of this section (or not 
later than 30 business days after the qualified IDR items and services 
are determined eligible as described in paragraph (c)(2) of this 
section, when the Secretary determines that any of the extenuating 
circumstances described in paragraph (g) of this section apply), the 
certified IDR entity must:
    (A) Select as the out-of-network rate for the qualified IDR item or 
service one of the offers submitted under paragraph (c)(5)(i) of this 
section, weighing only the considerations specified in paragraph 
(c)(5)(iii) of this section (as applied to the information provided by 
the parties pursuant to Sec.  54.9816-8T(c)(5)(i)). The certified IDR 
entity must select the offer that the certified IDR entity determines 
best represents the value of the qualified IDR item or service as the 
out-of-network rate.
    (1) Prevailing party. In the case of single determinations, the 
party whose offer is selected by the certified IDR entity is considered 
the prevailing party. In the case of batched determinations, the party 
with the most determinations in its favor is considered the prevailing 
party; if each party prevails in an equal number of determinations, 
neither party will be considered the prevailing party, and the 
certified IDR entity fee will be split evenly between the parties.
    (2) Non-prevailing party. In the case of single determinations, the 
party whose offer is not selected by the certified IDR entity is 
considered the non-prevailing party. In the case of batched 
determinations, the party with the fewest determinations in its favor 
is considered the non-prevailing party.
    (B) For further guidance, see Sec.  54.9816-8T(c)(5)(ii)(B).
    (iii) Considerations in determination. In determining which offer 
to select:
    (A) The certified IDR entity must consider the qualifying payment 
amount(s) for the applicable year for the same or similar item or 
service.
    (B) The certified IDR entity must then consider information 
submitted by a party that relates to the following circumstances:
    (1) The level of training, experience, and quality and outcomes 
measurements of the provider or facility that furnished the qualified 
IDR item or service (such as those endorsed by the consensus-based 
entity authorized in section 1890 of the Social Security Act).
    (2) The market share held by the provider or facility or that of 
the plan or issuer in the geographic region in which the qualified IDR 
item or service was provided.
    (3) The acuity of the participant or beneficiary receiving the 
qualified IDR item or service, or the complexity of furnishing the 
qualified IDR item or service to the participant or beneficiary.
    (4) The teaching status, case mix, and scope of services of the 
facility that furnished the qualified IDR item or service, if 
applicable.
    (5) Demonstration of good faith efforts (or lack thereof) made by 
the provider or facility or the plan or issuer to enter into network 
agreements with each other, and, if applicable, contracted rates 
between the provider or facility, as applicable, and the plan or 
issuer, as applicable, during the previous 4 plan years.
    (C) The certified IDR entity must also consider information 
provided by a party in response to a request by the certified IDR 
entity under Sec.  54.9816-8T(c)(4)(i)(A)(2) that relates to the offer 
for the payment amount for the qualified IDR item or service that is 
the subject of the payment determination and that does not include 
information on factors described in Sec.  54.9816-8T(c)(4)(v).
    (D) The certified IDR entity must also consider additional 
information submitted by a party that relates to the offer for the 
payment amount for the qualified IDR item or service that is the 
subject of the payment determination and that does not include 
information on factors described in Sec.  54.9816-8T(c)(4)(v).
    (E) In weighing the considerations described in paragraphs 
(c)(4)(iii)(B) through (D) of this section, the certified IDR entity 
should evaluate whether the information is credible and relates to the 
offer submitted by either party for the payment amount for the 
qualified IDR

[[Page 75860]]

item or service that is the subject of the payment determination. The 
certified IDR entity should not give weight to information to the 
extent it is not credible, it does not relate to either party's offer 
for the payment amount for the qualified IDR item or service, or it is 
already accounted for by the qualifying payment amount under paragraph 
(c)(4)(iii)(A) of this section or other credible information under 
paragraphs (c)(4)(iii)(B) through (D) of this section.
    (iv) Examples. The rules of paragraph (c)(4)(iii) of this section 
are illustrated in the following paragraphs. Each example assumes that 
the Federal IDR process applies for purposes of determining the out-of-
network rate, that both parties have submitted the information parties 
are required to submit as part of the Federal IDR process, and that the 
submitted information does not include information on factors described 
in paragraph (c)(4)(v) of this section:
    (A) Example 1--(1) Facts. A level 1 trauma center that is a 
nonparticipating emergency facility and an issuer are parties to a 
payment determination in the Federal IDR process. The facility submits 
an offer that is higher than the qualifying payment amount. The 
facility also submits additional written information showing that the 
scope of services available at the facility was critical to the 
delivery of care for the qualified IDR item or service provided, given 
the particular patient's acuity. This information is determined to be 
credible by the certified IDR entity. Further, the facility submits 
additional information showing the contracted rates used to calculate 
the qualifying payment amount for the qualified IDR item or service 
were based on a level of service that is typical in cases in which the 
services are delivered by a facility that is not a level 1 trauma 
center and that does not have the capability to provide the scope of 
services provided by a level 1 trauma center. This information is also 
determined to be credible by the certified IDR entity. The issuer 
submits an offer equal to the qualifying payment amount. No additional 
information is submitted by either party. The certified IDR entity 
determines that all the information submitted by the nonparticipating 
emergency facility relates to the offer for the payment amount for the 
qualified IDR item or service that is the subject of the payment 
determination.
    (2) Conclusion. In this paragraph (c)(4)(iv)(A) (Example 1), the 
certified IDR entity must consider the qualifying payment amount. The 
certified IDR entity then must consider the additional information 
submitted by the nonparticipating emergency facility, provided the 
information relates to circumstances described in paragraphs 
(c)(4)(iii)(B) through (D) of this section and relates to the offer for 
the payment amount for the qualified IDR item or service that is the 
subject of the payment determination. If the certified IDR entity 
determines that it is appropriate to give weight to the additional 
credible information submitted by the nonparticipating emergency 
facility and that the additional credible information submitted by the 
facility demonstrates that the facility's offer best represents the 
value of the qualified IDR item or service, the certified IDR entity 
should select the facility's offer.
    (B) Example 2--(1) Facts. A nonparticipating provider and an issuer 
are parties to a payment determination in the Federal IDR process. The 
provider submits an offer that is higher than the qualifying payment 
amount. The provider also submits additional written information 
regarding the level of training and experience the provider possesses. 
This information is determined to be credible by the certified IDR 
entity, but the certified IDR entity finds that the information does 
not demonstrate that the provider's level of training and experience 
relates to the offer for the payment amount for the qualified IDR item 
or service that is the subject of the payment determination (for 
example, the information does not show that the provider's level of 
training and experience was necessary for providing the qualified IDR 
service that is the subject of the payment determination to the 
particular patient, or that the training or experience made an impact 
on the care that was provided). The nonparticipating provider does not 
submit any additional information. The issuer submits an offer equal to 
the qualifying payment amount, with no additional information.
    (2) Conclusion. In this paragraph (c)(4)(iv)(B) (Example 2), the 
certified IDR entity must consider the qualifying payment amount. The 
certified IDR entity must then consider the additional information 
submitted by the nonparticipating provider, provided the information 
relates to circumstances described in paragraphs (c)(4)(iii)(B) through 
(D) of this section and relates to the offer for the payment amount for 
the qualified IDR item or service that is the subject of the payment 
determination. In addition, the certified IDR entity should not give 
weight to information to the extent it is already accounted for by the 
qualifying payment amount or other credible information under 
paragraphs (c)(4)(iii)(B) through (D) of this section. If the certified 
IDR entity determines that the additional information submitted by the 
provider is credible but does not relate to the offer for the payment 
amount for the qualified IDR service that is the subject of the payment 
determination, and determines that the issuer's offer best represents 
the value of the qualified IDR service, in the absence of any other 
credible information that relates to either party's offer, the 
certified IDR entity should select the issuer's offer.
    (C) Example 3--(1) Facts. A nonparticipating provider and an issuer 
are parties to a payment determination in the Federal IDR process 
involving an emergency department visit for the evaluation and 
management of a patient. The provider submits an offer that is higher 
than the qualifying payment amount. The provider also submits 
additional written information showing that the acuity of the patient's 
condition and complexity of the qualified IDR service furnished 
required the taking of a comprehensive history, a comprehensive 
examination, and medical decision making of high complexity. This 
information is determined to be credible by the certified IDR entity. 
The issuer submits an offer equal to the qualifying payment amount for 
CPT code 99285, which is the CPT code for an emergency department visit 
for the evaluation and management of a patient requiring a 
comprehensive history, a comprehensive examination, and medical 
decision making of high complexity. The issuer also submits additional 
written information showing that this CPT code accounts for the acuity 
of the patient's condition. This information is determined to be 
credible by the certified IDR entity. The certified IDR entity 
determines that the information provided by the provider and issuer 
relates to the offer for the payment amount for the qualified IDR 
service that is the subject of the payment determination. Neither party 
submits any additional information.
    (2) Conclusion. In this paragraph (c)(4)(iv)(C) (Example 3), the 
certified IDR entity must consider the qualifying payment amount. The 
certified IDR entity then must consider the additional information 
submitted by the parties, but the certified IDR entity should not give 
weight to information to the extent it is already accounted for by the 
qualifying payment amount or other credible information under 
paragraphs (c)(4)(iii)(B) through (D) of this section. If the certified 
IDR entity determines the additional information on the acuity of the 
patient and complexity of the service is already accounted for in the

[[Page 75861]]

calculation of the qualifying payment amount, the certified IDR entity 
should not give weight to the additional information provided by the 
provider. If the certified IDR entity determines that the issuer's 
offer best represents the value of the qualified IDR service, the 
certified IDR entity should select the issuer's offer.
    (D) Example 4--(1) Facts. A nonparticipating emergency facility and 
an issuer are parties to a payment determination in the Federal IDR 
process. Although the facility is not participating in the issuer's 
network during the relevant plan year, it was a participating facility 
in the issuer's network in the previous 4 plan years. The issuer 
submits an offer that is higher than the qualifying payment amount and 
that is equal to the facility's contracted rate (adjusted for 
inflation) for the previous year with the issuer for the qualified IDR 
service. The issuer also submits additional written information showing 
that the contracted rates between the facility and the issuer during 
the previous 4 plan years were higher than the qualifying payment 
amount submitted by the issuer, and that these prior contracted rates 
account for the case mix and scope of services typically furnished at 
the nonparticipating facility. The certified IDR entity determines this 
information is credible and that it relates to the offer submitted by 
the issuer for the payment amount for the qualified IDR service that is 
the subject of the payment determination. The facility submits an offer 
that is higher than both the qualifying payment amount and the 
contracted rate (adjusted for inflation) for the previous year with the 
issuer for the qualified IDR service. The facility also submits 
additional written information, with the intent to show that the case 
mix and scope of services available at the facility were integral to 
the service provided. The certified IDR entity determines this 
information is credible and that it relates to the offer submitted by 
the facility for the payment amount for the qualified IDR service that 
is the subject of the payment determination. Neither party submits any 
additional information.
    (2) Conclusion. In this paragraph (c)(4)(iv)(D) (Example 4), the 
certified IDR entity must consider the qualifying payment amount. The 
certified IDR entity then must consider the additional information 
submitted by the parties, but should not give weight to information to 
the extent it is already accounted for by the qualifying payment amount 
or other credible information under paragraphs (c)(4)(iii)(B) through 
(D) of this section. If the certified IDR entity determines that the 
information submitted by the facility regarding the case mix and scope 
of services available at the facility includes information that is also 
accounted for in the information the issuer submitted regarding prior 
contracted rates, then the certified IDR entity should give weight to 
that information only once. The certified IDR entity also should not 
give weight to the same information provided by the nonparticipating 
emergency facility in relation to any other factor. If the certified 
IDR entity determines that the issuer's offer best represents the value 
of the qualified IDR service, the certified IDR entity should select 
the issuer's offer.
    (E) Example 5--(1) Facts. A nonparticipating provider and an issuer 
are parties to a payment determination in the Federal IDR process 
regarding a qualified IDR service for which the issuer downcoded the 
service code that the provider billed. The issuer submits an offer 
equal to the qualifying payment amount (which was calculated using the 
downcoded service code). The issuer also submits additional written 
information that includes the documentation disclosed to the 
nonparticipating provider under Sec.  54.9816-6(d)(1)(ii) at the time 
of the initial payment (which describes why the service code was 
downcoded). The certified IDR entity determines this information is 
credible and that it relates to the offer for the payment amount for 
the qualified IDR service that is the subject of the payment 
determination. The provider submits an offer equal to the amount that 
would have been the qualifying payment amount had the service code not 
been downcoded. The provider also submits additional written 
information that includes the documentation disclosed to the 
nonparticipating provider under Sec.  54.9816-6(d)(1)(ii) at the time 
of the initial payment. Further, the provider submits additional 
written information that explains why the billed service code was more 
appropriate than the downcoded service code, as evidence that the 
provider's offer, which is equal to the amount the qualifying payment 
amount would have been for the service code that the provider billed, 
best represents the value of the service furnished, given its 
complexity. The certified IDR entity determines this information to be 
credible and that it relates to the offer for the payment amount for 
the qualified IDR service that is the subject of the payment 
determination. Neither party submits any additional information.
    (2) Conclusion. In this paragraph (c)(4)(iv)(E) (Example 5), the 
certified IDR entity must consider the qualifying payment amount, which 
is based on the downcoded service code. The certified IDR entity then 
must consider whether to give weight to additional information 
submitted by the parties. If the certified IDR entity determines that 
the additional credible information submitted by the provider 
demonstrates that the nonparticipating provider's offer, which is equal 
to the qualifying payment amount for the service code that the provider 
billed, best represents the value of the qualified IDR service, the 
certified IDR entity should select the nonparticipating provider's 
offer.
    (v) Prohibition on consideration of certain factors. For further 
guidance, see Sec.  54.9816-8T(c)(5)(v).
    (vi) Written Decision. For further guidance, see Sec.  54.9816-
8T(c)(5)(vi).
    (vii) Effects of determination--(A) Binding. For further guidance 
see Sec.  54.9816-8T(c)(5)(vii)(A).
    (B) Suspension of certain subsequent IDR requests.--In the case of 
a determination made by a certified IDR entity under paragraph 
(c)(5)(ii) of this section, the party that submitted the initial 
notification under paragraph (b)(2) of this section may not submit a 
subsequent notification involving the same other party with respect to 
a claim for the same item or service that was the subject of the 
initial notification during the 90-calendar-day period following the 
determination.
    (C) Subsequent submission of requests permitted. If the end of the 
open negotiation period specified in paragraph (b)(1) of this section 
occurs during the 90-calendar-day suspension period regarding claims 
for the same item or service that were the subject of the initial 
notice of IDR determination as described in paragraph (c)(5)(vi) of 
this section, either party may initiate the Federal IDR process for 
those claims by submitting a notification as specified in paragraph 
(b)(2) of this section during the 30-business-day period beginning on 
the day after the last day of the 90-calendar-day suspension period.
    (viii) Recordkeeping requirements. For further guidance see Sec.  
54.9816-8T(c)(5)(viii).
    (ix) Payment. For further guidance see Sec.  54.9816-8T(c)(5)(ix).
    (d) Costs of IDR process--(1) Certified IDR entity fee--(i) Timing 
of payment of certified IDR entity fee. Each party to a dispute for 
which there is a final selection of the certified IDR entity and a 
determination that the dispute is eligible for the Federal IDR process 
in accordance with paragraph (c)(2) of this section must pay to the 
certified IDR entity the predetermined certified IDR entity fee charged 
by the certified IDR

[[Page 75862]]

entity. The certified IDR entity fee must be paid no later than the 
date a party submits its offer to the certified IDR entity, in 
accordance with paragraph (c)(5)(i) of this section.
    (ii) Failure to timely pay certified IDR entity fee. If a party 
fails to pay the certified IDR entity fee as specified in paragraph 
(d)(1)(i) of this section, that party's offer will not be considered 
received. Such party will continue to be responsible for payment of the 
certified IDR entity fee.
    (iii) Method of allocation of the certified IDR entity fee after a 
payment determination. After making a payment determination, the 
certified IDR entity shall retain the certified IDR entity fee 
described under paragraph (d)(1)(i) of this section paid by the non-
prevailing party as defined in paragraph (c)(5)(ii)(A)(2) of this 
section. The certified IDR entity must return the fee paid by the 
prevailing party, as defined in paragraph (c)(5)(ii)(A)(1) of this 
section, within 30 business days following the date of the certified 
IDR entity's payment determination. In the event of a batched dispute 
in which each party prevails in an equal number of determinations, the 
certified IDR entity fee will be split evenly between the parties. In 
that case, the certified IDR entity must return half the fee paid by 
each party within 30 business days following the date of the certified 
IDR entity's payment determination.
    (iv) Method of allocation of the certified IDR entity fee upon 
agreement or withdrawal after an eligibility determination. For a 
dispute for which there is a final selection of the certified IDR 
entity and a determination that the dispute is eligible for the Federal 
IDR process in accordance with paragraph (c)(2) of this section, unless 
directed otherwise by both parties, the certified IDR entity is 
required to return half of each party's certified IDR entity fee within 
30 business days of the date both parties notify the certified IDR 
entity that they have:
    (A) Reached an agreement on an out-of-network rate for qualified 
IDR items or services before the certified IDR entity has made its 
payment determination, as described in paragraph (c)(3)(i) of this 
section; or
    (B) Withdrawn the dispute before the certified IDR entity has made 
its payment determination, as described in paragraph (c)(3)(ii) of this 
section.
    (v) Method of allocation of the certified IDR entity fee upon 
agreement or withdrawal before an eligibility determination. When the 
parties reach an agreement on an out-of-network rate or withdraw a 
dispute for which there is a final selection of the certified IDR 
entity, but for which no eligibility determination has yet been made, 
unless directed otherwise by both parties, the certified IDR entity is 
required to return each party's full certified IDR entity fee within 30 
business days of the date both parties notify the certified IDR entity 
that they have agreed on an out-of-network rate or agreed to withdraw 
the dispute.
    (2) Administrative fee--(i) In general. Each party to a dispute for 
which a certified IDR entity is selected under paragraph (c)(1) of this 
section must pay a non-refundable administrative fee to the Secretary 
for participating in the Federal IDR process.
    (A) Timing of payment of administrative fee. The initiating party 
must pay the administrative fee within 2 business days of the date of 
preliminary selection of the certified IDR entity as described in 
paragraph (c)(1)(iii) of this section. The non-initiating party must 
pay the administrative fee within 2 business days of the date the non-
initiating party receives notice that an eligibility determination for 
the Federal IDR process has been reached by either the certified IDR 
entity or the Departments in accordance with paragraph (c)(2) of this 
section.
    (B) Agreements and withdrawals. In the case of an agreement, as 
described in paragraph (c)(3)(i) of this section, or a withdrawal, as 
described in paragraph (c)(3)(ii) of this section, the administrative 
fee will not be returned to the parties if preliminary selection of the 
certified IDR entity has occurred, as described in paragraph (c)(1)(i) 
of this section; if not yet collected, the administrative fee must 
still be paid, except as provided in paragraph (d)(2)(i)(C) of this 
section for a dispute closed for nonpayment by an initiating party.
    (C) Failure to pay administrative fee. If the initiating party 
fails to pay the administrative fee in accordance with paragraph 
(d)(2)(i)(A) of this section, the dispute will be closed due to 
nonpayment and neither party will be responsible for the administrative 
fee. If the non-initiating party fails to pay the administrative fee in 
accordance with paragraph (d)(2)(i)(A) of this section, that party's 
offer will not be considered received and the non-initiating party will 
continue to be responsible for payment of the administrative fee.
    (D) Collection of unpaid fees. Any party that fails to pay the 
administrative fee owed in accordance with paragraph (d)(2)(i)(A) of 
this section is obligated to pay the administrative fee otherwise due 
and owing, except as provided in paragraph (d)(2)(i)(C) of this section 
for a dispute closed for nonpayment by an initiating party. The 
Secretary will pursue collection from a party to a dispute of any 
administrative fee that is not timely paid pursuant to applicable debt 
collection authorities.
    (ii) Administrative fee amount. The administrative fee amount and 
method of payment will be established through notice and comment 
rulemaking in a manner such that the total administrative fees paid for 
a year, including administrative fees reduced under paragraph 
(d)(2)(iii) of this section, are estimated to be equal to the projected 
amount of expenditures made by the Secretaries of the Treasury, Labor, 
and Health and Human Services for the year in carrying out the Federal 
IDR process.
    (A) For disputes initiated on or after the later of the effective 
date of Federal Independent Dispute Resolution (IDR) Process 
Administrative Fee and Certified IDR Entity Fee Ranges final rules or 
January 1, 2024, the administrative fee amount is $150 per party per 
dispute, which will remain in effect until changed by subsequent 
rulemaking.
    (B) [Reserved]
    (iii) Reducing the administrative fee amount. For disputes 
initiated on or after January 1, 2025--
    (A) The Secretary may reduce the administrative fee for both 
parties in accordance with paragraph (d)(2)(iii)(C) of this section 
when the highest offer made by either party during open negotiation for 
the dispute is less than the threshold established through notice and 
comment rulemaking, pursuant to paragraph (d)(2)(ii) of this section. 
For a dispute that satisfies the requirements for a reduced 
administrative fee in accordance with this paragraph and for which a 
determination has been made that the dispute is eligible for the 
Federal IDR process in accordance with paragraph (c)(2) of this 
section, the administrative fee amount may be reduced to 50 percent of 
the administrative fee amount as described in paragraph (d)(2)(ii) of 
this section for each party to the dispute. For a dispute that 
satisfies the requirements for a reduced administrative fee in 
accordance with this paragraph and for which a determination has been 
made that the dispute is ineligible for the Federal IDR process in 
accordance with paragraph (c)(2) of this section, the administrative 
fee amount may be reduced to 50 percent of the administrative fee 
amount as described in paragraph (d)(2)(ii) of this section for the 
initiating party and to 20 percent of the administrative fee amount for 
the non-initiating party.

[[Page 75863]]

    (B) The Secretary may reduce the administrative fee for a non-
initiating party in accordance with paragraph (d)(2)(iii)(C) of this 
section when the dispute is determined to be ineligible for the Federal 
IDR process in accordance with paragraph (c)(2) of this section. For a 
dispute that satisfies the requirements for a reduced administrative 
fee in accordance with this paragraph, the administrative fee amount 
for the non-initiating party may be reduced to 20 percent of the 
administrative fee amount as described in paragraph (d)(2)(ii) of this 
section.
    (C) The reduced administrative fee amounts provided for in 
paragraphs (d)(2)(iii)(A) and (B) of this section shall be established 
in notice and comment rulemaking and will remain in effect until 
changed by subsequent rulemaking, pursuant to paragraph (d)(2)(ii) of 
this section.
    (e) Certification of IDR entity--(1) In general. For further 
guidance, see Sec.  54.9816-8T(e)(1);
    (2) Requirements. For further guidance, see Sec.  54.9816-8T(e)(2) 
introductory text;
    (i) For further guidance, see Sec.  54.9816-8T(e)(2)(i);
    (ii) For further guidance, see Sec.  54.9816-8T(e)(2)(ii);
    (iii) For further guidance, see Sec.  54.9816-8T(e)(2)(iii);
    (iv) For further guidance, see Sec.  54.9816-8T(e)(2)(iv);
    (v) For further guidance, see Sec.  54.9816-8T(e)(2)(v);
    (vi) Meet appropriate indicators of fiscal integrity and stability 
by demonstrating that the certified IDR entity has a system of 
safeguards and controls in place to prevent and detect improper 
financial activities by its employees and agents to assure fiscal 
integrity and accountability for all certified IDR entity fees and 
administrative fees (if applicable) received, held, and disbursed and 
by submitting 3 years of financial statements or, if not available, 
other information to demonstrate fiscal stability of the certified IDR 
entity;
    (vii) For further guidance, see Sec.  54.9816-8T(e)(2)(vii);
    (viii) Have a procedure in place to retain the certified IDR entity 
fees described in paragraph (d)(1) of this section paid by both parties 
in a trust or escrow account and to return the certified IDR entity fee 
paid by the prevailing party or a portion of each party's certified IDR 
entity fee in the case of an agreement described in paragraph (c)(3)(i) 
of this section, a withdrawal described in paragraph (c)(3)(ii) of this 
section, or a circumstance described under paragraph (d)(1)(iii) of 
this section, within 30 business days following the date of the 
determination;
    (ix) Have a procedure in place to retain the administrative fees 
(if applicable) described in paragraph (d)(2) of this section and to 
remit the administrative fees to the Secretary in accordance with the 
timeframe and procedures set forth in guidance published by the 
Secretary;
    (x) For further guidance, see Sec.  54.9816-8T(e)(2)(x); and
    (xi) For further guidance, see Sec.  54.9816-8T(e)(2)(xi);
    (3) Conflict-of-interest standards. For further guidance, see Sec.  
54.9816-8T(e)(3).
    (4) Period of Certification. For further guidance, see Sec.  
54.9816-8T(e)(4).
    (5) Petition for denial or revocation. For further guidance, see 
Sec.  54.9816-8T(e)(5).
    (6) Denial of IDR entity certification or revocation of certified 
IDR entity certification. For further guidance, see Sec.  54.9816-
8T(e)(6).
* * * * *
    (g) Extension of time periods for extenuating circumstances--(1) In 
general. The time periods specified in this section (other than the 
time for payment, if applicable, under Sec.  54.9816-8T(c)(5)(ix)) may 
be extended in extenuating circumstances at the Secretary's discretion. 
Extenuating circumstances include, but are not limited to when:
    (i) With respect to a specific dispute, the Secretary determines 
that the parties or certified IDR entity cannot meet applicable 
timeframes due to matters beyond the control of one or both parties or 
the certified IDR entity, or for other good cause. The certified IDR 
entity or either party may also submit a request for an extension due 
to extenuating circumstances to the Secretary through the Federal IDR 
portal. The requesting certified IDR entity or party must attest that 
it will take prompt action to ensure that the certified IDR entity's 
payment determination under this section may be made as soon as 
administratively practicable under the circumstances; or
    (ii) The Secretary determines that the parties or certified IDR 
entity cannot meet applicable timeframes due to systematic delays in 
processing disputes under the Federal IDR process, such as an 
unforeseen volume of disputes or Federal IDR portal system failures. 
Extensions provided due to extenuating circumstances caused by an 
unforeseen volume of disputes will be applied to the timeframe for 
eligibility determinations under paragraph (c)(2) of this section. 
Extensions provided due to extenuating circumstances caused by systems 
failures within the Federal IDR portal will be applied to the Federal 
IDR process timeframe(s) determined relevant by the Secretary. The 
Secretary will post a public notice regarding any extensions of time 
periods pursuant to this paragraph (g)(1)(ii).
    (A) Timeframe following an extension to eligibility determination. 
When an extension to the eligibility determination timeframe pursuant 
to paragraph (g)(1)(ii) of this section is in effect, the start date of 
the subsequent timeframes in the Federal IDR process will be determined 
based on the date of completion of the eligibility determination by the 
certified IDR entity or the Secretary.
    (1) Submission of offers. The parties must submit their offers and 
certified IDR entity fees to the certified IDR entity not later than 10 
business days after the qualified IDR items and services are determined 
eligible as described in paragraph (c)(2) of this section.
    (2) Payment Determination. The certified IDR entity must make the 
payment determination and notification of the payment determination to 
the parties not later than 30 business days after the qualified IDR 
items and services are determined eligible as described in paragraph 
(c)(2) of this section.
    (B) Timeframe following an extension to other timeframes in the 
Federal IDR process. When an extension to any timeframe within the 
Federal IDR process, other than the eligibility timeframe, is in effect 
pursuant to paragraph (g)(1)(ii) of this section, the start date of 
each subsequent timeframe in the Federal IDR process will be determined 
based on the date of completion of the process for which the extension 
was granted.
    (2) [Reserved]
    (h) Applicability date. (1) Paragraph (a) of Sec.  54.9816-8T is 
applicable with respect to plan years beginning on or after January 1, 
2022, except that the provisions regarding IDR entity certification at 
Sec.  54.9816-8T(a) and (e) are applicable beginning on October 7, 
2021, and the revised definition for batched qualified IDR items and 
services at paragraph (a)(2)(i) of this section is applicable to 
disputes with open negotiation periods beginning on or after the later 
of August 15, 2024, or 90 days after the effective date of the rule.
    (2) Paragraph (b) of this section is applicable to disputes with 
open negotiation periods beginning on or after the later of August 15, 
2024, or 90 days after the effective date of the rule.

[[Page 75864]]

    (3) Paragraph (c)(1) of this section, regarding the selection of a 
certified IDR entity, is applicable to disputes with open negotiation 
periods beginning on or after the later of August 15, 2024, or 90 days 
after the effective date of the rule, except that paragraphs 
(c)(1)(iv)(A)(1) through (3) of this section, regarding the conflict-
of-interest standards, are applicable with respect to plan years 
beginning on or after January 1, 2022.
    (4) Paragraph (c)(2) of this section, regarding the Federal IDR 
process eligibility review and paragraph (c)(3) of this section 
regarding the authority to continue negotiations or withdraw, are 
applicable to disputes with open negotiation periods beginning on or 
after the later of August 15, 2024, or 90 days after the effective date 
of the rule, and paragraph (c)(4) of this section regarding the 
treatment of batched and bundled qualified IDR items and services is 
applicable 90 days after the effective date of the rule.
    (5) Paragraphs (c)(5)(i) and (ii), and (c)(5)(vii)(B) and(C) of 
this section regarding the deadlines for the submission of offers, 
payment determination and notification, suspension of certain 
subsequent IDR requests, and subsequent submission of requests 
submitted are applicable to disputes with open negotiation periods 
beginning on or after the later of August 15, 2024, or 90 days after 
the effective date of the rule. Paragraphs (c)(5)(iii) and (vi) of this 
section regarding considerations in payment determinations and the 
related examples and paragraph (c)(5)(vi)(B) of this section regarding 
written decisions are applicable with respect to items or services 
furnished on or after October 25, 2022, for plan years beginning on or 
after January 1, 2022. Section 54.9816-8T(c)(5)(v) through 
(c)(5)(vi)(A), Sec.  54.9816-8T(c)(5)(vii)(A), and Sec.  54.9816-
8T(c)(5)(viii) and (ix) are applicable with respect to plan years 
beginning on or after January 1, 2022.
    (6) Paragraph (d) of this section regarding the costs of the IDR 
process is applicable to disputes initiated on or after January 1, 
2025.
    (7) Section 54.9816-8T(e) is applicable with respect to plan years 
beginning on or after January 1, 2022. The provisions regarding IDR 
entity certification at paragraphs (1), (e)(2)(i) through (vi), 
(e)(2)(x) and (xi), and (e)(3) through (6) of this section are 
applicable beginning on October 7, 2021. Paragraphs (e)(2)(vi), (viii), 
and (ix) of this section regarding the certified IDR entity's controls 
to prevent and detect improper financial activities, and procedures to 
retain the certified IDR entity fee and administrative fee are 
applicable upon the effective date of the rule.
    (8) Section 54.9816-8T(f) is applicable with respect to plan years 
beginning on or after January 1, 2022. Section 54.9816-8(f)(1)(v)(F) 
regarding reporting of information relating to the Federal IDR process 
is applicable with respect to items or services furnished on or after 
October 25, 2022, for plan years beginning on or after January 1, 2022.
    (9) Paragraph (g) of this section regarding the extension of time 
periods for extenuating circumstances is applicable to disputes with 
open negotiation periods beginning on or after the later of August 15, 
2024, or 90 days after the effective date of the rule.
    (10) Until the relevant applicability date for the requirements of 
this section, plans, issuers, providers, facilities, providers of air 
ambulance services and certified IDR entities are required to continue 
to comply with the corresponding section of Sec. Sec.  54.9816-8 and 
54.9816-8T in effect on October 25, 2022.
    (i) Severability. (1) Any provision of this section held to be 
invalid or unenforceable by its terms, or as applied to any person or 
circumstance, shall be construed so as to continue to give maximum 
effect to the provision permitted by law, unless such holding shall be 
one of utter invalidity or unenforceability, in which event the 
provision shall be severable from this section and shall not affect the 
remainder thereof or the application of the provision to persons not 
similarly situated or to dissimilar circumstances.
    (2) The provisions of paragraphs (b)(1), (c)(2)(ii), (c)(4), 
(d)(2), and (g)(1) of this section are intended to be severable from 
one another, from any grant of forbearance from removal resulting from 
this subpart, and from any provision referenced in those paragraphs. 
The provisions in Sec. Sec.  54.9816-8 and 54.9816-8T are intended to 
be severable from the provisions in Sec. Sec.  54.9816-6A, 54.9816-6, 
54.9816-6T, and 54.9816-9, from any grant of forbearance from removal 
resulting from this subpart, and from any provision referenced in 
Sec. Sec.  54.9816-6A, 54.9816-6, 54.9816-6T, and 54.9816-9.
0
10. Section 54.9816-8T is amended by:
0
a. Revising paragraphs (a)(2)(i), (b)(1) through (3), (c)(1)(i) and 
(c)(2);
0
b. Redesignating paragraphs (c)(3) through (c)(4) as (c)(4) through 
(c)(5);
0
c. Adding new paragraph (c)(3);
0
d. Revising newly redesignated paragraphs (c)(4)(i) introductory text, 
(c)(4)(i)(B) through (D), (c)(4)(ii), (c)(5(i) introductory text, 
(c)(5)(ii), (iii) and (iv), (c)(5)(vi)(B), (c)(5)(vii)(A) introductory 
text, and (c)(5)(vii)(B) and (C);
0
e. Revising paragraphs (d) introductory text, (e)(2)(vi), (viii) and 
(ix), and (g); and
0
f. Adding paragraphs (h) and (i).
    The revisions and additions read as follows:


Sec.  54.9816-8T  Independent dispute resolution process. (temporary)

    (a) * * *
    (2) * * *
    (i) Batched items and services--For further guidance, see Sec.  
54.9816-8(a)(2)(i);
* * * * *
    (b) * * *
    (1) Determination of payment amount through open negotiation. For 
further guidance, see Sec.  54.9816-8(b)(1);
    (2) Initiating the Federal IDR process. For further guidance, see 
Sec.  54.9816-8(b)(2);
    (3) Manner. For further guidance, see Sec.  54.9816-8(b)(3).
    (c) * * *
    (1) * * *
    (i) Preliminary selection of the certified IDR entity. For further 
guidance, see Sec.  54.9816-8(c)(1).
* * * * *
    (2) Federal IDR process eligibility review. For further guidance, 
see Sec.  54.9816-8(c)(2).
    (3) Authority to continue negotiations or withdraw. For further 
guidance, see Sec.  54.9816-8(c)(3).
    (4) * * *
    (i) In general. For further guidance, see Sec.  54.9816-8(c)(4)(i).
    (A) The qualified IDR items and services are billed by the same 
provider or group of providers, the same facility, or the same provider 
of air ambulance services. Items and services are billed by the same 
provider or group of providers, the same facility, or the same provider 
of air ambulance services if the items or services are billed with the 
same National Provider Identifier or Tax Identification Number;
    (B) For further guidance, see Sec.  54.9816-8(c)(4)(i)(B).
    (C) For further guidance, see Sec.  54.9816-8(c)(4)(i)(C).
    (D) For further guidance, see Sec.  54.9816-8(c)(4)(i)(D).
    (ii) Treatment of bundled payment arrangements. For further 
guidance, see Sec.  54.9816-8(c)(4)(ii)
    (5) * * *
    (i) Submission of offers. For further guidance, see Sec.  54.9816-
8(c)(5)(i).
* * * * *
    (ii) Payment determination and notification. For further guidance, 
see Sec.  54.9816-8(c)(5)(ii).

[[Page 75865]]

    (A) For further guidance, see Sec.  54.9816-8(c)(5)(ii)(A)
    (B) Notify the plan and the provider or facility, as applicable, of 
the selection of the offer under paragraph (c)(5)(ii)(A) of this 
section, and provide the written decision required under (c)(5)(vi) of 
this section.
    (iii) Considerations in determination. For further guidance, see 
Sec.  54.9816-8(c)(5)(iii).
    (iv) Examples. For further guidance, see Sec.  54.9816-8(c)(5)(iv).
* * * * *
    (vi) * * *
    (B) For further guidance, see Sec.  54.9816-8(c)(5)(vi)(B).
    (vii) * * *
    (A) Binding determination made by a certified IDR entity under 
paragraph (c)(5)(ii) of this section:
* * * * *
    (B) Suspension of certain subsequent IDR requests. For further 
guidance, see Sec.  54.9816-8(c)(5)(vii)(B).
    (C) Subsequent submission of requests permitted. For further 
guidance, see Sec.  54.9816-8(c)(5)(vii)(C).
* * * * *
    (d) Costs of IDR process. For further guidance, see Sec.  54.9816-
8(d);
* * * * *
    (e) * * *
    (2) * * *
    (vi) For further guidance, see Sec.  54.9816-8(e)(2)(vi);
* * * * *
    (viii) For further guidance, see Sec.  54.9816-8(e)(2)(viii);
    (ix) For further guidance, see Sec.  54.9816-8(e)(2)(ix);
* * * * *
    (g) Extension of time periods for extenuating circumstances. For 
further guidance, see Sec.  54.9816-8(g).
    (h) Applicability date. For further guidance, see Sec.  54.9816-
8(h);
    (i) Severability. For further guidance, see Sec.  54.9816-8(i).
0
11. Section 54.9816-9 is added to read as follows:


Sec.  54.9816-9  Federal Independent Dispute Resolution Registry of 
Group Health Plans, Health Insurance Issuers, and Federal Employees 
Health Benefits Carriers.

    (a) Establishment of Federal independent dispute resolution 
registry. The Secretary, jointly with the Secretary of Health and Human 
Services and the Secretary of Labor, will establish a Federal IDR 
registry consisting of the information described in paragraph (b)(2) of 
this section and will assign a registration number for each group 
health plan, health insurance issuer offering group or individual 
health insurance coverage, and Federal Employees Health Benefits (FEHB) 
Program carrier. The information contained in the registry will be made 
available to parties seeking to initiate an open negotiation or a 
dispute through the Federal IDR portal, and will be searchable, 
including by registration number.
    (b) Federal IDR registration--(1) Registration requirement. Each 
group health plan subject to the Federal IDR process must register with 
the Federal IDR registry as specified by the Secretary in guidance. 
Initial registration must be completed by the later of the date that is 
30 business days after the effective date of the final rule, the date 
that is 30 business days after the registry becomes available, or the 
date the group health plan begins offering a group health plan coverage 
subject to the Federal IDR process.
    (2) Required data elements. Group health plans subject to the 
registration requirement must include the following information with 
their registration:
    (i) The legal business name (if any) of the group health plan, and, 
if applicable, the legal business name of the group health plan 
sponsor;
    (ii) Whether the plan is a self- or fully-insured group health plan 
subject to ERISA or a self- or fully-insured church plan;
    (iii) The State(s) in which the plan is subject to a specified 
State law, as defined in Sec.  54.9816-3T for any items or services for 
which the protections of Sec. Sec.  54.9816-1T, 54.9816-4T, and 
54.9816-5T apply;
    (iv) The State(s) in which the plan is subject to an All-Payer 
Model Agreement under section 1115A of the Social Security Act for any 
items or services to which the protections in Sec. Sec.  54.9816-1T, 
54.9816-4T, and 54.9816-5T, apply;
    (v) For self-insured group health plans not otherwise subject to 
State law, any State(s) in which the group health plan has properly 
effectuated an election to opt in to a specified State law as defined 
in Sec.  54.9816-3T, if that State allows a plan not otherwise subject 
to the State law to opt-in;
    (vi) Contact information, including a telephone number and email 
address, for the appropriate person or office with whom to initiate 
open negotiations for purposes of determining an amount of payment 
(including cost sharing) for such item or service;
    (vii) The 14-digit Health Insurance Oversight System (HIOS) 
identifier; or if the 14-digit HIOS identifier has not been assigned, 
the 5-digit HIOS identifier; or if no HIOS identifier is available, the 
plan's or the plan sponsor's Employer Identification Number (EIN) and 
the plan's plan number (PN), if a PN is available;
    (viii) Additional information needed to identify the plan and the 
applicable Federal and State requirements for determining appropriate 
out-of-network payment rates for items or services to which the 
protections against balance billing in this part apply, as specified by 
the Secretary in guidance; and
    (ix) Additional information needed for purposes of administrative 
fee collection, as specified by the Secretary in guidance.
    (3) Updating disclosures. A plan must timely report to the 
Secretary changes to the information required under this section within 
30 calendar days after the information changes. A plan must confirm the 
accuracy of its registration annually in the fourth quarter of each 
calendar year.
    (4) Third party authority. The requirements of paragraphs (b)(1) 
through (3) of this section may be performed by a third party 
administrator or service provider with authority to act on behalf of 
the group health plan subject to the Federal IDR process. If the 
registration requirements are performed by such third party 
administrator or service provider the group health plan or health 
insurance issuer offering group or individual health insurance coverage 
must require that such third party administrator or service provider 
clearly delineate each group health plan or health insurance issuer 
offering group health insurance coverage for which it has authority to 
act. If such third party administrator or service provider fails to 
provide the information in compliance with the requirements of 
paragraphs (b)(1) through (3) of this section the plan or issuer will 
be in violation of the requirements of this section.
    (c) Severability. (1) Any provision of this section held to be 
invalid or unenforceable by its terms, or as applied to any person or 
circumstance, shall be construed so as to continue to give maximum 
effect to the provision permitted by law, unless such holding shall be 
one of utter invalidity or unenforceability, in which event the 
provision shall be severable from this section and shall not affect the 
remainder thereof or the application of the provision to persons not 
similarly situated or to dissimilar circumstances.
    (2) The provisions in Sec.  54.9816-9 are intended to be severable 
from the provisions in Sec. Sec.  54.9816-6, 54.9816-6T, 54.9816-8, and 
54.9816-8T, from any grant of forbearance from removal resulting from 
this subpart, and from any provision referenced in Sec. Sec.  54.9816-
6, 54.9816-6T, 54.9816-8, and 54.9816-8T.

[[Page 75866]]

DEPARTMENT OF LABOR

EMPLOYEE BENEFITS SECURITY ADMINISTRATION

    For the reasons stated in the preamble, the Department of Labor 
proposes to amend 29 CFR part 2590 as set forth below:

PART 2590--RULES AND REGULATIONS FOR GROUP HEALTH PLANS

0
12. The authority citation for part 2590 continues to read as follows:

    Authority:  29 U.S.C. 1027, 1059, 1135, 1161-1168, 1169, 1181-
1183, 1181 note, 1185, 1185a, 1185b, 1191, 1191a, 1191b, and 1191c; 
sec. 101(g), Pub. L. 104-191, 110 Stat. 1936; sec. 401(b), Pub. L. 
105-200, 112 Stat. 645 (42 U.S.C. 651 note); sec. 512(d), Pub. L. 
110-343, 122 Stat. 3881; sec. 1001, 1201, and 1562(e), Pub. L. 111-
148, 124 Stat. 119, as amended by Pub. L. 111-152, 124 Stat. 1029; 
Division M, Pub. L. 113-235, 128 Stat. 2130; Secretary of Labor's 
Order 1-2011, 77 FR 1088 (Jan. 9, 2012).

Subpart D--Surprise Billing and Transparency Requirements

0
13. Section 2590.716-3 is amended by adding the definition of ``Bundled 
payment arrangement'' in alphabetical order to read as follows:


Sec.  2590.716-3  Definitions.

* * * * *
    Bundled payment arrangement means an arrangement under which--
    (1) A provider, facility, or provider of air ambulance services 
bills for multiple items or services furnished to a single patient 
under a single service code that represents multiple items or services 
(for example, a Diagnosis-Related Group (DRG) code); or
    (2) A plan or issuer makes an initial payment or notice of denial 
of payment to a provider, facility, or provider of air ambulance 
services under a single service code that represents multiple items or 
services furnished to a single patient (for example, a DRG code).
* * * * *
0
14. Section 2590.716-6 is amended by:
0
a. Revising paragraphs (d) introductory text and (d)(1)(iv);
0
b. Redesignating paragraph (d)(1)(v) as paragraph (d)(1)(vi);
0
c. Adding a new paragraph (d)(1)(v);
0
d. Revising paragraph (d)(2) introductory text; and
0
e. Adding paragraph (g).
    The revisions and additions read as follows:


Sec.  2590.716-6  Methodology for calculating qualifying payment 
amount.

* * * * *
    (d) Information to be shared about the qualifying payment amount. 
In cases in which the recognized amount, with respect to an item or 
service furnished by a nonparticipating provider or nonparticipating 
emergency facility, is the qualifying payment amount or the amount 
billed by the provider or facility, or if the amount on which cost 
sharing is based with respect to air ambulance services furnished by a 
nonparticipating provider of air ambulance services is the qualifying 
payment amount or the amount billed by the provider of air ambulance 
services, the plan or issuer must provide to the provider, facility, or 
provider of air ambulance services, as applicable, in writing, in paper 
or electronic form--
    (1) * * *
    (iv) A statement that--
    (A) If the provider, facility, or provider of air ambulance 
services, as applicable, wishes to initiate a 30-business-day open 
negotiation period for purposes of determining the out-of-network rate, 
the provider, facility, or provider of air ambulance services must:
    (1) Contact the appropriate person or office to initiate open 
negotiation within 30 business days of receiving the initial payment or 
notice of denial of payment, and
    (2) For disclosures required to be provided on or after [DATE 90 
DAYS AFTER PUBLICATION OF FINAL REGULATIONS IN THE FEDERAL REGISTER] 
and once the open negotiation notice can be submitted through the 
Federal IDR portal, notify the Secretary as described under Sec.  
2590.716-8(b)(1)(i); and
    (B) If the 30-business-day open negotiation period does not result 
in an agreement on the amount of payment the provider, facility, or 
provider of air ambulance services may generally initiate the Federal 
IDR process within 4 business days after the end of the open 
negotiation period;
    (v) For disclosures required to be provided on or after [date 90 
days after publication of final regulations in the Federal Register], 
the legal business name of the group health plan (if any) or issuer, 
the legal business name of the plan sponsor (if applicable), and the 
registration number assigned under Sec.  2590.716-9, if the plan or 
issuer is registered under Sec.  2590.716-9.
    (2) In a timely manner upon the request of the provider, facility, 
or provider of air ambulance services:
* * * * *
    (g) Severability. (1) Any provision of this section held to be 
invalid or unenforceable by its terms, or as applied to any person or 
circumstance, shall be construed so as to continue to give maximum 
effect to the provision permitted by law, unless such holding shall be 
one of utter invalidity or unenforceability, in which event the 
provision shall be severable from this section and shall not affect the 
remainder thereof or the application of the provision to persons not 
similarly situated or to dissimilar circumstances.
    (2) The provisions in Sec.  2590.716-6 are intended to be severable 
from the provisions in Sec. Sec.  2590.716-6A, 2590.716-8, and 
2590.716-9, from any grant of forbearance from removal resulting from 
this subpart, and from any provision referenced in Sec. Sec.  2590.716-
6A, 2590.716-8, and 2590.716-9.
0
15. Section 2590.716-6A is added to subpart D to read as follows:


Sec.  2590.716-6A  Use of Claim Adjustment Reason Codes and Remittance 
Advice Remark Codes.

    (a) In general. When providing any paper or electronic remittance 
advice to an entity that does not have a contractual relationship 
directly or indirectly with a group health plan or a health insurance 
issuer offering group or individual health insurance coverage with 
respect to the furnishing of the item or service under the plan or 
coverage in response to a claim for payment for health care items and 
services furnished by that entity, the plan or issuer must use claim 
adjustment reason codes (CARCs) and remittance advice remark codes 
(RARCs) (see 45 CFR 162.1602 and 162.1603) as specified in guidance 
issued by the Secretaries of the Treasury, Labor, and Health and Human 
Services, or as required under any applicable adopted standards and 
operating rules under 45 CFR part 162, to communicate information 
related to whether the claim is or is not subject to the provisions of 
this subpart and 45 CFR part 149, subpart E.
    (b) Severability. (1) Any provision of this section held to be 
invalid or unenforceable by its terms, or as applied to any person or 
circumstance, shall be construed so as to continue to give maximum 
effect to the provision permitted by law, unless such holding shall be 
one of utter invalidity or unenforceability, in which event the 
provision shall be severable from this section and shall not affect the 
remainder thereof or the application of the provision to persons not 
similarly situated or to dissimilar circumstances.
    (2) The provisions in Sec.  2590.716-6A are intended to be 
severable from the provisions in Sec. Sec.  2590.716-6, 2590.716-8, and 
2590.716-9, from any grant of

[[Page 75867]]

forbearance from removal resulting from this subpart, and from any 
provision referenced in Sec. Sec.  2590.716-6, 2590.716-8, and 
2590.716-9.
0
16. Section 2590.716-8 is amended by:
0
a. Revising paragraphs (a)(2)(i), (b)(1)(i), and (b)(1)(ii)(A);
0
b. Removing and reserving paragraph (b)(1)(ii)(B);
0
c. Adding paragraph (b)(1)(iii);
0
d. Revising paragraph (b)(2)(i);
0
e. Redesignating paragraph (b)(2)(ii) as (b)(2)(i)(A);
0
f. Adding and reserving paragraph (b)(2)(i)(B);
0
g. Redesignating paragraph (b)(2)(iii) as (b)(2)(ii);
0
h. Revising newly redesignated paragraph (b)(2)(ii)(A);
0
i. Reserving newly redesignated paragraph (b)(2)(ii)(B);
0
j. Removing newly redesignated paragraph (b)(2)(ii)(C);
0
k. Adding paragraphs (b)(2)(iii) and (b)(3);
0
l. Revising paragraph (c)(1);
0
m. Redesignating paragraphs (c)(2) through (4) as paragraphs (c)(3) 
through (5), respectively;
0
n. Adding a new paragraph (c)(2);
0
o. Revising newly redesignated paragraphs (c)(3), (c)(4)(i) 
introductory text, (c)(4)(i)(B) through (D), (c)(4)(ii), (c)(5)(i) 
introductory text, (c)(5)(ii) introductory text,
0
p. Adding paragraphs (c)(5)(ii)(A)(1) and (2) and removing the 
reference to ``(c)(4)'' and adding in its place ``(c)(5)'' in newly 
redesignated paragraphs (c)(5)(ii)(A) introductory text and (B);;
0
q. Revising paragraphs (c)(5)(vii)(B) and (C);;
0
r. Revising paragraphs (d), (e)(2)(vi), (viii), and (ix), (g) and (h);
0
s. Adding paragraph (i).
    The revisions and additions read as follows:


Sec.  2590.716-8  Independent dispute resolution process.

    (a) * * *
    (2) * * *
    (i) Batched qualified IDR items and services means multiple 
qualified IDR items or services that are considered jointly as part of 
one payment determination by a certified IDR entity for purposes of the 
Federal IDR process in accordance with paragraph (c)(4) of this 
section.
* * * * *
    (b) * * *
    (1) * * *
    (i) In general. With respect to an item or service that meets the 
requirements of paragraph (a)(2)(xi)(A) of this section, the provider, 
facility, or provider of air ambulance services, or the group health 
plan or health insurance issuer offering group or individual health 
insurance coverage may, during the 30-business-day period beginning on 
the day the provider, facility, or provider of air ambulance services 
receives an initial payment or notice of denial of payment regarding 
the item or service, initiate an open negotiation period for purposes 
of determining the out-of-network rate for such item or service. To 
initiate the open negotiation period, a party must submit a written 
open negotiation notice with the content specified in paragraph 
(b)(1)(ii) of this section to the other party and to the Secretary in 
the manner specified in paragraph (b)(3) of this section. The 30-
business-day open negotiation period begins on the day on which the 
party first submits the open negotiation notice and the remittance 
advice documentation specified in paragraph (b)(1)(ii)(A)(12) of this 
section to the other party and the Secretary. The party in receipt of 
the open negotiation notice must provide to the other party and to the 
Secretary in the manner specified in paragraph (b)(3) of this section 
as soon as practicable, but no later than the 15th business day of the 
30-business-day open negotiation period, a written notice and 
supporting documentation in response to the open negotiation notice, as 
specified in paragraph (b)(1)(iii)(A) of this section.
    (ii) * * *
    (A) Content. The open negotiation notice must include, with respect 
to the item or service that is the subject of the open negotiation 
notice, information about the item or service and the parties 
including:
    (1) Information sufficient to identify the provider, facility, or 
provider of air ambulance services, including the name and current 
contact information (including the legal business name, email address, 
phone number, and mailing address) as provided with the claim form 
submitted by the provider, facility, or air ambulance provider to the 
plan or issuer, and the National Provider Identifier (NPI);
    (2) Information sufficient to identify the plan or issuer, 
including the plan's or issuer's registration number, as required under 
Sec.  2590.716-9, if the plan or issuer is registered under Sec.  
2590.716-9, or an attestation from the party submitting the open 
negotiation notice that the plan or issuer was not registered prior to 
the date it submitted the notice; the legal business name of the plan 
or issuer, as well as the current contact information (name, email 
address, phone number, and mailing address) of the plan or issuer as 
provided with the initial payment or notice of denial of payment; and 
if the party submitting the open negotiation notice is a plan or 
issuer, the plan type (for example, self-insured or fully-insured);
    (3) The name and contact information (including the legal business 
name, email address, phone number, and mailing address) for any third 
party representing the party submitting the open negotiation notice, 
and an attestation that the third party has the authority to act on 
behalf of the party it represents in the open negotiation;
    (4) Information sufficient to identify the item or service, 
including: the date(s) the item or service was furnished and, if the 
party submitting the open negotiation notice is a provider, facility, 
or provider of air ambulance services, the date(s) that the provider, 
facility, or provider of air ambulance services received the initial 
payment or notice of denial of payment for the item or service from the 
plan or issuer; the type of item or service (specifically, whether the 
item or service is an emergency service as defined in Sec.  2590.716-
4(c)(2)(i) or (ii), a non-emergency service as described in Sec.  
2590.716-5(b), or an air ambulance service as defined in Sec.  
2590.716-3); whether the service is a professional service or facility-
based service; the State where the item or service was furnished; the 
claim number; the service code; and information to identify the 
location where the item or service was furnished (such as, place of 
service code or bill type code);
    (5) The initial payment amount (including $0 if, for example, 
payment is denied);
    (6) The qualifying payment amount, if provided with the initial 
payment or notice of denial of payment or if the party submitting the 
open negotiation notice is a plan or issuer;
    (7) An offer of an out-of-network rate for each item or service;
    (8) If the party submitting the open negotiation notice is a plan 
or issuer, the amount of cost sharing imposed for the item or service, 
if any;
    (9) If the party submitting the open negotiation notice is a 
provider or facility, a statement that the items and services do not 
qualify for the notice and consent exception described at 45 CFR 
149.410(b) or 149.420(c) through (i);
    (10) A statement that the provider, facility, or provider of air 
ambulance services was a nonparticipating provider, nonparticipating 
emergency facility, or nonparticipating provider of air ambulance 
services on the date the item or service was furnished;
    (11) General information listed in the standard open negotiation 
notice developed by the Secretary pursuant to

[[Page 75868]]

paragraph (b)(3) of this section describing the open negotiation period 
and the Federal IDR process (including a description of the purpose of 
the open negotiation period and Federal IDR process and key deadlines 
in the open negotiation period and Federal IDR process); and
    (12) A copy of the initial payment or notice of denial of payment 
or other remittance advice that is required to include the disclosures 
under Sec.  2590.716-6(d)(1), with respect to the item or service.
    (B) [Reserved]
    (iii) Open negotiation response notice. (A) Content. The response 
to the open negotiation notice must include, with respect to the item 
or service that is the subject of the open negotiation response notice, 
information about the item or service and the parties including:
    (1) Information sufficient to identify the provider, facility, or 
provider of air ambulance services, including the name and current 
contact information (including the legal business name, email address, 
phone number, and mailing address) as provided with the claim form 
submitted by the provider, facility, or provider of air ambulance 
services to the plan or issuer, and the NPI;
    (2) Information sufficient to identify the plan or issuer, 
including the plan's or issuer's registration number, as required under 
Sec.  2590.716-9 if the plan or issuer is registered under Sec.  
2590.716-9, or an attestation from the party submitting the open 
negotiation response notice that the plan or issuer was not registered 
prior to the date it submitted the notice; the legal business name of 
the plan or issuer, as well as the current contact information (name, 
email address, phone number, and mailing address) of the plan or issuer 
as provided with the initial payment or notice of denial of payment; 
and if the party submitting the open negotiation response notice is a 
plan or issuer, the plan type (for example, self-insured or fully-
insured);
    (3) The name and contact information (including the legal business 
name, email address, phone number, and mailing address) for any third 
party representing the party submitting the open negotiation response 
notice, and an attestation that the third party has the authority to 
act on behalf of the party it represents in the open negotiation;
    (4) Information sufficient to identify the item or service included 
in the open negotiation notice, including the date(s) the item or 
service was furnished, and if the party submitting the open negotiation 
response notice is a provider, facility, or provider of air ambulance 
services, the date(s) that the provider, facility, or provider of air 
ambulance services received the initial payment or notice of denial of 
payment for such item or service from the plan or issuer, and the claim 
number;
    (5) If the party submitting the open negotiation response notice is 
a plan or issuer, a statement as to whether it agrees that the initial 
payment amount (including $0 if, for example, payment is denied) and 
the qualifying payment amount reflected in the open negotiation notice 
accurately reflects the initial payment amount and qualifying payment 
amount disclosed with the initial payment for the item or service, and 
if not, or if the open negotiation notice indicates that qualifying 
payment amount was not communicated by the plan or issuer with the 
initial payment or notice of denial of payment or other remittance 
advice, the initial payment amount (including $0 if, for example, 
payment is denied) and/or qualifying payment amount it believes to be 
correct, and documentation to support the statement (for example, the 
remittance advice confirming the qualifying payment amount);
    (6) If the party submitting the open negotiation response notice is 
a plan or issuer, the amount of cost sharing imposed for the item or 
service, if any;
    (7) A counteroffer for an out-of-network rate for each item or 
service or an acceptance of the other party's offer;
    (8) If the party submitting the open negotiation response notice is 
a provider or facility, a statement that the items and services do not 
qualify for the notice and consent exception described at 45 CFR 
149.410(b) or 149.420(c) through (i);
    (9) With respect to each item or service, either a statement and 
supporting documentation that explains why the item or service is not 
subject to the Federal IDR process or a statement agreeing that the 
item or service is subject to the Federal IDR process;
    (10) A statement as to whether any of the information provided in 
the open negotiation notice is inaccurate and the basis for the 
statement, as well as supporting documentation; and
    (11) A statement confirming that the initial payment or notice of 
denial of payment or other remittance advice provided by the party 
submitting the open negotiation notice under paragraph 
(b)(1)(ii)(A)(12) of this section is accurate, and if inaccurate, a 
copy of the accurate initial payment, or notice of denial of payment, 
or other remittance advice required to include the disclosures under 
Sec.  2590.716-6(d)(1), with respect to the item or service.
    (B) [Reserved]
    (2) * * *
    (i) In general. Either party may initiate the Federal IDR process 
with respect to a qualified IDR item or service for which the parties 
do not agree upon an out-of-network rate by the last day of the open 
negotiation period provided for under paragraph (b)(1) of this section. 
To initiate the Federal IDR process, a party (the initiating party) 
must submit a written notice of IDR initiation, consistent with 
paragraph (b)(2)(ii) of this section, to the other party to the dispute 
(the non-initiating party), and to the Secretary in the manner 
specified in paragraph (b)(3) of this section, during the 4-business-
day period beginning on the first business day after the last day of 
the open negotiation period (unless it is otherwise required to be 
submitted in the timeframe specified in paragraph (c)(5)(vii)(C) of 
this section). The date of IDR initiation is the date that the 
Secretary receives the notice of IDR initiation described in paragraph 
(b)(2)(ii) of this section.
* * * * *
    (B) [Reserved]
    (ii) * * *
    (A) Content. The notice of IDR initiation must include, with 
respect to the item or service that is the subject of the notice, 
information about the item or service and the parties including:
    (1) Information sufficient to identify the provider, facility, or 
provider of air ambulance services, including the name and current 
contact information (including the legal business name, email address, 
phone number, and mailing address), and the NPI; and if the initiating 
party is a provider, facility, or provider of air ambulance services, 
the Tax Identification Number (TIN);
    (2) Information sufficient to identify the plan or issuer, 
including the plan's or issuer's registration number, as required under 
Sec.  2590.716-9 if the plan or issuer is registered under Sec.  
2590.716-9, or an attestation from the initiating party that the plan 
or issuer was not registered prior to the date that it submitted the 
notice; the legal business name of the plan or issuer, as well as the 
current contact information (name, email address, phone number, and 
mailing address) of the plan or issuer as provided with the initial 
payment or notice of denial of payment; and if the initiating party is 
a plan or issuer, the plan type (for example, self-insured or fully-
insured) and TIN (or, in the case of a plan that does not have a TIN, 
the TIN of the plan sponsor);
    (3) The name and contact information (including the legal business 
name, email address, phone number, and

[[Page 75869]]

mailing address) for any third party representing the initiating party, 
and an attestation that the third party has the authority to act on 
behalf of the party it represents in the Federal IDR process;
    (4) Information sufficient to identify whether the dispute being 
initiated includes batched or bundled qualified IDR items or services 
as described in paragraph (c)(4) of this section;
    (5) Information sufficient to identify the qualified IDR item or 
service that is the subject of the notice of IDR initiation, including 
the date(s) the qualified IDR item or service was furnished; if the 
initiating party is a provider, facility, or provider of air ambulance 
services, the date(s) that the provider, facility, or provider of air 
ambulance services received the initial payment or notice of denial of 
payment for such item or service from the plan or issuer; the date the 
open negotiation period under paragraph (b)(1) of this section began; 
the type of item or service (specifically, whether the qualified IDR 
item or service is an emergency service as defined in Sec.  2590.716-
4(c)(2)(i) or (ii), a non-emergency service as described in Sec.  
2590.716-5(b), or an air ambulance service as defined in Sec.  
2590.716-3); whether the service is a professional service or facility-
based service; the State where the item or service was furnished; the 
claim number; the service code; and information to identify the 
location the item or service was furnished (including place of service 
code or bill type code);
    (6) The initial payment amount (including $0 if, for example, 
payment is denied);
    (7) The qualifying payment amount, if provided with the initial 
payment or notice of denial of payment or if the initiating party is a 
plan or issuer;
    (8) If the initiating party is a provider or facility, a statement 
that the items and services do not qualify for the notice and consent 
exception described at 45 CFR 149.410(b) or 149.420(c) through (i);
    (9) A statement that the provider, facility, or provider of air 
ambulance services was a nonparticipating provider, nonparticipating 
emergency facility, or nonparticipating provider of air ambulance 
services on the date the item or service was furnished;
    (10) Attestation that the item or service under dispute is a 
qualified IDR item or service, and the basis for the attestation;
    (11) General information listed in the standard notice of IDR 
initiation developed by the Secretary pursuant to paragraph (b)(3) of 
this section describing the Federal IDR process (including a 
description of the purpose of the Federal IDR process and key deadlines 
in the Federal IDR process);
    (12) A copy of the initial payment or notice of denial of payment 
or other remittance advice that is required to include the disclosures 
under Sec.  2590.716-6(d)(1), with respect to the item or service;
    (13) Preferred certified IDR entity; and
    (14) A statement describing the key aspects of the claim, such as 
patient acuity or level of training of the provider, facility, or 
provider of air ambulance services that furnished the qualified IDR 
item or service, discussed by the parties during open negotiation that 
relate to the payment for the disputed claim, whether the reasons for 
initiating the Federal IDR process are different from the aspects of 
the claim discussed during the open negotiation period, and an 
explanation of why the party is initiating the Federal IDR process, 
including any of the permissible considerations described in Sec. Sec.  
2590.716-8(c)(5)(iii) and 2590.717-2(b)(2) that serve as the party's 
basis for initiating the Federal IDR process.
    (B) [Reserved]
    (iii) Notice of IDR initiation response. The non-initiating party 
must provide to the initiating party and to the Secretary in the manner 
specified in paragraph (b)(3) of this section within 3 business days 
after the date of IDR initiation, a written notice and supporting 
documentation in response to the notice of IDR initiation, as specified 
in paragraph (b)(2)(iii)(A) of this section.
    (A) Content. The notice of IDR initiation response must include, 
with respect to the item or service that is the subject of the notice, 
information about the item or service and the parties including:
    (1) Information sufficient to identify the provider, facility, or 
provider of air ambulance services, including the name and current 
contact information (including the legal business name, email address, 
phone number, and mailing address), and the NPI; and if the non-
initiating party is a provider, facility, or provider of air ambulance 
services, the TIN;
    (2) Information sufficient to identify the plan or issuer, 
including the plan's or issuer's registration number, as required under 
Sec.  2590.716-9 if the plan or issuer is registered under Sec.  
2590.716-9 or an attestation from the non-initiating party that the 
plan or issuer was not registered prior to the date that it submitted 
the notice; the legal business name of the plan or issuer, as well as 
the current contact information (name, email address, phone number, and 
mailing address) of the plan or issuer as provided with the initial 
payment or notice of denial of payment; and if the non-initiating party 
is a plan or issuer, the plan type (for example, self-insured or fully-
insured) and TIN (or, in the case of a plan that does not have a TIN, 
the TIN of the plan sponsor);
    (3) The name and contact information (including the legal business 
name, email address, phone number, and mailing address) for any third 
party representing the non-initiating party, and an attestation that 
the third party has the authority to act on behalf of the party it 
represents in the Federal IDR process;
    (4) Information sufficient to identify each item or service 
included in the notice of IDR initiation, including the date(s) the 
item or service was furnished. If the non-initiating party is a 
provider, facility, or provider of air ambulance services, the date(s) 
that the provider, facility, or provider of air ambulance services 
received the initial payment or notice of denial of payment for such 
item or service from the plan or issuer, and the claim number;
    (5) If the non-initiating party is a plan or issuer, a statement as 
to whether the non-initiating party agrees that the initial payment 
(including $0 if, for example, payment is denied) and the qualifying 
payment amount reflected in the notice of IDR initiation is accurate 
for the item or service that is the subject of the dispute, and if not, 
the initial payment amount (including $0 if, for example, payment is 
denied) and/or qualifying payment amount it believes to be correct, and 
documentation to support the statement (for example, the remittance 
advice confirming the qualifying payment amount);
    (6) If the non-initiating party is a plan or issuer, the amount of 
cost sharing imposed for the item or service, if any;
    (7) If the non-initiating party is a provider or facility, a 
statement that the items and services do not qualify for the notice and 
consent exception described at 45 CFR 149.410(b) or 149.420(c) through 
(i);
    (8) With respect to each item or service that is the subject of the 
dispute, either an attestation that the item or service is a qualified 
IDR item or service, or for each item or service that the non-
initiating party asserts is not a qualified IDR item or service, an 
explanation and documentation to support the statement;
    (9) A statement confirming that the initial payment or notice of 
denial of payment or other remittance advice provided by the initiating 
party under paragraph (b)(2)(ii)(A)(12) of this section is accurate, 
and if inaccurate, a copy of

[[Page 75870]]

the accurate initial payment or notice of denial of payment or other 
remittance advice required to include the disclosures under Sec.  
2590.716-6(d)(1), with respect to the item or service;
    (10) A statement as to whether any of the information provided in 
the notice of IDR initiation is inaccurate and the basis for the 
statement as well as any supporting documentation; and
    (11) A statement as to whether the non-initiating party agrees or 
objects to the initiating party's preferred certified IDR entity. If 
the non-initiating party objects to the initiating party's preferred 
certified IDR entity, the notice of IDR initiation response must 
include the name of an alternative preferred certified IDR entity and, 
if applicable, an explanation of any conflict of interest with the 
initiating party's preferred certified IDR entity.
    (B) [Reserved].
    (3) Manner. A party furnishing notices as required under paragraphs 
(b)(1)(ii) and (iii), and (b)(2)(ii) and (iii) of this section must 
furnish the notices using the standard forms developed by the Secretary 
and must furnish the notices and supporting documentation to the other 
party and the Secretary, through the Federal IDR portal.
    (c) * * *
    (1) Selection of certified IDR entity--(i) Preliminary selection of 
the certified IDR entity. Within 3 business days after the date of IDR 
initiation, the non-initiating party must agree or object to the 
preferred certified IDR entity identified in the notice of IDR 
initiation, as described in paragraph (b)(2)(iii)(A)(11) of this 
section.
    (A) If the non-initiating party agrees, or fails to object, to the 
selection of the initiating party's preferred certified IDR entity in 
the manner described in paragraph (b)(2)(iii)(A)(11) of this section 
and within the timeframe specified in paragraph (c)(1)(i) of this 
section, the initiating party's preferred certified IDR entity will be 
considered jointly selected on the third business day after the date of 
IDR initiation.
    (B) If the non-initiating party objects to the selection of the 
initiating party's preferred certified IDR entity by designating an 
alternative preferred certified IDR entity in the manner described in 
paragraph (b)(2)(iii)(A)(11) of this section and within the timeframe 
specified in paragraph (c)(1)(i) of this section, the initiating party 
may then agree or object to the non-initiating party's alternative 
preferred certified IDR entity by submitting the notice of certified 
IDR entity selection in the manner specified in paragraph (c)(1)(i)(D) 
of this section. If the initiating party agrees to the non-initiating 
party's alternative preferred certified IDR entity within 3 business 
days after the date of IDR initiation, or if the non-initiating party 
submits the notice of IDR initiation response on or before the second 
business day after the date of IDR initiation and the initiating party 
fails to respond within 3 business days after the date of IDR 
initiation, the alternative preferred certified IDR entity will be 
considered jointly selected by the parties. If the non-initiating party 
submits the notice of IDR initiation response on the third business day 
after the date of IDR initiation and the initiating party does not 
agree on the same day, selection will proceed under paragraph 
(c)(1)(i)(C) of this section.
    (C) If a certified IDR entity is not jointly selected under 
paragraph (c)(1)(i)(A) or (B) of this section, either party may select 
an alternative preferred certified IDR entity by submitting the notice 
of certified IDR entity selection in the manner specified in paragraph 
(c)(1)(i)(D) of this section, until the earlier of the date that the 
parties agree on the alternative preferred certified IDR entity or the 
deadline for joint selection, which is 3 business days after the date 
of IDR initiation. Once a party submits a notice of certified IDR 
entity selection, it may not submit another notice of certified IDR 
entity selection until after it receives a responding notice of 
certified IDR entity selection from the other party.
    (1) If a party submits a notice of certified IDR entity selection 
to the other party on the first or second day after the date of IDR 
initiation and the party in receipt of the notice agrees or fails to 
object to the alternative preferred certified IDR entity by the third 
business day after the date of IDR initiation, the alternative 
preferred certified IDR entity will be considered jointly selected by 
the parties.
    (2) If a party submits a notice of certified IDR entity selection 
to the other party on the third business day after the date of IDR 
initiation and the party last in receipt of the notice agrees to the 
alternative preferred certified IDR entity on the same day, the 
alternative preferred certified IDR entity will be considered jointly 
selected by the parties.
    (3) If a party submits a notice of certified IDR entity selection 
to the other party on the third business day after the date of IDR 
initiation and the party last in receipt of the notice does not agree 
to the alternative preferred certified IDR entity on the same day, the 
parties will have failed to jointly select a certified IDR entity.
    (D) To notify the other party and the Secretary of an agreement or 
objection to an alternative preferred certified IDR entity under 
paragraph (c)(1)(i)(C) of this section, a party must submit the notice 
of certified IDR entity selection. The party must furnish the notice of 
certified IDR entity selection using the standard form developed by the 
Secretary and must furnish the notice to the other party and the 
Secretary through the Federal IDR portal within 3 business days after 
the date of IDR initiation. However, in the event the conditions under 
paragraph (c)(1)(ii) of this section apply, the party may notify the 
Secretary of an agreement or objection to an alternative preferred 
certified IDR entity in accordance with paragraph (c)(1)(ii) of this 
section. The notice of certified IDR entity selection must include a 
statement indicating the party's agreement with or objection to the 
other party's alternative preferred certified IDR entity and, if 
applicable, an explanation of any conflict of interest with the 
alternative preferred certified IDR entity. If the party in receipt of 
a notice of certified IDR entity selection objects to the other party's 
alternative preferred certified IDR entity and the party submits a 
notice of certified IDR entity selection by the end of the third 
business day after the date of IDR initiation, that party's notice of 
certified IDR entity selection reflecting the objection must include 
the name of another alternative preferred certified IDR entity.
    (ii) Failure to jointly select a certified IDR entity. If the 
parties fail to jointly select a certified IDR entity within 3 business 
days after the date of IDR initiation, the Secretary will select a 
certified IDR entity. The parties will have failed to jointly select a 
certified IDR entity if, by the end of the third business day after the 
date of IDR initiation, the party last in receipt of the notice of IDR 
initiation response or the notice of certified IDR entity selection has 
objected to the other party's alternative preferred certified IDR 
entity, or if the notice of IDR initiation response or the notice of 
certified IDR entity selection is submitted to the other party on the 
third business day after the date of IDR initiation and the party in 
receipt of the notice does not agree to the alternative preferred 
certified IDR entity within 3 business days after the date of IDR 
initiation.
    (A) In selecting the certified IDR entity, the Secretary will first 
confirm whether a party submitted the notice of IDR initiation response 
or the notice of certified IDR entity selection with an alternative 
preferred certified IDR entity on the third business day after the date 
of IDR initiation without the other party's agreement to the selection. 
If

[[Page 75871]]

either notice was provided on the third business day after the date of 
IDR initiation without the other party's agreement to the alternative 
preferred certified IDR entity by the end of third business day after 
the date of IDR initiation, the Secretary will provide the party last 
in receipt of the applicable notice 2 additional business days to agree 
or object to the other party's alternative preferred certified IDR 
entity selection.
    (1) If the party last in receipt of the notice of IDR initiation 
response or the notice of certified IDR entity selection agrees with 
the other party's alternative preferred certified IDR entity and 
notifies the Secretary of the agreement or fails to notify the 
Secretary of its objection in the Federal IDR portal by the fifth 
business day after the date of IDR initiation, the Secretary will 
select the final alternative preferred certified IDR entity selected in 
the applicable notice. In disputes where the applicable notice was 
submitted on the third business day after the date of IDR initiation, 
the party last in receipt of the notice will not be allowed to select 
another alternative preferred certified IDR entity.
    (2) If the party notifies the Secretary of its objection to the 
alternative preferred certified IDR entity by the fifth business day 
after the date of IDR initiation, the Secretary will proceed with the 
random selection of the certified IDR entity from among the certified 
IDR entities (other than the preferred certified IDR entity and any 
alternative preferred certified IDR entity previously selected in such 
dispute by a party, unless there is no other certified IDR entity 
available to select) that charge a fee within the allowed range of 
certified IDR entity fees on the sixth business day after the date of 
IDR initiation. If there are insufficient certified IDR entities that 
charge a fee within the allowed range of certified IDR entity fees 
available to arbitrate the dispute, the Secretary will select a 
certified IDR entity that has received approval, as described in 
paragraph (e)(2)(vii)(B) of this section, to charge a fee outside of 
the allowed range of certified IDR entity fees. In either case, the 
Secretary will notify the parties of the preliminary selection of the 
certified IDR entity not later than 6 business days after the date of 
IDR initiation.
    (B) [Reserved].
    (iii) Date of preliminary selection of the certified IDR entity. 
The date of preliminary selection of the certified IDR entity will be:
    (A) Three business days after the date of IDR initiation if the 
parties jointly selected a certified IDR entity, as specified in 
paragraph (c)(1)(i) of this section; or
    (B) Six business days after the date of IDR initiation, if the 
parties fail to jointly select a certified IDR entity as specified in 
paragraph (c)(1)(ii) of this section.
    (iv) Final selection of the certified IDR entity--(A) Conflict-of-
interest review. The certified IDR entity preliminarily selected for a 
dispute must review the selection. The selection of the certified IDR 
entity will be finalized only if the certified IDR entity attests to 
the Secretary that it meets the following requirements:
    (1) The certified IDR entity does not have a conflict of interest 
as defined in paragraph (a)(2)(iv) of this section;
    (2) The certified IDR entity will only assign personnel to a 
dispute and make decisions regarding hiring, compensation, termination, 
promotion, or other similar matters related to personnel assigned to 
the dispute in a manner that is not based upon the likelihood that the 
assigned personnel will support a particular party to the dispute; and
    (3) The certified IDR entity will not assign any personnel to a 
dispute who would have any conflicts of interest, as defined in 
paragraph (a)(2)(iv) of this section, regarding any party to the 
dispute or whose relationship with a party within the 1 year 
immediately preceding the assignment to the dispute would violate the 
restrictions on aiding or advising a former employer or principal in a 
manner similar to the restrictions set forth in 18 U.S.C. 207(b).
    (B) Failure to meet conflict-of-interest requirements. If the 
certified IDR entity notifies the Secretary within 3 business days of 
the date of preliminary selection of the certified IDR entity that it 
does not meet the requirements of paragraphs (c)(1)(iv)(A)(1) through 
(3) of this section or if the certified IDR entity does not respond 
within 3 business days after the date of preliminary selection of the 
certified IDR entity, the Secretary will randomly select another 
certified IDR entity consistent with paragraph (c)(1)(ii) of this 
section. The Secretary will notify the parties of the new randomly 
preliminarily selected certified IDR entity no later than 1 business 
day after the previously selected certified IDR entity notifies the 
Secretary that it has a conflict of interest or, if the previously 
selected certified IDR entity fails to respond within 3 business days 
after the date of preliminary selection of the certified IDR entity, no 
later than 1 business day after the end of the 3-business-day period.
    (C) Date of final selection of the certified IDR entity. If the 
certified IDR entity that has been preliminarily selected attests 
within 3 business days that it meets the requirements of paragraphs 
(c)(1)(iv)(A)(1) through (3) of this section, the Secretary will notify 
the parties of final selection of the certified IDR entity no later 
than 1 business day after the certified IDR entity attests that it 
meets the conflict-of-interest requirements. The date of final 
selection of the certified IDR entity is the date that the Secretary 
provides this notice to the parties.
    (2) Federal IDR process eligibility review--(i) Federal IDR process 
eligibility determination by certified IDR entity. Unless the 
departmental eligibility review described in paragraph (c)(2)(ii) of 
this section applies, the selected certified IDR entity must review the 
information in the notice of IDR initiation, notice of IDR initiation 
response, and any additional information described in paragraph 
(c)(2)(iii) of this section, and make a final determination as to 
whether the item or service is a qualified IDR item or service, as 
defined in paragraph (a)(2)(xi) of this section, that is eligible for 
the Federal IDR process. The certified IDR entity must make such a 
determination and notify the Secretary and both parties no later than 5 
business days after the date of final selection of the certified IDR 
entity. If the certified IDR entity determines that the item or service 
is not a qualified IDR item or service, the dispute will be closed, and 
the selected certified IDR entity will not take any action with regard 
to the dispute.
    (ii) Departmental eligibility review for Federal IDR process 
eligibility determinations. When the conditions for the departmental 
eligibility review set forth in paragraph (c)(2)(ii)(A) of this section 
are met, the Secretary will conduct the eligibility review and make the 
eligibility determination instead of the certified IDR entity. If the 
Secretary determines that the item or service is not a qualified IDR 
item or service, the dispute will be closed, and the selected certified 
IDR entity will not take any action with regard to the dispute. If the 
dispute is found to be eligible, the Secretary will inform the 
preliminarily selected certified IDR entity of the dispute's 
eligibility so that it may conduct its conflict-of-interest assessment, 
and the dispute will otherwise continue through the Federal IDR 
process, including notification of the eligibility determination to the 
disputing parties by the preliminarily selected certified IDR entity.

[[Page 75872]]

    (A) Application of the departmental eligibility review. The 
departmental eligibility review will apply when the Secretary 
determines that any of the extenuating circumstances described in 
paragraph (g)(1) of this section require application of the 
departmental eligibility review to facilitate timely payment 
determinations or the effective processing of disputes under the 
Federal IDR process.
    (B) Notification regarding applicability of the departmental 
eligibility review. Before invoking the application of the departmental 
eligibility review, the Secretary will post advance public notification 
of the date on which the departmental eligibility review will take 
effect and the reasons for invoking the application of the departmental 
eligibility review. Before ending the application of the departmental 
eligibility review, the Secretary will post advance public notification 
of the date on which the departmental eligibility review will no longer 
be in effect and the reasons for ending the application of the 
departmental eligibility review.
    (iii) Request for additional information. The Secretary or the 
selected certified IDR entity may request additional information from 
either party to a dispute at any time, including for the purpose of 
assessing whether a conflict of interest exists, conducting an 
eligibility determination, or making a payment determination.
    (A) Upon request, a party must submit the additional information 
within 5 business days to the Secretary or the selected certified IDR 
entity, as applicable, through the Federal IDR portal. Following a 
request for additional information, the time period for the applicable 
stage of the Federal IDR process will be tolled until the earlier of 
the date either all of the requested information is provided or the 5-
business-day period expires, and each subsequent timeframe in the 
Federal IDR process will be determined based on the date of completion 
of the stage of the Federal IDR process that was tolled for provision 
of the requested information.
    (B) If a party fails to submit the additional information as 
required, the related determination, including the eligibility 
determination, conflict-of-interest review, or payment determination 
will be made without the requested information unless a good-cause 
extension of the 5-business-day period, as specified in paragraph 
(g)(1)(i) of this section, has been provided, and the party 
subsequently submits the additional information requested within the 
extended period.
    (3) Authority to continue negotiations or withdraw--(i) Authority 
to continue to negotiate. If the parties to the Federal IDR process 
agree on an out-of-network rate for a qualified IDR item or service 
after providing the notice of IDR initiation to the Secretary required 
under paragraph (b)(2)(ii) of this section, but before the certified 
IDR entity has made its payment determination, the amount agreed to by 
the parties for the qualified IDR item or service will be treated as 
the out-of-network rate for the qualified IDR item or service. To the 
extent the amount exceeds the initial payment amount and any cost 
sharing paid or required to be paid by the participant or beneficiary, 
or there was an initial denial of payment, payment must be made 
directly by the plan or issuer to the nonparticipating provider, 
nonparticipating facility, or nonparticipating provider of air 
ambulance services not later than 30 business days after the agreement 
is reached. In no instance may either party seek additional payment 
from the participant or beneficiary, including in instances in which 
the out-of-network rate exceeds the qualifying payment amount. The 
initiating party must send a notification to the Secretary and to the 
certified IDR entity (if selected) electronically, through the Federal 
IDR portal, as soon as possible, but no later than 3 business days 
after the date of the agreement. The notification must include the 
dispute number, a statement of the out-of-network rate for the 
qualified IDR item or service, and signatures from authorized 
signatories for both parties.
    (ii) Withdrawals. A dispute may be withdrawn from the Federal IDR 
process by the initiating party, the Secretary, or a certified IDR 
entity before a payment determination is made if one of the following 
conditions is met:
    (A) The initiating party provides notification through the Federal 
IDR portal to the Secretary and the certified IDR entity (if selected) 
that both parties to the dispute agree to withdraw the dispute from the 
Federal IDR process without agreement on an out-of-network rate. The 
notification must include the dispute number, a statement about both 
parties' agreement to withdraw and signatures from authorized 
signatories for both parties.
    (B) The initiating party provides a standard withdrawal request 
notice through the Federal IDR portal to the Secretary, the certified 
IDR entity (if selected), and the non-initiating party of its request 
to withdraw the dispute from the Federal IDR process and the non-
initiating party notifies the Secretary, certified IDR entity (if 
selected), and the initiating party through the Federal IDR portal of 
its agreement to withdraw from the Federal IDR process within 5 
business days of the initiating party's request. If the non-initiating 
party fails to respond within 5 business days of the initiating party's 
request, the non-initiating party will be considered to have agreed to 
the withdrawal, and the dispute will be withdrawn.
    (C) The certified IDR entity or Secretary cannot determine 
eligibility because both parties to the dispute are unresponsive to any 
requests for additional information to determine eligibility as 
described in paragraph (c)(2)(iii) of this section, or
    (D) The certified IDR entity cannot make a payment determination 
because both parties to the dispute have failed to submit an offer as 
described in paragraph (c)(5)(i) of this section.
    (4) Treatment of batched qualified IDR items and services--(i) In 
general. A certified IDR entity may consider up to 25 qualified IDR 
items and services jointly as part of one payment determination that is 
subject to the certified IDR entity fee for batched determinations only 
if the qualified IDR items and services meet the requirements of this 
paragraph (c)(4)(i):
* * * * *
    (B) Payment for the qualified IDR items and services is required to 
be made by the same group health plan or health insurance issuer. For 
group or individual health insurance coverage, this requirement is 
satisfied if the same issuer is required to make payment for the 
qualified IDR items and services, even if the qualified IDR items and 
services relate to claims from different group health plans or 
individual market policies. For self-insured group health plans, this 
requirement is satisfied if the same self-insured group health plan is 
required to make payment for the qualified IDR items and services, 
including when the plan makes payments through a third party 
administrator; the requirement is not satisfied if multiple self-
insured group health plans are required to make payments for the 
qualified IDR items and services, even if those group health plans make 
payments through the same third party administrator;
    (C) The qualified IDR items and services meet any of the following 
criteria under which multiple qualified IDR items and services relate 
to the treatment of a similar condition and therefore are permitted to 
be considered jointly as a single payment determination for purposes of 
encouraging efficiencies (including minimizing costs) in the Federal 
IDR process:

[[Page 75873]]

    (1) The qualified IDR items or services were furnished to a single 
patient during the same patient encounter. For purposes of this 
section, a single patient encounter is defined as a patient encounter 
on one or more consecutive days during which the qualified IDR items or 
services were furnished to the same patient and billed on the same 
claim form; or
    (2) The qualified IDR items and services were furnished to one or 
more patients and were billed under the same service code or a 
comparable code under a different procedural coding system, such as 
Current Procedural Terminology (CPT) codes with modifiers, if 
applicable, Healthcare Common Procedure Coding System (HCPCS) codes 
with modifiers, if applicable, or Diagnosis-Related Group (DRG) codes 
with modifiers, if applicable; or
    (3) For anesthesiology, radiology, pathology, and laboratory 
qualified IDR items and services, the qualified IDR items and services 
were furnished to one or more patients and were billed under service 
codes belonging to the same Category I CPT code range, as specified in 
guidance published by the Secretary; and
    (D) All the qualified IDR items and services were furnished within 
the same 30-business-day period following the date on which the first 
item or service included in the batched determination was furnished and 
were the subjects of a 30-business-day open negotiation period that 
ended within 4 business days of IDR initiation, except as provided in 
paragraph (c)(5)(vii) of this section.
    (ii) Treatment of bundled payment arrangements. Qualified IDR items 
and services that meet the definition of a bundled payment arrangement 
under Sec.  2590.716-3 may be submitted and considered as a single 
payment determination, and the certified IDR entity must make a single 
payment determination for the multiple qualified IDR items and services 
included in the bundled payment arrangement. Bundled payment 
arrangements as defined in Sec.  2590.716-3 and submitted under this 
paragraph (c)(4)(ii) are subject to the certified IDR entity fee for 
single determinations.
    (5) * * *
    (i) Submission of offers. Not later than 10 business days after the 
date of final selection of the certified IDR entity as described in 
paragraph (c)(1)(iv)(C) of this section (or not later than 10 business 
days after the qualified IDR items and services are determined eligible 
as described in paragraph (c)(2) of this section, when the Secretary 
determines that any of the extenuating circumstances described in 
paragraph (g)(1)(ii) of this section apply), the plan or issuer and the 
provider, facility, or provider of air ambulance services:
* * * * *
    (ii) Payment determination and notification. Not later than 30 
business days after the date of final selection of the certified IDR 
entity as described in paragraph (c)(1)(iv)(C) of this section (or not 
later than 30 business days after the qualified IDR items and services 
are determined eligible as described in paragraph (c)(2) of this 
section, when the Secretary determines that any of the extenuating 
circumstances described in paragraph (g) of this section apply), the 
certified IDR entity must:
    (A) * * *
    (1) Prevailing party. In the case of single determinations, the 
party whose offer is selected by the certified IDR entity is considered 
the prevailing party. In the case of batched determinations, the party 
with the most determinations in its favor is considered the prevailing 
party; if each party prevails in an equal number of determinations, 
neither party will be considered the prevailing party, and the 
certified IDR entity fee will be split evenly between the parties.
    (2) Non-prevailing party. In the case of single determinations, the 
party whose offer is not selected by the certified IDR entity is 
considered the non-prevailing party. In the case of batched 
determinations, the party with the fewest determinations in its favor 
is considered the non-prevailing party.
* * * * *
    (vii) Effects of determination.
    (A) * * *
    (B) Suspension of certain subsequent IDR requests. In the case of a 
determination made by a certified IDR entity under paragraph (c)(5)(ii) 
of this section, the party that submitted the initial notification 
under paragraph (b)(2) of this section may not submit a subsequent 
notification involving the same other party with respect to a claim for 
the same item or service that was the subject of the initial 
notification during the 90-calendar-day period following the 
determination.
    (C) Subsequent submission of requests permitted. If the end of the 
open negotiation period specified in paragraph (b)(1) of this section 
occurs during the 90-calendar-day suspension period regarding claims 
for the same item or service that were the subject of the initial 
notice of IDR determination as described in paragraph (c)(5)(vi) of 
this section, either party may initiate the Federal IDR process for 
those claims by submitting a notification as specified in paragraph 
(b)(2) of this section during the 30-business-day period beginning on 
the day after the last day of the 90-calendar-day suspension period.
* * * * *
    (d) Costs of IDR process--(1) Certified IDR entity fee--(i) Timing 
of payment of certified IDR entity fee. Each party to a dispute for 
which there is a final selection of the certified IDR entity and a 
determination that the dispute is eligible for the Federal IDR process 
in accordance with paragraph (c)(2) of this section must pay to the 
certified IDR entity the predetermined certified IDR entity fee charged 
by the certified IDR entity. The certified IDR entity fee must be paid 
no later than the date a party submits its offer to the certified IDR 
entity, in accordance with paragraph (c)(5)(i) of this section.
    (ii) Failure to timely pay certified IDR entity fee. If a party 
fails to pay the certified IDR entity fee as specified in paragraph 
(d)(1)(i) of this section, that party's offer will not be considered 
received. Such party will continue to be responsible for payment of the 
certified IDR entity fee.
    (iii) Method of allocation of the certified IDR entity fee after a 
payment determination. After making a payment determination, the 
certified IDR entity shall retain the certified IDR entity fee 
described under paragraph (d)(1)(i) of this section paid by the non-
prevailing party as defined in paragraph (c)(5)(ii)(A)(2) of this 
section. The certified IDR entity must return the fee paid by the 
prevailing party, as defined in paragraph (c)(5)(ii)(A)(1) of this 
section, within 30 business days following the date of the certified 
IDR entity's payment determination. In the event of a batched dispute 
in which each party prevails in an equal number of determinations, the 
certified IDR entity fee will be split evenly between the parties. In 
that case, the certified IDR entity must return half the fee paid by 
each party within 30 business days following the date of the certified 
IDR entity's payment determination.
    (iv) Method of allocation of the certified IDR entity fee upon 
agreement or withdrawal after an eligibility determination. For a 
dispute for which there is a final selection of the certified IDR 
entity and a determination that the dispute is eligible for the Federal 
IDR process in accordance with paragraph (c)(2) of this section, unless 
directed otherwise by both parties, the certified IDR entity is 
required to return half of each party's certified IDR entity fee within 
30 business days of the date both parties notify the certified IDR 
entity that they have:

[[Page 75874]]

    (A) Reached an agreement on an out-of-network rate for qualified 
IDR items or services before the certified IDR entity has made its 
payment determination, as described in paragraph (c)(3)(i) of this 
section; or
    (B) Withdrawn the dispute before the certified IDR entity has made 
its payment determination, as described in paragraph (c)(3)(ii) of this 
section.
    (v) Method of allocation of the certified IDR entity fee upon 
agreement or withdrawal before an eligibility determination. When the 
parties reach an agreement on an out-of-network rate or withdraw a 
dispute for which there is a final selection of the certified IDR 
entity, but for which no eligibility determination has yet been made, 
unless directed otherwise by both parties, the certified IDR entity is 
required to return each party's full certified IDR entity fee within 30 
business days of the date both parties notify the certified IDR entity 
that they have agreed on an out-of-network rate or agreed to withdraw 
the dispute.
    (2) Administrative fee--(i) In general. Each party to a dispute for 
which a certified IDR entity is selected under paragraph (c)(1) of this 
section must pay a non-refundable administrative fee to the Secretary 
for participating in the Federal IDR process.
    (A) Timing of payment of administrative fee. The initiating party 
must pay the administrative fee within 2 business days of the date of 
preliminary selection of the certified IDR entity as described in 
paragraph (c)(1)(iii) of this section. The non-initiating party must 
pay the administrative fee within 2 business days of the date the non-
initiating party receives notice that an eligibility determination for 
the Federal IDR process has been reached by either the certified IDR 
entity or the Departments in accordance with paragraph (c)(2) of this 
section.
    (B) Agreements and withdrawals. In the case of an agreement, as 
described in paragraph (c)(3)(i) of this section, or a withdrawal, as 
described in paragraph (c)(3)(ii) of this section, the administrative 
fee will not be returned to the parties if preliminary selection of the 
certified IDR entity has occurred, as described in paragraph (c)(1)(i) 
of this section; if not yet collected, the administrative fee must 
still be paid, except as provided in paragraph (d)(2)(i)(C) of this 
section for a dispute closed for nonpayment by an initiating party.
    (C) Failure to pay administrative fee. If the initiating party 
fails to pay the administrative fee in accordance with paragraph 
(d)(2)(i)(A) of this section, the dispute will be closed due to 
nonpayment and neither party will be responsible for the administrative 
fee. If the non-initiating party fails to pay the administrative fee in 
accordance with paragraph (d)(2)(i)(A) of this section, that party's 
offer will not be considered received and the non-initiating party will 
continue to be responsible for payment of the administrative fee.
    (D) Collection of unpaid fees. Any party that fails to pay the 
administrative fee owed in accordance with paragraph (d)(2)(i)(A) of 
this section is obligated to pay the administrative fee otherwise due 
and owing, except as provided in paragraph (d)(2)(i)(C) of this section 
for a dispute closed for nonpayment by an initiating party. The 
Secretary will pursue collection from a party to a dispute of any 
administrative fee that is not timely paid pursuant to applicable debt 
collection authorities.
    (ii) Administrative fee amount. The administrative fee amount and 
method of payment will be established through notice and comment 
rulemaking in a manner such that the total administrative fees paid for 
a year, including administrative fees reduced under paragraph 
(d)(2)(iii) of this section, are estimated to be equal to the projected 
amount of expenditures made by the Secretaries of the Treasury, Labor, 
and Health and Human Services for the year in carrying out the Federal 
IDR process.
    (A) For disputes initiated on or after the later of the effective 
date of Federal Independent Dispute Resolution (IDR) Process 
Administrative Fee and Certified IDR Entity Fee Ranges final rules or 
January 1, 2024, the administrative fee amount is $150 per party per 
dispute, which will remain in effect until changed by subsequent 
rulemaking.
    (B) [Reserved]
    (iii) Reducing the administrative fee amount. For disputes 
initiated on or after January 1, 2025--
    (A) The Secretary may reduce the administrative fee for both 
parties in accordance with paragraph (d)(2)(iii)(C) of this section 
when the highest offer made by either party during open negotiation for 
the dispute is less than the threshold established in notice and 
comment rulemaking pursuant to paragraph (d)(2)(ii) of this section. 
For a dispute that satisfies the requirements for a reduced 
administrative fee in accordance with this paragraph and for which a 
determination has been made that the dispute is eligible for the 
Federal IDR process in accordance with paragraph (c)(2) of this 
section, the administrative fee amount may be reduced to 50 percent of 
the administrative fee amount as described in paragraph (d)(2)(ii) of 
this section for each party to the dispute. For a dispute that 
satisfies the requirements for a reduced administrative fee in 
accordance with this paragraph and for which a determination has been 
made that the dispute is ineligible for the Federal IDR process in 
accordance with paragraph (c)(2) of this section, the administrative 
fee amount may be reduced to 50 percent of the administrative fee 
amount as described in paragraph (d)(2)(ii) of this section for the 
initiating party and to 20 percent of the administrative fee amount for 
the non-initiating party.
    (B) The Secretary may reduce the administrative fee for a non-
initiating party in accordance with paragraph (d)(2)(iii)(C) of this 
section when the dispute is determined to be ineligible for the Federal 
IDR process in accordance with paragraph (c)(2) of this section. For a 
dispute that satisfies the requirements for a reduced administrative 
fee in accordance with this paragraph, the administrative fee amount 
for the non-initiating party may be reduced to 20 percent of the 
administrative fee amount as described in paragraph (d)(2)(ii) of this 
section.
    (C) The reduced administrative fee amounts provided for in 
paragraphs (d)(2)(iii)(A) and (d)(2)(iii)(B) of this section shall be 
established in notice and comment rulemaking and will remain in effect 
until changed by subsequent rulemaking, pursuant to paragraph 
(d)(2)(ii) of this section.
    (e) * * *
    (2) * * *
    (vi) Meet appropriate indicators of fiscal integrity and stability 
by demonstrating that the certified IDR entity has a system of 
safeguards and controls in place to prevent and detect improper 
financial activities by its employees and agents to assure fiscal 
integrity and accountability for all certified IDR entity fees and 
administrative fees (if applicable) received, held, and disbursed and 
by submitting 3 years of financial statements or, if not available, 
other information to demonstrate fiscal stability of the certified IDR 
entity;
* * * * *
    (viii) Have a procedure in place to retain the certified IDR entity 
fees described in paragraph (d)(1) of this section paid by both parties 
in a trust or escrow account and to return the certified IDR entity fee 
paid by the prevailing party or a portion of each party's certified IDR 
entity fee in the case of an agreement described in paragraph (c)(3)(i) 
of this section, a

[[Page 75875]]

withdrawal described in paragraph (c)(3)(ii) of this section, or a 
circumstance described under paragraph (d)(1)(iii) of this section, 
within 30 business days following the date of the determination;
    (ix) Have a procedure in place to retain the administrative fees 
(if applicable) described in paragraph (d)(2) of this section and to 
remit the administrative fees to the Secretary in accordance with the 
timeframe and procedures set forth in guidance published by the 
Secretary;
* * * * *
    (g) Extension of time periods for extenuating circumstance--(1) In 
general. The time periods specified in this section (other than the 
time for payment, if applicable, under paragraph (c)(5)(ix) of this 
section) may be extended in extenuating circumstances at the 
Secretary's discretion. Extenuating circumstances include, but are not 
limited to when:
    (i) With respect to a specific dispute, the Secretary determines 
that the parties or certified IDR entity cannot meet applicable 
timeframes due to matters beyond the control of one or both parties or 
the certified IDR entity, or for other good cause. The certified IDR 
entity or either party may also submit a request for an extension due 
to extenuating circumstances to the Secretary through the Federal IDR 
portal. The requesting certified IDR entity or party must attest that 
it will take prompt action to ensure that the certified IDR entity's 
payment determination under this section may be made as soon as 
administratively practicable under the circumstances; or
    (ii) The Secretary determines that the parties or certified IDR 
entity cannot meet applicable timeframes due to systematic delays in 
processing disputes under the Federal IDR process, such as an 
unforeseen volume of disputes or Federal IDR portal system failures. 
Extensions provided due to extenuating circumstances caused by an 
unforeseen volume of disputes will be applied to the timeframe for 
eligibility determinations under paragraph (c)(2) of this section. 
Extensions provided due to extenuating circumstances caused by systems 
failures within the Federal IDR portal will be applied to the Federal 
IDR process timeframe(s) determined relevant by the Secretary. The 
Secretary will post a public notice regarding any extensions of time 
periods pursuant to this paragraph (g)(1)(ii).
    (A) Timeframe following an extension to eligibility determination. 
When an extension to the eligibility determination timeframe pursuant 
to paragraph (g)(1)(ii) of this section is in effect, the start date of 
the subsequent timeframes in the Federal IDR process will be determined 
based on the date of completion of the eligibility determination by the 
certified IDR entity or the Secretary.
    (1) Submission of offers. The parties must submit their offers and 
certified IDR entity fees to the certified IDR entity not later than 10 
business days after the qualified IDR items and services are determined 
eligible as described in paragraph (c)(2) of this section.
    (2) Payment Determination. The certified IDR entity must make the 
payment determination and notification of the payment determination to 
the parties not later than 30 business days after the qualified IDR 
items and services are determined eligible as described in paragraph 
(c)(2) of this section.
    (B) Timeframe following an extension to other timeframes in the 
Federal IDR process. When an extension to any timeframe within the 
Federal IDR process, other than the eligibility timeframe, is in effect 
pursuant to paragraph (g)(1)(ii) of this section, the start date of 
each subsequent timeframe in the Federal IDR process will be determined 
based on the date of completion of the process for which the extension 
was granted.
    (2) [Reserved]
    (h) Applicability date. (1) Paragraph (a) of this section is 
applicable with respect to plan years beginning on or after January 1, 
2022, except that the provisions regarding IDR entity certification at 
paragraphs (a) and (e) of this section are applicable beginning on 
October 7, 2021, and the revised definition for batched qualified IDR 
items and services at paragraph (a)(2)(i) of this section is applicable 
to disputes with open negotiation periods beginning on or after the 
later of August 15, 2024, or 90 days after the effective date of the 
rule.
    (2) Paragraph (b) of this section is applicable to disputes with 
open negotiation periods beginning on or after the later of August 15, 
2024, or 90 days after the effective date of the rule.
    (3) Paragraph (c)(1) of this section, regarding the selection of a 
certified IDR entity, is applicable to disputes with open negotiation 
periods beginning on or after the later of August 15, 2024, or 90 days 
after the effective date of the rule, except that paragraphs 
(c)(1)(iv)(A)(1) through (3) of this section, regarding the conflict-
of-interest standards, are applicable with respect to plan years 
beginning on or after January 1, 2022.
    (4) Paragraph (c)(2) of this section, regarding the Federal IDR 
process eligibility review and paragraph (c)(3) of this section 
regarding the authority to continue negotiations or withdraw are 
applicable to disputes with open negotiation periods beginning on or 
after the later of August 15, 2024, or 90 days after the effective date 
of the rule, and paragraph (c)(4) of this section regarding the 
treatment of batched and bundled qualified IDR items and services is 
applicable 90 days after the effective date of the rule.
    (5) Paragraphs (c)(5)(i) and (ii), and (c)(5)(vii)(B) and (C) of 
this section regarding the deadlines for the submission of offers, 
payment determination and notification, suspension of certain 
subsequent IDR requests, and subsequent submission of requests 
submitted are applicable to disputes with open negotiation periods 
beginning on or after the later of August 15, 2024, or 90 days after 
the effective date of the rule. Paragraphs (c)(5)(iii) and (iv) of this 
section regarding considerations in payment determinations and the 
related examples and paragraph (c)(5)(vi)(B) of this section regarding 
written decisions are applicable with respect to items or services 
furnished on or after October 25, 2022, for plan years beginning on or 
after January 1, 2022. Paragraphs (c)(5)(v) through (c)(5)(vi)(A), 
(c)(5)(vii)(A), and (c)(5)(viii) and (ix) are applicable with respect 
to plan years beginning on or after January 1, 2022.
    (6) Paragraph (d) of this section regarding the costs of the IDR 
process is applicable to disputes initiated on or after January 1, 
2025.
    (7) Paragraph (e) of this section is applicable with respect to 
plan years beginning on or after January 1, 2022, except that the 
provisions regarding IDR entity certification at paragraphs (e)(1), 
(e)(2)(i) through (vi), (e)(2)(x) and (xi), and (e)(3) through (6) of 
this section are applicable beginning on October 7, 2021. Paragraphs 
(e)(2)(vi), (viii), and (ix) of this section regarding the certified 
IDR entity's controls to prevent and detect improper financial 
activities, and procedures to retain the certified IDR entity fee and 
administrative fee are applicable upon the effective date of the rule.
    (8) Paragraph (f) of this section is applicable with respect to 
plan years beginning on or after January 1, 2022, except that paragraph 
(f)(1)(v)(F) of this section regarding reporting of information 
relating to the Federal IDR process is applicable with respect to items 
or services furnished on or after October 25, 2022, for plan years 
beginning on or after January 1, 2022.

[[Page 75876]]

    (9) Paragraph (g) of this section regarding the extension of time 
periods for extenuating circumstances is applicable to disputes with 
open negotiation periods beginning on or after the later of August 15, 
2024, or 90 days after the effective date of the rule.
    (10) Until the relevant applicability date for the requirements of 
this section, plans, issuers, providers, facilities, providers of air 
ambulance services and certified IDR entities are required to continue 
to comply with the corresponding section of Sec.  2590.716-8 in effect 
on October 25, 2022.
    (i) Severability. (1) Any provision of this section held to be 
invalid or unenforceable by its terms, or as applied to any person or 
circumstance, shall be construed so as to continue to give maximum 
effect to the provision permitted by law, unless such holding shall be 
one of utter invalidity or unenforceability, in which event the 
provision shall be severable from this section and shall not affect the 
remainder thereof or the application of the provision to persons not 
similarly situated or to dissimilar circumstances.
    (2) The provisions of paragraphs (b)(1), (c)(2)(ii), (c)(4), 
(d)(2), and (g)(1) of this section are intended to be severable from 
one another, from any grant of forbearance from removal resulting from 
this subpart, and from any provision referenced in those paragraphs. 
The provisions in Sec.  2590.716-8 are intended to be severable from 
the provisions in Sec. Sec.  2590.716-6A, 2590.716-6, and 2590.716-9, 
from any grant of forbearance from removal resulting from this subpart, 
and from any provision referenced in Sec. Sec.  2590.716-6A, 2590.716-
6, and 2590.716-9.
0
17. Section 2590.716-9 is added to subpart F to read as follows:


Sec.  2590.716-9  Federal Independent Dispute Resolution Registry of 
Group Health Plans, Health Insurance Issuers, and Federal Employees 
Health Benefits Carriers.

    (a) Establishment of Federal independent dispute resolution 
registry. The Secretary, jointly with the Secretary of the Treasury and 
the Secretary of Health and Human Services, will establish a Federal 
IDR registry consisting of the information described in paragraph 
(b)(2) of this section and will assign a registration number for each 
group health plan, health insurance issuer offering group or individual 
health insurance coverage, and Federal Employees Health Benefits (FEHB) 
Program carrier. The information contained in the registry will be made 
available to parties seeking to initiate an open negotiation or a 
dispute through the Federal IDR portal, and will be searchable, 
including by registration number.
    (b) Federal IDR registration--(1) Registration requirement. Each 
group health plan and health insurance issuer offering group health 
insurance coverage subject to the Federal IDR process must register 
with the Federal IDR registry as specified by the Secretary in 
guidance. Initial registration must be completed by the later of the 
date that is 30 business days after the effective date of the final 
rule, the date that is 30 business days after the registry becomes 
available, or the date the group health plan or health insurance issuer 
begins offering a group health plan or health insurance coverage 
subject to the Federal IDR process.
    (2) Required data elements. Group health plans and health insurance 
issuers offering group health insurance coverage subject to the 
registration requirement must include the following information with 
their registration:
    (i) The legal business name (if any) of the group health plan, or 
issuer, and, if applicable, the legal business name of the group health 
plan sponsor;
    (ii) Whether the plan or coverage is a self- or fully-insured group 
health plan subject to ERISA;
    (iii) The State(s) in which the plan or coverage is subject to a 
specified State law, as defined in Sec.  2590.716-3 for any items or 
services for which the protections of Sec. Sec.  2590.716-4, 2590.716-
5, and 2590.717-1 apply;
    (iv) The State(s) in which the plan or coverage is subject to an 
All-Payer Model Agreement under section 1115A of the Social Security 
Act for any items or services to which the protections in Sec. Sec.  
2590.716-4, 2590.716-5, and 2590.717-1 apply;
    (v) For self-insured group health plans not otherwise subject to 
State law, any State(s) in which the group health plan has properly 
effectuated an election to opt in to a specified State law as defined 
in Sec.  2590.716-3, if that State allows a plan not otherwise subject 
to the State law to opt-in;
    (vi) Contact information, including a telephone number and email 
address, for the appropriate person or office to initiate open 
negotiations for purposes of determining an amount of payment 
(including cost sharing) for such item or service;
    (vii) The 14-digit Health Insurance Oversight System (HIOS) 
identifier; or if the 14-digit HIOS identifier has not been assigned, 
the 5-digit HIOS identifier; or if no HIOS identifier is available, the 
plan's or the plan sponsor's Employer Identification Number (EIN) and 
the plan's plan number (PN), if a PN is available;
    (viii) Additional information needed to identify the plan or issuer 
and the applicable Federal and State requirements for determining 
appropriate out-of-network payment rates for items or services to which 
the protections against balance billing in this part apply, as 
specified by the Secretary in guidance; and
    (ix) Additional information needed for purposes of administrative 
fee collection, as specified by the Secretary in guidance.
    (3) Updating disclosures. A plan or issuer must timely report to 
the Secretary changes to the information required under this section 
within 30 calendar days after the information changes. A plan or issuer 
must confirm the accuracy of its registration annually in the fourth 
quarter of each calendar year.
    (4) Third party authority. The requirements of paragraphs (b)(1) 
through (3) of this section may be performed by a third party 
administrator or service provider with authority to act on behalf of 
the group health plan or health insurance issuer offering group health 
insurance coverage subject to the Federal IDR process. If the 
registration requirements are performed by such third party 
administrator or service provider the group health plan or health 
insurance issuer offering group or individual health insurance coverage 
must require that such third party administrator or service provider 
clearly delineate each group health plan or health insurance issuer 
offering group health insurance coverage for which it has authority to 
act. If such third party administrator or service provider fails to 
provide the information in compliance with the requirements of 
paragraphs (b)(1) through (3) of this section the plan or issuer will 
be in violation of the requirements of this section.
    (c) Severability. (1) Any provision of this section held to be 
invalid or unenforceable by its terms, or as applied to any person or 
circumstance, shall be construed so as to continue to give maximum 
effect to the provision permitted by law, unless such holding shall be 
one of utter invalidity or unenforceability, in which event the 
provision shall be severable from this section and shall not affect the 
remainder thereof or the application of the provision to persons not 
similarly situated or to dissimilar circumstances.
    (2) The provisions in Sec.  2590.716-9 are intended to be severable 
from the provisions in Sec. Sec.  2590.716-6A, 2590.716-6, and 
2590.716-8, from any grant of forbearance from removal

[[Page 75877]]

resulting from this subpart, and from any provision referenced in 
Sec. Sec.  2590.716-6A, 2590.716-6, and 2590.716-8.

DEPARTMENT OF HEALTH AND HUMAN SERVICES

    For the reasons stated in the preamble, the Department of Health 
and Human Services proposes to amend 45 CFR part 149 as set forth 
below:

PART 149--SURPRISE BILLING AND TRANSPARENCY REQUIREMENTS

0
18. The authority citation for part 149 continues to read as follows:

    Authority:  42 U.S.C. 300gg-92 and 300gg-111 through 300gg-139, 
as amended.

Subpart A--General Provisions

0
19. Section 149.30 is amended by adding the definition of ``Bundled 
payment arrangement'' in alphabetical order to read as follows:


Sec.  149.30  Definitions.

* * * * *
    Bundled payment arrangement means an arrangement under which--
    (1) A provider, facility, or provider of air ambulance services 
bills for multiple items or services furnished to a single patient 
under a single service code that represents multiple items or services 
(for example, a Diagnosis-Related Group (DRG) code); or
    (2) A plan or issuer makes an initial payment or notice of denial 
of payment to a provider, facility, or provider of air ambulance 
services under a single service code that represents multiple items or 
services furnished to a single patient (for example, a DRG code).
* * * * *

Subpart B--Requirements Relating to Health Care Access

0
20. Section 149.100 is added to subpart B to read as follows:


Sec.  149.100  Use of claim adjustment reason codes and remittance 
advice remark codes.

    (a) In general. When providing any paper or electronic remittance 
advice to an entity that does not have a contractual relationship 
directly or indirectly with a group health plan or a health insurance 
issuer offering group or individual health insurance coverage with 
respect to the furnishing of the item or service under the plan or 
coverage in response to a claim for payment for health care items and 
services furnished by that entity, the plan or issuer must use claim 
adjustment reason codes (CARCs) and remittance advice remark codes 
(RARCs) (see 45 CFR 162.1602 and 162.1603) as specified in guidance 
issued by the Secretaries of the Treasury, Labor, and Health and Human 
Services, or as required under any applicable adopted standards and 
operating rules under 45 CFR part 162, to communicate information 
related to whether the claim is or is not subject to the provisions of 
this subpart and subparts E and F of this part.
    (b) Severability. (1) Any provision of this section held to be 
invalid or unenforceable by its terms, or as applied to any person or 
circumstance, shall be construed so as to continue to give maximum 
effect to the provision permitted by law, unless such holding shall be 
one of utter invalidity or unenforceability, in which event the 
provision shall be severable from this section and shall not affect the 
remainder thereof or the application of the provision to persons not 
similarly situated or to dissimilar circumstances.
    (2) The provisions in Sec.  149.100 are intended to be severable 
from the provisions in Sec. Sec.  149.140, 149.510, and 149.530, from 
any grant of forbearance from removal resulting from this subpart, and 
from any provision referenced in Sec. Sec.  149.140, 149.510, and 
149.530.
0
21. Section 149.140 is amended by:
0
a. Revising paragraphs (d) introductory text and (d)(1)(iv);
0
b. Redesignating paragraph (d)(1)(v) as paragraph (d)(1)(vi);
0
c. Adding a new paragraph (d)(1)(v);
0
d. Revising paragraph (d)(2) introductory text; and
0
e. Adding paragraph (h).
    The revisions and additions read as follows:


Sec.  149.140  Methodology for calculating qualifying payment amount.

* * * * *
    (d) Information to be shared about the qualifying payment amount. 
In cases in which the recognized amount, with respect to an item or 
service furnished by a nonparticipating provider or nonparticipating 
emergency facility, is the qualifying payment amount or the amount 
billed by the provider or facility, or if the amount on which cost 
sharing is based with respect to air ambulance services furnished by a 
nonparticipating provider of air ambulance services is the qualifying 
payment amount or the amount billed by the provider of air ambulance 
services, the plan or issuer must provide to the provider, facility, or 
provider of air ambulance services, as applicable, in writing, in paper 
or electronic form--
    (1) * * *
    (iv) A statement that--
    (A) If the provider, facility, or provider of air ambulance 
services, as applicable, wishes to initiate a 30-business-day open 
negotiation period for purposes of determining the out-of-network rate, 
the provider, facility, or provider of air ambulance services must:
    (1) Contact the appropriate person or office to initiate open 
negotiation within 30 business days of receiving the initial payment or 
notice of denial of payment, and
    (2) For disclosures required to be provided on or after [DATE 90 
DAYS AFTER PUBLICATION OF FINAL REGULATIONS IN THE FEDERAL REGISTER] 
and once the open negotiation notice can be submitted through the 
Federal IDR portal, notify the Secretary as described under Sec.  
149.510(b)(1)(i); and
    (B) If the 30-business-day open negotiation period does not result 
in an agreement on the amount of payment the provider, facility, or 
provider of air ambulance services may generally initiate the Federal 
IDR process within 4 business days after the end of the open 
negotiation period;
    (v) For disclosures required to be provided on or after [DATE 90 
DAYS AFTER PUBLICATION OF FINAL REGULATIONS IN THE FEDERAL REGISTER], 
the legal business name of the group health plan (if any) or issuer, 
the legal business name of the plan sponsor (if applicable), and the 
registration number assigned under Sec.  149.530, if the plan or issuer 
is registered under Sec.  149.530.
* * * * *
    (2) In a timely manner upon the request of the provider, facility, 
or provider of air ambulance services:
* * * * *
    (h) Severability. (1) Any provision of this section held to be 
invalid or unenforceable by its terms, or as applied to any person or 
circumstance, shall be construed so as to continue to give maximum 
effect to the provision permitted by law, unless such holding shall be 
one of utter invalidity or unenforceability, in which event the 
provision shall be severable from this section and shall not affect the 
remainder thereof or the application of the provision to persons not 
similarly situated or to dissimilar circumstances.
    (2) The provisions in Sec.  149.140 are intended to be severable 
from the provisions in Sec. Sec.  149.100, 149.510, and 149.530, from 
any grant of forbearance from removal resulting from this subpart, and 
from any provision referenced in Sec. Sec.  149.100, 149.510, and 
149.530.
0
22. Section 149.510 is amended by:
0
a. Revising paragraphs (a)(2)(i), (b), and (c)(1);

[[Page 75878]]

0
b. Redesignating paragraphs (c)(2) through (4) as paragraphs (c)(3) 
through (5), respectively;
0
c. Adding a new paragraph (c)(2);
0
d. Revising newly redesignated paragraphs (c)(3), (c)(4)(i) 
introductory text, (c)(4)(i)(B) through (D), (c)(4)(ii), (c)(5)(i) 
introductory text, (c)(5)(ii) introductory text;
0
e. In newly redesignated paragraphs (c)(5)(ii)(A) and (B), removing the 
reference to ``(c)(4)'' and adding in its place ``(c)(5)'';
0
f. Adding paragraphs (c)(5)(ii)(A)(1) and (2);
0
g. Adding paragraphs (c)(5)(vii)(B) and (C);
0
h. Revising paragraphs (d), (e)(2)(vi), (viii), and (ix), (g), and (h); 
and
0
i. Adding paragraph (i).
    The revisions and additions read as follows:


Sec.  149.510  Independent dispute resolution process.

    (a) * * *
    (2) * * *
    (i) Batched qualified IDR items and services means multiple 
qualified IDR items or services that are considered jointly as part of 
one payment determination by a certified IDR entity for purposes of the 
Federal IDR process in accordance with paragraph (c)(4) of this 
section.
* * * * *
    (b) Determination of payment amount through open negotiation and 
initiation of the Federal IDR process--(1) Determination of payment 
amount through open negotiation--(i) In general. With respect to an 
item or service that meets the requirements of paragraph (a)(2)(xi)(A) 
of this section, the provider, facility, or provider of air ambulance 
services, or the group health plan or health insurance issuer offering 
group or individual health insurance coverage may, during the 30-
business-day period beginning on the day the provider, facility, or 
provider of air ambulance services receives an initial payment or 
notice of denial of payment regarding the item or service, initiate an 
open negotiation period for purposes of determining the out-of-network 
rate for such item or service. To initiate the open negotiation period, 
a party must submit a written open negotiation notice with the content 
specified in paragraph (b)(1)(ii) of this section to the other party 
and to the Secretary in the manner specified in paragraph (b)(3) of 
this section. The 30-business-day open negotiation period begins on the 
day on which the party first submits the open negotiation notice and 
the remittance advice documentation specified in paragraph 
(b)(1)(ii)(A)(12) of this section to the other party and the Secretary. 
The party in receipt of the open negotiation notice must provide to the 
other party and to the Secretary in the manner specified in paragraph 
(b)(3) of this section as soon as practicable, but no later than the 
15th business day of the 30-business-day open negotiation period, a 
written notice and supporting documentation in response to the open 
negotiation notice, as specified in paragraph (b)(1)(iii)(A) of this 
section.
    (ii) Open negotiation notice--(A) Content. The open negotiation 
notice must include, with respect to the item or service that is the 
subject of the open negotiation notice, information about the item or 
service and the parties including:
    (1) Information sufficient to identify the provider, facility, or 
provider of air ambulance services, including the name and current 
contact information (including the legal business name, email address, 
phone number, and mailing address) as provided with the claim form 
submitted by the provider, facility, or air ambulance provider to the 
plan or issuer, and the National Provider Identifier (NPI);
    (2) Information sufficient to identify the plan or issuer, 
including the plan's or issuer's registration number, as required under 
Sec.  149.530, if the plan or issuer is registered under Sec.  149.530, 
or an attestation from the party submitting the open negotiation notice 
that the plan or issuer was not registered prior to the date it 
submitted the notice; the legal business name of the plan or issuer, as 
well as the current contact information (name, email address, phone 
number, and mailing address) of the plan or issuer as provided with the 
initial payment or notice of denial of payment; and if the party 
submitting the open negotiation notice is a plan or issuer, the plan 
type (for example, self-insured or fully-insured);
    (3) The name and contact information (including the legal business 
name, email address, phone number, and mailing address) for any third 
party representing the party submitting the open negotiation notice, 
and an attestation that the third party has the authority to act on 
behalf of the party it represents in the open negotiation;
    (4) Information sufficient to identify the item or service, 
including: the date(s) the item or service was furnished and, if the 
party submitting the open negotiation notice is a provider, facility, 
or provider of air ambulance services, the date(s) that the provider, 
facility, or provider of air ambulance services received the initial 
payment or notice of denial of payment for the item or service from the 
plan or issuer; the type of item or service (specifically, whether the 
item or service is an emergency service as defined in Sec.  
149.110(c)(2)(i) or (ii), a non-emergency service as described in Sec.  
149.120(b), or an air ambulance service as defined in Sec.  149.30); 
whether the service is a professional service or facility-based 
service; the State where the item or service was furnished; the claim 
number; the service code; and information to identify the location 
where the item or service was furnished (such as, place of service code 
or bill type code);
    (5) The initial payment amount (including $0 if, for example, 
payment is denied);
    (6) The qualifying payment amount, if provided with the initial 
payment or notice of denial of payment or if the party submitting the 
open negotiation notice is a plan or issuer;
    (7) An offer of an out-of-network rate for each item or service;
    (8) If the party submitting the open negotiation notice is a plan 
or issuer, the amount of cost sharing imposed for the item or service, 
if any;
    (9) If the party submitting the open negotiation notice is a 
provider or facility, a statement that the items and services do not 
qualify for the notice and consent exception described at Sec.  
149.410(b) or Sec.  149.420(c) through (i);
    (10) A statement that the provider, facility, or provider of air 
ambulance services was a nonparticipating provider, nonparticipating 
emergency facility, or nonparticipating provider of air ambulance 
services on the date the item or service was furnished;
    (11) General information listed in the standard open negotiation 
notice developed by the Secretary pursuant to paragraph (b)(3) of this 
section describing the open negotiation period and the Federal IDR 
process (including a description of the purpose of the open negotiation 
period and Federal IDR process and key deadlines in the open 
negotiation period and Federal IDR process); and
    (12) A copy of the initial payment or notice of denial of payment 
or other remittance advice that is required to include the disclosures 
under Sec.  149.140(d)(1), with respect to the item or service.
    (B) [Reserved]
    (iii) Open negotiation response notice--(A) Content. The response 
to the open negotiation notice must include, with respect to the item 
or service that is the subject of the open negotiation response notice, 
information about the item or service and the parties including:
    (1) Information sufficient to identify the provider, facility, or 
provider of air

[[Page 75879]]

ambulance services, including the name and current contact information 
(including the legal business name, email address, phone number, and 
mailing address) as provided with the claim form submitted by the 
provider, facility, or provider of air ambulance services to the plan 
or issuer, and the NPI;
    (2) Information sufficient to identify the plan or issuer, 
including the plan's or issuer's registration number, as required under 
Sec.  149.530 if the plan or issuer is registered under Sec.  149.530, 
or an attestation from the party submitting the open negotiation 
response notice that the plan or issuer was not registered prior to the 
date it submitted the notice; the legal business name of the plan or 
issuer, as well as the current contact information (name, email 
address, phone number, and mailing address) of the plan or issuer as 
provided with the initial payment or notice of denial of payment; and 
if the party submitting the open negotiation response notice is a plan 
or issuer, the plan type (for example, self-insured or fully-insured);
    (3) The name and contact information (including the legal business 
name, email address, phone number, and mailing address) for any third 
party representing the party submitting the open negotiation response 
notice, and an attestation that the third party has the authority to 
act on behalf of the party it represents in the open negotiation;
    (4) Information sufficient to identify the item or service included 
in the open negotiation notice, including the date(s) the item or 
service was furnished, and if the party submitting the open negotiation 
response notice is a provider, facility, or provider of air ambulance 
services, the date(s) that the provider, facility, or provider of air 
ambulance services received the initial payment or notice of denial of 
payment for such item or service from the plan or issuer, and the claim 
number;
    (5) If the party submitting the open negotiation response notice is 
a plan or issuer, a statement as to whether it agrees that the initial 
payment amount (including $0 if, for example, payment is denied) and 
the qualifying payment amount reflected in the open negotiation notice 
accurately reflect the initial payment amount and qualifying payment 
amount disclosed with the initial payment for the item or service, and 
if not, or if the open negotiation notice indicates that the initial 
payment amount or qualifying payment amount was not communicated by the 
plan or issuer with the initial payment or notice of denial of payment 
or other remittance advice, the initial payment amount (including $0 
if, for example, payment is denied) and/or qualifying payment amount it 
believes to be correct, and documentation to support the statement (for 
example, the remittance advice confirming the qualifying payment 
amount);
    (6) If the party submitting the open negotiation response notice is 
a plan or issuer, the amount of cost sharing imposed for the item or 
service, if any;
    (7) A counteroffer for an out-of-network rate for each item or 
service or an acceptance of the other party's offer;
    (8) If the party submitting the open negotiation response notice is 
a provider or facility, a statement that the items and services do not 
qualify for the notice and consent exception described at Sec.  
149.410(b) or Sec.  149.420(c) through (i);
    (9) With respect to each item or service, either a statement and 
supporting documentation that explains why the item or service is not 
subject to the Federal IDR process or a statement agreeing that the 
item or service is subject to the Federal IDR process;
    (10) A statement as to whether any of the information provided in 
the open negotiation notice is inaccurate and the basis for the 
statement, as well as supporting documentation; and
    (11) A statement confirming that the initial payment or notice of 
denial of payment or other remittance advice provided by the party 
submitting the open negotiation notice under paragraph 
(b)(1)(ii)(A)(12) of this section is accurate, and if inaccurate, a 
copy of the accurate initial payment or notice of denial of payment or 
other remittance advice required to include the disclosures under Sec.  
149.140(d)(1), with respect to the item or service.
    (B) [Reserved]
    (2) Initiating the Federal IDR process--(i) In general. Either 
party may initiate the Federal IDR process with respect to a qualified 
IDR item or service for which the parties do not agree upon an out-of-
network rate by the last day of the open negotiation period provided 
for under paragraph (b)(1) of this section. To initiate the Federal IDR 
process, a party (the initiating party) must submit a written notice of 
IDR initiation, consistent with paragraph (b)(2)(ii) of this section, 
to the other party to the dispute (the non-initiating party), and to 
the Secretary in the manner specified in paragraph (b)(3) of this 
section, during the 4-business-day period beginning on the first 
business day after the last day of the open negotiation period (unless 
it is otherwise required to be submitted in the timeframe specified in 
paragraph (c)(5)(vii)(C) of this section). The date of IDR initiation 
is the date that the Secretary receives the notice of IDR initiation 
described in paragraph (b)(2)(ii) of this section.
    (A) Exception for items and services provided by certain 
nonparticipating providers and facilities. A party may not initiate the 
Federal IDR process with respect to an item or service if, with respect 
to that item or service, the party knows (or reasonably should have 
known) that the provider or facility provided notice and received 
consent under Sec. Sec.  149.410(b) or 149.420(c) through (i).
    (B) [Reserved]
    (ii) Notice of IDR initiation--(A) Content. The notice of IDR 
initiation must include, with respect to the item or service that is 
the subject of the notice, information about the item or service and 
the parties including:
    (1) Information sufficient to identify the provider, facility, or 
provider of air ambulance services, including the name and current 
contact information (including the legal business name, email address, 
phone number, and mailing address), and the NPI; and if the initiating 
party is a provider, facility, or provider of air ambulance services, 
the Tax Identification Number (TIN);
    (2) Information sufficient to identify the plan or issuer, 
including the plan's or issuer's registration number, as required under 
Sec.  149.530 if the plan or issuer is registered under Sec.  149.530, 
or an attestation from the initiating party that the plan or issuer was 
not registered prior to the date that it submitted the notice; the 
legal business name of the plan or issuer, as well as the current 
contact information (name, email address, phone number, and mailing 
address) of the plan or issuer as provided with the initial payment or 
notice of denial of payment; and if the initiating party is a plan or 
issuer, the plan type (for example, self-insured or fully-insured) and 
TIN (or, in the case of a plan that does not have a TIN, the TIN of the 
plan sponsor);
    (3) The name and contact information (including the legal business 
name, email address, phone number, and mailing address) for any third 
party representing the initiating party, and an attestation that the 
third party has the authority to act on behalf of the party it 
represents in the Federal IDR process;
    (4) Information sufficient to identify whether the dispute being 
initiated includes batched or bundled qualified IDR items or services 
as described in paragraph (c)(4) of this section;
    (5) Information sufficient to identify the qualified IDR item or 
service that is the subject of the notice of IDR initiation, including 
the date(s) the

[[Page 75880]]

qualified IDR item or service was furnished; if the initiating party is 
a provider, facility, or provider of air ambulance services, the 
date(s) that the provider, facility, or provider of air ambulance 
services received the initial payment or notice of denial of payment 
for such item or service from the plan or issuer; the date the open 
negotiation period under paragraph (b)(1) of this section began; the 
type of item or service (specifically, whether the qualified IDR item 
or service is an emergency service as defined in Sec.  149.110(c)(2)(i) 
or (ii), a non-emergency service as described in Sec.  149.120(b), or 
an air ambulance service as defined in Sec.  149.30); whether the 
service is a professional service or facility-based service; the State 
where the item or service was furnished; the claim number; the service 
code; and information to identify the location the item or service was 
furnished (including place of service code or bill type code);
    (6) The initial payment amount (including $0 if, for example, 
payment is denied);
    (7) The qualifying payment amount, if provided with the initial 
payment or notice of denial of payment or if the initiating party is a 
plan or issuer;
    (8) If the initiating party is a provider or facility, a statement 
that the items and services do not qualify for the notice and consent 
exception described at 45 CFR 149.410(b) or 149.420(c) through (i);
    (9) A statement that the provider, facility, or provider of air 
ambulance services was a nonparticipating provider, nonparticipating 
emergency facility, or nonparticipating provider of air ambulance 
services on the date the item or service was furnished;
    (10) Attestation that the item or service under dispute is a 
qualified IDR item or service, and the basis for the attestation;
    (11) General information listed in the standard notice of IDR 
initiation developed by the Secretary pursuant to paragraph (b)(3) of 
this section describing the Federal IDR process (including a 
description of the purpose of the Federal IDR process and key deadlines 
in the Federal IDR process);
    (12) A copy of the initial payment or notice of denial of payment 
or other remittance advice that is required to include the disclosures 
under Sec.  149.140(d)(1), with respect to the item or service;
    (13) Preferred certified IDR entity; and
    (14) A statement describing the key aspects of the claim, such as 
patient acuity or level of training of the provider, facility, or 
provider of air ambulance services that furnished the qualified IDR 
item or service, discussed by the parties during open negotiation that 
relate to the payment for the disputed claim, whether the reasons for 
initiating the Federal IDR process are different from the aspects of 
the claim discussed during the open negotiation period, and an 
explanation of why the party is initiating the Federal IDR process, 
including any of the permissible considerations described in Sec. Sec.  
149.510(c)(5)(iii) and 149.520(b)(2) that serve as the party's basis 
for initiating the Federal IDR process.
    (B) [Reserved]
    (iii) Notice of IDR initiation response. The non-initiating party 
must provide to the initiating party and to the Secretary in the manner 
specified in paragraph (b)(3) of this section within 3 business days 
after the date of IDR initiation, a written notice and supporting 
documentation in response to the notice of IDR initiation, as specified 
in paragraph (b)(2)(iii)(A) of this section.
    (A) Content. The notice of IDR initiation response must include, 
with respect to the item or service that is the subject of the notice, 
information about the item or service and the parties including:
    (1) Information sufficient to identify the provider, facility, or 
provider of air ambulance services, including the name and current 
contact information (including the legal business name, email address, 
phone number, and mailing address), and the NPI; and if the non-
initiating party is a provider, facility, or provider of air ambulance 
services, the TIN;
    (2) Information sufficient to identify the plan or issuer, 
including the plan's or issuer's registration number, as required under 
Sec.  149.530 if the plan or issuer is registered under Sec.  149.530 
or an attestation from the non-initiating party that the plan or issuer 
was not registered prior to the date that it submitted the notice; the 
legal business name of the plan or issuer, as well as the current 
contact information (name, email address, phone number, and mailing 
address) of the plan or issuer as provided with the initial payment or 
notice of denial of payment; and if the non-initiating party is a plan 
or issuer, the plan type (for example, self-insured or fully-insured) 
and TIN (or, in the case of a plan that does not have a TIN, the TIN of 
the plan sponsor);
    (3) The name and contact information (including the legal business 
name, email address, phone number, and mailing address) for any third 
party representing the non-initiating party, and an attestation that 
the third party has the authority to act on behalf of the party it 
represents in the Federal IDR process;
    (4) Information sufficient to identify each item or service 
included in the notice of IDR initiation, including the date(s) the 
item or service was furnished. If the non-initiating party is a 
provider, facility, or provider of air ambulance services, the date(s) 
that the provider, facility, or provider of air ambulance services 
received the initial payment or notice of denial of payment for such 
item or service from the plan or issuer, and the claim number;
    (5) If the non-initiating party is a plan or issuer, a statement as 
to whether the non-initiating party agrees that the initial payment 
(including $0 if, for example, payment is denied) and the qualifying 
payment amount reflected in the notice of IDR initiation is accurate 
for the item or service that is the subject of the dispute, and if not, 
the initial payment amount (including $0 if, for example, payment is 
denied) and/or qualifying payment amount it believes to be correct, and 
documentation to support the statement (for example, the remittance 
advice confirming the qualifying payment amount);
    (6) If the non-initiating party is a plan or issuer, the amount of 
cost sharing imposed for the item or service, if any;
    (7) If the non-initiating party is a provider or facility, a 
statement that the items and services do not qualify for the notice and 
consent exception described at Sec.  149.410(b) or Sec.  149.420(c) 
through (i);
    (8) With respect to each item or service that is the subject of the 
dispute, either an attestation that the item or service is a qualified 
IDR item or service, or for each item or service that the non-
initiating party asserts is not a qualified IDR item or service, an 
explanation and documentation to support the statement;
    (9) A statement confirming that the initial payment or notice of 
denial of payment or other remittance advice provided by the initiating 
party under paragraph (b)(2)(ii)(A)(12) of this section is accurate, 
and if inaccurate, a copy of the accurate initial payment or notice of 
denial of payment or other remittance advice required to include the 
disclosures under Sec.  149.140(d)(1), with respect to the item or 
service;
    (10) A statement as to whether any of the information provided in 
the notice of IDR initiation is inaccurate and the basis for the 
statement as well as any supporting documentation; and
    (11) A statement as to whether the non-initiating party agrees or 
objects to the initiating party's preferred certified IDR entity. If 
the non-initiating party objects to the initiating party's preferred

[[Page 75881]]

certified IDR entity, the notice of IDR initiation response must 
include the name of an alternative preferred certified IDR entity and, 
if applicable, an explanation of any conflict of interest with the 
initiating party's preferred certified IDR entity.
    (B) [Reserved].
    (3) Manner. A party furnishing notices as required under paragraphs 
(b)(1)(ii) and (iii), and (b)(2)(ii) and (iii) of this section must 
furnish the notices using the standard forms developed by the Secretary 
and must furnish the notices and supporting documentation to the other 
party and the Secretary, through the Federal IDR portal.
    (c) * * *
    (1) Selection of certified IDR entity--(i) Preliminary selection of 
the certified IDR entity. Within 3 business days after the date of IDR 
initiation, the non-initiating party must agree or object to the 
preferred certified IDR entity identified in the notice of IDR 
initiation, as described in paragraph (b)(2)(iii)(A)(11) of this 
section.
    (A) If the non-initiating party agrees, or fails to object, to the 
selection of the initiating party's preferred certified IDR entity in 
the manner described in paragraph (b)(2)(iii)(A)(11) of this section 
and within the timeframe specified in paragraph (c)(1)(i) of this 
section, the initiating party's preferred certified IDR entity will be 
considered jointly selected on the third business day after the date of 
IDR initiation.
    (B) If the non-initiating party objects to the selection of the 
initiating party's preferred certified IDR entity by designating an 
alternative preferred certified IDR entity in the manner described in 
paragraph (b)(2)(iii)(A)(11) of this section and within the timeframe 
specified in paragraph (c)(1)(i) of this section, the initiating party 
may then agree or object to the non-initiating party's alternative 
preferred certified IDR entity by submitting the notice of certified 
IDR entity selection in the manner specified in paragraph (c)(1)(i)(D) 
of this section. If the initiating party agrees to the non-initiating 
party's alternative preferred certified IDR entity within 3 business 
days after the date of IDR initiation, or if the non-initiating party 
submits the notice of IDR initiation response on or before the second 
business day after the date of IDR initiation and the initiating party 
fails to respond within 3 business days after the date of IDR 
initiation, the alternative preferred certified IDR entity will be 
considered jointly selected by the parties. If the non-initiating party 
submits the notice of IDR initiation response on the third business day 
after the date of IDR initiation and the initiating party does not 
agree on the same day, selection will proceed under paragraph 
(c)(1)(i)(C) of this section.
    (C) If a certified IDR entity is not jointly selected under 
paragraph (c)(1)(i)(A) or (B) of this section, either party may select 
an alternative preferred certified IDR entity by submitting the notice 
of certified IDR entity selection in the manner specified in paragraph 
(c)(1)(i)(D) of this section, until the earlier of the date that the 
parties agree on the alternative preferred certified IDR entity or the 
deadline for joint selection, which is 3 business days after the date 
of IDR initiation. Once a party submits a notice of certified IDR 
entity selection, it may not submit another notice of certified IDR 
entity selection until after it receives a responding notice of 
certified IDR entity selection from the other party.
    (1) If a party submits a notice of certified IDR entity selection 
to the other party on the first or second day after the date of IDR 
initiation and the party in receipt of the notice agrees or fails to 
object to the alternative preferred certified IDR entity by the third 
business day after the date of IDR initiation, the alternative 
preferred certified IDR entity will be considered jointly selected by 
the parties.
    (2) If a party submits a notice of certified IDR entity selection 
to the other party on the third business day after the date of IDR 
initiation and the party last in receipt of the notice agrees to the 
alternative preferred certified IDR entity on the same day, the 
alternative preferred certified IDR entity will be considered jointly 
selected by the parties.
    (3) If a party submits a notice of certified IDR entity selection 
to the other party on the third business day after the date of IDR 
initiation and the party last in receipt of the notice does not agree 
to the alternative preferred certified IDR entity on the same day, the 
parties will have failed to jointly select a certified IDR entity.
    (D) To notify the other party and the Secretary of an agreement or 
objection to an alternative preferred certified IDR entity under 
paragraph (c)(1)(i)(C) of this section, a party must submit the notice 
of certified IDR entity selection. The party must furnish the notice of 
certified IDR entity selection using the standard form developed by the 
Secretary and must furnish the notice to the other party and the 
Secretary through the Federal IDR portal within 3 business days after 
the date of IDR initiation. However, in the event the conditions under 
paragraph (c)(1)(ii) of this section apply, the party may notify the 
Secretary of an agreement or objection to an alternative preferred 
certified IDR entity in accordance with paragraph (c)(1)(ii) of this 
section. The notice of certified IDR entity selection must include a 
statement indicating the party's agreement with or objection to the 
other party's alternative preferred certified IDR entity and, if 
applicable, an explanation of any conflict of interest with the 
alternative preferred certified IDR entity. If the party in receipt of 
a notice of certified IDR entity selection objects to the other party's 
alternative preferred certified IDR entity and the party submits a 
notice of certified IDR entity selection by the end of the third 
business day after the date of IDR initiation, that party's notice of 
certified IDR entity selection reflecting the objection must include 
the name of another alternative preferred certified IDR entity.
    (ii) Failure to jointly select a certified IDR entity. If the 
parties fail to jointly select a certified IDR entity within 3 business 
days after the date of IDR initiation, the Secretary will select a 
certified IDR entity. The parties will have failed to jointly select a 
certified IDR entity if, by the end of the third business day after the 
date of IDR initiation, the party last in receipt of the notice of IDR 
initiation response or the notice of certified IDR entity selection has 
objected to the other party's alternative preferred certified IDR 
entity, or if the notice of IDR initiation response or the notice of 
certified IDR entity selection is submitted to the other party on the 
third business day after the date of IDR initiation and the party in 
receipt of the notice does not agree to the alternative preferred 
certified IDR entity within 3 business days after the date of IDR 
initiation.
    (A) In selecting the certified IDR entity, the Secretary will first 
confirm whether a party submitted the notice of IDR initiation response 
or the notice of certified IDR entity selection with an alternative 
preferred certified IDR entity on the third business day after the date 
of IDR initiation without the other party's agreement to the selection. 
If either notice was provided on the third business day after the date 
of IDR initiation without the other party's agreement to the 
alternative preferred certified IDR entity by the end of third business 
day after the date of IDR initiation, the Secretary will provide the 
party last in receipt of the applicable notice 2 additional business 
days to agree or object to the other party's alternative preferred 
certified IDR entity selection.
    (1) If the party last in receipt of the notice of IDR initiation 
response or the notice of certified IDR entity selection

[[Page 75882]]

agrees with the other party's alternative preferred certified IDR 
entity and notifies the Secretary of the agreement or fails to notify 
the Secretary of its objection in the Federal IDR portal by the fifth 
business day after the date of IDR initiation, the Secretary will 
select the final alternative preferred certified IDR entity selected in 
the applicable notice. In disputes where the applicable notice was 
submitted on the third business day after the date of IDR initiation, 
the party last in receipt of the notice will not be allowed to select 
another alternative preferred certified IDR entity.
    (2) If the party notifies the Secretary of its objection to the 
alternative preferred certified IDR entity by the fifth business day 
after the date of IDR initiation, the Secretary will proceed with the 
random selection of the certified IDR entity from among the certified 
IDR entities (other than the preferred certified IDR entity and any 
alternative preferred certified IDR entity previously selected in such 
dispute by a party, unless there is no other certified IDR entity 
available to select) that charge a fee within the allowed range of 
certified IDR entity fees on the sixth business day after the date of 
IDR initiation. If there are insufficient certified IDR entities that 
charge a fee within the allowed range of certified IDR entity fees 
available to arbitrate the dispute, the Secretary will select a 
certified IDR entity that has received approval, as described in 
paragraph (e)(2)(vii)(B) of this section, to charge a fee outside of 
the allowed range of certified IDR entity fees. In either case, the 
Secretary will notify the parties of the preliminary selection of the 
certified IDR entity not later than 6 business days after the date of 
IDR initiation.
    (B) [Reserved].
    (iii) Date of preliminary selection of the certified IDR entity. 
The date of preliminary selection of the certified IDR entity will be:
    (A) Three business days after the date of IDR initiation if the 
parties jointly selected a certified IDR entity, as specified in 
paragraph (c)(1)(i) of this section; or
    (B) Six business days after the date of IDR initiation, if the 
parties fail to jointly select a certified IDR entity as specified in 
paragraph (c)(1)(ii) of this section.
    (iv) Final selection of the certified IDR entity--(A) Conflict-of-
interest review. The certified IDR entity preliminarily selected for a 
dispute must review the selection. The selection of the certified IDR 
entity will be finalized only if the certified IDR entity attests to 
the Secretary that it meets the following requirements:
    (1) The certified IDR entity does not have a conflict of interest 
as defined in paragraph (a)(2)(iv) of this section;
    (2) The certified IDR entity will only assign personnel to a 
dispute and make decisions regarding hiring, compensation, termination, 
promotion, or other similar matters related to personnel assigned to 
the dispute in a manner that is not based upon the likelihood that the 
assigned personnel will support a particular party to the dispute; and
    (3) The certified IDR entity will not assign any personnel to a 
dispute who would have any conflicts of interest, as defined in 
paragraph (a)(2)(iv) of this section, regarding any party to the 
dispute or whose relationship with a party within the 1 year 
immediately preceding the assignment to the dispute would violate the 
restrictions on aiding or advising a former employer or principal in a 
manner similar to the restrictions set forth in 18 U.S.C. 207(b).
    (B) Failure to meet conflict-of-interest requirements. If the 
certified IDR entity notifies the Secretary within 3 business days of 
the date of preliminary selection of the certified IDR entity that it 
does not meet the requirements of paragraphs (c)(1)(iv)(A)(1) through 
(3) of this section or if the certified IDR entity does not respond 
within 3 business days after the date of preliminary selection of the 
certified IDR entity, the Secretary will randomly select another 
certified IDR entity consistent with paragraph (c)(1)(ii) of this 
section. The Secretary will notify the parties of the new randomly 
preliminarily selected certified IDR entity no later than 1 business 
day after the previously selected certified IDR entity notifies the 
Secretary that it has a conflict of interest or, if the previously 
selected certified IDR entity fails to respond within 3 business days 
after the date of preliminary selection of the certified IDR entity, no 
later than 1 business day after the end of the 3-business-day period.
    (C) Date of final selection of the certified IDR entity. If the 
certified IDR entity that has been preliminarily selected attests 
within 3 business days that it meets the requirements of paragraphs 
(c)(1)(iv)(A)(1) through (3) of this section, the Secretary will notify 
the parties of final selection of the certified IDR entity no later 
than 1 business day after the certified IDR entity attests that it 
meets the conflict-of-interest requirements. The date of final 
selection of the certified IDR entity is the date that the Secretary 
provides this notice to the parties.
    (2) Federal IDR process eligibility review--(i) Federal IDR process 
eligibility determination by certified IDR entity. Unless the 
departmental eligibility review described in paragraph (c)(2)(ii) of 
this section applies, the selected certified IDR entity must review the 
information in the notice of IDR initiation, notice of IDR initiation 
response, and any additional information described in paragraph 
(c)(2)(iii) of this section, and make a final determination as to 
whether the item or service is a qualified IDR item or service, as 
defined in paragraph (a)(2)(xi) of this section, that is eligible for 
the Federal IDR process. The certified IDR entity must make such a 
determination and notify the Secretary and both parties no later than 5 
business days after the date of final selection of the certified IDR 
entity. If the certified IDR entity determines that the item or service 
is not a qualified IDR item or service, the dispute will be closed, and 
the selected certified IDR entity will not take any action with regard 
to the dispute.
    (ii) Departmental eligibility review for Federal IDR process 
eligibility determinations. When the conditions for the departmental 
eligibility review set forth in paragraph (c)(2)(ii)(A) of this section 
are met, the Secretary will conduct the eligibility review and make the 
eligibility determination instead of the certified IDR entity. If the 
Secretary determines that the item or service is not a qualified IDR 
item or service, the dispute will be closed, and the selected certified 
IDR entity will not take any action with regard to the dispute. If the 
dispute is found to be eligible, the Secretary will inform the 
preliminarily selected certified IDR entity of the dispute's 
eligibility so that it may conduct its conflict-of-interest assessment, 
and the dispute will otherwise continue through the Federal IDR 
process, including notification of the eligibility determination to the 
disputing parties by the preliminarily selected certified IDR entity.
    (A) Application of the departmental eligibility review. The 
departmental eligibility review will apply when the Secretary 
determines that any of the extenuating circumstances described in 
paragraph (g)(1) of this section require application of the 
departmental eligibility review to facilitate timely payment 
determinations or the effective processing of disputes under the 
Federal IDR process.
    (B) Notification regarding applicability of the departmental 
eligibility review. Before invoking the application of the departmental 
eligibility review, the Secretary will

[[Page 75883]]

post advance public notification of the date on which the departmental 
eligibility review will take effect and the reasons for invoking the 
application of the departmental eligibility review. Before ending the 
application of the departmental eligibility review, the Secretary will 
post advance public notification of the date on which the departmental 
eligibility review will no longer be in effect and the reasons for 
ending the application of the departmental eligibility review.
    (iii) Request for additional information. The Secretary or the 
selected certified IDR entity may request additional information from 
either party to a dispute at any time, including for the purpose of 
assessing whether a conflict of interest exists, conducting an 
eligibility determination, or making a payment determination.
    (A) Upon request, a party must submit the additional information 
within 5 business days to the Secretary or the selected certified IDR 
entity, as applicable, through the Federal IDR portal. Following a 
request for additional information, the time period for the applicable 
stage of the Federal IDR process will be tolled until the earlier of 
the date either all of the requested information is provided or the 5-
business-day period expires, and each subsequent timeframe in the 
Federal IDR process will be determined based on the date of completion 
of the stage of the Federal IDR process that was tolled for provision 
of the requested information.
    (B) If a party fails to submit the additional information as 
required, the related determination, including the eligibility 
determination, conflict-of-interest review, or payment determination 
will be made without the requested information unless a good-cause 
extension of the 5-business-day period, as specified in paragraph 
(g)(1)(i) of this section, has been provided, and the party 
subsequently submits the additional information requested within the 
extended period.
    (3) Authority to continue negotiations or withdraw--(i) Authority 
to continue to negotiate. If the parties to the Federal IDR process 
agree on an out-of-network rate for a qualified IDR item or service 
after providing the notice of IDR initiation to the Secretary required 
under paragraph (b)(2)(ii) of this section, but before the certified 
IDR entity has made its payment determination, the amount agreed to by 
the parties for the qualified IDR item or service will be treated as 
the out-of-network rate for the qualified IDR item or service. To the 
extent the amount exceeds the initial payment amount and any cost 
sharing paid or required to be paid by the participant, beneficiary, or 
enrollee, or there was an initial denial of payment, payment must be 
made directly by the plan or issuer to the nonparticipating provider, 
nonparticipating facility, or nonparticipating provider of air 
ambulance services not later than 30 business days after the agreement 
is reached. In no instance may either party seek additional payment 
from the participant, beneficiary, or enrollee, including in instances 
in which the out-of-network rate exceeds the qualifying payment amount. 
The initiating party must send a notification to the Secretary and to 
the certified IDR entity (if selected) electronically, through the 
Federal IDR portal, as soon as possible, but no later than 3 business 
days after the date of the agreement. The notification must include the 
dispute number, a statement of the out-of-network rate for the 
qualified IDR item or service, and signatures from authorized 
signatories for both parties.
    (ii) Withdrawals. A dispute may be withdrawn from the Federal IDR 
process by the initiating party, the Secretary, or a certified IDR 
entity before a payment determination is made if one of the following 
conditions is met:
    (A) The initiating party provides notification through the Federal 
IDR portal to the Secretary and the certified IDR entity (if selected) 
that both parties to the dispute agree to withdraw the dispute from the 
Federal IDR process without agreement on an out-of-network rate. The 
notification must include the dispute number, a statement about both 
parties' agreement to withdraw and signatures from authorized 
signatories for both parties.
    (B) The initiating party provides a standard withdrawal request 
notice through the Federal IDR portal to the Secretary, the certified 
IDR entity (if selected), and the non-initiating party of its request 
to withdraw the dispute from the Federal IDR process and the non-
initiating party notifies the Secretary, certified IDR entity (if 
selected), and the initiating party through the Federal IDR portal of 
its agreement to withdraw from the Federal IDR process within 5 
business days of the initiating party's request. If the non-initiating 
party fails to respond within 5 business days of the initiating party's 
request, the non-initiating party will be considered to have agreed to 
the withdrawal, and the dispute will be withdrawn.
    (C) The certified IDR entity or Secretary cannot determine 
eligibility because both parties to the dispute are unresponsive to any 
requests for additional information to determine eligibility as 
described in paragraph (c)(2)(iii) of this section, or
    (D) The certified IDR entity cannot make a payment determination 
because both parties to the dispute have failed to submit an offer as 
described in paragraph (c)(5)(i) of this section.
    (4) * * *
    (i) In general. A certified IDR entity may consider up to 25 
qualified IDR items and services jointly as part of one payment 
determination that is subject to the certified IDR entity fee for 
batched determinations only if the qualified IDR items and services 
meet the requirements of this paragraph (c)(4)(i):
* * * * *
    (B) Payment for the qualified IDR items and services is required to 
be made by the same group health plan or health insurance issuer. For 
group or individual health insurance coverage, this requirement is 
satisfied if the same issuer is required to make payment for the 
qualified IDR items and services, even if the qualified IDR items and 
services relate to claims from different group health plans or 
individual market policies. For self-insured group health plans, this 
requirement is satisfied if the same self-insured group health plan is 
required to make payment for the qualified IDR items and services, 
including when the plan makes payments through a third party 
administrator; the requirement is not satisfied if multiple self-
insured group health plans are required to make payments for the 
qualified IDR items and services, even if those group health plans make 
payments through the same third party administrator;
    (C) The qualified IDR items and services meet any of the following 
criteria under which multiple qualified IDR items and services relate 
to the treatment of a similar condition and therefore are permitted to 
be considered jointly as a single payment determination for purposes of 
encouraging efficiencies (including minimizing costs) in the Federal 
IDR process:
    (1) The qualified IDR items or services were furnished to a single 
patient during the same patient encounter. For purposes of this 
section, a single patient encounter is defined as a patient encounter 
on one or more consecutive days during which the qualified IDR items or 
services were furnished to the same patient and billed on the same 
claim form; or
    (2) The qualified IDR items and services were furnished to one or 
more patients and were billed under the same service code or a 
comparable code under a different procedural coding

[[Page 75884]]

system, such as Current Procedural Terminology (CPT) codes with 
modifiers, if applicable, Healthcare Common Procedure Coding System 
(HCPCS) codes with modifiers, if applicable, or Diagnosis-Related Group 
(DRG) codes with modifiers, if applicable; or
    (3) For anesthesiology, radiology, pathology, and laboratory 
qualified IDR items and services, the qualified IDR items and services 
were furnished to one or more patients and were billed under service 
codes belonging to the same Category I CPT code range, as specified in 
guidance published by the Secretary; and
    (D) All the qualified IDR items and services were furnished within 
the same 30-business-day period following the date on which the first 
item or service included in the batched determination was furnished and 
were the subjects of a 30-business-day open negotiation period that 
ended within 4 business days of IDR initiation, except as provided in 
paragraph (c)(5)(vii) of this section.
    (ii) Treatment of bundled payment arrangements. Qualified IDR items 
and services that meet the definition of a bundled payment arrangement 
under Sec.  149.30 may be submitted and considered as a single payment 
determination, and the certified IDR entity must make a single payment 
determination for the multiple qualified IDR items and services 
included in the bundled payment arrangement. Bundled payment 
arrangements as defined in Sec.  149.30 and submitted under this 
paragraph (c)(4)(ii) are subject to the certified IDR entity fee for 
single determinations.
    (5) * * *
    (i) Submission of offers. Not later than 10 business days after the 
date of the final selection of the certified IDR entity as described in 
paragraph (c)(1)(iv)(C) of this section (or not later than 10 business 
days after the qualified IDR items and services are determined eligible 
as described in paragraph (c)(2) of this section, when the Secretary 
determines that any of the extenuating circumstances described in 
paragraph (g)(1)(ii) of this section apply), the plan or issuer and the 
provider, facility, or provider of air ambulance services:
* * * * *
    (ii) Payment determination and notification. Not later than 30 
business days after the date of the final selection of the certified 
IDR entity as described in paragraph (c)(1)(iv)(C) of this section (or 
not later than 30 business days after the qualified IDR items and 
services are determined eligible as described in paragraph (c)(2) of 
this section, when the Secretary determines that any of the extenuating 
circumstances described in paragraph (g) of this section apply), the 
certified IDR entity must:
    (A) * * *
    (1) Prevailing party. In the case of single determinations, the 
party whose offer is selected by the certified IDR entity is considered 
the prevailing party. In the case of batched determinations, the party 
with the most determinations in its favor is considered the prevailing 
party; if each party prevails in an equal number of determinations, 
neither party will be considered the prevailing party, and the 
certified IDR entity fee will be split evenly between the parties.
    (2) Non-prevailing party. In the case of single determinations, the 
party whose offer is not selected by the certified IDR entity is 
considered the non-prevailing party. In the case of batched 
determinations, the party with the fewest determinations in its favor 
is considered the non-prevailing party.
* * * * *
    (vii) Effects of determination.
    (A) * * *
    (B) Suspension of certain subsequent IDR requests. In the case of a 
determination made by a certified IDR entity under paragraph (c)(5)(ii) 
of this section, the party that submitted the initial notification 
under paragraph (b)(2) of this section may not submit a subsequent 
notification involving the same other party with respect to a claim for 
the same item or service that was the subject of the initial 
notification during the 90-calendar-day period following the 
determination.
    (C) Subsequent submission of requests permitted. If the end of the 
open negotiation period specified in paragraph (b)(1) of this section 
occurs during the 90-calendar-day suspension period regarding claims 
for the same item or service that were the subject of the initial 
notice of IDR determination as described in paragraph (c)(5)(vi) of 
this section, either party may initiate the Federal IDR process for 
those claims by submitting a notification as specified in paragraph 
(b)(2) of this section during the 30-business-day period beginning on 
the day after the last day of the 90-calendar-day suspension period.
* * * * *
    (d) Costs of IDR process--(1) Certified IDR entity fee--(i) Timing 
of payment of certified IDR entity fee. Each party to a dispute for 
which there is a final selection of the certified IDR entity and a 
determination that the dispute is eligible for the Federal IDR process 
in accordance with paragraph (c)(2) of this section must pay to the 
certified IDR entity the predetermined certified IDR entity fee charged 
by the certified IDR entity. The certified IDR entity fee must be paid 
no later than the date a party submits its offer to the certified IDR 
entity, in accordance with paragraph (c)(5)(i) of this section.
    (ii) Failure to timely pay certified IDR entity fee. If a party 
fails to pay the certified IDR entity fee as specified in paragraph 
(d)(1)(i) of this section, that party's offer will not be considered 
received. Such party will continue to be responsible for payment of the 
certified IDR entity fee.
    (iii) Method of allocation of the certified IDR entity fee after a 
payment determination. After making a payment determination, the 
certified IDR entity shall retain the certified IDR entity fee 
described under paragraph (d)(1)(i) of this section paid by the non-
prevailing party as defined in paragraph (c)(5)(ii)(A)(2) of this 
section. The certified IDR entity must return the fee paid by the 
prevailing party, as defined in paragraph (c)(5)(ii)(A)(1) of this 
section, within 30 business days following the date of the certified 
IDR entity's payment determination. In the event of a batched dispute 
in which each party prevails in an equal number of determinations, the 
certified IDR entity fee will be split evenly between the parties. In 
that case, the certified IDR entity must return half the fee paid by 
each party within 30 business days following the date of the certified 
IDR entity's payment determination.
    (iv) Method of allocation of the certified IDR entity fee upon 
agreement or withdrawal after an eligibility determination. For a 
dispute for which there is a final selection of the certified IDR 
entity and a determination that the dispute is eligible for the Federal 
IDR process in accordance with paragraph (c)(2) of this section, unless 
directed otherwise by both parties, the certified IDR entity is 
required to return half of each party's certified IDR entity fee within 
30 business days of the date both parties notify the certified IDR 
entity that they have:
    (A) Reached an agreement on an out-of-network rate for qualified 
IDR items or services before the certified IDR entity has made its 
payment determination, as described in paragraph (c)(3)(i) of this 
section; or
    (B) Withdrawn the dispute before the certified IDR entity has made 
its payment determination, as described in paragraph (c)(3)(ii) of this 
section.
    (v) Method of allocation of the certified IDR entity fee upon 
agreement or withdrawal before an eligibility determination. When the 
parties reach an agreement on an out-of-network rate

[[Page 75885]]

or withdraw a dispute for which there is a final selection of the 
certified IDR entity, but for which no eligibility determination has 
yet been made, unless directed otherwise by both parties, the certified 
IDR entity is required to return each party's full certified IDR entity 
fee within 30 business days of the date both parties notify the 
certified IDR entity that they have agreed on an out-of-network rate or 
agreed to withdraw the dispute.
    (2) Administrative fee. (i) In general. Each party to a dispute for 
which a certified IDR entity is selected under paragraph (c)(1) of this 
section must pay a non-refundable administrative fee to the Secretary 
for participating in the Federal IDR process.
    (A) Timing of payment of administrative fee. The initiating party 
must pay the administrative fee within 2 business days of the date of 
preliminary selection of the certified IDR entity as described in 
paragraph (c)(1)(iii) of this section. The non-initiating party must 
pay the administrative fee within 2 business days of the date the non-
initiating party receives notice that an eligibility determination for 
the Federal IDR process has been reached by either the certified IDR 
entity or the Departments in accordance with paragraph (c)(2) of this 
section.
    (B) Agreements and withdrawals. In the case of an agreement, as 
described in paragraph (c)(3)(i) of this section, or a withdrawal, as 
described in paragraph (c)(3)(ii) of this section, the administrative 
fee will not be returned to the parties if preliminary selection of the 
certified IDR entity has occurred, as described in paragraph (c)(1)(i) 
of this section; if not yet collected, the administrative fee must 
still be paid, except as provided in paragraph (d)(2)(i)(C) of this 
section for a dispute closed for nonpayment by an initiating party.
    (C) Failure to pay administrative fee. If the initiating party 
fails to pay the administrative fee in accordance with paragraph 
(d)(2)(i)(A) of this section, the dispute will be closed due to 
nonpayment and neither party will be responsible for the administrative 
fee. If the non-initiating party fails to pay the administrative fee in 
accordance with paragraph (d)(2)(i)(A) of this section, that party's 
offer will not be considered received and the non-initiating party will 
continue to be responsible for payment of the administrative fee.
    (D) Collection of unpaid fees. Any party that fails to pay the 
administrative fee owed in accordance with paragraph (d)(2)(i)(A) of 
this section is obligated to pay the administrative fee otherwise due 
and owing, except as provided in paragraph (d)(2)(i)(C) of this section 
for a dispute closed for nonpayment by an initiating party. The 
Secretary will pursue collection from a party to a dispute of any 
administrative fee that is not timely paid pursuant to applicable debt 
collection authorities, after netting any amounts owed by the Federal 
Government in accordance with Sec.  156.1215 of this Title, as 
applicable.
    (ii) Administrative fee amount. The administrative fee amount and 
method of payment will be established through notice and comment 
rulemaking in a manner such that the total administrative fees paid for 
a year, including administrative fees reduced under paragraph 
(d)(2)(iii) of this section, are estimated to be equal to the projected 
amount of expenditures made by the Secretaries of the Treasury, Labor, 
and Health and Human Services for the year in carrying out the Federal 
IDR process.
    (A) For disputes initiated on or after the later of the effective 
date of Federal Independent Dispute Resolution (IDR) Process 
Administrative Fee and Certified IDR Entity Fee Ranges final rules or 
January 1, 2024, the administrative fee amount is $150 per party per 
dispute, which will remain in effect until changed by subsequent 
rulemaking.
    (B) [Reserved]
    (iii) Reducing the administrative fee amount. For disputes 
initiated on or after January 1, 2025--
    (A) The Secretary may reduce the administrative fee for both 
parties in accordance with paragraph (d)(2)(iii)(C) of this section 
when the highest offer made by either party during open negotiation for 
the dispute is less than the threshold established in notice and 
comment rulemaking pursuant to paragraph (d)(2)(ii) of this section. 
For a dispute that satisfies the requirements for a reduced 
administrative fee in accordance with this paragraph and for which a 
determination has been made that the dispute is eligible for the 
Federal IDR process in accordance with paragraph (c)(2) of this 
section, the administrative fee amount may be reduced to 50 percent of 
the administrative fee amount as described in paragraph (d)(2)(ii) of 
this section for each party to the dispute. For a dispute that 
satisfies the requirements for a reduced administrative fee in 
accordance with this paragraph and for which a determination has been 
made that the dispute is ineligible for the Federal IDR process in 
accordance with paragraph (c)(2) of this section, the administrative 
fee amount may be reduced to 50 percent of the administrative fee 
amount as described in paragraph (d)(2)(ii) of this section for the 
initiating party and to 20 percent of the administrative fee amount for 
the non-initiating party.
    (B) The Secretary may reduce the administrative fee for a non-
initiating party in accordance with paragraph (d)(2)(iii)(C) of this 
section when the dispute is determined to be ineligible for the Federal 
IDR process in accordance with paragraph (c)(2) of this section. For a 
dispute that satisfies the requirements for a reduced administrative 
fee in accordance with this paragraph, the administrative fee amount 
for the non-initiating party may be reduced to 20 percent of the 
administrative fee amount as described in paragraph (d)(2)(ii) of this 
section.
    (C) The reduced administrative fee amounts provided for in 
paragraphs (d)(2)(iii)(A) and (d)(2)(iii)(B) of this section shall be 
established in notice and comment rulemaking and will remain in effect 
until changed by subsequent rulemaking, pursuant to paragraph 
(d)(2)(ii) of this section.
    (e) * * *
    (2) * * *
    (vi) Meet appropriate indicators of fiscal integrity and stability 
by demonstrating that the certified IDR entity has a system of 
safeguards and controls in place to prevent and detect improper 
financial activities by its employees and agents to assure fiscal 
integrity and accountability for all certified IDR entity fees and 
administrative fees (if applicable) received, held, and disbursed and 
by submitting 3 years of financial statements or, if not available, 
other information to demonstrate fiscal stability of the certified IDR 
entity;
* * * * *
    (viii) Have a procedure in place to retain the certified IDR entity 
fees described in paragraph (d)(1) of this section paid by both parties 
in a trust or escrow account and to return the certified IDR entity fee 
paid by the prevailing party or a portion of each party's certified IDR 
entity fee in the case of an agreement described in paragraph (c)(3)(i) 
of this section, a withdrawal described in paragraph (c)(3)(ii) of this 
section, or a circumstance described under paragraph (d)(1)(iii) of 
this section, within 30 business days following the date of the 
determination;
    (ix) Have a procedure in place to retain the administrative fees 
(if applicable) described in paragraph (d)(2) of this section and to 
remit the administrative fees to the Secretary in accordance with the 
timeframe and

[[Page 75886]]

procedures set forth in guidance published by the Secretary;
* * * * *
    (g) * * *
    (1) In general. The time periods specified in this section (other 
than the time for payment, if applicable, under paragraph (c)(5)(ix) of 
this section) may be extended in extenuating circumstances at the 
Secretary's discretion. Extenuating circumstances include, but are not 
limited to when:
    (i) With respect to a specific dispute, the Secretary determines 
that the parties or certified IDR entity cannot meet applicable 
timeframes due to matters beyond the control of one or both parties or 
the certified IDR entity, or for other good cause. The certified IDR 
entity or either party may also submit a request for an extension due 
to extenuating circumstances to the Secretary through the Federal IDR 
portal. The requesting certified IDR entity or party must attest that 
it will take prompt action to ensure that the certified IDR entity's 
payment determination under this section may be made as soon as 
administratively practicable under the circumstances; or
    (ii) The Secretary determines that the parties or certified IDR 
entity cannot meet applicable timeframes due to systematic delays in 
processing disputes under the Federal IDR process, such as an 
unforeseen volume of disputes or Federal IDR portal system failures. 
Extensions provided due to extenuating circumstances caused by an 
unforeseen volume of disputes will be applied to the timeframe for 
eligibility determinations under paragraph (c)(2) of this section. 
Extensions provided due to extenuating circumstances caused by systems 
failures within the Federal IDR portal will be applied to the Federal 
IDR process timeframe(s) determined relevant by the Secretary. The 
Secretary will post a public notice regarding any extensions of time 
periods pursuant to this paragraph (g)(1)(ii).
    (A) Timeframe following an extension to eligibility determination. 
When an extension to the eligibility determination timeframe pursuant 
to paragraph (g)(1)(ii) of this section is in effect, the start date of 
the subsequent timeframes in the Federal IDR process will be determined 
based on the date of completion of the eligibility determination by the 
certified IDR entity or the Secretary.
    (1) Submission of offers. The parties must submit their offers and 
certified IDR entity fees to the certified IDR entity not later than 10 
business days after the qualified IDR items and services are determined 
eligible as described in paragraph (c)(2) of this section.
    (2) Payment Determination. The certified IDR entity must make the 
payment determination and notification of the payment determination to 
the parties not later than 30 business days after the qualified IDR 
items and services are determined eligible as described in paragraph 
(c)(2) of this section.
    (B) Timeframe following an extension to other timeframes in the 
Federal IDR process. When an extension to any timeframe within the 
Federal IDR process, other than the eligibility timeframe, is in effect 
pursuant to paragraph (g)(1)(ii) of this section, the start date of 
each subsequent timeframe in the Federal IDR process will be determined 
based on the date of completion of the process for which the extension 
was granted.
    (2) [Reserved]
    (h) Applicability date. (1) Paragraph (a) of this section is 
applicable with respect to plan years (or in the individual market, 
policy years) beginning on or after January 1, 2022, except that the 
provisions regarding IDR entity certification at paragraphs (a) and (e) 
of this section are applicable beginning on October 7, 2021, and the 
revised definition for batched qualified IDR items and services at 
paragraph (a)(2)(i) of this section is applicable to disputes with open 
negotiation periods beginning on or after the later of August 15, 2024, 
or 90 days after the effective date of the rule.
    (2) Paragraph (b) of this section is applicable to disputes with 
open negotiation periods beginning on or after the later of August 15, 
2024, or 90 days after the effective date of the rule.
    (3) Paragraph (c)(1) of this section, regarding the selection of a 
certified IDR entity, is applicable to disputes with open negotiation 
periods beginning on or after the later of August 15, 2024, or 90 days 
after the effective date of the rule, except that paragraphs 
(c)(1)(iv)(A)(1) through (3) of this section, regarding the conflict-
of-interest standards, are applicable with respect to plan years (or in 
the individual market, policy years) beginning on or after January 1, 
2022.
    (4) Paragraph (c)(2) of this section, regarding the Federal IDR 
process eligibility review and paragraph (c)(3) of this section 
regarding the authority to continue negotiations or withdraw are 
applicable to disputes with open negotiation periods beginning on or 
after the later of August 15, 2024, or 90 days after the effective date 
of the rule and paragraph (c)(4) of this section regarding the 
treatment of batched and bundled qualified IDR items and services is 
applicable 90 days after the effective date of the rule.
    (5) Paragraphs (c)(5)(i) and (ii), and (c)(5)(vii)(B) and (C) of 
this section regarding the deadlines for the submission of offers, 
payment determination and notification, suspension of certain 
subsequent IDR requests, and subsequent submission of requests 
submitted are applicable to disputes with open negotiation periods 
beginning on or after the later of August 15, 2024, or 90 days after 
the effective date of the rule. Paragraphs (c)(5)(iii) and (iv) of this 
section regarding considerations in payment determinations and the 
related examples and paragraph (c)(5)(vi)(B) of this section regarding 
written decisions are applicable with respect to items or services 
furnished on or after October 25, 2022, for plan years (or in the 
individual market policy years) beginning on or after January 1, 2022. 
Paragraphs (c)(5)(v) through (c)(5)(vi)(A), (c)(5)(vii)(A), and 
(c)(5)(viii) and (ix) are applicable with respect to plan years (or in 
the individual market, policy years) beginning on or after January 1, 
2022.
    (6) Paragraph (d) of this section regarding the costs of the IDR 
process is applicable to disputes initiated on or after January 1, 
2025.
    (7) Paragraph (e) of this section is applicable with respect to 
plan years (or in the individual market, policy years) beginning on or 
after January 1, 2022, except that the provisions regarding IDR entity 
certification at paragraphs (e)(1), (e)(2)(i) through (vi), (e)(2)(x) 
and (xi), and (e)(3) through (6) of this section are applicable 
beginning on October 7, 2021. Paragraphs (e)(2)(vi), (viii), and (ix) 
of this section regarding the certified IDR entity's controls to 
prevent and detect improper financial activities, and procedures to 
retain the certified IDR entity fee and administrative fee are 
applicable upon the effective date of the rule.
    (8) Paragraph (f) of this section is applicable with respect to 
plan years (or in the individual market, policy years) beginning on or 
after January 1, 2022, except that paragraph (f)(1)(v)(F) of this 
section regarding reporting of information relating to the Federal IDR 
process is applicable with respect to items or services furnished on or 
after October 25, 2022, for plan years (or in the individual market 
policy years) beginning on or after January 1, 2022.
    (9) Paragraph (g) of this section regarding the extension of time 
periods for extenuating circumstances is applicable to disputes with 
open negotiation periods beginning on or

[[Page 75887]]

after the later of August 15, 2024, or 90 days after the effective date 
of the rule.
    (10) Until the relevant applicability date for the requirements of 
this section, plans, issuers, providers, facilities, providers of air 
ambulance services and certified IDR entities are required to continue 
to comply with the corresponding section of Sec.  149.510 in effect on 
October 25, 2022.
    (i) Severability. (1) Any provision of this section held to be 
invalid or unenforceable by its terms, or as applied to any person or 
circumstance, shall be construed so as to continue to give maximum 
effect to the provision permitted by law, unless such holding shall be 
one of utter invalidity or unenforceability, in which event the 
provision shall be severable from this section and shall not affect the 
remainder thereof or the application of the provision to persons not 
similarly situated or to dissimilar circumstances.
    (2) The provisions of paragraphs (b)(1), (c)(2)(ii), (c)(4), 
(d)(2), and (g)(1) of this section are intended to be severable from 
one another, from any grant of forbearance from removal resulting from 
this subpart, and from any provision referenced in those paragraphs. 
The provisions in Sec.  149.510 are intended to be severable from the 
provisions in Sec. Sec.  149.100, 149.140, and 149.530, from any grant 
of forbearance from removal resulting from this subpart, and from any 
provision referenced in Sec. Sec.  149.100, 149.140, and 149.530.
0
23. Section 149.530 is added to subpart F to read as follows:


Sec.  149.530  Federal independent dispute resolution registry of group 
health plans, health insurance issuers, and Federal Employees Health 
Benefits Carriers.

    (a) Establishment of Federal independent dispute resolution 
registry. The Secretary, jointly with the Secretary of the Treasury and 
the Secretary of Labor, will establish a Federal IDR registry 
consisting of the information described in paragraph (b)(2) of this 
section and will assign a registration number for each group health 
plan, health insurance issuer offering group or individual health 
insurance coverage, and Federal Employees Health Benefits (FEHB) 
Program carrier. The information contained in the registry will be made 
available to parties seeking to initiate an open negotiation or a 
dispute through the Federal IDR portal, and will be searchable, 
including by registration number.
    (b) Federal IDR registration--(1) Registration requirement. Each 
group health plan and health insurance issuer offering group or 
individual health insurance coverage subject to the Federal IDR process 
must register with the Federal IDR registry as specified by the 
Secretary in guidance. Initial registration must be completed by the 
later of the date that is 30 business days after the effective date of 
the final rule, the date that is 30 business days after the registry 
becomes available, or the date the group health plan or health 
insurance issuer begins offering a group health plan or individual 
health insurance coverage subject to the Federal IDR process.
    (2) Required data elements. Group health plans and health insurance 
issuers offering group or individual health insurance coverage subject 
to the registration requirement must include the following information 
with their registration:
    (i) The legal business name (if any) of the group health plan, 
issuer, or FEHB carrier and, if applicable, the legal business name of 
the group health plan sponsor;
    (ii) Whether the plan or coverage is a self- or fully-insured group 
health plan subject to ERISA, individual health insurance coverage, a 
plan offered by a FEHB carrier, a self- or fully-insured non-Federal 
governmental plan, or a self- or fully-insured church plan;
    (iii) The State(s) in which the plan or coverage is subject to a 
specified State law, as defined in Sec.  149.30 for any items or 
services for which the protections of Sec. Sec.  149.110, 149.120, and 
149.130 apply;
    (iv) The State(s) in which the plan or coverage is subject to an 
All-Payer Model Agreement under section 1115A of the Social Security 
Act for any items or services to which the protections in Sec. Sec.  
149.110, 149.120, and 149.130, apply;
    (v) For self-insured group health plans not otherwise subject to 
State law, any State(s) in which the group health plan has properly 
effectuated an election to opt in to a specified State law as defined 
in Sec.  149.30, if that State allows a plan not otherwise subject to 
the State law to opt-in; and for FEHB plans that adopt a specified 
State law pursuant to their FEHB carrier's contract terms, any State(s) 
in which they have made such an adoption;
    (vi) Contact information, including a telephone number and email 
address, for the appropriate person or office to initiate open 
negotiations for purposes of determining an amount of payment 
(including cost sharing) for such item or service;
    (vii) The 14-digit Health Insurance Oversight System (HIOS) 
identifier; or if the 14-digit HIOS identifier has not been assigned, 
the 5-digit HIOS identifier; or if no HIOS identifier is available, the 
plan's or the plan sponsor's Employer Identification Number (EIN) and 
the plan's plan number (PN), if a PN is available, or for FEHB 
carriers, the applicable contract number(s) and plan code(s);
    (viii) Additional information needed to identify the plan or issuer 
and the applicable Federal and State requirements for determining 
appropriate out-of-network payment rates for items or services to which 
the protections against balance billing in this part apply, as 
specified by the Secretary in guidance, or such additional information 
needed with respect to FEHB carriers as specified by OPM in guidance; 
and
    (ix) Additional information needed for purposes of administrative 
fee collection, as specified by the Secretary in guidance, or such 
additional information needed with respect to FEHB carriers as 
specified by OPM in guidance.
    (3) Updating disclosures. A plan or issuer must timely report to 
the Secretary changes to the information required under this section 
within 30 calendar days after the information changes. A plan or issuer 
must confirm the accuracy of its registration annually in the fourth 
quarter of each calendar year.
    (4) Third party authority. The requirements of paragraphs (b)(1) 
through (3) of this section may be performed by a third party 
administrator or service provider with authority to act on behalf of 
the group health plan or health insurance issuer offering group or 
individual health insurance coverage subject to the Federal IDR 
process. If the registration requirements are performed by such third 
party administrator or service provider the group health plan or health 
insurance issuer offering group or individual health insurance coverage 
must require that such third party administrator or service provider 
clearly delineate each group health plan or health insurance issuer 
offering group health insurance coverage for which it has authority to 
act. If such third party administrator or service provider fails to 
provide the information in compliance with the requirements of 
paragraphs (b)(1) through (3) of this section the plan or issuer will 
be in violation of the requirements of this section.
    (c) Severability. (1) Any provision of this section held to be 
invalid or unenforceable by its terms, or as applied to any person or 
circumstance, shall be construed so as to continue to give maximum 
effect to the provision permitted by law, unless such holding shall be 
one of utter invalidity or unenforceability, in which event the 
provision shall be severable from this

[[Page 75888]]

section and shall not affect the remainder thereof or the application 
of the provision to persons not similarly situated or to dissimilar 
circumstances.
    (2) The provisions in Sec.  149.530 are intended to be severable 
from the provisions in Sec. Sec.  149.100, 149.140, and 149.510, from 
any grant of forbearance from removal resulting from this subpart, and 
from any provision referenced in Sec. Sec.  149.100, 149.140, and 
149.510.

[FR Doc. 2023-23716 Filed 10-27-23; 4:15 pm]
BILLING CODE 6325-63-P; 4830-01-P; 4510-29-P; 4120-01-P]