[Federal Register Volume 88, Number 185 (Tuesday, September 26, 2023)]
[Rules and Regulations]
[Pages 66152-66230]
From the Federal Register Online via the Government Publishing Office [www.gpo.gov]
[FR Doc No: 2023-19999]



[[Page 66151]]

Vol. 88

Tuesday,

No. 185

September 26, 2023

Part II





Department of Energy





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10 CFR Parts 429 and 431





Energy Conservation Program: Test Procedure for Commercial 
Refrigerators, Refrigerator-Freezers, and Freezers; Final Rule

  Federal Register / Vol. 88, No. 185 / Tuesday, September 26, 2023 / 
Rules and Regulations  

[[Page 66152]]


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DEPARTMENT OF ENERGY

10 CFR Parts 429 and 431

[EERE-2017-BT-TP-0008]
RIN 1904-AD83


Energy Conservation Program: Test Procedure for Commercial 
Refrigerators, Refrigerator-Freezers, and Freezers

AGENCY: Office of Energy Efficiency and Renewable Energy, Department of 
Energy.

ACTION: Final rule.

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SUMMARY: The U.S. Department of Energy (``DOE'') amends the test 
procedures for commercial refrigerators, refrigerator-freezers, and 
freezers (``CRE'') to reference the latest versions of the applicable 
industry standards. DOE also establishes definitions and test 
procedures for new equipment categories, adopts test procedures 
consistent with recently published waivers and interim waivers, 
establishes product-specific enforcement provisions, allows for volume 
determinations based on computer-aided designs, specifies a sampling 
plan for volume and total display area, and adopts additional 
clarifying amendments.

DATES: The effective date of this rule is October 26, 2023. The 
amendments will be mandatory for equipment testing starting September 
20, 2024.
    The incorporation by reference of certain material listed in the 
rule is approved by the Director of the Federal Register on October 26, 
2023.

ADDRESSES: The docket, which includes Federal Register notices, public 
meeting attendee lists and transcripts, comments, and other supporting 
documents/materials, is available for review at www.regulations.gov. 
All documents in the docket are listed in the www.regulations.gov 
index. However, not all documents listed in the index may be publicly 
available, such as those containing information that is exempt from 
public disclosure.
    A link to the docket web page can be found at www.regulations.gov/docket/EERE-2017-BT-TP-0008. The docket web page contains instructions 
on how to access all documents, including public comments, in the 
docket. For further information on how to review the docket, contact 
the Appliance and Equipment Standards Program staff at (202) 287-1445 
or by email: [email protected].

FOR FURTHER INFORMATION CONTACT: Mr. Jeremy Dommu, U.S. Department of 
Energy, Office of Energy Efficiency and Renewable Energy, Building 
Technologies Office, EE-2J, 1000 Independence Avenue SW, Washington, 
DC, 20585-0121. Telephone: (202) 586-9870. Email: 
[email protected].
    Mr. Peter Cochran, U.S. Department of Energy, Office of the General 
Counsel, GC-33, 1000 Independence Avenue SW, Washington, DC, 20585-
0121. Telephone: (202) 586-9496. Email: [email protected].

SUPPLEMENTARY INFORMATION: DOE incorporates by reference the following 
industry standards into 10 CFR part 431:
    AHRI Standard 1200-2023 (I-P), 2023 Standard for Performance Rating 
of Commercial Refrigerated Display Merchandisers and Storage Cabinets, 
copyright 2023 (``AHRI 1200-2023'').
    ANSI/AHRI Standard 1320-2011 (I-P), 2011 Standard for Performance 
Rating of Commercial Refrigerated Display Merchandisers and Storage 
Cabinets for Use With Secondary Refrigerants, copyright 2011 (``ANSI/
AHRI 1320-2011'').
    ANSI/ASHRAE Standard 72-2022:

 Method of Testing Open and Closed Commercial Refrigerators and 
Freezers, approved June 30, 2022; and
 Errata Sheet, November 11, 2022

(``ANSI/ASHRAE 72-2022'').
    ASTM F2143-16, Standard Test Method for Performance of Refrigerated 
Buffet and Preparation Tables, approved May 1, 2016 (``ASTM F2143-
16'').
    Copies of AHRI 1200-2023 and AHRI 1320-2011 can be obtained by 
going to www.ahrinet.org/standards/search-standards.
    Copies of ASHRAE 72-2022 can be obtained by going to 
www.techstreet.com/standards/ashrae-72-2022?product_id=1710927 and the 
November 11, 2022 Errata can be obtained by going to www.ashrae.org/technical-resources/standards-and-guidelines/standards-errata.
    Copies of ASTM F2143-16 can be purchased at www.astm.org/f2143-16.html.
    For a further discussion of these standards, see section IV.N of 
this document.

Table of Contents

I. Authority and Background
    A. Authority
    B. Background
II. Synopsis of the Final Rule
III. Discussion
    A. Scope and Definitions
    1. Ice-Cream Freezers
    2. High-Temperature CRE
    3. Convertible Equipment
    B. Updates to Industry Standards
    1. AHRI 1200
    2. ASHRAE 72
    3. Secondary Coolants
    C. Test Conditions for Specific CRE Categories
    1. Salad Bars, Buffet Tables, and Refrigerated Preparation 
Tables
    2. Pull-Down Temperature Applications
    3. Blast Chillers and Blast Freezers
    4. Chef Bases and Griddle Stands
    5. Mobile Refrigerated Cabinets
    6. Additional Covered Equipment
    D. Harmonization of Efficiency Standards and Testing With NSF 7-
2019 Food Safety
    E. Dedicated Remote Condensing Units
    F. Test Procedure Clarifications and Modifications
    1. Defrost Cycles
    2. Total Display Area
    G. Alternative Refrigerants
    H. Certification of Compartment Volume
    I. Test Procedure Waivers
    J. Enforcement Provisions
    K. Lowest Application Product Temperature
    L. Removal of Obsolete Provisions
    M. Sampling Plan
    N. Test Procedure Costs and Harmonization
    1. Test Procedure Costs and Impact
    2. Harmonization With Industry Standards
    O. Effective and Compliance Dates
IV. Procedural Issues and Regulatory Review
    A. Review Under Executive Orders 12866, 13563 and 14094
    B. Review Under the Regulatory Flexibility Act
    C. Review Under the Paperwork Reduction Act of 1995
    D. Review Under the National Environmental Policy Act of 1969
    E. Review Under Executive Order 13132
    F. Review Under Executive Order 12988
    G. Review Under the Unfunded Mandates Reform Act of 1995
    H. Review Under the Treasury and General Government 
Appropriations Act, 1999
    I. Review Under Executive Order 12630
    J. Review Under Treasury and General Government Appropriations 
Act, 2001
    K. Review Under Executive Order 13211
    L. Review Under Section 32 of the Federal Energy Administration 
Act of 1974
    M. Congressional Notification
    N. Description of Materials Incorporated by Reference
V. Approval of the Office of the Secretary

I. Authority and Background

    Commercial refrigerators, refrigerator-freezers, and freezers 
(collectively, commercial refrigeration equipment, or ``CRE'') are 
included in the list of ``covered equipment'' for which the U.S. 
Department of Energy (``DOE'') is authorized to establish and amend 
energy conservation standards and test procedures. (42 U.S.C. 
6311)(1)(E)) DOE's energy conservation standards and test procedures 
for CRE are currently prescribed at subpart C of part 431 of title 10 
of the Code of Federal Regulations (``CFR''). The following

[[Page 66153]]

sections discuss DOE's authority to establish test procedures for CRE 
and relevant background information regarding DOE's consideration of 
test procedures for this equipment.

A. Authority

    The Energy Policy and Conservation Act, Public Law 94-163, as 
amended (``EPCA''),\1\ authorizes DOE to regulate the energy efficiency 
of a number of consumer products and certain industrial equipment. (42 
U.S.C. 6291-6317) Title III, Part C \2\ of EPCA, added by Public Law 
95-619, Title IV, section 441(a), established the Energy Conservation 
Program for Certain Industrial Equipment, which sets forth a variety of 
provisions designed to improve energy efficiency. This equipment 
includes CRE, the subject of this document. (42 U.S.C. 6311 (1)(E))
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

    \1\ All references to EPCA in this document refer to the statute 
as amended through the Energy Act of 2020, Public Law 116-260 (Dec. 
27, 2020), which reflect the last statutory amendments that impact 
Parts A and A-1 of EPCA.
    \2\ For editorial reasons, upon codification in the U.S. Code, 
Part C was redesignated Part A-1.
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    The energy conservation program under EPCA consists essentially of 
four parts: (1) testing, (2) labeling, (3) Federal energy conservation 
standards, and (4) certification and enforcement procedures. Relevant 
provisions of EPCA specifically include definitions (42 U.S.C. 6311), 
test procedures (42 U.S.C. 6314), labeling provisions (42 U.S.C. 6315), 
energy conservation standards (42 U.S.C. 6313), and the authority to 
require information and reports from manufacturers (42 U.S.C. 6316; 42 
U.S.C. 6296).
    The Federal testing requirements consist of test procedures that 
manufacturers of covered equipment must use as the basis for: (1) 
certifying to DOE that their equipment complies with the applicable 
energy conservation standards adopted pursuant to EPCA (42 U.S.C. 
6316(a); 42 U.S.C. 6295(s)), and (2) making other representations about 
the efficiency of that equipment (42 U.S.C. 6314(d)). Similarly, DOE 
must use these test procedures to determine whether the equipment 
complies with relevant standards promulgated under EPCA. (42 U.S.C. 
6316(a); 42 U.S.C. 6295(s))
    Federal energy efficiency requirements for covered equipment 
established under EPCA generally supersede State laws and regulations 
concerning energy conservation testing, labeling, and standards. (42 
U.S.C. 6316(a) and 42 U.S.C. 6316(b); 42 U.S.C. 6297) DOE may, however, 
grant waivers of Federal preemption for particular State laws or 
regulations, in accordance with the procedures and other provisions of 
EPCA. (42 U.S.C. 6316(b)(2)(D))
    Under 42 U.S.C. 6314, EPCA sets forth the criteria and procedures 
DOE must follow when prescribing or amending test procedures for 
covered equipment. EPCA requires that any test procedures prescribed or 
amended under this section must be reasonably designed to produce test 
results which reflect energy efficiency, energy use, or estimated 
annual operating cost of a given type of covered equipment during a 
representative average use cycle, and requires that test procedures not 
be unduly burdensome to conduct. (42 U.S.C. 6314(a)(2))
    With respect to CRE, EPCA requires DOE to use the test procedures 
determined by the Secretary to be generally accepted industry 
standards, or industry standards developed or recognized by the 
American Society of Heating, Refrigerating, and Air-Conditioning 
Engineers (``ASHRAE'') or American National Standards Institute 
(``ANSI''). (42 U.S.C. 6314(a)(6)(A)(i)) With regard to self-contained 
CRE to which statutory standards are applicable, the required initial 
test procedure is the ASHRAE 117 test procedure in effect on January 1, 
2005. (42 U.S.C. 6314(a)(6)(A)(ii)) Additionally, EPCA requires that if 
ASHRAE 117 is amended, the Secretary shall, by rule, amend the test 
procedure for the product as necessary to ensure that the test 
procedure is consistent with the amended ASHRAE 117 test procedure, 
unless the Secretary makes a determination, by rule, and supported by 
clear and convincing evidence, that to do so would not meet the 
statutory requirements regarding representativeness and burden. (42 
U.S.C. 6314(a)(6)(E)) Finally, EPCA states that if a test procedure 
other than the ASHRAE 117 test procedure is approved by ANSI, DOE must 
review the relative strengths and weaknesses of the new test procedure 
relative to the ASHRAE 117 test procedure and adopt one new test 
procedure for use in the standards program. (42 U.S.C. 
6314(a)(6)(F)(i)) \3\
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    \3\ In 2005, ASHRAE combined Standard 72-1998, ``Method of 
Testing Open Refrigerators,'' and Standard 117-2002 and published 
the test method as ASHRAE Standard 72-2005, ``Method of Testing 
Commercial Refrigerators and Freezers,'' which was approved by ANSI 
on July 29, 2005.
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    EPCA also requires that, at least once every 7 years, DOE evaluate 
test procedures for each type of covered equipment, including CRE, to 
determine whether amended test procedures would more accurately or 
fully comply with the requirements for the test procedures to not be 
unduly burdensome to conduct and be reasonably designed to produce test 
results that reflect energy efficiency, energy use, and estimated 
operating costs during a representative average use cycle. (42 U.S.C. 
6314(a)(1))
    In addition, if the Secretary determines that a test procedure 
amendment is warranted, the Secretary must publish proposed test 
procedures in the Federal Register and afford interested persons an 
opportunity (of not less than 45 days' duration) to present oral and 
written data, views, and arguments on the proposed test procedures. (42 
U.S.C. 6314(b)) If DOE determines that test procedure revisions are not 
appropriate, DOE must publish in the Federal Register its determination 
not to amend the test procedures. (42 U.S.C. 6314(a)(1)(A)(ii))
    DOE is publishing this final rule in satisfaction of the 7-year 
review requirement specified in EPCA. (42 U.S.C. 6314(a)(1)(A))

B. Background

    DOE's current test procedure for CRE appears at 10 CFR part 431, 
subpart C, appendix B (``Amended Uniform Test Method for the 
Measurement of Energy Consumption of Commercial Refrigerators, 
Freezers, and Refrigerator-Freezers'' or ``appendix B'').
    DOE last amended the test procedure for CRE in a final rule 
published on April 24, 2014 (``April 2014 Final Rule''). 79 FR 22277. 
Specifically, DOE clarified certain terms, procedures, and compliance 
dates to improve repeatability and provide additional detail compared 
to the prior version of the test procedure. DOE noted that the 
amendments in the April 2014 Final Rule would not affect the energy use 
of CRE as measured under the prior version of the test procedure. 79 FR 
22277, 22280-22281.
    The test procedure incorporates by reference the following industry 
standards: (1) AHRI Standard 1200 (I-P)-2010, ``Performance Rating of 
Commercial Refrigerated Display Merchandisers and Storage Cabinets'' 
(``AHRI 1200-2010''); (2) ASHRAE Standard 72-2005, ``Method of Testing 
Commercial Refrigerators and Freezers,'' which was approved by ANSI on 
July 29, 2005 (``ASHRAE 72-2005''); and (3) ANSI/Association of Home 
Appliance Manufacturers (``AHAM'') Standard HRF-1-2008, ``Energy and 
Internal Volume of Refrigerating Appliances'' (``AHAM HRF-1-2008'') for 
determining refrigerated volumes for CRE.
    On June 11, 2021, DOE published in the Federal Register an early 
assessment

[[Page 66154]]

request for information (``June 2021 RFI'') seeking comments on the 
existing DOE test procedure for CRE. 86 FR 31182. In the June 2021 RFI, 
DOE requested comments, information, and data regarding a number of 
issues, including (1) scope and definitions, (2) updates to industry 
standards, (3) test conditions for specific CRE categories, (4) 
harmonization with food safety standards, (5) remote condensing units, 
(6) test procedure clarifications, (7) alternative refrigerants, (8) 
compartment volume certification, and (9) test procedure waivers.
    On June 30, 2022, DOE published in the Federal Register a notice of 
proposed rulemaking (``NOPR'') that proposed to update and establish 
test procedures for CRE (``June 2022 NOPR''). 87 FR 39164. In the June 
2022 NOPR, DOE proposed to and requested feedback on the following:
    (1) Establish new definitions for high-temperature refrigerator, 
medium-temperature refrigerator, low-temperature freezer, and mobile 
refrigerated cabinet, and amend the definition for ice-cream freezer;
    (2) Incorporate by reference the most current versions of industry 
standards AHRI 1200, ASHRAE 72, and AHRI 1320;
    (3) Establish definitions and a new appendix C including test 
procedures for buffet tables and preparation tables;
    (4) Establish definitions and a new appendix D including test 
procedures for blast chillers and blast freezers;
    (5) Amend the definition for chef base or griddle stand;
    (6) Specify refrigerant conditions for CRE that use R-744;
    (7) Allow for certification of compartment volumes based on 
computer-aided design (``CAD'') models;
    (8) Incorporate provisions for defrosts and customer order storage 
cabinets currently specified in waivers and interim waivers;
    (9) Adopt product-specific enforcement provisions;
    (10) Clarify use of the lowest application product temperature 
(``LAPT'') provisions;
    (11) Remove the obsolete test procedure in appendix A; and
    (12) Specify a sampling plan for volume and total display area 
(``TDA'').
87 FR 39164.
    DOE received comments in response to the June 2022 NOPR from the 
interested parties listed in Table I.1.

            Table I.1--List of Commenters With Written Submissions in Response to the June 2022 NOPR
----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
                                            Reference in this final   Comment No. in
              Commenter(s)                           rule               the docket          Commenter type
----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
AHT Cooling Systems GmbH................  AHT.......................              40  Manufacturer.
Air-Conditioning, Heating, and            AHRI......................              38  Trade Association.
 Refrigeration Institute.
Appliance Standards Awareness Project,    Joint Commenters..........              31  Efficiency Organizations.
 American.
Council for an Energy-Efficient Economy,
 and Natural Resources Defense Council.
Continental Refrigerator................  Continental...............              29  Manufacturer.
Hillphoenix, Inc........................  Hillphoenix...............              35  Manufacturer.
Hoshizaki America, Inc..................  Hoshizaki.................              30  Manufacturer.
Hussmann Corporation....................  Hussmann..................              32  Manufacturer.
National Automatic Merchandising          NAMA......................              33  Trade Association.
 Association.
North American Association of Food        NAFEM.....................              34  Trade Association.
 Equipment Manufacturers.
Northwest Energy Efficiency Alliance....  NEEA......................              39  Efficiency Organization.
Pacific Gas and Electric Company, San     CA IOUs...................              36  Energy Utilities.
 Diego Gas & Electric, and Southern
 California Edison; collectively, the
 California Investor-Owned Utilities.
True Manufacturing Company, Inc.........  True......................              28  Manufacturer.
Zero Zone, Inc..........................  Zero Zone.................              37  Manufacturer.
----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------

    A parenthetical reference at the end of a comment quotation or 
paraphrase provides the location of the item in the public record.\4\ 
To the extent that interested parties have provided written comments 
that are substantively consistent with any oral comments provided 
during the August 1, 2022, public meeting, DOE cites the written 
comments throughout this final rule. Any oral comments provided during 
the public meeting that are not substantively addressed by written 
comments are summarized and cited separately throughout this final 
rule.
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    \4\ The parenthetical reference provides a reference for 
information located in the docket of DOE's rulemaking to develop 
test procedures for CRE. (Docket No. EERE-2017-BT-TP-0008, which is 
maintained at www.regulations.gov). The references are arranged as 
follows: (commenter name, comment docket ID number, page of that 
document).
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II. Synopsis of the Final Rule

    In this final rule, DOE amends and establishes test procedures for 
CRE as follows:
    (1) Establish new definitions for high-temperature refrigerator, 
medium-temperature refrigerator, low-temperature freezer, and mobile 
refrigerated cabinet, and amend the definition for ice-cream freezer;
    (2) Incorporate by reference the most current versions of industry 
standards AHRI 1200, ASHRAE 72, and AHRI 1320;
    (3) Establish definitions and a new appendix C including test 
procedures for buffet tables and preparation tables;
    (4) Establish definitions and a new appendix D including test 
procedures for blast chillers and blast freezers;
    (5) Amend the definition and certain test conditions for chef bases 
or griddle stands;
    (6) Specify refrigerant conditions for CRE that use R-744;
    (7) Allow for certification of compartment volumes based on 
computer-aided design (``CAD'') models;
    (8) Incorporate provisions for defrosts and customer order storage 
cabinets currently specified in waivers and interim waivers;
    (9) Adopt product-specific enforcement provisions;
    (10) Clarify use of the lowest application product temperature 
(``LAPT'') provisions;
    (11) Remove the obsolete test procedure in appendix A; and
    (12) Specify a sampling plan for volume and total display area 
(``TDA'').
    The adopted amendments are summarized and compared to the test 
procedure provision prior to the amendment in Table II.1, along with 
the reason for the adopted change.

[[Page 66155]]



                          Table II.1--Summary of Changes in the Amended Test Procedure
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                                                                 Changes from the June
                                                                2022 NOPR proposed test
DOE Test Procedure Prior to Amendment   Amended Test Procedure    procedure summary of         Attribution
                                                                        changes
----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Defines commercial refrigerator        Defines high-            None...................  Improves
 without delineating between units      temperature                                       representativeness.
 that operate at medium and high        refrigerator and
 temperatures.                          medium-temperature
                                        refrigerator to
                                        account for new high-
                                        temperature rating
                                        point.
Defines ice-cream freezer as a type    Defines low-temperature  None...................  Improves
 of commercial freezer.                 freezer to delineate                              representativeness.
                                        between ice-cream
                                        freezers and other
                                        commercial freezers.
Ice-cream freezer definition refers    Ice-cream definition     Expanded to ``ice cream  Improves
 only to ``ice cream''.                 refers more broadly to   and other frozen         representativeness.
                                        ``ice cream and other    desserts''.
                                        frozen desserts''.
References AHRI 1200-2010 for rating   References AHRI 1200-    Updated to harmonize     Harmonizes with most
 requirements.                          2023 for rating          with most recent         recent industry
                                        requirements.            version of AHRI 1200.    standard.
References ASHRAE 72-2005 for test     References ASHRAE 72-    Updated to harmonize     Harmonizes with most
 requirements.                          2022 with Errata for     with most recent         recent industry
                                        test requirements.       version of ASHRAE 72.    standard.
References AHAM HRF-1-2008 for volume  References AHRI 1200-    Updated to harmonize     Harmonizes with most
 measurement.                           2023 for volume          with most recent         recent industry
                                        requirements.            version of AHRI 1200.    standard.
Includes a single 38 [deg]F rating     Specifies 38 [deg]F      None...................  Improves
 point for commercial refrigerators.    rating point for                                  representativeness;
                                        medium-temperature                                harmonizes with
                                        refrigerators and 55                              industry standard.
                                        [deg]F rating point
                                        for high-temperature
                                        refrigerators.
Does not specify a method for testing  References AHRI 1320-    None...................  Improves
 CRE with secondary coolants.           2011 for CRE used with                            representativeness;
                                        secondary coolants.                               harmonizes with
                                                                                          industry standard.
Does not specify definitions or test   Defines buffet table     None...................  Improves
 procedures for buffet tables and       and preparation table                             representativeness;
 preparation tables.                    and establishes test                              harmonizes with
                                        procedures based on                               industry standard.
                                        ASTM F2143-16.
Does not specify definitions or test   Defines blast chiller    None...................  Improves
 procedures for blast chillers and      and blast freezer and                             representativeness;
 blast freezers.                        establishes test                                  harmonizes with
                                        procedures based on                               industry standard.
                                        expected industry test
                                        method.
Chef base or griddle stand definition  Clarifies chef base or   None...................  Improves
 does not refer to a maximum height.    griddle stand                                     representativeness.
                                        definition by
                                        specifying a maximum
                                        height of 32 in. for
                                        this equipment.
Chef bases or griddle stands have a    Chef bases or griddle    Updated test conditions  Improves
 dry-bulb temperature of 75.2 [deg]F;   stands have a dry-bulb                            representativeness.
 wet-bulb temperature of 64.4 [deg]F;   temperature of 86.0
 and radiant heat temperature of        [deg]F; wet-bulb
 greater than or equal to 70.0 [deg]F.  temperature of 73.7
                                        [deg]F; and radiant
                                        heat temperature of
                                        greater than or equal
                                        to 81.0 [deg]F.
Does not provide procedures for CRE    References ASHRAE 72-    Updated to harmonize     Addresses existing
 with no automatic defrost or with      2022 with Errata for     with most recent         waiver; harmonizes
 long duration defrost cycles.          test instructions for    version of ASHRAE 72.    with industry
                                        units with no                                     standard.
                                        automatic defrost and
                                        adopts optional two-
                                        part test for CRE with
                                        defrost cycles longer
                                        than 24 hours.
Includes conflicting instructions      Corrects errors in       Updated to harmonize     Improves
 regarding TDA calculation.             current test procedure   with most recent         representativeness,
                                        by reference to AHRI     version of AHRI 1200.    repeatability, and
                                        1200-2023.                                        reproducibility;
                                                                                          harmonizes with
                                                                                          industry standard.
Provides refrigerant conditions that   Specifies refrigerant    Includes tolerances and  Improves
 are applicable only to common          conditions to allow      updates conditions to    representativeness;
 refrigerants.                          for testing with         ensure appropriate       harmonizes with
                                        carbon dioxide           operation within         existing waiver.
                                        refrigerant.             tolerances.
Requires determining volume based on   Allows the use of CAD    None...................  Reduces test burden.
 testing.                               models to certify
                                        volume.
Specifies a single door opening        Defines customer order   None...................  Improves
 sequence.                              storage cabinet                                   representativeness;
                                        equipment category and                            harmonizes with
                                        specifies an alternate                            existing waiver.
                                        door opening sequence
                                        for this equipment.
Does not specify product-enforcement   Includes product-        None...................  Improves clarity.
 provisions.                            enforcement provisions
                                        for determining volume
                                        and TDA.

[[Page 66156]]

 
Specifies LAPT instructions for        Clarifies use of LAPT    None...................  Improves clarity.
 temperatures above target test         provisions for
 temperature.                           operating temperatures
                                        below the target test
                                        temperature.
Includes obsolete appendix A and       Removes obsolete         None...................  Improves readability.
 current appendix B test procedures.    appendix A; adds new
                                        appendix C for testing
                                        buffet tables and
                                        preparation tables,
                                        and adds new appendix
                                        D for testing blast
                                        chillers and blast
                                        freezers.
Does not specify a sampling plan for   Specifies that volume    None...................  Improves
 volume and TDA.                        and TDA be determined                             representativeness,
                                        based on the mean of                              repeatability, and
                                        the test sample.                                  reproducibility.
----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------

    DOE has determined that the amendments described in section III of 
this document and adopted in this document will not alter the measured 
efficiency of CRE currently subject to energy conservation standards, 
or require retesting or recertification solely as a result of DOE's 
adoption of the amendments to the test procedures. Additionally, DOE 
has determined that the amendments will not increase the cost of 
testing for CRE currently tested to the existing test procedure. For 
chef bases or griddle stands, buffet tables and preparation tables, and 
blast chillers and blast freezers, testing according to the amended or 
established test procedure will not be required until the compliance 
date of any energy conservation standards for that equipment. However, 
any representations of energy use for chef bases or griddle stands, 
buffet tables and preparation tables and blast chillers and blast 
freezers must be made in accordance with the amended test procedure 
starting 360 days after this final rule publishes in the Federal 
Register. While DOE does not expect that manufacturers will incur 
additional cost as a result of the established test procedure, DOE 
provides a discussion of testing costs in section III.O.1 of this 
document. Discussion of DOE's actions are addressed in detail in 
section III of this document.
    The effective date for the amended test procedures adopted in this 
final rule is 30 days after publication of this document in the Federal 
Register. Representations of energy use or energy efficiency must be 
based on testing in accordance with the amended test procedures 
beginning 360 days after the publication of this final rule.

III. Discussion

A. Scope and Definitions

    ``Commercial refrigerator, freezer, and refrigerator-freezer'' 
means refrigeration equipment that is not a consumer product (as 
defined in 10 CFR 430.2); is not designed and marketed exclusively for 
medical, scientific, or research purposes; operates at a chilled, 
frozen, combination chilled and frozen, or variable temperature; 
displays or stores merchandise and other perishable materials 
horizontally, semi-vertically, or vertically; has transparent or solid 
doors, sliding or hinged doors, a combination of hinged, sliding, 
transparent, or solid doors, or no doors; is designed for pull-down 
temperature applications or holding temperature applications; and is 
connected to a self-contained condensing unit or to a remote condensing 
unit. 10 CFR 431.62.
    For the purpose of determining applicability of certain test 
procedure provisions, DOE proposed in the June 2022 NOPR to amend 
certain existing definitions and to establish certain new definitions, 
as discussed in the following paragraphs. 87 FR 39164, 39168-39171. DOE 
discusses additional equipment definitions and test procedures for 
specific equipment categories in section III.C of this document.
1. Ice-Cream Freezers
    DOE defines certain categories of CRE, including ``ice-cream 
freezer.'' DOE defines an ``ice-cream freezer'' as a commercial freezer 
that is designed to operate at or below -5 [deg]F 2 [deg]F 
(-21 [deg]C 1.1 [deg]C) and that the manufacturer designs, 
markets, or intends for the storing, displaying, or dispensing of ice 
cream. 10 CFR 431.62.
    In the June 2022 NOPR, DOE did not identify any technical features 
that would allow for distinguishing ice-cream freezers from other 
commercial freezers capable of operating at low temperatures and 
therefore did not propose in the June 2022 NOPR to include any 
additional equipment characteristics in the ice-cream freezer 
definition. 87 FR 39164, 39168.
a. Frozen Desserts
    DOE noted in the June 2022 NOPR that the equipment term and 
definition reference ``ice cream,'' but ``ice cream'' is not defined. 
87 FR 39164, 39168. DOE acknowledged that other frozen products may be 
similarly stored and displayed. Id. For example, food products such as 
gelato, frozen yogurt, and sorbet are typically displayed, stored, and 
dispensed in the same manner as ice cream. Id. The CRE used for these 
products is likely similar, if not identical, to equipment used to 
store, display, or dispense ice cream. Id.
    To clarify the equipment classification and to avoid potential 
misunderstanding that the term ``ice-cream freezer'' is limited to 
equipment associated with ice cream and not other similar products, DOE 
proposed in the June 2022 NOPR to amend this term's definition to refer 
to equipment designed, marketed, or intended for the storing, 
displaying, or dispensing of ``frozen desserts,'' rather than ice cream 
specifically. 87 FR 39164, 39169. DOE stated in the NOPR that it does 
not expect this proposal to affect testing or certifications for 
existing CRE, because equipment designed for frozen desserts other than 
ice cream that otherwise meets the ice-cream freezer definition are 
likely already tested and certified as ice-cream freezers. Id.
    As proposed in the June 2022 NOPR, ice-cream freezer means:
    (1) Prior to the compliance date(s) of any amended energy 
conservation standard(s) for ice-cream freezers, a commercial freezer 
that is designed to

[[Page 66157]]

operate at or below -5.0 [deg]F (2.0 [deg]F) and that the 
manufacturer designs, markets, or intends for the storing, displaying, 
or dispensing of frozen desserts; or
    (2) Upon the compliance date(s) of any amended energy conservation 
standard(s) for ice-cream freezers, a commercial freezer that is 
designed for an operating temperature at or below -15.0 [deg]F (2.0 [deg]F) and that the manufacturer designs, markets, or 
intends for the storing, displaying, or dispensing of frozen desserts. 
Id.
    In response to the June 2022 NOPR, Hussmann stated its support of 
the amended definition for ``frozen desserts'' rather than ice cream 
specifically. (Hussmann, No. 32, p. 2) Hussmann also asked DOE to 
include in this definition the temperature range needed to operate ice-
cream freezers, stating it does not oppose the definition change, but 
cautioning that some models intended for ``frozen desserts'' may not be 
able to achieve the DOE ice-cream ratings. Id.
    The CA IOUs stated their support to amend the definition for ``ice-
cream freezer'' to include all ``frozen desserts'' and to test frozen 
dessert freezers at either 0 [deg]F or -15 [deg]F. (CA IOUs, No. 36, p. 
10)
    AHRI disagreed with DOE's proposal to amend the ice-cream freezer 
definition to refer to equipment intended for ``frozen desserts,'' 
because while some commercial refrigeration equipment models are sold 
and marketed as ``ice-cream freezers,'' AHRI was not aware of any 
product specifically marketed for ``frozen desserts.'' (AHRI, No. 38, 
p. 2). AHRI noted that the term ``frozen desserts'' was not defined, 
and that DOE indicated its intention to clarify ``ice cream'' could 
include gelato, frozen yogurt, sorbet, and other ice-cream-like 
products. Id. AHRI commented that they disagree with DOE's statement 
that these products are typically displayed, stored, and dispensed in 
the same manner as ice cream; in fact, these additional products have 
an array of temperature requirements depending on their characteristics 
(fat content, etc.) and the application holding, dispensing, etc.). Id. 
AHRI also noted that the term ``frozen desserts'' is problematic 
because it might encompass products with requirements different than 
ice-cream-like, such as frozen pastries, cakes, fruits, chocolates, and 
other confectionary items served frozen at the end of a meal, while 
excluding ``frozen treats'' or ``frozen snacks.'' Id.
    Continental commented that it disagreed with DOE's proposal to 
amend the ice-cream freezer definition to refer to equipment intended 
for ``frozen desserts;'' while some commercial refrigeration equipment 
models are sold and marketed as ``ice-cream freezers,'' Continental 
knew of none marketed for ``frozen desserts,'' a term DOE has not 
defined. (Continental, No. 29, p. 1-2) Continental disagreed with DOE's 
statement that gelato, frozen yogurt, sorbet, and other ice-cream-like 
products were typically displayed, stored, and dispensed in the same 
manner as ice cream, as described in the NOPR, since these products 
have an array of temperature requirements depending on their 
characteristics (fat content, etc.) and the application (holding, 
dispensing, etc.). Id. Continental also found the term ``frozen 
desserts'' problematic because it might include frozen pastries, cakes, 
fruits, chocolates, and other confectionary items served frozen at the 
end of a meal, but with temperature requirements different than ice-
cream-like products. Id. Continental commented that ice-cream freezers 
have features, such as manual defrost systems and cold-wall 
evaporators, that differentiate them from standard freezers to minimize 
temperature excursions during normal defrost periods. Id.
    Hillphoenix disagreed with the proposal to amend the ice-cream 
freezer definition to refer to frozen desserts, as this change will not 
clarify the intended equipment to which this category is applied and 
will continue to drive uncertainty in the industry. (Hillphoenix, No. 
35, p. 1) Hillphoenix recommended removing the product type reference 
from the category name and referencing a general name based on 
manufacturers' intent and internal air temperature (``IAT''). Id. 
Hillphoenix commented that the operating temperature combined with 
manufacture intent would be the main characteristic that distinguishes 
different types of freezers, and noted that the proposed high-
temperature, the existing medium-temperature, and low-temperature 
categories do not reference a specific product type. Id. Hillphoenix 
stated the term ``ice-cream freezer'' could be named ``sub-zero 
freezer.'' Id.
    In response to Hussmann's comment, DOE states that the definition 
of ``ice-cream freezer,'' as proposed in the June 2022 NOPR, includes 
the operating temperature range required to meet the definition of an 
ice-cream freezer. 87 FR 39164, 39168. Any model that is unable to 
operate at the required integrated average temperature shall use the 
lowest application product temperature to certify.
    In response to AHRI's, Continental's, and Hillphoenix's comments, 
DOE provided examples in the June 2022 NOPR of ice-cream-like products 
that are typically displayed, stored, and dispensed in the same manner 
as ice cream (gelato, frozen yogurt, and sorbet). 87 FR 39164, 39168-
39169. As stated in the June 2022 NOPR, the CRE used for these food 
products is likely similar, if not identical, to equipment used to 
store, display, or dispense ice cream. Id. In addition, DOE has 
determined that ``frozen treats'' or ``frozen snacks'' are understood 
to be synonymous with ``frozen desserts.'' To provide greater clarity, 
DOE is amending the definition to specify ``of ice cream or other 
frozen desserts''. DOE also notes that the definition of ``ice-cream 
freezer,'' as proposed in the June 2022 NOPR, includes the operating 
temperature range required to meet the definition, and that the 
manufacturer designs, markets, or intends for the storing, displaying, 
or dispensing of frozen desserts. 87 FR 39164, 39168-39170. If a 
commercial freezer does not meet the requirements of an ice-cream 
freezer, then it would be a low-temperature freezer, according to the 
definition as proposed in the June 2022 NOPR. Id.
    In response to Continental's comment regarding certain features of 
ice-cream freezers, DOE stated in the June 2022 NOPR that, while ice-
cream freezers may implement manual defrosts or cold wall evaporators, 
DOE is aware of these equipment designs in other commercial freezers, 
such that they do not uniquely distinguish ice-cream freezers. 87 FR 
39164, 39169.
b. Operating Temperature Range
    Appendix B requires testing all ice-cream freezers to an IAT of -15 
[deg]F. However, the term ``ice-cream freezer'' includes a variety of 
equipment with a range of typical operating temperatures during normal 
use. For example, certain ice-cream freezers are designed to operate 
considerably below -5 [deg]F (sometimes referred to as ``hardening 
cabinets'' and specifically designed for ice-cream storage), while 
other ice-cream freezers are designed to operate closer to 0 [deg]F 
during typical use (e.g., ``dipping cabinets'' and other equipment used 
to hold ice cream intended for immediate consumption). Ice-cream 
freezers intended for higher-temperature operation are often not 
capable of achieving an IAT of -15 [deg]F. In such an instance, 
appendix B requires testing the units to the LAPT.
    AHRI 1200-2023 maintains the existing rating points for commercial 
freezers (i.e., -15.0 [deg]F 2.0 [deg]F for ice-cream 
applications and 0.0 [deg]F 2.0 [deg]F for low-temperature 
applications) in section 4.1.1, ``Integrated Average

[[Page 66158]]

Temperature.'' Consistent with AHRI 1200-2023, DOE is not amending the 
commercial freezer target IATs for testing.
    Of the 346 ice-cream freezer models certified to DOE,\5\ 21 are 
rated based on LAPTs higher than -15 [deg]F, including 12 models with a 
rating temperature of -5 [deg]F. Many of these models have a horizontal 
or service over counter configuration and are intended to hold ice 
cream for immediate consumption.
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

    \5\ Based on review of DOE's Compliance Certification Database, 
available at www.regulations.doe.gov/certification-data (last 
accessed February 23, 2023).
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

    DOE recognizes that testing and rating certain commercial freezers 
to 0 [deg]F may be more appropriate than testing and rating to -15 
[deg]F. DOE already requires a 0 [deg]F rating temperature for 
commercial freezers. In the June 2022 NOPR, DOE tentatively determined 
that ice-cream freezers that meet the current ice-cream freezer 
definition but cannot operate as low as an IAT of -15 [deg]F 2 [deg]F can be tested at an IAT of 0 [deg]F 2 
[deg]F. 87 FR 39164, 39170.
    To better distinguish between ice-cream freezers and other 
commercial freezers (i.e., ice-cream freezers not capable of reaching 
an IAT of -15 [deg]F 2.0 [deg]F), DOE proposed in the June 
2022 NOPR to amend the ice-cream freezer definition to specify that the 
designed operating temperature is required to be at or below -15.0 
[deg]F (2.0 [deg]F), upon the compliance date(s) of any 
amended energy conservation standard(s) for ice-cream freezers. 87 FR 
39164, 39170. DOE also proposed to clarify which commercial freezers 
are required to test at an IAT of 0 [deg]F according to appendix B by 
defining the term ``low-temperature freezer'' to mean a commercial 
freezer that is not an ice-cream freezer. Id. In the June 2022 NOPR, 
DOE requested comment on the proposed amended definition for ``ice-
cream freezer'' and the proposed definition for ``low-temperature 
freezer.'' Id.
    Zero Zone and AHRI commented that modifying the definition of 
``ice-cream freezer'' through two separate requests is confusing and 
asked that in future correspondence, DOE provide the composite final 
draft of a definition. (Zero Zone, No. 37, p. 2; AHRI, No. 38, p. 2) 
Zero Zone and AHRI also commented that the rules for different product 
categories are based on temperature, but both groups could find no 
mention of temperature in this context and assumed it was the IAT. Id. 
Zero Zone and AHRI asked that DOE clarify and state that the 
temperatures listed are the integrated average product temperature. Id. 
In addition, Zero Zone and AHRI commented that mixing product types and 
product temperatures in a definition was challenging and confusing. Id. 
Zero Zone and AHRI stated that manufacturers make generic commercial 
freezers that customers employ in a variety of uses. Id. Finally, Zero 
Zone and AHRI stated that in the 2007 proposed rule (RE: 10 CFR part 
431.62 and FR/Vol 72 No. 143/Thursday, July 26, 2007 page 41173) \6\ 
(``July 2007 ANOPR''), DOE clarified the application and definition of 
``generic commercial freezer'' and requested that DOE codify its 
comments from 2007 into the formal definition, because it currently 
exists only in a proposed rule and should be clarified in a final rule 
to ease manufacturer concerns. Id.
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

    \6\ See www.govinfo.gov/content/pkg/FR-2007-07-26/pdf/07-3640.pdf.
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

    In the August 2022 public meeting, ICF commented that rather than 
saying ``operate at or below -5 plus-or-minus 2 Fahrenheit,'' there 
should be a threshold and no tolerance because ``at or below'' 
contradicts ``plus-or-minus 2,'' and the same is the case with the 
refrigerators. (Public Meeting Transcript, No. 41, p. 21).
    AHRI, Continental, and Hussmann commented that they agree with 
DOE's intention to amend the definition of ``ice-cream freezer'' to 
products with operating temperatures at or below -15 [deg]F, but 
recommended refining the definition to specify ``ice-cream hardening 
freezer'' or ``ice-cream holding freezer'' to clarify the proper 
application and equipment marketing. (AHRI, No. 38, p. 3; Continental, 
No. 29, p. 2; Hussmann, No. 32, p. 2) AHRI, Continental, and Hussmann 
also commented they were unaware of any ice cream that was dispensed or 
served at or below -15 [deg]F. Id.
    Continental agreed with DOE that a separate definition for ``low-
temperature freezer'' as a commercial freezer that will maintain -15 
[deg]F but is not an ice-cream freezer was appropriate. (Continental, 
No. 29, p. 2) Continental further commented that equipment in this 
category should be tested and rated at -15 [deg]F to reflect the 
intended application. Id. Continental stated commercial freezers that 
cannot operate as low as -15 [deg]F, and are not marketed for ice-cream 
applications, can be tested and rated at 0 [deg]F, and should be 
classified under the current definition of ``commercial freezer.'' Id. 
In addition, Continental commented that although the test procedures 
for ``ice-cream hardening/holding'' and ``non-ice-cream'' freezers at -
15 [deg]F may be similar, DOE's energy standards expressed in 10 CFR 
part 431 have significant differences in how allowable energy 
consumption levels are calculated for self-contained ice-cream freezers 
versus other self-contained commercial freezers, therefore changes in 
this test procedure rulemaking will have substantial impact. Id.
    Hillphoenix agreed with the proposal to amend the ice-cream freezer 
operating temperature to be <= -15 [deg]F and to include this in the 
definition, but recommended that DOE specify if the rating temperature 
of -15 [deg]F IAT will change, as currently the ice-cream freezer 
category has an operating temperature of <= -5 [deg]F and a rating 
temperature of -15 [deg]F 2 [deg]F IAT. (Hillphoenix, No. 
35, p. 1)
    Hillphoenix disagreed with the proposal to modify the definition of 
``low-temperature freezer'' to refer to a non-ice-cream freezer, as 
this change will not clarify the intended equipment in this category 
since ice cream can be displayed in freezers not intended to operate at 
<= -15 [deg]F, which will continue to drive uncertainty in the 
industry. (Hillphoenix, No. 35, p. 1) Hillphoenix recommended that DOE 
amend the operating temperature of the low-temperature category from > 
-5 [deg]F and <32 [deg]F to > -15 [deg]F and <32 [deg]F if such changes 
are applied to the ice-cream category. Id. Hillphoenix also proposed 
that each category of CRE reference the IAT only and not the operating 
temperature to drive consistency between categories. Id.
    NEEA supported DOE's proposed modifications to the definition of 
``ice-cream freezers'' to include operating characteristics instead of 
how the equipment was marketed for use because technical 
characteristics provide clearer differentiation of equipment than 
marketing materials. (NEEA, No. 39, p. 2). NEEA restated its previous 
concern that some ice-cream freezers that meet the existing marketing-
based definition cannot operate at an IAT of -15 [deg]F 2 
[deg]F, which represents DOE's proposed defining characteristic and DOE 
has proposed a new term, ``low-temperature freezer'' for those ice-
cream freezers, with their testing point at 0 [deg]F. Id. NEEA 
recommended that DOE review the products that meet this new definition 
of ``low-temperature freezer'' but not the new definition for ``ice-
cream freezer'' to ensure that the equipment is similar enough to be 
grouped together and that the test conditions are representative for 
all products. Id.
    The Joint Commenters stated support for DOE's proposed changes that 
remove ambiguity in the definition of ``ice-cream freezers'' and ensure 
all ice-cream

[[Page 66159]]

and low-temperature freezers are tested at a uniform temperature, -15 
[deg]F and 0 [deg]F, respectively. (Joint Commenters, No. 31, p. 1)
    The CA IOUs commented that, in a survey of products available on 
the market, they determined ice-cream dipping cabinets listed in DOE's 
Compliance Certification Management System (``CCMS'') that were tested 
at -5 [deg]F and -10 [deg]F can achieve 0 [deg]F. (CA IOUs, No. 36, p. 
10)
    True commented that the equipment category of ``low-temperature 
freezer'' is not included in NSF/ANSI 7-2021. (True, No. 28, p. 4) True 
also commented that when a freezer is designed to hold -15.0 [deg]F 
(2.0 [deg]F), the energy consumption will be much higher 
due to the use of larger displacement compressors, as well as the use 
of more anti-condensation and defrost heaters, such as heated glass. 
Id.
    In response to Zero Zone's and AHRI's comments, DOE notes that the 
definition of ``ice-cream freezer,'' as proposed in the June 2022 NOPR, 
refers to ``operating temperature,'' defined in 10 CFR 431.62 as 
follows:
    Operating temperature means the range of integrated average 
temperatures at which a self-contained commercial refrigeration unit or 
remote-condensing commercial refrigeration unit with a thermostat is 
capable of operating or, in the case of a remote-condensing commercial 
refrigeration unit without a thermostat, the range of integrated 
average temperatures at which the unit is marketed, designed, or 
intended to operate.
    However, DOE understands the definition of ``ice-cream freezer,'' 
as proposed in the June 2022 NOPR, states ``operating temperature'' in 
the second part of the definition and ``to operate'' in the first part 
of the definition. 87 FR 39164, 39168-39170. Therefore, DOE is amending 
the definition of ``ice-cream freezer'' to include ``operating 
temperature'' in both parts of the definition.
    Zero Zone and AHRI also referenced the July 2007 ANOPR discussion 
of the ``ice-cream freezer'' definition. DOE expects that Zero Zone and 
AHRI are referring to the discussion which states that unless equipment 
is designed, marketed, or intended specifically for the storage, 
display or dispensing of ice cream, it would not be considered an 
``ice-cream freezer.'' 72 FR 41161, 41173. Multi-purpose commercial 
freezers, manufactured for storage and display, for example, of frozen 
foods as well as ice cream would not meet this definition. Id. DOE also 
expects that the update to ``ice-cream applications'' in section 
4.1.1.2 of AHRI 1200-2023 is consistent with Zero Zone's and AHRI's 
comments. Consistent with the discussion of the July 2007 ANOPR, DOE is 
amending the definition of ``ice-cream freezer'' to include the term 
``specifically''.
    In response to ICF's comment, DOE is amending the definition of 
``ice-cream freezer'' to remove the temperature tolerances and 
adjusting the temperature in the second part of the definition to 
specify the upper bound of the ice-cream freezer IAT test condition 
tolerance, consistent with DOE's intention of the definition proposed 
in the June 2022 NOPR.
    In response to AHRI's, Continental's, and Hussmann's comments, the 
definition of ``ice-cream freezer,'' as proposed in the June 2022 NOPR, 
states that the manufacturer designs, markets, or intends for the 
storing, displaying, or dispensing of frozen desserts which encompasses 
terms or equipment such as ``ice-cream hardening'' or ``ice-cream 
holding.'' 87 FR 39164, 39168-39169. DOE notes that if a commercial 
freezer does not meet the requirements of an ice-cream freezer, then 
the commercial freezer would be a low-temperature freezer, according to 
the definition as proposed in the June 2022 NOPR. 87 FR 39164, 39170. 
Commercial freezers that are not ice-cream freezers (i.e., low-
temperature freezers) are currently tested at 0 [deg]F (2 
[deg]F). As discussed in the June 2022 NOPR, the definition of ``ice-
cream freezer'' will not require a more restrictive operating 
temperature range until the compliance date(s) of any amended energy 
conservation standard(s) for ice-cream freezers. 87 FR 39164, 39170.
    In response to Hillphoenix's comment, as stated in the June 2022 
NOPR, DOE is not amending the commercial freezer target IATs for 
testing, which is consistent with AHRI 1200-2023. 87 FR 39164, 39170. 
As stated in the June 2022 NOPR, DOE recognizes that the reference to 
``ice-cream'' in the definition of ``ice-cream freezer'' does not 
itself distinguish this equipment from other commercial freezers, and 
that the additional descriptors specified in the definition (i.e., 
designed to operate at or below -5 [deg]F) together classify a unit as 
an ice-cream freezer. 87 FR 39164, 39169. Therefore, a commercial 
freezer that is not designed for an operating temperature at or below -
5.0 [deg]F, or -13.0 [deg]F upon the compliance date(s) of any amended 
energy conservation standard(s) for ice-cream freezers, and that the 
manufacturer designs, markets, or intends specifically for the storing, 
displaying, or dispensing of ice cream or other frozen desserts would 
meet the definition of a low-temperature freezer.
    In response to NEEA's comment, DOE states the CRE that currently 
meet the definition of ``ice-cream freezer'' but that would only meet 
the definition of ``low-temperature freezer'' upon the compliance 
date(s) of any amended energy conservation standard(s) for ice-cream 
freezers, are likely similar, if not identical, to certain equipment 
that currently meet the definition of ``low-temperature freezer.''
    In response to True's comment, DOE recognizes that the definitions 
and categories do not necessarily match those included in the NSF 7 
standard, but DOE is establishing definitions for the purposes of the 
DOE test procedure. To the extent that different equipment categories 
require different components due to different operating temperatures, 
DOE would consider the corresponding energy use impacts as part of the 
energy conservation standards rulemaking.
    Therefore, as described, DOE is amending the definition of ``ice-
cream freezer'' as follows:
    Ice-cream freezer means:
    (1) Prior to the compliance date(s) of any amended energy 
conservation standard(s) for ice-cream freezers, a commercial freezer 
that is capable of an operating temperature at or below -5.0 [deg]F and 
that the manufacturer designs, markets, or intends specifically for the 
storing, displaying, or dispensing of ice cream or other frozen 
desserts; or
    (2) Upon the compliance date(s) of any amended energy conservation 
standard(s) for ice-cream freezers, a commercial freezer that is 
capable of an operating temperature at or below -13.0 [deg]F and that 
the manufacturer designs, markets, or intends specifically for the 
storing, displaying, or dispensing of ice cream or other frozen 
desserts.
    DOE is establishing the definition of ``low-temperature freezer'' 
as proposed in the June 2022 NOPR in this final rule:
    Low-temperature freezer means a commercial freezer that is not an 
ice-cream freezer.
2. High-Temperature CRE
    DOE defines ``commercial refrigerator'' as a unit of commercial 
refrigeration equipment in which all refrigerated compartments in the 
unit are capable of operating at or above 32 [deg]F (2 
[deg]F). 10 CFR 431.62.
    Section 2.1 of appendix B requires testing commercial refrigerators 
to an IAT of 38 [deg]F 2 [deg]F. DOE is aware of equipment 
that meets the definition of a commercial refrigerator but is capable 
of operating only at temperatures above the 38 [deg]F 2 
[deg]F IAT required for testing. Examples of these types of equipment

[[Page 66160]]

include CRE designed for storing or displaying chocolate and/or wine, 
with typical recommended storage temperatures around 55 [deg]F. 
Consistent with the current test procedure, manufacturers certify such 
equipment using the LAPT setting. LAPT can vary by model, so this 
approach, which does not rely on a uniform operating temperature, can 
result in measured energy consumptions that are not necessarily 
comparable between models. Currently, 145 models of single-compartment 
commercial refrigerators are certified to DOE with an LAPT above 40.0 
[deg]F.\7\ Categorizing these commercial refrigerators in a separate 
high-temperature refrigerator category would allow DOE to consider test 
procedures for this equipment that may better represent actual use.
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

    \7\ Based on review of DOE's Compliance Certification Database, 
available at www.regulations.doe.gov/certification-data (last 
accessed February 23, 2023).
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

    To allow for differentiating typical commercial refrigerators from 
commercial refrigerators that operate only at higher temperatures, DOE 
proposed in the June 2022 NOPR to define ``high-temperature 
refrigerator'' as a commercial refrigerator that is not capable of 
operating with an integrated average temperature as low as 38.0 [deg]F 
(2.0 [deg]F). 87 FR 39164, 39171.
    DOE stated in the June 2022 NOPR that it recognized certain 
commercial refrigerators may be capable of operating with an IAT of 
38.0 [deg]F (2.0 [deg]F) but are intended for use at higher 
storage temperatures. Id. However, DOE proposed to define ``high-
temperature refrigerator'' based on operating capability rather than 
intended use to ensure consistent application of DOE's definitions and 
to ensure that CRE currently tested and rated with an IAT of 38.0 
[deg]F (2.0 [deg]F) would continue to be categorized, 
tested, and rated at that operating condition. Id.
    To clarify the classification of commercial refrigerators overall, 
DOE also proposed in the June 2022 NOPR to define the term ``medium-
temperature refrigerator'' to refer to commercial refrigerators capable 
of operating with an IAT of 38.0 [deg]F (2.0 [deg]F) or 
lower. Id.
    DOE also proposed to require testing high-temperature refrigerators 
according to AHRI 1200-2023, which requires an IAT of 55 [deg]F 2.0 [deg]F. Id. Under the June 2022 NOPR approach, a commercial 
refrigerator would be tested and rated as either a medium-temperature 
refrigerator (if capable of operating with an IAT of 38.0 [deg]F 
(2.0 [deg]F)) or as a high-temperature refrigerator (if not 
capable of operating with an IAT as low as 38.0 [deg]F (2.0 
[deg]F)). Id.
    In the June 2022 NOPR, DOE recognized that certain commercial 
refrigerators may be capable of operating at IATs of both 38 [deg]F 
(2.0 [deg]F) and 55 [deg]F (2.0 [deg]F). Id. In 
the April 2014 Final Rule, DOE stated that CRE capable of operating at 
IATs that span multiple equipment categories must be certified and 
comply with DOE's regulations for each applicable equipment category. 
79 FR 22277, 22291. The definition of ``high-temperature 
refrigerator,'' as proposed in the June 2022 NOPR, would exclude CRE 
capable of operating at medium temperatures (i.e., an IAT of 38 
[deg]F), and therefore would exclude models capable of operating at 
both IATs. 87 FR 39164, 39171. Thus, as proposed in the June 2022 NOPR, 
a unit of CRE capable of operating at both IATs of 38 [deg]F and 55 
[deg]F would only meet the definition of a medium-temperature 
refrigerator. Id.
    As an alternative to the definition proposed in the June 2022 NOPR, 
DOE stated that it could instead define ``high-temperature 
refrigerator'' based only on the capability of a commercial 
refrigerator to operate at an IAT of 55 [deg]F (2.0 
[deg]F). 87 FR 39164, 39171. Under this alternate approach, a unit of 
CRE capable of operating at IATs of both 38 [deg]F and 55 [deg]F would 
meet the definitions of both a medium-temperature refrigerator and a 
high-temperature refrigerator. Id.
    In the June 2022 NOPR, DOE requested comment on the proposed 
definitions for ``high-temperature refrigerator'' and ``medium-
temperature refrigerator,'' including whether the terms should be 
mutually exclusive or constructed such that equipment could be 
considered to meet both definitions. 87 FR 39164, 39171.
    The Joint Commenters supported DOE's proposed changes regarding the 
establishment of a definition and uniform test procedure for high-
temperature refrigerators. (Joint Commenters, No. 31, p. 1) The Joint 
Commenters expressed support for DOE's proposed definition and test 
procedure for high-temperature CRE, particularly basing the distinction 
between medium and high temperature on operating ability rather than 
intended use, as this will ensure consistent application of DOE's 
definitions and test procedures. (Joint Commenters, No. 31, p. 2)
    NEEA commented that it supports the new definitions DOE proposed 
for high-temperature CRE, stating that these equipment types have 
unique applications compared to other CRE, and these definitions 
allowed consideration (potential standards), categorization (equipment 
classes), and testing of this equipment separate from other CRE. (NEEA, 
No. 39, p. 2). NEEA also stated its support for DOE's proposal to 
establish test procedures for new and/or newly defined categories of 
CRE, and restated its recommendation from the 2021 CRE Test Procedure 
RFI that DOE establish test methods for new CRE product types, 
including high-temperature CRE. (NEEA, No. 39, p. 2)
    Hussmann commented that it favors the proposed mutually exclusive 
definitions of ``high-temperature refrigerator'' and ``medium-
temperature refrigerator.'' (Hussmann, No. 32, p. 2). Hussmann 
commented in favor of rating only at medium temperature if the CRE are 
capable of operating at both high and medium temperatures. (Hussmann, 
No. 32, p. 3) In the August 2022 public meeting, Hussmann commented 
that there are specialty applications that run in between the low-
temperature and medium-temperature rating points. (Public Meeting 
Transcript, No. 41, p. 18) Hussmann added that a unit may run between 8 
[deg]F and 10 [deg]F as the current LAPT for that product. Id. Hussmann 
noted that these products won't run at 0 [deg]F, and they don't run at 
32 [deg]F, and that is something for DOE to consider. Id.
    Hillphoenix agreed with the proposed definitions of ``high-
temperature refrigerator'' including the IAT of 55 [deg]F 2 
[deg]F, and ``medium-temperature refrigerator'' including the IAT of 38 
[deg]F 2 [deg]F. (Hillphoenix, No. 35, p. 1). Hillphoenix 
commented that the proposed separate designation for ``medium-
temperature refrigerator'' is not needed and could introduce confusion, 
and it recommended DOE amend the definitions of ``commercial freezer'' 
and ``commercial refrigerator'' in which high- and medium-temperature 
refrigerators are already addressed. Id. Hillphoenix suggested, as an 
alternative, that ``commercial freezer'' and ``commercial 
refrigerator'' could be replaced by the terms ``medium-temperature 
refrigerator'' and ``low-temperature freezer.'' Id. Hillphoenix also 
agreed with DOE that a single CRE unit capable of operating in both 
high- and medium-temperature categories should only be required to meet 
the 38 [deg]F 2 [deg]F IAT. Id.
    AHRI commented that DOE should consider using existing product 
designations and existing labelling as found in ANSI/NSF 7-2019 for 
``high-temperature refrigerators.'' (AHRI, No. 38, p. 3). AHRI stated 
that to meet applicable sanitation requirements, self-contained storage 
refrigerators must be capable of maintaining an air

[[Page 66161]]

temperature of 40 [deg]F in 100 [deg]F ambient temperature (AHRI stated 
a presumption that such products should be able to maintain IAT of 38 
[deg]F for the DOE energy test). Id. AHRI commented that two equipment 
types represent refrigerators that meet applicable sanitation 
requirements for high-temperature applications: (1) beverage coolers 
are exempt from temperature test requirements if they bear a 
permanently attached label reading, ``This equipment is intended for 
the storage and display of non-potentially hazardous bottled or canned 
products only''; and (2) self-contained display refrigerators are 
exempt from temperature performance testing if they bear a label 
reading, ``This display refrigerator is not for the display of 
potentially hazardous foods.'' Id. AHRI commented that there is no need 
for the proposed separate designation for ``medium-temperature 
refrigerator'' since such products would already be covered under the 
current definition of ``refrigerator'' if they do not fall under the 
proposed sub-classification of ``high-temperature refrigerator.'' Id. 
AHRI stated that this approach would be consistent with the proposed 
new definition of ``low-temperature freezer'' because a category for 
``medium-temperature freezer'' has not been suggested. Id.
    Continental commented that the term ``commercial refrigerator'' 
should be retained to encompass all CRE capable of operating at or 
above 32 [deg]F and that the proposed additional definition of 
``medium-temperature refrigerator'' for CRE at or below 38 [deg]F down 
to 32 [deg]F is unnecessary and may introduce confusion. (Continental, 
No. 29, p. 2) Continental also commented that the ANSI/NSF 7-2019 
sanitation standard for commercial refrigerators and freezers requires 
that self-contained storage refrigerators must be tested and proven to 
maintain an air temperature of 40 [deg]F in 100 [deg]F ambient, and 
capable of maintaining product simulator IAT of 38 [deg]F in 75 [deg]F 
ambient, as prescribed by ASHRAE 72-2022. Id. Continental stated no 
objection to DOE's proposed definition of the term ``high-temperature 
refrigerator'' as a commercial refrigerator that is not capable of 
operating with an IAT as low as 38 [deg]F in 75 [deg]F ambient, but it 
added that DOE should reference existing labelling prescribed in ANSI/
NSF 7-2019 to identify ``high-temperature refrigerators'' that meet 
required sanitation requirements but are not required to meet 
temperature testing requirements. Id. Continental stated its awareness 
that equipment identified with the current NSF labels of beverage 
cooler and self-contained display refrigerator would be the only 
commercial refrigerators meeting applicable sanitation standards 
without being required to maintain specified temperatures that align 
with product simulator IAT of 38 [deg]F. Id.
    True commented that any unit unable to store food products at a 
temperature of 38.0 [deg]F (2.0 [deg]F) is not a commercial 
refrigerator and as a result, the term ``high-temperature 
refrigerator'' could be construed as misleading. (True, No. 28, p. 4) 
True noted that the proposed terms ``high-temperature refrigerator'' 
and ``medium-temperature refrigerator'' are seen in the new AHRI-1200 
standard, which is not yet public. Id. True commented that commercial 
refrigerators must comply with NSF-7, and for a storage refrigerator, 
test per NSF-7 such that they cannot exceed 40 [deg]F at any point. 
(True, Public Meeting Transcript, No. 41, p. 15). True commented that 
the NSF-7 temperature ranges should be considered for the applicable 
equipment, noting that high-temperature refrigerators are not covered 
under any health and safety standards. Id. True further commented that 
for chocolate, wine, and flower storage applications, refrigerated 
units unable to meet the 38.0 [deg]F (2.0 [deg]F) 
requirement should be labeled as ``commercial display refrigerators for 
non-hazardous (food) applications,'' and added that True units are all 
capable of operating from 32.0 [deg]F to 55 [deg]F, with control 
settings changed for higher-temperature applications. (True, No. 28, p. 
4).
    In response to Hussmann's comment, AHRI 1200-2023 maintains the 
existing rating points for Medium Temperature Applications and Low 
Temperature Applications (i.e., 38 [deg]F 2.0 [deg]F for 
medium-temperature applications and 0.0 [deg]F 2.0 [deg]F 
for low-temperature applications) in section 4.1.1, ``Integrated 
Average Temperature.'' Consistent with AHRI 1200-2023, DOE is not 
amending the medium-temperature refrigerator or low-temperature freezer 
target IATs for testing. To the extent that a model may not be able to 
maintain the target IATs for testing, the LAPT provisions would 
continue to apply, as discussed in section III.K of this document.
    In response to Hillphoenix's, AHRI's, Continental's, and True's 
comments, the definitions for ``medium-temperature refrigerator'' and 
``low-temperature freezer,'' as proposed in the June 2022 NOPR, 
indicate they are subsets of the definitions for ``commercial 
refrigerator'' and ``commercial freezer,'' respectively. DOE is 
establishing the separate definitions to ensure clarity of when certain 
provisions apply specifically to either medium-temperature 
refrigerators or low-temperature freezers rather than the broader 
categories of commercial refrigerators or commercial freezers.
    Consistent with the comments discussed in section III.A.1.b 
regarding ``operating temperature'' and temperature tolerances, DOE is 
amending the definitions of ``high-temperature refrigerator'' and 
``medium-temperature refrigerator'' to specifically include the 
definition for ``operating temperature'' and to replace the temperature 
tolerances with the upper bound of the medium-temperature refrigerator 
IAT test condition tolerance which is consistent with DOE's intentions 
of these definitions in the June 2022 NOPR.
    Therefore, as described, DOE is amending the definitions of ``high-
temperature refrigerator'' and ``medium-temperature refrigerator'' as 
follows:
    High-temperature refrigerator means a commercial refrigerator that 
is not capable of an operating temperature at or below 40.0 [deg]F.
    Medium-temperature refrigerator means a commercial refrigerator 
that is capable of an operating temperature at or below 40.0 [deg]F.
    DOE discusses test requirements for this equipment in section 
III.B.1.b of this document.
3. Convertible Equipment
    In the April 2014 Final Rule, DOE noted that some basic models of 
CRE may have operating characteristics that include an operating 
temperature range that spans multiple equipment classes, and 
subsequently required that self-contained equipment or remote 
condensing equipment with thermostats capable of operating at IATs that 
span multiple equipment categories be certified and comply with DOE's 
regulations for each applicable equipment category. 79 FR 22277, 22291. 
Similarly, DOE adopted requirements for remote condensing equipment 
without thermostats that specify that if a given basic model of CRE is 
marketed, designed, or intended to operate at IATs spanning multiple 
equipment categories, the CRE basic model must be certified and comply 
with the relevant energy conservation standards for all applicable 
equipment categories. Id.
    In the June 2022 NOPR, DOE proposed to specify in 10 CFR 429.42 the 
requirements from the April 2014 Final Rule that require basic models 
of CRE that operate in multiple equipment classes to certify and comply 
with the

[[Page 66162]]

energy conservation standards for each applicable equipment class. 87 
FR 39164, 39171. This proposal is consistent with the notice of 
petition for a test procedure waiver that DOE published on May 26, 
2017, for AHT Cooling Systems GmbH and AHT Cooling Systems USA Inc. 
(``AHT'') in which DOE declined to grant AHT an interim waiver that 
would allow for testing only in the ice-cream freezer equipment class 
for AHT's specified multi-mode CRE basic models. 82 FR 24330.
    In the June 2022 NOPR, DOE requested comment on the proposal to 
specify the requirements from the April 2014 Final Rule regarding basic 
models of CRE that operate in multiple equipment classes. 87 FR 39164, 
39171.
    AHRI recommended that because the phrase ``capable of operating 
at'' was included for marketing purposes and not technical capability, 
DOE should consider removing that phrase as unnecessary in the 
following 2014 Final Rule language: ``CRE with thermostats capable of 
operating at integrated average temperatures (``IATs'') that span 
multiple equipment categories must be certified and comply with DOE's 
regulations for each applicable equipment category.'' (AHRI, No. 38, p. 
4) AHRI used the same reasoning to further recommend that DOE remove 
the word ``or'' from the following language: ``. . . remote condensing 
equipment without a thermostat that is marketed, designed, or intended 
to operate at IATs spanning multiple equipment categories must be 
certified and comply with the relevant energy conservation standards 
for all applicable equipment categories.'' \8\ Id.
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

    \8\ 79 FR 22277, 22291.
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

    Hussmann recommended removing the phrase ``capable of operating 
at'' from the following 2014 Final Rule sentence: ``CRE with 
thermostats capable of operating at integrated average temperatures 
(``IATs'') that span multiple equipment categories must be certified 
and comply with DOE's regulations for each applicable equipment 
category.'' (Hussmann, No. 32, p. 2).
    AHT commented that it is overly burdensome to test and certify very 
efficient closed equipment in all three temperature classes when it is 
capable of operating in all three classes, and that only the most 
energy-consuming temperature class should be used for testing and 
certifying, as in Europe. (AHT, No. 40, p. 1)
    True commented that when designing a unit for multiple temperature 
ratings, the systems will not be as energy efficient at the higher 
operating temperature rating, compared to a system designed 
specifically for the higher temperature rating. (True, No. 28, p. 2) 
True stated that, in one example, a unit passes ENERGY STAR[supreg] 5.0 
requirements as a storage freezer (0 [deg]F 2 [deg]F) but, 
when tested as a storage refrigerator (38 [deg]F 2 [deg]F), 
will consume about twice the energy of a unit specifically designed to 
operate only as a storage refrigerator, due mostly to the excess 
capacity of the compressor and refrigeration system required to operate 
the unit at the lower temperature application. Id.
    Hillphoenix disagreed with the proposal to specify the requirements 
stated in the 2014 Final Rule and recommended that basic models of CRE 
that operate in multiple equipment classes should only be required to 
meet the coldest application for a CRE product, which would be less 
burdensome on manufacturers. (Hillphoenix, No. 35, p. 2)
    In response to AHRI's and Hussmann's comments, DOE notes the phrase 
``capable of operating at'' does refer to technical capability and is 
consistent with phrasing in current DOE definitions (e.g., commercial 
refrigerator and commercial freezer). Therefore, DOE is maintaining 
this phrase in this document.
    In response to AHRI's comment, DOE notes that the word ``or'' is 
necessary for the construction of the sentence that contains the 
requirements for remote condensing equipment without a thermostat and 
is therefore maintaining the word ``or'' in this document.
    In response to AHT's, True's, and Hillphoenix's comments, DOE notes 
that the definitions discussed in sections III.A.1 and III.A.2 would 
only require CRE including an operating temperature range that spans 
multiple equipment classes to certify in a maximum of two equipment 
classes (i.e., ice-cream freezer and medium-temperature refrigerator, 
ice-cream freezer and high-temperature refrigerator, low-temperature 
freezer and medium-temperature refrigerator, or low-temperature freezer 
and high-temperature refrigerator). Testing to the coldest applicable 
temperature would be expected to result in the highest energy 
consumption, but does not necessarily ensure that a model would meet 
the energy conservation standards for multiple applicable equipment 
classes at different operating temperatures.
    As proposed in the June 2022 NOPR, DOE is specifying in 10 CFR 
429.42 the requirements from the April 2014 Final Rule that basic 
models of CRE that operate in multiple equipment classes must be 
certified and comply with the energy conservation standards for each 
applicable equipment class.

B. Updates to Industry Standards

    DOE's test procedure for CRE currently adopts through reference 
certain provisions of AHRI 1200-2010, ASHRAE 72-2005, and AHAM HRF-1-
2008. 10 CFR 431.63. With regard to the provisions relevant to the DOE 
test procedure, AHRI 1200-2010 references certain provisions of ASHRAE 
72-2005 and AHAM HRF-1-2008.
    Since establishing the DOE test procedure in appendix B, AHRI, 
ASHRAE, and AHAM have published updated versions of the referenced test 
standards. On October 1, 2013, ANSI approved an updated version of AHRI 
1200, ANSI/AHRI Standard 1200 (I-P), ``2013 Standard for Performance 
Rating of Commercial Refrigerated Display Merchandisers and Storage 
Cabinets'' (``AHRI 1200-2013''). On April 12, 2023, AHRI issued an 
updated version of AHRI 1200 (``AHRI 1200-2023''). On August 1, 2018, 
ANSI approved an updated version of ASHRAE 72, ANSI/ASHRAE Standard 72-
2018, ``Method of Testing Open and Closed Commercial Refrigerators and 
Freezers'' (``ASHRAE 72-2018''). On June 30, 2022, ANSI approved an 
updated version of ASHRAE 72, ANSI/ASHRAE Standard 72-2022, ``Method of 
Testing Open and Closed Commercial Refrigerators and Freezers'' 
(``ASHRAE 72-2022''). On November 11, 2022, Errata Sheet for ANSI/
ASHRAE Standard 72-2022, ``Method of Testing Open and Closed Commercial 
Refrigerators and Freezers'' was published (``ASHRAE 72-2022 with 
Errata''). AHAM more recently approved and published an updated version 
of its industry test standard, AHAM HRF-1-2019, ``Energy and Internal 
Volume of Refrigerating Appliances'' (``AHAM HRF-1-2019''). DOE 
initially determined in the June 2022 NOPR that the changes within AHRI 
1200-2013, ASHRAE 72-2018, and AHAM HRF-1-2019 are editorial, improve 
clarity, better harmonize with the DOE test procedure, or not relevant 
to CRE (e.g., relevant to products such as consumer refrigerators). 87 
FR 39164, 39171. Based on DOE's assessment, the changes in the latest 
versions of the industry test standards, AHRI 1200-2023 and ASHRAE 72-
2022 with Errata, will not impact the measured energy consumption, 
volume, or TDA of CRE, as applicable.
    DOE discusses AHRI 1200-2023 and ASHRAE 72-2022 with Errata in 
sections III.B.1 and III.B.2 of this document.

[[Page 66163]]

    In response to the June 2022 NOPR, AHRI, Zero Zone, and NAFEM 
recommended that DOE use the referenced standards as intended. (AHRI, 
No. 38, p. 1; Zero Zone, No. 37, p. 1; NAFEM, No. 34, p. 1) AHRI 
cautioned DOE that combining test standards was unnecessary and 
inadvisable, and recommended that DOE regulate the issues in the test 
procedure under a singular standard. Id. AHRI stated concern that the 
data set used here did not provide clarity as to whether the testing is 
indicative of energy efficiency. Id. AHRI recommended that DOE wait to 
update certain regulations until clearer test standards had been 
determined through consensus by manufacturers and third parties. Id. 
AHRI also noted that ENERGY STAR was not ready to employ certain 
referenced standards, raising concerns that DOE was prematurely 
adopting these requirements. Id.
    Zero Zone recommended that DOE wait for the updated standard 
whenever possible and that under current rules, DOE has been able to 
call out a standard that was nearly revised (ASHRAE 72 and AHRI 1200). 
(Zero Zone, No. 37, p. 1). Zero Zone commented that possibly DOE could 
follow this process for other standards as well, and that when this was 
not possible, Zero Zone asked DOE to request that standards development 
groups immediately focus on areas of DOE concern to allow for industry 
input and consensus building and allow DOE to have improve information 
in the standard. Id.
    NAMA recommended that DOE use the referenced standards as intended 
and cautioned DOE that combining test standards was unnecessary and 
inadvisable and recommended that DOE regulate the issues in the test 
procedure under a singular standard. (NAFEM, No. 34, p. 2) NAMA stated 
concern that the test procedures mentioned in many of these items did 
not clarify which standard was to be used for which measurement. Id. 
NAMA commented that referencing multiple standards could be a problem 
when one standard was updated before the other, and, in general, NAMA 
recommended that referencing one standard would be preferred unless DOE 
specified which sections in the standards were being required. Id. NAMA 
commented that many sections in the ASTM, ASHRAE, and AHRI standards 
were written to measure the performance of the product, not just the 
energy measurement and DOE therefore needed to identify the standards 
sections carefully so as to not move DOE into writing performance test 
methods. Id. NAMA commented it would be willing to support such 
activities in joint discussions on the sections to ensure that the 
measurement of energy for NAMA-covered products was accurate. Id.
    Hussmann commented that combining test standards was not a typical 
practice and recommended that DOE regulate the issues in the CRE TP 
NOPR under a single, universally accepted established standard. 
(Hussmann, No. 32, p. 1). Hussmann expressed concern that the data 
acquired during a hybrid standard approach would not yield 
representative results of intended product use by already established 
means throughout the industry. Id. Hussmann recommended that DOE work 
with the appropriate standards committees to update regulations until 
the standards have been established, determined to yield consistent 
results, and are representative of typical manufactured products. Id.
    True commented that it uses NSF/ANSI 7-2021 as the performance 
standard for commercial food service equipment, in addition to UL 471 
(``Standard for Commercial Refrigerators and Freezers,'' soon to be 
replaced by UL CSA 60335-2-89, by October 2024), and ASHRAE 72-2005 for 
energy consumption reporting to DOE, Natural Resources Canada 
(``NRCAN''), CEC, and ENERGY STAR. (True, No. 28, p. 1) True listed 
four current NSF 7 performance tests that must be complied with to 
certify that its equipment meets the NSF 7 food safety requirements for 
temperature testing (performance), construction, and materials used. 
Id. True commented that AHRI-1200 is not considered to be the standard 
used for all commercial refrigeration, and that AHRI standards and 
guidelines do not address food safety temperatures or food sanitation 
concerns and requirements, making AHRI standards and guidelines 
inappropriate for commercial food service refrigeration equipment. Id.
    DOE has evaluated existing industry standards, and where 
applicable, is incorporating by reference the industry standard into 
the relevant appendix. DOE considers incorporating by reference an 
industry standard as a standalone reference whenever possible. DOE has 
identified certain areas in which provisions of industry standards 
require additional specifications or are inconsistent with the existing 
regulatory test method. To clarify the applicability of provisions from 
standards that are incorporated by reference, DOE occasionally may need 
to supplement an industry standard with additional clarifications. For 
CRE, instead of duplicating requirements necessary to improve clarify 
of the test procedure into the regulatory text, DOE is referring to 
provisions in other industry standards that provide the necessary 
clarifications. This leads to DOE referencing specific provisions from 
multiple different industry standards. DOE specifically refers to 
individual sections of industry standards as appropriate to ensure only 
relevant provisions are incorporated in the regulatory test method such 
that the test method is not unduly burdensome to conduct and is 
reasonably designed to produce test results that reflect energy use 
during a representative average use cycle.
    DOE recognizes the value of industry standards setting processes 
and regularly participates in committees that develop and review 
industry standards. DOE has statutory timelines for test procedure 
rulemakings that require DOE to determine whether amendments to test 
procedures are necessary to carry out the requirements of EPCA at least 
once every 7 years. (42 U.S.C. 6314(a)(1)) DOE has evaluated industry 
standards applicable to CRE that are both available now and under 
development as it conducts the rulemaking activity to consider whether 
the CRE test method requires amendment. DOE will continue to 
participate in industry committees and will consider future industry 
standards in future test procedure rulemakings.
    DOE and EPA coordinate their product and equipment efficiency 
programs to harmonize test requirements when possible and appropriate. 
While EPA did not adopt test methods for additional categories of CRE 
during its last revision of the ENERGY STAR specification, DOE has 
evaluated test procedures for these categories and determined that the 
procedures adopted in this rule produce test results which reflect 
energy use during a representative average use cycle, and are not 
unduly burdensome to conduct. To the extent that EPA revises its 
specification to include these new categories of CRE into the ENERGY 
STAR program, DOE will coordinate with EPA to harmonize requirements 
when appropriate.
    In response to True's comment, DOE has evaluated existing industry 
test procedures for the use as the basis of the DOE test procedure for 
energy consumption. DOE recognizes that the industry test procedures 
serve different purposes, including for food safety. DOE discusses the 
individual industry test procedures considered and incorporated by 
reference in the following sub-sections, section III.C, and section 
III.D of this document.

[[Page 66164]]

1. AHRI 1200
    The revisions included in AHRI 1200-2023 are largely to provide 
editorial, clarifying, or harmonizing updates that will not impact the 
measured energy consumption, volume, or TDA of CRE as compared to the 
current test procedure. Specifically, AHRI 1200-2023 includes the 
following updates: definitions intended to harmonize with ASHRAE 72-
2022 and DOE's existing regulations; updated definitions for 
consistency with the use of the rating standard; removal of test 
requirements that were duplicative with ASHRAE 72-2022; clarified 
measurement requirements and the use of calculations; inclusion of 
direct refrigerated volume measurement instructions (rather than 
referencing the AHAM test standard); and detailed total display area 
requirements and examples.
    DOE proposed in the June 2022 NOPR to incorporate by reference AHRI 
1200-202X for use in the DOE test procedure because DOE tentatively 
determined that the updates compared to AHRI 1200-2013 would improve 
the clarity of the test standard, ensure consistent testing, and as a 
result would improve reproducibility of the test procedure. 87 FR 
39164, 39172. AHRI 1200-202X includes procedures for measuring 
refrigerated volume rather than referring to the AHAM standard 
(although the procedures are consistent between these standards). Id. 
Therefore, DOE proposed in the NOPR to remove the incorporation by 
reference of AHAM HRF-1-2008 and instead refer to AHRI 1200-202X 
directly for refrigerated volume measurement. Id. Based on DOE's review 
of AHRI 1200-2023, the updates included in the standard are primarily 
editorial and are not expected to change test results as compared to 
the existing test procedure, except for the specific updates as 
discussed in the following paragraphs. Therefore, DOE has determined in 
this document that any existing test data for CRE currently available 
on the market is expected to be consistent with the amended test 
procedure.
    In the June 2022 NOPR, DOE requested comment on the proposal to 
incorporate by reference AHRI 1200-202X and whether the use of the 
updated test method would impact CRE ratings based on the current DOE 
test procedure. 87 FR 39164, 39173.
    AHRI commented that it supports DOE's proposal to incorporate by 
reference AHRI 1200-202X, noting that select AHRI members consistently 
test and rate remote condensing CRE using high-glide refrigerants. 
(AHRI, No. 38, p. 4) AHRI commented that refrigerants 407, 448A, and 
449A are considered ``high glide'' under the new definition in AHRI 
1200-202X and that the updated test method is the most accurate way to 
determine the rated energy consumption, resulting in similar rated 
numbers to previous non-high-glide refrigerants like R-404A. Id. AHRI 
further noted that the current AHRI 1200-202X standard does not include 
testing requirements for CO2 (i.e., R-744), so this 
refrigerant would require DOE waivers for future use. Id.
    Continental supported DOE's proposal to incorporate by reference 
the most recent versions of applicable industry standards, including 
AHRI 1200-202X. (Continental, No. 29, p. 3) Continental added that use 
of the latest standards should not be required until the compliance 
date of any new energy conservation standards established, based on the 
proposed rating standards, to allow time for stakeholders to thoroughly 
evaluate any impact on energy consumption. Id.
    Hillphoenix commented that it agreed with the proposal to 
incorporate AHRI 1200-202X by reference, as no significant impacts to 
CRE ratings could be foreseen. (Hillphoenix, No. 35, p. 2)
    Hussmann commented that it favors the proposal to incorporate by 
reference AHRI 1200-202X. (Hussmann, No. 32, p. 2)
    True commented that it opposes removing the AHAM HRF-1-2008 
standard and referencing AHRI 1200-202X in future DOE test procedures, 
as revisions to AHRI 1200 are in draft form and have not been publicly 
reviewed. (True, No. 28, p. 5). True recommended that the NSF/ANSI-2021 
standard be added to this list because AHRI 1200 only references self-
contained commercial refrigeration sporadically and does not 
specifically address the issues of self-contained refrigeration. Id. In 
the August 2022 public meeting, True commented that AHRI-1200 does not 
apply to all commercial refrigeration but does apply to display 
refrigeration. (Public Meeting Transcript, No. 41, p. 16) True added 
that it believes DOE is bringing in two different standards used in two 
different applications, additionally stating that AHRI-1200 does not 
address any food health/safety issues. Id. Hussmann agreed with True's 
comment, and added that it thinks DOE needs to make a distinction and 
understand that AHRI-1200 is typically a rating point and does not 
necessarily align with NSF 7. (Public Meeting Transcript, No. 41, p. 
17)
    AHRI 1200-2023 had two public review periods prior to publication. 
DOE has reviewed the updates to AHRI 1200-2023 and determined that the 
updates will not impact the measured volume of CRE as compared to the 
existing DOE test procedure (which currently references HRF-1-2008 
\9\).
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

    \9\ Section 3.1 of Appendix B to Subpart C of 10 CFR part 431.
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

    DOE acknowledges that NSF 7 is a performance standard applicable to 
multiple CRE categories; however this standard addresses food safety 
and sanitation performance. DOE test procedures must produce test 
results which reflect energy use during a representative average use 
cycle, and not be unduly burdensome to conduct as required by EPCA. DOE 
has evaluated NSF 7, other available industry test standards, and 
industry standards under development when considering test procedures 
for these equipment categories as discussed in this document. DOE also 
notes that the current \10\ and amended \11\ test procedures allow for 
optional testing at NSF test conditions for commercial refrigeration 
equipment that are also tested in accordance with NSF test procedures 
(Type I and Type II) (i.e., integrated average temperatures and ambient 
conditions used for NSF testing may be used in place of the DOE-
prescribed integrated average temperatures and ambient conditions 
provided they result in a more stringent test).
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

    \10\ Section 2.3 of Appendix B to Subpart C of 10 CFR part 431.
    \11\ Section 2.3 of Appendix B to Subpart C of 10 CFR part 431.
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

    In the June 2022 NOPR, DOE proposed alternate refrigerant 
conditions to be used for testing remote CRE with CO2 
refrigerant. 87 FR 39164, 39210. See section III.G of this document for 
a discussion of remote CRE with CO2 refrigerant (i.e., R-
744).
    Based on the June 2022 NOPR and comments received in response, DOE 
is finalizing its proposal to incorporate by reference AHRI 1200-2023.
    In addition to the clarifying revisions that would not 
substantively change testing as compared to the current approach using 
the DOE test procedure and AHRI 1200-2010, AHRI 1200-2023 also includes 
two substantive additions: addressing the use of high glide 
refrigerants and providing an additional temperature rating point for 
``high-temperature'' applications. DOE proposed in the June 2022 NOPR 
to adopt these provisions in its test procedure, as discussed in the 
following sections. 87 FR 39164, 39172. Additionally, DOE identified 
updates in AHRI 1200-2023 as compared to AHRI 1200-202X discussed in 
the following

[[Page 66165]]

sections regarding chef bases, certain definitions, and night curtains.
a. High Glide Refrigerants
    For remote condensing CRE, AHRI 1200 provides calculations to 
estimate the compressor energy consumption necessary to provide the 
cooling to the refrigerator or freezer. These calculations are based on 
the dew point of the refrigerant during testing, which is intended to 
be representative of the evaporator temperature. See Table 1 and 
section 5.2.1 of AHRI 1200-2013 and Table 1 and section 5.1.2 of AHRI 
1200-2023.
    For certain refrigerants, the saturated vapor temperature (i.e., 
the dew point) can be different from the saturated liquid temperature 
at a given pressure, in which case the refrigerant is considered to 
have ``glide.'' AHRI 1200-2023 includes a definition for ``high glide 
refrigerant'' as a zeotropic refrigerant blend whose temperature glide 
is greater than 2 [deg]F. ASHRAE defines ``glide'' as the absolute 
value of the difference between the starting and ending temperatures of 
a phase-change process by a refrigerant within a component of a 
refrigerating system, exclusive of any subcooling or superheating. This 
term usually describes condensation or evaporation of a zeotrope.\12\
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

    \12\ See ASHRAE's glossary of defined terms at xp20.ashrae.org/terminology/.
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

    For high glide refrigerants, the refrigerant dew point is not 
necessarily representative of the overall evaporator temperature. AHRI 
1200-2023 specifies that for high glide refrigerants, the temperature 
used to calculate compressor energy consumption is based on an adjusted 
mid-point evaporator temperature rather than an adjusted dew point 
temperature.
    Because the evaporator provides cooling to the CRE over the entire 
heat exchanger surface, using the evaporator mid-point temperature 
would ensure that the temperature used to calculate compressor energy 
consumption is more representative of the overall evaporator 
temperature. DOE determined in the June 2022 NOPR that the AHRI 1200-
202X approach of using the evaporator mid-point temperature rather than 
refrigerant dew point is more representative of actual remote 
condensing CRE use for which the equipment uses high glide refrigerants 
and would improve consistency of remote testing using different 
refrigerants. 87 FR 39164, 29172. Additionally, this approach would 
improve consistency when testing a given remote condensing CRE model 
with either high glide or low glide refrigerants by ensuring that the 
evaporator mid-point temperature for a high glide refrigerant is 
similar to the refrigerant dew point for a low glide refrigerant.
    DOE proposed in the June 2022 NOPR to adopt through reference the 
high glide refrigerant provisions of AHRI 1200-202X. 87 FR 39164, 
29173. Because the existing DOE test procedure, by reference to AHRI 
1200-2013, only references adjusted dew point for calculating 
compressor energy consumption, this proposed amendment would yield 
different results for remote condensing CRE models tested with a high 
glide refrigerant. However, DOE expects that current remote condensing 
CRE models are typically tested and rated using low glide refrigerants 
(most commonly R-404A); therefore, DOE tentatively determined in the 
NOPR that this proposed test procedure amendment is not expected to 
result in changes to rated energy consumption for any currently 
available remote CRE models. 87 FR 39164, 29173.
    In the June 2022 NOPR, DOE requested comment on the proposal to 
incorporate by reference AHRI 1200-202X, including the new provisions 
regarding high glide refrigerants. Id. DOE also requests information on 
whether any remote condensing CRE are currently tested and rated using 
high glide refrigerants and whether the proposed test procedure would 
impact the rated energy consumption for such models. Id.
    Hussmann commented that it favors the proposal to incorporate by 
reference AHRI 1200-202X, including the new provisions regarding high 
glide refrigerants. (Hussmann, No. 32, p. 3)
    Hillphoenix stated its agreement with the proposal to incorporate 
AHRI 1200-202X by reference, including the provisions for high glide 
refrigerants such as 407, 448A, and 449A, as no significant impacts to 
CRE ratings could be foreseen if incorporated. (Hillphoenix, No. 35, p. 
2)
    True commented that the proposed use of AHRI 1200-202X referencing 
high-glide refrigerants indicated a bias toward remote refrigeration 
manufacturers. (True, No. 28, p. 5) True commented that there are small 
numbers of self-contained refrigerators using high-glide (synthetic) 
refrigerants, and that in fact the self-contained industry is a high 
adopter of hydrocarbon refrigerants. Id.
    In this rule, DOE is incorporating by reference AHRI 1200-2023. 
AHRI 1200 includes a definition for ``high glide refrigerants'' and 
specifies that for high glide refrigerants, the temperature used to 
calculate compressor energy consumption is based on an adjusted mid-
point evaporator temperature rather than an adjusted dew point 
temperature. DOE notes that this provision addresses the fact that AHRI 
1200-2013 results in high-glide refrigerants having an energy penalty 
relative to no-glide refrigerants. The update to AHRI 1200-2023 
provides a more representative test method of remote condensing CRE and 
improves consistency when testing a given remote condensing CRE model. 
AHRI 1200-2023 includes parallel provisions for remote and self-
contained refrigerators to ensure there is no bias towards remote-
condensing units. Self-contained CRE are tested based on the 
refrigerant and refrigeration system contained within the unit and no 
refrigerant measurements are necessary. Therefore, the test procedure 
directly accounts for the energy impacts of refrigerants used in self-
contained CRE.
b. High-Temperature Applications
    In the June 2022 NOPR, DOE proposed a definition for ``high-
temperature refrigerators''. 87 FR 39164, 39173. As discussed in 
section III.A.2 of this final rule, DOE is establishing an amended 
definition of ``high-temperature refrigerator'' from the June 2022 
NOPR.
    Section 4.1.1.1 of AHRI 1200-2023 specifies that CRE intended for 
high-temperature applications shall have an integrated average 
temperature of 55 [deg]F 2.0 [deg]F. DOE requires testing 
high-temperature consumer refrigeration products (i.e., ``coolers'') at 
a standardized cabinet temperature of 55 [deg]F. 10 CFR part 430, 
subpart B, appendix A.
    In the June 2022 NOPR, DOE proposed to require testing high-
temperature refrigerators according to AHRI 1200-202X, which requires 
an integrated average temperature of 55 [deg]F 2.0 [deg]F. 
87 FR 39164, 39173-39174.
    High-temperature refrigerators are used in many distinct 
applications, each with specific intended storage conditions. However, 
DOE determined in the June 2022 NOPR that the IAT specified in AHRI 
1200-202X is the most representative of high-temperature refrigerator 
operating conditions, because the high-temperature refrigerators that 
DOE identified have operating temperature ranges which include 55 
[deg]F, and allows for consistent measurements of energy use for 
equipment in this category. 87 FR 39164, 39174.
    In referencing AHRI 1200-2023, the DOE test procedure would also 
require that high-temperature refrigerators be tested according to the 
same procedure

[[Page 66166]]

as other CRE, except for the IAT. DOE tentatively determined in the 
June 2022 NOPR that the door opening and loading procedures in ASHRAE 
72-2018R are appropriate for high-temperature refrigerators. Following 
the proposed test approach would also ensure consistent test methods 
across CRE categories, albeit at different IATs. 87 FR 39164, 39174.
    Because the proposed test procedure for high-temperature 
refrigerators would amend the current test approach for certain 
commercial refrigerators (i.e., those currently rated using the LAPT), 
DOE proposed in the June 2022 NOPR that the high-temperature 
refrigerator provisions in AHRI 1200-202X would not be required for use 
until the compliance date of any energy conservation standards 
established for high-temperature refrigerators based on the proposed 
test procedure. Id. Under this approach, CRE that would be defined as 
high-temperature refrigerators would continue to be tested and rated at 
the LAPT and subject to the current DOE energy conservation standards 
for CRE. Id.
    In the June 2022 NOPR, DOE requested comment on the proposal to 
adopt a rating point of 55 [deg]F 2.0 [deg]F for high-
temperature refrigerators by adopting through reference certain 
provisions of AHRI 1200-202X. 87 FR 39164, 39172.
    AHRI commented that the 55 [deg]F (2 [deg]F) rating 
point aligns with AHRI standard 1200-202X and supported adopting the 
proposed rating point for high-temperature refrigerators. (AHRI, No. 
38, p. 4)
    Hussmann commented in favor of the proposal to adopt a rating point 
of 55 [deg]F 2.0 [deg]F for high-temperature refrigerators. 
(Hussmann, No. 32, p. 3)
    Hillphoenix commented that it agreed with the proposal to adopt the 
rating point temperature of 55 [deg]F 2 [deg]F for the 
proposed new category of high-temperature refrigerators through 
reference of AHRI 1200-202X. (Hillphoenix, No. 35, p. 2) Hillphoenix 
requested confirmation that the LAPT provisions will remain to cover 
rare occurrences driven by customer expectations, which could suggest a 
design that is outside the requirements of each category. Id.
    Continental commented it had no objection to DOE's proposed 55 
[deg]F 2 [deg]F rating temperature for ``high-temperature'' 
refrigerators that cannot maintain 38 [deg]F. (Continental, No. 29, p. 
3) Continental added that DOE should consider referencing existing NSF 
labeling requirements for equipment that is intended for ``non-
potentially hazardous bottled or canned products only'' and ``not for 
the display of potentially hazardous foods,'' as this would identify 
equipment that meets required sanitation requirements in the proposed 
``high-temperature'' range. Id. In addition, Continental agreed with 
DOE that the high-temperature refrigerator provisions in AHRI 1200-202X 
should not be required until the compliance date of any energy 
conservation standards established for these product types, based on 
the proposed test procedure. Id.
    For the reasons discussed in the June 2022 NOPR, DOE is adopting 
the high-temperature refrigerator test provisions in AHRI 1200-2023. 
Because these provisions would impact the measured energy use for 
certain CRE currently subject to the test procedure and energy 
conservation standard, DOE is specifying that the high-temperature 
refrigerator testing would not be required for use until the compliance 
date of any energy conservation standards established for high-
temperature refrigerators based on the amended test procedure.
    As discussed in section III.K of this document, DOE is retaining 
the LAPT definition with modifications.
    As discussed in section III.A.2 of this document, DOE is 
establishing a definition for high-temperature refrigerator that is 
based on the operating temperature of the equipment. Identifying 
equipment that meets NSF 7 sanitation requirements is not within the 
scope of the DOE CRE test procedure. Therefore, DOE has not included 
reference to equipment labeling in the definition or test requirements 
for high-temperature refrigerators.
c. Chef Bases
    Section 2 of AHRI 1200-202X and AHRI 1200-2023 covers the scope of 
the standard. AHRI 1200-202X listed certain exclusions from scope 
(i.e., refrigerated vending machines, ice makers, soft serve extruders, 
and secondary coolant applications). AHRI 1200-2023 added certain 
additional exclusions that were not excluded in previous versions of 
the standard, including AHRI 1200-202X (i.e., chef bases, buffet 
tables, preparation tables, walk-in coolers, and blast chillers and 
freezers). DOE notes that none of these excluded categories are defined 
in AHRI 1200-2023.
    DOE has not observed any changes from AHRI 1200-202X to AHRI 1200-
2023 that would affect the ability to test chef bases and griddle 
stands in accordance with the standard. Current representations of chef 
bases and griddle stands are required to be based on the current DOE 
test procedure at Appendix B, which references AHRI Standard 1200-2010 
and ASHRAE 72-2005, neither of which excludes chef bases or griddle 
stands. ASHRAE 72-2022 with Errata similarly does not exclude chef 
bases or griddle stands (section 2 ``Scope'' states that this standard 
does not apply to walk-in coolers, or refrigerators and freezers where 
the refrigerated air is in communication with walk-in coolers).
    In the April 2014 Final Rule, DOE determined that, for chef bases 
and griddle stands, the refrigeration system and design of this 
equipment is not significantly different from other types of commercial 
refrigeration equipment, and DOE believes that the existing DOE test 
procedure is sufficiently representative of field use, and application 
of the existing energy conservation standard appropriate for this 
equipment. 79 FR 22277, 22282. Therefore, DOE is maintaining the 
reference to AHRI 1200 for chef bases and griddle stands and updating 
the reference to AHRI 1200-2023 consistent with other CRE that are in 
scope of appendix B. See section III.C.4 for further discussion of chef 
bases and griddle stands.
d. Definitions
    AHRI 1200-2023 updated several of its definitions as compared to 
AHRI 1200-202X (e.g., High Temperature Applications was updated from 
``Commercial Refrigerated Display Merchandisers and Storage Cabinets 
intended for High Temperature Applications, shall have an Integrated 
Average Temperature of 55 [deg]F 2.0 [deg]F'' to ``An 
application where the Integrated Average Temperature is at, or above, 
45 [deg]F''). As proposed in the June 2022 NOPR, 10 CFR 431.62 would 
include some similar terms as the definitions in AHRI 1200-202X. Based 
on the updated definitions in AHRI 1200-2023 as compared to AHRI 1200-
202X and to avoid potential confusion regarding multiple definitions of 
similar terms, DOE is clarifying in 10 CFR 431.62 that where 
definitions in AHRI 1200-2023 conflict with those in DOE's regulations, 
the DOE definitions take precedence.
e. Night Curtains
    AHRI 1200-202X contained a definition of ``night curtain'' (a 
device which is temporarily deployed to decrease air exchange and heat 
transfer between the refrigerated case and the surrounding environment) 
and certain test requirements for ``night curtains''.\13\
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

    \13\ For display cases sold with Night Curtains installed, the 
Night Curtain shall be employed for 6 hours; beginning 3 hours after 
the start of the test period. Upon the completion of the 6-hour 
period, the Night Curtain shall be raised until the completion of 
the 24-hour test period.

---------------------------------------------------------------------------

[[Page 66167]]

    Night curtains are currently required in section 1.3.10 of appendix 
B of the DOE test procedure.\14\ Therefore, DOE is maintaining the 
requirements for night curtains that were contained in AHRI 1200-202X 
as proposed in the June 2022 NOPR.
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

    \14\ For display cases sold with night curtains installed, the 
night curtain shall be employed for 6 hours; beginning 3 hours after 
the start of the first defrost period. Upon the completion of the 6-
hour period, the night curtain shall be raised until the completion 
of the 24-hour test period.
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

2. ASHRAE 72
    As stated in the June 2022 NOPR, the 2014 and 2018 revisions to 
ASHRAE 72 provide editorial, clarifying, or harmonizing revisions that 
would not impact the measured energy consumption, volume, or TDA of CRE 
as compared to the existing DOE test procedure. 86 FR 31182, 31184.
    The revisions in ASHRAE 72-2022 with Errata, as compared to the 
most recent 2018 version, include substantial reorganization largely to 
improve clarity of the test standard. Specifically, the foreword to 
ASHRAE 72-2022 with Errata states that the revision reorganizes the 
standard to make it easier to read and use; includes updates in the 
loading of test simulators and filler material; revises the sequence of 
operations during the test; provides instructions for certain 
measurements; and adds provisions for roll-in racks. The following 
paragraphs describe these revisions in more detail.
    The reorganization of the test standard in ASHRAE 72-2022 with 
Errata is not expected to substantively change any test requirements as 
compared to the current test procedure. DOE acknowledges that the 
intent of the reorganization is to more closely align the test standard 
with the order of operations a test facility would follow when 
conducting testing.
    The updates to the loading of test simulators (small packages with 
temperature-measuring devices) and filler material (material loaded 
between test simulators for additional product mass, intended to 
approximate food product loading) in ASHRAE 72-2022 with Errata revise 
certain requirements included in ASHRAE 72-2005. These updates change 
certain instructions regarding loading, but DOE tentatively determined 
in the June 2022 NOPR that these updates are either clarifying in 
nature or more closely align ASHRAE 72 with the capability of test 
facilities to conduct testing. 87 FR 39164, 39174. Specifically, ASHRAE 
72-2022 with Errata would improve the clarity of the simulator loading 
location instructions, more clearly define net usable volume (i.e., 
interior volume intended for refrigerated storage or display within the 
outermost manufacturer-specified load limit boundaries) to determine 
the loaded volume, and adjust the fill volume from 70 to 90 percent of 
the net usable volume to 60 to 80 percent. See section 5.4.8 of ASHRAE 
72-2022 with Errata.
    DOE tentatively acknowledged in the NOPR that, in principle, the 
update to the fill volume requirement would be a substantive change to 
the current DOE test procedure. 87 FR 39164, 39174. However, DOE has 
determined that ASHRAE implemented this revision because test 
facilities currently may have difficulty loading to more than 80 
percent of the net usable volume. Based on this difficulty, DOE expects 
that most tests are currently conducted with loads between 70 to 80 
percent of the net usable volume. Additionally, the revision to allow 
loading as low as 60 percent of net usable volume would allow 
additional flexibility for test facilities when loading equipment for 
testing, and any impact on measured energy use is expected to be 
minimal. DOE also expects that if testing with a lower load percentage 
has any impact on measured energy use, it is likely to increase 
measured energy use, as CRE with doors would have more internal 
compartment volume occupied by air rather than the test load, allowing 
for more internal air to exchange with warm ambient air during the test 
procedure's door opening period. Therefore, DOE tentatively determined 
in the NOPR that this proposed amendment to the test procedure would 
not allow any CRE that does not currently comply with DOE's energy 
conservation standards to become compliant. 87 FR 39164, 39174.
    Section 7.1 of ASHRAE 72-2022 with Errata specifies the sequence of 
operations for conducting a test. The overall sequence requires 
conducting two tests, Test A and Test B, to verify stability of the 
unit under test. Both Test A and Test B would be conducted in the same 
way--starting with a defrost and with door or drawer openings, night 
curtains, and lighting occupancy sensors and controls, as applicable--
as specified in section 7.3 of ASHRAE 72-2022 with Errata. The test is 
determined to be stable if the average temperature of simulators during 
Test B is within 0.4 [deg]F of the average measured temperature during 
Test A. See section 7.5 of ASHRAE 72-2022 with Errata. As compared to 
the current DOE test procedure and ASHRAE 72-2005, ASHRAE 72-2022 with 
Errata specifies how to determine that a test is stable. ASHRAE 72-2005 
currently requires steady-state conditions for the test (section 7.1.1) 
and a stabilization period during which the CRE operates with no 
adjustment to controls for at least 12 hours (section 7.4). Section 3 
of ASHRAE 72-2005 defines ``steady-state'' as the condition in which 
the average temperature of all test simulators changes less than 0.4 
[deg]F from one 24-hour period or refrigeration cycle to the next. 
ASHRAE 72-2005 does not specify whether the 24-hour periods used to 
determine steady-state conditions include door openings, which are 
required to be performed during the 24-hour performance test. 
Additionally, the temperatures maintained over a 24-hour period with 
door openings may differ from a 24-hour period with no door openings. 
If steady-state is determined without door openings, then door openings 
during a test may increase simulator temperatures outside of the 
desired range, requiring a change to the temperature setting and 
restarting the steady-state determination prior to another test period.
    The testing approach in ASHRAE 72-2022 with Errata specifies that 
Test A and Test B are conducted in the same way, and therefore the 
temperatures used to determine stability would also be at the target 
temperatures for the test. DOE determined in the June 2022 NOPR that 
this approach provides clarity to the existing test procedure while 
limiting burden by reducing the need for retests (i.e., by maintaining 
target temperatures during the stability determination). 87 FR 39164, 
39175. Because the sequence of operations in ASHRAE 72-2022 with Errata 
is generally consistent with ASHRAE 72-2005 but with added specificity, 
DOE does not expect that the updated sequence of operations would 
impact current CRE ratings based on the current DOE test procedure.
    Moreover, ASHRAE 72-2022 with Errata explicitly specifies test 
conditions and data collection requirements in a new appendix A: 
``Measurement Locations, Tolerances, Accuracies, and Other 
Characteristics.'' This appendix includes a table that presents the 
measurements required during testing, the measurement location (if 
applicable), the period of time the measurement is taken (e.g., once 
per minute throughout Test A and Test B, once before Test B, and once 
after Test B), the required measurement accuracy, and the required 
value (i.e., the test condition, if applicable). The measurement 
instructions and

[[Page 66168]]

requirements in appendix A to ASHRAE 72-2022 with Errata are generally 
consistent with those required by the current DOE test procedure, by 
reference to ASHRAE 72-2005, but with added specificity to clarify the 
applicable requirements. Because the measurement instructions in ASHRAE 
72-2022 with Errata are generally consistent with ASHRAE 72-2005 but 
with added specificity, DOE does not expect that the updated 
requirements in appendix A would impact current CRE ratings based on 
the current DOE test procedure.
    ASHRAE 72-2022 with Errata also adds provisions for testing CRE 
used with roll-in racks. Sections 5.4.1 and 5.4.5 of ASHRAE 72-2022 
with Errata provide loading instructions for CRE used with roll-in 
racks. These sections are generally consistent with the existing test 
requirements for CRE, but provide additional clarification specific to 
roll-in racks to describe the determination of net usable volume and 
loading of test simulators. ASHRAE 72-2005 includes roll-in racks 
within the scope of the test standard (section 9.1) but does not 
provide additional test instructions for these models. Because the 
instructions for testing CRE used with roll-in racks in ASHRAE 72-2022 
with Errata are generally consistent with ASHRAE 72-2005 but with added 
specificity, DOE does not expect that the updated requirements in 
appendix A would impact current CRE ratings based on the current DOE 
test procedure.
    As discussed, the test procedure in ASHRAE 72-2022 with Errata is 
generally consistent with the existing DOE test procedure, which 
references ASHRAE 72-2005. The updates included in ASHRAE 72-2022 with 
Errata are generally editorial, clarifying, or harmonizing revisions. 
Additionally, the substantive revisions in ASHRAE 72-2022 with Errata 
provide further specificity to the existing test procedure requirements 
and would improve repeatability, reproducibility, and 
representativeness of the test procedure while limiting test burden. 
For these reasons, in the June 2022 NOPR, DOE proposed to incorporate 
by reference ASHRAE 72-2018R into the DOE test procedure and 
tentatively determined that any test data for CRE currently available 
on the market are expected to be consistent with the proposed test 
procedure. 87 FR 39164, 39174.
    In the June 2022 NOPR, DOE requested comment on its proposal to 
incorporate by reference ASHRAE 72-2018R, including whether the updates 
included in the industry test standard would impact the measured energy 
consumption of any CRE currently available. Id.
    AHRI commented that it supports DOE's proposal to incorporate by 
reference ASHRAE 72-2022 because the updates included in the industry 
test standard should not significantly impact the measured energy 
consumption of any CRE currently available. (AHRI, No. 38, p. 4)
    AHT supported incorporating by reference ASHRAE 72-2018R. (AHT, No. 
38, p. 1).
    Hillphoenix agreed with the proposal to incorporate by reference 
the newer version of ASHRAE 72, but recommended version 202X, which is 
currently in public review. (Hillphoenix, No. 35, p. 2) Hillphoenix 
commented that this approach would align with the incorporation of 
other standards referenced that are not yet released and would maintain 
consistency within the industry. Id.
    Continental supported DOE's proposal to incorporate the most recent 
edition of the ASHRAE 72 test procedure, pointing out that ASHRAE 72-
2022, the most recent standard, prescribes separate 24-hour A and B 
test periods to provide more consistent verification of stability than 
the previous version of the procedure. (Continental, No. 29, p. 3) 
Continental commented that it is still evaluating impacts of this 
change on the energy consumption of equipment, particularly for 
freezers, and stated that provisions of ASHRAE 72-2022 should not be 
required until the compliance date of any new energy conservation 
standards are established, based on the proposed test procedure, to 
allow time for vetting any impact on energy consumption. Id. 
Continental also commented that the use of separate 24-hour test 
periods, including additional door opening requirements, is desirable 
for the reasons noted above, but the revised method will increase the 
test burden for some equipment types and substantially increase costs 
for laboratory and staff time, reducing the capacity to perform other 
testing to meet regulations. Id. Continental commented that these 
factors and their related costs will impact a small business like 
itself. Id.
    Hoshizaki commented that it would like to state for the record that 
there is an ASHRAE 72-2018 standard and an ASHRAE 72-2022 standard, and 
that it agrees to proposing the incorporation of ASHRAE 72-2018. 
(Hoshizaki, No. 30, p. 1) Hoshizaki noted that the ASHRAE 72-2022 
standard was just finalized in July of 2022 and, as of the filing date 
of this rulemaking, was not approved and published for all parties to 
see. Id. Hoshizaki noted that while most changes to the standard were 
editorial, the change from stabilization to new test cycle may leave 
many manufacturers without the opportunity to review and comment. Id. 
Hoshizaki commented that enough time would be needed for manufacturers 
to fully digest these new changes to determine for themselves whether 
these changes affect their designs. Id.
    Based on the June 2022 NOPR and comments received in response, DOE 
is incorporating by reference ASHRAE 72-2022 with Errata. Based on 
comments received in response to the June 2022 NOPR and DOE's review of 
ASHRAE 72-2022 with Errata, DOE does not expect any impact on ratings 
as a result of the updates to the standard. DOE notes that ASHRAE 72-
2022 with Errata is available for purchase, as discussed in this 
SUPPLEMENTARY INFORMATION section.
    In response to Continental's comment regarding test burden for some 
types of CRE, ASHRAE 72-2005, currently incorporated by reference, 
requires stabilization periods generally consistent with ASHRAE 72-2022 
with Errata. The updates clarify procedures in the stabilization period 
and limit the need for iterative testing. DOE expects no significant 
change in test burden associated with testing to ASHRAE 72-2022 with 
Errata as compared to ASHRAE 72-2005.
a. Drawers
    Section 1.3.16 of appendix B of the DOE test procedure specifies 
that drawers are to be treated as identical to doors when conducting 
the DOE test procedure, and that drawers should be configured with the 
drawer pans that allow for the maximum packing of test simulators and 
filler packages without the filler packages and test simulators 
exceeding 90 percent of the refrigerated volume. Packing of test 
simulators and filler packages must be in accordance with the 
requirements for commercial refrigerators without shelves, as specified 
in section 6.2.3 of ASHRAE 72-2005.
    CRE with drawers are typically configured to hold standardized food 
pans for food storage. Pans loaded into the drawers are not typically 
filled with food above their top edges to prevent spilling or 
interfering with other drawers. Additionally, these CRE may require the 
space above the pans to be unloaded to allow for air circulation within 
the cabinet.
    The current DOE test procedure instructions do not specify any test 
simulator or filler package load limits for pans, other than not 
exceeding 90 percent of the refrigerated volume. For

[[Page 66169]]

other CRE tests, ASHRAE 72-2005 and ASHRAE 72-2022 with Errata specify 
test simulator and filler package loading based on net usable volume 
rather than refrigerated volume. See section 6.2.5 of ASHRAE 72-2005 
and section 5.4.1 of ASHRAE 72-2022 with Errata. Loading based on the 
net usable volume accounts for load limits within the CRE and would 
prevent overloading CRE to the extent of impacting airflow circulation 
within the cabinet.
    To ensure consistent testing for CRE with drawers, and to allow for 
testing that is most representative of typical use, DOE proposed in the 
June 2022 NOPR to specify in appendix B that CRE with drawers be tested 
according to the existing requirements with the additional instruction 
that, for the purposes of loading pans in drawers, the net usable 
volume is the storage volume of the pans up to their top edge. 87 FR 
39164, 39175.
    The drawer loading instructions in appendix B reference section 
6.2.3 of ASHRAE 72-2005, which specifies instructions for loading 
compartments without shelves. Specifically, section 6.2.3 requires 
situating test simulators at the left and right ends (i.e., sides), the 
front and back, and the top and bottom locations of the compartment. To 
make explicit the application of this instruction to standardized food 
pans, DOE proposed in the June 2022 NOPR to require that test 
simulators be placed at the corner locations of each pan. 87 FR 39164, 
39175. For any pans not wide or deep enough to allow for test 
simulators at each corner (i.e., less than 7.5 inches (``in.'') wide or 
deep, based on the 3.75-in. test simulator width), DOE proposed that 
test simulators be centered along the width or depth accordingly. 87 FR 
39164, 39175-39176. Similarly, for any pans not tall enough to allow 
for test simulators at the specified top and bottom locations (i.e., 
pans less than 4 in. tall, based on the 2-in. test simulator height), 
DOE proposed that a test simulator only be loaded at the specified top 
location within the standardized food pan. 87 FR 39174, 39176.
    In the June 2022 NOPR, DOE requested comment on the proposed 
additional instructions regarding loading drawers. Id. DOE additionally 
requested information on whether the proposed approach is consistent 
with any future industry standard revisions to address this issue. Id. 
DOE also requested comment on whether other instructions for CRE with 
drawers should be revised (e.g., fully open definition for drawers) or 
if additional instructions are needed. Id.
    AHRI commented that the additional loading drawer instructions 
proposed by DOE are incomplete and provide a suboptimal approach. 
(AHRI, No. 38, p. 4) AHRI pointed out that ASHRAE Standard 72-2022 may 
be available as early as May 2024 as an update to ASHRAE Standard 72-
2018, with revisions including the addition of a specific test 
procedure for drawers as well as more complete instructions. Id. AHRI 
recommended that DOE pause the process of providing additional 
instructions regarding loading drawers and await ASHRAE 72-2022. Id.
    Continental commented that DOE should delay adoption of additional 
instructions for testing drawers since the ASHRAE 72 standards 
committee is in the process of updating the current Standard 72-2022, 
and is working to resolve a number of significant challenges with 
loading and testing drawers to ensure a reliable and repeatable process 
that is not overly burdensome. (Continental, No. 29, p. 4) Continental 
stated that DOE should continue to work with ASHRAE to complete 
incorporation of an industry-accepted standard procedure. Id.
    Hoshizaki commented that, currently, the ASHRAE 72 Standards 
Committee is working on specifying test setup and procedure for drawer 
units and that any changes should be made in this committee. 
(Hoshizaki, No. 30, p. 2) Hoshizaki noted that making suggestions in 
the DOE NOPR phase is not the proper process by which to change 
standards, and that using a published standard for some parts and 
requesting revisions in CFR could only confuse both manufacturers and 
third-party testing agencies. Id.
    Hillphoenix stated its disagreement with the proposal to include 
additional instructions regarding drawers and recommended referencing 
the new version of ASHRAE 72-202X, which will maintain alignment in the 
industry without creating new or duplicate requirements that would 
otherwise be added to the final rule. (Hillphoenix, No. 35, p. 3)
    DOE recognizes that a future update to the ASHRAE 72 standard may 
include additional instructions for CRE with drawers, but a revision to 
ASHRAE 72 including such instruction is not yet available.
    Consistent with AHRI's comment that the additional loading drawer 
instructions proposed by DOE are incomplete and provide a suboptimal 
approach, DOE reviewed the approach specified in the June 2022 NOPR. As 
stated in the June 2022 NOPR, DOE proposed additional instructions to 
ensure testing that is most representative of typical use. 87 FR 39164, 
39175. DOE re-ordered the instructions in this final rule to better 
clarify the proposed approach and better specify some requirements. 
Specifically, DOE has added a definition for fully open (for drawers) 
which means opened not less than 80 percent of their full travel which 
is consistent with the fully open (for sliding doors) definition in 
ASHRAE 72 with Errata which means opened at least 80 percent of its 
full normal travel. Currently, ASHRAE 72 with Errata includes a 
definition for fully open (for drawers) that requires drawers to be 
opened not less than 66 percent of their full travel. This definition 
allows a wider range of openings than for sliding doors despite the 
fact that, similar to sliding doors, drawers require users to almost 
fully open the drawer to expose the full contents to the user. DOE has 
determined that a definition of fully open (for drawers) that is 
consistent with the definition for fully open (for sliding doors) would 
result in more representative results by reducing the range of 
allowable percent open. Additionally, DOE has revised the food service 
pan requirement from Gastronorm to stainless steel to ensure a 
repeatable and reproducible test with the same pan material while 
allowing test flexibility for different pan sizes as specified in 
manufacturer instructions.
    DOE proposed in the June 2022 NOPR that the net usable volume of 
drawers is the storage volume of the pans up to the top edge of the 
pan. 87 FR 39164, 39175. DOE has determined that ``up to the top edge 
of the pan'' is better specified by providing a more detailed 
description of this instruction that is harmonized with the net usable 
volume determination for buffet tables or preparation tables 
established in this final rule. Specifically, DOE is specifying that 
the net usable volume of pans is determined by filling pans with water 
to within 0.5 in. of the top edge of the pan.
    DOE proposed in the June 2022 NOPR additional test simulator 
loading instructions to clarify the application of ASHRAE 72 loading to 
pans. 87 FR 39164, 39175. DOE has revised the test simulator locations 
proposed for drawers to be less burdensome and to align more closely 
with the simulator loading requirements in ASHRAE 72 with Errata. 
Specifically, DOE has determined that loading test simulators into 
every individual pan (i.e., at each corner of every pan), as proposed, 
is not appropriate and would be overly burdensome as compared to the 
simulator loading requirements for shelves in ASHRAE 72 with Errata. 
For example, under the proposed approach,

[[Page 66170]]

a large drawer loaded with small pans would require many more 
simulators (in every pan) than a similarly-sized CRE with a shelf in 
place of a drawer (at the shelf corners and at specified intervals). To 
ensure consistent application of the ASHRAE 72 with Errata 
instructions, DOE is specifying that drawers be loaded with simulators 
in locations similar to those required for shelves (i.e., at the drawer 
ends and at specified length intervals, at the front and back of the 
drawers, and on the bottom of the pan(s)) which is representative of 
the integrated average temperature of the drawer(s) while reducing the 
test burden of requiring additional test simulators and to account for 
pans which may not accommodate two test simulators stacked in the 
vertical direction. Additionally, DOE is specifying that test 
simulators shall be secured during testing to ensure the specified 
locations are maintained throughout drawer openings. DOE has determined 
that this revised method is representative, repeatable, and 
reproducible for testing of CRE with drawers and maintains consistency 
with the loading instructions in ASHRAE 72 with Errata.
b. Liquid Refrigerant Pressure Accuracy
    On April 14, 2023, ASHRAE published the first public review draft 
of Addendum a to ASHRAE 72-2022 with Errata.\15\ The purpose of 
Addendum a is to correct the required liquid refrigerant pressure 
measurement accuracy in Table A-1 in Normative Appendix A. The required 
accuracy for liquid refrigerant pressure in ASHRAE 72-2022 with Errata 
is 7.0 kPa (1.0 psi). However, this is an error 
because in previous versions of ASHRAE 72 (e.g., the version currently 
incorporated by reference at 10 CFR 431.63, ASHRAE 72-2005), the 
required accuracy for liquid refrigerant pressure was 35 
kPa (5.1 psi). Addendum a corrects the required accuracy 
for liquid refrigerant pressure to be 35 kPa (5.1 psi), consistent with previous versions of ASHRAE 72. 
Therefore, DOE is clarifying in this final rule that the required 
accuracy for liquid refrigerant pressure is 35 kPa (5.1 psi).
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

    \15\ See www.ashrae.org/File%20Library/Technical%20Resources/Standards%20and%20Guidelines/Standards%20Actions/SAApr142023.pdf.
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

3. Secondary Coolants
    Certain CRE are installed for use with a secondary coolant. In this 
configuration, a remotely cooled fluid (e.g., a propylene glycol 
solution) is supplied to the cabinet and absorbs heat from the cabinet 
without the secondary coolant undergoing a phase change.
    AHRI publishes a rating standard applicable to CRE that use a 
secondary coolant or refrigerant, AHRI Standard 1320 (I-P), ``2011 
Standard for Performance Rating of Commercial Refrigerated Display 
Merchandisers and Storage Cabinets for Use With Secondary 
Refrigerants'' (``AHRI 1320-2011''), approved by ANSI on April 17, 
2012. AHRI 1320-2011 is applicable to CRE that are equipped and 
designed to work with electrically driven, medium-temperature, single-
phase secondary coolant systems, but excludes equipment used for low-
temperature applications, secondary coolants involving a phase change 
(e.g., ice slurries or carbon dioxide), and self-contained CRE. AHRI 
1320-2011 includes similar rating temperature conditions as those in 
AHRI 1200-2013 and references ASHRAE 72-2005 and AHAM HRF-1-2008 for 
the measurement of energy consumption and calculation of refrigerated 
volume, respectively. The only substantive differences between AHRI 
1200-2013 and AHRI 1320-2011 are the inclusion of secondary refrigerant 
circulation pump energy consumption in the calculation of total daily 
energy consumption and revised coefficients of performance to determine 
compressor energy consumption.
    While CRE cooled by secondary coolants are less common than self-
contained or remote CRE, DOE proposed in the June 2022 NOPR to 
incorporate by reference AHRI 1320-2011 to reference only the specific 
sections within the standard that apply to CRE tested with secondary 
coolants (i.e., those referring to pump energy and coolant flow) and to 
otherwise reference the applicable requirements in AHRI 1200-202X. 87 
FR 39164, 39176. DOE acknowledges that AHRI 1320-2011 may be updated 
consistent with the updates in AHRI 1200-2023.
    Because CRE cooled by secondary coolants are not currently subject 
to DOE's test procedure, DOE proposed in the June 2022 NOPR that the 
test procedure referencing AHRI 1320-2011 would not be required for use 
until the compliance date of any amended energy conservation standards 
for CRE that consider such testing. 87 FR 39164, 39176. DOE is aware 
that direct-expansion remote CRE may also be capable of being installed 
with a secondary coolant. Id. Under the June 2022 NOPR proposal, such 
equipment would continue to be tested and rated using the approach 
currently required for remote condensing CRE. Id. The test procedure 
for secondary coolants proposed in the June 2022 NOPR would be 
applicable to equipment only capable of being installed with secondary 
coolants, should any such models become available. Id.
    In the June 2022 NOPR, DOE requested comment on the proposal to 
incorporate by reference AHRI 1320-2011 for CRE used with secondary 
coolants, including the proposal to only reference the industry 
standard for provisions specific to secondary coolants and to otherwise 
reference AHRI 1200-202X, as proposed for other CRE. 87 FR 39164, 
39176.
    The CA IOUs commented that they support the addition of a test 
procedure for secondary coolant systems in reference to ANSI/AHRI 
Standard 1320 and recommended distinguishing between secondary coolant 
systems and cascade systems and including both system types in the 
scope of DOE's test procedures. (CA IOUs, No. 36, p. 11) The CA IOUs 
also encouraged DOE to develop a test procedure to address 
CO2-based (i.e., R-744) secondary coolant systems and 
cascade systems. Id.
    AHRI recommended that DOE avoid incorporating by reference AHRI 
1320-2011 for CRE used with secondary coolants because AHRI will likely 
update AHRI 1320-2011 during 2023, and an updated standard could create 
confusion for compliance purposes. (AHRI, No. 38, p. 5) AHRI noted that 
AHRI 1320-2011 is not a widely used or needed standard and that waiting 
for the update would benefit the test procedure. Id.
    Zero Zone stated agreement that AHRI 1320 was the appropriate 
standard for secondary coolants, as stated in previous comments. (Zero 
Zone, No. 37, p. 3) Zero Zone stated it had not used the standard, 
expressed concern it would not produce reliable results, and agreed 
with AHRI's position that the standard was out of date and not used by 
manufacturers. Id. Zero Zone commented that generally speaking, a 
commercial refrigerator has the same amount of heat infiltration 
regardless of the refrigerant used to cool the equipment, plus the 
number of cases sold that use a secondary coolant is extremely low, and 
adding a requirement to test and certify this equipment would create an 
enormous test burden. Id.
    Hussmann recommended against DOE's proposal to incorporate by 
reference AHRI 1320-2011 for CRE used with secondary coolants, as AHRI 
is likely to update AHRI 1320-2011 during 2023. (Hussmann, No. 32, p. 
3) Hussmann commented that an updated standard could create confusion 
for compliance purposes, adding that AHRI

[[Page 66171]]

1320-2011 is not a widely used or needed standard, and that waiting for 
a more updated standard to incorporate in the test procedure would be 
beneficial. Id.
    Hillphoenix disagreed with the proposal to incorporate AHRI 1320-
2011 and recommended that DOE allow the standard to be reviewed by the 
industry and aligned with current technology before being referenced. 
(Hillphoenix, No. 35, p. 3)
    DOE recognizes that AHRI 1320-2011 is not a widely used standard 
and that AHRI may work on an update to the standard, but DOE also 
recognizes that AHRI 1320 parallels AHRI 1200. Therefore, DOE is 
adopting the provisions for CRE used with secondary coolants as 
proposed in the June 2022 NOPR, which is consistent with the updates in 
AHRI 1200-2023, so that CRE using secondary coolants can be tested and 
rated. DOE will evaluate any future updates to AHRI 1320-2011 as they 
become public. Consistent with the June 2022 NOPR, the test procedure 
for CRE using secondary coolants would not be required for use until 
the compliance date of any amended energy conservation standards for 
CRE that consider such testing.
    As stated in the June 2022 NOPR, DOE is aware that direct-expansion 
remote CRE may also be capable of being installed with a secondary 
coolant. Such equipment will continue to be tested and rated using the 
approach currently required for remote condensing CRE. The test 
procedure for CRE with secondary coolants will be applicable to 
equipment only capable of being installed with secondary coolants, 
should any such models become available.

C. Test Conditions for Specific CRE Categories

    DOE has identified specific categories of CRE that are not 
currently subject to the DOE test procedure or in which the current 
test procedure may not produce results that are representative of their 
use. Additionally, the EPA's ENERGY STAR program considered three of 
these equipment categories for scope expansion and test method 
development during the Version 5.0 Specification development process: 
refrigerated preparation and buffet tables; chef bases or griddle 
stands; and blast chillers and freezers.\16\ DOE has considered 
information gathered through the ENERGY STAR process when developing 
the proposals included in this final rule. DOE discusses each of these 
categories in the following sections.
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

    \16\ Information and materials for ENERGY STAR's Specification 
Version 5.0 process are available at www.energystar.gov/products/spec/commercial_refrigerators_and_freezers_specification_version_5_0_pd 
(last accessed March 11, 2023).
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

    In response to the June 2022 NOPR, NEEA encouraged DOE to align 
test methods for this equipment with EPA ENERGY STAR 5.0 where 
applicable to reduce manufacturer burden and establish consistently 
used ratings. (NEEA, No. 39, p. 2). NEEA commented that DOE had 
reviewed the test procedures it recommended for these four products and 
considered any anticipated updates to industry TP or active product 
committees, such as ASHRAE 220. Id. NEEA stated support for DOE's 
proposed test procedures for this equipment, noting that establishing 
Federal test procedures was key to providing consistent ratings to 
consumers and enabling data collection that would inform establishing 
standards for this newly defined equipment. Id. NEEA recommended that 
DOE establish energy conservation standards for newly defined CRE 
equipment classes, including test procedures for refrigerated 
preparation and buffet tables; chef bases or griddle stands; blast 
chillers and blast freezers; and high-temperature CRE. Id.
    As discussed in the following sections, DOE is establishing test 
procedures for new equipment categories as proposed in the June 2022 
NOPR. DOE has considered the latest ENERGY STAR requirements in 
evaluating the requirements for these equipment categories. DOE may 
evaluate energy conservation standards for these new equipment 
categories as part of a separate energy conservation standards 
rulemaking.
1. Salad Bars, Buffet Tables, and Refrigerated Preparation Tables
    Salad bars, buffet tables, and other refrigerated holding and 
serving equipment, including refrigerated preparation tables,\17\ are 
CRE that store and display perishable items temporarily during food 
preparation or service. These units typically have design attributes 
such as easily accessible or open bins that allow convenient and 
unimpeded access to the refrigerated products, which make them unique 
from CRE designed for storage or retailing. In the April 2014 Final 
Rule, DOE did not establish test procedures for this equipment but 
maintained that it meets the definition of CRE and is covered equipment 
that could be subject to future test procedures and energy conservation 
standards. 79 FR 22277, 22281. In the June 2022 NOPR, DOE proposed 
definitions and test procedures applicable to salad bars, buffet 
tables, and refrigerated preparation tables.
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

    \17\ While the April 2014 Final Rule did not specifically refer 
to refrigerated preparation tables, DOE is including them in this 
category because they have similar features to salad bars and buffet 
tables. Each of these equipment categories includes an open-top area 
for holding refrigerated pans and is used during food preparation 
and service.
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

a. Definitions
    In the June 2022 NOPR, DOE noted that ASTM International F2143-16, 
``Standard Test Method for Performance of Refrigerated Buffet and 
Preparation Tables'' (``ASTM F2143-16'') provides the following 
definitions for refrigerated buffet and preparation tables:
     Refrigerated buffet and preparation table--equipment 
designed with a refrigerated open top or open condiment rail.
     Refrigerated buffet table or unit--equipment designed with 
mechanical refrigeration that is intended to receive refrigerated food 
and maintain food product temperatures and is intended for customer 
service such as a salad bar. A unit may or may not be equipped with a 
lower refrigerated compartment.
     Refrigerated food preparation unit--equipment designed 
with a refrigerated open top or open condiment rail such as 
refrigerated sandwich units, pizza preparation tables, and similar 
equipment. The unit may or may not be equipped with a lower 
refrigerated compartment.

86 FR 31182, 31185-31186.
    DOE discussed in the June 2022 NOPR that certain terms used within 
these definitions are undefined (e.g., condiment rails, food product 
temperatures) and that it was not aware of any other industry standard 
definitions for these equipment categories. Id.
    DOE also noted in the June 2022 NOPR that the California Code of 
Regulations (``CCR'') \18\ defines ``buffet table'' and ``preparation 
table'' as follows:
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

    \18\ California's regulations for buffet tables and preparation 
tables refer to the 2001 version of ASTM F2143. For this final rule, 
DOE has reviewed ASTM F2143-16, as it is the most current version of 
the standard.
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

     ``Buffet table'' means a commercial refrigerator, such as 
a salad bar, that is designed with mechanical refrigeration and that is 
intended to receive refrigerated food, to maintain food product 
temperatures, and for customer service; and
     ``Preparation table'' means a commercial refrigerator with 
a countertop refrigerated compartment with or without cabinets below, 
and

[[Page 66172]]

with self-contained refrigeration equipment. 20 CCR Sec.  1602.

87 FR 39164, 39177.
    Furthermore, the EPA's ENERGY STAR program's Final Draft Version 
5.0 Eligibility Criteria for commercial refrigerators and freezers 
includes a definition for ``preparation or buffet table'' as a 
commercial refrigerator, freezer, or refrigerator-freezer with a food 
condiment rail designed to hold open perishable food and may or may not 
be equipped with a lower compartment that may or may not be 
refrigerated.
    In the June 2022 NOPR, DOE stated that the configuration of salad 
bars, buffet tables, and refrigerated preparation tables may raise 
questions as to whether a unit is commercial hybrid refrigeration 
equipment. 87 FR 39164, 39177. DOE defines ``commercial hybrid 
refrigeration equipment'' as a unit of CRE (1) that consists of two or 
more thermally separated refrigerated compartments that are in two or 
more different equipment families, and (2) that is sold as a single 
unit. 10 CFR 431.62.
    DOE discussed in the June 2022 NOPR that additional detail may be 
necessary to distinguish between a unit that is a salad bar, buffet 
table, or refrigerated preparation table and a unit that is commercial 
hybrid equipment that includes a salad bar, buffet table, or 
refrigerated preparation table. 87 FR 39164, 39177. Refrigerated salad 
bars, buffet tables, and preparation tables typically have removable 
pans or bins that directly contact the chilled air in the refrigerated 
compartment of the unit. With that configuration, the entirety of the 
chilled compartment and surface pans would potentially be considered a 
refrigerated salad bar, buffet table, or preparation table. In 
contrast, if a unit includes solid partitions between the chilled 
compartment and the pans or bins on top of the unit, such a 
configuration would potentially be considered thermal separation and 
the unit would be considered a commercial hybrid consisting of a 
refrigerated salad bar, buffet table, or preparation table with a 
refrigerator and/or freezer.
    To delineate this equipment from other types of CRE, DOE proposed 
in the June 2022 NOPR to define the term ``buffet table or preparation 
table.'' 87 FR 39164, 39179. DOE proposed a definition for this term 
that combines elements of the existing industry and ENERGY STAR 
definitions, includes language for consistency with DOE's existing CRE 
definitions, and includes further specificity regarding the 
characteristics of this equipment. Id. Specifically, DOE proposed to 
define this term as follows:
    ``Buffet table or preparation table'' means a commercial 
refrigerator with an open-top refrigerated area, that may or may not 
include a lid, for displaying or storing merchandise and other 
perishable materials in pans or other removable containers for customer 
self-service or food production and assembly. 87 FR 39164, 39179. The 
unit may or may not be equipped with a refrigerated storage compartment 
underneath the pans or other removable containers that is not thermally 
separated from the open-top refrigerated area. Id.
    DOE did not propose in the NOPR to define the term ``salad bar,'' 
as this equipment would be captured within the proposed definition of 
``buffet table or preparation table.'' 87 FR 39164, 39179. DOE 
tentatively determined that additional equipment definitions are not 
necessary for the purposes of testing buffet tables and preparation 
tables. Id.
    Additionally, DOE did not propose in the NOPR any reference to 
storage temperature or duration in the proposed definition for ``buffet 
table or preparation table.'' 87 FR 39164, 39179-39180. DOE recognized 
that these are important aspects of the equipment operation but has 
tentatively determined that they are not necessary for the purpose of 
defining the equipment to establish test procedures. Id. By specifying 
that such units are commercial refrigerators, buffet tables and 
preparation tables would be units capable of operating at or above 32 
[deg]F (2 [deg]F).
    As discussed, CRE may include single refrigeration systems to 
provide cooling to multiple compartments or areas within a unit. 
Additionally, CRE may include multiple distinct refrigeration systems 
or evaporator coils to individually cool separate compartments or 
refrigerated areas. DOE's proposed definition in the June 2022 NOPR 
would include units both with and without a refrigerated storage 
compartment underneath the pans or other removable containers. The 
proposed definition in the June 2022 NOPR, however, specifies that 
units including a refrigerated storage compartment underneath the pans 
or other removable containers may not be thermally separated from the 
open-top refrigerated area.
    DOE noted in the June 2022 NOPR that while industry may use the 
term ``hybrid'' to refer to different combinations of equipment 
capabilities and configurations, the term ``commercial hybrid'' is 
specifically defined by DOE in 10 CFR 431.62. 87 FR 39164, 39180. 
Currently, CRE with refrigerated storage compartments thermally 
separated from the open-top refrigerated area of the buffet table or 
preparation table are ``commercial hybrid'' CRE and must be tested in 
accordance with the applicable test procedures and comply with the 
applicable standards. Such equipment would continue to be tested as 
currently required to determine compliance with the existing energy 
conservation standards applicable to the non-buffet table or 
preparation table element. As noted, DOE has not established energy 
conservation standards for CRE covered under the proposed definition of 
``buffet table or preparation table.'' DOE discussed in the April 2014 
Final Rule that because only the refrigerated storage compartment is 
subject to current energy conservation standards, the unit would be 
tested with the buffet table or preparation table portion disabled and 
not included in the determination of energy consumption. 79 FR 22277, 
22289. If the same refrigeration system serves both the refrigerated 
compartment and the open-top refrigerated area and refrigeration of the 
open-top area cannot be disabled, manufacturers may apply for a test 
procedure waiver for such equipment if the measured energy use would 
not be representative of the portion of the unit that is not a buffet 
table or preparation table of the CRE basic model. Id.
    In the June 2022 NOPR, DOE requested comment on the proposed 
definition for ``buffet table or preparation table.'' 87 FR 39164, 
39180. DOE also requested information on whether any additional 
definitions are necessary for the purposes of testing this equipment, 
or whether any additional equipment characteristics are necessary to 
differentiate this equipment from other categories of CRE. Id.
    Hoshizaki supported this proposed definition and stated that it is 
like the definition given in ASTM F2143-16. (Hoshizaki, No. 30, p. 2)
    Hillphoenix agreed with the proposed definitions for buffet table 
and preparation table as documented in the NOPR. (Hillphoenix, No. 35, 
p. 3)
    NEEA supported the new definitions DOE proposed for buffet tables 
and preparation tables, stating that these equipment types have unique 
applications compared to other CRE, and these definitions allow 
consideration (potential standards), categorization (equipment 
classes), and testing of this equipment separate from other CRE. (NEEA, 
No. 39, p. 2)
    Continental commented it continues to support the use of NSF 7-2019

[[Page 66173]]

(defined within NSF/ANSI 170-2019, ``Glossary of Food Equipment 
Terminology'') definitions for ``Refrigerated Buffet Units'' and 
``Refrigerated Food Preparation Units.'' (Continental, No. 29, p. 4)
    True commented that the terms used to define the categories of 
``buffet table'' and ``preparation table'' correspond to (match) those 
as defined by NSF/ANSI 170 (referenced in NSF/ANSI 7-2021). (True, No. 
28, p. 2) True commented that the definition for a buffet table can be 
found at NSF/ANSI 170 3.22, which defines a buffet unit as ``Equipment 
that is designed to receive and maintain food product(s) at proper 
temperatures and is intended for customer service,'' and that the 
definition for a preparation table can be found at NSF/ANSI 170 3.173, 
which defines a refrigerated food preparation unit as ``Equipment 
designed with a refrigerated open top or open condiment rail such as 
refrigerated sandwich units, pizza preparation tables, and similar 
equipment. The unit may or may not be equipped with a lower 
refrigerated compartment.'' Id.
    AHRI commented that it found the proposed definition for ``buffet 
table or preparation table'' to be broad enough for testing this 
equipment and defining necessary equipment characteristics; as a 
result, additional definitions may be unnecessary. (AHRI, No. 38, p. 5) 
AHRI recommended that DOE should specify that this definition applies 
to self-contained units and add to the definition whether the equipment 
does or does not share a coil. Id.
    Hussmann commented that while it did not oppose the proposed 
definitions, it requested that DOE include that the definition 
pertained to self-contained units only, and that DOE include language 
about sharing the coil with other compartments. (Hussmann, No. 32, p. 
4) Hussmann also commented that the definition included ``may or may 
not be equipped with a refrigerated storage compartment underneath the 
pans'' but did not mention any other equipment category, and that the 
buffet/prep section may share a coil with a different equipment 
category other than storage and mention should be in the definition 
because it already considers the lower storage. Id. Hussmann requested 
clarification about, and a definition of, ``non-thermally separated 
compartments,'' as the proposal stated ``closed.'' (Hussmann, No. 32, 
p. 5) Hussmann commented that currently, open display cases (``SVO'') 
share the same coil/discharge air with the buffet/prep section. Id. 
Hussman questioned whether DOE considered this condition as not 
thermally separated. Id. Hussmann added that if so, a ``no-load'' in 
the SVO section of the case would result in higher infiltration of warm 
air. Id. Hussmann also commented by asking if night curtains would be 
allowed to be installed on the case or if the unloaded compartment 
could be protected or, alternatively, if the SVO section of the case 
could be loaded. Id.
    The CA IOUs commented that DOE's proposed definition for ``buffet 
table or preparation table'' raises the issue that if an energy 
conservation standard is established in the future for this equipment, 
refrigerated rails will have to meet the same energy conservation 
standard as prep tables with a refrigerated bottom component if that 
bottom component is not ``thermally separated'' from the open-top 
refrigerated area. (CA IOUs, No. 36, p. 1) The CA IOUs also commented 
that DOE should consider defining ``refrigerated rail'' separately from 
``buffet table or preparation table'' and that the definition of 
``buffet table or preparation table'' include both sandwich and pizza 
prep tables; and that ``commercial hybrid'' CRE consists of 
compartments refrigerated by separate evaporators with fully 
independent temperature control between the different compartments. (CA 
IOUs, No. 36, p. 3)
    The CA IOUs amended the proposed NOPR definitions with strikeout 
deletions and underline additions. Id. The CA IOUs agreed with the 
current definition of a ``refrigerated rail.'' Id. The CA IOUs amended 
the proposed NOPR definition of ``buffet table or preparation table'' 
to ``a commercial refrigerator with an open-top refrigerated area, that 
may or may not include a lid, for displaying or storing merchandise and 
other perishable materials in pans or other removable containers for 
customer self-service or food production and assembly. The unit may or 
may not be equipped with a refrigerated storage compartment underneath 
the pans or other removable containers, that is not thermally separated 
from the open-top refrigerated area that is conditioned by the same 
refrigeration circuit as the open-top refrigerated area.'' Id. The CA 
IOUs slightly altered the definition of ``commercial hybrid'' 
refrigeration equipment to ``a unit of CRE (1) that consists of two or 
more thermally separated refrigerated compartments with independent 
control of temperature amongst the refrigerated compartments and that 
are in two or more different equipment families, and (2) that is sold 
as a single unit.'' Id.
    The CA IOUs commented that prep tables (either sandwich tables or 
pizza prep tables) are similar in having an open-top refrigerated area 
with a refrigerated storage compartment underneath. (CA IOUs, No. 36, 
p. 2) The CA IOUs stated that in the absence of a definition for 
``thermal separation,'' pizza prep tables could be misclassified as 
``commercial hybrid'' CRE with the open-top refrigerated area evaluated 
as a ``buffet table or preparation table'' and the refrigerated 
compartment tested as Vertical Closed Solid (VCS.SC.M), while sandwich 
prep tables would be tested as ``buffet table or preparation table.'' 
Id. The CA IOUs commented that rating sandwich prep tables differently 
from pizza prep tables would create market confusion. Id.
    Consistent with the June 2022 NOPR, DOE is not limiting the 
definition of buffet tables or preparation tables to self-contained 
configurations but is specifying that the test procedure is only 
applicable to self-contained configurations \19\ because DOE has not 
evaluated test provisions for remote equipment.
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

    \19\ See section 1.1 of appendix C of the June 2022 NOPR.
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

    The existing hybrid definition is based on thermally separated 
compartments, not independent coils or separate temperature control. 
DOE is maintaining the existing approach for hybrids, which will avoid 
reclassifying all existing hybrid CRE.
    DOE acknowledges that energy consumption likely varies depending on 
equipment configuration. For the purposes of testing, DOE has 
determined there is not a need to separately define equipment 
categories within buffet tables or preparation tables and is not 
establishing separate definitions. DOE has determined that test 
instructions regarding refrigerated pan areas and compartments are 
sufficient for testing the referenced configurations. DOE would 
consider energy impacts of different configurations as part of energy 
conservation standards rule evaluating this equipment category, and 
would consider appropriate definitions for those configurations at that 
time. Therefore, DOE is maintaining definitions as proposed in the June 
2022 NOPR, which combine aspects of existing industry definitions, 
ENERGY STAR definitions, and other DOE definitions for CRE.
b. Test Methods
    In the June 2022 NOPR, DOE considered potential test methods for 
buffet tables and preparation tables. 87 FR 39164, 39180. DOE reviewed 
both ASTM F2143-16 and NSF 7-2019 in considering test methods for 
buffet

[[Page 66174]]

tables and preparation tables. As described in section 1 of ASTM F2143-
16 (``Scope''), that test method covers evaluation of the energy 
consumption of refrigerated buffet and preparation tables and allows 
food service operators to use this evaluation to select a refrigerated 
buffet and preparation table and understand its energy performance. The 
foreword to NSF 7-2019 specifies that the purpose of the industry 
testing standard is to establish minimum food protection and sanitation 
requirements for the materials, design, construction, and performance 
of commercial refrigerators and freezers.
    The general test approach in ASTM F2143-16 is to load the unit with 
distilled water in pans and no load in any refrigerated compartment, 
operate the unit to confirm stability, then conduct testing for 24 
hours, with an 8-hour ``active period'' with lid and door openings 
followed by a 16-hour ``standby period'' with no door openings. DOE 
understands that this test is intended to represent unit operation and 
energy consumption over a 24-hour day.
    The NSF 7-2019 test approach requires loading the unit pans with 
refrigerated food-simulating test media (a specified mixture of water, 
salt, and hydroxypropyl methylcellulose) and no load in any 
refrigerated compartment and operating the unit for 4 hours to 
determine whether temperatures at all measured locations are within the 
acceptable range. DOE acknowledges that this test is intended to 
evaluate the ability of a unit to maintain the temperature of 
refrigerated pans (and any compartments) during a 4-hour period.
    While these two industry test methods contain certain similarities 
(e.g., loading pans but not compartments, ambient temperature 
conditions), DOE initially determined in the June 2022 NOPR that ASTM 
F2143-16 provides the more appropriate basis for an energy consumption 
test representative of typical use. 87 FR 39164, 39181. As discussed in 
the following subsections, DOE initially determined in the June 2022 
NOPR that 24 hours of maintaining stable temperatures, as required in 
the ASTM F2143-16 method, is representative of average use for this 
equipment. Id. DOE also tentatively determined in the June 2022 NOPR 
that the stabilization and operating periods specified in ASTM F2143-16 
would ensure that units maintain temperatures on a consistent basis 
during testing and would allow for comparative energy use measurements 
across units. Id. NSF 7-2019 provides a basis for determining whether a 
unit is capable of maintaining certain temperatures over a shorter 
period, but without additional instructions to ensure energy 
consumption testing on a consistent basis (i.e., the temperatures 
maintained over the shorter test period may not necessarily be stable).
    For these reasons, DOE proposed in the June 2022 NOPR to reference 
ASTM F2134-16 as the basis for testing buffet tables and preparation 
tables. 87 FR 39164, 39181. Consistent with the scope of ASTM F2134-16, 
DOE proposed test procedures only for self-contained buffet tables and 
preparation tables. Id. While DOE proposed to base the test procedure 
for buffet tables and preparation tables on ASTM F2134-16, DOE also 
proposed certain additional and different requirements for test 
conditions, setup, and conduct to ensure the representativeness of the 
test procedure, as discussed in the following sections. Id.
    To avoid confusion regarding testing of other CRE, DOE also 
proposed in the June 2022 NOPR to establish the test procedure for 
buffet tables and preparation tables as a new appendix C to subpart C 
of 10 CFR part 431. 87 FR 39164, 39181. DOE also proposed to refer to 
the proposed appendix C as the test procedure for buffet tables and 
preparation tables in 10 CFR 431.64. Id.
    In the June 2022 NOPR, DOE requested comment on its proposal to 
adopt through reference certain provisions of ASTM F2143-16 as the 
basis for testing buffet tables and preparation tables. 87 FR 39164, 
39181. DOE also sought comment on the proposal to specify test 
procedures only for self-contained buffet tables and preparation 
tables, consistent with ASTM F2143-16. Id.
    The Joint Commenters supported DOE's proposed changes regarding the 
proposed test methods for additional equipment categories including 
buffet and preparation tables. (Joint Commenters, No. 31, p. 1)
    NEEA stated its support for DOE's proposal to establish test 
procedures for new and/or newly defined categories of CRE, and restated 
its recommendation from the 2021 CRE TP RFI that DOE establish test 
methods for new CRE product types, including refrigerated preparation 
and buffet tables. (NEEA, No. 39, p. 2)
    The Joint Commenters expressed support for establishing test 
procedures for buffet and preparation tables, citing a statistic from 
the California Energy Commission (``CEC'') Modernized Appliance 
Efficiency Database System (``MAEDbS'') that listed over 100 buffet/
preparation tables with a broad range of energy usage, and a 2014 
report that discussed testing on 11 preparation tables, revealing a 
wide range of measured energy consumption. (Joint Commenters, No. 31, 
p. 2) The Joint Commenters stated that findings in the 2014 report 
suggested the potential for meaningful energy savings for these 
products and establishing test procedures for buffet and preparation 
tables would ensure that the energy consumption of this equipment would 
be measured in a consistent manner. Id.
    Continental commented that it supports the NOPR proposal to add new 
test procedures for product categories such as refrigerated buffet and 
preparation tables. (Continental, No. 29, p. 1) Continental noted, 
however, that attempting to develop test procedures that combine 
aspects of different existing industry standards and introducing 
significant modifications is not sufficient or appropriate for this 
type of rulemaking. Id. Continental recommended that DOE work with 
ASHRAE, AHRI, ASTM, and other stakeholders to develop suitable test 
procedures for any additional product categories so that new or 
modified industry standards are comprehensive, reliable, and repeatable 
for many equipment types, with minimal additional testing burden. Id. 
Continental expressed significant concerns with ASTM F2143-16, stating 
that DOE recognized many of the same issues in the NOPR and, as a 
result, DOE should delay adoption of a test procedure for refrigerated 
buffet and preparation tables, and work in depth with industry 
associations and other stakeholders to develop an appropriate standard 
procedure. (Continental, No. 29, p. 4) Continental commented that 
attempting to combine existing test standards was likely to result in 
excessive testing burden, inconsistent results, and confusion for 
stakeholders. Id. Continental added that ENERGY STAR had expressed a 
desire to include buffet tables and preparation tables in its most 
recent standards revision, but recognized that an appropriate standard 
test method has not been used by industry and declined to include this 
equipment. Id.
    AHRI recommended that DOE use ASTM F2143-16 only as intended and 
not impose additional provisions and restrictions in testing buffet 
tables and preparation tables. (AHRI, No. 38, p. 6) AHRI commented that 
test standards should not be combined and recommended regulating this 
issue under a single standard. Id. AHRI commented with concern that the 
data set used in testing failed to indicate energy efficiency, and that 
DOE should wait to update this regulation until

[[Page 66175]]

clearer test standards have been determined through consensus by 
manufacturers and third parties. Id. AHRI noted that ENERGY STAR was 
not employing ASTM F2143-16, indicating that DOE's adoption was 
premature. Id. AHRI commented that it had numerous concerns with ASTM 
F2143-16 and advised that this standard may not be ready for use in a 
DOE test procedure. Id. AHRI added that if DOE were to use this 
standard in a test procedure, it should only apply to self-contained 
equipment. Id. AHRI commented that it could not determine the impacts 
of employing the standard because it is not widely used. Id.
    Hoshizaki commented in agreement with the proposal to use test 
procedures from ASTM F-2143-2016, but in disagreement with the proposal 
to have additional requirements from other standards. (Hoshizaki, No. 
30, p. 2) Hoshizaki commented that if DOE wants to use a standard only 
in part, it should request to have a single standard updated with 
proposed changes and wait for the standard process to complete before 
publishing a test procedure. Id. Hoshizaki stated that this would give 
manufacturers a chance to see the final standard and prepare for 
testing prior to the implementation of new regulations. Id.
    Hillphoenix stated its disagreement with the proposal to adopt ASTM 
F2143-16 as the basis for testing buffet and preparation tables, as it 
is not widely utilized by all manufacturers. (Hillphoenix, No. 35, p. 
3) Hillphoenix recommended that DOE approach the industry and request 
updated testing standards that better reflect actual product intent, 
stating this approach would (1) cause less confusion than referencing 
portions of multiple standards, (2) drive consistency within the 
industry, and (3) be less burdensome on manufacturers. Id. Hillphoenix 
agreed that ASTM F2143-16 only pertained to self-contained models, and 
if adopted against industry recommendations, the proposed test 
procedure should reflect self-contained models only, as in ASTM F2143-
16. Id.
    Hussmann cautioned DOE that ASTM F2143-16 was not a commonly used 
standard in the industry and contained many holes and gaps common to 
DOE test procedures. (Hussmann, No. 32, p. 4) Hussmann added that 
combining test standards would cause confusion and disruption to the 
industry as the different standards were revised and therefore 
recommended adopting buffet/prep cases under a single standard that 
would be widely accepted across the industry. Id.
    In the August 2022 public meeting, True commented that ASTM-F2143-
16 is only required by the State of California for reporting energy, 
and that it is surprised NSF-7 is not being used as a standard for 
consideration, since that is a de facto national standard in place for 
the United States and Canada. (Public Meeting Transcript, No. 41, p. 
38) True commented that ASTM F2143-16 is not an industry standard used 
by the food service industry or by local health inspectors. (True, No. 
28, p. 2) True stated that NSF 7 is the food service industry standard 
for the performance rating, food safety, and evaluation of refrigerated 
food preparation units (tables); that local United States and Canada 
food safety and sanitation inspectors (health inspectors) require the 
NSF 7 compliance logo; and that certificates of occupancy are issued 
based on NSF 7 Standard compliance. Id.
    True also commented that the proposed ASTM F2143-16 standard is not 
a suitable standard that should be used to evaluate these products. 
(True, No. 28, p. 6) True stated that consideration should be given to 
the fact ASTM F2143-16 does not address food safe temperatures (water 
as the test media is not representative of food), and adding this test 
setup would increase testing and lab burdens to all manufacturers. Id. 
True pointed to NSF/ANSI 7-2021 as the reference standard recommended 
for this type of equipment and noted that ASTM F2143-16 is in review 
and has not been presented publicly. Id.
    As discussed in section III.C.1.a, DOE is establishing test 
procedures only for self-contained buffet tables or preparation tables.
    DOE agrees with commenters that ASTM F2143-16 cannot be referenced 
as a standalone test method and, accordingly, DOE proposed deviations 
and additional specifications in the June 2022 NOPR. DOE recognizes 
that not all manufacturers currently use ASTM F2143-16, but DOE has 
determined the approach based on ASTM F2143-16 with additional 
requirements is representative and not unduly burdensome to conduct. If 
a new or updated industry standard that measures the energy consumption 
of buffet tables or preparation tables becomes available, DOE will 
consider it in a future test procedure rulemaking.
    DOE has evaluated ASTM F2143-16 and identified the need for 
additional provisions or alternate requirements. To the extent that 
additional provisions are consistent with requirements in other 
industry methods, DOE has incorporated by reference those other 
methods. This approach makes it easier to determine where requirements 
are harmonized across industry standards. In response to combining 
multiple standards, DOE is not applying each standard in whole to this 
equipment, but rather is adopting the appropriate provisions to result 
in a representative DOE test procedure. The regulatory text is located 
in appendix C established in this final rule is the DOE test procedure 
for this equipment, and the requirements in appendix C clearly outline 
when to use requirements from each standard.
    As discussed in section III.C.1.a, NSF 7 is intended to ensure 
refrigerating performance and food safety, not energy use. ASTM F2143-
16 was developed to evaluate energy performance, and with the 
additional requirements established in this final rule, DOE has 
determined that referencing ASTM F2143-16 is appropriate and meets the 
EPCA requirements.
    DOE's determination to establish test procedures consistent with 
EPCA requirements is not impacted by ENERGY STAR's specification review 
process. To the extent that ENERGY STAR considers this equipment in 
future updates, the ENERGY STAR program typically adopts DOE test 
procedures and DOE will coordinate with ENERGY STAR to harmonize 
requirements.
    As discussed, DOE is establishing a test procedure for buffet 
tables and preparation tables based on ASTM F2143-16 with additional 
requirements. The following sub-sections describe additional details of 
the test procedure.
Test Conditions
    ASTM F2143-16 specifies different rating conditions for test room 
dry-bulb temperature and moisture content than the current DOE test 
procedure. NSF 7-2019 also specifies test conditions similar to those 
in ASTM F2143-16. Table III.1 summarizes these differences.

[[Page 66176]]



              Table III.1--Test Room Dry-Bulb Temperature and Moisture Content Standards Comparison
----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
                                                                               Wet bulb
                                                      Test room dry bulb      temperature      Moisture content
         Equipment type              Test standard        temperature          (relative        (lb/lb dry air)
                                                                               humidity)
----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Currently Covered CRE...........  ASHRAE 72 (2005     75.2 [deg]F 1.8 [deg]F.   minus>1.8 [deg]F
                                   Errata).                                (49%-62%).
Buffet and Preparation Tables...  ASTM F2143-16.....  86 [deg]F 2 [deg]F.     minus>1.8 [deg]F
                                                                           (30%-40%).
Buffet and Preparation Tables...  NSF 7-2019........  86 [deg]F 2 [deg]F.     (based on max
                                                                           50%).
----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------

    As previously described, the apparent purpose of the NSF 7-2019 
test is to determine the capability of a unit to maintain refrigerated 
temperature in the conditions specified by the industry testing 
standard. The ASTM F2143-16 ambient conditions match those in NSF 7-
2019. However, DOE initially determined in the June 2022 NOPR that 
these conditions are not necessarily the most representative of typical 
use. 87 FR 39164, 39182. As discussed in the June 2022 NOPR, buffet 
tables and preparation tables are typically installed in locations 
similar to other CRE (e.g., food service areas, supermarkets, 
commercial kitchens) and would be subject to the same ambient 
conditions during typical use. Id. DOE acknowledged in the June 2022 
NOPR that the ambient conditions at the point of installation may vary. 
Id. However, DOE determined that the conditions in ASHRAE 72 (in both 
the currently referenced 2005 version and the 2022 with Errata version) 
are appropriately representative of the average use of CRE. 79 FR 
22277, 22283. For consistency with other CRE testing, DOE proposed in 
the June 2022 NOPR that the ambient conditions specified in ASHRAE 72-
2018R also apply for testing buffet tables and preparation tables. 87 
FR 39164, 39182.
    For measuring these ambient conditions, ASHRAE 72-2022 with Eratta 
and ASTM F2143-16 specify the same measurement locations; however, the 
locations may require further specificity depending on the 
configuration of the refrigerated buffet table or preparation table 
under test. For example, the specified measurement location based on 
the highest point of the unit under test as provided in ASTM F2143-16 
could be based on the height of the refrigerated table surface and pan 
openings or on the height of any lid or cover over the pans, if 
included. Additionally, the specified measurement location at the 
center of the unit as provided in ASTM F2143-16 could be based on the 
geometric center of the unit determined from the height of the open pan 
surfaces or on the geometric center of any door openings (for those 
units with refrigerated compartments below the pan area).
    As described, DOE proposed in the June 2022 NOPR to incorporate by 
reference ASTM F2143-16 rather than NSF 7-2019 as the basis for testing 
buffet tables and preparation tables. 87 FR 39164, 39182. The ASTM 
F2143-16 ambient measurement locations are generally consistent with 
those in the current DOE test procedure and the provisions in ASHRAE 
72-2022 with Errata, but ASHRAE 72-2022 with Errata includes additional 
specificity regarding ambient measurement locations. To ensure 
appropriate measurement locations, DOE proposed in the NOPR to 
reference ASHRAE 72-2018R rather than ASTM F2143-16 for ambient 
condition measurement locations. 87 FR 39164, 39183. To provide 
additional specifications for thermocouple placement to accommodate 
different buffet table and preparation table configurations, DOE 
proposed to add an instruction that the ``highest point'' of the buffet 
table or preparation table is determined as the highest point of the 
open-top refrigerated area of the buffet table or preparation table, 
without including the height of any lids or covers. Id. DOE also 
proposed to specify that the geometric center of the buffet table or 
preparation table is: for buffet tables or preparation tables without 
refrigerated compartments, the geometric center of the top surface of 
the open-top refrigerated area; and for buffet tables or preparation 
tables with refrigerated compartments, the geometric center of the door 
opening area for the refrigerated compartment. Id. DOE proposed this 
specification because the geometric center of the unit is used to 
measure ambient temperature gradient. Id. For units with refrigerated 
compartments, this instruction referencing the center of the door 
opening area would ensure that the air entering the compartment during 
door openings is within the allowable temperature range.
    Regarding electrical supply requirements and measurements, appendix 
A to ASHRAE 72-2022 with Errata provides greater specificity for 
testing as compared to ASTM F2143-16. To improve test repeatability and 
reproducibility, DOE proposed in the June 2022 NOPR to reference the 
electric supply and measurement requirements specified in appendix A to 
ASHRAE 72-2018R for testing buffet tables and preparation tables. 87 FR 
39164, 39183.
    In the June 2022 NOPR, DOE similarly proposed to adopt through 
reference certain provisions in ASHRAE 72-2018R rather than ASTM F2143-
16 for instrumentation requirements for consistency with other CRE 
testing and with the proposed test conditions (e.g., wet-bulb 
temperature as specified in ASHRAE 72-2018R rather than relative 
humidity as specified in ASTM F2143-16). Id.
    In the June 2022 NOPR, DOE requested comment on the proposal for 
testing buffet tables and preparation tables with test conditions 
(i.e., test chamber conditions, measurement location, and electric 
supply conditions) consistent with ASHRAE 72-2018R, with additional 
detail specific to buffet tables and preparation tables. Id.
    AHRI commented that it supports DOE's inclusion of the ASHRAE 72-
2022 ambient testing conditions with the qualification that DOE not 
combine test standards, which would be unnecessary and inadvisable. 
AHRI recommended regulation through a singular standard using a test 
procedure developed through industry consensus and one that had been 
referred to an appropriate standards committee. (AHRI, No. 38, p. 6)
    AHRI noted that ASHRAE 72-2022 does not address areas with two 
different cooling spaces. (AHRI, No. 38, p. 6)
    Continental stated a belief that 86 [deg]F ambient better reflected 
the application temperature for food preparation tables used in 
commercial kitchens, which are often in proximity of cooking equipment 
and that 75 [deg]F conditions reflect an applicable ambient temperature 
for buffet tables used in restaurant front-of-house and supermarket 
applications. (Continental, No. 29, p. 5) Continental reiterated that 
DOE should not attempt to merge different aspects of existing

[[Page 66177]]

test methods into a new amalgamated test procedure within a rulemaking, 
and that DOE should delay adoption of a test procedure for refrigerated 
buffet and preparation tables, instead working with stakeholders to 
develop an appropriate standard procedure. Id.
    Hillphoenix stated agreement with the proposal to use ASHRAE 72 to 
establish the conditions in which buffet and preparations tables should 
be tested, as this standard already applies to existing CRE. 
(Hillphoenix, No. 35, p. 4) Hillphoenix recommended referencing ASHRAE 
72-202x, which would align with the incorporation of other standards 
that are referenced but not yet released. Id. Hillphoenix recommended 
against specifying alternate definitions for portions not covered by an 
existing industry standard and advised DOE to allow the industry to 
develop procedures through consensus. Id.
    Hussmann supported the use of ASHRAE 72 for ambient conditions, 
which more accurately resemble conditions in normal use, and which 
would reduce test burden for testing a new equipment category, as 
industry test chambers and conditions were not set for testing to 
different standards. (Hussmann, No. 32, p. 4) Hussmann recommended that 
DOE avoid combining sections from different standards to create a test 
procedure, because doing so would provide results not yet tested and 
proven by the industry. Id. Hussmann added that combining test 
standards would cause confusion and disruption to the industry as the 
different standards went through revisions and stated support for 
creating a universal standard for buffet/prep tables. Id.
    Hoshizaki agreed with the proposal to use test procedures from ASTM 
F-2143-2016, but disagreed with the proposal to have additional 
requirements from other standards. (Hoshizaki, No. 30, p. 2) Hoshizaki 
commented that if DOE wants to use a standard only in part, DOE should 
request to have a single standard updated with proposed changes and 
wait for the standard process to complete before publishing a test 
procedure, which would give manufacturers a chance to see the final 
standard and prepare for testing prior to the implementation of new 
regulations. Id.
    True recommended the use of NSF ANSI 7-2021, with the following 
test conditions: (1) ambient temperature of 86 2 [deg]F (30 
1 [deg]C); (2) no vertical temperature gradient exceeding 
1.5 [deg]F/ft (2.5 [deg]C/m); (3) maximum relative humidity of 50 
percent; and (4) maximum air current velocity of 50 ft/min (0.25 m/s) 
across the surfaces of the test pans. (True, No. 28, p. 6)
    DOE recognizes that CRE across all categories, including buffet 
tables or preparation tables, can be used in a range of installations, 
(e.g., in commercial kitchens or in front-of-house installations). 
Other CRE currently installed in these locations are tested per the 
ASHRAE 72 conditions.
    DOE understands that ASTM F2143-16 is currently under revision and 
may harmonize test conditions with ASHRAE 72-2022 with Errata. Buffet 
tables or preparation tables have the same energy use metric, kWh/day, 
as other CRE equipment. Test conditions consistent with ASHRAE 72-2022 
with Errata will allow for better comparisons between hybrid buffet 
tables or preparation tables and other buffet tables or preparation 
tables.
    As stated earlier in this section, the purpose of NSF 7 is to 
determine refrigerating performance for food safety requirements. While 
the elevated ambient temperature may be appropriate to ensure food 
safety, DOE has determined that the existing test condition based on 
ASHRAE 72-2022 with Errata provides the most appropriate test condition 
for the purpose of energy testing.
    For these reasons and consistent with the discussion in section 
III.C.1.b of the June 2022 NOPR, DOE has determined that the ASHRAE 72-
2022 with Errata test conditions are representative for buffet tables 
or preparation tables. DOE is establishing these conditions in appendix 
C by referencing ASHRAE 72-2022 with Errata.
Test Setup
    Section 9.1 of ASTM F2143-16 specifies installation of the buffet 
table or preparation table for testing according to the manufacturer's 
instructions, with 6 in. of rear clearance, at least 12 in. of 
clearance to any side wall or partition, and at least 3 feet of 
clearance from the front of the unit. Section 5.2 of ASHRAE 72-2022 
with Errata specifies that the test unit be installed next to a wall or 
vertical partition in the direction of (a) the exhaust, (b) the intake, 
or (c) both the exhaust and the intake at the minimum clearance, 0.5 in., as specified in the installation instructions; if the 
installation instructions do not provide a minimum clearance, the 
vertical partition or wall shall be located 4 0.5 in. from 
the sides or rear of the cabinet and extend at least 12 in. beyond each 
side of the cabinet from the floor to at least 12 in. above the top of 
the cabinet.
    DOE determined in the June 2022 NOPR that the installation 
instructions in ASHRAE 72-2018R are more representative of actual use, 
as they require testing according to the minimum manufacturer-specified 
clearance in the direction of air exhaust or intake rather than a 
constant 6 in. 87 FR 39164, 39183. DOE expects that CRE are typically 
installed with minimum installation clearances due to the space-
constrained locations in which they operate (e.g., commercial kitchens 
or food service areas). DOE proposed in the June 2022 NOPR to reference 
the installation requirements in section 5.2 of ASHRAE 72-2018R for 
buffet table and preparation table testing to represent typical use and 
to ensure consistency with appendix B test requirements. 87 FR 39164, 
39183.
    Sections 5.1 and 5.3 of ASHRAE 72-2022 with Errata also provide 
additional instructions regarding test unit installation and setup that 
are not addressed in ASTM F2143-16. Specifically, section 5.1 provides 
instructions regarding test unit installation within the test facility 
and section 5.3 specifies test requirements for components and 
accessories. While these provisions were established for conventional 
CRE, DOE initially determined in the June 2022 NOPR that they are also 
applicable to buffet table and preparation table installation and use 
due to both categories having similar installation locations and 
similar accessories available for use. 87 FR 39164, 39183. DOE proposed 
in the June 2022 NOPR to also reference these sections in ASHRAE 72-
2018R for buffet table and preparation table testing to ensure 
consistent testing that is representative of actual use. Id.
    In the June 2022 NOPR, DOE requested comment on the proposal for 
testing buffet tables and preparation tables with test setup 
instructions consistent with ASHRAE 72-2018R rather than ASTM F2143-16. 
Id.
    Hillphoenix commented that it agrees with the proposal to use 
ASHRAE 72 for testing setup requirements for buffet and preparations 
tables as this standard already applies to existing CRE and allows 
testing that is more representative of the end use installations. 
(Hillphoenix, No. 35, p. 4) Hillphoenix recommended referencing ASHRAE 
72-202X, which would align with the incorporation of other standards 
that are being referenced but that are not yet released. Id.
    Hussmann stated its support for the ASTM F2143-16 test set-up 
instructions as they more closely resembled typical use. (Hussmann, No. 
32, p. 4) Hussmann also cautioned DOE against combining sections from 
different standards to create a test procedure, commenting that

[[Page 66178]]

combining different standards would provide unsupported results not yet 
tested and proven by the industry. Id. Hussmann added that combining 
test standards would cause confusion and disruption to the industry as 
the different standards were revised. Id.
    AHRI stated support for test setup conditions consistent with ASTM 
F2143-16, but with the qualification that test standards not be 
combined, which would be unnecessary and inadvisable. (AHRI, No. 38, p. 
6) AHRI recommended that DOE should regulate this issue under a 
singular standard and advised that small business retailers especially 
could be negatively impacted by the proposed leapfrogging of standards, 
especially for buffet tables, where full analysis of testing had not 
been completed. Id. AHRI commented that ASTM F2143-16 was under review 
and might be updated within the next one to two years, making it 
prudent for DOE to wait to further regulate. Id.
    Hoshizaki repeated their previous comment, commenting in agreement 
with the proposal to use test procedures from ASTM F-2143-2016, but in 
disagreement with the proposal to have additional requirements from 
other standards. (Hoshizaki, No. 30, p. 2) They commented that if DOE 
wants to use a standard only in part, they should request to have a 
single standard updated with proposed changes and wait for the standard 
process to complete before publishing a test procedure. Id. Hoshizaki 
stated that this will give manufacturers a chance to see the final 
standard and prepare for testing prior to the implementation of new 
regulations. Id.
    Continental commented that the ASHRAE 72 committee has discussed 
requirements for testing buffet and preparation tables, concluded that 
ASHRAE 72 is not appropriate for these product types, and determined 
that a new standard procedure would be needed, but that combining 
existing test standards is unnecessary, inadvisable, and likely to 
result in excessive testing burden and confusion for stakeholders. 
(Continental, No. 29, p. 5) Continental commented that DOE should not 
attempt to merge different aspects of ASHRAE and ASTM standards into a 
test procedure for refrigerated buffet and preparation tables and 
instead should work with stakeholders to develop and thoroughly assess 
a single comprehensive standard procedure. Id.
    As discussed in the June 2022 NOPR, DOE recognizes that the ASHRAE 
72-2022 with Errata provisions apply to conventional CRE, but has 
determined that the installation instructions specified in ASHRAE 72-
2022 with Errata provide for more representative installation 
instructions when testing buffet tables and preparation tables as 
compared to those specified in ASTM F2143-16. Specifically, DOE 
maintains that this equipment is typically installed in space-
constrained locations, and therefore the manufacturer specified minimum 
clearances are most representative of actual use. Additionally, ASHRAE 
72-2022 with Errata provides additional instructions regarding test 
unit installation within the test facility and for components and 
accessories. These provisions are necessary to ensure consistent 
testing.
    Regarding combining references to multiple industry test standards 
within the test procedure in appendix C, as discussed in sections III.B 
and III.C.1.b of this document, DOE references specific sections of the 
applicable industry standards for testing in appendix C rather than 
incorporating the industry standards in full. This approach makes it 
easier to determine where requirements are harmonized across industry 
standards.
    For these reasons, DOE is maintaining references to ASTM F2143-16 
as appropriate for test conduct, but DOE is additionally specifying 
instructions based on ASHRAE 72-2022 with Errata for certain 
installation provisions, as appropriate, in appendix C.
Test Load
    ASTM F2143-16 specifies that temperature measurements for 
preparation tables or buffet tables be taken from standardized pans 
filled with distilled water. ASTM F2143-16 also specifies measuring the 
temperature in any chilled compartments for refrigerated buffet and 
preparation tables using three thermocouples in an empty, unloaded 
compartment. DOE's current test procedure for CRE requires that 
integrated average temperature measurements be taken from test 
simulators consisting of a plastic container filled with a sponge 
saturated with a 2-percent mixture of propylene glycol and distilled 
water. See ASHRAE 72-2005, section 6.2.1. Additionally, the DOE test 
procedure requires 70 to 90 percent of the compartment net usable 
volume to be loaded with filler material and test simulators for 
testing (60 to 80 percent as proposed in this final rule by referencing 
section 5.4.8 of ASHRAE 72-2022 with Errata). See ASHRAE 72-2005, 
section 6.2.5. Buffet tables and preparation tables may not typically 
be loaded to 70 percent of their net usable volume due to their use for 
service rather than long-term storage, but testing with the 
refrigerated compartment entirely empty also may not be representative 
of average use.
    DOE initially determined in the June 2022 NOPR that the distilled 
water pan loading as specified in ASTM F2143-16 provides a 
representative test load for the open-top refrigerated areas of buffet 
tables and preparation tables, while limiting test burden, and is 
consistent with the filler material specified in both ASHRAE 72-2005 
and ASHRAE 72-2018R (i.e., filler material that consists of water, a 
50/50 mixture (2 percent) of distilled water and propylene 
glycol, or wood blocks with an overall density not less than 480 kg/
m\3\ (30 lb/ft\3\). 87 FR 39164, 39184. Typical food loads are composed 
mostly of water, such that water is a representative test medium. 
Additionally, distilled water does not require any additional 
preparation by the test laboratory, limiting test burden and ensuring a 
consistent test medium across different test facilities.
    DOE acknowledges that using water would not accommodate testing at 
conditions at and below 32 [deg]F. However, ASTM F2143-16 specifies pan 
temperature to be within 33 [deg]F and 41 [deg]F for a valid test. As 
discussed later in this section, DOE proposed in the June 2022 NOPR 
that the integrated average pan temperature be 38 [deg]F 2 
[deg]F for buffet table and preparation table testing. 87 FR 39164, 
39184. At these temperatures, the distilled water would be liquid and 
would not result in the testing issues associated with freezing. 
Additionally, DOE observed during investigative testing that individual 
pans filled with distilled water did not reach temperatures lower than 
33 [deg]F when tested with an integrated average pan temperature of 38 
[deg]F 2 [deg]F.
    In addition to proposing the water test load, DOE proposed in the 
June 2022 NOPR that pans for testing be loaded to within 0.5 in. of the 
top of the pan. 87 FR 39164, 39184. For pans that are not configured in 
a horizontal orientation, DOE proposed that only the lowest side of the 
pan be loaded to within 0.5 in. of the top of the pan. Id. ASTM F2143-
16 specifies a pan loading procedure based on the weight of water 
needed to load pans to 0.5 in. of the top of the pan. DOE expects that 
a loading method based on marking pans or measuring distance from the 
water to the top of the pan would limit test burden as compared to the 
weight-based method in ASTM F2143-16 and that both the loads and 
loading methods would be substantively the same.
    ASTM F2143-16 specifies the pans for holding water to be standard 
4-in. deep \1/6\-size metal steam table pans with a weight of 0.70 
0.07 lb. ASTM F2143-16 allows for manufacturer-

[[Page 66179]]

specified pans if the unit is designed specifically for such pans. DOE 
notes that manufacturers typically specify pan dimensions or provide 
pans for their units, but some manufacturers do not provide a pan depth 
or may specify a range of possible pan depths. DOE also notes that pan 
materials can vary and are not always specified by the manufacturer.
    Based on a review of buffet tables and preparation tables available 
on the market, manufacturers typically allow for a range of pan 
configurations in the open-top refrigerated area. These configurations 
can nearly always accommodate the \1/6\-size steam table pans 
referenced in ASTM F2143-16. To ensure consistent testing for units 
that offer multiple pan configurations, DOE proposed in the June 2022 
NOPR to reference the pan instructions in ASTM F2143-16. 87 FR 39164, 
39184. If a buffet table or preparation table cannot be loaded with the 
specified standard pans, DOE proposed in the June 2022 NOPR to test 
with pans that are consistent with the manufacturer installation 
instructions and with dimensions as close to the standard pans as is 
available, consistent with the ASTM F2143-16 loading instructions. Id.
    Under the current test procedure, a thermal separation would be 
required between the buffet table or preparation table and a 
refrigerated compartment for that compartment to be subject to the 
testing requirements, which include test simulators and loading 
requirements. Buffet tables and preparation tables may include 
refrigerated compartments that are not thermally separated from the 
open-top refrigerated area, and in the NOPR, DOE considered whether 
different loads (or no load) would be appropriate for testing such 
compartments. 87 FR 39164, 39185.
    DOE proposed in the June 2022 NOPR that any refrigerated 
compartment of a buffet table or preparation table (i.e., any 
refrigerated compartment that is not thermally separated from the open-
top refrigerated area) be tested with no load. Id. DOE proposed in the 
June 2022 NOPR to reference the ASTM F2143-16 requirements, which 
specify placing three thermocouples in specific locations within the 
empty refrigerated compartment. Id. DOE tentatively determined in the 
June 2022 NOPR that this approach would limit test burden by not 
requiring additional test simulator preparation or loading of filler 
materials. Id. Additionally, DOE expects that the refrigerated 
compartments of buffet tables and preparation tables are typically used 
for short-term storage of items used during food service and food 
preparation (i.e., with additional pans of prepared food or ingredients 
for food preparation) rather than long-term storage, and that, 
therefore, an unloaded cabinet would be more representative of typical 
usage. This is also consistent with the DOE test procedures for 
consumer refrigeration products, which measure internal compartment 
temperatures with no load. See 10 CFR part 430, subpart B, appendix A 
and appendix B.
    ASTM F2143-16 does not specify whether the internal compartment 
thermocouples are weighted or unweighted. For consistency with the NSF 
7-2019 approach, DOE proposed in the June 2022 NOPR that the 
thermocouples be weighted--i.e., in thermal contact with the center of 
a 1.6-oz (45-g) cylindrical brass slug with a diameter and height of 
0.75 in. 87 FR 39164, 39185. The brass slugs shall be placed at least 
0.5 in from any heat-conducting surface. Id. While ASHRAE 72-2022 with 
Errata requires internal compartment temperatures to be measured using 
test simulators, ambient temperature measurements are similarly made by 
thermocouples in contact with cylindrical brass slugs with the same 
specifications.
    In the June 2022 NOPR, DOE requested comment on the proposed test 
loads and temperature measurement locations for buffet tables and 
preparation tables--i.e., distilled water in pans for the open-top 
refrigerated area and no load in any refrigerated compartment--
consistent with the approach in ASTM F2143-16. 87 FR 39164, 39185.
    Hoshizaki commented that it agrees with the proposal to use test 
procedures from ASTM F2143-2016. (Hoshizaki, No. 30, p. 3) Hoshizaki 
noted that if DOE were to seek changes in the future, those changes 
should go through the ASTM standards committee. Id.
    Hillphoenix stated agreement with the proposal to load pans with 
distilled water, assuming there is no requirement to move the pans 
(i.e., physically relocating, opening of drawer with pans, etc.), which 
would cause spillage and splashing. (Hillphoenix, No. 35, p. 4) 
Hillphoenix also agreed with the temperature measurement location in 
the center of the pan and recommended a sponge or similar material be 
used to stabilize the measuring device and maintain consistent 
placement of the sensor. Id. Hillphoenix recommended that DOE approach 
industry and request updated testing standards that better reflect 
actual product intent, which would drive consistency within the 
industry and be less burdensome on manufacturers. Id.
    AHRI commented that it urged DOE to defer requirements for this 
issue in the test procedure until the ASTM F2143-16 standard has been 
updated in an estimated 1 to 2 years. (AHRI, No. 38, p. 7) AHRI stated 
a number of concerns, including the fact that proposed changes under 
consideration for test mediums or loading would be subjected to a test 
revision process. Id. AHRI pointed out its concerns with the proposed 
use of distilled water as a medium because it may have limitations in 
certain applications, even though it is much less burdensome than 
alternative mediums, such as glycol, used for testing. Id. AHRI noted 
that manufacturers are concerned that test results using distilled 
water sent to third-party testing labs may be inconsistent and 
difficult to replicate, and manufacturers need further testing to 
determine if distilled water is the decisively preferred testing 
medium, or if a lack of testing repeatability makes distilled water a 
less-preferred testing medium. Id. AHRI also repeated its concern that 
ENERGY STAR is not yet ready to employ ASTM F2143-16 and that DOE's 
adoption may be premature. Id.
    Hussmann commented that distilled water was less of a burden for 
testing; however, water may have test limitations due to freezing/slush 
that could affect test measurements. (Hussmann, No. 32, p. 5) Hussmann 
recommended that DOE refer this issue to a standards committee to 
determine how water affected the temperature measurements and to 
determine the appropriate test medium. Id.
    Continental commented that it had not performed extensive equipment 
testing using ASTM F2143-16 to provide comprehensive feedback on any 
proposed test conditions, and stated support for use of a no-load test 
for buffet tables or preparation tables that do not have a refrigerated 
storage compartment that is thermally separated from the open-top pan 
area. (Continental, No. 29, p. 6) Continental advised that empty pans 
could be used in the top opening to minimize additional burden, but 
potential inconsistencies in methods and results would need to be 
evaluated. Id. Continental commented that filling pans in the top with 
distilled water for testing was significantly less burdensome than 
alternative product simulator compounds, but that this approach is 
problematic because distilled water can be subject to partial freezing 
under certain application conditions, resulting in inconsistent test 
results. Id. Continental added that a mixture of propylene glycol and 
distilled water

[[Page 66180]]

would eliminate potential freezing concerns, but also add cost and 
potentially result in inconsistencies. Id. Continental alluded to 
another type of testing, a special test media, such as a solution of 
water, sodium chloride, and methocel as prescribed for ANSI/NSF 7-2019 
sanitation testing, which would be extremely burdensome for separate 
energy testing due to relatively expensive ingredients, significant 
preparation time, and limited shelf life before the solution must be 
discarded. Id. Continental urged DOE to postpone adoption of a test 
procedure for refrigerated buffet and preparation tables and address 
these issues with relevant standards committees, such as ASTM, ASHRAE, 
and AHRI, as well as stakeholders. Id.
    In the August 2022 public meeting, True commented that the problem 
with using distilled water in a cabinet, especially a food preparation 
table, is the threat of dual freeze; in other words, the distilled 
water dropping below 32 [deg]F. (Public Meeting Transcript, No. 4, p. 
56) True stated that when using water, measurements of the actual 
temperature of the product cannot be taken because as the water changes 
state, it will not move from 32 [deg]F. Id. True added that the design 
of food preparation tables and buffet tables results in cold air coming 
out, or a cold rail either making direct contact or blowing directly on 
pans. Id. True stated that because of this, pans will freeze even 
though the average may be 38 [deg]F. Id. Therefore, True stated that 
using water only as a test media is irresponsible because it is not 
producing adequate temperatures. Id. True suggested instead filling a 
pan with 50/50 water and glycol. Id.
    In response to the Hillphoenix comment, DOE is not requiring pans 
to be moved during testing (as discussed in a later sub-section of 
III.C.1.b in this document), therefore limiting any spillage or 
splashing concerns. DOE has not identified an issue with maintaining 
thermocouple placement in the center of the pan during its internal 
testing of buffet tables and preparation tables, and therefore is not 
requiring the use of a sponge or similar material to stabilize the 
thermocouple during testing.
    In response to AHRI's comment, DOE has determined that distilled 
water is a repeatable and reproducible test medium that limits test 
burden. Distilled water provides a consistent, representative basis for 
testing, limits burden by avoiding the need for test facilities to 
create solutions or mixtures (e.g., propylene glycol and water 
solutions, methocel, or sawdust mixtures), and is cost effective. In 
response to Continental's suggestion that empty pans could be used for 
testing, DOE has determined that a thermal load in the pans is most 
representative of actual use and is necessary to allow for temperature 
measurements of the pan load.
    DOE recognizes that water in pans of buffet tables or preparation 
tables could freeze under certain conditions but that the target pan 
temperatures are above water's freezing point. Based on DOE's 
investigative testing, DOE does not expect freezing of water in the 
pans during the test. If a buffet table or preparation table has a 
specific design characteristic that results in water freezing in a pan 
during the DOE test and that prohibits the conduct of the test, 
manufacturers can petition for a waiver under the provisions in 10 CFR 
431.401.
    DOE has determined that distilled water represents a consistent 
test load that represents the thermal load in pans during buffet table 
or preparation table operation. Therefore, DOE is adopting distilled 
water as the test medium for pans in buffet tables and preparation 
tables, and is requiring that any refrigerated compartments in buffet 
tables and preparation tables be tested with no load using weighted 
thermocouples, consistent with the June 2022 NOPR approach.
Test Conduct--Defrosts
    ASTM F2143-16 does not provide specific instructions for addressing 
defrost cycles when testing buffet tables and preparation tables, other 
than indicating in the test report whether a defrost cycle occurred. 
Section 7.3 of ASHRAE 72-2022 with Errata directs that the test period 
begins with a defrost cycle. This section also requires that for 
refrigerators with manual defrost or off-cycle defrost, the test is 
started at the beginning of a refrigeration system off cycle (if the 
off-cycle defrost is not identifiable); or, if the refrigeration system 
never cycles off, the test is started at any point during refrigeration 
system operation.
    Defrost cycles can increase the energy consumption of refrigeration 
equipment as compared to stable operation; however, DOE has observed 
that most buffet tables and preparation tables often incorporate off-
cycle defrosts, which melt frost accumulation by running the evaporator 
fan during a compressor off cycle. This method of defrost does not 
actively introduce heat to melt the accumulated frost and may occur 
during the compressor's normal cycling operation. With this defrost 
approach, there may not be an identifiable defrost occurrence in the 
measured test data.
    In the June 2022 NOPR, DOE determined that to the extent buffet 
tables or preparation tables incorporate automatic electric or hot gas 
defrosts (i.e., heating the evaporator to melt frost accumulation), or 
any automatic extended off-cycle defrost (i.e., off-cycle defrost with 
a duration longer than a compressor off cycle), the energy consumption 
of these defrosts should be captured in the test period to measure 
energy use representative of typical use. 87 FR 39164, 39186. DOE 
observed during investigative testing that automatic extended off-cycle 
defrost is used in both buffet tables and preparation tables. To 
incorporate this energy use and ensure consistent testing of buffet 
tables and preparation tables, DOE proposed in the June 2022 NOPR to 
require that test periods for buffet tables and preparation tables 
account for any defrosts consistent with the requirements in ASHRAE 72-
2018R. 87 FR 39164, 39186. This would require capturing a defrost at 
the start of the test period or starting the test period at the 
beginning of a refrigeration off cycle if there is no identifiable 
defrost (or at any point during refrigeration system operation if the 
refrigeration system never cycles off).
    In the June 2022 NOPR, DOE requested comment on the proposal to 
account for defrosts when testing buffet tables and preparation tables, 
consistent with the approach in ASHRAE 72-2018R. 87 FR 39164, 39186.
    AHRI commented that it supports DOE's proposal to account for 
defrosts for buffet tables and preparation tables in a test period 
greater than 4 hours, although AHRI cautioned DOE against combining 
test standards as it is unnecessary and inadvisable and restated the 
call for DOE to regulate this issue under a singular standard. (AHRI, 
No. 38, p. 7)
    Hillphoenix stated agreement with the proposal to use ASHRAE 72 for 
defrost requirements pertaining to buffet and preparations tables as 
this standard already applies to existing CRE. (Hillphoenix, No. 35, p. 
4) Hillphoenix recommended referencing ASHRAE 72-202x, which would 
align with the incorporation of other standards that are being 
referenced but that are not yet released. Id. Hillphoenix recommended 
this only be applied to units consisting of open tops with pans that 
incorporate other refrigerated zones. Hillphoenix commented that in 
reference to the test period duration, a defrost cycle may not be 
required due to a shortened active refrigeration time. Id.

[[Page 66181]]

    Continental commented it had not sufficiently tested equipment 
using the proposed methods to provide an adequate response regarding 
defrost periods. (Continental, No. 29, p. 6) Continental commented that 
DOE's recognition of this issue is another indication as to why 
development of a new test procedure should not be attempted within a 
rulemaking, and why DOE should delay publication of a test procedure 
for refrigerated buffet and preparation tables, instead working with 
stakeholders to develop an appropriate standard procedure. Id.
    Hussmann cautioned DOE on using a hybrid approach to creating a 
test procedure, but stated support for accounting for defrosts in a 
test period greater than 4 hours. (Hussmann, No. 32, p. 5)
    Hoshizaki commented that it does not agree with proposing the use 
of one standard but then incorporating parts of other standards without 
going through the standard review process. (Hoshizaki, No. 30, p. 3) 
Hoshizaki noted that if DOE feels that starting the test with defrost 
is the best way to capture energy values, then DOE should make requests 
to amend ASTM F-2143 for those changes. Id.
    In response to the comments regarding DOE referencing multiple test 
standards, refer to the same comments discussed in sections III.B and 
III.C.1.b of this document.
    Because defrost occurrences can impact energy use, DOE is requiring 
that the test period begin at the start of a defrost occurrence, or at 
the beginning of a refrigeration off-cycle if there is no identifiable 
defrost (or at any point during refrigeration system operation if the 
refrigeration system never cycles off). This approach is consistent 
with the test period requirements for other CRE and would ensure 
repeatable and reproducible testing of buffet tables and preparation 
tables that is representative of actual use.
Test Conduct--Moving Pans
    Section 10.5.6 of ASTM F2143-16 specifies that if it is possible to 
control cooling to the display area independently of the refrigerated 
cabinet, the cooling to the display area is turned off and all pans are 
to be moved from the display area to the refrigerated cabinet 
underneath after the active period. The ability to control cooling in 
both the display area and the refrigerated cabinet independently of 
each other suggests that this language applies to units with thermally 
separated compartments and pan areas.
    DOE currently provides test procedures for any refrigerated 
compartments that are combined with buffet tables and preparation 
tables and that are thermally separate from the open-top refrigerated 
area. In the June 2022 NOPR, DOE did not propose to amend the test 
requirements for such thermally separated refrigerated compartments. 87 
FR 39164, 39186.
    In the June 2022 NOPR, DOE proposed to reference ASTM F2143-16 
rather than NSF 7-2019 as the basis for buffet table and preparation 
table testing. Id. Section 10.5.6 of ASTM F2143-16 specifies moving 
pans from the display area to the refrigerated cabinet underneath after 
the active period if it is possible to control cooling to the display 
area independently of the refrigerated cabinet. As stated, the separate 
cooling control suggests thermal separation between the open-top area 
and the refrigerated cabinet. Because DOE did not propose changes to 
the current test requirements for any thermally separated refrigerated 
cabinets, DOE proposed that all buffet tables and preparation tables be 
tested with the pans in the display area for the entire test, including 
the ``standby period'' specified in section 10.5.6 of ASTM F2143-16. 87 
FR 39164, 39186.
    DOE determined in the June 2022 NOPR that this proposed approach 
would limit test burden and variability by avoiding moving pans during 
the test period, which could introduce varying heat loads depending on 
how the movement is conducted. Id. Additionally, DOE expects that the 
proposed test procedure is representative of typical buffet table and 
preparation table use. As previously discussed, DOE expects that buffet 
tables and preparation tables are used for short-term storage during 
food service and food preparation. Therefore, it is unlikely that these 
units would be used for storage in the refrigerated compartment without 
any pans loaded in the open-top pan area.
    In the June 2022 NOPR, DOE requested comment on its proposal to 
require loading pans in the open-top refrigerated area and not moving 
them to a refrigerated compartment, if applicable, during testing. 87 
FR 39164, 39186-39187.
    Hillphoenix stated agreement with the proposal to have open-top 
pans remain in place once they are loaded and testing begins, which 
would be consistent with the ASHRAE 72 approach that applies to 
existing CRE. (Hillphoenix, No. 35, p. 5) Hillphoenix recommended 
referencing ASHRAE 72-202x, which would align with the incorporation of 
other standards that are being referenced but that are not yet 
released. Id. Hillphoenix recommended DOE approach industry and request 
updated testing standards that better reflect actual product intent, an 
approach intended to drive consistency within the industry while 
proving less burdensome on manufacturers. Id.
    Hoshizaki commented agreeing that keeping the pans in and closing 
the lid would be simpler for the test. (Hoshizaki, No. 30, p. 3) 
Hoshizaki commented that manufacturers that have a separated rail and 
compartment temperature zones would have to change their test process. 
Id. Hoshizaki noted that if DOE wants to change this for all 
manufacturers regardless of design constraints of units, then this 
process should be updated in the ASTM F2143 standards committee. Id.
    Continental commented that equipment with the ability to 
independently turn off the refrigeration system for the pan display 
area should be classified separately from other refrigerated buffet and 
prep tables. (Continental, No. 29, p. 6)
    Continental added that if the manufacturer's instructions require 
relocating pans to the storage area at night, moving the pans would 
more accurately reflect the actual energy consumption of the equipment 
usage, although Continental had not tested equipment in this manner to 
thoroughly judge the suitability of moving pans. (Continental, No. 29, 
p. 6) Continental found making physical changes to equipment setup, 
such as relocating pans during a test, to be problematic because it 
could lead to significant differences in results by, for example, 
skewing measurements by the order in which pans were removed or 
arranged in the storage compartment, or how long doors or drawers were 
opened for the relocation of pans, etc. Id. Continental commented that 
this issue is another reason DOE must delay adoption of a test 
procedure for refrigerated buffet and preparation tables, and instead 
work with the standards committees and stakeholders to develop a 
comprehensive industry standard. Id.
    AHRI recommended that any changes to the ASTM F2143-16 standard 
should be addressed by the appropriate standards committee. (AHRI, No. 
38, p. 7) AHRI advised DOE that manufacturers have not tested equipment 
to the specifications proposed, and therefore AHRI does not have the 
knowledge to advise DOE regarding the appropriateness of this change. 
Id. AHRI commented that it supported DOE's proposal and recommended 
that DOE should not support moving pans during the test procedure, as 
this might affect test outcomes. Id. AHRI repeated that DOE

[[Page 66182]]

should not combine test standards and recommended that DOE regulate 
this issue under a singular standard.
    Hussmann again cautioned DOE against combining sections from 
different standards to create a test procedure and that doing so would 
result in unsupported results not yet tested and proven by industry. 
(Hussmann, No. 32, p. 5) Hussmann commented that the method mentioned 
provides for testing variability and additional burden of testing on 
the manufacturer and was not recommended. Id. Hussmann instead 
recommended that the matter be taken before the proper standards 
committee for validation and vetting before being adopted. Id.
    In response to the comments regarding DOE referencing multiple test 
standards, refer to the same comments discussed in sections III.B and 
III.C.1.b of this document.
    DOE agrees with the comments indicating that moving pans in the 
middle of a test period would increase test burden and potentially 
increase variability. Therefore, DOE is requiring that pans stay in 
place for the duration of the test period, consistent with the approach 
proposed in the June 2022 NOPR.
    DOE recognizes that typical buffet table and preparation table use 
may include movement of food pans from the top pan area or maintaining 
pans in that location depending on end use. However, the function of 
this equipment is to provide cooling to food loads in the top pan 
areas. DOE has determined that maintaining pans in the top open storage 
area allows for representative measures of energy consumption while 
limiting test burden.
Test Conduct--Operating Periods and Door/Lid Openings
    As described, buffet tables and preparation tables temporarily 
store and display perishable items during food preparation or service. 
Because buffet tables and preparation tables are used only during food 
preparation or service, these equipment types may not be used for the 
same 24-hour duration used to characterize performance for other 
categories of CRE. Sections 10.5.5 and 10.5.6 of ASTM F2143-16 specify 
a 24-hour test, with an active period of 8 hours and a standby period 
of 16 hours. The active period specified in section 10.5.5 contains 
instructions for a cover, if equipped (open for 2 hours, then closed 
for 4 hours, then open for 2 hours), and a door opening sequence for 
any refrigerated compartments (every 30 minutes, each cabinet door or 
drawer, or both, shall be fully opened sequentially, one at a time, for 
6 consecutive seconds; for units with pass-thru doors, only the doors 
on one side of the unit are opened).
    DOE tentatively determined in the June 2022 NOPR that buffet tables 
and preparation tables are typically used for food service and food 
preparation rather than longer-term food storage. 87 FR 39164, 39187. 
In the June 2022 NOPR, DOE proposed to test this equipment with pans 
loaded into the open-top display areas for the duration of the test, 
which DOE has tentatively determined represents typical use during food 
service and food preparation. Id.
    DOE recognizes that the duration of use per day varies based on the 
application and installation location for this equipment. In the June 
2022 NOPR, DOE identified that buffet tables and preparation tables can 
be used for up to 24 hours per day. DOE initially determined in the 
June 2022 NOPR that a 24-hour test period as specified in ASTM F2143-16 
incorporates the likely aspects of buffet table and preparation table 
operation--i.e., an active door-opening period and a period of stable 
operation. 87 FR 39164, 39187. While the actual durations of use may 
vary based on end-use application, the measured energy use in kWh/day 
is representative of the energy use of a unit operated in 24 hours and 
allows for consistent energy use comparisons among models. Id. DOE 
proposed in the June 2022 NOPR to require a 24-hour test period for 
buffet tables and preparation tables as specified in ASTM F2143-16. Id. 
The proposed 24-hour test period is consistent with the industry test 
procedure, the test procedure for other CRE; the 24-hour test period 
also limits test burden and variability by allowing for stable 
operation over a longer period and incorporates the door openings while 
allowing the stable operation expected during typical usage. Id.
    In the June 2022 NOPR, DOE requested comment on the proposed 24-
hour test period, which is consistent with the approach in ASTM F2143-
16. Id.
    Hoshizaki commented that it continues to agree with DOE's proposal 
to incorporate ASTM F2143-2016, but with revisions. (Hoshizaki, No. 30, 
p. 3) Hoshizaki stated that any revisions DOE feels necessary to make 
should be proposed to the ASTM F2143-2016 standards committee. Id.
    Continental commented it had not thoroughly tested equipment using 
ASTM F2143-16 to judge the applicability of the 24-hour test period, 
but generally believed a 24-hour test to be appropriate. (Continental, 
No. 29, p. 6) Continental stated DOE should address any concerns raised 
regarding this test method with the appropriate standards committee and 
delay adoption of a test procedure for refrigerated buffet and 
preparation tables. Id.
    Hillphoenix stated partial agreement with the ASTM 24-hour test 
period and recommended it only apply to buffet and prep units that 
share a thermostat with another refrigerated portion (i.e., a 
refrigerated storage box), as these units could be used to maintain 
product temperatures while the pan section is not in use. (Hillphoenix, 
No. 35, p. 5) Hillphoenix commented that buffet and preparation units 
that incorporate only an open top with pans typically operate between 
8-12 hours, after which, product was removed and relocated to other 
storage units. Id. Hillphoenix commented that because of this typical 
use, the test period should be shortened. Id.
    AHRI recommended that DOE use this procedure within its intended 8- 
to 12-hour window, rather than the proposed 24-hour test period, 
because the equipment in question is generally used during store hours 
only and a 24-hour test period would not be representative of actual 
use. (AHRI, No. 38, p. 7) AHRI commented that the hours of uncovered 
time create a strain on the case and product while not reflecting 
typical use, and that the procedure is burdensome for those conducting 
the testing. Id. AHRI asked DOE for clarification regarding this issue 
as a 24-hour test period has been part of the test procedure and has 
already been confirmed by manufacturers. Id.
    Hussmann commented that a 24-hour use period was not typical use 
for these types of CRE, which should therefore be tested in an 8- to 
12-hour period that more closely resembled typical use. (Hussmann, No. 
32, p. 5) Hussmann added that the hours of uncovered time created a 
strain on the case and on the product and were not reflective of 
typical use, and that this procedure was also burdensome for those 
conducting the testing. Id. Hussmann recommended this issue be taken 
before a standards committee to be tested and accepted by the industry 
instead of combining sections from different standards. Id.
    The CA IOUs commented that the current proposed test procedure for 
buffet tables or preparation tables is not representative of average 
use for this category because pizza and sandwich prep tables almost 
always have lids, as this equipment is designed for 24-hour operation 
while many refrigerated rail models are turned off at night and 
precooled in the morning. (CA IOUs,

[[Page 66183]]

No. 36, p. 3) As a result, the CA IOUs recommended that refrigerated 
rails with a user-accessible on/off switch be tested for a period of 8 
hours excluding the precool time (from ambient to below 40 [deg]F), 
since the 8-hour period would represent two meal periods typical of 
most food-service establishments serving breakfast and lunch or lunch 
and dinner. Id. The CA IOUs further recommended including precool 
energy without pans in place in the daily energy use, in addition to 
the energy used during the 8-hour test, to maintain pans in the 
refrigerated rail at the target temperature, because refrigerated rails 
tested for 8 hours typically do not go into defrost mode, as the 
condensate is wiped down at the end of the day after pan removal and 
placement into another refrigerator. Id. Finally, the CA IOUs 
recommended testing refrigerated rails that do not have on/off switches 
or controllers for a period of 24 hours as currently defined in the 
ASTM F2143 Standard Test Method for Performance of Refrigerated Buffet 
and Preparation Tables. Id.
    True commented that buffet tables and food preparation tables are 
not effective for around-the-clock food storage, and that the suggested 
test period (i.e., 8 hours active and 16 inactive) does not represent 
how these units are meant to be used and operated; both model types are 
designed to be used during meal rush times (breakfast, lunch, dinner) 
to store perishable, open food during 1-to-3-hour intervals and not 
during a constant 8-hour period. (True, No. 28, p. 6) True stated that 
measuring the energy consumption during the NSF/ANSI 7-2021 7.5.2 test 
method for refrigerated buffet units and refrigerated food preparation 
would be the most representative measurement of energy consumption, and 
if a 24-hour number is required, simply multiplying the energy 
consumption during the 4-hour test by 6 would suffice. Id.
    DOE notes that ASTM F2143-16 currently includes a 24-hour test 
period for all units--with an 8-hour active period, and 16-hour standby 
period. DOE recognizes that duration of usage per day varies depending 
on application and installation location. However, as noted by 
commenters, this equipment can be used for 24 hours. A 24-hour test 
allows for a representative measurement of energy use and allows for a 
consistent comparison of energy use. Therefore, DOE is adopting a 24-
hour test period for buffet tables and preparation tables, consistent 
with the approach in ASTM F2143-16. As discussed in the following 
paragraphs, the 24-hour period includes active and standby periods, 
consistent with ASTM F2143-16, to reflect usage during service and 
storage periods.
    As discussed, ASTM F2143-16 includes an 8-hour ``active period'' 
that includes instructions for any open-top display area covers (2 
hours open, 4 hours closed, and 2 hours open) and any refrigerated 
compartment doors and/or drawers (fully opened sequentially for 6 
seconds every 30 minutes). DOE recognizes that the actual use of buffet 
tables and preparation tables can vary depending on application. The 
cover and door opening requirements in ASTM F2143-16 were developed by 
an industry committee with the intent of evaluating energy performance. 
While the door openings specified in ASTM F2143-16 are less frequent 
than those required in ASHRAE 72-2018R, DOE expects that any 
refrigerated compartments in buffet tables or preparation tables are 
accessed less frequently than in other CRE because maintaining the 
refrigerated temperature of food items held in the open-top pan area is 
the primary function of buffet tables or preparation tables during 
operation. Additionally, the 8-hour ``active period'' during which door 
openings occur is consistent with the 8-hour period of door openings 
required in ASHRAE 72-2022 with Errata. Based on the foregoing, DOE 
tentatively determined in the June 2022 NOPR that the cover and door 
opening provisions of ASTM F2143-16 are appropriately representative. 
87 FR 39164, 39188.
    Accordingly, DOE proposed in the June 2022 NOPR to incorporate the 
``active period'' requirements for cover and door and/or drawer 
openings as specified in section 10.5.5 of ASTM F2143-16. Id.
    In the June 2022 NOPR, DOE requested comment on the proposed door 
and cover opening procedures, which are consistent with the approach 
specified in ASTM F2143-16. DOE requested data and information on 
representative usage of buffet tables and preparation tables, including 
door and cover openings. Id.
    Hoshizaki commented in agreement with DOE that the cover and door 
opening provisions of ASTM F2143-16 are appropriately representative 
for energy testing. (Hoshizaki, No. 30, p. 4) Hoshizaki commented that 
ASTM F2143-2016 should be either accepted in its entirety or changes 
suggested should be made at the ASTM F2143-2016 standards committee 
level and await approval before accepting said standard as a test 
procedure. Id.
    Hillphoenix stated agreement with the proposal to use the door and 
cover opening procedures as referenced in ASTM F2143-16, as they are 
more representative of end use than the door opening procedure 
referenced in ASHRAE 72. (Hillphoenix, No. 35, p. 5) Hillphoenix 
commented that the doors on this type of equipment are normally 
operated by store personnel and are not customer facing, which excludes 
the intent of the opening procedures specified in ASHRAE 72. Id. 
Hillphoenix recommended that DOE approach industry and request updated 
testing standards that better reflect actual product intent, an 
approach that would drive consistency within the industry and be less 
burdensome on manufacturers. Id.
    AHRI commented that the issue of proposed door and cover opening 
procedures consistent with ASTM F2143-16 depend on DOE's ultimate 
decision regarding use of ASHRAE 72-2018R. (AHRI, No. 38, p. 8) AHRI 
stated that ambient conditions must be selected in order to select the 
door type in use for equipment and recommended that changes to this 
standard be addressed by the appropriate standards committee for review 
and approval, and that a test procedure should be developed prior to 
regulating this equipment. Id.
    Continental commented that it had not performed sufficient testing 
to ASTM F2143-16 to form a conclusive position on the suitability of 
utilizing the proposed door and cover opening procedures, but stated 
concerns with the practicality, burden, and repeatability of the 
simultaneous door and cover opening method specified in the ASTM test 
method. (Continental, No. 29, p. 7) Continental stated that results may 
be significantly skewed by ambient test conditions and the process 
used, and DOE should delay adoption of a test procedure for 
refrigerated buffet and preparation tables and address feedback 
regarding ASTM F2143-16 with the appropriate standards committee. Id.
    Hussmann commented that due to the uncertainty of DOE selecting 
sections from both standards, it would be difficult to choose what 
method would work for a majority of manufacturers. (Hussmann, No. 32, 
p. 6) Hussmann commented that options determined from this test 
procedure may include: ASHRAE 72 conditions with ASHRAE 72 door 
openings; ASHRAE 72 conditions with the ASTM door opening procedure; 
ASTM conditions with the ASTM door opening procedure; or ASTM 
conditions with ASHRAE door openings. Id. Hussmann requested that DOE 
select test conditions in order to determine the suitable door opening 
procedure and cautioned against combining test standards for this 
reason. Id. Hussmann added that overall

[[Page 66184]]

measurements and results would have varying effects based on openings, 
ambient conditions, and test mediums used, and recommended that any 
changes be brought to the appropriate standards committee for review 
and approval prior to adoption. Id.
    DOE agrees that the usage of buffet tables or preparation tables 
likely varies between high usage and low usage periods over a 24-hour 
period. The existing ASTM F2143-16 test procedure is representative of 
field use because it accounts for high and low usage periods with the 
active and standby periods. Therefore, DOE is adopting the active mode 
provisions of the ASTM test procedure for pan covers and door openings 
of any refrigerated compartments. This includes 4 hours total of 
uncovered pan area (2 hours open, 4 hours closed, 2 hours open for the 
8-hour active period) and 8 hours of door openings (occurring every 30 
minutes).
    DOE is not adopting door openings based on ASHRAE 72-2022 with 
Errata as the doors are likely opened less frequently for this 
equipment, consistent with the ASTM F2143-16 requirements.
    DOE recognizes that the impact of uncovered pan operation and door 
openings will vary depending on ambient conditions. As discussed, DOE 
has determined that the ASHRAE 72-2022 with Errata ambient conditions 
are appropriate for testing this equipment. DOE expects that any 
``strain'' on uncovered operation would be mitigated by the lower 
ambient temperature of ASHRAE 72-2022 with Errata as compared to the 
ambient temperature specified in ASTM F2143-16, as well as the use of 
pan covers when applicable during a portion of the active period and 
the duration of the standby period.
    In response to the comments regarding DOE referencing multiple test 
standards, refer to the same comments discussed in sections III.B and 
III.C.1.b of this document.
Test Conduct--Stabilization
    Sections 10.3 and 10.4 of ASTM F2143-16 require that the unit be 
operated with empty pans and open covers for at least 24 hours, that 
the unit operate with empty pans for at least 2 hours, that water be 
pre-cooled before being loaded into the pans, and, once the water has 
been loaded into the pans, that the thermostat be calibrated until the 
pan temperatures are never outside of 33 [deg]F to 41 [deg]F for any 
15-minute period over a 4-hour measurement period. In contrast, the 
current CRE test procedure, by reference to ASHRAE 72-2005, generally 
provides that the unit be loaded with test simulators and filler 
packages prior to pre-cooling, operated to establish steady-state 
conditions over consecutive 24-hour periods or refrigeration cycles, 
and, once steady-state conditions have been achieved, continue to 
operate for at least 12 hours without any adjustment to the controls.
    As discussed, DOE proposed in the June 2022 NOPR generally to 
reference ASTM F2143-16 rather than NSF 7-2019 for buffet table and 
preparation table testing. 87 FR 39164, 39188. However, the 
stabilization and thermostat calibration requirements in sections 10.3 
and 10.4 of ASTM F2143-16 may require an iterative process of 
thermostat adjustment and recalibration to achieve stability and then 
to ensure that appropriate conditions are maintained during the test 
period. ASHRAE 72-2022 with Errata specifies provisions for other CRE 
that require stability to be confirmed over two test periods with 
identical operation in order to avoid the need for an iterative 
process. In the June 2022 NOPR, DOE proposed to reference sections 7.1 
through 7.5 (excluding sections 7.2.1, 7.2.2, 7.3.1, 7.3.2, 7.3.3, and 
7.3.4, as those sections would not be applicable to self-contained 
buffet tables or preparation tables because those sections are intended 
for CRE with remote condensing units, CRE without doors, CRE with 
different door opening sequences, and CRE with lighting occupancy 
sensors and controls) of ASHRAE 72-2018R for determining stabilization 
and specifying the testing sequence for testing buffet tables and 
preparation tables. 87 FR 39164, 39188. The preparation period under 
section 7.2 of ASHRAE 72-2018R would include loading the pans with 
water and adjusting the necessary controls to maintain the specified 
temperatures. Id. For the purposes of determining stability as 
specified in section 7.5 of ASHRAE 72-2018R, the average temperatures 
of measured pans would be used to compare Test A and Test B rather than 
the temperatures of test simulators. Id. DOE tentatively determined in 
the June 2022 NOPR that this approach would ensure stability over the 
test period and limit test burden by avoiding an iterative approach to 
determine stability and test conditions. Id. This approach would also 
maintain consistency with the procedures used for testing other CRE. 
Id.
    In the June 2022 NOPR, DOE requested comment on the proposed 
stabilization approach for buffet table and preparation table testing, 
which would reference the approach specified in ASHRAE 72-2018R. Id.
    AHRI commented that it supports DOE's proposed stabilization 
approach while again recommending that DOE regulate this issue under a 
single standard, cautioning DOE against combining test standards as 
unnecessary and inadvisable. (AHRI, No. 38, p. 8)
    AHRI further noted that buffet tables have not yet been addressed 
by ASHRAE Standard 72-2022. (AHRI, No. 38, p. 8)
    Hussmann stated its support for adopting the stabilization method 
for self-contained CRE identified in section 7.4 in ASHRAE 72-2018R, 
but cautioned that this method does not yet address buffet/prep CRE and 
as a result, the proposed stabilization approach should be taken to the 
appropriate standards committee prior to adoption. (Hussmann, No. 32, 
p. 6)
    Hillphoenix stated agreement with the proposal to use the ASHRAE 72 
approach for stabilization of buffet table and preparation table 
testing as ASHRAE 72 followed methods used for other CRE equipment. 
(Hillphoenix, No. 35, p. 5) Hillphoenix commented that ASTM F2143-16 
allowed many factors that could be burdensome when trying to stabilize 
temperatures. Id. Hillphoenix recommended that DOE approach industry 
and request updated testing standards that better reflect actual 
product intent, an approach that would drive consistency within the 
industry and be less burdensome on manufacturers. Id.
    Hoshizaki commented requesting that if DOE is proposing to 
reference ASTM F2143-2016 for buffet table and preparation table 
testing but use the stabilization and thermostat calibration 
requirements as specified in section 7.5 of ASHRAE 72-2022, then those 
changes should be proposed to the ASTM F2143-2016 standards committee. 
(Hoshizaki, No. 30, p. 4) Hoshizaki noted than when DOE is content with 
a proper test procedure, then DOE can propose use of the test procedure 
at that time. Id.
    Continental stated a belief that the stabilization period 
prescribed in ASHRAE 72-2022 may have applicability for buffet or 
preparation tables, but had not tested this equipment in the proposed 
manner to inform a comprehensive opinion. (Continental, No. 29, p. 7) 
Continental maintained that combining aspects of different test 
standards was inadvisable and that DOE should delay adoption of a test 
procedure for refrigerated buffet and preparation tables, and work with 
the appropriate standards committees and other stakeholders to develop 
an appropriate standard method that addresses this issue. Id.

[[Page 66185]]

    In response to the comments regarding DOE referencing multiple test 
standards, refer to the same comments discussed in sections III.B and 
III.C.1.b of this document.
    DOE maintains its determination from the June 2022 NOPR that the 
ASTM F2143-16 approach is burdensome and requires an iterative approach 
to determine stability, whereas the approach in ASHRAE 72-2022 with 
Errata allows for consistent testing while limiting test burden. 
Therefore, DOE is adopting the relevant sections of ASHRAE 72-2022 with 
Errata to require that stability be confirmed over two identical test 
periods.
    DOE will continue to monitor industry committee work to update 
relevant standards and will consider any updated industry standards 
available during future test procedure rulemakings.
Test Conduct--Target Temperatures
    ASTM F2143-16 instructs that if a buffet table or preparation table 
is equipped with a refrigerated compartment, the compartment air 
temperature is to be between 33 [deg]F and 41 [deg]F. Likewise, the 
water temperature in each of the pans placed in the display area also 
is to be between 33 [deg]F and 41 [deg]F. The DOE test procedure for 
other CRE requires IATs of 38 [deg]F 2.0 [deg]F for medium 
temperature applications.
    Through research, DOE found that buffet and preparation tables use 
a variety of refrigeration methods for cooling the pans in the display 
area and the refrigerated compartment. In some configurations, units 
might not be able to maintain all pans and the refrigerated compartment 
within the specified temperature range. For example, units with a 
single refrigeration system and thermostat control for temperatures in 
either the refrigerated compartment or in the pan area would control 
for temperature in either the pan area or refrigerated compartment, and 
both may not be within the target range. As a result, certain equipment 
may maintain only the refrigerated compartment or the pan area, but not 
both, within a specified temperature range during operation.
    As discussed, ASTM F2143-16 and NSF 7-2019 both specify a pan and 
compartment temperature range of 33 [deg]F to 41 [deg]F for testing. 
The current DOE test procedure for CRE requires testing to an IAT 
within 2 [deg]F of the specified target temperature. DOE expects that 
this smaller allowable temperature range would limit test variability 
as compared to the 8 [deg]F allowable range specified in ASTM F2143-16 
and NSF 7-2019.
    The ASTM F2143-16 and NSF 7-2019 temperature ranges apply to all 
measured pan and compartment temperatures, whereas DOE's current 
temperature specifications apply to the IAT--i.e., the average of all 
test simulator temperature measurements over the test period. DOE 
tentatively determined in the June 2022 NOPR that the temperature 
specification based on an average temperature rather than individual 
temperature measurements would limit test burden by limiting the need 
for retests in the case of individual temperature measurements being 
outside of the required range. 87 FR 39164, 39189. Additionally, DOE 
determined that the average temperature approach would allow for 
testing buffet tables and preparation tables with configurations not 
capable of maintaining all temperature measurements within the required 
range. Id. For example, if the refrigerated compartment provides 
cooling to the open-top pan area, the refrigerated compartment 
temperature measurements may be colder than the pan temperatures and 
not necessarily within a specified range. Id. Additionally, certain 
temperature measurement locations may be warmer or colder than others 
depending on proximity to the evaporator or refrigerated areas, 
resulting in ``hot'' or ``cold'' spots. Id. Testing to a specified 
average temperature would consider the overall average measured 
temperature and would allow for testing such configurations. Id.
    Based on these initial determinations, DOE proposed in the June 
2022 NOPR to require testing buffet tables and preparation tables to a 
specified average temperature rather than an allowable range. Id. DOE 
proposed in the June 2022 NOPR that the average temperature be 
calculated over the test period separately for the pan temperature 
measurements (i.e., the average of temperatures measured throughout the 
test period at each pan measurement location specified in ASTM F2143-
16) and the temperature measurements in any refrigerated compartment 
(i.e., the average of temperatures measured throughout the test period 
at each of the three compartment measurement locations specified in 
ASTM F2143-16). DOE proposed in the June 2022 NOPR that the average 
temperature of all refrigerated pans be 38 [deg]F 2 [deg]F. 
Id. This temperature is consistent with the current DOE test procedure 
for medium-temperature CRE and is within the allowable range specified 
in ASTM F2143-16 and NSF 7-2019. In the June 2022 NOPR, DOE similarly 
proposed that the average temperature of any refrigerated compartment 
also be 38 [deg]F 2 [deg]F. 87 FR 39164, 39189. If the 
buffet table or preparation table configuration does not allow 
independent control of the refrigerated compartment and both the pan 
average temperature and refrigerated compartment average temperature 
cannot be maintained within 38 [deg]F 2 [deg]F over the 
test period, DOE proposed that the refrigerated compartment be tested 
to the average temperature necessary to maintain the pan average 
temperature within the specified range. Id. Similar to the existing 
LAPT provision in section 2.2 of appendix B, DOE also proposed in the 
June 2022 NOPR that if a unit is not capable of maintaining average pan 
temperatures within the specified range, the unit would be tested at 
the LAPT. Id.
    In the June 2022 NOPR, DOE requested comment on the proposed 
approach for testing buffet tables and preparation tables based on 
separate pan and compartment average temperatures. Id. DOE also 
requested feedback on the proposed target temperature of 38 [deg]F 
2 [deg]F for each average temperature. Id.
    Hillphoenix stated agreement with the proposed 38 [deg]F 2 [deg]F IAT for averaging the temperature for each refrigerated 
compartment when there are no separate refrigeration controls. 
(Hillphoenix, No. 35, p. 6) Hillphoenix also agreed with the approach 
to only apply the 38 [deg]F 2 [deg]F IAT requirement to 
open-top pans if the other refrigerated compartments must be operated 
colder in order to achieve these pan temperatures. Id. Hillphoenix 
disagreed with utilizing the LAPT for the open tops with pans in order 
to maintain 38 [deg]F as required in other compartments, but stated 
that the open top with pans should be given priority to achieve 38 
[deg]F with other compartments allowed to run colder. Id.
    Continental repeated its response to DOE's early assessment review, 
supporting use of target temperature ranges and moving box car average 
temperatures for pans in the open display area, along with maximum and 
minimum thermocouple temperature measurements in the refrigerated 
storage compartment, as prescribed in NSF 7 for this equipment. 
(Continental, No. 29, p. 7) Continental commented that it had not 
energy tested relevant equipment in the proposed manner to thoroughly 
evaluate suitability of this approach and reiterated that DOE should 
postpone publication of a test procedure for refrigerated buffet and 
preparation tables, and work with the appropriate standards committees 
and other stakeholders to develop and evaluate an

[[Page 66186]]

appropriate single standard method that addresses this and other 
issues. Id.
    Hussmann commented that due to the nature of the small refrigerated 
pans on this type of CRE, removing pan lids and/or entering defrost 
could have warming effects on the pans and DOE should therefore use an 
average IAT of below 41 [deg]F for the target temperature. (Hussmann, 
No. 32, p. 6) Hussmann also cautioned DOE against combining sections 
from different standards to create a test procedure, stating that the 
proposed changes should be taken to the appropriate standards committee 
prior to adoption. Id.
    AHRI recommended that DOE's target temperature should remain below 
41 [deg]F and restated its belief that combining test standards was 
unnecessary and that a single standard should be used to regulate the 
issue. (AHRI, No. 38, p. 8)
    Hoshizaki commented that if DOE is proposing to reference ASTM 
F2143-2016 for buffet table and preparation table testing but use a 
modified target temperature range, then those proposed changes should 
made to the ASTM F2143-2016 standards committee and await approval 
before finalizing a test procedure in DOE standards. (Hoshizaki, No. 
30, p. 4) Hoshizaki noted that manufacturers would need to be given the 
opportunity to test with those new constraints and make viable comments 
after seeing the differences. Id.
    True recommended recording the energy consumption during the 4-hour 
NSF/ANSI 7-2021 test method (7.5.2) for refrigerated buffet units and 
refrigerated food preparation units because for buffet tables or 
preparation tables, the average of the pan temperatures is not a food-
safe measurement. (True, No. 28, p. 3) True added that this test 
procedure is the industry standard and that all original equipment 
manufacturers (``OEMs'') should be able to supply energy consumption 
data for all equipment already manufactured and certified to NSF 
Standard 7. True asked DOE if such information had been requested from 
manufacturers. Id.
    The 38 [deg]F 2 [deg]F average pan temperature is 
generally consistent with the recommended approach for IAT below 41 
[deg]F and would allow for consistent comparisons across models by 
including a target temperature rather than a wide allowable range of 
IATs. For example, the energy use of a unit maintaining a pan IAT of 34 
[deg]F would be expected to be higher than a unit with an IAT of 41 
[deg]F. Additionally, testing significantly below the 38 [deg]F 2 [deg]F range may introduce concerns of the distilled water 
freezing during testing.
    DOE is maintaining pan and compartment target temperatures 
consistent with June 2022 NOPR and test procedure for other medium 
temperature CRE. To clarify, achieving the target pan temperature 
always takes priority over achieving the compartment temperature. LAPT 
is only allowed if a model cannot achieve the required pan temperature 
target range.
    The boxcar pan temperature averaging approach in NSF 7 is for a 
test method serving a different purpose--ensuring food safety. For the 
DOE test procedure, the average pan temperature over the entire test 
duration is needed to ensure energy consumption corresponds to the 
maintained pan temperatures. DOE recognizes that an average pan 
temperature does not necessarily represent food safe temperatures 
(i.e., each pan temperature may not be at 38 [deg]F), but the DOE test 
procedure is intended to provide a representative basis for measuring 
energy consumption while not being unduly burdensome to conduct rather 
than ensuring food safety or sanitation. DOE has determined that the 
pan temperature averaging approach as proposed in the June 2022 NOPR 
satisfies the EPCA requirements.
Test Conduct--Capacity Metrics
    ASTM F2143-16 specifies the reporting of ``production capacity,'' 
which is defined as the total volume of the pans when each pan is 
filled within 0.5 in. of the rim. Energy consumption of refrigerated 
buffet and preparation tables likely varies with pan volume as well as 
the volume of any closed refrigerated compartments. Therefore, both 
values are of interest when considering metrics that define energy 
performance. Pan surface area could be another possible metric for 
evaluating energy performance, similar to TDA for horizontal open 
equipment classes. Reliance on pan surface area may eliminate the 
variability with different test pan dimensions.
    In the June 2022 NOPR, DOE tentatively determined that pan storage 
volume, pan display area, and refrigerated volume may all contribute to 
the capacity and energy consumption of a buffet table or preparation 
table; therefore, DOE proposed that the test procedure include measures 
of these three metrics. 87 FR 39164, 39190. DOE proposed in the June 
2022 NOPR to define and measure ``pan volume'' consistent with the 
production capacity specified in ASTM F2143-16. Id. DOE proposed to 
refer to pan volume rather than production capacity to avoid confusion 
with the other relevant capacity metrics. Id.
    In the June 2022 NOPR, DOE proposed that the refrigerated volume of 
buffet table and preparation table refrigerated compartments be tested 
in accordance with AHRI 1200-202X, consistent with the method proposed 
for use with other CRE. Id. To avoid double counting of refrigerated 
pan volumes, DOE proposed that the refrigerated compartment volume 
would not include any volume occupied by the pans loaded in the open-
top display area for testing. Id.
    DOE proposed in the June 2022 NOPR that pan display area be defined 
and measured as the surface area of the test pan when filled to within 
0.5 in. of the rim. Id. This surface area measurement would ensure that 
the pan display area would be consistent with the pan storage volume 
(i.e., both measurements would be based on the pans as filled for 
testing). Id. Additionally, the measurement based on the surface area 
of the water as loaded for testing would ensure that the surface area 
measurement accounts for the actual food storage area and excludes any 
areas not providing refrigerated storage for food service or food 
preparation. Id.
    In the June 2022 NOPR, DOE requested comment on the proposed 
capacity metrics of pan storage volume, compartment volume, and pan 
display area. Id. DOE requested feedback on the proposed methods for 
measuring each and the extent to which these metrics are relevant 
capacity metrics for buffet tables and preparation tables. Id.
    Hillphoenix stated agreement with DOE's intent to only measure 
volumes and TDAs for the referenced products. (Hillphoenix, No. 35, p. 
6) Hillphoenix commented that the method as presented in the NOPR was 
not clearly written and needed to be better defined. Id. Hillphoenix 
recommended that DOE approach industry and request updated testing 
standards that better reflect actual product intent, an approach that 
would drive consistency within the industry and be less burdensome on 
manufacturers. Id.
    AHRI recommended that the proposed changes to capacity metrics of 
pan storage volume, compartment volume, and pan display area need to be 
updated in tandem with the standard for consistency and alignment with 
the referenced standard. (AHRI, No. 38, p. 8)
    Hussmann commented that the issue of proposed capacity metrics of 
pan storage volume, compartment volume, and pan display area should be 
taken to the appropriate standards committee due to the importance of 
consistency within standards. (Hussmann, No. 32, p. 6)

[[Page 66187]]

    Continental commented that DOE's proposed use of surface area of 
the water as loaded for testing would present a confusing and 
potentially inconsistent method of rating equipment because it deviates 
from other industry standards. (Continental, No. 29, p. 7) Continental 
added that DOE should delay adoption of a test procedure for these 
products and work with the appropriate standards committees and other 
stakeholders to develop a suitable standard method that sufficiently 
addresses concerns with capacity measurements, which have significant 
impact on potential new energy standards in the future. Id.
    The CA IOUs recommended for the prep table test procedure using \1/
8\-pan capacity as a size (and energy normalization) metric for prep 
tables instead of pan display area because prep table energy 
consumption depends mostly on the top pan capacity instead of bottom 
compartment volume. (CA IOUs, No. 36, p. 4) The CA IOUs pointed out 
that using total volume in the top pans and bottom compartment as a 
normalization metric will favor units with fewer top pans and larger 
bottom compartments compared to units with more top pan capacity. Id.
    Hoshizaki commented that pan display area is not currently used as 
a metric in ASTM F2143-2016. (Hoshizaki, No. 30, p. 4) Hoshizaki 
commented that if DOE wants to add an additional metric for 
measurement, this should be proposed to the ASTM F2143 standards 
committee, and that such proposals should give manufacturers and third-
party testing agencies the opportunity to do analysis and feedback in 
the standards committee process. Id. Hoshizaki stated that only after 
all revisions are finalized should the standard be officially proposed 
as a test procedure for product. Id.
    DOE maintains that pan display area, pan volume, and refrigerated 
compartment volume can all impact energy use and provide information 
regarding usable capacity to end users. Because ASTM F2143-16 includes 
``production capacity,'' which represents a measure of pan storage 
volume, DOE is adopting additional capacity metrics. These metrics 
reflect the capacity of buffet tables and preparation tables to store 
refrigerated items and display or allow access to refrigerated items.
    Regarding the CA IOUs recommendation, the measured pan area rather 
than a number of standard pans would ensure a consistent basis for 
measuring unit capacity regardless of pan configuration for a given 
unit.
    Regarding confusion and need for test standard updates, the 
measurements of compartment volume and pan volume are consistent with 
the existing industry methods (AHRI 1200-2023 and ASTM F2143-16, 
respectively). Pan area is the surface area of the water in the pans 
which represents the refrigerated area in contact with the ambient test 
conditions, which ensures a representative and comparable measurement 
of the usable capacity that contributes to energy consumption. 
Commenters did not provide specific information regarding what aspects 
of the June 2022 NOPR approach were unclear. DOE has reviewed the test 
instructions as proposed and determined they provide sufficient clarity 
regarding measuring each of the capacity metrics. Therefore, DOE is 
adopting the capacity metrics as proposed in the June 2022 NOPR.
2. Pull-Down Temperature Applications
    As defined, CRE is equipment that is designed for holding 
temperature applications \20\ or pull-down temperature applications. 10 
CFR 431.62 (see also 42 U.S.C. 6311(9)(A)(vi)). ``Pull-down temperature 
application'' is a commercial refrigerator with doors that, when fully 
loaded with 12-ounce beverage cans at 90 [deg]F, can cool those 
beverages to an average stable temperature of 38 [deg]F in 12 hours or 
less. 10 CFR 431.62 (42 U.S.C. 6311(9)(D)). CRE within this definition 
are typically known as beverage merchandisers or beverage coolers 
because of their use in displaying individually packaged beverages for 
sale, and their ability to pull down temperatures of such beverages. 
Pull-down temperature applications with transparent doors and a self-
contained condensing unit are the only pull-down temperature 
applications currently subject to DOE's energy conservation standards 
specified at 10 CFR 431.66(e).
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

    \20\ ``Holding temperature application'' means a use of 
commercial refrigeration equipment other than a pull-down 
temperature application, except a blast chiller or freezer. 10 CFR 
431.62 (see also 42 U.S.C. 6311(9)(B)).
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

    DOE's current CRE test procedure does not include specific 
provisions related to the performance criteria in the pull-down 
temperature application definition. For example, the test procedure 
does not provide instructions for the starting conditions of the 
equipment (e.g., whether the equipment begins the test in a pre-cooled 
state or at ambient temperature conditions), loading of the cans (e.g., 
whether the equipment must be loaded to full within a certain amount of 
time), or a method to measure the temperature of the cans to confirm 
cooling to 38 [deg]F. The current CRE test procedure specifies that 
commercial refrigerators designed for pull-down applications be tested 
at steady state (see 10 CFR 431.64(b) and appendix B section 2.1), 
consistent with testing other covered CRE categories.
    While DOE defines ``pull-down temperature application'' and has 
established energy conservation standards for self-contained commercial 
refrigerators with transparent doors for pull-down temperature 
applications, no models are currently certified to DOE in this 
equipment class.\(21)\ DOE has not established energy conservation 
standards for other categories of CRE for pull-down temperature 
applications.
    DOE recognizes that manufacturers may represent their models as for 
use in pull-down temperature applications rather than holding 
temperature applications. To ensure appropriate application of DOE's 
definitions, DOE proposed in the June 2022 NOPR a method to determine 
whether a model meets the definition of ``pull-down temperature 
application.'' 87 FR 39164, 39191. Specifically, DOE proposed to 
include product-specific enforcement provisions for CRE, and proposed 
to include a section to specify how DOE would confirm whether a 
commercial refrigerator meets the definition of ``pull-down temperature 
application.'' Id.
    As stated, the pull-down temperature application definition 
requires that a model be capable of cooling a full load of 12-ounce 
beverage cans from 90 [deg]F to an average stable temperature of 38 
[deg]F in 12 hours or less. To confirm this capability, DOE proposed in 
the June 2022 NOPR to specify in 10 CFR 429.134 that a classification 
as pull-down temperature application is valid based on meeting the 
pull-down temperature application definition by:
    (1) Measuring the temperatures of 12-ounce beverage cans loaded 
into the commercial refrigerator at locations consistent with those 
specified in ASHRAE 72-2018R (i.e., those temperature measurement 
locations required for test simulators during DOE testing of other 
commercial refrigerators);
    (2) Operating the commercial refrigerator under the required 
commercial refrigerator test conditions (e.g., 75.2 [deg]F 1.8 [deg]F dry-bulb temperature) and at the control setting 
necessary to achieve a stable integrated average temperature of 38 
[deg]F prior to loading;
    (3) Fully loading the commercial refrigerator with 12-ounce 
beverage cans maintained at 90 [deg]F 2 [deg]F;

[[Page 66188]]

    (4) Determining the duration of pull down (which must be 12 hours 
or less) starting from closing the commercial refrigerator door after 
completing the 12-ounce beverage can loading until the integrated 
average temperature reaches 38 [deg]F 2 [deg]F; and
    (5) Determining an average stable temperature of 38 [deg]F by 
operating the commercial refrigerator for an additional 12 hours after 
initially reaching 38 [deg]F 2 [deg]F with no changes to 
control settings, and determining an integrated average temperature of 
38 [deg]F 2 [deg]F at the end of the 12-hour stability 
period. 87 FR 39164, 39191.
    The proposed product-specific enforcement provisions are consistent 
with the existing definition of ``pull-down temperature application,'' 
but would provide additional clarity regarding how DOE would determine 
whether a commercial refrigerator could be classified as such. Id.
    In the June 2022 NOPR, DOE requested comment on the proposed 
product-specific enforcement provisions regarding how DOE would 
determine whether a model meets the pull-down temperature application 
definition. 87 FR 39164, 39191. DOE also requested data and comment on 
whether the proposed product-specific enforcement provisions 
sufficiently differentiate pull-down temperature applications from 
holding temperature applications. Id.
    AHRI commented that detailed information regarding pull down of 
``full load'' wasn't available. (AHRI, No. 38, p. 9) As a result, AHRI 
believed this proposal is in conflict with NSF requirements. Id. AHRI 
cited DOE's slide deck used in an August 1, 2022, webinar for the CRE 
test procedure, noting two concerns with pull-down temperature and 
enforcement actions. Id.
    AHRI commented by citing issue 24 (a question on the request for 
comment for pull-down temperature applications) to ask whether DOE is 
referring only to the category of pull-down CRE, or if DOE is adding 
pull down to all categories for enforcement. AHRI also asked if this 
would allow for the randomized placement of bottles during a legitimate 
test procedure. Id. AHRI referred to issue 56 related to certified 
volume versus volume measurement to ask if this will allow 
manufacturers to use their discretion. Id.
    The Joint Commenters stated their support for the proposed test 
procedure to verify pull-down temperature performance. (Joint 
Commenters, No. 31, p. 3) The Joint Commenters noted they had expressed 
previous support for eliminating the pull-down temperature CRE class. 
As discussed in their comments to the preliminary TSD for CRE 
standards, the Joint Commenters now supported the proposed NOPR 
amendment maintaining the pull-down class as it would clarify how DOE 
would determine whether a model is appropriately certified as a pull-
down unit. Id.
    NAMA expressed concern about the pull-down temperature provision 
because of the lack of specificity and asked if the provision related 
only to those products for which DOE had pull-down requirements or 
whether the provision referred to all CRE equipment that stored and 
cooled beverage cans/bottles. (NAMA, No. 33, p. 2) NAMA noted that 
large beverage companies had requirements for pull down, based on 
customer preference and sanitary conditions for food items that must 
reach 38 [deg]F in 16 hours, not 12 hours. Id. NAMA commented that the 
DOE proposal would set up a conflicting set of requirements as more and 
more bottle coolers were used to store food in addition to beverages, 
making 12 hours a much shorter pull-down time. Id. NAMA suggested that 
DOE harmonize at 16 hours since the customers of its manufacturers 
already had specifications on pull down, adding that manufacturers 
already must test to determine pull down in 16 hours, and additional 
testing to show an arbitrary pull down at 12 hours was unnecessary and 
unduly burdensome. Id.
    NAMA additionally requested that DOE develop specific test 
procedures for placing cans/bottles into the cooler, stating it was 
possible to obtain different results with a cooler packed with every 
conceivable space used and shelves removed versus cans/bottles packed 
as in a retail store; different results could also be obtained with 
cans versus bottles. (NAMA, No. 33, p. 2) NAMA recommended that DOE use 
a glycol liquid, as with the beverage vending machine (BVM) test 
procedure. Id.
    In the August 2022 public meeting, True commented that the subject 
of 12-ounce cans will lead to some serious discussions on loading them. 
(Public Meeting Transcript, No. 41, p. 53) True stated these cans are 
very convenient to load two or three high per shelf, and if they are 
not single-loaded on a shelf, there could be a situation in which the 
middle cans are getting far less surface area and are more difficult to 
cool down. Id. True commented that some specification is needed on how 
to load these cans so this situation doesn't happen, stating that if 
someone put one shelf in the bottom and stacked it to the ceiling with 
cans, they would never pass this test. Id.
    The CA IOUs urged DOE to amend the definition for ``pull-down 
temperature application'' to specify ``a blast chiller or freezer'' and 
exclude beverage merchandisers, which in practice are used in holding-
temperature applications. (CA IOUs, No. 36, p. 6) The CA IOUs commented 
that in the CRE industry, pull-down refrigeration specifically means 
equipment capable of rapidly lowering food temperature in a food-safe 
manner and that only blast chillers/freezers are considered to have 
pull-down applications by industry while beverage merchandizers are 
rated as Vertical Closed Transparent Medium Temperature (``VCT.M'') CRE 
and designed for holding-temperature applications. Id. The CA IOUs 
pointed out that there will be no need to establish a ``pull-down'' 
refrigeration test method for VCT.M equipment if DOE updates the 
definition for ``pull-down temperature application'' in accordance with 
industry practice. Id. The CA IOUs added that if DOE retains the 
current definition for ``pull-down temperature applications,'' DOE 
should share data on what percentage of operating hours are spent in 
``pull down'' versus ``holding mode'' operation compared to other CRE 
considered ``holding temperature applications'' and recommends that the 
daily energy usage for these ``pull-down temperature applications'' be 
weighted by the percentage of time spent in each mode. Id.
    To clarify, the provisions proposed in the June 2022 NOPR related 
to pull-down temperature applications are specific to the procedures 
DOE would follow for verifying claims of pull-down temperature 
applications as defined in EPCA and by DOE. DOE currently only 
specifies standards for pull-down temperature application equipment 
with self-contained condensing units and transparent doors. 
Manufacturers may claim their equipment is for pull-down temperature 
applications rather than holding temperature applications. The intent 
of the provisions proposed in the June 2022 NOPR for pull-down 
temperature applications is to ensure appropriate application of DOE's 
definitions. Such testing would not be necessary to verify claims of 
equipment for holding temperature applications. Blast chiller and blast 
freezer testing is addressed separately in section III.C.3 of this 
document.
    In the June 2022 NOPR, DOE proposed loading instructions consistent 
with ASHRAE 72-2018R. Additional instructions are not necessary because 
these provisions outline the process DOE will use to determine 
appropriate equipment

[[Page 66189]]

category (i.e., manufacturers are not required to conduct testing in 
accordance with these provisions, but may choose to do so to ensure 
appropriate application of DOE's definitions).
    In response to AHRI's comment regarding placement of bottles during 
a test procedure and certified volume versus volume measurement, this 
pull-down verification procedure would be separate from the DOE test 
procedure in appendix B and only represents the process DOE would 
follow to verify claims of pull-down temperature applications.
    Based on the definition of pull-down temperature applications 
specified in EPCA (42 U.S.C. 6311(9)(D)) and replicated in 10 CFR 
431.62, loading is for 12 ounce beverage cans only. The EPCA definition 
specifies 12 hours or less of pull-down time, so DOE is maintaining 
that requirement in the verification approach rather than harmonizing 
with any 16-hour periods used by manufacturers.
    DOE is not requiring propylene glycol to be used in the cans--such 
a solution is not necessary because the operating temperatures will not 
result in potential freezing for other can solutions, like water. DOE 
notes that DOE's test procedure for BVMs \21\ does not require 
propylene glycol solution either.
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

    \21\ See appendix B to subpart Q of 10 CFR part 431.
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

    DOE recognizes that these provisions do not follow NSF or standard 
industry terminology; however, DOE is maintaining the June 2022 NOPR 
verification provisions for pull-down temperature applications based on 
the EPCA definition. The other provisions regarding blast chillers and 
blast freezers established in this final rule clarify DOE consideration 
of equipment in that category.
3. Blast Chillers and Blast Freezers
    As stated, CRE is equipment that, in part, is designed for holding 
temperature applications. (42 U.S.C. 6311(9)(A)(vi)) EPCA defines 
``holding temperature application'' as use of commercial refrigeration 
equipment other than a pull-down temperature application, except a 
blast chiller or freezer. (42 U.S.C. 6311(9)(B)) Per the definition, 
``holding temperature application'' includes blast chillers and blast 
freezers, even if such equipment meets the criteria of ``pull-down 
temperature application.''
    In general, blast chillers and blast freezers are CRE with solid 
doors intended for the rapid temperature pull down of hot-food 
products.
    Blast chiller and blast freezer operation is typically 
characterized by three cycles. The first cycle pulls the air 
temperature within the unit down until it reaches a target air 
temperature set by the manufacturer (e.g., 0 [deg]F for blast chillers 
and -28 [deg]F for blast freezers). This target air temperature within 
the unit is maintained until the food reaches a certain temperature, 
set by the manufacturer, as measured by the unit's temperature probe. 
Once the food reaches a certain temperature, the second cycle begins by 
allowing the air temperature within the unit to drift up until it 
reaches the same temperature as the target food temperature (e.g., 38 
[deg]F for blast chillers and 0 [deg]F for blast freezers). Once the 
food reaches the target food temperature, the last cycle begins by 
proceeding to a holding pattern during which the blast chiller or blast 
freezer behaves similarly to a typical CRE--i.e., cycling the 
refrigeration system to maintain a target temperature.
    Within the general sequence of operations, many blast chillers and 
blast freezers provide users with options to alter the specific pull-
down profile based on the food load. For example, a ``soft chill'' mode 
may provide a slower temperature pull down intended for more delicate 
food, as compared to a ``hard chill'' mode that cools food as quickly 
as possible.
    ASHRAE has established a standard project committee (``SPC'') to 
consider the development of an industry test standard for this 
equipment: SPC 220P, Method of Testing for Rating Small Commercial 
Blast Chillers, Chiller-Freezers, and Freezers (``ASHRAE 220'').\22\ 
DOE is participating in this process and is aware of a draft test 
standard underway that contains certain definitions, requirements, and 
procedure. DOE will consider the final version of the SPC 220P standard 
if available during future test procedure rulemakings.
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

    \22\ See www.ashrae.org/technical-resources/standards-and-guidelines/project-committee-interim-meetings.
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

a. Definitions
    DOE does not define blast chiller or blast freezer. The California 
Code of Regulations provides the following definition for a blast 
chiller:
     Blast chiller--a refrigerator designed to cool food 
products from 140 [deg]F to 40 [deg]F within four hours. (CCR, Title 
20, section 1602)
    The SPC for ASHRAE 220 has provided the following tentative 
definitions for blast chiller and blast freezer, and a related term:
     Blast chiller--a rapid pull-down cooler designed to cool 
food to a safe refrigerated temperature (typically between 32 [deg]F 
and 41 [deg]F), but not freeze it.
     Blast chiller-freezer: a rapid pull-down cooler designed 
to function as both a blast chiller and blast freezer depending on user 
inputs.
     Blast freezer--a rapid pull-down cooler designed to freeze 
food.
     Rapid pull-down cooler--commercial refrigeration equipment 
intended for the rapid intermediate chilling or freezing of hot food 
products within a specified time period and holding the food at a safe 
temperature when not engaged in the chilling or freezing process.
    NSF 7-2019 provides the following performance specification for 
rapid pull-down refrigerators and freezers:
     Rapid pull-down refrigerators and freezers--capable of 
reducing the internal temperature of their contents from 135 [deg]F to 
40 [deg]F within a period of 4 hours or in the time specified by the 
manufacturer, whichever is less.
    Based on the comments from interested parties and DOE's review of 
existing State definitions, tentative and established industry 
definitions, and equipment available on the market, DOE tentatively 
determined in the June 2022 NOPR that the characteristic of blast 
chillers and blast freezers that differentiate this equipment from 
other categories of CRE are the oversized refrigeration systems that 
allow for the rapid temperature pull-down of hot food products within a 
specified time period. 87 FR 39164, 39192. Blast chillers and blast 
freezers specifically differ from other types of CRE intended for pull-
down temperature applications because of the intended product (hot food 
product for blast chillers and blast freezers versus 12-ounce beverage 
cans for pull-down temperature applications), initial product 
temperature (minimum 135 [deg]F for blast chillers and blast freezers 
versus 90 [deg]F for pull-down temperature applications), and intended 
product storage duration (minimal storage duration for blast chillers 
and blast freezers versus long-term storage duration for pull-down 
temperature applications).
    As discussed, blast chillers and blast freezers provide rapid 
cooling to ensure hot food is quickly pulled down to safe refrigerated 
storage temperatures. In the June 2022 NOPR, DOE tentatively identified 
the capability to pull down hot food from 135 [deg]F to 40 [deg]F 
within 4 hours as the primary operating characteristic of blast 
chillers and blast freezers. 87 FR 39164, 39192. This is

[[Page 66190]]

consistent with the performance specification for rapid pull-down 
refrigerators and freezers specified in NSF 7-2019, the California 
definition, and tentative definitions provided by the SPC for ASHRAE 
220. Although DOE did not propose to test blast chillers and blast 
freezers according to NSF 7-2019, as discussed in the following 
section, DOE expects that any blast chiller or blast freezer meeting 
the NSF 7-2019 performance specification would be capable of pulling 
down hot food from 135 [deg]F to 40 [deg]F within 4 hours when tested 
as proposed in the NOPR. 87 FR 39164, 39192. As discussed in section 
III.C.1.b, DOE is proposing a lower ambient temperature condition than 
the ambient temperature condition specified in NSF 7-2019.
    To delineate blast chillers and blast freezers from other 
categories of CRE, including from CRE designed for pull-down 
temperature applications, DOE proposed in the NOPR to define the terms 
``blast chiller'' and ``blast freezer.'' 87 FR 39164, 39192. DOE 
proposed definitions for these terms that combine parts of existing 
definitions, add language for consistency with DOE's existing CRE 
definitions, and include further specificity regarding the 
characteristics of this equipment. Id. Specifically, DOE proposed to 
add the following definitions to 10 CFR 431.62: ``Blast chiller'' means 
commercial refrigeration equipment, other than a blast freezer, that is 
capable of the rapid temperature pull-down of hot food products from 
135 [deg]F to 40 [deg]F within a period of 4 hours, when measured 
according to the DOE test procedure. Id. ``Blast freezer'' means 
commercial refrigeration equipment that is capable of the rapid 
temperature pull down of hot food products from 135 [deg]F to 40 [deg]F 
within a period of 4 hours and capable of achieving a final product 
temperature of less than 32 [deg]F when measured according to the DOE 
test procedure. Id.
    In the June 2022 NOPR, DOE sought comment on the proposed 
definitions of ``blast chiller'' and ``blast freezer.'' 87 FR 39164, 
39192.
    NEEA commented that it supports the new definitions DOE proposed 
for ``blast chiller'' and ``blast freezer,'' stating that these 
equipment types have unique applications compared to other CRE, and 
these definitions allowed consideration (potential standards), 
categorization (equipment classes), and testing of this equipment 
separate from other CRE. (NEEA, No. 39, p. 2)
    AHRI commented to recommend that DOE align its definitions of 
``blast chiller'' and ``blast freezer'' with the SPC language for 
ASHRAE 220 (``Method of Testing for Rating Small Commercial Blast 
Chillers, Chiller Freezers, and Freezers'') for the proposed 
definitions of ``blast chiller'' and ``blast freezer'' (see bulleted 
language). (AHRI, No. 38, p. 9)
     ``Blast chiller--a rapid pull-down cooler designed to cool 
food to a safe refrigerated temperature (typically between 32 [deg]F 
and 41 [deg]F), but not freeze it.
     Blast freezer--a rapid pull-down cooler designed to freeze 
food.
     Rapid pull-down cooler--commercial refrigeration equipment 
intended for the rapid intermediate chilling or freezing of hot food 
products within a specified time period and holding the food at a safe 
temperature when not engaged in the chilling or freezing process.'' Id.
    AHRI commented that alignment with ASTM, ASHRAE, or other 
established standards would also be acceptable. Id. AHRI further urged 
DOE to go through the standard review process and not attempt to 
address this through either an amendment to the DOE test procedure or 
development of a new standard. Id.
    DOE considered available industry definitions when developing the 
proposals in the June 2022 NOPR, including the definitions in the draft 
version of ASHRAE 220. ASHRAE 220 has not published a public review 
draft and is still in draft form and DOE is not aware of any updates to 
the definitions considered in developing the proposal in the June 2022 
NOPR. Therefore, DOE is adopting the definitions proposed in the June 
2022 NOPR. DOE will consider any published standard when available 
during any future test procedure rulemakings.
b. Test Methods
    In the June 2022 NOPR, DOE reviewed the ASHRAE 220 test method in 
development to determine the suitability of the test method for a DOE 
test procedure. The draft ASHRAE 220 test method determines the pull-
down energy consumption per pound of food product, hot food product 
temperature pull-down performance, and other performance factors for 
self-contained commercial blast chillers and blast freezers that have a 
refrigerated volume of up to 500 ft\3\. DOE acknowledges that the 
ASHRAE 220 test method has certain deviations from DOE's current CRE 
test procedures and ASHRAE 72-2022 with Errata.
    DOE tentatively determined in the June 2022 NOPR that test 
procedures that account for the pull-down operation of blast chillers 
and blast freezers are appropriate. 87 FR 39164, 39193. The primary 
function of blast chillers and blast freezers is the rapid cooling of 
hot food product and minimal storage duration rather than long-term 
storage duration. DOE has considered the draft ASHRAE 220 standard as 
the basis for many of the test procedure proposals.
    DOE has also reviewed the ISO 22042:2021 test standard. Many of the 
provisions in the ISO 22042:2021 method are similar to those included 
in the draft ASHRAE 220 (e.g., ambient temperature, starting food load 
temperature, final blast freezer temperature). DOE tentatively 
determined in the June 2022 NOPR that the provisions in draft ASHRAE 
220 provide a more representative basis for testing (e.g., blast 
chiller target temperature of 38 [deg]F rather than 50 [deg]F) and 
would limit test variability as compared to ISO 22042:2021 (e.g., using 
a well-defined food simulator test load rather than actual food and 
defining door openings for pan loading). 87 FR 39164, 39193. DOE also 
participated in ENERGY STAR's specification review process to establish 
version 5.0 Eligibility Criteria for commercial refrigerators and 
freezers. ENERGY STAR considered including blast chillers and blast 
freezers as part of the version 5.0 Eligibility Criteria,\23\ but did 
not include them in the specification due to the lack of a standardized 
test procedure.
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

    \23\ See the Version 5.0 Specification and Test Method 
Discussion Guide, December 2020, at www.energystar.gov/sites/default/files/asset/document/ENERGY%20STAR%20Commercial%20Refrigerators%20and%20Freezers%20V5.0%20Discussion%20Guide_0.pdf.
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

    Consistent with the tentative scope of ASHRAE 220, DOE proposed in 
the June 2022 NOPR test procedures for self-contained commercial blast 
chillers and blast freezers that have a refrigerated volume of up to 
500 ft\3\. 87 FR 39164, 39193. DOE proposed to incorporate certain 
provisions from draft ASHRAE 220 and certain deviations, as discussed 
in the following sections. Id. DOE acknowledged that, to the extent 
feasible, ASHRAE 220 will likely harmonize with requirements included 
in ASHRAE 72-2018R. Id. For this reason, DOE proposed in the June 2022 
NOPR to refer ASHRAE 72-2018R for certain test requirements rather than 
using the approach in the ongoing draft ASHRAE 220. Id. The intent of 
these proposals was to harmonize with the eventual ASHRAE 220 final 
test standard approach.
    To avoid confusion regarding testing of other CRE, DOE also 
proposed in the June 2022 NOPR to establish the test procedure for 
blast chillers and blast freezers as a new appendix D to subpart C of 
10 CFR part 431. 87 FR 39164,

[[Page 66191]]

39193. DOE also proposed to refer to the proposed appendix D as the 
test procedure for blast chillers and blast freezers in 10 CFR 431.64. 
Id.
    In the June 2022 NOPR, DOE sought comment on the proposal to 
establish test procedures for self-contained commercial blast chillers 
and blast freezers that have a refrigerated volume of up to 500 ft\3\.
    The Joint Commenters stated their support for establishing test 
procedures for blast chillers and freezers, noting that DOE had 
tentatively identified the capability to pull down hot food from 135 
[deg]F to 40 [deg]F within 4 hours as the primary operating 
characteristic of blast chillers and blast freezers. (Joint Commenters, 
No. 31, p. 3)
    NEEA stated its support for DOE's proposal to establish test 
procedures for new and newly defined categories of CRE, and restated 
its recommendation from the 2021 CRE TP RFI that DOE establish test 
methods for new CRE product types, including blast chillers and blast 
freezers. (NEEA, No. 39, p. 2)
    Continental commented that it supports the NOPR proposal to add new 
test procedures for product categories such as blast chillers and blast 
freezers. (Continental, No. 29, p. 1) Continental noted, however, that 
attempting to develop test procedures that combine aspects of different 
existing industry standards and introduce significant modifications is 
not sufficient or appropriate for this type of rulemaking. Id. 
Continental recommended that DOE work with ASHRAE, AHRI, ASTM, and 
other stakeholders to develop suitable test procedures for any 
additional product categories so that new or modified industry 
standards are comprehensive, reliable, and repeatable for many 
equipment types, with minimal additional testing burden. Id.
    The Joint Commenters stated that DOE proposed to add test 
procedures only for self-contained commercial blast chillers and 
freezers with a refrigerated volume of up to 500 ft\3\, and that while 
the Joint Commenters understood that most of the blast chillers/
freezers market consists of self-contained equipment, remote condensing 
blast chillers/freezers are available on the market; thus, the Joint 
Commenters encouraged DOE to consider establishing test procedures for 
remote condensing blast chillers/freezers as part of a future 
rulemaking. (Joint Commenters, No. 31, p. 3)
    The CA IOUs also stated their support for DOE's decision to limit 
scope to self-contained blast chillers/freezers, which represents the 
vast majority of the market. (CA IOUs, No. 36, p. 6). In the August 
2022 public meeting, the CA IOUs commented that ASHRAE 220 was 
developed for blast chillers up to 500 ft\3\, but that self-contained 
blast chillers would be significantly smaller than that and most likely 
would have the volume to accommodate a single rolling rack. (Public 
Meeting Transcript, No. 41, p. 48)
    Consistent with draft version of ASHRAE 220 and the June 2022 NOPR, 
DOE is establishing a test procedure for self-contained blast chillers 
and blast freezers only. In response to Continental's comment, DOE has 
harmonized the June 2022 NOPR and the test procedure established in 
this final rule with the expected industry test method to the extent 
possible. DOE will consider harmonizing with any available industry 
test method, including regarding expanded scope, in future test 
procedure rulemakings.
    In the June 2022 NOPR, DOE sought comment on the proposal to 
incorporate certain provisions from the draft ASHRAE 220 and certain 
deviations for the blast chillers and blast freezers test procedures. 
87 FR 39164, 39193.
    The Joint Commenters commented that they support DOE's proposed 
changes regarding the proposed test methods for additional equipment 
categories, including blast chillers and freezers. (Joint Commenters, 
No. 31, p. 1)
    The Joint Commenters added that they support the proposed test 
methods that are consistent with ASHRAE 220 and include pre-cooling the 
blast chiller's or blast freezer's cabinet to a pre-set or controlled 
operating temperature, loading of hot food pans into the blast chiller 
or blast freezer, and pull down of the hot food pans to the target 
temperature. (Joint Commenters, No. 31, p. 3) The Joint Commenters 
stated that this method captured energy usage during pull-down 
operation, as a representative method for estimating the energy usage 
of blast chillers/freezers. Id.
    True commented that DOE should not reinvent the wheel by 
referencing NSF or ASHRAE for blast chiller and freezer cabinets for 
professional use. (True, No. 28, p. 7) True commented that the 
reference standard for blast chillers and blast freezers should be ISO 
22042:2021 since these products were developed in Europe and are being 
evaluated for the EU EcoDirective energy labeling program. Id.
    As discussed in the June 2022 NOPR, DOE has reviewed ISO 
22042:2021. Many provisions are similar to those included in the draft 
version of ASHRAE 220 (e.g., ambient temperature, starting food load 
temperature, final blast freezer temperature). However, DOE has 
determined that other provisions included in the draft ASHRAE 220 and 
proposed in the June 2022 NOPR are more representative of blast chiller 
and blast freezer operation (e.g., blast chiller target temperature of 
38 [deg]F rather than 50 [deg]F) and would limit test variability as 
compared to ISO 22042:2021 (e.g., using a well-defined food simulator 
test load rather than actual food and defining door openings for pan 
loading). Therefore, DOE is establishing the test procedure for blast 
chillers and blast freezers based on the draft of ASHRAE 220, and as 
included in appendix D to subpart C of 10 CFR part 431.
Instruments
    DOE reviewed the latest version of the draft ASHRAE 220 standard 
and compared it to ASHRAE 72-2022 with Errata, as shown in Table III.2, 
to determine appropriate instrument requirements for blast chiller and 
blast freezer testing.

 Table III.2--Instrumentation Requirements Comparison Between ASHRAE 220
                     and ASHRAE 72-2022 With Errata
------------------------------------------------------------------------
                                                        ASHRAE 72-2022
                                      ASHRAE 220          with errata
------------------------------------------------------------------------
Calibration.....................  Instruments shall   Measurements from
                                   be calibrated       the instruments
                                   traceable to        shall be
                                   National            traceable to
                                   Institute of        primary or
                                   Standards and       secondary
                                   Technology          standards
                                   (``NIST'')          calibrated by
                                   standards           NIST (or other
                                   annually..          rating
                                                       standards).
                                                       Instruments shall
                                                       be recalibrated
                                                       on regular
                                                       intervals that do
                                                       not exceed the
                                                       intervals
                                                       prescribed by the
                                                       instrument
                                                       manufacturer, and
                                                       with an interval
                                                       no longer than 1
                                                       year.

[[Page 66192]]

 
Temperature.....................  Accuracy of         Required Accuracy:
                                   temperature         1.4
                                   measurements        [deg]F.
                                   shall be within     Temperature
                                   1.4     measurement
                                   [deg]F. Accuracy    methods and
                                   of temperature-     instruments shall
                                   difference          be applied and
                                   measurements        used in
                                   shall be within     accordance with
                                   0.2     ASHRAE Standard
                                   [deg]F.             41.1-2020.
                                   Temperature
                                   measurements not
                                   specified shall
                                   be made per ANSI/
                                   ASHRAE Standard
                                   41.1.2.
Time............................  Time measurements   Required Accuracy:
                                   shall be made       0.5%
                                   with an accuracy    of time period
                                   of 0.5% of the
                                   time period being
                                   measured.
Energy..........................  Electrical energy   Required Accuracy:
                                   measurements        must be measured
                                   shall be made       with an
                                   with instruments    integrating watt-
                                   accurate to 2% of the     accuracy 2.0% of the
                                   measured..          quantity measured
                                                       and graduated to
                                                       0.01 kWh.
Electrical supply potential and   None specified....  Required Accuracy:
 supply frequency.                                     2.0%
                                                       of the quantity
                                                       measured.
------------------------------------------------------------------------

    Generally, ASHRAE 72-2022 with Errata has the same instrumentation 
requirements as draft ASHRAE 220. DOE acknowledges that ASHRAE 220 
intends to harmonize with ASHRAE 72-2022 with Errata to the extent 
possible to maintain consistent test requirements across similar 
equipment types. Because ASHRAE 72-2022 with Errata provides greater 
detail on the instrumentation requirements, and DOE expects that the 
final ASHRAE 220 standard will likely adopt the ASHRAE 72-2022 with 
Errata requirements, DOE proposed in the June 2022 NOPR to reference 
section 4 and the relevant portions of appendix A of ASHRAE 72-2018R 
for blast chiller and blast freezer instrumentation requirements. 
ASHRAE 72-2022 with Errata provides additional requirements for 
instruments that are not necessary for testing blast chillers and blast 
freezers (e.g., air velocity, radiant heat, dry-bulb temperature 
gradient, and test chamber illuminance). DOE proposed in the June 2022 
NOPR to incorporate requirements only for instruments necessary to test 
blast chillers and blast freezers (i.e., those listed in Table III.2).
    In the June 2022 NOPR, DOE sought comment on the proposal to 
reference section 4 and the relevant portions of appendix A of ASHRAE 
72-2018R for instrumentation requirements for the blast chiller and 
blast freezer test procedures. 87 FR 39164, 39194.
    AHRI commented cautioning DOE against referencing the ASHRAE 220 
standard with this test procedure, as it would create inconsistencies 
to reference ASHRAE 220 and ASHRAE 72-2022 simultaneously. (AHRI, No. 
38, p. 9)
    DOE is maintaining the approach proposed in the June 2022 NOPR, 
based on the draft version of ASHRAE 220. As ASHRAE 220 is not yet 
available, DOE is not incorporating that standard by reference. DOE is 
adopting the test procedure for blast chillers and blast freezers in 
appendix D and incorporating by reference the relevant sections of 
ASHRAE 72-2022 with Errata. DOE recognizes that certain additional 
requirements are pulled from other standards, but including multiple 
incorporations by reference as appropriate ensures consistent testing 
and clarifies where test requirements are harmonized across test 
procedures.
Test Conditions
    Blast chillers and blast freezers are typically intended for use 
only in commercial kitchens, as compared to other categories of CRE, 
which are typically used in either commercial kitchens or in customer-
facing environments.
    ASHRAE 220 specifies different test conditions for testing blast 
chillers and blast freezers compared to the current DOE CRE test 
procedures, as illustrated in Table III.3.

Table III.3--Ambient Temperature and Humidity Test Conditions Comparison
------------------------------------------------------------------------
                                                       DOE's current CRE
                                      ASHRAE 220        test procedure
------------------------------------------------------------------------
Dry Bulb........................  Measured at point   Measured at point
                                   TA;.                TA for open
                                  Average: 86.0       CRE and TB for
                                   [deg]F 1.8[deg]F.   Average: 75.2
                                  Individual: 86.0     [deg]F 1.8[deg]F
                                   minus>3.6[deg]F.   Individual: 75.2
                                                       [deg]F 3.6[deg]F.
Humidity........................  No test condition   Wet Bulb measured
                                   specified.          at point TA for
                                                       open CRE and TB
                                                       for closed CRE;
                                                      Average: 64.4
                                                       [deg]F 1.8 [deg]F
                                                      Individual: 64.4
                                                       [deg]F 3.6 [deg]F
------------------------------------------------------------------------

    The dry bulb is required to be measured in ASHRAE 220 at the same 
point (TA) as specified in section 6.1 of ASHRAE 72-2022 with Errata. 
ASHRAE 220 does not specify the type of thermocouple to be used when 
taking dry-bulb measurements. ASHRAE 72-2022 with Errata specifies that 
the thermocouples used to measure dry-bulb temperatures shall be in 
thermal contact with the center of 1.6 oz. cylindrical brass slug with 
a diameter and height of 0.75 in. The brass slugs shall be placed at 
least 0.50 in. from any heat-conducting surface.
    DOE tentatively determined in the June 2022 NOPR that the test 
conditions specified in ASHRAE 220 are more representative of actual 
blast chiller and blast freezer operation as compared to the existing 
CRE test procedure conditions. 87 FR 39164, 39194. As stated, blast 
chillers are typically only used in commercial kitchens, whereas other 
conventional CRE are used in a range of environments.
    DOE recognizes that harmonizing test conditions across different 
CRE categories may provide users with measures of energy use that can 
be

[[Page 66193]]

compared on a consistent basis. However, given the particular 
application of blast chillers and blast freezers in rapidly lowering 
the temperature of hot food products, it is not expected that other CRE 
would serve as a substitute for blast chillers and blast freezers (and 
vice versa). Moreover, as indicated by a 2012 ASHRAE report,\24\ the 
test conditions in the draft ASHRAE 220 are more representative for 
blast chillers and blast freezers than the test conditions applicable 
to CRE generally.
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

    \24\ ASHRAE RP-1469, ``Thermal Comfort in Commercial Kitchens,'' 
Final Report, January 6, 2012, page 24.
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

    Because blast chillers and blast freezers experience different 
ambient conditions than other types of CRE, and because the proposed 
test procedures for blast chillers and blast freezers would use a 
different energy use and capacity metric, DOE proposed in the June 2022 
NOPR to require the representative dry-bulb temperatures specified in 
the tentative ASHRAE 220 draft. 87 FR 39164, 39194. DOE also proposed 
in the June 2022 NOPR to incorporate section 6.1 and Figure 6 of ASHRAE 
72-2018R to specify the point TA where the dry-bulb 
temperatures are to be measured and to specify the dry-bulb 
thermocouple setup. Id.
    In the June 2022 NOPR, DOE sought comment on the proposal to 
require the dry-bulb temperatures specified in the tentative ASHRAE 220 
draft and incorporate section 6.1 and Figure 6 of ASHRAE 72-2018R to 
specify the point TA where the dry-bulb temperatures are to 
be measured and the type of thermocouple to use when measuring dry bulb 
in the blast chillers and blast freezers test procedures. Id.
    AHRI commented that it would be appropriate to measure dry-bulb 
temperatures in blast chiller and blast freezer test procedures using 
ASHRAE Standard 220 where necessary. (AHRI, No. 38, p. 10)
    The CA IOUs stated their support for DOE's proposal to test blast 
chillers/freezers at an ambient temperature of 86 [deg]F where other 
CRE categories are tested at 75 [deg]F because blast chillers and 
freezers are typically only used in commercial kitchens, and as such, 
86 [deg]F is more representative than 75 [deg]F for blast chiller/
freezer operation. (CA IOUs, No. 36, p. 6)
    DOE is maintaining the ambient test conditions of 86 [deg]F based 
on the draft version of ASHRAE 220 and as supported in comments. DOE 
recognizes that this ambient condition is different from the condition 
used for testing other CRE categories, and that DOE has intended to 
harmonize conditions when possible to ensure consistent testing across 
CRE categories. However, the metrics for blast chiller and blast 
freezer testing are sufficiently different from other CRE testing 
(i.e., kWh/day) that comparisons of energy use cannot be made across 
these CRE categories, so there is little benefit in harmonizing the 
ambient test conditions for blast chillers and blast freezers.
    ASHRAE 220 specifies the same requirements for the power supply, 
voltage, and frequency as ASHRAE 72-2022 with Errata. Specifically, 
ASHRAE 220 specifies that the rated voltage be maintained at an average 
of 2.0 percent over the duration of the test and individual 
recorded voltages be within 4.0 percent of the rated 
voltage. ASHRAE 220 specifies that the rated frequency be maintained 
within 1.0 percent. Because ASHRAE 72-2022 with Errata 
specifies the same requirements for voltage and frequency, DOE proposed 
in the June 2022 NOPR to incorporate the portions of appendix A in 
ASHRAE 72-2018R, which specify the requirements for voltage and 
frequency.
    In the June 2022 NOPR, DOE sought comment on the proposal to 
incorporate the portions of appendix A in ASHRAE 72-2018R that specify 
the requirements for voltage and frequency in the blast chillers and 
blast freezers test procedures. 87 FR 39164, 39194.
    AHRI recommended that the matter of adopting portions of ASHRAE 72-
2018R concerning voltage and frequency requirements in blast chiller 
and blast freezer test procedures should be taken to the ASHRAE 220 
committee for review and approval. (AHRI, No. 38, p. 10)
    As stated in the June 2022 NOPR, the proposed conditions were 
consistent with those considered for the draft of ASHRAE 220. 
Therefore, DOE is maintaining the reference to ASHRAE 72-2022 with 
Errata, consistent with the June 2022 NOPR.
    ASHRAE 72-2022 with Errata specifies additional test conditions 
that ASHRAE 220 does not specify. These include requirements for air 
currents, radiant heat, dry-bulb temperature gradient, and test chamber 
illuminance. DOE expects that these requirements in ASHRAE 72-2022 with 
Errata are primarily intended to limit variability of testing for CRE 
without doors or with transparent doors. DOE is only aware of blast 
chillers and blast freezers with solid doors, and therefore tentatively 
determined in the June 2022 NOPR that the additional test conditions in 
ASHRAE 72-2018R are not necessary for blast chiller and blast freezer 
testing, consistent with the draft of ASHRAE 220. 87 FR 39164, 39194, 
39195.
    In the June 2022 NOPR, DOE sought comment on whether any additional 
test conditions are appropriate for blast chiller and blast freezer 
testing, including those specified in sections 6.2 and 6.3 and appendix 
A in ASHRAE 72-2018R. 87 FR 39164, 39195.
    DOE received no additional comments on this topic in response to 
the June 2022 NOPR, and therefore is establishing the test conditions 
as proposed.
Test Setup
    The ASHRAE 220 draft specifies certain test unit setup instructions 
for components and accessories, electrical loads, condensate pan 
heaters and pumps, and crankcase heaters that are based on sections 
5.3, 5.3.1, 5.3.5, and 5.3.15 in ASHRAE 72-2022 with Errata. DOE notes 
that sections 5.3 and 5.3.5 of ASHRAE 72-2022 with Errata contain minor 
differences from the draft ASHRAE 220. Section 5.3 of ASHRAE 72-2022 
with Errata refers to installing all necessary components and 
accessories prior to loading the storage and display areas with test 
simulators and filler material, whereas ASHRAE 220 does not use test 
simulators and filler material. Section 5.3.5 of ASHRAE 72-2022 with 
Errata refers to a self-contained refrigerator instead of a blast 
chiller or blast freezer and does not specify that the condensate pan 
shall be emptied before testing (this instruction is provided in 
section 7.2.3 of ASRHAE 72-2022 with Errata) and that if a condensate 
heater is used during the test, it shall be recorded.
    ASHRAE 220 specifies that the manufacturer's recommendation on 
clearances shall be followed on all sides with a minimum of 3 feet on 
the door(s) opening sides. The current DOE CRE test procedures do not 
specify any clearance requirements. Section 5.2 and appendix A of 
ASHRAE 72-2022 with Errata specify that there must be greater than or 
equal to 59.1 in. 1.0 in. of clearance from the front of 
the unit under test and a vertical partition or wall shall be located 
at the minimum clearance, 0.5 in., as specified in the 
installation instructions. Section 5.2 also provides that if the 
installation instructions do not provide a minimum clearance, the 
vertical partition or wall shall be located 4.0 0.5 in. 
from the sides or rear of the cabinet and extend at least 12.0 0.5 in. beyond each side of the cabinet from the floor to not 
less than 12.0 0.5 in. above the top of the cabinet.
    DOE tentatively determined in the June 2022 NOPR that because 
ASHRAE

[[Page 66194]]

72-2018R provides similar, equal, or greater detail on the installation 
and settings, clearance, and components and accessories requirements as 
compared to the draft of ASHRAE 220, the ASHRAE 72-2018R instructions 
are appropriate for DOE testing. 87 FR 39164, 39195. DOE also 
acknowledges that, to the extent feasible, ASHRAE 220 intends to 
harmonize with ASHRAE 72-2022 with Errata requirements, and therefore 
will likely adopt similar instructions in the final version of the 
standard. DOE proposed in the June 2022 NOPR to incorporate sections 
5.1, 5.2, 5.3 (including sub-sections 5.3.1 to 5.3.17), and the 
relevant portions of appendix A of ASHRAE 72-2018R for testing blast 
chillers and blast freezers with the following deviations:
     The term ``refrigerator'' shall instead refer to ``blast 
chiller'' or ``blast freezer,'' as applicable. 87 FR 39164, 39195.
     For section 5.3 of ASHRAE 72-2018R, replace ``all 
necessary components and accessories shall be installed prior to 
loading the storage and display areas with test simulators and filler 
material'' with ``all necessary components and accessories shall be 
installed prior to precooling the unit under test.'' Id.
     Section 5.3.5 would be included with the additional 
requirement that the condensate pan be emptied before precooling the 
unit under test. Id.
    In the June 2022 NOPR, DOE sought comment on the proposal to 
incorporate sections 5.1, 5.2, 5.3 (including subsections 5.3.1 to 
5.3.17), and the relevant portions of appendix A of ASHRAE 72-2018R, 
with the proposed deviations, for the blast chillers and blast freezers 
test procedures. Id.
    AHRI commented that it recommended the matter of adopting portions 
of ASHRAE 72-2018R concerning blast chiller and blast freezer test 
procedures should be taken to the ASHRAE 220 committee for review and 
approval. (AHRI, No. 38, p. 10)
    As stated, DOE expects that ASHRAE 220 will harmonize with the 
ASHRAE 72-2022 with Errata requirements for test setup when 
appropriate, and is adopting the ASHRE 72-2022 with Errata 
requirements, with deviations, as proposed in the June 2022 NOPR.
    Appendix A of ASHRAE 72-2022 with Errata specifies electrical 
measurements at the equipment terminals. ASHRAE 220 specifies the 
following electrical measurement locations: at the plug-in location for 
units with a standard wall plug, or at the terminal box for units that 
are hard wired to the building electrical system. Because the 
electrical measurement location in appendix A of ASHRAE 72-2022 with 
Errata is similar to ASHRAE 220, DOE expects that the ASHRAE 72-2022 
with Errata approach is the likely final approach to be used in the 
eventual final ASHRAE 220 standard. For that reason, DOE proposed in 
the June 2022 NOPR to incorporate the relevant portions of appendix A 
of ASHRAE 72-2018R for the electrical measurement locations. 87 FR 
39164, 39195.
    In the June 2022 NOPR, DOE sought comment on the proposal to 
incorporate the relevant portions of appendix A of ASHRAE 72-2018R for 
the electrical measurement locations for the blast chillers and blast 
freezers test procedures. Id.
    AHRI commented that it recommended the matter of adopting portions 
of ASHRAE 72-2018R concerning electrical measurement locations in blast 
chiller and blast freezer test procedures should be taken to the ASHRAE 
220 committee for review and approval. (AHRI, No. 38, p. 10)
    As stated, DOE expects that ASHRAE 220 will harmonize with the 
ASHRAE 72-2022 with Errata requirements for electrical measurement 
locations, and is therefore adopting the ASHRE 72-2022 with Errata 
requirements, as proposed in the June 2022 NOPR.
Capacity and Loading
    ASHRAE 220 provides instructions for measuring the gross 
refrigerated volume of blast chillers and blast freezers. The gross 
refrigerated volume is calculated by multiplying the internal length, 
width, and height of the cabinet excluding panels and space occupied by 
the evaporator or evaporator fan. Appendix C of AHRI 1200-2023 
specifies instructions for determining the refrigerated volume of 
display merchandisers and storage cabinets. DOE reviewed the 
instructions in AHRI 1200-2023 for determining refrigerated volume and 
determined that the instructions can be applied to blast chillers and 
blast freezers because of the similar construction of these CRE. DOE 
proposed in the June 2022 NOPR to refer to AHRI 1200-202X for measuring 
the refrigerated volume of blast chillers and blast freezers. 87 FR 
39164, 39195.
    In the June 2022 NOPR, DOE sought comment on the proposal to 
reference AHRI 1200-202X for measuring the refrigerated volume of blast 
chillers and blast freezers. Id.
    AHRI stated its support for the proposal to reference AHRI 1200-
202X for measuring the refrigerated volume of blast chillers and 
freezers. (AHRI, No. 38, p. 10)
    DOE is maintaining the measurement of volume per AHRI 1200-2023 
consistent with the June 2022 NOPR.
    ASHRAE 220 specifies that the standard product vessel shall be a 12 
in. by 20 in. by 2.5 in. 22 gauge or heavier and 300 series stainless 
steel pan. ASHRAE 220 states that if the test unit is not capable of 
holding the standard product pan, the manufacturer's recommended pan 
size is used, conforming as closely as possible to the standard product 
load. Based on a review of blast chillers and blast freezers available 
on the market, DOE observed that all units are intended for use with 
food pans, and nearly all units available can accommodate the specified 
standard pan sizes. DOE tentatively determined in the June 2022 NOPR 
that the pans as specified in ASHRAE 220 are representative of typical 
use and DOE proposed to incorporate the standard product pan 
specifications included in the draft of ASHRAE 220. 87 FR 39164, 39195.
    In the June 2022 NOPR, DOE sought comment on the proposal to 
incorporate the standard product pan specifications in ASHRAE 220 for 
the blast chillers and blast freezers test procedures. Id.
    AHRI stated its support for the proposal to incorporate the 
standard product pan specification in ASHRAE 220 for the blast chillers 
and blast freezers test procedures. (AHRI, No. 38, p. 11)
    DOE is maintaining the standard product pan specifications as 
proposed in the June 2022 NOPR.
    ASHRAE 220 specifies that the manufacturer's recommended maximum 12 
in. by 20 in. by 2.5 in. pan capacity should be used for testing. DOE 
has reviewed the ASHRAE 220 specifications and equipment available on 
the market. Based on DOE's review, it was determined in the NOPR that 
additional specifications may be needed to determine how many standard 
product pans are used in the test unit. 87 FR 39164, 39195. The number 
of standard product pans that would be used for testing is dependent on 
the specified product capacity of the test unit based on food weight. 
The ASHRAE 220 committee tentatively determined that having a uniform 
food simulator thickness across all standard product pans is important 
for repeatable and comparable results, manufacturer design parameters, 
and consistency with European blast chiller and blast freezer testing 
requirements.\25\ The ASHRAE 220 committee tentatively concluded that a 
uniform food simulator thickness of 2 in. in the standard product pan 
(i.e.,

[[Page 66195]]

filled to within 0.5 in. of the top of the pan) is appropriate. Based 
on this conclusion, the number of pans required for testing blast 
chillers and blast freezers would be determined by the number of 
standard product pans filled with the standard food simulator load to 2 
in. deep that can fit in the blast chiller or blast freezer without 
exceeding the manufacturer's recommended capacity. Because this 
approach could potentially require the tested capacity to be smaller 
than the manufacturer's stated capacity, if the stated capacity is not 
evenly divisible by the number of pans, the ASHRAE 220 committee 
considered allowing for one additional pan that has a thickness less 
than 2 in., which would make up the difference to meet the 
manufacturer's rated capacity, but that this additional pan would not 
require temperature measurement. Based on the ASHRAE 220 committee 
approach, DOE proposed in the June 2022 NOPR that the number of pans 
required for testing blast chillers and blast freezers be determined by 
the number of standard product pans filled to 2 in. deep with food 
simulator product that can be loaded into the blast chiller or blast 
freezer without exceeding the manufacturer's stated food load capacity 
by weight, plus one additional standard product pan, if needed, to meet 
the manufacturer's stated food load capacity.
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

    \25\ See ISO 22042:2021.
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

    In the June 2022 NOPR, DOE sought comment on the proposed method to 
determine the number of pans required for testing blast chillers and 
blast freezers. 87 FR 39164, 39196.
    AHRI recommended that the matter of using ASHRAE 72-2018R to 
determine the number of pans required for testing blast chillers and 
blast freezers should be taken to the ASHRAE 220 committee for review 
and approval. (AHRI, No. 38, p. 11)
    DOE notes that ASHRAE 72-2022 with Errata is not used to determine 
the number of pans required for testing blast chillers and blast 
freezers. DOE is adopting the approach proposed in the June 2022 NOPR, 
which is consistent with the expected ASHRAE 220 approach.
    ASHRAE 220 specifies that the tested product capacity is determined 
based on loading the test unit with the maximum number of pans with 
food product up to the manufacturer's recommended maximum food product 
weight capacity. The food product weight does not include the weight of 
the pans.
    The ASHRAE 220 committee determined that blast chiller and blast 
freezer capacity based on food product weight is relevant in addition 
to refrigerated volume because the throughput of food product by weight 
is the primary function provided to users, as compared to long-term 
refrigerated storage volume for typical CRE. Blast chillers and blast 
freezers with the same volume may have different pull-down capacities 
by weight depending on the design of the cooling system.
    DOE expects that manufacturers specify capacity by food weight 
based on the maximum food load that can be loaded into the blast 
chiller or blast freezer while meeting the performance requirement of 
NSF 7-2019. DOE reviewed the ASHRAE 220 specifications and equipment 
available on the market and tentatively determined in the June 2022 
NOPR that additional specifications may be needed to determine the 
product capacity used during the test. DOE proposed in the June 2022 
NOPR that when determining the product capacity, all manufacturer 
literature that is included with the unit would be reviewed, and the 
largest product capacity stated in the literature would be used. 87 FR 
39164, 39196. If the unit is able to operate as both a blast chiller 
and a blast freezer in different operating modes and the literature 
specifies different product capacities for blast chilling and blast 
freezing, the largest capacity stated for the respective operating mode 
during the test would be used.
    If no product capacity is stated in the manufacturer literature, 
DOE proposed in the June 2022 NOPR that the product capacity be 
represented by the maximum number of standard pans that can fit in the 
test unit with each pan filled 2 in. deep with product, consistent with 
the ASHRAE 220 approach, with capacity determined as the sum of the 
food weights within the individual pans loaded for testing. 87 FR 
39164, 39196. As discussed further in a subsequent section, DOE 
proposed use of a food simulator. Id. The tested capacity would not 
include the weight of the pans, temperature sensors, or wires. If, upon 
testing, a blast chiller or blast freezer with no stated product 
capacity is not capable of pulling down temperatures from 135 [deg]F to 
40 [deg]F within a period of 4 hours with the load specified in the 
proposed test procedure, DOE proposed in the June 2022 NOPR that one 
pan be removed until the unit achieves the specified pull-down 
operation. 87 FR 39164, 39196.
    To ensure repeatability of testing, DOE proposed in the June 2022 
NOPR that the tested capacity (determined as the sum of the food 
weights for individual pans loaded for testing) be within 5 
percent or 2 lb of the rated capacity, whichever is less. 
87 FR 39164, 39196. DOE acknowledged that the actual weight of food 
simulator may be slightly different in each pan because each pan may 
not be loaded with food simulator to the exact same specified 
thickness. Specifying a tolerance on the overall tested capacity would 
ensure that the total food load by weight is consistent from test to 
test.
    In the June 2022 NOPR, DOE sought comment on the proposal to 
determine the tested product capacity for the blast chillers and blast 
freezers test procedures. 87 FR 39164, 39196.
    AHRI recommended that any proposed changes be brought to the ASHRAE 
220 committee for review and approval. (AHRI, No. 38, p. 11)
    As stated, a final version of ASHRAE 220 has not been published. 
DOE has harmonized with the expected ASHRAE 220 requirements to the 
extent feasible. Therefore, DOE has adopted the provisions as proposed 
in the June 2022 NOPR regarding determining blast chiller and blast 
freezer capacity.
    ASHRAE 220 specifies where to place the standard product pans in 
the blast chiller or blast freezer if a full load of pans is not needed 
to meet the manufacturer's stated capacity. ASHRAE 220 specifies that 
if there are fewer pans than there are rack spaces in the unit, the 
pans shall be placed evenly in the unit with top and bottom shelves 
occupied. If not all shelves are occupied by pans, the pan locations 
shall be recorded. The ASHRAE 220 committee has also discussed 
specifying that pans would be loaded without pans nesting on each other 
and without touching the top and the bottom of the cabinet.
    DOE reviewed the ASHRAE 220 specifications and equipment available 
on the market. Based on DOE's review, DOE tentatively determined that 
additional specifications may be needed to determine where to place the 
standard product pans. DOE proposed in the June 2022 NOPR that once the 
number of standard product pans needed for the test has been 
determined, the pans should be spaced evenly throughout each vertical 
column of rack positions in the test unit without the pans touching any 
other pans and without the pans touching the top and the bottom of the 
cabinet. 87 FR 39164, 39196. For test units that have an additional pan 
with a product thickness of less than 2 in., DOE proposed in the June 
2022 NOPR to require placing the additional pan as close to the middle 
rack position as possible while maintaining an even distribution of all 
pans. Id. DOE also proposed in the June 2022 NOPR that if not all rack 
positions are occupied by pans, the pan locations shall be recorded. 
Id.

[[Page 66196]]

    In the June 2022 NOPR, DOE sought comment on the proposed method 
for distributing the pans within the test unit's cabinet for testing 
blast chillers and blast freezers. Id.
    AHRI commented advising DOE to reference ASTM 26 testing standards 
as a method for distributing pans within the test unit's cabinet. 
(AHRI, No. 38, p. 11)
    DOE expects that the requirements in the ASTM standard will be 
harmonized with those in the ASHRAE 220 standard. DOE understands that 
the ASTM standard is intended to assess blast chiller and blast freezer 
operating performance whereas the ASHRAE 220 standard is intended to 
measure energy consumption. Therefore, DOE has determined that ASHRAE 
220 is the appropriate basis for the DOE test procedure.
    ASHRAE 220 specifies that if multiple pans are used per level 
(i.e., pans can be loaded side-by-side at the same level), only one pan 
needs to be measured with product temperature sensors per level. ASHRAE 
220 provides a figure illustrating an example for test units with 
multiple pans per level, indicating which pans would include 
thermocouples. In the figure, each level includes two side-by-side 
pans, and the thermocouple location is staggered such that it 
alternates between the left and right pan at each level, and such that 
each vertical column does not have two measured pans in sequential 
levels.
    DOE reviewed the draft ASHRAE 220 pan loading approach and 
tentatively determined in the June 2022 NOPR that it provides a 
representative measure of food load temperature within the blast 
chiller or blast freezer while limiting test burden. 87 FR 39164, 
39197. DOE acknowledged that food temperatures within the cabinet may 
vary depending on proximity to the evaporator or airflow pathway 
through the cabinet but expects that measuring one pan per level and 
staggering the measured pans would ensure a representative food 
temperature average would be measured during testing. Id. DOE also 
determined that this approach would limit test burden by avoiding the 
need for every pan to include a thermocouple, thereby avoiding the 
setup of the thermocouple within the pan and the routing of additional 
thermocouple wires from inside the cabinet. Id.
    Based on the review of ASHRAE 220, DOE proposed in the June 2022 
NOPR to incorporate the ASHRAE 220 approach with additional 
instructions. Id. DOE proposed that if multiple standard product pans 
are used per level, only one pan per level be measured with a 
temperature sensor. Id. DOE proposed to specify that the pan measured 
should alternate vertical columns so that each vertical column does not 
have two measured pans in sequential levels and that if a test unit 
uses an additional pan that has a thickness less than 2 in., this 
additional pan would not be measured for product temperature. Id.
    In the June 2022 NOPR, DOE sought comment on the proposed method to 
determine which standard product pans would include temperature 
measurement sensors for the blast chillers and blast freezers test 
procedures. Id.
    AHRI commented that the ASHRAE 220 committee is in the process of 
adding a requirement to determine which standard product pans would 
include temperature measurement sensors for blast chillers and blast 
freezers test procedures; consequently, AHRI added, for DOE to create a 
similar requirement would be redundant and unnecessary. (AHRI, No. 38, 
p. 11)
    As stated, ASHRAE 220 has not had a public review period and is 
still in draft form. DOE developed the proposal in the June 2022 NOPR 
to be consistent with the ASHRAE 220 approach, with additional 
specificity where needed. Therefore, DOE is adopting the provisions as 
proposed in the June 2022 NOPR regarding pan temperature measurements.
    ASHRAE 220 specifies measuring the product temperature in the 
geometric center of any measured pans and provides an example figure 
illustrating the temperature sensor location in a measured pan and, in 
particular, showing the unweighted thermocouple as being placed \5/8\ 
in. above the bottom of the pan. ASHRAE 220 provides that temperature 
sensor leads must allow for the transfer of pans from the heating 
compartment to the test unit cabinet.
    In the June 2022 NOPR, DOE proposed to incorporate this approach 
with additional instruction to specify explicitly details that are 
shown visually in the example figure in ASHRAE 220. 87 FR 39164, 39197. 
DOE proposed that product temperature shall be measured in the 
geometric center of the product pan, \5/8\ in. above the bottom of the 
pan, that the temperature sensor shall be unweighted, and that the 
temperature sensor leads shall be secured to the bottom of the pan 
while also allowing for the transfer of the pan from the heating source 
into the test unit's cabinet. Id.
    In the June 2022 NOPR, DOE sought comment on the proposed method of 
measuring the product temperature in the measured pans for the blast 
chillers and blast freezers test procedures. Id.
    AHRI commented recommending that any proposed changes to 
measurement of the product temperature in the measured pans for the 
blast chillers and blast freezers test procedures be taken to the 
ASHRAE 220 committee for review and approval. (AHRI, No. 38, p. 11)
    As stated, DOE developed the proposal in the June 2022 NOPR to be 
consistent with the ASHRAE 220 approach, with additional specificity 
where needed. A public review draft of ASHRAE 220 has not yet been 
published; therefore, DOE is adopting the provisions as proposed in the 
June 2022 NOPR regarding temperature measurements within individual 
pans.
    ASHRAE 220 specifies instructions to prepare the product medium 
mixture to be placed in the standard product pans as follows:
    (a) Determine the manufacturer's recommended maximum food product 
weight capacity.
    (b) Prepare a 20-percent-by-volume propylene glycol (1,2-
Propanediol) mixture in water.
    (c) In each pan, pour the propylene glycol mixture over #20 mesh 
southern yellow pine sawdust to create a 22-percent-to-78-percent-by-
mass slurry. Mixture must be pre-portioned for each individual pan to 
avoid large batch component separation.
    (d) Mix until the sawdust becomes completely saturated and leave 
uncovered in the pan. The weight of the mixture shall correspond with 
the determined weight. Record the weight of each pan, weight of the 
mixture, and number of pans to be loaded. Weight of the thermocouples 
shall be omitted.

    Note: Acceptable Sawdust Specification Example: American Wood 
Fibers brand, #20 Mesh Pine Sawdust (50 lb bags), Item # 
30020205018.

    (e) Verify that the pan thermocouple is fully submerged in the 
mixture, reposition the thermocouple in the geometric center of the 
mixture if it is not.
    The ASHRAE 220 committee developed the food simulator 
specifications based on the food load specified in NSF 7-2019 for rapid 
pull-down refrigerators and freezers. Because this test load is already 
in use for this equipment, and because its heat transfer 
characteristics are similar to actual food loads, DOE tentatively 
determined in the June 2022 NOPR that the food simulator load specified 
in the ASHRAE 220 draft is representative for testing blast chillers 
and blast freezers. 87 FR 39164, 39197.
    In the June 2022 NOPR, DOE proposed to incorporate the ASHRAE 220 
approach with additional

[[Page 66197]]

specifications to ensure repeatability. Id. As stated, each pan would 
be loaded to 2 in. of food load thickness (i.e., depth) within the pan 
and an additional pan would be loaded as needed to meet the 
manufacturer's stated capacity. Id. DOE proposed that each pan shall be 
weighed prior to heating, before and after the food product simulator 
is added. Id. A cumulative total of the product weight shall be 
calculated and the pans shall continue to be loaded with the product 
mixture until the cumulative total reaches the manufacturer's stated 
capacity (the total product weight shall be within 5 
percent or 2 lbs of the manufacturer's stated capacity, 
whichever is less). Id.
    In the June 2022 NOPR, DOE sought comment on the proposed method 
for preparing the product medium mixture to be placed in the standard 
product pans for the blast chillers and blast freezers test procedures. 
Id.
    AHRI commented recommending that any proposed changes to the method 
for preparing the product medium mixture to be placed in the standard 
product pans for the blast chillers and blast freezers test procedures 
be taken to the ASHRAE 220 committee for review and approval. (AHRI, 
No. 38, p. 11)
    As stated, DOE developed the proposal in the June 2022 NOPR to be 
consistent with the ASHRAE 220 approach, with additional specificity 
where needed. A public review draft of ASHRAE 220 has not yet been 
published; therefore, DOE is adopting the provisions as proposed in the 
June 2022 NOPR regarding test medium preparation.
Test Conduct
    The overall test approach in the ASHRAE 220 draft includes pre-
cooling the blast chiller's or blast freezer's cabinet to a pre-set or 
controlled operating temperature, loading of hot food pans into the 
blast chiller or blast freezer, and pull down of the hot food pans to 
the target temperature. The ASHRAE 220 committee also considered 
including an operating period in which the blast chiller or blast 
freezer would maintain the food load at the target temperature (i.e., a 
``holding period''). However the ASHRAE 220 committee determined that 
the primary function of the blast chiller or blast freezer is to pull 
down hot food temperatures and that the prioritization of throughput 
through the blast chiller or blast freezer would result in less 
operation in holding periods. DOE tentatively determined in the June 
2022 NOPR that the ASHRAE 220 approach is appropriate for blast chiller 
and blast freezer testing and proposed in the June 2022 NOPR to only 
include pre-cooling and pull-down operation within the test. 87 FR 
39164, 39197.
    In the June 2022 NOPR, DOE sought comment on the proposal to 
include pre-cooling and pull-down operation in the blast chiller and 
blast freezer test procedure and to not include any holding periods 
during testing. Id.
    The CA IOUs recommended that the blast chiller and blast freezer 
test procedure include equipment pre-cool energy as well as a 
triplicate testing to ensure repeatability. (CA IOUs, No. 36, p. 5) The 
CA IOUs noted that different blast chiller and blast freezer models may 
pre-cool to different cabinet and evaporator temperatures prior to the 
start of the test, affecting blast cooling energy consumption. Id. The 
CA IOUs stated support for DOE's proposal to record pre-cool energy 
along with pull-down energy and requested that DOE require reporting of 
the recorded pre-cool energy. Id. The CA IOUs also stated support for 
DOE's proposal to exclude ``holding energy'' needed to maintain the 
food load at a target temperature after completion of the blast 
chilling cycle. Id. The CA IOUs further recommended normalizing energy 
usage by initial measured weight of the product to be cooled down 
(excluding pan weight) instead of by blast chiller and blast freezer 
volume or the manufacturer's rating and suggested reporting blast 
chiller and blast freezer energy by either kWh/cycle/lb or kWh/day/lb. 
Id.
    See the following Calculations sub-section for discussion regarding 
triplicate testing. DOE is not adopting reporting requirements as part 
of this final rule, but is requiring that both pre-cool and blast 
chilling or blast freezing cycle energy be recorded during testing. DOE 
is not requiring any measurement of holding energy. As recommended by 
the CA IOUs and proposed in the June 2022 NOPR, DOE is adopting a 
calculation of energy consumption normalized by the total weight of 
product loaded into the blast chiller or blast freezer for testing.
    ASHRAE 220 specifies that all measurements shall be continuously 
recorded during the test in intervals no greater than 10 seconds. The 
current DOE CRE test procedures require that measurement intervals do 
not exceed 3 minutes and ASHRAE 72-2022 with Errata requires certain 
measurements at 1-minute intervals. Because the blast chiller and blast 
freezer test procedure is not conducted at stable cabinet temperature 
conditions, as is the case for other CRE testing, DOE tentatively 
determined in the June 2022 NOPR that a shorter measurement interval is 
appropriate to accurately identify unit performance (e.g., determining 
when all pans reach the target temperatures). 87 FR 39164, 39198. 
Therefore, in the June 2022 NOPR, DOE proposed to incorporate the 
ASHRAE 220 approach requiring data acquisition at 10-second intervals. 
Id.
    ASHRAE 220 specifies that data would be recorded once a steady-
state condition is established. ASHRAE 220 specifies that the test unit 
stabilize at ambient temperatures for at least 24 hours before pre-
cooling and that the prepared product be heated for a minimum of 8 
hours in the standard product pans at the required temperature prior to 
loading into the blast chiller or blast freezer. Consistent with these 
requirements, DOE proposed in the June 2022 NOPR that the test unit 
stabilize at ambient temperatures for at least 24 hours, and then data 
acquisition would be recorded prior to the pre-cool period. 87 FR 
39164, 39198. For the prepared product in the standard product pans, 
DOE proposed that data acquisition begin prior to the minimum 8-hour 
heating period. Id.
    ASHRAE 220 specifies a procedure for pre-cooling the test unit from 
ambient conditions prior to pull-down operation. The test unit is to 
remain in the required ambient conditions for at least 24 hours before 
pre-cooling. The test unit's pre-cooling cycle is used, if available. 
For test units with more than one pre-cool cycle, the cycle used is 
recorded. For units without a pre-cooling cycle, an empty blast cycle 
should be run in its entirety. During the pre-cool cycle, the test 
unit's sensing probe will remain in its default or holstered position. 
Pre-cool is deemed complete when the test unit's pre-cool notification 
reports. If the test unit does not have a pre-cool cycle or pre-cool 
completion notification, the pre-cool is deemed complete when the 
compressor first cycles off. The pre-cool data to be recorded is the 
selected cycle name, pre-cool duration, temperature, and energy 
consumed.
    Because the main function of a blast chiller or blast freezer is to 
pull down the product temperature of hot food, DOE tentatively 
determined in the June 2022 NOPR that measuring performance during the 
pre-cool period is not necessary, other than to determine when pre-
cooling is complete. 87 FR 39164, 39198. However, because pull-down 
testing is initiated after the completion of pre-cooling, operation 
during pre-cooling may impact pull-down performance. Based on DOE's 
review of ASHRAE 220, additional specifications regarding pre-cooling 
may be needed.

[[Page 66198]]

    DOE proposed in the June 2022 NOPR that the pre-cool cycle may be 
initiated on blast chillers and blast freezers once the test unit has 
been maintained at ambient temperatures without operating for at least 
24 hours. 87 FR 39164, 39198. Rather than selecting and recording any 
pre-cooling cycle, DOE proposed in the June 2022 NOPR that the fastest 
pre-cooling cycle be selected. DOE proposed to specify that the pre-
cool cycle is complete when the test unit notifies the user that the 
pre-cool is complete, consistent with ASHRAE 220, but that if the test 
unit does not notify the user that the pre-cool cycle is complete, the 
pre-cool will be deemed complete when the test unit reaches 40 [deg]F 
or 2 [deg]F based on the test unit's sensing probe for blast chillers 
and blast freezers, respectively. DOE tentatively determined in the 
June 2022 NOPR that this approach would ensure a consistent starting 
point for pull-down testing from unit to unit rather than the first 
compressor off cycle. 87 FR 39164, 39198.
    For test units without any defined pre-cooling cycles, DOE proposed 
in the June 2022 NOPR that the fastest blast chilling or blast freezing 
cycle shall be run with an empty cabinet until the test unit reaches 40 
[deg]F 2 [deg]F based on the test unit's sensing probe. 
Consistent with ASHRAE 220, during the pre-cool cycle, the test unit's 
sensing probe will remain in its default or holstered position. The 
pre-cool test data to be recorded are the ambient conditions, pre-cool 
cycle selected, pre-cool duration, and final pre-cool cabinet 
temperature based on the test unit's sensing probe.
    As stated, DOE proposed in the June 2022 NOPR that test procedures 
for blast chillers and blast freezers are to measure the energy 
consumed by the product temperature pull-down operation. 87 FR 39164, 
39198. Additionally, blast chillers and blast freezers may run multiple 
pull-down cycles consecutively without the need for individual pre-
cooling cycles. However, DOE acknowledges that the energy consumed 
during the pre-cool period may be relevant to the overall energy 
consumption of blast chillers and blast freezers and requests comment 
on whether pre-cooling energy use should be measured and considered in 
the overall energy consumption metric for blast chillers and blast 
freezers.
    ASHRAE 220 specifies instructions for loading the prepared standard 
product pans into the test unit. Measured standard product pans are 
maintained at an average temperature of 160.0 [deg]F 1.8 
[deg]F and an individual pan temperature tolerance of 160 [deg]F 10 [deg]F for a minimum of 8 hours prior to being loaded into the 
test unit. Non-measured pans are also required to be heated for a 
minimum of 8 hours. The test unit door is opened for loading at 4.0 
1.0 minutes after the test unit completes its pre-cool 
cycle. ASHRAE 220 specifies that the door remain open to load all of 
the standard product pans for the entirety of the loading procedure. 
ASHRAE 220 further specifies that the door is open for 20 seconds per 
roll-in rack and 15 seconds per pan for roll-in and standard test 
units, respectively. The test unit's sensing probe is inserted into the 
geometric center of a standard product pan in the center level of the 
cabinet. If the center level has capacity for multiple pans, the probed 
pan should be furthest away from the evaporator. The probe must not 
touch the bottom of the pan or be exposed to the air. The location of 
the pan with the probe is recorded. The factory probe is placed so that 
it does not interfere with the test thermocouple measurement. The door 
remains closed for the remainder of the test.
    DOE proposed in the June 2022 NOPR to adopt ASHRAE 220's approach 
with additional specifications and certain deviations to ensure 
consistent testing. 87 FR 39164, 39198. DOE proposed that while 
maintaining the temperature of the measured standard product pans prior 
to loading into the blast chiller or blast freezer, the non-measured 
standard product pans shall be placed in alternating positions with the 
measured standard product pans in the heating device for a minimum of 8 
hours prior to being loaded into the test unit to ensure consistent 
product temperatures. Id. The test unit door would be opened for 
loading at the specified time in ASHRAE 220, but DOE proposed to 
specify more precise values (i.e., 4.0 1.0 minutes). Id. 
DOE proposed in the June 2022 NOPR that the total door-open period for 
loading pans would have a tolerance of 5 seconds to account 
for different test lab operation. Id. DOE proposed in the June 2022 
NOPR that the door would be fully open, based on the definition of 
``fully open'' in ASHRAE 72-2018R, for the duration specified in ASHRAE 
220, to ensure test repeatability. 87 FR 39164, 39199. DOE proposed in 
the June 2022 NOPR that the test unit's sensing probe would be inserted 
into the geometric center of the standard product pan approximately 1-
in. deep in the product mixture at the median pan level in the test 
unit, which adds greater specificity for test repeatability. Id. If the 
standard product pan at the median level is the additional pan with 
less than 2 in. of product thickness, DOE proposed in the June 2022 
NOPR to specify that the closest pan or pan level that is farthest away 
from the evaporator fan would be used to insert the test unit's sensing 
probe, consistent with the ASHRAE 220 approach. Id. DOE proposed in the 
June 2022 NOPR to add that the product temperature sensor wiring not 
affect energy performance, consistent with section 5.4.9 of ASHRAE 72-
2018R. Id.
    ASHRAE 220 specifies instructions to operate the blast chilling or 
blast freezing cycle. A blast chilling or blast freezing cycle is 
selected for blast chilling and blast freezing tests, respectively. 
ASHRAE 220 specifies that the cycle selected should provide the most 
rapid product cool down designed for the densest food product as stated 
in manufacturer literature. ASHRAE 220 provides that a manufacturer may 
provide additional clarification on cycle selection. ASHRAE 220 
specifies that the selected cycle name and settings are recorded.
    ASHRAE 220 further specifies the following: Temperature and energy 
measurement starts once the first pan is loaded in the unit; the 
selected cycle continues until all individual measured pan temperatures 
are below the final temperatures of 40 [deg]F and 2 [deg]F for blast 
chilling and blast freezing tests, respectively; if the selected cycle 
program terminates prior to all product temperatures reaching below the 
test's prescribed final temperature, the standard product pans remain 
in the unit until it does so; if the temperature does not reach below 
the test's prescribed temperature after two additional hours, unit 
temperature settings are adjusted to achieve the desired final 
temperature; temperature and energy measurements end once the door is 
opened to remove the standard product pans; and energy consumption, 
temperature, and time is reported starting with the first pan loaded in 
the unit and ending with the final pan reaching the prescribed final 
temperature.
    Based on DOE's review of ASHRAE 220, DOE determined in the June 
2022 NOPR that additional specifications and certain deviations may be 
needed to improve test repeatability and reproducibility. 87 FR 39164, 
39199. Consistent with the integrated average temperature requirements 
from the current DOE CRE test procedures, DOE proposed that a blast 
chilling cycle with a target temperature of 38 [deg]F and a blast 
freezing cycle with a target temperature of 0 [deg]F be selected for 
blast chilling and blast freezing tests, respectively. Id. Consistent 
with ASHRAE 220, the cycle selected would be the cycle with the most 
rapid product temperature pull

[[Page 66199]]

down that is designed for the densest food product, as stated in the 
test unit's manufacturer literature. Ambient conditions and time 
measurements would be recorded from the pre-cool cycle. Product 
temperature measurements from the measured standard product pans would 
be recorded from the 8-hour period of heating prior to being loaded 
into the test unit to ensure that pull-down performance data is 
recorded. Voltage, frequency, and energy consumed would start to be 
recorded as soon as the test unit door is opened to load the standard 
product pans so that blast chiller and blast freezer tests are started 
at a consistent point across all tests. Once the test unit door is 
closed, the blast chilling or blast freezing cycle would be selected 
and initiated as soon as is practicable. The blast chilling or blast 
freezing cycle selected would be recorded. The blast chilling or blast 
freezing test period would continue from the door opening until all 
individual measured pan temperatures are at or below 40.0 [deg]F or 2.0 
[deg]F for blast chiller and blast freezer tests, respectively, 
regardless of whether the selected cycle program has terminated. If all 
individual measured pan temperatures do not reach 40.0 [deg]F or 2.0 
[deg]F for blast chiller and blast freezer tests, respectively, 2 hours 
after the selected cycle program has terminated, the test would be 
repeated and the target temperature would be lowered by 1.0 [deg]F 
until all individual measured pan temperatures are at or below 40.0 
[deg]F or 2.0 [deg]F for blast chiller and blast freezer tests, 
respectively, at the conclusion of the test. The duration of the blast 
chiller or blast freezer test would be recorded.
    In the June 2022 NOPR, DOE sought comment on the proposed method to 
conduct the blast chilling or blast freezing test, including data 
recording rates, data collection periods, pre-cooling cycles, product 
loading, and selecting and running the test cycle. 87 FR 39164, 39198-
39199.
    AHRI commented that the method to conduct testing for blast 
chillers and blast freezers is reflected in ASTM 26 testing standards 
and advised DOE to reference this standard. Specifically, AHRI 
recommended referencing ASTM 26 for data recording rates, data 
collection periods, pre-cooling cycles, pan loading, and test conduct. 
(AHRI, No. 38, p. 12)
    The CA IOUs suggested that in the case where the blast chiller/
freezer cannot pull down the initial load to the specified temperature, 
the unit should be retested with one less pan instead of the NOPR's 
proposal to retest with the temperature lowered by 1 [deg]F, because 
requiring a retest with a lower temperature setpoint may not be 
feasible for some equipment and will likely result in excessive test 
burden. (CA IOUs, No. 36, p. 5)
    As discussed in the previous sub-section, DOE expects that the 
requirements in the ASTM 26 standard will be harmonized with those in 
the ASHRAE 220 standard. Because the ASHRAE 220 standard is intended 
for measuring blast chiller and blast freezer energy use, DOE has 
determined that ASHRAE 220 is the appropriate basis for the DOE test 
procedure and is maintaining the test conduct provisions as proposed in 
the June 2022 NOPR.
    DOE recognizes that the approach of lowering the set point 
temperature if the final temperatures are not met may require multiple 
test runs, but DOE expects that end users will operate the blast 
chiller fully loaded and would adjust temperature to meet their needs. 
DOE maintains the proposed approach in the June 2022 NOPR of decreasing 
the temperature setting if all individual pan temperatures do not reach 
the specified temperatures. DOE is not adopting the provision of 
removing test pans until the unit can achieve temperatures except for 
units that have no specified product capacity (in weight). The 
definition of blast chiller is based on the unit pulling down product 
temperature within the specified time. If a unit is not capable of that 
operation at the specified loading, it would not meet the definition of 
blast chiller or blast freezer.
Calculations
    ASHRAE 220 specifies calculations used to report the energy 
consumed during the test. The measured energy consumption is divided by 
the test product capacity in pounds, averaged for three repeated tests. 
DOE proposed in the June 2022 NOPR to incorporate the ASHRAE 220 
approach (and to specify that the measured energy consumption is 
reported in kilowatt-hours) except that only one test would be needed 
in order to limit test burden. 87 FR 39164, 39199. ASHRAE test 
standards do not generally provide requirements for multiple tests, as 
sampling plans are typically established by the rating programs that 
reference the ASHRAE test standard. However, DOE already provides 
sampling plans for the determination of CRE represented energy or 
efficiency values at 10 CFR 429.42(a). Accordingly, DOE determined that 
the three tests considered for the ASHRAE 220 standard are not 
necessary for representations, and DOE is not planning to incorporate 
ASHRAE's method of averaging over three tests. 87 FR 39164, 39199.
    In the June 2022 NOPR, DOE sought comment on the proposed method 
for calculating the reported energy use metric for blast chillers and 
blast freezers. Id.
    The CA IOUs commented that they were concerned with the proposal in 
the NOPR to use ASHRAE 220 with a single test for blast chillers/
freezers instead of the three repeated tests specified by ASHRAE 220, 
stating that the need for accuracy outweighs DOE's goal of limiting 
test burden. (CA IOUs, No. 36, p. 5) The CA IOUs commented that the 
blast chiller/freezer test method is complex and there is room for user 
or test product consistency error. Id. The CA IOUs requested that DOE 
share further data illustrating the reduction in accuracy of energy 
consumption and product weight calculation of using a single test 
compared with triplicate tests. Id.
    DOE recognizes the need for accurate and repeatable results. 
However, DOE's test procedures themselves typically do not include 
repeat runs; DOE addresses the need for a data sample in making 
representations of energy use or energy efficiency by establishing 
sampling plans in 10 CFR part 429. DOE is adopting the requirement as 
proposed in the June 2022 NOPR that the test only be conducted once. 
For any representations, manufacturers would be required to apply the 
sampling provisions in 10 CFR 429.42, which require multiple test 
units.
    For these reasons, DOE is maintaining the approach as proposed in 
the June 2022 NOPR, which includes a single calculation of measured 
energy use divided by test product capacity in pounds.
4. Chef Bases and Griddle Stands
    DOE defines ``chef base or griddle stand'' as CRE that is designed 
and marketed for the express purpose of having a griddle or other 
cooking appliance placed on top of it that is capable of reaching 
temperatures hot enough to cook food. 10 CFR 431.62.
    As discussed in the April 2014 Final Rule, the explicit 
categorization of griddle stands covers equipment that experiences 
temperatures exceeding 200 [deg]F. 79 FR 22277, 22282. As explained, 
this was to distinguish between equipment that experiences cooking 
temperatures and equipment that experiences temperatures at which food 
is kept warm. Id. However, DOE notes that the current definition for 
chef bases and griddle stands does not specify a quantitative 
temperature and

[[Page 66200]]

instead states ``hot enough to cook food.''
    DOE stated in the April 2014 Final Rule that chef bases and griddle 
stands are able to be tested according to the DOE test procedure, but 
that their refrigeration systems require larger compressors to provide 
more cooling capacity per storage volume than equipment with 
compressors that are appropriately sized for conventional CRE and more 
typical room temperature conditions. 79 FR 22277, 22281-22282. However, 
the definition does not include specifications for the refrigeration 
systems to differentiate this equipment from typical CRE.
    ENERGY STAR has published a Final Draft Version 5.0 Eligibility 
Criteria for the ENERGY STAR program for commercial refrigerators and 
freezers.\26\ This final draft specification includes a definition for 
``chef base or griddle stand'' consistent with DOE's current definition 
and would require testing according to the existing DOE test procedure 
in place for CRE.
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

    \26\ For information on the Version 5.0 specification 
development, see www.energystar.gov/sites/default/files/asset/document/ENERGY%20STAR%20Version%205.0%20Commercial%20Refrigerators%20and%20Freezers%20Final%20Draft%20Specification_0.pdf.
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

    DOE has considered whether additional detail regarding the 
characteristics of chef bases or griddle stands would better 
differentiate it from other CRE. As discussed, chef bases or griddle 
stands are designed for use with cooking equipment placed on top of the 
unit. Typical chef bases or griddle stands may include oversized 
refrigeration systems and additional cabinet insulation to ensure the 
unit can maintain cold storage temperatures with the additional heat 
load from the cooking equipment. However, these characteristics may not 
be readily identifiable in a given chef base or griddle stand. For 
example, manufacturers may not offer CRE in a different CRE equipment 
class with similar designs to any chef base or griddle stand, in which 
case there would not be a point of comparison available to determine 
whether the chef base or griddle stand includes more insulation or an 
oversized refrigeration system.
    While ENERGY STAR's Final Draft Version 5.0 Eligibility Criteria 
includes a definition of ``chef base or griddle stand'' consistent with 
DOE's definition, it also includes definitions for similar equipment 
types (i.e., worktop and undercounter \27\ CRE). Both of these 
definitions include a minimum height requirement of 32 in. Chef bases 
or griddle stands have similar construction to worktop and undercounter 
equipment but are typically shorter to allow for installing cooking 
equipment above the refrigerated cabinet at a normal working height. 
Consistent with the ENERGY STAR definitions for worktop and 
undercounter, DOE proposed in the June 2022 NOPR to amend the 
definition for chef base or griddle stand to specify that the equipment 
has a maximum height of 32 in., including any legs or casters. 87 FR 
39164, 39201.
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

    \27\ Undercounter: A vertical closed commercial refrigerator or 
freezer that has no surface intended for food preparation. The 
equipment is intended for installation under a separate counter or 
workspace. This equipment may have doors or drawers and shall have a 
minimum height of 32 in., including legs or casters. Worktop: A 
vertical closed commercial refrigerator or freezer that has a 
surface intended for food preparation that is incapable of 
supporting cooking equipment. This equipment may have doors or 
drawers and shall have a minimum height of 32 in., including legs or 
casters.
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

    In the June 2022 NOPR, DOE requested comment on the proposed 
amendment to the definition for a chef base or griddle stand, which 
specifies a maximum height of 32 in. for this equipment. DOE requested 
information on any other identifiable equipment characteristics that 
may differentiate chef bases and griddle stands from other similar CRE. 
Id.
    Hoshizaki commented agreeing with the proposal to add a maximum 
height of 32 in. for chef bases or griddle stands. (Hoshizaki, No. 30, 
p. 5)
    AHRI commenting stating that it has no objection to the proposed 
height characteristic and recommended that DOE examine ENERGY STAR 
Version 5.0 for griddle stands. (AHRI, No. 38, p. 12) AHRI commented 
that in light of ENERGY STAR's target where ~20 percent of the market 
is listed with ENERGY STAR, DOE should examine having a higher kWh 
allowance than ENERGY STAR, taking into consideration mandatory versus 
optional compliance. Id.
    Hillphoenix stated agreement with the proposed definition for chef 
bases and griddle stands, but found it unclear why the 32-in. limit 
would be added. (Hillphoenix, No. 35, p. 6) Hillphoenix recommended 
clearly defining these products to not include CRE or hybrid CRE in 
which a food warmer or such can be placed on a section of the CRE unit. 
Id.
    Continental commented a belief that DOE's current definition of 
``chef bases or griddle stands'' was sufficient, and the proposed 
additional specification of equipment having a maximum height of 32 
in., including any legs or casters, is unnecessary and could cause 
confusion as some specialized, low-profile, undercounter models of CRE 
are available with an overall height less than 32 in., but they are not 
designed or intended to be used with cooking equipment on the top. 
(Continental, No. 29, p. 8) Continental disagreed with DOE's statement 
that chef bases or griddle stands have similar construction to worktop 
and undercounter equipment, but are typically shorter to allow for 
installing cooking equipment above the refrigerated cabinet at a normal 
working height. Id. Continental pointed out that commenters noted, and 
DOE acknowledged, that chef bases or griddle stands include oversized 
refrigeration systems and additional cabinet insulation to ensure the 
unit can maintain cold storage temperatures with the additional heat 
load from the cooking equipment. Id. Continental added that this type 
of equipment is also provided with heavy-duty cabinet construction to 
support excessive weight loads, and may have specialized insulation to 
protect against damage from exposure to very high temperatures. Id. 
Continental concluded by stating that characteristics such as larger 
evaporator coils, fans, and upsized compressors may not be readily 
identifiable in a given chef base or griddle stand, yet still represent 
distinct features that impact energy consumption and separate these 
products from other types of CRE. Id.
    True commented that chef bases and griddle stands are intended to 
be used in conjunction with cooking equipment installed on top (of the 
counter) of the refrigerated unit, with temperatures easily exceeding 
500 [deg]F, and the refrigeration systems are usually larger than a 
standard storage refrigeration system due to the very high ambient 
temperature and conditions they are subjected to. (True, No. 28, p. 3) 
True commented that the 32-in. height may be excessive as the top of 
the griddle (or other cooking equipment) should be at about a 36-in. 
height, making a 28-in. height or less recommended as more appropriate. 
Id. True added that the ADA requires a working height of 34-in. or 
less, that the smallest griddles are more than 6 in. high, and that 
most grills are more than 15 in. high. Id.
    The definition proposed in the June 2022 NOPR is largely consistent 
with the existing definition, with the additional height requirement. 
DOE has determined this height limit is appropriate as it harmonizes 
with ENERGY STAR definitions and because any units taller than 
32 would not have cooking equipment at appropriate working 
height.

[[Page 66201]]

    The current definition of chef bases or griddle stands specifically 
refers to cooking equipment capable of reaching temperatures hot enough 
to cook food. Therefore, no exclusions of other types of equipment that 
can be placed on top of the equipment are necessary.
    DOE recognizes that chef bases may be shorter to allow for taller 
cooking equipment, as indicated in True's comment, but DOE set the 
height limit at a level that would be inclusive of all chef bases or 
griddle stands, not an average or typical height.
    DOE recognizes that there are other CRE that are not chef bases or 
griddle stands with heights under 32'' (e.g., undercounter models). 
These CRE would not be included in the definition despite their height 
because the definition would maintain that the equipment is designed to 
have cooking equipment placed on top of the unit.
    DOE agrees with the characteristics identified for chef bases 
(i.e., oversized refrigeration, insulation, cabinets capable of 
supporting weight) but has not determined identifiable aspects of these 
characteristics for inclusion in the definition. To the extent that 
these characteristics impact energy consumption, DOE will consider 
these impacts when evaluating potential energy conservation standards 
for this equipment.
    For these reasons and those discussed in the June 2022 NOPR, DOE is 
maintaining the definition of chef bases and griddle stands as proposed 
in the June 2022 NOPR.
    Regarding testing for chef bases or griddle stands, DOE determined 
in the June 2022 NOPR that the existing DOE test procedure provides an 
appropriate basis for measuring the energy consumption of this 
equipment. 87 FR 39164, 39201. DOE recognized that chef bases or 
griddle stands can be installed and used in ambient environments that 
are different from other CRE, but DOE proposed to test this equipment 
in the same conditions because DOE tentatively determined that the 
additional heat loads of cooking equipment do not affect measured 
energy use. Id.
    Additionally, DOE conducted testing similar to the PG&E and SCE 
testing \28\ to investigate whether cooking equipment operation would 
impact chef base or griddle stand energy use during typical operation, 
as illustrated in Table III.4. DOE tested chef base or griddle stand 
refrigerators and freezers to the current DOE CRE test procedure with 
and without an active griddle installed on top of the test unit. During 
the tests with an active griddle installed, the griddle was turned on 3 
hours after the start of the defrost period and maintained a target 
griddle surface temperature of 185 [deg]F for 8 hours, concurrent with 
the door opening period. After the 8-hour period of griddle operation, 
the griddle was turned off for the remainder of the test.
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

    \28\ See www.caetrm.com/media/reference-documents/ET15SCE1010_Chef_Bases_Report_final2.pdf.

    Table III.4--Chef Base or Griddle Stand Energy Consumption Comparison With and Without an Active Griddle
----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
                                                                                      Energy
                                                                      Energy        consumption       Energy
                                                   Refrigerated     consumption       without       consumption
                    Test unit                         volume       with griddle       griddle       difference
                                                      (ft\3\)     installed (kWh/ installed (kWh/    (percent)
                                                                       day)            day)
----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Refrigerator #1.................................            5.21            0.97            0.96            -0.5
Refrigerator #2.................................            9.17            1.04            1.03            -0.5
Refrigerator #3.................................            9.72            1.59            1.58            -0.1
Freezer #1......................................            6.56            7.28            7.29            +0.2
Freezer #2......................................           11.31            8.58            8.70            +1.4
----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
* DOE tested an additional freezer that is not shown in the table due to inconsistent issues with the evaporator
  icing during testing.

    Consistent with the findings in the PG&E and SCE report, DOE 
observed that chef bases or griddle stands consumed similar amounts of 
energy with and without cooking equipment operating above the unit. DOE 
has been unable to determine why Freezer #2 consumed slightly more 
energy without a griddle installed. For these reasons, DOE proposed in 
the June 2022 NOPR to maintain the existing CRE test procedure for 
testing chef bases or griddle stands (with the additional proposals as 
discussed in this NOPR). 87 FR 39164, 39202.
    In the June 2022 NOPR, DOE requested comment on its proposal to 
test chef bases and griddle stands according to the test procedure used 
for other CRE. Id.
    The CA IOUs recommended standardizing chef base internal volume 
measurements by defining standardized pans as full-size, 4-in.-deep 
hotel pans (12 by 20 by 4 in.) since this is a standard pan size that 
all units can accommodate. (CA IOUs, No. 36, p. 7) The CA IOUs added 
that for chef bases able to hold 6-in.-deep pans, the volume 
calculation should account for the extra 2 in. of depth. Id. The CA 
IOUs pointed out that some 36-in.-wide chef bases only accommodate one 
pan per drawer, but have extra room to accommodate a 4- or 6-in.-deep, 
\1/6\-size pan measuring 6 by 6 in.; for such bases that cannot fit 12-
by-20-in. hotel pans, the CA IOUs recommended adding \1/6\-size pans to 
its volume and suggested that any refrigerated volume that cannot 
accommodate a \1/6\ pan should not be counted as usable volume. Id.
    The Joint Commenters supported DOE's proposed changes regarding the 
test methods for additional equipment categories, including chef bases 
and griddle stands. (Joint Commenters, No. 31, p. 1)
    The Joint Commenters stated their support for establishing test 
procedures for chef bases and griddle stands, citing a 2016 report that 
found significant variation in energy performance of chef bases,\29\ 
suggesting there is opportunity for efficiency improvements. (Joint 
Commenters, No. 31, p. 3). The Joint Commenters expressed a belief that 
it was reasonable to test chef bases or griddle stands according to the 
same test procedure as other CRE, which would allow end users to 
compare energy consumption with other currently covered equipment. Id.
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

    \29\ See ``Chef Bases for Foodservice Applications,'' p. 9. 
www.caetrm.com/media/referencedocuments/ET15SCE1010_Chef_Bases_Report_final2.pdf.
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

    NEEA stated its support for DOE's proposal to establish test 
procedures for new and/or newly defined categories of

[[Page 66202]]

CRE, and restated its recommendation from the 2021 CRE TP RFI that DOE 
establish test methods for new CRE product types, including chef bases 
or griddle stands. (NEEA, No. 39, p. 2)
    Hillphoenix commented that it agreed with using the test conditions 
and test setup as required for CRE equipment, but disagreed with 
utilizing the standard door opening procedure as documented in ASHRAE 
72, as the door openings of this equipment would be better represented 
by a reduced opening procedure. (Hillphoenix, No. 35, p. 7) Hillphoenix 
commented that the doors on this type of equipment are normally 
operated by store personnel and are not customer facing, which excludes 
the intent of the opening procedures in ASHRAE 72. Id.
    Continental commented that it supports DOE's proposal in the NOPR 
to add new test procedures for product categories such as griddle 
stands and chef bases. (Continental, No. 29, p. 1) Continental agreed 
with DOE's desire to develop test procedures for additional product 
types, including chef bases and griddle stands, but added that new test 
methods should only be introduced after suitable industry-accepted 
standards have been adequately vetted with stakeholder feedback and 
approved for publication. (Continental, No. 29, p. 8) Continental 
commented that DOE should clarify that any test procedure proposed for 
chef bases or griddle stands would only apply to self-contained 
equipment. Id. Continental stated disagreement with DOE's 
recommendation to test chef bases and griddle stands in the same manner 
as other CRE--using ASHRAE Standard 72--because, as DOE recognizes, 
this equipment is designed to operate with higher heat loads than other 
types of CRE and that as stated in the NOPR, an ASHRAE research project 
found that average temperatures in commercial kitchen preparation areas 
are typically 72 [deg]F to 79 [deg]F, while cooking areas are typically 
79 [deg]F to 93 [deg]F. Id. Continental commented that testing at an 
ambient temperature of 75 [deg]F would not represent how chef bases and 
griddle stands are used in real-world conditions and that higher 
ambient conditions should be used to even come close to simulating 
representative conditions for chef bases and griddle stands located in 
the midst of commercial kitchen cooking areas, with high-temperature 
cooking equipment on the top, as well as adjacent to them in most 
situations. Id. Continental commented that energy consumption at the 
elevated ambient temperature conditions would need to be evaluated 
thoroughly as part of any future rulemaking regarding potential energy 
standards for this equipment. Id. Continental pointed out that DOE 
provided a summary of some limited energy testing performed on five 
chef base models as justification that energy consumption does not vary 
significantly when tested with a griddle placed on the top and operated 
for a limited time, and yet little information about this testing was 
offered and the procedure and results had not been widely vetted by 
stakeholders. Id. Continental requested that DOE share details and data 
from this testing, while maintaining any needed confidentiality, for 
thorough assessment and feedback. Id. Continental cited an analysis by 
Southern California Edison (ET15SCE1010) from August 2016, which 
evaluated chef bases for energy consumption of six different units 
using ASHRAE Standard 72-2014 test conditions. Id. Continental pointed 
out that an additional heat load was not included because when an 
electric griddle was placed on top of a chef base, there was reportedly 
insignificant variation in energy test results. Id. Continental 
believed this conclusion was based on insufficient data and lack of a 
thorough understanding of the application, as refrigerated chef bases 
are subject to extreme heat loads from high-temperature cooking 
equipment adjacent to and on top of the unit, and a variety of heavy-
duty gas and electric cooking equipment is typically used in this 
application. Id. Continental commented that as a result, standardizing 
to one piece of equipment could lead to varied results in the field, 
and the Southern California Edison study also found an extremely wide 
variation in energy consumption of the six units tested. Id. 
Continental urged a thorough review and evaluation of prior studies 
used by DOE to evaluate the appropriateness of the proposed test method 
to ensure reliability and confidence, and it repeated its statement 
that DOE should continue to work with ASHRAE and allow time for 
completion of an industry-accepted procedure before incorporating a 
test procedure for chef bases and griddle stands. Id.
    AHRI recommended that DOE provide more information on the size of 
chef bases and griddle stands that are tested, as well as more 
information about the size and heat load for griddles, noting there is 
no current test standard specific to chef bases. (AHRI, No. 38, p. 12) 
AHRI commented that if DOE incorporates standard ASHRAE 72, AHRI would 
like to work with the committee to craft an energy test for chef bases. 
Id. AHRI stated concerns with DOE's proposal to test chef bases and 
griddle stands, and with how DOE proposed testing be conducted in the 
NOPR. Id. AHRI stated that chef bases and griddle stands are primarily 
drawer units designed for higher ambient conditions, which renders the 
temperature standard for CRE inapplicable and is the reason chef bases 
are currently exempt. Id.
    Hoshizaki stated that it would need additional information to 
comment on this proposal. (Hoshizaki, No. 30, p. 5) In particular, 
Hoshizaki stated that it would need to know the size of the equipment 
used in DOE's testing method (i.e., the condensing unit size for the 
refrigerators and freezers; the griddle size). Id. Also, Hoshizaki 
stated that it would be helpful to know whether the griddle was at a 
stable temperature or actively recreating a cooking environment during 
the testing period. Id. Hoshizaki recommended that this matter be 
proposed to the ASHRAE 72 standards committee for input regarding 
changes needed to test chef bases along with specifying the test 
criteria with heat loads. Id.
    Regarding capacity measurements, DOE is maintaining the proposal in 
the June 2022 NOPR to measure the refrigerated volume according to AHRI 
1200-2023. Most chef bases or griddle stands use drawers for storing 
pans. The definition does not require drawers or pans, so other 
configurations are possible. This is also true of other CRE categories 
(e.g., undercounter units may be configured with drawers for storing 
pans). To allow for consistent comparisons across such equipment, DOE 
is maintaining the same volume metric as the relevant capacity metric 
for chef bases or griddle stands.
    Regarding the test data presented in the June 2022 NOPR, during the 
tests with an active griddle installed, the griddle was turned on three 
hours after the start of the defrost period and maintained a target 
griddle surface temperature of 185 [deg]F for 8 hours, concurrent with 
the door opening period, and after the 8-hour period of griddle 
operation, the griddle was turned off for the remainder of the test. 87 
FR 39164, 39201. The griddles for testing were appropriately sized to 
meet the dimensions of the various chef bases or griddle stands, which 
ranged in volume from 5.2 to 11.3 cubic feet.
    DOE expects the specific installation conditions and door openings 
to vary among CRE depending on actual end use. DOE has determined that 
ASHRAE 72-2022 with Errata door openings are representative of CRE 
intended to be used in commercial kitchens. However, DOE agrees that 
chef bases or griddle stands would be used in cooking areas

[[Page 66203]]

with ambient temperatures higher than those specified in ASHRAE 72-2022 
with Errata. DOE stated in the April 2014 Final Rule that chef bases 
and griddle stands are able to be tested according to the DOE test 
procedure, but that their refrigeration systems require larger 
compressors to provide more cooling capacity per storage volume than 
conventional CRE used in more typical room temperature conditions. 79 
FR 22277, 22281-22282. In the June 2022 NOPR, DOE recognized that chef 
bases or griddle stands can be installed and used in ambient 
environments that are different from other CRE, but DOE proposed to 
test this equipment in the same conditions because DOE tentatively 
determined that the additional heat loads of cooking equipment do not 
affect measured energy use. 87 FR 39164, 39201. Based on DOE's testing 
in support of this rulemaking, as presented in Table III.4, DOE has 
determined that chef bases or griddle stands consume similar amounts of 
energy with and without cooking equipment operating above the unit and 
is therefore not adopting any test provisions to directly account for 
operation of cooking equipment. However, based on the comments received 
in response to the June 2022 NOPR as well as previous comments received 
in response to the June 2021 RFI, as summarized in the following 
paragraphs, DOE recognizes that the cooking areas of commercial 
kitchens would typically have higher ambient temperatures than those 
specified in ASHRAE 72-2022 with Errata, and is adopting amended test 
conditions for chef bases or griddle stands.
Ambient Conditions
    DOE initially requested comment in the June 2021 RFI on whether 
modifications to the current CRE test procedure would be appropriate 
for testing chef bases and griddle stands to better represent real-
world use conditions. 86 FR 31182, 31189. DOE received limited feedback 
regarding ambient conditions in response to the June 2021 RFI. The CA 
IOUs and Joint Commenters commented that DOE should establish higher 
ambient temperature and relative humidity conditions for evaluating the 
performance of chef bases. (CA IOUs, No. 10, p. 2-3; Joint Commenters, 
No. 8, p. 2) The CA IOUs recommended adopting conditions from ASTM 
F2143-16 or the emerging ASHRAE Standard 220, which have an ambient 
temperature of 86 [deg]F 2 [deg]F and relative humidity of 
35 percent 5 percent. (CA IOUs, No. 10, p. 2-3) The CA IOUs 
commented that these elevated kitchen temperatures are supported by a 
2012 ASHRAE research project benchmarking the thermal conditions in 100 
commercial kitchens in the United States, which found that the average 
temperature in preparation areas ranged from 72 [deg]F to 79 [deg]F, 
while the average temperature in cooking areas ranged from 79 [deg]F to 
93 [deg]F. (Id.) AHRI did not provide detailed information on ambient 
temperature, but noted that the current test procedure does not account 
for the high ambient conditions for chef bases or griddle stands. 
(AHRI, No. 3, p. 10)
    Although not specific to ambient conditions, DOE received comments 
in response to the June 2021 RFI from ITW, True, Hoshizaki, NEEA, and 
the CA IOUs stating that the test procedure should not change to limit 
burden. (ITW, No. 2, p. 8; True, No. 4, p. 15-16; Hoshizaki, No. 13, p. 
3; NEEA, No. 5, p. 2; CA IOUs, No. 10, p. 1-2)
    As discussed earlier in this section, DOE tentatively determined in 
the June 2022 NOPR that the existing test procedure provides an 
appropriate basis for measuring the energy consumption of chef bases or 
griddle stands. 87 FR 39164, 39201.
    In response to the June 2022 NOPR, Continental referred to the same 
ASHRAE research project as the CA IOUs referenced in response to the 
June 2021 RFI, noting that average temperatures in commercial kitchen 
preparation areas are typically 72 [deg]F to 79 [deg]F, while cooking 
areas are typically 79 [deg]F to 93 [deg]F. (Continental, No. 29, p. 8) 
Continental commented that testing at an ambient temperature of 75 
[deg]F would not represent how chef bases and griddle stands are used 
in real-world conditions and that higher ambient conditions should be 
used. (Id.) In response to the June 2022 NOPR, AHRI stated that chef 
bases and griddle stands are primarily drawer units designed for higher 
ambient conditions, which renders the temperature standard for CRE 
inapplicable. (AHRI, No. 38, p. 12) Both AHRI and Hoshizaki recommended 
that the industry test standard committee should evaluate appropriate 
testing for chef bases or griddle stands. (AHRI, No. 38, p. 12; 
Hoshizaki, No. 30, p. 5)
    Hillphoenix commented that it agreed with using the test conditions 
and test setup as required for CRE equipment. (Hillphoenix, No. 35, p. 
7) The Joint Commenters and NEEA supported DOE's approach from the June 
2022 NOPR, but did not specifically refer to ambient conditions. (Joint 
Commenters, No. 31, p. 3) (NEEA, No. 39, p. 2)
    After evaluating these comments received regarding chef base or 
griddle stand ambient test conditions, DOE acknowledges that multiple 
interested parties representing a range of viewpoints (i.e., efficiency 
advocates, utilities, and industry) have supported the use of higher 
ambient temperatures for testing chef bases or griddle stands. DOE also 
recognizes that chef bases or griddle stands are uniquely used only in 
the cooking areas of commercial kitchens, as compared to other 
conventional CRE that may be installed in a range of locations. Based 
on the referenced ASHRAE study, DOE has determined that 86 [deg]F is 
the ambient condition most representative of chef base or griddle stand 
operation, as that is the mid-point of the 79 [deg]F to 93 [deg]F range 
identified for cooking areas. This ambient condition is also consistent 
with the 86.0 [deg]F ambient condition established in this final rule 
for blast chillers and blast freezers, equipment that is also used in 
the cooking areas of commercial kitchens. Consistent with this higher 
ambient dry-bulb temperature, DOE is also amending test conditions for 
wet-bulb temperature to require testing at 73.7 [deg]F (i.e., 
maintaining the same ambient relative humidity at the higher ambient 
dry-bulb temperature), and radiant heat temperature to require testing 
at greater than or equal to 81.0 [deg]F. For both dry-bulb and wet-bulb 
temperature, DOE is maintaining the tolerances for ambient temperature 
measurements: tolerance for the average over the test period of 1.8 [deg]F, and a tolerance for the individual measurements of 
3.6 [deg]F.
    For the reasons discussed in this section, the June 2022 NOPR, and 
the April 2014 Final Rule, DOE is maintaining that chef bases or 
griddle stands do not require separate test provisions, except that the 
dry-bulb temperature, wet-bulb temperature, and radiant heat 
temperature will require higher temperatures during the test. 
Therefore, the test procedure in appendix B, as established in this 
final rule, is the test procedure applicable to chef bases or griddle 
stands.
5. Mobile Refrigerated Cabinets
    DOE does not currently define or specify test procedure provisions 
specific to other categories of refrigerated holding and serving 
equipment, such as certain mobile refrigerated cabinets. Specifically, 
mobile refrigerated cabinets chill the refrigerated compartment before 
being unplugged from power and taken to a remote location to hold food 
products while maintaining cooling. Such equipment meets the definition 
of CRE as defined at 10 CFR 431.62; however, unlike typical CRE, mobile 
refrigerated

[[Page 66204]]

cabinets are not continuously connected to a power supply. As discussed 
in the April 2014 Final Rule, DOE determined that such other categories 
of refrigerated holding and serving equipment meet the definition of 
CRE and could be subject to future test procedures and energy 
conservation standards. 79 FR 22277, 22281. To better distinguish 
mobile refrigerated cabinets from other defined categories of CRE, DOE 
considered developing a definition for this equipment in the June 2022 
NOPR. 87 FR 39164, 39202.
    Based on a review of mobile refrigerated cabinets available on the 
market, the operation and use of this equipment is subject to varied 
end-use applications, which may be specific to individual models. DOE 
did not identify data or information that would inform development of 
representative test conditions for such equipment. As such, DOE did not 
propose to establish test procedures for mobile refrigerated cabinets 
in the June 2022 NOPR. 87 FR 39164, 39202.
    To better distinguish mobile refrigerated cabinets from other 
defined categories of CRE, DOE proposed in the NOPR to add the 
following definition to 10 CFR 431.62 for mobile refrigerated cabinets:
    A ``mobile refrigerated cabinet'' means commercial refrigeration 
equipment that is designed and marketed to operate only without a 
continuous power supply. Id.
    CRE that allow the user to choose whether to operate with or 
without a continuous power supply do not meet the definition of a 
mobile refrigerated cabinet.
    Although DOE did not propose in the June 2022 NOPR to establish 
test procedure provisions specific to mobile refrigerated cabinets, CRE 
that do not meet the definition of mobile refrigerated cabinets are 
subject to DOE's test procedure at appendix B and energy conservation 
standards under the applicable CRE equipment class. 87 FR 39164, 39202.
    In the June 2022 NOPR, DOE requested comment on the proposed 
definition for ``mobile refrigerated cabinet.'' DOE also requested 
comment on the proposal not to establish test procedures for mobile 
refrigerated cabinets. 87 FR 39164, 39202-39203.
    Hillphoenix agreed with DOE's proposed definition of ``mobile 
refrigerated cabinet'' and also agreed with not establishing test 
procedures since the unit's operation and use were subject to varied 
end-use applications and did not represent a significant portion of the 
CRE market. (Hillphoenix, No. 35, p. 7) Hillphoenix assumed no energy 
conservation category would be developed since no test procedure is 
being developed. Id.
    True commented that the proposed definition for ``mobile 
refrigerated cabinet'' needs to be more specific, as mobile 
refrigeration normally refers to DC voltage (12V DC) for applications 
in vehicles. (True, No. 28, p. 5) True requested the following 
information from DOE: Since some units require a power converter (12V 
DC to 120V AC) does ``mobile refrigerated cabinet'' refer to both AC 
and DC power supplies? Id.
    AHRI stated its assumption that if no test procedure is developed 
for mobile refrigerated cabinets, no energy conservation standard will 
be developed either. (AHRI, No. 38, p. 13)
    The CA IOUs urged that the product definition for ``mobile 
refrigerated cabinets'' proposed in the NOPR be based on technical 
specifications rather than on end use, and recommended refining the 
proposed definition to explicitly exclude vertical self-contained CRE. 
(CA IOUs, No. 36, p. 9) The CA IOUs commented that the following 
options should be added to distinguish mobile refrigerated cabinets 
from other types of CRE: solid doors, minimum insulation thickness (1-
in. diameter minimum, presence of handles designed to move the 
equipment, a bumper guard around the bottom perimeter, heavy-duty 
wheels or casters (5 percent diameter minimum), a power switch and 
analog or digital external temperature display, a door latch, and the 
presence of a cord wrap. Id. The CA IOUs recommended adding ``for 
temporary storage and transport of prepared food products and not for 
retail sale of merchandise'' to the definition if DOE decides to retain 
language based on end use. Id. The CA IOUs stated that because this 
category represents limited sales volume and consumer utility is 
dependent on minimizing thermal losses, the test method should be 
excluded. Id.
    DOE agrees that definitions should be based on technical 
specifications and characteristics where possible, however, for mobile 
refrigerated cabinets, DOE cannot identify a single characteristic for 
this equipment at issue other than its use without the ability to use a 
continuous power supply. DOE notes that none of characteristics 
identified by the CA IOUs are specific to mobile refrigerated cabinets. 
DOE has determined that the operation of the equipment without a 
continuous power supply is sufficiently different than other CRE 
intended for holding temperature applications or pull-down temperature 
applications, which are used with continuous power supplies, that 
equipment meeting the mobile refrigerated cabinet definition will be 
identifiable.
    In response to True's comments, the term mobile in this context 
does not mean for use in vehicles; rather it is intended to address 
equipment that is used without a continuous connection to a power 
supply (i.e., can be moved away from the power supply location). The 
definition as proposed reflects this and so DOE is maintaining it as 
proposed in the June 2022 NOPR.
    In response to comments regarding test procedures and applicability 
of energy conservation standards, equipment without a test procedure 
would not be subject to energy conservation standards as DOE would have 
no basis on which to evaluate potential standards. As DOE is not 
establishing a test procedure for this equipment category, other CRE 
energy conservation standards would not apply. DOE may consider test 
procedures and corresponding energy conservation standards for mobile 
refrigerated cabinets as part of future rulemakings.
6. Additional Covered Equipment
    DOE provided examples of potential CRE that may require additional 
test procedure provisions in the June 2021 RFI. 86 FR 31182, 31190. DOE 
determined in the June 2022 NOPR that additional test procedure 
provisions to account for what is likely unique equipment operation or 
usage are not needed at this time. 87 FR 39164, 39203. The existing DOE 
test procedure is reasonably designed to produce test results which 
reflect energy efficiency and energy use of the CRE subject to the test 
procedure during a representative average use cycle, and is not unduly 
burdensome to conduct. Because the test procedure provides a 
representative average use cycle, DOE is unable to account for every 
combination of operating conditions and usage without the resulting 
test procedures being unduly burdensome. If the test procedure cannot 
be conducted for certain equipment, or if the test procedure results in 
measures of energy consumption so unrepresentative of the equipment's 
true energy consumption characteristics as to provide materially 
inaccurate comparative data, manufacturers may petition DOE for a test 
procedure waiver under the provisions of 10 CFR 431.401.
    DOE did not receive any comments and is therefore maintaining the 
June 2022 NOPR approach and not adopting additional provisions for 
other categories of CRE.

[[Page 66205]]

D. Harmonization of Efficiency Standards and Testing With NSF 7-2019 
Food Safety

    NSF 7-2019 establishes minimum food protection and sanitation 
specifications for the materials, design, manufacture, and performance 
of commercial refrigerators and freezers and their related components. 
Section 2.3 of appendix B in the CRE test procedure states that for CRE 
that is also tested in accordance with NSF test procedures (Type I and 
Type II),\30\ integrated average temperatures and ambient conditions 
used for NSF testing may be used in place of the DOE-prescribed 
integrated average temperatures and ambient conditions provided they 
result in a more stringent test. To that end, the ambient temperature 
may be higher, but not lower than the DOE test condition, and the IAT 
may be lower, but not higher, than that measured at the DOE ambient 
test condition. Id. The test conditions and possible different 
thermostat settings under NSF 7-2019 may result in measured energy use 
that is more representative of average use in applications for which 
users prioritize food safety over energy efficiency. Permitting the use 
of NSF 7-2019 test conditions may also reduce testing burden for 
manufacturers.
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

    \30\ Type I equipment is designed to operate in 75 [deg]F 
ambient conditions and Type II equipment is designed to operate in 
80 [deg]F ambient conditions.
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

    In the June 2022 NOPR, DOE did not propose any additional 
amendments to the test procedures to further reference or harmonize 
with NSF 7-2019 testing. 87 FR 39164, 39203.
    DOE did not receive any additional comments on this topic in 
response to the June 2022 NOPR. Therefore, DOE is not adopting any 
additional amendments regarding harmonizing with NSF 7 testing. The 
existing test procedure instructions in section 2.3 of appendix B allow 
for the use of NSF 7-2019 test data to be used for DOE testing subject 
to certain requirements. DOE recognizes that NSF 7-2019 testing is not 
applicable or appropriate for all equipment types. For those equipment 
types, the DOE test procedure provides the required test instructions--
including additional IAT rating temperatures--and reference to NSF 7-
2019 is not needed. DOE maintains that the amended DOE test procedure, 
by reference to AHRI 1200-2023 and ASHRAE 72-2022 with Errata for 
conventional CRE, provides a measure of energy use of CRE during a 
representative average use cycle and is not unduly burdensome to 
conduct. The optional NSF 7-2019 test provides a means to further 
reduce test burden in certain instances, but it is not required for DOE 
testing.

E. Dedicated Remote Condensing Units

    DOE is aware of remote condensing CRE models for which specific 
dedicated condensing units are intended for use with specific 
refrigerated cases. For some of these models, the remote condensing 
units are intended to be installed on or near the refrigerated case 
within the same conditioned space. For other models, the remote 
condensing units are intended to be installed outdoors, but the 
refrigerated case is intended to be used specifically with the 
designated remote condensing unit.
    For this equipment, the combined refrigerated case and condensing 
unit refrigeration system would effectively operate as if it were CRE 
with a self-contained condensing unit. Under the current DOE test 
procedure, remote CRE energy consumption is determined from the energy 
use of components in the refrigerated case plus a calculated compressor 
energy consumption based on the enthalpy change of refrigerant supplied 
to the case at specified conditions. The compressor energy use 
calculation is based on typical reciprocating compressor energy 
efficiency ratios (``EERs'') at a range of operating conditions. See 
Table 1 in AHRI 1200-2010. For CRE used with dedicated condensing 
units, the actual compressor used during normal operation is known 
(i.e., the compressor in the dedicated condensing unit). Accordingly, 
testing the whole system using the same approach as required for a 
self-contained CRE unit may produce energy use results that are more 
representative of how this equipment actually operates in the field. 
Additionally, testing such a system as a complete system rather than 
using the test procedures for remote condensing units may be less 
burdensome, because it would not require the use of a test facility 
capable of maintaining the required liquid and suction line refrigerant 
conditions as currently required for testing remote CRE (i.e., the 
refrigerant conditions consistent with ASHRAE 72-2005 requirements and 
at the conditions necessary to maintain the appropriate case 
temperature for testing).
    DOE understands that remote CRE are most commonly installed with 
rack condensing systems, and that installations with dedicated 
condensing units represent a very small portion of the remote CRE 
market. Additionally, DOE has not identified a method to determine 
whether a remote CRE unit would be installed with a dedicated 
condensing unit rather than a rack condensing system. DOE is not aware 
of any remote CRE that are capable of installations only with a 
dedicated remote condensing unit (i.e., DOE expects that all remote CRE 
may be installed with rack condensing systems).
    DOE tentatively determined in the June 2022 NOPR that an amended 
test procedure to account for remote CRE installed with dedicated 
remote condensing units is not appropriate. 87 FR 39164, 39205.
    In the June 2022 NOPR, DOE requested comment on its tentative 
determination not to propose amended test procedures for dedicated 
remote condensing units. Id.
    AHRI stated its support for DOE's tentative determination to not 
propose amended test procedures for dedicated remote condensing units 
and thanked DOE for this determination. (AHRI, No. 38, p. 13)
    Hillphoenix commented that it agreed with not proposing a test 
procedure for dedicated remote condensing units, as the customization 
of each unit would create an unreasonable burden on manufacturers while 
not resulting in reasonable energy savings. (Hillphoenix, No. 35, p. 7)
    DOE is maintaining the June 2022 NOPR approach and not adopting 
test provisions for dedicated remote condensing units at this time.

F. Test Procedure Clarifications and Modifications

1. Defrost Cycles
    The test period requirements in ASHRAE 72-2005, incorporated by 
reference in the current CRE test procedure, and in ASHRAE 72-2018 
require a 24-hour test period, which begins with a defrost after 
steady-state conditions are achieved.\31\ Use of a fixed 24-hour test 
period can provide for a degree of variability in the measured energy 
consumption, depending on when additional defrost cycles occur after 
the initial defrost cycle (e.g., the test period may capture only a 
portion of a defrost cycle at the end of the test period rather than a 
complete number of defrost cycles). Typically, if multiple complete 
defrost cycles occur within the 24-hour period, the impact of capturing 
partial defrost cycles would be small. Similarly, if the defrost cycle 
duration is slightly greater than 24 hours, the impact of capturing a 
partial defrost

[[Page 66206]]

cycle would be small. However, the impact may be more substantial if 
the defrost cycle duration is very long (i.e., multiple days between 
defrost) or if the defrost cycle is slightly less than 24 hours (i.e., 
the test period would capture two defrost occurrences but only one 
period of ``normal'' operation between defrosts). DOE also notes that 
ASHRAE 72-2005 does not have any specific provisions for CRE with 
variable defrost control schemes (i.e., defrosts that may be triggered 
based on conditions or other parameters rather than only a timer) and 
does not account for CRE with no automatic defrost (i.e., manual 
defrost).
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

    \31\ ASHRAE 72-2005 and ASHRAE 72-2018 define ``steady state'' 
as the condition in which the average temperature of all test 
simulators changes less than 0.4 [deg]F from one 24-hour period or 
refrigeration cycle to the next.
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

    DOE has addressed similar issues in the test procedures for 
consumer refrigeration products. The test procedures for those products 
apply a two-part test period (one period for steady-state operation and 
one period to capture events related to the defrost cycle) to account 
for defrost energy consumption for products with long defrost cycle 
durations or with variable defrost control. The energy use calculations 
then weigh the performance from each test period based on the known 
compressor runtime between defrosts or on a calculated average time 
between defrosts in field operation that is based on the control 
parameters for variable defrosts. See appendices A and B to subpart B 
of 10 CFR part 430.
    Additionally, DOE has addressed testing of certain CRE models that 
do not have automatic defrost in a waiver granted to AHT published on 
October 30, 2018. 83 FR 54581 (``October 2018 Waiver''). For the basic 
models subject to the waiver, the test period begins after steady-state 
conditions occur (instead of beginning with a defrost cycle) and the 
door-opening period begins 3 hours after the start of the test (instead 
of 3 hours after a defrost cycle). 83 FR 54581, 54583. DOE also granted 
AHT an interim waiver for testing certain models with defrost cycles 
longer than 24 hours. 82 FR 24330 (May 26, 2017; ``May 2017 Interim 
Waiver'').\32\ The interim waiver required that AHT test the specified 
models using a two-part test method similar to the method for consumer 
refrigerators, with the first part capturing normal compressor 
operation between defrosts, including an 8-hour period of door 
openings, and the second part capturing all operation associated with a 
defrost, including any pre-cooling or temperature recovery following 
the defrost. 82 FR 24330, 24332-24333.
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

    \32\ On June 2, 2021, AHT sent a letter to DOE requesting that 
this interim waiver be withdrawn. See www.regulations.gov/document/EERE-2017-BT-WAV-0027-0015.
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

    For testing CRE with no automatic defrost, ASHRAE 72-2022 with 
Errata incorporates instructions for starting the test period and door 
openings that are consistent with those provided in the October 2018 
Waiver (i.e., the instructions do not require a defrost occurrence). 
Therefore, DOE incorporating by reference ASHRAE 72-2022 with Errata 
addresses this test issue.
    For testing CRE with variable defrost, DOE tentatively determined 
in the June 2022 NOPR that the existing 24-hour test period represents 
typical operation during a day, including a period of door openings and 
a period of closed-door operation, and did not propose any additional 
test requirements. 87 FR 39164, 39206. Units with variable defrost 
controls may initiate more frequent defrosts in response to door 
openings, which is captured by the current test procedure.
    The 24-hour test period specified in ASHRAE 72-2022 with Errata 
provides a representative basis for measuring energy consumption of 
most CRE, capturing the defrost occurrences and door opening periods 
expected for a 24-hour period. Most CRE include multiple defrosts 
during a 24-hour test period, and any incomplete defrost cycle captured 
in the test period does not significantly impact measured energy 
consumption. DOE is not proposing to amend the 24-hour test to require 
that the test procedure capture complete defrost cycles in situations 
where the defrost interval is less than 24 hours.
    DOE tentatively determined in the June 2022 NOPR that for CRE with 
defrost cycles longer than 24 hours, the 24-hour test period would 
overestimate the actual average defrost energy contribution during a 
day. 87 FR 39164, 39206. Therefore, DOE proposed in the June 2022 NOPR 
to allow the use of a two-part test for CRE with defrost cycles longer 
than 24 hours. Id. DOE proposed the two-part test approach, consistent 
with the approach in the May 2017 Interim Waiver, for such equipment--
rather than extending the existing test period in 24-hour increments--
in order to limit test burden. Id. For the basic models addressed in 
the May 2017 Interim Waiver, testing in 24-hour increments would 
require three 24-hour periods (e.g., the duration between defrosts is 
3.5 days, and introducing a fourth 24-hour period would result in the 
test period capturing two defrosts). Additionally, the 24-hour 
increment approach would continue to overestimate energy consumption 
associated with defrosts, albeit to a lesser extent, for defrost 
intervals that are not exact multiples of 24 hours (as is the case with 
the basic models covered by the May 2017 Interim Waiver). The two-part 
test approach eliminates the need for multiple door opening periods and 
may allow for much shorter overall test durations while accounting for 
defrost occurrences based on actual defrost interval durations.
    Also consistent with the May 2017 Interim Waiver, DOE proposed in 
the June 2022 NOPR that the two-part test would be optional because it 
would increase test duration compared to the existing approach (by 
requiring both a 24-hour test plus a defrost test), and manufacturers 
may determine that the existing test procedure may be more appropriate 
their models, even if the models incorporate defrost intervals longer 
than 24 hours. 87 FR 39164, 39206. Specifically, DOE proposed to allow 
for testing equipment with defrost intervals greater than 24 hours 
using a two-part test in which the first part is a 24-hour period of 
stable operation, including door openings as specified in ASHRAE 72-
2018R, but without any defrost operation. Id. Stability for the first 
part of the test would be determined according to section 7.5 in ASHRAE 
72-2022 with Errata, by comparing temperatures determined during Test A 
and Test B. A defrost may occur during the test alignment period, as 
defined in section 7.4 of ASHRAE 72-2022 with Errata, between Test A 
and Test B. The second part of the test would capture a defrost cycle, 
including any pre-cooling and temperature recovery associated with a 
defrost. Rather than referencing the consumer refrigeration product 
test procedures (as done in the May 2017 Interim Waiver approach), DOE 
proposed to require that the start and end of the test period be 
determined as, respectively, the last time before and first time after 
a defrost occurrence, when the measured average simulator temperature 
(i.e., the instantaneous average of all test simulator temperature 
measurements) is within 0.5 [deg]F of the IAT as measured during the 
first part of the test. 87 FR 39164, 39206, 39207. This would ensure 
that the defrost part of the test captures any pre-cooling operation 
and temperature recovery following a defrost while limiting the overall 
duration of the second part of the test.
    The May 2017 Interim Waiver includes certain parameters specific to 
the models covered by the waiver, namely the duration between defrosts. 
DOE granted the interim waiver based on the minimum defrost interval 
possible for the equipment (i.e., 3.5

[[Page 66207]]

days). To generalize the May 2017 Interim Waiver approach for other CRE 
models, DOE proposed in the June 2022 NOPR that the two-part 
calculation be applied based on the minimum duration between defrosts 
permitted by the unit's controls as shown in the following equation. 87 
FR 39164, 39207.
[GRAPHIC] [TIFF OMITTED] TR26SE23.005

    Where DEC is the daily energy consumption in kWh/day; ET1 is the 
energy consumed during the first part of the test, in kWh/day; ET2 is 
the energy consumed during the second part of the test, in kWh; 
tNDI is the normalized length of defrosting time per day, in 
minutes; tDI is the length of time of the defrosting test 
period, in minutes; tDC is the minimum time between defrost 
occurrences, in days; and 1,440 is a conversion factor, in minutes per 
day. DOE recognizes that the two-part test approach could result in 
slightly less door-opening energy contribution as the first part of the 
test, with no defrost and 8 hours of door openings, would be combined 
with the defrost portion of the test by a calculation. To investigate 
this impact, DOE conducted testing on equipment with defrost intervals 
longer than 24 hours and compared results of the existing test 
procedure (24-hour test period, starting with a defrost), the May 2017 
Interim Waiver approach (two-part test, as proposed in the June 2022 
NOPR), and a full-duration approach (multiple 24-hour periods, each 
with door opening periods, through a complete defrost cycle) as 
illustrated in Table III.5.

                       Table III.5--May 2017 Interim Waiver Approach Investigative Testing
----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
                                                                    Current DOE      May 2017      Full defrost
                                                   Total display     CRE test     interim waiver  cycle duration
                    HCT.SC.I                       area (ft\2\)   procedure (kWh/ approach (kWh/  approach (kWh/
                                                                       day)            day)            day)
----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Unit #1.........................................           12.72            7.12            6.66            6.66
Unit #2.........................................           14.84            6.12            5.61            5.62
----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------

    DOE's testing showed that the two-part waiver test approach 
provides an accurate representation of energy consumption when measured 
over a full defrost cycle (and is therefore representative of average 
use). Additionally, the testing showed that the existing test procedure 
approach can overestimate measured energy use for CRE with defrost 
cycles longer than 24 hours.
    Based on DOE's investigative testing, DOE tentatively determined in 
the June 2022 NOPR that the May 2017 Interim Waiver approach, and the 
approach proposed in the June 2022 NOPR, is representative of a full 
defrost cycle duration approach for equipment with defrost intervals 
greater than 24 hours. 87 FR 39164, 39207.
    With regard to CRE models with multiple evaporators (and, 
therefore, potentially multiple defrosts) connected to a single- or 
multi-stage condensing unit, ASHRAE 72-2005 does not specify which 
evaporator should be used to determine the defrost cycle that initiates 
the test. Additionally, if the defrost cycles for multiple evaporators 
do not activate at the same time during the test, ASHRAE 72-2005 does 
not specify which defrost cycle should be used to determine the start 
of the 24-hour test period. ASHRAE 72-2005 also does not explicitly 
address the treatment of defrost cycles for multi-compartment CRE 
models (i.e., hybrid CRE) with different evaporator temperatures and 
defrost sequences.
    As discussed earlier in this section, CRE with automatic defrost 
typically include multiple defrost occurrences per day. DOE expects 
that any multi-evaporator CRE with multiple unique defrost cycle 
durations would similarly defrost multiple times per day, and therefore 
no change to the existing test procedure is necessary. However, to 
ensure that the 24-hour test period captures a representative number of 
defrosts for each evaporator's defrost, DOE proposed in the June 2022 
NOPR to specify that for CRE with multiple unique defrost intervals for 
multiple evaporators, the test period as specified in ASHRAE 72-2018R 
would start with a defrost occurrence for the evaporator defrost having 
the longest interval between defrosts. 87 FR 39164, 39208.
    In the June 2022 NOPR, DOE requested comment on the proposed 
approach to account for long-duration defrost cycles using an optional 
two-part test procedure consistent with the existing waiver approach 
granted for such models. Id. DOE also requested comment on whether any 
additional provisions are necessary to account for different defrost 
operation or controls, and on DOE's proposed approach in which the test 
period would start with the defrost occurrence having the longest 
interval between defrosts. Id.
    AHRI stated its support for DOE's proposed approach to account for 
long-duration defrost cycles using an optional two-part test procedure, 
and further recommended that DOE bring this approach to the ASHRAE 72 
committee for review. (AHRI, No. 38, p. 13)
    The Joint Commenters commented that they support DOE's proposals 
regarding testing equipment with long defrost cycles. (Joint 
Commenters, No. 31, p. 1)
    AHT stated its support for the proposed approach to account for 
long-duration defrost cycles using the

[[Page 66208]]

optional two-part test procedure consistent with the existing waiver. 
(AHT, No. 38, p. 1)
    Hillphoenix agreed with the proposed long defrost duration approach 
for determining energy on CRE equipment that incorporate a defrost 
interval longer than 24 hours. (Hillphoenix, No. 35, p. 7) Hillphoenix 
recommended that DOE approach ASHRAE and request this approach be 
evaluated for inclusion in ASHRAE 72. Id.
    The Joint Commenters supported DOE's proposal for testing equipment 
with defrost cycles greater than 24 hours. (Joint Commenters, No. 31, 
p. 4) The Joint Commenters stated that as DOE discussed in the NOPR, 
use of a fixed 24-hour test period might provide a degree of 
variability in measured energy consumption based on additional defrost 
cycles, which DOE proposed to address through an optional two-part test 
procedure, based on an existing test waiver, wherein the first part 
captured energy usage during a 24-hour operating period and the second 
part captured a single defrost cycle. Id. The Joint Commenters stated 
that this approach mirrored that used to address a similar issue for 
consumer refrigeration equipment, and they supported this approach 
because it provides a more representative estimate of energy usage for 
CRE with defrost periods lasting longer than 24 hours. Id.
    As discussed, the current industry test procedures do not include 
provisions to specifically account for defrost cycles longer than 24 
hours. DOE has determined such test provisions are appropriate to 
ensure representative testing of such equipment. To the extent that 
future industry standards incorporate updated provisions to address 
defrosts, DOE would consider those standards as part of a future test 
procedure rulemaking.
    For these reasons and consistent with the comments received, DOE is 
adopting the approach for accounting for defrosts as proposed in the 
June 2022 NOPR.
2. Total Display Area
    Section 3.2 of appendix B provides instructions regarding the 
measurement of TDA, specifying that TDA is the sum of the projected 
area(s) of visible product, expressed in square feet (``ft\2\'') (i.e., 
portions through which product can be viewed from an angle normal, or 
perpendicular, to the transparent area).
    For certain CRE configurations, merchandise is not necessarily 
located at an angle directly normal, or perpendicular, to the 
transparent area despite this area being intended for customer viewing. 
For example, for service over counter ice-cream freezers, the ice-cream 
containers may be placed within the chest portion of the refrigerated 
case, with a glass display panel on the front and glass rear doors 
located above the merchandise storage area. If the glass display areas 
are nearly vertical, the ice-cream containers may be positioned low 
enough in the case that they are not at a viewing angle perpendicular 
to the glass. However, during typical use, customers would stand close 
enough to the display glass that the ice-cream would be visible from 
other angles not perpendicular to the glass.
    AHRI 1200-2023 maintains the existing definition and approach for 
TDA, which is based on the visibility of merchandise at a location 
normal to the display surface, but includes additional diagrams to 
clarify the determination of TDA. See appendix D to AHRI 1200-2023. 
Figure 10 in AHRI 1200-2023 appendix D shows a service over counter 
unit similar to the example described earlier in this section. The food 
load is included only in the lowest portion of the refrigerated 
cabinet, and as a result, only portions of the transparent areas are 
considered for the TDA (i.e., the portions through which the food load 
is visible at an angle normal to the transparent area).
    Consistent with the updated version of AHRI 1200-202X, DOE did not 
propose revisions to the current TDA in the June 2022 NOPR. 87 FR 
39164, 39208. As discussed, DOE proposed in the June 2022 NOPR to 
incorporate by reference AHRI 1200-202X, which includes the new 
appendix D to provide clarification on how to apply the current TDA 
approach to different CRE configurations. 87 FR 39164, 39208.
    DOE is aware that the current DOE test procedure includes 
conflicting instructions regarding the calculation of TDA for CRE with 
transparent and non-transparent areas over the length of the case. The 
instructions in section 3.1 of appendix B specify determining the 
length of the display area as the interior length of the CRE model, 
provided no more than 5 in. of that length consists of non-transparent 
material; or, for those cases with greater than 5 in. of non-
transparent area, the length shall be determined as the projected 
linear dimension(s) of visible product plus 5 in. Figures A3.4 and A3.5 
of appendix B show a similar approach, but instead reference 10 percent 
of the total length as the threshold of non-transparent area rather 
than 5 in. The captions for these figures reference 5 in., consistent 
with section 3.1. The April 2014 Final Rule established these TDA 
provisions in appendix B. 79 FR 22277, 22300-22301. In the April 2014 
Final Rule, DOE stated that the 10-percent approach rather than the 5-
in. approach would allow for more consistent application of the TDA 
requirements across CRE models. Id.
    In addition, DOE incorrectly applied the 10-percent threshold 
approach as shown in Figures A3.4 and A3.5 of appendix B. As discussed, 
DOE intended to provide a consistent TDA approach for cases with 
transparent and non-transparent areas. The equation for length shown in 
Figure A3.5 shows that length equals the total transparent dimension, 
multiplied by 1.10. As a result, the non-transparent area would 
represent 10 percent of the transparent dimension, not 10 percent of 
the total length. The correct application would have length equal to 
the transparent dimension divided by 0.9--resulting in a non-
transparent area representing 10 percent of the total length.
    Section D.1.1.1 of AHRI 1200-202X appendix D includes correct 
equations regarding TDA and case length as intended in the April 2014 
Final Rule. Specifically, AHRI 1200-202X applies the 10-percent 
threshold approach for non-transparent area and correctly calculates 
the length of the CRE for cases with non-transparent areas greater than 
10 percent of the length of the case. As discussed, DOE proposed in the 
NOPR to incorporate by reference AHRI 1200-202X, which would correct 
the errors regarding TDA calculations currently included in appendix B.
    DOE did not receive any comments in response to the June 2022 NOPR 
regarding the TDA instructions, and is adopting the provisions as 
proposed by referencing AHRI 1200-2023.

G. Alternative Refrigerants

    DOE's current test procedure for remote condensing CRE requires the 
estimation of compressor EER from Table 1 of AHRI 1200-2010. The EER 
ratings in the table are based on performance of reciprocating 
compressors and were developed based on refrigerants that historically 
have been commonly used for CRE (i.e., R-404A).
    Certain remote CRE installations can use R-744; however, the 
existing remote CRE test procedure does not address the unique 
operation for these systems. For example, the current DOE test 
procedure requires an inlet refrigerant liquid temperature of 80 [deg]F 
with a saturated liquid pressure corresponding to a condensing 
temperature of 89.6 [deg]F to 120.2 [deg]F. See ASHRAE 72-2005, 
sections 4.3.2 and 4.3.3. R-744 has a critical point of 87.8 [deg]F and 
1,070 pounds per square inch (``psi''), above which it is a 
supercritical fluid. Accordingly, R-744 cannot be a liquid

[[Page 66209]]

at the specified condensing temperature conditions (i.e., it would 
either be a gas or supercritical fluid, depending on pressure). 
Additionally, R-744 systems typically include multiple stages of 
compression and cooling, resulting in liquid supplied to the 
refrigerant cases at conditions not necessarily defined by the typical 
condensing unit conditions. DOE has recently granted a waiver for 
specific models of CRE to address R-744 operating conditions for 
testing walk-in cooler and walk-in freezer unit coolers. 86 FR 14887 
(March 19, 2021; ``March 2021 Waiver''). For testing of the specified 
basic models, the March 2021 Waiver requires liquid inlet saturation 
temperature and liquid inlet subcooling of 38 [deg]F and 5 [deg]F, 
respectively. 86 FR 14887, 14889. The March 2021 Waiver also maintains 
the existing compressor energy consumption determination based on an 
approach consistent with the CRE remote calculations using AHRI 1200-
2010 (the walk-in requirements instead refer to the walk-ins rating 
standard, AHRI 1250-2009, which includes the same EER table as AHRI 
1200-2010). Id.
    For all remote CRE, the DOE test procedure requires measuring 
energy consumption of the refrigerated case and the heat gain of the 
refrigerant providing cooling to the remote case. AHRI 1200-2010 
specifies a calculation of compressor energy consumption based on the 
heat gain measured for the test refrigerant. DOE is aware that 
manufacturers may specify the use of multiple refrigerants for a single 
remote CRE cabinet and that the current test procedure allows for 
consistent testing of such equipment regardless of refrigerant used for 
testing. Manufacturers are already testing and rating systems that can 
use R-744, likely by testing with non- R-744 refrigerants under the 
existing test conditions, according to the existing approach, which 
references AHRI 1200-2010. DOE expects that any ratings for current R-
744 systems are based on testing with another refrigerant capable of 
maintaining the conditions specified in ASHRAE 72-2005.
    Based on a review of CRE that are capable of using R-744, DOE 
observed that many of these models also may be installed for use with 
other refrigerants that can be tested under the existing approach. 
However, any remote CRE that are intended for use only with R-744 would 
not be able to be tested according to the current DOE test procedure 
due to the specified liquid conditions specified in ASHRAE 72-2005. To 
allow for testing remote CRE with R-744, DOE proposed in the June 2022 
NOPR to adopt alternate refrigerant conditions consistent with those 
granted in the March 2021 Waiver for walk-in cooler and walk-in freezer 
unit coolers with CO2 refrigerant. 87 FR 39164, 39209. DOE 
proposed that for remote CRE tested with direct expansion 
CO2, the liquid inlet saturation temperature be 38 [deg]F 
with liquid inlet subcooling of 5 [deg]F. 87 FR 39164, 39209, 39210.
    DOE research into the performance of different configurations of R-
744 booster systems indicates that enhanced R-744 cycles can match 
conventional refrigerants in average efficiency. Even though the EER 
values included in AHRI 1200-202X for remote compressors were initially 
established for conventional refrigerants, DOE tentatively determined 
in the June 2022 NOPR that they are also appropriate for determining 
compressor energy consumption of CO2 remote systems. 87 FR 
39164, 39210. DOE recognizes that the actual compressor energy 
consumption of a specific remote system will vary based on a number of 
parameters (e.g., ambient conditions, refrigerant conditions necessary 
for the remote cases), but tentatively determined in the June 2022 NOPR 
that the values included in AHRI 1200-202X are appropriate for 
determining the energy consumption of an average use cycle for all 
remote CRE as tested under the proposed test procedure. Id.
    In addition to R-744, in this final rule, DOE has determined that 
the EER table in AHRI 1200-2023 is appropriate for other alternative 
refrigerants. DOE similarly researched compressor EERs at a range of 
operating conditions for refrigerants other than R-404A, including R-
407A, R-407F, and R-507A, and found the existing EERs to be 
representative based on expected operating conditions. Additionally, 
AHRI 1200-2023 further improves the consistency of the EER approach by 
including additional instructions regarding the use of high-glide 
refrigerants. DOE did not propose additional amendments to address 
alternative refrigerants other than CO2 in the June 2022 
NOPR. 87 FR 39164, 39210.
    In the June 2022 NOPR, DOE requested comment on the proposed 
alternate refrigerant conditions to be used for testing remote CRE with 
CO2 refrigerant. Id. DOE requested comment on whether any 
other aspects of the current test procedure require amendment to allow 
for testing with CO2 or any other alternative refrigerants. 
Id.
    AHRI commented that regarding testing with CO2 (i.e., R-
744) or any other alternate refrigerants, it is not aware of any 
alternative refrigerants, nor is it aware of any aspects of the current 
test procedure that would require amendments to the test procedure. 
(AHRI, No. 38, p. 13) AHRI stated that manufacturers are still working 
to determine which refrigerants they will use to comply with the AIM 
Act, and advised DOE to consider that there may be additional 
refrigerants and properties to those refrigerants that are currently 
unknown and will need to be taken under consideration. Id. AHRI 
tentatively agreed with the proposed alternate condition for testing 
CRE with CO2 refrigerant as specified by DOE, that ``the 
liquid inlet saturation temperature be 38 [deg]F with liquid inlet 
subcooling of 5 [deg]F.'' Id. AHRI stipulated that it would be 
necessary to add tolerances to both liquid temperature and subcooling 
values and recommended DOE wait for the ASHRAE 72 committee to address 
typical conditions for CO2 remote CRE in its ASHRAE 72 
update. Id.
    The Joint Commenters commented that they support DOE's proposals 
regarding the use of a CO2 refrigerant (i.e., R-744). (Joint 
Commenters, No. 31, p. 1) The Joint Commenters also stated their 
support for DOE's proposed specifications regarding CO2 
refrigerant in remote condensing CRE. (Joint Commenters, No. 31, p. 4) 
The Joint Commenters noted that DOE's current test procedure did not 
account for the unique operating conditions of CO2-charged 
systems and that DOE proposed in the NOPR to adopt alternate 
refrigerant conditions consistent with those granted in a March 2021 
waiver for walk-in cooler and walk-in freezer unit coolers using 
CO2 refrigerant.\33\ Id. The Joint Commenters expressed 
support for this change, stating it would result in more representative 
energy usage for CRE utilizing CO2 refrigerant. Id.
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

    \33\ 87 FR 39209, 39210.
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

    Hillphoenix tentatively agreed with the proposed alternate 
condition for testing CRE with CO2 refrigerant (i.e., R-744) 
as specified by DOE: ``the liquid inlet saturation temperature be 38 
[deg]F with liquid inlet subcooling of 5 [deg]F''; however, Hillphoenix 
stated that it would be necessary to add tolerances to both liquid 
temperature and subcooling values. (Hillphoenix, No. 35, p. 7) 
Hillphoenix recommended that DOE should wait for an update to ASHRAE 72 
because the committee is addressing typical conditions for 
CO2 remote CRE testing. Id.
    In the August 2022 public meeting, Arneg commented that if 
regarding the proposal for the liquid inlet saturation temperature to 
be 38 [deg]F and a 5 [deg]F sub-

[[Page 66210]]

cooling, or bottom-line 33 [deg]F liquid, there would be an operational 
problem at the medium-temperature CO2 (i.e., R-744) 
application. (Public Meeting Transcript, No. 41, p. 48) Arneg stated 
that it is not sure what that 38 [deg]F and 5 [deg]F are representing. 
Id. Arneg commented that at this rate, for 33 [deg]F liquid inlet 
temperature, there is an issue with medium-temperature application. Id. 
When prompted as to whether there was any temperature it considers more 
appropriate or representative, Arneg stated that 36 [deg]F to 38 [deg]F 
seems to be a reasonable temperature range. Id.
    Zero Zone commented that the proposed temperatures for testing 
CO2 (i.e., R-744) are appropriate but recommended that DOE 
utilize tolerances similar to those stated for liquid refrigerant 
temperature in the current draft of ASHRAE 72. (Zero Zone, No. 37, p. 
9) Zero Zone commented that CO2 systems have a certain 
degree of operational instability and recommended that there should be 
a tolerance for the average and a tolerance for individual measurement. 
Id. Zero Zone recommended these tolerances should be applied to the 
refrigerant temperature and the saturated refrigerant temperature of 
CO2. Id. Zero Zone further urged that this issue should be 
addressed by the ASHRAE 72 working group. Id.
    DOE agrees with commenters that revisions to certain liquid 
refrigerant test conditions and tolerances are appropriate for the 
liquid refrigerant test conditions. DOE recognizes that remote CRE 
using R-744 are currently available and that a future version of ASHRAE 
72 may include liquid refrigerant test conditions for CRE connected to 
a direct expansion remote condensing unit with R-744, however an 
updated version of ASHRAE 72 with such conditions is not yet available.
    ASHRAE 72-2022 with Errata specifies liquid refrigerant 
temperature, liquid refrigerant pressure, and liquid refrigerant 
subcooling for liquid refrigerant test conditions for direct-expansion 
remote units. In the June 2022 NOPR, DOE proposed a liquid inlet 
saturation temperature of 38 [deg]F with a liquid inlet subcooling of 5 
[deg]F for R-744, which together would require a liquid refrigerant 
temperature of 33 [deg]F, which is consistent with Arneg's comment in 
the August 2022 public meeting.
    As stated, Arneg also suggested a different liquid refrigerant 
temperature of between 36 [deg]F to 38 [deg]F (mid-point temperature is 
37 [deg]F).
    Commenters agreed with the liquid inlet saturation temperature 
(specified as the liquid refrigerant pressure or the saturated liquid 
pressure corresponding to a condensing temperature in ASHRAE 72-2022 
with Errata) of 38 [deg]F and, consistent with feedback from 
commenters, DOE is maintaining that test condition in this final rule. 
However, as suggested by comments received in response to the June 2022 
NOPR, DOE considered tolerances for the liquid refrigerant temperature, 
saturation temperature, and subcooling requirements.
    ASHRAE 72-2022 with Errata specifies the liquid refrigerant 
temperature to be 80.0 [deg]F with a tolerance for the average over the 
test period of 5.0 [deg]F and a tolerance for the 
individual measurements of 10.0 [deg]F. Also, ASHRAE 72-
2022 with Errata specifies the saturated liquid pressure corresponding 
to a condensing temperature in the range of 89.6 [deg]F to 120.2 [deg]F 
(e.g., roughly a 15 [deg]F range) for the average over test 
period. These liquid conditions and tolerances are based on operation 
in a single-compressor-stage system rejecting heat to outdoor ambient 
conditions. Because the liquid entering display cases in CO2 
booster systems is at an intermediate temperature and pressure (i.e., 
at a level between the high-side outdoor heat rejection conditions and 
the low-side display case evaporating conditions), it is not expected 
that the potential range of its temperature or pressure could be as 
large. In order to maintain test condition flexibility while addressing 
these differences for CO2, DOE is selecting reduced 
allowable ranges for the saturated temperature and temperature 
conditions, specifically 6 [deg]F for the average 
saturation temperature, and 3 [deg]F for the average liquid 
temperature. Therefore, for commercial refrigerators, freezers, and 
refrigerator-freezers connected to a direct expansion remote condensing 
unit with R-744, DOE is requiring in this final rule that, instead of 
the saturated liquid pressure corresponding to a condensing temperature 
range specified in appendix A to ASHRAE 72-2022 with Errata, the 
saturated liquid pressure corresponding to a condensing temperature 
range shall be 38.0 [deg]F 6.0 [deg]F or 32.0 [deg]F to 
44.0 [deg]F for the average over test period.
    DOE notes that, during operation, liquid temperature must remain 
below saturation temperature to prevent formation of bubbles in the 
liquid line, which can cause flow instability through the refrigerant 
expansion device. Hence, DOE is reducing the specified liquid 
temperature from the 33 [deg]F level adopted in the Hussmann waiver to 
30 [deg]F. This would not completely eliminate crossover of these 
temperature with the selected tolerances, but would limit the potential 
for such crossover (i.e., maximum liquid temperature would be 33 
[deg]F, while minimum saturation temperature would be 32 [deg]F).
    To ensure that no such crossover could occur, DOE is requiring that 
subcooling (the difference between saturation temperature and liquid 
temperature) be at least 2 [deg]F. While ASHRAE 72-2022 with Errata 
specifies subcooling >0 [deg]R, the specified accuracy for the 
temperature measurement is 1.4 [deg]F. Therefore, to ensure 
subcooling occurs, DOE has determined to use the test condition 
tolerance for liquid refrigerant subcooling of >2 [deg]R for average 
over test period, which with the given accuracy requirement would 
ensure at least 0.6 [deg]F subcooling.
    DOE recognizes that fluctuations could occur during testing, e.g., 
the refrigerant liquid temperature could fluctuate. As mentioned above, 
DOE is requiring that the average refrigerant temperature vary no more 
than 3 [deg]F from the specified 30 [deg]F target. To limit 
fluctuations, DOE is additionally requiring that the maximum range of 
individual liquid temperature measurements be 5 [deg]F. 
This is consistent with the operating tolerance ranges for refrigerant 
liquid saturation temperature and subcooling allowed for testing of 
WICF unit coolers \34\ in AHRI 1250-2020 (i.e., the latest version of 
the test standard specified in the March 2021 Hussmann waiver). 
Therefore, for commercial refrigerators, freezers, and refrigerator-
freezers connected to a direct expansion remote condensing unit with R-
744, DOE is requiring in this final rule that, instead of the liquid 
refrigerant test conditions specified in appendix A to ASHRAE 72-2022 
with Errata, the liquid refrigerant temperature shall be 30.0 [deg]F 
with a tolerance for the average over test period of 3.0 
[deg]F and a tolerance for the individual measurements of 5.0 [deg]F.
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

    \34\ Unit coolers are the walk-in component most comparable to 
remote refrigerated cabinets, in that they operate with high-
pressure subcooled liquid entering the component and low-pressure 
superheated vapor leaving it.
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

    DOE has determined that these liquid refrigerant test conditions 
for CRE connected to a direct expansion remote condensing unit with R-
744 are representative, repeatable, and reproducible.
    In summary, for commercial refrigerators, freezers, and 
refrigerator-freezers connected to a direct expansion remote condensing 
unit with R-744, DOE is requiring in this final rule that, instead of 
the liquid refrigerant

[[Page 66211]]

measurements for direct-expansion remote units specified in appendix A 
to ASHRAE 72-2022 with Errata, the liquid refrigerant measurements for 
direct-expansion remote units shall be: liquid refrigerant temperature 
shall be 30.0 [deg]F with a tolerance for the average over test period 
of 3.0 [deg]F and a tolerance for the individual 
measurements of 5.0 [deg]F; liquid refrigerant pressure 
shall be the saturated liquid pressure corresponding to a condensing 
temperature in the range of 32.0 [deg]F to 44.0 [deg]F for the average 
over test period; and liquid refrigerant subcooling shall be greater 
than 2.0 [deg]R for the average over test period.
    If manufacturers adopt additional refrigerant types that cannot be 
tested according to the test procedure as established in this final 
rule, manufacturers may petition for a waiver to ensure that equipment 
using such refrigerants can be tested and certified to DOE.

H. Certification of Compartment Volume

    DOE's current test procedure incorporates by reference AHAM HRF-1-
2008 to measure compartment volume. DOE acknowledges that manufacturers 
often use CAD in designing their equipment. However, the current test 
procedure and certification provisions for CRE do not provide for using 
CAD drawings to determine compartment volume. Using CAD drawings as the 
basis for determining compartment volumes may be particularly helpful 
when the geometric designs of the CRE make physical measurements in 
accordance with AHAM HRF-1-2008 difficult. Currently, DOE's 
certification requirements in 10 CFR part 429 include provisions for 
certifying volume for basic models of consumer refrigeration products, 
commercial gas-fired and oil-fired instantaneous water heaters, and hot 
water supply boilers using CAD drawings. 10 CFR 429.72(c), (d), and 
(e).
    DOE tentatively determined in the June 2022 NOPR that calculating 
volume according to CAD drawings would reduce manufacturer test burden 
and may allow for more accurate measurements of volume for complicated 
cabinet designs. 87 FR 39164, 39210. DOE proposed in the June 2022 NOPR 
to adopt provisions in 10 CFR part 429 to allow for certifying volume 
for basic models of CRE using CAD drawings. To ensure that volumes 
determined based on CAD drawings are consistent with testing actual 
production models, DOE also proposed certain enforcement provisions as 
discussed in section III.J of this final rule.
    DOE did not receive any comments in response to the proposal for 
using CAD drawings for volume measurements, and is adopting those 
provisions as proposed in the June 2022 NOPR.

I. Test Procedure Waivers

    A person may seek a waiver from the test procedure requirements for 
a particular basic model of a type of covered equipment when the basic 
model for which the petition for waiver is submitted contains one or 
more design characteristics that (1) prevent testing according to the 
prescribed test procedure or (2) cause the prescribed test procedures 
to evaluate the basic model in a manner so unrepresentative of its true 
energy consumption characteristics as to provide materially inaccurate 
comparative data. 10 CFR 431.401(a)(1).
    In addition to the test procedure waivers discussed, DOE granted 
test procedure waivers to address certain CRE designed for specialized 
applications. Specifically, on September 12, 2018, DOE published a test 
procedure waiver for ITW for testing specified basic models of grocery 
and general merchandise system equipment (i.e., refrigerated storage 
allowing for order storage and customer pickup). 83 FR 46148 
(``September 2018 Waiver''). The specified basic models have 
characteristics that include floating suction temperatures for 
individual compartments, different typical door-opening cycles, and a 
high-temperature ``ambient'' compartment. 83 FR 46148, 46149. DOE 
similarly granted Hussmann an interim waiver for testing CRE intended 
for short-term storage and designed for loading and retrieving product 
a limited number of times per day. 86 FR 40548 (July 28, 2021; ``July 
2021 Interim Waiver'').
    DOE proposed in the June 2022 NOPR to adopt test procedure 
provisions to address the equipment characteristics at issue in the 
September 2018 Waiver and the July 2021 Interim Waiver. 87 FR 39164, 
39211. For both waiver cases, the subject basic models are intended for 
short-term storage of refrigerated merchandise and limited door opening 
cycles per day (e.g., holding customer orders and maintaining 
refrigerated temperatures until customer pickup). DOE acknowledges that 
this equipment includes individual-secured compartments that are 
accessible only to the customer for order retrieval (e.g., by providing 
the customer with a unique unlocking function to access the 
compartment). DOE also conducted a review of the market of this type of 
equipment and found similar characteristics and features in currently 
available models (e.g., contactless pickup of customer orders using 
digital locks). Therefore, DOE proposed in the NOPR to name this 
equipment ``customer order storage cabinets'' to differentiate it from 
other CRE. DOE is proposing to define ``customer order storage 
cabinets'' as CRE that store customer orders and include individual, 
secured compartments with doors that are accessible to customers for 
order retrieval. 87 FR 39164, 39211.
    Consistent with the waiver and interim waiver, DOE proposed in the 
June 2022 NOPR that customer order storage cabinets be tested according 
to the conventional CRE test procedure, except that the door openings 
be conducted by opening each door to the fully open position for 8 
seconds, once every 2 hours, for 6 door-opening cycles. Id. DOE 
tentatively determined in the June 2022 NOPR that this proposed 
approach, consistent with the September 2018 Waiver and the July 2021 
Interim Waiver, was representative of typical use of this equipment. 
Id.
    In the June 2022 NOPR, DOE requested comment on the proposed term 
``customer order storage cabinet'' and its definition to describe the 
equipment currently addressed in the September 2018 Waiver and the July 
2021 Interim Waiver. Id. DOE requested comment on the proposal to test 
such equipment with reduced door openings, consistent with the waiver 
and interim waiver approach. Id.
    AHRI supported the proposed definition of ``customer order storage 
cabinet,'' and recommended that DOE consult with the ASHRAE 72 
committee on this approach. (AHRI, No. 38, p. 14)
    Hillphoenix agreed with the term ``customer order storage cabinet'' 
and definitions as proposed in the NOPR. (Hillphoenix, No. 35, p. 8) 
Hillphoenix recommended that DOE provide research for the opening 
characteristics used to determine the door-opening procedure. Id. 
Hillphoenix recommended that DOE approach industry and request updated 
testing standards that better reflect actual product intent, which 
would drive consistency within the industry and be less burdensome on 
manufacturers. Id.
    In the August 2022 public meeting, True stated that regardless of 
whether the equipment is limited-opening or limited-application, it 
still has to comply with the food safety temperature requirements of 
NSF 7. (Public Meeting Transcript, No. 41, p. 24) True commented that 
providing the option for a different procedure on this application 
would be giving somebody

[[Page 66212]]

a pass for something that should not be considered. Id. True commented 
that the proposed term ``customer order storage cabinet'' and 
definition should not exist, as equipment intended to be used for order 
retrieval applications is designed to operate around the clock and not 
only at certain times, nor is it unplugged at night. (True, No. 28, p. 
5) True commented that such units would therefore logically fall under 
the same category as a storage refrigerator or a storage freezer and 
should meet the same energy and temperature performance requirements 
(i.e., -15 [deg]F, 0 [deg]F, and 38 [deg]F) since these units are used 
to store perishable food items and therefore need to follow NSF/ANSI 7-
2021. Id.
    In the August 2022 public meeting, the CA IOUs commented that they 
wanted DOE to be aware that there are also heated and non-cooled 
storage cabinets, and there are products on the market that can do all 
three for the same compartments. (Public Meeting Transcript, No. 41, p. 
24) As a result, the CA IOUs recommended that DOE add the word 
``refrigerated'' to clarify things. Id.
    DOE has reviewed operating characteristics for this equipment 
through the waivers received. DOE has based the reduced number of door 
openings on the customer usage data presented in those petitions for 
waiver and has determined that the number of openings is representative 
of an average use cycle for this equipment based on the available data. 
DOE notes that the available data indicate that the door openings for 
this equipment are significantly less frequent than for other types of 
CRE.
    In response to True's comments, the purpose of DOE's test procedure 
measures the energy consumption of equipment during a representative 
average use cycle as compared to the purpose of NSF 7, which is 
ensuring food safety. DOE has identified unique equipment 
characteristics for this equipment and is establishing the definition 
of customer order storage cabinet as proposed in the June 2022 NOPR. 
DOE recognizes that the reduced number of door openings would result in 
lower energy use for this equipment as compared to the test procedure 
with door openings as specified in ASHRAE 72-2022 with Errata.
    Because DOE has determined that this equipment can be defined by 
unique characteristics (i.e., storing customer orders and including 
individual, secured compartments with doors that are accessible to 
customers for order retrieval) and it has significantly different 
operating characteristics as compared to other CRE (i.e., 6 door-
opening cycles in 24 hours as compared to 48 door-opening cycles for 
other CRE), DOE is adopting the definition and test method for this 
equipment as proposed in the June 2022 NOPR.
    Regarding heated or non-cooled storage cabinets, such storage 
cabinets without cooling functionality would not meet the definition of 
CRE. The definition of customer order storage cabinet specifies that 
this equipment is a commercial refrigerator, freezer, or refrigerator-
freezer; therefore, DOE has determined that specifying customer order 
storage cabinets are refrigerated is not necessary.
    In addition to door-opening cycles, the September 2018 Waiver 
specifies testing provisions for other characteristics of the specified 
basic models, including floating suction temperatures for individual 
compartments and the presence of a high-temperature ``ambient'' 
compartment. 83 FR 46148, 46149-46152.
    To address the floating suction temperature aspect of the basic 
models subject to the September 2018 Waiver, DOE requires the use of an 
alternate test approach for testing and rating the equipment in a 
manner similar to the remote CRE test procedure. 83 FR 46148, 46151. 
Specifically, DOE requires that this equipment be tested using an 
inverse refrigeration load test (i.e., a reverse heat leak method). Id. 
This test allows for determining the thermal load of the cabinet at the 
specified storage temperatures without requiring refrigerant to be 
supplied to the unit (as refrigerant is supplied from an integral 
condensing unit). The September 2018 Waiver specifies calculating 
energy consumption associated with the thermal load based on assumed 
EERs, consistent with those specified in AHRI 1200-2010. 83 FR 46148, 
46151-46152. The calculations also account for component energy 
consumption and heat loads. Id. DOE proposed in the June 2022 NOPR to 
adopt this alternate test procedure for any customer order storage 
cabinets that supply refrigerant to multiple individual-secured 
compartments and that allow the suction pressure from the evaporator in 
each individual-secured compartment to float based on the temperature 
required to store the customer order in that individual-secured 
compartment. 87 FR 39164, 39211.
    For the high-temperature ``ambient'' compartments in the basic 
models specified in the September 2018 Waiver, DOE requires that 
testing be based on a 75 [deg]F storage temperature for these 
compartments and that the ambient compartment be treated as a medium-
temperature compartment at 75 [deg]F. 83 FR 46148, 46150. The September 
2018 Waiver also requires that all volume and energy consumption 
calculations be included within the medium-temperature category and 
summed with other medium-temperature compartment calculations. Id. The 
September 2018 Waiver further requires that compartments that are 
convertible between ambient and refrigerator temperature ranges be 
tested at the refrigerator temperature (38 [deg]F) and that 
compartments that are convertible between refrigerator and freezer (0 
[deg]F) temperature ranges be tested at both temperatures. Id. DOE 
proposed in the June 2022 NOPR to adopt the existing waiver 
instructions for customer order storage cabinets that have at least one 
individual-secured compartment that is not capable of maintaining an 
IAT below the ambient dry-bulb temperature (i.e., the individual-
secured compartment(s) may include refrigeration systems to ensure 
proper storage temperatures but are only intended to operate at an IAT 
of 75 [deg]F 2 [deg]F and not at a LAPT or the specified 
refrigerator or freezer temperatures). 87 FR 39164, 39211. 
Additionally, with the proposed introduction of high-temperature 
refrigerators, as discussed in sections III.A.1 and III.B.1.b of this 
final rule, DOE proposed that such compartments would be treated as 
high-temperature refrigerators rather than refrigerators upon the 
compliance date of any new energy conservation standards for high-
temperature refrigerators. Id.
    In the June 2022 NOPR, DOE requested comment on the additional 
proposed test procedure amendments that would allow for reverse heat 
leak testing of customer order storage cabinets with floating suction 
pressures for multiple different temperature compartments. Id.
    AHRI requested more information from DOE regarding the additional 
proposed test procedure amendments that would allow for reverse heat 
leak testing of customer order storage cabinets with floating suction 
pressures for multiple temperature compartments. (AHRI, No. 38, p. 14)
    Hillphoenix stated tentative disagreement with the additional 
proposed test procedure amendments and recommended clarification of the 
proposed process. (Hillphoenix, No. 35, p. 8) Hillphoenix commented 
that DOE should not adopt the amendments until industry reviews, tests, 
and approvals are given by industry standards committees. Id.

[[Page 66213]]

    As discussed in the petition leading to the September 2018 Waiver, 
the condensing unit control functionality is similar to that found on a 
parallel rack in a supermarket, with refrigeration capacity managed 
with a floating or moving saturated suction temperature. See 82 FR 
33081, 33092. DOE received no comments in response to the notice 
announcing the petition for waiver and interim waiver approach, and 
granted the September 2018 Waiver. DOE has determined that this 
equipment has a different usage profile as compared to other CRE, and 
is establishing the alternate test procedure as proposed in the June 
2022 NOPR, and consistent with the approach granted in the September 
2018 Waiver.

J. Enforcement Provisions

    Subpart C of 10 CFR part 429 establishes enforcement provisions 
applicable to covered products and covered equipment, including CRE. 
Product-specific enforcement provisions are established in 10 CFR 
429.134. Various provisions in 10 CFR 429.134 specify which ratings or 
measurements DOE will use to determine compliance with applicable 
energy or water conservation standards. Generally, DOE provides that 
the certified metric is used for enforcement purposes (e.g., 
calculation of the applicable energy conservation standard) if the 
average value measured during assessment and enforcement testing is 
within a specified percent of the rated value. Otherwise, the average 
measured value would be used.
    Section 429.134 currently does not contain product-specific 
enforcement provisions for CRE. However, DOE does currently provide 
product-specific enforcement provisions for refrigerated bottled or 
canned beverage vending machines, specifying that the certified 
refrigerated volume will be considered valid only if the measurement(s) 
(either the measured refrigerated volume for a single-unit sample or 
the average of the measured refrigerated volumes for a multiple-unit 
sample) is within 5 percent of the certified refrigerated volume. 10 
CFR 429.134(j)(1). The test procedure for measuring volume of beverage 
vending machines is consistent with the procedure required for CRE, and 
vending machines typically have volumes similar to those for CRE. 
Because of the same test methods and similar equipment sizes, in the 
June 2022 NOPR, DOE proposed consistent product-specific enforcement 
provisions for CRE. 87 FR 39164, 39211. Specifically, DOE proposed in 
the June 2022 NOPR to add a new product-specific enforcement provision 
section stating that the certified volume for CRE will be considered 
valid only if the measurement(s) (either the measured volume for a 
single-unit sample or the average of the measured volumes for a 
multiple-unit sample) is within 5 percent of the certified volume; 
otherwise, the measured volume would be used as the basis for 
determining the applicable energy conservation standard. Id.
    DOE has also established product-specific enforcement provisions 
for transparent areas of beverage vending machines. 10 CFR 
429.134(j)(2). However, display area is only used to determine 
equipment class for beverage vending machines and TDA is not a metric 
used to determine applicable energy conservation standards. For 
consistency with the volume approach, DOE proposed in the June 2022 
NOPR that the certified TDA for CRE will be considered valid only if 
the measurement(s) (either the measured TDA for a single-unit sample or 
the average of the measured TDAs for a multiple-unit sample) is within 
5 percent of the certified TDA. 87 FR 39164, 39212. If the certified 
TDA is found not to be valid, the measured TDA would be used to 
determine the applicable energy conservation standard.
    In the June 2022 NOPR, DOE requested comment on the proposed 
product-specific enforcement provisions for CRE. 87 FR 39164, 39212.
    AHRI commented expressing concern that the proposed product-
specific enforcement provisions for CRE are not open-ended, but it 
offered tentative support for the proposed provisions and requested 
that DOE provide more information through a public meeting to clarify 
intent. (AHRI, No. 38, p. 14)
    Hillphoenix recommended that DOE clarify how enforcement would be 
applied if the sampling plan were to be adopted and how implementing 
such provisions would benefit end users and/or manufacturers. 
(Hillphoenix, No. 35, p. 8)
    NAMA commented that it understood the desire to develop common 
language on certified volume measurements; however, a beverage vending 
machine and a bottle cooler are not necessarily the same product since 
in a BVM, bottles or cans have specific placement and the volume could 
be constructed based on the uniform measurement of the refrigerated 
space available for the beverage containers, while a bottle cooler's 
refrigerated space depends on how a customer decides on placement. 
(NAMA, No. 33, p. 3) NAMA urged DOE to study this issue more closely 
and to use examples of how DOE intended to measure the volume in this 
case and why it believed certified volume should be stated in the same 
way as BVM because manufacturers might file Test Procedure Waivers for 
individual cases. Id.
    The relevant capacity metrics for CRE will continue to be tested in 
accordance with the DOE test procedure for CRE, not BVMs. DOE referred 
to BVMs only as an example of another equipment type with product-
specific enforcement provisions and a similar capacity metric (i.e., 
volume).
    Product-specific enforcement provisions are included to clarify how 
DOE would determine compliance in the case of any enforcement actions. 
For equipment such as CRE, the applicable energy conservation standard 
is calculated based on the capacity metric. Product-specific 
enforcement provisions provide manufacturers certainty that DOE will 
determine compliance based on the same capacity metrics as the 
manufacturer, so long as the capacity metrics are rated correctly 
(i.e., these provisions provide certainty regarding the maximum daily 
energy consumption for a given CRE basic model, if volume or TDA are 
rated correctly). DOE has these provisions for many similar products 
and equipment. If the tested volume or TDA from DOE enforcement testing 
is near the certified value, DOE will use the certified value as the 
basis for calculating the appliable standard for compliance 
determinations. For the reasons discussed, DOE is adopting the product-
specific enforcement provisions as proposed in the June 2022 NOPR.
    The product-specific enforcement provisions are intended to provide 
clarity on the energy conservation standard applicable to a specific 
basic model of CRE. Determinations of compliance based on tested energy 
consumption will continue to be based on the enforcement provisions in 
10 CFR 429.110.

K. Lowest Application Product Temperature

    Section 2.2 of appendix B specifies that if a unit is not able to 
be operated at the specified IAT, the unit is tested at the LAPT, 
defined in 10 CFR 431.62 as the lowest IAT at which a given basic model 
is capable of consistently operating (i.e., maintaining so as to comply 
with the steady-state stabilization requirements specified in ASHRAE 
72-2005 for the purposes of testing under the DOE test procedure). 
Section 2.2 of appendix B specifies that for units equipped with a 
thermostat, LAPT is the lowest thermostat setting; for remote 
condensing equipment without a thermostat or other means of

[[Page 66214]]

controlling temperature at the case, the LAPT is the temperature 
achieved with the dew point temperature (as defined in AHRI Standard 
1200-2010) set to 5 degrees colder than that required to maintain the 
manufacturer's lowest specified application temperature.
    DOE's Compliance Certification Database \35\ lists all CRE models 
certified to DOE, including the LAPT used for rating each model, if 
applicable. Of the 28,478 single-compartment individual models included 
in the Compliance Certification Database at the time of the June 2022 
NOPR analysis, 460 individual models are rated at LAPTs. Of these 
individual models, 77 are rated at LAPTs below the required test IAT. 
For example, multiple refrigerator models are rated at an IAT of 34 
[deg]F (instead of 38 [deg]F 2 [deg]F), and multiple 
freezer models are rated at an IAT of -7 [deg]F (instead of 0 [deg]F 
2 [deg]F).
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

    \35\ U.S. Department of Energy Compliance Certification 
Database, available at www.regulations.doe.gov/certification-data.
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

    DOE proposed in the June 2022 NOPR to maintain the current LAPT 
provisions and add an additional provision for testing CRE that are 
only capable of maintaining temperatures below the specified IAT range 
(or for buffet tables or preparation tables, the average pan 
temperature of all measurements taken during the test). 87 FR 39164, 
39212. For these units, DOE proposed in the June 2022 NOPR to test at 
the highest thermostat setting, which would allow testing the CRE under 
the setting closest to the required IAT (or for buffet tables or 
preparation tables, the average pan temperature of all measurements 
taken during the test). Id. Also in the NOPR, DOE proposed to amend the 
definition of LAPT in 10 CFR 431.62 to the following:
    ``Lowest application product temperature'' means the integrated 
average temperature (or for buffet tables or preparation tables, the 
average pan temperature of all measurements taken during the test) at 
which a given basic model is capable of consistently operating that is 
closest to the integrated average temperature (or for buffet tables or 
preparation tables, the average pan temperature of all measurements 
taken during the test) specified for testing under the DOE test 
procedure. 87 FR 39164, 39212.
    For testing, DOE proposed in the June 2022 NOPR to specify that if 
a unit is not able to operate at the integrated average temperature 
specified for testing (or average pan temperature, as applicable), test 
the unit at the LAPT, as defined in 10 CFR 431.62. Id. DOE proposed 
that for units equipped with a thermostat, LAPT is the lowest 
thermostat setting (for units that are only able to operate at 
temperatures above the specified integrated average temperature or 
average pan temperature) or the highest thermostat setting (for units 
that are only able to operate at temperatures below the specified 
integrated average temperature or average pan temperature). Id. DOE 
proposed that for remote condensing equipment without a thermostat or 
other means of controlling temperature at the case, the LAPT is the 
temperature achieved with the dew point temperature, or mid-point 
evaporator temperature for high-glide refrigerants (as defined in AHRI 
Standard 1200-202X), set to 5 degrees colder than that required to 
maintain the manufacturer's specified application temperature closest 
to the specified integrated average temperature or average pan 
temperature. Id.
    DOE tentatively determined in the June 2022 NOPR that this proposal 
would not affect current CRE ratings or testing costs, because the 
models currently available on the market that would be tested under the 
newly proposed provision are already testing and rating in accordance 
with the proposed approach. Id.
    In response to the June 2022 NOPR, The CA IOUs commented that they 
support the proposal to shift to testing CRE product classes at 
consistent temperatures versus testing at the LAPT within each 
category, such as: low-temperature freezer (to be tested at 0 [deg]F 
2 [deg]F); medium-temperature refrigerator (to be tested at 
38 [deg]F 2 [deg]F); and high-temperature refrigerator 
(operates above 38 [deg]F 2 [deg]F, to be tested at 55 
[deg]F). (CA IOUs, No. 36, p. 10) The CA IOUs added that testing at 
consistent product temperatures would improve comparability of energy 
consumption between products within each category. Id.
    The updated provisions for ice cream freezers, low temp freezers, 
medium temp refrigerators, and high-temp refrigerators will limit the 
need to apply LAPT testing in the future. Equipment will be categorized 
and rated based on operating temperatures, consistent with the CA IOUs 
recommendations. To the extent that equipment in these categories 
cannot maintain the specified IAT, the equipment would either be 
classified in a different category or would be tested under the LAPT 
provisions.
    Even with the updated operating temperature categories, basic 
models may still only be capable of maintaining temperatures below the 
specified IAT range for testing. DOE is adopting the LAPT rating 
provisions as proposed in the June 2022 NOPR to allow for testing and 
rating such basic models.

L. Removal of Obsolete Provisions

    The DOE test procedure in appendix B is required for testing CRE 
manufactured on or after March 28, 2017, and appendix A applies to CRE 
manufactured prior to that date. As such, appendix A is now obsolete 
for new units being manufactured. Therefore, DOE proposed in the NOPR 
to remove appendix A. 87 FR 39164, 39212. DOE did not propose to 
redesignate appendix B as appendix A to avoid confusion regarding the 
appropriate version of the test procedure required for use. Id.
    Additionally, the title to appendix B is currently ``Amended 
Uniform Test Method for the Measurement of Energy Consumption of 
Commercial Refrigerators, Freezers, and Refrigerator-Freezers.'' To 
avoid confusion with the other test procedure amendments proposed in 
this final rule, DOE proposed in the NOPR to amend the title to 
appendix B to remove the word ``amended.'' 87 FR 39164, 39212.
    In the June 2022 NOPR, DOE also proposed to remove outdated 
standards incorporated by reference in 10 CFR 431.63 that would no 
longer be referenced under the proposed test procedure. Id. 
Specifically, DOE proposed to remove reference to ANSI/AHAM HRF-1-2004, 
AHAM HRF-1-2008, and ASHRAE 72-2005. Id. DOE would maintain the listing 
of standards referenced in 10 CFR 431.66 (``Energy conservation 
standards and their effective dates'') and would consider removing 
those referenced standards when proposing any amendments to that 
section of the CFR as part of any future amended energy conservation 
standards. Id.
    DOE received no comments in response to the amendments proposed in 
the June 2022 NOPR and is adopting the changes as proposed.

M. Sampling Plan

    DOE's current certification requirements mandate reporting of the 
chilled or frozen compartment volume in cubic feet, the adjusted volume 
in cubic feet, or the TDA (as appropriate for the equipment class). 10 
CFR 429.42(b)(2)(iii). However, the sampling plan requirements in 10 
CFR 429.42(a) do not specify how to determine the represented value of 
volume or TDA for each basic model based on the test results from the 
sample of individual models tested. Similar to the requirements for 
other covered products and commercial equipment, DOE

[[Page 66215]]

proposed in the June 2022 NOPR that any represented value of volume or 
TDA for the basic model be determined as the mean of the measured 
volumes or TDAs for the units in the test sample, based on the same 
tests used to determine the reported energy consumption. 87 FR 39164, 
39213. Although not currently specified in 10 CFR 429.42, DOE expects 
manufacturers are currently certifying CRE performance based on the 
tested volume and TDA. Id. Therefore, the amendment proposed in the 
June 2022 NOPR would clarify the certification requirements but not 
impose any additional burden on manufacturers. Id.
    In the June 2022 NOPR, DOE sought comment on the proposed sampling 
plan for CRE volume and TDA. Id.
    AHRI commented that the proposed sampling plan for CRE volume and 
TDA required modification and that DOE should certify the volume and 
TDA, stating that these are important values and critical to 
determining the allowable energy consumption of a product. AHRI 
recommended that DOE work with AHRI to modify standard AHRI 1200-202X 
and develop appropriate tolerances and also raise this issue with the 
appropriate standards committee for review and approval. (AHRI, No. 38, 
p. 14)
    NAMA commented that it agreed with AHRI and advised DOE that the 
proposed sampling plan for CRE volume and TDA needed modification. 
(NAMA, No. 33, p. 4) NAMA commented that the current plan included no 
tolerances, and if DOE intended to measure and enforce standards for 
CRE volume and TDA, DOE must provide tolerances. Id. NAMA stated that 
DOE should also bring this issue to the appropriate standards committee 
for review and approval. Id.
    Hussmann commented that the proposed sampling plan for CRE volume 
and TDA needed modification because it included no tolerances. 
(Hussmann, No. 32, p. 6) Hussmann commented that if DOE intended to 
measure and enforce standards for CRE volume and TDA, DOE must provide 
tolerances, and that DOE should take this issue to the appropriate 
standards committee for review and approval. Id.
    Zero Zone stated agreement that DOE should certify the volume and 
TDA, as these are important values and critical to determining the 
allowable energy consumption of a product. (Zero Zone, No. 37, p. 10) 
Zero Zone commented that DOE's proposal of a 5-percent tolerance is too 
large, and that if the TDA measurements are different, equipment that 
passes when tested by a manufacturer could fail when tested by DOE. Id. 
Zero Zone recommended that DOE work with AHRI to modify standard 1200 
to develop appropriate tolerances. Id.
    Hillphoenix commented that if DOE intended to measure and enforce 
standards for CRE volume and TDA, then the process should be evaluated 
by the appropriate standards committee for approval. (Hillphoenix, No. 
35, p. 8)
    DOE's certification requirements in 10 CFR 429.42(b)(2) currently 
require manufacturers to certify volume or TDA for basic models. The 
sampling plan requirements established in this final rule, and 
consistent with those proposed in the June 2022 NOPR, clarify that the 
certified volume or TDA must be based on the mean of the measured 
values for the tested units of the basic model, based on the same tests 
used to determine the reported energy consumption.
    In response to the comments regarding tolerance associated with the 
sampling plan to determine compliance and enforce standards, DOE 
interprets the comments as referring to DOE applying a tolerance around 
certified volumes or TDAs to determine the applicable maximum daily 
energy consumption standard level for a basic model. Such tolerances 
are applied in product-specific enforcement provisions as specified in 
10 CFR 429.134. DOE is adopting product-specific enforcement provisions 
for CRE, as discussed in section III.J of this document.

N. Test Procedure Costs and Harmonization

1. Test Procedure Costs and Impact
    In the June 2022 NOPR, DOE proposed to amend the existing test 
procedure for CRE to:
    (1) Establish new definitions for high-temperature refrigerator, 
medium-temperature refrigerator, low-temperature freezer, and mobile 
refrigerated cabinet, and amend the definition for ice-cream freezer;
    (2) Incorporate by reference the most current versions of industry 
standards AHRI 1200, ASHRAE 72, and AHRI 1320-2011;
    (3) Establish definitions and test procedures for buffet tables and 
preparation tables;
    (4) Establish definitions and test procedures for blast chillers 
and blast freezers;
    (5) Amend the definition for chef base or griddle stand;
    (6) Specify alternate conditions for alternative refrigerants;
    (7) Allow for certification of compartment volumes based on CAD 
drawings;
    (8) Incorporate provisions for defrosts and customer order storage 
cabinets currently specified in waivers and interim waivers;
    (9) Adopt product-specific enforcement provisions;
    (10) Clarify use of the LAPT provisions;
    (11) Remove the obsolete test procedure in appendix A; and
    (12) Specify a sampling plan for volume and TDA.
87 FR 39164, 39213-39214.

    DOE tentatively determined in the June 2022 NOPR that the proposed 
amendments to the test procedure for CRE currently subject to testing 
would not impact testing costs, and manufacturers would be able to rely 
on data generated under the current test procedure should any of these 
additional proposed amendments be finalized. Id.
    DOE proposed in the June 2022 NOPR to establish test procedures for 
additional categories of CRE not currently subject to the DOE test 
procedure: buffet tables or preparation tables, and blast chillers and 
blast freezers. Id. If a manufacturer chooses to make representations 
of the energy consumption of this equipment, beginning 360 days after a 
final rule, were DOE to finalize the proposal, manufacturers would be 
required to test according to the proposed test procedure. (42 U.S.C. 
6314(d)) DOE discusses the costs associated with testing this 
equipment, if a manufacturer chooses to make representations of the 
energy consumption, in the following paragraphs.
    In the November 2010 NOPR, DOE estimated CRE testing costs to be 
approximately $5,000 per unit. 75 FR 71596, 71607. Based on testing at 
third-party test facilities, DOE tentatively determined in the June 
2022 NOPR that $5,000 is still a representative CRE test cost based on 
the existing DOE test procedure. 87 FR 39164, 39214. DOE has also 
tentatively determined that $5,000 is a representative per-test cost 
for the new test procedures proposed for the additional CRE categories 
(i.e., buffet tables or preparation tables, blast chillers, and blast 
freezers).
    For chef bases or griddle stands, DOE is amending the ambient test 
conditions in this final rule based on comments received in response to 
the June 2022 NOPR. Because DOE did not receive any information in 
response to the June 2022 NOPR indicating testing costs would change 
based on a different ambient test condition, DOE determined that the 
amended ambient test

[[Page 66216]]

conditions would not impact the $5,000 representative per-test cost for 
the amended CRE test procedure.
    Chef bases or griddle stands are currently eligible for ENERGY STAR 
certification under Product Specification for Commercial Refrigerators 
and Freezers Version 5.0 which references 10 CFR part 431, subpart C, 
Appendix B as the required test method.\36\ DOE observed that to the 
extent that chef bases or griddle stand manufacturers make 
representations regarding the energy consumption of their models, they 
do so in accordance with ENERGY STAR and the existing DOE test 
procedure. EPCA prescribes that, if DOE amends a test procedure, all 
representations of energy efficiency and energy use of CRE, including 
those made on marketing materials and product labels, must be made in 
accordance with that amended test procedure, beginning 360 days after 
publication of such a test procedure final rule in the Federal 
Register. (42 U.S.C. 6314(d)(1)) Therefore, the manufacturers currently 
making representations of the energy consumption of chef bases or 
griddle stands will be required to retest according to the test 
procedure beginning 360 days after this final rule, and may incur some 
retesting costs associated with their chef bases or griddle stand 
models if they choose to continue making such representations.
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    \36\ See www.energystar.gov/sites/default/files/ENERGY%20STAR%20Version%205.0%20%28Rev.%20November%20-%202022%29%20Commercial%20Refrigerators%20and%20Freezers%20Specification.pdf.
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    For any manufacturers not currently making representations of the 
energy use of chef bases or griddle stands, testing according to the 
amended test procedure will not be required for use (other than if 
making voluntary representations of energy consumption) until 
determining compliance with any energy conservation standards for chef 
bases or griddle stands, should DOE adopt such standards.
    For buffet tables and preparation tables, the overall test duration 
would be similar to the test duration for CRE currently subject to the 
test procedure. The test would be a 24-hour test, and in the June 2022 
NOPR DOE proposed stabilization requirements consistent with CRE 
currently subject to the test procedure. 87 FR 39164, 39214. The 
proposed test setup would not require the use of test simulators or 
test filler materials loaded in any refrigerated compartments, but 
would require loading pans with distilled water and identifying the 
appropriate control setting to maintain the specified average 
temperatures. DOE expects the overall test burden associated with 
loading and determining appropriate control settings to be similar for 
testing buffet tables and preparation tables, as proposed, and other 
CRE currently subject to the test procedure. While DOE has not 
quantified the differences in test burden, DOE determined that the test 
burden and duration for buffet and preparation tables is similar to CRE 
currently subject to the test procedure, and therefore the $5,000 per-
test cost is appropriate.
    For blast chillers and blast freezers, the overall duration of a 
test as proposed would be shorter than the 24-hour test period and 
stabilization period required for CRE currently subject to the test 
procedure. As proposed in the June 2022 NOPR, blast chiller and blast 
freezer testing would require the preparation of food simulator 
material, heating that material to the specified temperature, loading 
the heated test pans, and then conducting the test procedure as 
specified (DOE estimates approximately an 8-hour test duration per 
test). While DOE has not quantified the differences in test burden, DOE 
expects the increased test burden and decreased test burden to be 
comparable. Therefore, DOE tentatively determined in the June 2022 NOPR 
that $5,000 is a representative per-unit test cost for blast chillers 
and blast freezers, based on the test procedure proposed. 87 FR 39164, 
39214.
    Under the proposed test procedures, were a manufacturer to choose 
to make representations of the energy consumption of buffet tables or 
preparation tables, blast chillers, or blast freezers beginning 360 
days after a final rule, and were DOE to finalize the proposal, 
manufacturers would be required to base such representations on the DOE 
test procedure. (42 U.S.C. 6314(d))
    Based on a review of blast chillers and blast freezers available on 
the market, DOE determined in the June 2022 NOPR that manufacturers 
make no claims regarding the energy consumption of their models. 87 FR 
39164, 39214.
    After establishing any test procedure for blast chillers and blast 
freezers, DOE expects that the manufacturers currently electing to make 
no claims regarding energy consumption would continue to do so. 
Therefore, DOE tentatively determined in the June 2022 NOPR that the 
proposed test procedure for blast chillers and blast freezers would not 
impact testing costs should the proposed test procedure be finalized. 
87 FR 39164, 39214.
    Buffet tables and preparation tables are currently subject to test 
procedures under the California Code of Regulations. DOE observed that 
to the extent that buffet table and preparation table manufacturers 
make representations regarding the energy consumption of their models, 
they do so in accordance with the California Code of Regulations. EPCA 
prescribes that, if DOE amends a test procedure, all representations of 
energy efficiency and energy use, including those made on marketing 
materials and product labels, must be made in accordance with that 
amended test procedure, beginning 360 days after publication of such a 
test procedure final rule in the Federal Register. (42 U.S.C. 
6314(d)(1)) Therefore, the manufacturers currently making 
representations of the energy consumption of buffet tables and 
preparation tables will be required to retest according to the test 
procedure beginning 360 days after this final rule, and may incur some 
retesting costs associated with their buffet table and preparation 
table models.
    For any manufacturers not currently making representations of the 
energy use of buffet tables or preparation tables, blast chillers, or 
blast freezers, testing according to the test procedure will not be 
required (other than if making voluntary representations of energy 
consumption) until the compliance date of any energy conservation 
standards for that equipment, should DOE adopt such standards.
2. Harmonization With Industry Standards
    DOE's established practice is to adopt relevant industry standards 
as DOE test procedures unless such methodology would be unduly 
burdensome to conduct or would not produce test results that reflect 
the energy efficiency, energy use, water use (as specified in EPCA) or 
estimated operating costs of that product during a representative 
average use cycle. 10 CFR 431.4; section 8(c) of appendix A 10 CFR part 
430 subpart C. In cases where the industry standard does not meet EPCA 
statutory criteria for test procedures DOE will make modifications 
through the rulemaking process to these standards as the DOE test 
procedure.
    The test procedures for CRE at 10 CFR 431.63 incorporate by 
reference AHRI 1200-2010 for definitions, test rating conditions, and 
calculations; ASHRAE 72-2005 for test conditions, equipment, 
measurements, and test conduct; and AHAM HRF-1-2008 for the volume 
measurement method.
    In the June 2022 NOPR, DOE requested comment on the benefits and 
burdens of the proposed updates and additions to industry standards

[[Page 66217]]

referenced in the test procedure for CRE. 87 FR 39164, 39215. DOE 
discusses comments received in response to the June 2022 NOPR regarding 
adopting provisions of industry standards in the relevant discussion 
sections of this final rule. DOE further describes industry standards 
incorporated by reference in section IV.N of this document.
    AHRI 1200-2010 has been updated to AHRI 1200-2023 to provide 
additional direction regarding application of the standard and to 
provide volume measurement instructions (eliminating the need to 
reference AHAM HRF-1-2008). ASHRAE 72-2005 has similarly been updated 
in ASHRAE 72-2022 with Errata to reorganize the standard, provide 
updated setup instructions, revise the test sequence, and provide 
additional instructions for some test measurements. DOE tentatively 
determined in the June 2022 NOPR that these updates (at the time, in 
earlier or draft versions of the standards) provide additional detail 
for testing but would otherwise not impact energy consumption 
measurements compared to the current approach. In the June 2022 NOPR, 
DOE also proposed to incorporate by reference an existing industry 
standard for testing buffet tables and preparation tables: ASTM F2143-
16. This standard provides instructions regarding setup and test 
conduct. DOE is also aware of the CRE industry standard NSF/ANSI 7-
2021,\37\ which establishes minimum food protection and sanitation 
requirements for the materials, design, manufacture, construction, and 
performance of CRE and CRE components.
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    \37\ In response to the June 2022 NOPR, interested parties 
commented in reference to NSF 7-2019. NSF 7-2021 was published after 
the June 2022 NOPR comment period ended. DOE did not observe any 
changes from the 2019 to 2021 version that would impact the comments 
received or DOE's proposal to reference industry standards other 
than NSF 7-2019 or NSF 7-2021.
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O. Effective and Compliance Dates

    The effective date for the adopted test procedure amendment will be 
30 days after publication of this final rule in the Federal Register. 
EPCA prescribes that all representations of energy efficiency and 
energy use, including those made on marketing materials and product 
labels, must be made in accordance with that amended test procedure, 
beginning 360 days after publication of the final rule in the Federal 
Register. (42 U.S.C. 6314(d)(1)) EPCA provides an allowance for 
individual manufacturers to petition DOE for an extension of the 360-
day period if the manufacturer may experience undue hardship in meeting 
the deadline. (42 U.S.C. 6314(d)(2)) To receive such an extension, 
petitions must be filed with DOE no later than 60 days before the end 
of the 360-day period and must detail how the manufacturer will 
experience undue hardship. (Id.) To the extent the modified test 
procedure adopted in this final rule is required only for the 
evaluation and issuance of updated efficiency standards, compliance 
with the amended test procedure does not require use of such modified 
test procedure provisions until the compliance date of updated 
standards.
    Upon the compliance date of test procedure provisions in this final 
rule any waivers that had been previously issued and are in effect that 
pertain to issues addressed by such provisions are terminated. 10 CFR 
431.401(h)(3). Recipients of any such waivers are required to test the 
products subject to the waiver according to the amended test procedure 
as of the compliance date of the amended test procedure. The amendments 
proposed in this document pertain to issues addressed by waivers and 
interim waivers granted to AHT (Case Nos. CR-006, 2017-007, 2020-023, 
2020-025, 2022-001, and 2022-002), ITW (Case No. CR-007), and Hussmann 
(Case No. 2020-003). See sections III.F.1 and III.I of this final rule 
for a discussion of the proposals to address the issues in the existing 
waivers and interim waivers.

IV. Procedural Issues and Regulatory Review

A. Review Under Executive Orders 12866, 13563 and 14094

    Executive Order (``E.O.'') 12866, ``Regulatory Planning and 
Review,'' as supplemented and reaffirmed by E.O. 13563, ``Improving 
Regulation and Regulatory Review, 76 FR 3821 (Jan. 21, 2011) and 
amended by E.O. 14094, ``Modernizing Regulatory Review,'' 88 FR 21879 
(April 11, 2023), requires agencies, to the extent permitted by law, to 
(1) propose or adopt a regulation only upon a reasoned determination 
that its benefits justify its costs (recognizing that some benefits and 
costs are difficult to quantify); (2) tailor regulations to impose the 
least burden on society, consistent with obtaining regulatory 
objectives, taking into account, among other things, and to the extent 
practicable, the costs of cumulative regulations; (3) select, in 
choosing among alternative regulatory approaches, those approaches that 
maximize net benefits (including potential economic, environmental, 
public health and safety, and other advantages; distributive impacts; 
and equity); (4) to the extent feasible, specify performance 
objectives, rather than specifying the behavior or manner of compliance 
that regulated entities must adopt; and (5) identify and assess 
available alternatives to direct regulation, including providing 
economic incentives to encourage the desired behavior, such as user 
fees or marketable permits, or providing information upon which choices 
can be made by the public. DOE emphasizes as well that E.O. 13563 
requires agencies to use the best available techniques to quantify 
anticipated present and future benefits and costs as accurately as 
possible. In its guidance, the Office of Information and Regulatory 
Affairs (``OIRA'') in the Office of Management and Budget (``OMB'') has 
emphasized that such techniques may include identifying changing future 
compliance costs that might result from technological innovation or 
anticipated behavioral changes. For the reasons stated in the preamble, 
this final regulatory action is consistent with these principles.
    Section 6(a) of E.O. 12866 also requires agencies to submit 
``significant regulatory actions'' to OIRA for review. OIRA has 
determined that this final regulatory action does not constitute a 
``significant regulatory action'' under section 3(f) of E.O. 12866. 
Accordingly, this action was not submitted to OIRA for review under 
E.O. 12866.

B. Review Under the Regulatory Flexibility Act

    The Regulatory Flexibility Act (5 U.S.C. 601 et seq.) requires 
preparation of a final regulatory flexibility analysis (``FRFA'') for 
any final rule where the agency was first required by law to publish a 
proposed rule for public comment, unless the agency certifies that the 
rule, if promulgated, will not have a significant economic impact on a 
substantial number of small entities. As required by Executive Order 
13272, ``Proper Consideration of Small Entities in Agency Rulemaking,'' 
67 FR 53461 (August 16, 2002), DOE published procedures and policies on 
February 19, 2003, to ensure that the potential impacts of its rules on 
small entities are properly considered during the DOE rulemaking 
process. 68 FR 7990. DOE has made its procedures and policies available 
on the Office of the General Counsel's website: www.energy.gov/gc/office-general-counsel. DOE reviewed this final rule under the 
provisions of the Regulatory Flexibility Act and the procedures and 
policies published on February 19, 2003. DOE has concluded that the 
rule would not have a significant impact on a substantial

[[Page 66218]]

number of small entities. The factual basis for this certification is 
as follows.
    DOE uses the Small Business Administration (``SBA'') small business 
size standards to determine whether manufacturers qualify as ``small 
businesses,'' which are listed by the North American Industry 
Classification System (``NAICS''). The SBA considers a business entity 
to be small business if, together with its affiliates, it employs less 
than a threshold number of workers specified in 13 CFR part 121. CRE 
manufacturers, who produce the equipment covered by this final rule, 
are classified under NAICS code 333415, ``Air-conditioning and Warm Air 
Heating Equipment and Commercial and Industrial Refrigeration Equipment 
Manufacturing.'' The SBA sets a threshold of 1,250 employees or fewer 
for an entity to be considered a small business for this category. This 
employee threshold includes all employees in a business's parent 
company and any other subsidiaries.
    DOE has recently conducted a focused inquiry into small business 
manufacturers of the CRE covered by this rulemaking. As with the 
initial regulatory flexibility analysis, DOE accessed its Compliance 
Certification Database (``CCD''),\38\ California Energy Commission's 
Modernized Appliance Efficiency Database System (``MAEDbS''),\39\ and 
other public sources, including manufacturer websites, to create a list 
of companies that produce, manufacture, import, or private label the 
CRE covered by this rulemaking. DOE refreshed its equipment database in 
support of the FRFA. DOE then consulted other publicly available data, 
such as manufacturer specifications and product literature, import/
export logs (e.g., bills of lading from Panjiva \40\), and basic model 
numbers, to identify original equipment manufacturers (``OEMs'') of the 
equipment covered by this rulemaking. DOE further relied on public 
sources and subscription-based market research tools (e.g., Dun & 
Bradstreet reports \41\) to determine company location, headcount, and 
annual revenue. DOE screened out companies that do not offer equipment 
covered by this rulemaking, do not meet the SBA's definition of a 
``small business,'' or are foreign-owned and operated.
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    \38\ U.S. Department of Energy's Compliance Certification 
Database is available at www.regulations.doe.gov/certification-data 
(Last accessed February 24, 2023).
    \39\ California Energy Commission's Modernized Appliance 
Efficiency Database System is available at 
cacertappliances.energy.ca.gov/Pages/Search/AdvancedSearch.aspx 
(Last accessed February 24, 2023)
    \40\ Panjiva Supply Chain Intelligence is available at: 
panjiva.com/import-export/United-States (Last accessed March 28, 
2023).
    \41\ The Dun & Bradstreet Hoovers subscription login is 
available online at app.dnbhoovers.com/ (Last accessed March 28, 
2023).
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    DOE initially identified 83 OEMs selling CRE into the U.S. market. 
Of the 83 OEMs identified, DOE estimates that 25 qualify as small OEMs 
and are not foreign-owned and operated.
    In this final rule, DOE amends and establishes test procedures for 
CRE as follows:
    (1) Establish new definitions for high-temperature refrigerator, 
medium-temperature refrigerator, low-temperature freezer, and mobile 
refrigerated cabinet, and amend the definition for ice-cream freezer;
    (2) Incorporate by reference the most current versions of industry 
standards AHRI 1200, ASHRAE 72, and AHRI 1320;
    (3) Establish definitions and a new appendix C including test 
procedures for buffet tables and preparation tables;
    (4) Establish definitions and a new appendix D including test 
procedures for blast chillers and blast freezers;
    (5) Amend the definition and certain test conditions for chef bases 
or griddle stands;
    (6) Specify refrigerant conditions for CRE that use R-744;
    (7) Allow for certification of compartment volumes based on 
computer-aided design models;
    (8) Incorporate provisions for defrosts and customer order storage 
cabinets currently specified in waivers and interim waivers;
    (9) Adopt product-specific enforcement provisions;
    (10) Clarify use of the lowest application product temperature 
provisions;
    (11) Remove the obsolete test procedure in appendix A; and
    (12) Specify a sampling plan for volume and total display area.
    DOE maintains that the amendments detailed in the final rule would 
not impact testing costs, which would remain at approximately $5,000 
per-unit. Furthermore, DOE does not expect manufacturers would need to 
re-test or re-certify equipment as manufacturers would be able to rely 
on data generated under the current test procedure for the amendments 
detailed in this final rule.
    For the test procedures established by this final rule for 
additional categories of CRE not currently subject to the DOE test 
procedure (i.e., buffet tables or preparation tables, and blast 
chillers and blast freezers), testing would not be required (other than 
making voluntary representations of energy consumption) until the 
compliance date of any energy conservation standards for equipment in 
these categories. If a manufacturer chooses to make representations of 
the energy consumption of this equipment, beginning 360 days after a 
final rule, manufacturers would be required to test according to the 
adopted test procedure. (42 U.S.C. 6314(d)) DOE has determined that 
$5,000 is a representative per-test cost for the new test procedures 
for the additional CRE categories.
    For the amended test procedure established by this final rule for 
chef bases or griddle stands, testing similarly would not be required 
until the compliance date of any energy conservation standards for 
equipment in these categories. However, any representations of energy 
use for chef bases or griddle stands must be made in accordance with 
the amended test procedure starting 360 days after this notice 
publishes in the Federal Register. Manufacturers currently choosing to 
make representations of the energy consumption of this equipment 
according to the existing test procedure may continue to do so until 
360 days after publication of this final rule. To the extent that a 
manufacturer chooses to test according to the amended test procedure, 
DOE has determined that $5,000 is a representative per-test cost, 
consistent with the other CRE categories.
    Based on a review of commercially available blast chillers and 
blast freezers, DOE has determined that manufacturers make no claims 
regarding the energy consumption of their models. To the extent that 
buffet table and preparation table manufacturers make claims regarding 
the energy consumption of their models, DOE observed that they do so in 
accordance with the California Code of Regulations. The manufacturers 
currently making representations of the energy consumption of buffet 
tables and preparation tables would be required to test according to 
the adopted test procedure beginning 360 days after the final rule.
    DOE reviewed California Energy Commission's MAEDbS and identified 
two small domestic OEMs currently making representations of the energy 
consumption of buffet table or preparation table models. According to 
MAEDbS, one small OEM makes claims regarding the energy consumption of 
26 buffet table or preparation table models and the other small OEM 
makes claims regarding the energy consumption of 15 buffet table or 
preparation table models. Based on Dun & Bradstreet reports,\42\

[[Page 66219]]

both small OEMs have an estimated annual revenue of over $100 million. 
As previously discussed, DOE estimates a per-unit test cost of $5,000. 
Therefore, DOE estimates that the potential costs associated with re-
testing would be minimal, accounting for approximately 0.1 percent of 
annual revenue for both small businesses.
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

    \42\ Id.
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

    AHRI commented that they disagree with DOE's conclusion that ``the 
amendments detailed in the NOPR would not have a significant impact on 
a substantial number of small entities.'' (AHRI, No. 38, p. 14) AHRI 
expressed concern about the impact of the proposed amendments on small 
entities, including both manufacturers and end users, because the 
proposed amendments could drive a continued use of older, less 
efficient, and leaky equipment. Id. AHRI commented further that Natural 
Resources Canada (``NRCAN'') would likely harmonize with this 
requirement, resulting in additional cost associated with third-party 
testing for NRCAN and also for ENERGY STAR, which would create an undue 
burden, especially on small businesses. Id.
    NAMA stated its agreement with AHRI and advised DOE that this 
conclusion was inaccurate, and that NAMA had profound concerns about 
the impact of the proposed amendments on small entities, including both 
manufacturers and end users. (NAMA, No. 33, p. 4) NAMA commented that 
its concerns centered around the possibility of the proposed amendments 
driving a continued use of older, less efficient, and refrigerant-leaky 
equipment, as well as a continuation of the trend of greater sale of 
refurbished products that do not meet current DOE standards. Id. NAMA 
also advised DOE that NRCAN would likely harmonize with this 
requirement, creating additional costs associated with the testing for 
NRCAN, especially for new classifications--and costs associated with 
third-party testing (required for both NRCAN and ENERGY STAR) would 
create an undue burden, especially on small businesses. Id.
    Continental commented that as previously stated in its comments, 
some proposed changes to test procedures, including use of ASHRAE 72-
2022, would increase test burden on manufacturers and testing agencies, 
and prove particularly burdensome to small manufacturers like itself. 
(Continental, No. 29, p. 9)
    Hoshizaki commented that they disagree with DOE, and stated that 
adding new test standards to previously unregulated products will 
require testing at least two of each model to fully realize the impact 
of new test standards. (Hoshizaki, No. 30, p. 5) Hoshizaki commented 
that DOE requires listing of the product with the CCD, and accurate 
testing will be needed to qualify such listings. Id. They noted that 
since NRCAN is likely to harmonize with DOE requirements, third-party 
certification is required for NRCAN listing. Id. They commented that 
costs associated with this third-party testing is an undue burden on 
small business manufacturers. Id.
    Regarding the small business impacts, as previously discussed, DOE 
does not expect small manufacturers would need to re-test or re-certify 
CRE models as a direct result of the amendments detailed in this final 
rule. For the two small manufacturers that may incur some re-testing 
costs associated with making voluntary representations of energy 
consumption, DOE's analysis indicates that re-testing costs would have 
de minimis cost impacts on the small manufacturers, which would account 
for approximately 0.1 percent of annual revenue for each of the small 
businesses. Regarding the estimated test procedure costs, see section 
III.N.1 of this final rule for additional discussion of the per-unit 
testing costs.
    DOE does not anticipate that the adopted test procedure amendments 
would result in increased testing costs for the vast majority of 
manufacturers, including small manufacturers. DOE estimates that two 
small businesses may incur some re-testing costs associated with their 
buffet table and preparation table models. However, DOE's research 
indicates these costs would account for approximately 0.1 percent of 
annual revenue for both small OEMs identified. Therefore, DOE concludes 
that the cost effects accruing from the final rule would not have a 
``significant economic impact on a substantial number of small 
entities,'' and that the preparation of a FRFA is not warranted. DOE 
will submit a certification and supporting statement of factual basis 
to the Chief Counsel for Advocacy of the Small Business Administration 
for review under 5 U.S.C. 605(b).

C. Review Under the Paperwork Reduction Act of 1995

    Manufacturers of CRE must certify to DOE that their products comply 
with any applicable energy conservation standards. To certify 
compliance, manufacturers must first obtain test data for their 
products according to the DOE test procedures, including any amendments 
adopted for those test procedures. DOE has established regulations for 
the certification and recordkeeping requirements for all covered 
consumer products and commercial equipment, including CRE. (See 
generally 10 CFR part 429.) The collection-of-information requirement 
for the certification and recordkeeping is subject to review and 
approval by OMB under the Paperwork Reduction Act (``PRA''). This 
requirement has been approved by OMB under OMB control number 1910-
1400. Public reporting burden for the certification is estimated to 
average 35 hours per response, including the time for reviewing 
instructions, searching existing data sources, gathering and 
maintaining the data needed, and completing and reviewing the 
collection of information.
    DOE is not amending the certification or reporting requirements for 
CRE in this final rule. Further, certification data will be required 
for buffet tables and preparation tables, blast chillers, and blast 
freezers; however, DOE is not proposing certification or reporting 
requirements for these categories of CRE in this final rule. Instead, 
DOE may consider proposals to amend the certification requirements and 
reporting for these categories under a separate rulemaking regarding 
appliance and equipment certification. DOE will address changes to OMB 
Control Number 1910-1400 at that time, as necessary.
    Notwithstanding any other provision of the law, no person is 
required to respond to, nor shall any person be subject to a penalty 
for failure to comply with, a collection of information subject to the 
requirements of the PRA, unless that collection of information displays 
a currently valid OMB Control Number.

D. Review Under the National Environmental Policy Act of 1969

    In this final rule, DOE establishes test procedure amendments that 
it expects will be used to develop and implement future energy 
conservation standards for CRE. DOE has determined that this rule falls 
into a class of actions that are categorically excluded from review 
under the National Environmental Policy Act of 1969 (42 U.S.C. 4321 et 
seq.) and DOE's implementing regulations at 10 CFR part 1021. 
Specifically, DOE has determined that adopting test procedures for 
measuring energy efficiency of consumer products and industrial 
equipment is consistent with activities identified in 10 CFR part 1021, 
appendix A to subpart D, A5 and A6. Accordingly, neither an 
environmental assessment nor an environmental impact statement is 
required.

[[Page 66220]]

E. Review Under Executive Order 13132

    Executive Order 13132, ``Federalism,'' 64 FR 43255 (August 4, 
1999), imposes certain requirements on agencies formulating and 
implementing policies or regulations that preempt State law or that 
have federalism implications. The Executive order requires agencies to 
examine the constitutional and statutory authority supporting any 
action that would limit the policymaking discretion of the States and 
to carefully assess the necessity for such actions. The Executive order 
also requires agencies to have an accountable process to ensure 
meaningful and timely input by State and local officials in the 
development of regulatory policies that have federalism implications. 
On March 14, 2000, DOE published a statement of policy describing the 
intergovernmental consultation process it will follow in the 
development of such regulations. 65 FR 13735. DOE examined this final 
rule and determined that it will not have a substantial direct effect 
on the States, on the relationship between the national government and 
the States, or on the distribution of power and responsibilities among 
the various levels of government. EPCA governs and prescribes Federal 
preemption of State regulations as to energy conservation for the 
products that are the subject of this final rule. States can petition 
DOE for exemption from such preemption to the extent, and based on 
criteria, set forth in EPCA. (42 U.S.C. 6297(d)) No further action is 
required by Executive Order 13132.

F. Review Under Executive Order 12988

    Regarding the review of existing regulations and the promulgation 
of new regulations, section 3(a) of Executive Order 12988, ``Civil 
Justice Reform,'' 61 FR 4729 (Feb. 7, 1996), imposes on Federal 
agencies the general duty to adhere to the following requirements: (1) 
eliminate drafting errors and ambiguity; (2) write regulations to 
minimize litigation; (3) provide a clear legal standard for affected 
conduct rather than a general standard; and (4) promote simplification 
and burden reduction. Section 3(b) of Executive Order 12988 
specifically requires that Executive agencies make every reasonable 
effort to ensure that the regulation (1) clearly specifies the 
preemptive effect, if any; (2) clearly specifies any effect on existing 
Federal law or regulation; (3) provides a clear legal standard for 
affected conduct while promoting simplification and burden reduction; 
(4) specifies the retroactive effect, if any; (5) adequately defines 
key terms; and (6) addresses other important issues affecting clarity 
and general draftsmanship under any guidelines issued by the Attorney 
General. Section 3(c) of Executive Order 12988 requires Executive 
agencies to review regulations in light of applicable standards in 
sections 3(a) and 3(b) to determine whether they are met or it is 
unreasonable to meet one or more of them. DOE has completed the 
required review and determined that, to the extent permitted by law, 
this final rule meets the relevant standards of Executive Order 12988.

G. Review Under the Unfunded Mandates Reform Act of 1995

    Title II of the Unfunded Mandates Reform Act of 1995 (``UMRA'') 
requires each Federal agency to assess the effects of Federal 
regulatory actions on State, local, and Tribal governments and the 
private sector. Public Law 104-4, sec. 201 (codified at 2 U.S.C. 1531). 
For a regulatory action resulting in a rule that may cause the 
expenditure by State, local, and Tribal governments, in the aggregate, 
or by the private sector of $100 million or more in any one year 
(adjusted annually for inflation), section 202 of UMRA requires a 
Federal agency to publish a written statement that estimates the 
resulting costs, benefits, and other effects on the national economy. 
(2 U.S.C. 1532(a), (b)) The UMRA also requires a Federal agency to 
develop an effective process to permit timely input by elected officers 
of State, local, and Tribal governments on a proposed ``significant 
intergovernmental mandate,'' and requires an agency plan for giving 
notice and opportunity for timely input to potentially affected small 
governments before establishing any requirements that might 
significantly or uniquely affect small governments. On March 18, 1997, 
DOE published a statement of policy on its process for 
intergovernmental consultation under UMRA. 62 FR 12820; also available 
at www.energy.gov/gc/office-general-counsel. DOE examined this final 
rule according to UMRA and its statement of policy and determined that 
the rule contains neither an intergovernmental mandate nor a mandate 
that may result in the expenditure of $100 million or more in any year, 
so these requirements do not apply.

H. Review Under the Treasury and General Government Appropriations Act, 
1999

    Section 654 of the Treasury and General Government Appropriations 
Act, 1999 (Pub. L. 105-277) requires Federal agencies to issue a Family 
Policymaking Assessment for any rule that may affect family well-being. 
This final rule will not have any impact on the autonomy or integrity 
of the family as an institution. Accordingly, DOE has concluded that it 
is not necessary to prepare a Family Policymaking Assessment.

I. Review Under Executive Order 12630

    DOE has determined, under Executive Order 12630, ``Governmental 
Actions and Interference with Constitutionally Protected Property 
Rights'' 53 FR 8859 (March 18, 1988), that this regulation will not 
result in any takings that might require compensation under the Fifth 
Amendment to the U.S. Constitution.

J. Review Under Treasury and General Government Appropriations Act, 
2001

    Section 515 of the Treasury and General Government Appropriations 
Act, 2001 (44 U.S.C. 3516 note) provides for agencies to review most 
disseminations of information to the public under guidelines 
established by each agency pursuant to general guidelines issued by 
OMB. OMB's guidelines were published at 67 FR 8452 (Feb. 22, 2002), and 
DOE's guidelines were published at 67 FR 62446 (Oct. 7, 2002). Pursuant 
to OMB Memorandum M-19-15, Improving Implementation of the Information 
Quality Act (April 24, 2019), DOE published updated guidelines which 
are available at www.energy.gov/sites/prod/files/2019/12/f70/DOE%20Final%20Updated%20IQA%20Guidelines%20Dec%202019.pdf. DOE has 
reviewed this final rule under the OMB and DOE guidelines and has 
concluded that it is consistent with applicable policies in those 
guidelines.

K. Review Under Executive Order 13211

    Executive Order 13211, ``Actions Concerning Regulations That 
Significantly Affect Energy Supply, Distribution, or Use,'' 66 FR 28355 
(May 22, 2001), requires Federal agencies to prepare and submit to OMB, 
a Statement of Energy Effects for any significant energy action. A 
``significant energy action'' is defined as any action by an agency 
that promulgated or is expected to lead to promulgation of a final 
rule, and that (1) is a significant regulatory action under Executive 
Order 12866, or any successor order; and (2) is likely to have a 
significant adverse effect on the supply, distribution, or use of 
energy; or (3) is designated by the Administrator of OIRA as a 
significant energy action. For any significant energy action, the 
agency must give a detailed statement of any adverse effects on energy 
supply, distribution, or use if the regulation is implemented, and of

[[Page 66221]]

reasonable alternatives to the action and their expected benefits on 
energy supply, distribution, and use.
    This regulatory action is not a significant regulatory action under 
Executive Order 12866. Moreover, it would not have a significant 
adverse effect on the supply, distribution, or use of energy, nor has 
it been designated as a significant energy action by the Administrator 
of OIRA. Therefore, it is not a significant energy action, and, 
accordingly, DOE has not prepared a Statement of Energy Effects.

L. Review Under Section 32 of the Federal Energy Administration Act of 
1974

    Under section 301 of the Department of Energy Organization Act 
(Pub. L. 95-91; 42 U.S.C. 7101), DOE must comply with section 32 of the 
Federal Energy Administration Act of 1974, as amended by the Federal 
Energy Administration Authorization Act of 1977. (15 U.S.C. 788; 
``FEAA'') Section 32 essentially provides in relevant part that, where 
a proposed rule authorizes or requires use of commercial standards, the 
notice of proposed rulemaking must inform the public of the use and 
background of such standards. In addition, section 32(c) requires DOE 
to consult with the Attorney General and the Chairman of the Federal 
Trade Commission (``FTC'') concerning the impact of the commercial or 
industry standards on competition.
    The modifications to the test procedure for CRE adopted in this 
final rule incorporate testing methods contained in certain sections of 
the following commercial standards: AHRI 1200-2023, AHRI 1320-2011, 
ASHRAE 72-2022 with Errata, and ASTM F2143-16. DOE has evaluated these 
standards and is unable to conclude whether it fully complies with the 
requirements of section 32(b) of the FEAA (i.e., whether it was 
developed in a manner that fully provides for public participation, 
comment, and review.) DOE has consulted with both the Attorney General 
and the Chairman of the FTC about the impact on competition of using 
the methods contained in these standards and has received no comments 
objecting to their use.

M. Congressional Notification

    As required by 5 U.S.C. 801, DOE will report to Congress on the 
promulgation of this rule before its effective date. The report will 
state that it has been determined that the rule is not a ``major rule'' 
as defined by 5 U.S.C. 804(2).

N. Description of Materials Incorporated by Reference

    In this final rule, DOE incorporates by reference the following 
test standards: AHRI 1200-2023 is an industry-accepted test procedure 
that provides rating instructions, calculations, and methods for CRE. 
The test procedure discussed in this final rule references AHRI 1200-
2023 for specific rating instructions, calculations, and rating methods 
for CRE. AHRI 1200-2023 is available at www.ahrinet.org/standards/search-standards.
    AHRI 1320-2011 is an industry accepted test procedure that provides 
rating instructs, calculations, and methods for CRE used with secondary 
coolants. The test procedure discussed in this final rule references 
AHRI 1320-2011 regarding specific provisions regarding secondary 
coolants, but otherwise references AHRI 1200-2023 as discussed. AHRI 
1320-2011 is available at www.ahrinet.org/standards.
    ANSI/ASHRAE Standard 72-2022 is an industry-accepted test procedure 
that provides setup, instrumentation, measurement, and test conduct 
instructions for testing CRE. The test procedure discussed in this 
final rule references ASHRAE 72-2022 as the basis for test setup and 
test conduct requirements.
    Errata sheet for ANSI/ASHRAE Standard 72-2022, Method of Testing 
Open and Closed Commercial Refrigerators and Freezers, November 11, 
2022. This errata sheet corrects the note preceding Normative Appendix 
A of ASHRAE 72-2022.
    ASHRAE 72-2022 is available at www.techstreet.com/standards/ashrae-72-2022?product_id=1710927 and the November 11, 2022 Errata is 
available at www.ashrae.org/technical-resources/standards-and-guidelines/standards-errata.
    ASTM F2143-16 is an industry-accepted test procedure that provides 
setup, instrumentation, conditions, measurement, and test conduct 
instructions for testing buffet tables and preparation tables. The test 
procedure discussed in this final rule references ASTM F2143-16 as the 
basis for test setup and test conduct for buffet tables and preparation 
tables. Copies of ASTM F2143-16 can be purchased at www.astm.org/f2143-16.html.
    ASTM E1084-86 (Reapproved 2009), which appears in the regulatory 
text, has already been incorporated by reference for that text; no 
change is being made to this standard.

V. Approval of the Office of the Secretary

    The Secretary of Energy has approved publication of this final 
rule.

List of Subjects

10 CFR Part 429

    Administrative practice and procedure, Confidential business 
information, Energy conservation, Household appliances, Imports, 
Incorporation by reference, Intergovernmental relations, Reporting and 
recordkeeping requirements, Small businesses.

10 CFR Part 431

    Administrative practice and procedure, Confidential business 
information, Energy conservation test procedures, Incorporation by 
reference, and Reporting and recordkeeping requirements.

Signing Authority

    This document of the Department of Energy was signed on September 
8, 2023, by Francisco Alejandro Moreno, Acting Assistant Secretary for 
Energy Efficiency and Renewable Energy, pursuant to delegated authority 
from the Secretary of Energy. That document with the original signature 
and date is maintained by DOE. For administrative purposes only, and in 
compliance with requirements of the Office of the Federal Register, the 
undersigned DOE Federal Register Liaison Officer has been authorized to 
sign and submit the document in electronic format for publication, as 
an official document of the Department of Energy. This administrative 
process in no way alters the legal effect of this document upon 
publication in the Federal Register.

    Signed in Washington, DC, on September 12, 2023.
Treena V. Garrett,
Federal Register Liaison Officer, U.S. Department of Energy.
    For the reasons stated in the preamble, DOE amends parts 429 and 
431 of Chapter II of Title 10, Code of Federal Regulations as set forth 
below:

PART 429--CERTIFICATION, COMPLIANCE, AND ENFORCEMENT FOR CONSUMER 
PRODUCTS AND COMMERCIAL AND INDUSTRIAL EQUIPMENT

0
1. The authority citation for part 429 continues to read as follows:

    Authority: 42 U.S.C. 6291-6317; 28 U.S.C. 2461 note.

0
2. Section 429.42 is amended by adding paragraphs (a)(3) and (4) to 
read as follows:

[[Page 66222]]

Sec.  429.42  Commercial refrigerators, freezers, and refrigerator-
freezers.

    (a) * * *
    (3) Represented value calculations. The volume and total display 
area (TDA) of a basic model, as applicable, is the mean of the measured 
volumes and the mean of the measured TDAs, as applicable, for the 
tested units of the basic model, based on the same tests used to 
determine energy consumption.
    (4) Convertible equipment. Each basic model of commercial 
refrigerator, freezer, or refrigerator-freezer that is capable of 
operating at integrated average temperatures that spans the operating 
temperature range of multiple equipment classes, either by adjusting a 
thermostat for a basic model or by the marketed, designed, or intended 
operation for a basic model with a remote condensing unit but without a 
thermostat, must determine the represented values, which includes the 
certified ratings, either by testing, in conjunction with the 
applicable sampling provisions, or by applying an AEDM to comply with 
the requirements necessary to certify to each equipment class that the 
basic model is capable of operating within.
    (i) Customer order storage cabinets. For customer order storage 
cabinets that have individual-secured compartments that are convertible 
between the >=32 [deg]F and <32 [deg]F operating temperatures, the 
customer order storage cabinets must determine the represented values, 
which includes the certified ratings, either by testing, in conjunction 
with the applicable sampling provisions, or by applying an AEDM, with 
all convertible compartments operating either as medium temperature 
refrigerators or all convertible compartments as low-temperature 
freezers, or at the lowest application product temperature for each 
equipment class as specified in Sec.  431.64 of this chapter, to comply 
with the requirements necessary to certify to each equipment class that 
the basic model is capable of operating within.
    (ii) [Reserved]
* * * * *

0
3. Amend Sec.  429.72 by adding paragraph (f) to read as follows:


Sec.  429.72  Alternative methods for determining non-energy ratings.

* * * * *
    (f) Commercial refrigerators, freezers, and refrigerator-freezers. 
The volume of a basic model of a commercial refrigerator, refrigerator-
freezer, or freezer may be determined by performing a calculation of 
the volume based upon computer-aided design (CAD) models of the basic 
model in lieu of physical measurements of a production unit of the 
basic model. If volume is determined by performing a calculation of 
volume based on CAD drawings, any value of volume of the basic model 
reported to DOE in a certification of compliance in accordance with 
Sec.  429.42(b)(2)(iii) must be calculated using the CAD-derived 
volume(s) and the applicable provisions in the test procedures in 10 
CFR part 431.64 for measuring volume.

0
4. Amend Sec.  429.134 by adding reserved paragraphs (dd) and (ee) and 
paragraph (ff) to read as follows:


Sec.  429.134  Product-specific enforcement provisions.

* * * * *
    (dd)-(ee) [Reserved]
    (ff) Commercial refrigerators, freezers, and refrigerator-
freezers--(1) Verification of volume. The volume will be measured 
pursuant to the test requirements of 10 CFR part 431 for each unit 
tested. The results of the measurement(s) will be averaged and compared 
to the value of the certified volume of the basic model. The certified 
volume will be considered valid only if the average measured volume is 
within five percent of the certified volume.
    (i) If the certified volume is found to be valid, the certified 
volume will be used as the basis for determining the maximum daily 
energy consumption allowed for the basic model.
    (ii) If the certified volume is found to be invalid, the average 
measured volume of the units in the sample will be used as the basis 
for determining the maximum daily energy consumption allowed for the 
basic model.
    (2) Verification of total display area. The total display area will 
be measured pursuant to the test requirements of 10 CFR part 431 for 
each unit tested. The results of the measurement(s) will be averaged 
and compared to the value of the certified total display area of the 
basic model. The certified total display area will be considered valid 
only if the average measured total display area is within five percent 
of the certified total display area.
    (i) If the certified total display area is found to be valid, the 
certified total display area will be used as the basis for determining 
the maximum daily energy consumption allowed for the basic model.
    (ii) If the certified total display area is found to be invalid, 
the average measured total display area of the units in the sample will 
be used as the basis for determining the maximum daily energy 
consumption allowed for the basic model.
    (3) Determination of pull-down temperature application. A 
classification of a basic model as pull-down temperature application 
will be considered valid only if a model meets the definition of 
``pull-down temperature application'' specified in Sec.  431.62 of this 
chapter as follows.
    (i) 12-ounce beverage can temperatures will be measured for 12-
ounce beverage cans loaded at the locations within the commercial 
refrigerator that are as close as possible to the locations that would 
be measured by test simulators according to the test procedure for 
commercial refrigerators specified in Sec.  431.64 of this chapter.
    (ii) The commercial refrigerator will be operated at ambient 
conditions consistent with those specified for commercial refrigerators 
in Sec.  431.64 of this chapter and at the control setting necessary to 
achieve a stable integrated average temperature of 38 [deg]F, prior to 
loading.
    (iii) 12-ounce beverage cans to be fully loaded into the commercial 
refrigerator (with and without temperature measurements) will be 
maintained at 90 [deg]F 2 [deg]F based on the average 
measured 12-ounce beverage can temperatures prior to loading into the 
commercial refrigerator.
    (iv) The duration of pull-down (which must be 12 hours or less) 
will be determined starting from closing the commercial refrigerator 
door after completing the 12-ounce beverage can loading until the 
integrated average temperature reaches 38 [deg]F 2 [deg]F.
    (v) An average stable temperature of 38 [deg]F will be determined 
by operating the commercial refrigerator for an additional 12 hours 
after initially reaching 38 [deg]F 2 [deg]F with no changes 
to control settings, and determining an integrated average temperature 
of 38 [deg]F 2 [deg]F at the end of the 12 hour stability 
period.

PART 431--ENERGY EFFICIENCY PROGRAM FOR CERTAIN COMMERCIAL AND 
INDUSTRIAL EQUIPMENT

0
5. The authority citation for part 431 continues to read as follows:

    Authority: 42 U.S.C. 6291-6317; 28 U.S.C. 2461 note.

0
6. Section 431.62 is revised to read as follows:


Sec.  431.62  Definitions concerning commercial refrigerators, freezers 
and refrigerator-freezers.

    Air-curtain angle means:
    (1) For equipment without doors and without a discharge air grille 
or discharge air honeycomb, the angle

[[Page 66223]]

between a vertical line extended down from the highest point on the 
manufacturer's recommended load limit line and the load limit line 
itself, when the equipment is viewed in cross-section; and
    (2) For all other equipment without doors, the angle formed between 
a vertical line and the straight line drawn by connecting the point at 
the inside edge of the discharge air opening with the point at the 
inside edge of the return air opening, when the equipment is viewed in 
cross-section.
    Basic model means all commercial refrigeration equipment 
manufactured by one manufacturer within a single equipment class, 
having the same primary energy source, and that have essentially 
identical electrical, physical, and functional characteristics that 
affect energy consumption.
    Blast chiller means commercial refrigeration equipment, other than 
a blast freezer, that is capable of the rapid temperature pull-down of 
hot food products from 135 [deg]F to 40 [deg]F within a period of four 
hours, when measured according to the test procedure at appendix D to 
subpart C of part 431.
    Blast freezer means commercial refrigeration equipment that is 
capable of the rapid temperature pull-down of hot food products from 
135 [deg]F to 40 [deg]F within a period of four hours and capable of 
achieving a final product temperature of less than 32 [deg]F, when 
measured according to the test procedure at appendix D to subpart C of 
this part.
    Buffet table or preparation table means a commercial refrigerator 
with an open-top refrigerated area, that may or may not include a lid, 
for displaying or storing merchandise and other perishable materials in 
pans or other removable containers for customer self-service or food 
production and assembly. The unit may or may not be equipped with a 
refrigerated storage compartment underneath the pans or other removable 
containers that is not thermally separated from the open-top 
refrigerated area.
    Chef base or griddle stand means commercial refrigeration equipment 
that has a maximum height of 32 in., including any legs or casters, and 
that is designed and marketed for the express purpose of having a 
griddle or other cooking appliance placed on top of it that is capable 
of reaching temperatures hot enough to cook food.
    Closed solid means equipment with doors, and in which more than 75 
percent of the outer surface area of all doors on a unit are not 
transparent.
    Closed transparent means equipment with doors, and in which 25 
percent or more of the outer surface area of all doors on the unit are 
transparent.
    Commercial freezer means a unit of commercial refrigeration 
equipment in which all refrigerated compartments in the unit are 
capable of operating below 32 [deg]F (2 [deg]F).
    Commercial hybrid means a unit of commercial refrigeration 
equipment:
    (1) That consists of two or more thermally separated refrigerated 
compartments that are in two or more different equipment families, and
    (2) That is sold as a single unit.
    Commercial refrigerator means a unit of commercial refrigeration 
equipment in which all refrigerated compartments in the unit are 
capable of operating at or above 32 [deg]F (2 [deg]F).
    Commercial refrigerator-freezer means a unit of commercial 
refrigeration equipment consisting of two or more refrigerated 
compartments where at least one refrigerated compartment is capable of 
operating at or above 32 [deg]F (2 [deg]F) and at least one 
refrigerated compartment is capable of operating below 32 [deg]F 
(2 [deg]F).
    Commercial refrigerator, freezer, and refrigerator-freezer means 
refrigeration equipment that--
    (1) Is not a consumer product (as defined in Sec.  430.2 of this 
chapter);
    (2) Is not designed and marketed exclusively for medical, 
scientific, or research purposes;
    (3) Operates at a chilled, frozen, combination chilled and frozen, 
or variable temperature;
    (4) Displays or stores merchandise and other perishable materials 
horizontally, semi-vertically, or vertically;
    (5) Has transparent or solid doors, sliding or hinged doors, a 
combination of hinged, sliding, transparent, or solid doors, or no 
doors;
    (6) Is designed for pull-down temperature applications or holding 
temperature applications; and
    (7) Is connected to a self-contained condensing unit or to a remote 
condensing unit.
    Customer order storage cabinet means a commercial refrigerator, 
freezer, or refrigerator-freezer that stores customer orders and 
includes individual, secured compartments with doors that are 
accessible to customers for order retrieval.
    Door means a movable panel that separates the interior volume of a 
unit of commercial refrigeration equipment from the ambient environment 
and is designed to facilitate access to the refrigerated space for the 
purpose of loading and unloading product. This includes hinged doors, 
sliding doors, and drawers. This does not include night curtains.
    Door angle means:
    (1) For equipment with flat doors, the angle between a vertical 
line and the line formed by the plane of the door, when the equipment 
is viewed in cross-section; and
    (2) For equipment with curved doors, the angle formed between a 
vertical line and the straight line drawn by connecting the top and 
bottom points where the display area glass joins the cabinet, when the 
equipment is viewed in cross-section.
    Fully open (for drawers) means opened not less than 80% of their 
full travel.
    High-temperature refrigerator means a commercial refrigerator that 
is not capable of an operating temperature at or below 40.0 [deg]F.
    Holding temperature application means a use of commercial 
refrigeration equipment other than a pull-down temperature application, 
except a blast chiller or freezer.
    Horizontal Closed means equipment with hinged or sliding doors and 
a door angle greater than or equal to 45[deg].
    Horizontal Open means equipment without doors and an air-curtain 
angle greater than or equal to 80[deg] from the vertical.
    Ice-cream freezer means:
    (1) Prior to the compliance date(s) of any amended energy 
conservation standard(s) issued after January 1, 2023 for ice-cream 
freezers (see Sec.  431.66), a commercial freezer that is capable of an 
operating temperature at or below -5.0 [deg]F and that the manufacturer 
designs, markets, or intends specifically for the storing, displaying, 
or dispensing of ice cream or other frozen desserts; or
    (2) Upon the compliance date(s) of any amended energy conservation 
standard(s) issued after January 1, 2023 for ice-cream freezers (see 
Sec.  431.66), a commercial freezer that is capable of an operating 
temperature at or below -13.0 [deg]F and that the manufacturer designs, 
markets, or intends specifically for the storing, displaying, or 
dispensing of ice cream or other frozen desserts.
    Integrated average temperature means the average temperature of all 
test package measurements taken during the test.
    Lighting occupancy sensor means a device which uses passive 
infrared, ultrasonic, or other motion-sensing technology to 
automatically turn off or dim lights within the equipment when no 
motion is detected in the sensor's coverage area for a certain preset 
period of time.
    Lowest application product temperature means the integrated average 
temperature (or for buffet tables or preparation tables, the average 
pan

[[Page 66224]]

temperature of all measurements taken during the test) at which a given 
basic model is capable of consistently operating that is closest to the 
integrated average temperature (or for buffet tables or preparation 
tables, the average pan temperature of all measurements taken during 
the test) specified for testing under the DOE test procedure (see Sec.  
431.64).
    Low-temperature freezer means a commercial freezer that is not an 
ice-cream freezer.
    Medium-temperature refrigerator means a commercial refrigerator 
that is capable of an operating temperature at or below 40.0 [deg]F.
    Mobile refrigerated cabinet means commercial refrigeration 
equipment that is designed and marketed to operate only without a 
continuous power supply.
    Night curtain means a device which is temporarily deployed to 
decrease air exchange and heat transfer between the refrigerated case 
and the surrounding environment.
    Operating temperature means the range of integrated average 
temperatures at which a self-contained commercial refrigeration unit or 
remote-condensing commercial refrigeration unit with a thermostat is 
capable of operating or, in the case of a remote-condensing commercial 
refrigeration unit without a thermostat, the range of integrated 
average temperatures at which the unit is marketed, designed, or 
intended to operate.
    Pull-down temperature application means a commercial refrigerator 
with doors that, when fully loaded with 12-ounce beverage cans at 90 
degrees F, can cool those beverages to an average stable temperature of 
38 degrees F in 12 hours or less.
    Rating temperature means the integrated average temperature a unit 
must maintain during testing (i.e., either as listed in the table at 
Sec.  431.66(d)(1) or the lowest application product temperature).
    Remote condensing unit means a factory-made assembly of 
refrigerating components designed to compress and liquefy a specific 
refrigerant that is remotely located from the refrigerated equipment 
and consists of one or more refrigerant compressors, refrigerant 
condensers, condenser fans and motors, and factory supplied 
accessories.
    Scheduled lighting control means a device which automatically shuts 
off or dims the lighting in a display case at scheduled times 
throughout the day.
    Self-contained condensing unit means a factory-made assembly of 
refrigerating components designed to compress and liquefy a specific 
refrigerant that is an integral part of the refrigerated equipment and 
consists of one or more refrigerant compressors, refrigerant 
condensers, condenser fans and motors, and factory-supplied 
accessories.
    Semivertical Open means equipment without doors and an air-curtain 
angle greater than or equal to 10[deg] and less than 80[deg] from the 
vertical.
    Service over counter means equipment that has sliding or hinged 
doors in the back intended for use by sales personnel, with glass or 
other transparent material in the front for displaying merchandise, and 
that has a height not greater than 66 in. and is intended to serve as a 
counter for transactions between sales personnel and customers.
    Test package means a packaged material that is used as a standard 
product temperature-measuring device.
    Transparent means greater than or equal to 45 percent light 
transmittance, as determined in accordance with ASTM E1084-86 
(Reapproved 2009) (incorporated by reference, see Sec.  431.63) at 
normal incidence and in the intended direction of viewing.
    Vertical Closed means equipment with hinged or sliding doors and a 
door angle less than 45[deg].
    Vertical Open means equipment without doors and an air-curtain 
angle greater than or equal to 0[deg] and less than 10[deg] from the 
vertical.
    Wedge case means a commercial refrigerator, freezer, or 
refrigerator-freezer that forms the transition between two regularly 
shaped display cases.

0
7. Amend Sec.  431.63 by revising paragraphs (a), (c), (d), and (e) to 
read as follows:


Sec.  431.63  Materials incorporated by reference.

    (a) Certain material is incorporated by reference into this subpart 
with the approval of the Director of the Federal Register in accordance 
with 5 U.S.C. 552(a) and 1 CFR part 51. To enforce any edition other 
than that specified in this section, the DOE must publish a document in 
the Federal Register and the material must be available to the public. 
All approved incorporation by reference (IBR) material is available for 
inspection at DOE and at the National Archives and Records 
Administration (NARA). Contact DOE at: the U.S. Department of Energy, 
Office of Energy Efficiency and Renewable Energy, Building Technologies 
Program, 1000 Independence Avenue SW, EE-5B, Washington, DC 20024, 
(202)-586-9127, [email protected], www.energy.gov/eere/buildings/building-technologies-office. For information on the availability of 
this material at NARA, visit www.archives.gov/federal-register/cfr/ibr-locations.html or email: [email protected]. The material may be 
obtained from the sources in the following paragraphs of this section:
* * * * *
    (c) AHRI. Air-Conditioning, Heating, and Refrigeration Institute, 
2111 Wilson Blvd., Suite 500, Arlington, VA 22201; (703) 524-8800; 
[email protected]; www.ahrinet.org/.
    (1) ARI Standard 1200-2006, Performance Rating of Commercial 
Refrigerated Display Merchandisers and Storage Cabinets, 2006; IBR 
approved for Sec.  431.66.
    (2) AHRI Standard 1200 (I-P)-2010 (``AHRI Standard 1200 (I-P)-
2010''), 2010 Standard for Performance Rating of Commercial 
Refrigerated Display Merchandisers and Storage Cabinets, 2010; IBR 
approved for Sec.  431.66.
    (3) AHRI Standard 1200-2023 (I-P) (``AHRI 1200-2023''), 2023 
Standard for Performance Rating of Commercial Refrigerated Display 
Merchandisers and Storage Cabinets, copyright 2023; IBR approved for 
appendices B, C, and D to this subpart.
    (4) AHRI Standard 1320-2011 (I-P), (``AHRI 1320-2011'') 2011 
Standard for Performance Rating of Commercial Refrigerated Display 
Merchandisers and Storage Cabinets for Use With Secondary Refrigerants, 
copyright 2011; IBR approved for appendix B to this subpart.
    (d) ASHRAE. The American Society of Heating, Refrigerating, and 
Air-Conditioning Engineers, Inc., 1971 Tullie Circle NE, Atlanta, GA 
30329; (404) 636-8400; [email protected]; www.ashrae.org/.
    (1) ANSI/ASHRAE Standard 72-2022 (ASHRAE 72-2022), Method of 
Testing Open and Closed Commercial Refrigerators and Freezers, approved 
June 30, 2022; IBR approved for appendices B, C, and D to this subpart.
    (2) Errata sheet for ANSI/ASHRAE Standard 72-2022 (ASHRAE 72-2022 
Errata), Method of Testing Open and Closed Commercial Refrigerators and 
Freezers, November 11, 2022; IBR approved for appendices B, C, and D to 
this subpart.
    (e) ASTM. ASTM International, 100 Barr Harbor Drive, P.O. Box C700, 
West Conshohocken, PA 19428; (877) 909-2786; www.astm.org/.
    (1) ASTM E1084-86 (Reapproved 2009), Standard Test Method for Solar 
Transmittance (Terrestrial) of Sheet Materials Using Sunlight, approved 
April 1, 2009; IBR approved for Sec.  431.62.
    (2) ASTM F2143-16, Standard Test Method for Performance of 
Refrigerated

[[Page 66225]]

Buffet and Preparation Tables, approved May 1, 2016; IBR approved for 
appendix C to this subpart.

0
8. Section 431.64 is revised to read as follows:


Sec.  431.64  Uniform test method for the measurement of energy 
consumption of commercial refrigerators, freezers, and refrigerator-
freezers.

    (a) Scope. This section provides the test procedures for measuring, 
pursuant to EPCA, the energy consumption or energy efficiency for a 
given equipment category of commercial refrigerators, freezers, and 
refrigerator-freezers.
    (b) Testing and calculations. (1) Determine the daily energy 
consumption and volume or total display area of each covered commercial 
refrigerator, freezer, or refrigerator-freezer by conducting the 
appropriate test procedure set forth below in appendix B, to this 
subpart. The daily energy consumption of commercial refrigeration 
equipment shall be calculated using raw measured values and the final 
test results shall be reported in increments of 0.01 kWh/day.
    (2) Determine the daily energy consumption and pan storage volume, 
pan display area, and refrigerated volume of each buffet table or 
preparation table by conducting the appropriate test procedure set 
forth below in appendix C to this subpart. The daily energy consumption 
shall be calculated using raw measured values and the final test 
results shall be recorded in increments of 0.01 kWh/day.
    (3) Determine the energy consumption per weight of product and 
product capacity of each blast chiller and blast freezer by conducting 
the appropriate test procedure set forth below in appendix D to this 
subpart. The energy consumption per weight of product shall be 
calculated using raw measured values and the final test results shall 
be recorded in increments of 0.01 kWh/lb.

Appendix A [Removed and Reserved]

0
9. Appendix A to subpart C of part 431 is removed and reserved.

0
10. Appendix B to subpart C of part 431 is revised to read as follows:

Appendix B to Subpart C of Part 431--Uniform Test Method for the 
Measurement of Energy Consumption of Commercial Refrigerators, 
Freezers, and Refrigerator-Freezers

    Note:  On or after September 20, 2024, any representations, 
including for certification of compliance, made with respect to the 
energy use or efficiency of commercial refrigeration equipment, 
except for buffet tables or preparation tables, blast chillers, 
blast freezers, or mobile refrigerated cabinets, must be made in 
accordance with the results of testing pursuant to this appendix. 
Prior to September 20, 2024, any representations with respect to 
energy use or efficiency of commercial refrigeration equipment, 
except for buffet tables or preparation tables, blast chillers, 
blast freezers, or mobile refrigerated cabinets, must be made either 
in accordance with the results of testing pursuant to this appendix 
or with the results of testing pursuant to this appendix as it 
appeared in appendix B to subpart C of part 431 in the 10 CFR parts 
200-499 edition revised as of January 1, 2023. Buffet tables or 
preparation tables are subject to the test method requirements in 
appendix C to subpart C of part 431. Blast chillers and blast 
freezers are subject to the test method requirements in appendix D 
to subpart C of part 431.
    The test procedure for equipment cooled only by secondary 
coolants in section 1.1.3 of this appendix is not required for use 
until the compliance date(s) of any amended energy conservation 
standard(s) (see Sec.  431.66) for such commercial refrigeration 
equipment.
    High-temperature refrigerators must be tested as medium-
temperature refrigerators according to section 2.1.3 of this 
appendix based on the lowest application product temperature until 
the compliance date(s) of any amended energy conservation 
standard(s) (see Sec.  431.66) established for high-temperature 
refrigerators. On and after the compliance date(s) of such energy 
conservation standard(s) (see Sec.  431.66), high-temperature 
refrigerators must be tested as high-temperature refrigerators 
according to section 2.1.4 of this appendix.

0. Incorporation by Reference

    DOE incorporated by reference in Sec.  431.63 the entire 
standard for AHRI 1200-2023; AHRI 1320-2011; ASHRAE 72-2022 and 
ASHRAE 72-2022 Errata (the latter two collectively referenced as 
ASHRAE 72-2022 with Errata). However, only enumerated provisions of 
AHRI 1200-2023 and AHRI 1320-2011 are applicable to this appendix as 
follows:
    0.1. AHRI 1200-2023
    (a) Section 3, ``Definitions,'' as referenced in section 1.1 of 
this appendix.
    (b) Section 3.2.8, ``Dew Point,'' as referenced in section 2.2. 
of this appendix.
    (c) Section 3.2.20, ``Total Display Area (TDA),'' as referenced 
in section 3.2 of this appendix.
    (d) Section 4, ``Test Requirements,'' as referenced in section 
1.1 of this appendix.
    (e) Section 4.1.1.1, ``High Temperature Applications,'' as 
referenced in section 2.1.4 of this appendix.
    (f) Section 4.1.1.2, ``Ice Cream Applications,'' as referenced 
in section 2.1.1 of this appendix.
    (g) Section 4.1.1.3, ``Low Temperature Applications,'' as 
referenced in section 2.1.2 of this appendix.
    (h) Section 4.1.1.4, ``Medium Temperature Applications,'' as 
referenced in section 2.1.3 of this appendix.
    (i) Section 5.1, ``Rating Requirements for Remote Commercial 
Refrigerated Display Merchandisers and Storage Cabinets'' as 
referenced in sections 1.1.2, 1.1.3, and 1.5.3.3 of this appendix.
    (j) Section 5.2, ``Rating Requirements for Self-Contained 
Commercial Refrigerated Display Merchandisers and Storage 
Cabinets,'' as referenced in section 1.1.1 of this appendix.
    (k) Section 9, ``Symbols and Subscripts,'' as referenced in 
section 1.1 and 2.2 of this appendix.
    (l) Appendix C, ``Commercial Refrigerated Display Merchandiser 
and Storage Cabinet Refrigerated Volume Calculation--Normative'' as 
referenced in section 3.1 of this appendix.
    (m) Appendix D, ``Commercial Refrigerated Display Merchandiser 
and Storage Cabinet Total Display Area (TDA) Calculation--
Normative,'' as referenced in section 3.2 of this appendix.
    0.2. AHRI 1320-2011
    (a) Sections 5.2.7 and 5.2.8 as referenced in section 1.1.3 of 
this appendix.
    (b) [Reserved].

1. Test Procedure

    1.1. Determination of Daily Energy Consumption. Determine the 
daily energy consumption of each covered commercial refrigerator, 
freezer, or refrigerator-freezer by conducting the test procedure 
set forth in AHRI 1200-2023, section 3, ``Definitions,'' section 4, 
``Test Requirements,'' and section 9, ``Symbols and Subscripts.''
    1.1.1. For each commercial refrigerator, freezer, or 
refrigerator-freezer with a self-contained condensing unit, also use 
AHRI 1200-2023, section 5.2, ``Rating Requirements for Self-
Contained Commercial Refrigerated Display Merchandisers and Storage 
Cabinets.''
    1.1.2. For each commercial refrigerator, freezer, or 
refrigerator-freezer with a remote condensing unit, also use AHRI 
1200-2023, section 5.1, ``Rating Requirements for Remote Commercial 
Refrigerated Display Merchandisers and Storage Cabinets.''
    1.1.3. For each commercial refrigerator, freezer, or 
refrigerator-freezer used with a secondary coolant, test according 
to section 1.1.2 of this appendix, except in place of the equations 
for CDEC and CEC in sections 5.1.2 and 5.1.2.1 of AHRI 1200-2023, 
respectively, apply the following equations:

CDEC = CEC + [FEC + LEC + AEC + DEC + PEC]* + CPEC

CEC = [(Qrt + QCP) [middot] (t - 
tdt)]/(EER [middot] 1000)

    Where CPEC and QCP are as specified in sections 5.2.7 
and 5.2.8 of AHRI 1320-2011 and EER is determined based on a 
temperature that is 6.0 [deg]F lower than the secondary coolant 
cabinet inlet temperature.
    1.2. Methodology for Determining Applicability of Transparent 
Door Equipment Families. To determine if a door for a given model of 
commercial refrigeration equipment is transparent:
    (a) Calculate the outer door surface area including frames and 
mullions;
    (b) calculate the transparent surface area within the outer door 
surface area excluding frames and mullions;
    (c) calculate the ratio of (2) to (1) for each of the outer 
doors; and

[[Page 66226]]

    (d) the ratio for the transparent surface area of all outer 
doors must be greater than 0.25 to qualify as a transparent 
equipment family.
    1.3. Drawers. Drawers shall be treated as identical to doors 
when conducting the DOE test procedure. Commercial refrigeration 
equipment with drawers intended for use with pans shall be 
configured with stainless steel food service pans, installed in a 
configuration per the manufacturer's instructions utilizing the 
maximum pan sizes specified. If the manufacturer does not specify 
the pan sizes, the maximum pan depth and pan volume allowed shall be 
used. For commercial refrigeration equipment with drawers intended 
for use with pans, the net usable volume includes only the interior 
volume of the pan(s) in the drawer. The net usable volume shall be 
measured by the amount of water needed to fill all the pan(s) to 
within 0.5 inches of the top rim, or determined by calculating the 
total volume of all pan(s) using the pan manufacturers' published 
pan volume. For commercial refrigeration equipment with drawers not 
intended for pans, the net usable volume shall be equal to the total 
volume of the drawer to the top edge of the drawer. Test simulators 
shall be placed in commercial refrigeration equipment with drawers 
as follows: For each drawer, there shall be two test simulators 
placed at each of the following locations: at the left end, at the 
right end, and at consistent 24 inch to 48 inch intervals across the 
width of the drawer (for drawers wider than 48 inches). For drawers 
with overall internal width of 48 inches or less, only the left and 
right ends shall have test simulators. If test simulators are to be 
placed at a pan edge or divider, the test simulator shall be placed 
at the nearest adjacent location. For each drawer, one test 
simulator shall be placed on the bottom of the pan or drawer at each 
of the front and rear test simulator locations of the drawer. Test 
simulators shall be placed in contact with the drawer or pan end or 
ends unless load limiting stops are provided as part of the case. 
Test simulators shall be secured such that the test simulators do 
not move during the test. The net usable volume where test 
simulators are not required shall be filled with filler material so 
that between 60 percent and 80 percent of the net usable volume is 
occupied by test simulators and uniformly occupied by filler 
material.
    1.4. Long-time Automatic Defrost. For commercial refrigeration 
equipment not capable of operating with defrost intervals of 24 
hours or less, testing may be conducted using a two-part test 
method.
    1.4.1. First Part of Test. The first part of the test shall be a 
24-hour test starting in steady-state conditions and including eight 
hours of door opening (according to ASHRAE 72-2022 with Errata). The 
energy consumed in this test, ET1, shall be recorded.
    1.4.2. Second Part of Test. The second part of the test shall be 
a defrost cycle, including any operation associated with a defrost. 
The start and end of the test period be determined as the last time 
before and first time after a defrost occurrence when the measured 
average simulator temperature (i.e., the instantaneous average of 
all test simulator temperature measurements) is within 0.5 [deg]F of 
the IAT as measured during the first part of the test. The energy 
consumed in this test, ET2, and duration, tDI, shall be 
recorded.
    1.4.3. Daily Energy Consumption. Based on the measured energy 
consumption in these two tests, the daily energy consumption (DEC) 
in kWh shall be calculated as:
[GRAPHIC] [TIFF OMITTED] TR26SE23.007

Where:

DEC = daily energy consumption, in kWh;
ET 1 = energy consumed during the first part of the test, in kWh;
ET 2 = energy consumed during the second part of the test, in kWh;
tNDI = normalized length of defrosting time per day, in 
minutes;
tDI = length of time of defrosting test period, in 
minutes;
tDC = minimum time between defrost occurrences, in days; 
and
1440 = conversion factor, minutes per day.

    1.5. Customer Order Storage Cabinets. Customer order storage 
cabinets shall conduct door openings according to ASHRAE 72-2022 
with Errata, except that each door shall be opened to the fully open 
position for 8 seconds, once every 2 hours, for 6 door-opening 
cycles.
    1.5.1. Ambient Compartments. For customer order storage cabinets 
that have at least one individual-secured compartment that is not 
capable of maintaining an integrated average temperature below the 
ambient dry-bulb temperature, the individual-secured compartment(s) 
at ambient dry-bulb temperature shall be categorized as a high-
temperature refrigerator compartment for the purpose of testing and 
rating. All volume, total display area, and energy consumption 
calculations shall be included within the high-temperature 
refrigerator category and summed with other high-temperature 
refrigerator category compartment(s) calculations.
    1.5.2. Convertible Compartments. For customer order storage 
cabinets that have individual-secured compartments that are 
convertible between the ambient dry-bulb temperature and the >=32 
[deg]F operating temperature, the convertible compartment shall be 
tested as a medium-temperature refrigerator compartment or at the 
lowest application product temperature as specified in section 2.2 
of this appendix.
    1.5.3. Inverse Refrigeration Load Test. For customer order 
storage cabinets that supply refrigerant to multiple individual-
secured compartments and that allow the suction pressure from the 
evaporator in each individual-secured compartment to float based on 
the temperature required to store the customer order in that 
individual-secured compartment, test according to section 1.1.2 of 
this appendix, except that energy (heat) loss shall be allowed at a 
rate and [Delta]T equivalent to the energy gains of a standard 
refrigerated cabinet as specified in sections 1.5.3.1-1.5.3.3 of 
this appendix.
    1.5.3.1. Anti-sweat door heaters. Anti-sweat door heaters shall 
be de-energized for the inverse refrigeration load test specified in 
section 1.5.3. of this appendix.
    1.5.3.2. Integrated Average Temperature. For medium-temperature 
refrigerator compartments, the integrated average temperature shall 
be 112.4 [deg]F 2.0 [deg]F. For low-temperature freezer 
compartments, the integrated average temperature shall be 150.4 
[deg]F 2.0 [deg]F. For ambient compartments, the 
integrated average temperature shall be 75.4 [deg]F 2.0 
[deg]F.
    1.5.3.3. Daily Energy Consumption. Determine the calculated 
daily energy consumption (``CDEC'') and the EER based on AHRI 1200-
2023, section 5.1, ``Rating Requirements for Remote Commercial 
Refrigerated Display Merchandisers and Storage Cabinets,'' except 
that the compressor energy consumption (``CEC'') shall be calculated 
by applying the following equations:

[[Page 66227]]

[GRAPHIC] [TIFF OMITTED] TR26SE23.006

ML = Nd x (Ae + Am)

Ae = [(Ha - Hc) - (Ht - Ha)] x ma

Am = Cp,liner x Wliner x [Delta]Tliner

Where:

CEC = compressor energy consumption, kWh per day;
Q = inverse refrigeration load (does not include waste heat from 
auxiliary components and moisture infiltration), in BTU per h;
t = test duration, in h;
ML = moisture load impacts, BTU per day;
FEC = evaporator fan motor(s) energy consumption, Wh per day;
AEC = anti-condensate heater(s) energy consumption, Wh per day;
DEC = defrost heater(s) energy consumption, Wh per day;
3.412 = conversion factor, BTU per Wh;
EER = energy efficiency ratio, BTU per Wh;
1000 = conversion factor, W per kW;
Win = energy input measured over the test period for all energized 
components (heaters, controls, and fans) located in the refrigerated 
compartments, in Wh;
Nd = number of door openings during test, unitless;
Ae = enthalpy adjustment, BTU per day;
Am = moisture/frost accumulation, BTU per day;
Ha = ambient air enthalpy, BTU per pound;
Hc = compartment air enthalpy based on air conditions during cold 
operation (e.g., 0 [deg]F dry bulb/-20 [deg]F dew point for freezer 
compartment, 38 [deg]F dry bulb/20 [deg]F dew point for refrigerator 
compartment, 75 [deg]F dry bulb/20 [deg]F dew point for ambient 
compartment), BTU per pound;
Ht = compartment air enthalpy during heat leak test based on dew 
point being equal to ambient air dew point, BTU per pound;
ma = mass of compartment air exchanged (30% of total 
compartment volume) based density of air during cold operation, 
pounds;
Cp,liner = specific heat of liner material, BTU per [deg]F per 
pound;
Wliner = weight of all liner parts, pounds; and
[Delta]Tliner = maximum temperature rise of all liner parts (e.g., 
4.5 [deg]F, 2.5 [deg]F, and 1 [deg]F for freezer, refrigerator, and 
ambient compartments, respectively), [deg]F.

2. Test Conditions

    2.1. Integrated Average Temperatures. Conduct the testing 
required in section 1 of this appendix, and determine the daily 
energy consumption at the applicable integrated average temperature 
as follows:
    2.1.1. Ice-Cream Freezers. Test ice-cream freezers and ice-cream 
freezer compartments to the integrated average temperature specified 
in section 4.1.1.2, ``Ice Cream Applications,'' of AHRI 1200-2023.
    2.1.2. Low-Temperature Freezers. Test low-temperature freezers 
and low-temperature freezer compartments to the integrated average 
temperature specified in section 4.1.1.3, ``Low Temperature 
Applications,'' of AHRI 1200-2023.
    2.1.3. Medium-Temperature Refrigerators. Test medium-temperature 
refrigerators and medium-temperature refrigerator compartments to 
the integrated average temperature specified in section 4.1.1.4, 
``Medium Temperature Applications,'' of AHRI 1200-2023.
    2.1.4. High-Temperature Refrigerators. Test high-temperature 
refrigerators and high-temperature refrigerator compartments to the 
integrated average temperature specified in section 4.1.1.1, ``High 
Temperature Applications,'' of AHRI 1200-2023.
    2.2. Lowest Application Product Temperature. If a unit of 
commercial refrigeration equipment is not able to be operated at the 
integrated average temperature specified in section 2.1 of this 
appendix, test the unit at the lowest application product 
temperature (LAPT), as defined in Sec.  431.62. For units equipped 
with a thermostat, LAPT is the measured temperature at the lowest 
thermostat setting of the unit (for units that are only able to 
operate at temperatures above the specified test temperature) or the 
highest thermostat setting of the unit (for units that are only able 
to operate at temperatures below the specified test temperature). 
For remote condensing equipment without a thermostat or other means 
of controlling temperature at the case, the lowest application 
product temperature is measured at the temperature achieved with the 
dew point temperature (as defined in section 3.2.8, ``Dew Point,'' 
of AHRI 1200-2023) or mid-point evaporator temperature (as defined 
in section 9, ``Symbols and Subscripts,'' of AHRI 1200-2023) set to 
5 degrees colder than that required to maintain the manufacturer's 
specified application temperature that is closest to the specified 
integrated average temperature.
    2.3. Testing at NSF Test Conditions. For commercial 
refrigeration equipment that is also tested in accordance with NSF 
test procedures (Type I and Type II), integrated average 
temperatures and ambient conditions used for NSF testing may be used 
in place of the DOE-prescribed integrated average temperatures and 
ambient conditions provided they result in a more stringent test. 
That is, the measured daily energy consumption of the same unit, 
when tested at the rating temperatures and/or ambient conditions 
specified in the DOE test procedure, must be lower than or equal to 
the measured daily energy consumption of the unit when tested with 
the rating temperatures or ambient conditions used for NSF testing. 
The integrated average temperature measured during the test may be 
lower than the range specified by the DOE applicable temperature 
specification provided in section 2.1 of this appendix, but may not 
exceed the upper value of the specified range. Ambient temperatures 
and/or humidity values may be higher than those specified in the DOE 
test procedure.
    2.4. Liquid Refrigerant Pressure Required Accuracy. The liquid 
refrigerant pressure required accuracy is 35 kPa (5.1 psi).
    2.5 Commercial Refrigerator, Freezer, and Refrigerator-Freezer 
connected to a Direct Expansion Remote Condensing Unit with R-744. 
For commercial refrigerators, freezers, and refrigerator-freezers 
connected to a direct expansion remote condensing unit with R-744, 
instead of the liquid refrigerant measurements for direct-expansion 
remote units specified in appendix A to ASHRAE 72-2022 with Errata, 
the liquid refrigerant measurements for direct-expansion remote 
units shall be: liquid refrigerant temperature shall be 30.0 [deg]F 
with a tolerance for the average over test period of 3.0 
[deg]F and a tolerance for the individual measurements of 5.0 [deg]F; liquid refrigerant pressure shall be the saturated 
liquid pressure corresponding to a condensing temperature in the 
range of 32.0 [deg]F to 44.0 [deg]F for the average over test 
period; and liquid refrigerant subcooling shall be greater than 2.0 
[deg]R for the average over test period.
    2.6 Chef Base or Griddle Stand Test Conditions. For chef bases 
or griddle stands, instead of the dry-bulb temperature, wet-bulb 
temperature, and radiant heat temperature specified in appendix A to 
ASHRAE 72-2022 with Errata: dry-bulb temperature shall be 86.0 
[deg]F with a tolerance for the average over test period of 1.8 [deg]F and a tolerance for the individual measurements of 
3.6 [deg]F; wet-bulb temperature shall be 73.7 [deg]F 
with a tolerance for the average over test period of 1.8 
[deg]F and a tolerance for the individual measurements of 3.6 [deg]F; and radiant heat temperature shall be greater than 
or equal to 81.0 [deg]F.

3. Volume and Total Display Area

    3.1. Determination of Volume. Determine the volume of a 
commercial refrigerator, freezer, and refrigerator-freezer using the 
method set forth in AHRI 1200-2023, appendix C, ``Commercial 
Refrigerated Display Merchandiser and Storage Cabinet Refrigerated 
Volume Calculation--Normative.''
    3.2. Determination of Total Display Area. Determine the total 
display area of a commercial refrigerator, freezer, and 
refrigerator-freezer using the method set forth in AHRI 1200-2023, 
section 3.2.20, ``Total Display Area (TDA),'' and appendix D, 
``Commercial Refrigerated Display Merchandiser and Storage Cabinet 
Total Display Area (TDA) Calculation--Normative.''

[[Page 66228]]


0
11. Appendix C to subpart C of part 431 is added to read as follows:

Appendix C to Subpart C of Part 431--Uniform Test Method for the 
Measurement of Energy Consumption of Buffet Tables or Preparation 
Tables

    Note:  On or after September 20, 2024, any representations, 
including for certification of compliance, made with respect to the 
energy use or efficiency of buffet tables or preparation tables must 
be made in accordance with the results of testing pursuant to this 
appendix.

0. Incorporation by Reference

    DOE incorporated by reference in Sec.  431.63 the entire 
standard for AHRI 1200-2023, ASHRAE 72-2022, ASHRAE 72-2022 Errata 
(the latter two collectively referenced as ASHRAE 72-2022 with 
Errata), and ASTM F2143-16. However, only enumerated provisions of 
those documents are applicable to this appendix as follows:
    0.1. AHRI 1200-2023
    (a) Section 3.2.17, ``Refrigerated Volume (Vr),'' as referenced 
in section 2.2 of this appendix.
    (b) Normative Appendix C, ``Commercial Refrigerated Display 
Merchandiser and Storage Cabinet Refrigerated Volume Calculation,'' 
as referenced in section 2.2 of this appendix.
    0.2 ASHRAE 72-2022 with Errata
    (a) Section 5.1, ``Installation and Settings,'' as referenced in 
section 1.3 of this appendix.
    (b) Section 5.2, ``Wall or Vertical Partition Placement,'' as 
referenced in section 1.3 of this appendix.
    (c) Section 5.3, ``Components and Accessories,'' as referenced 
in section 1.3 of this appendix.
    (d) Section 6.1, ``Ambient Temperature and Humidity,'' as 
referenced in section 1.2 of this appendix.
    (e) Section 7.1, ``Sequence of Operations,'' as referenced in 
section 1.5 of this appendix.
    (f) Section 7.2, ``Preparation Period'' (excluding sections 
7.2.1 and 7.2.2), as referenced in section 1.5 of this appendix.
    (g) Section 7.3, ``Test Periods A and B'' (excluding sections 
7.3.1, 7.3.2, 7.3.3, and 7.3.4), as referenced in sections 1.5 and 
1.5.1 of this appendix.
    (h) Section 7.4, ``Test Alignment Period,'' as referenced in 
section 1.5 of this appendix.
    (i) Section 7.5, ``Determining Stability,'' as referenced in 
sections 1.5 and 1.5.2 of this appendix.
    (j) Normative Appendix A, ``Measurement Locations, Tolerances, 
Accuracies, and Other Characteristics,'' (only the measured 
quantities specified in section 1.2 of this appendix) as referenced 
in sections 1.2 and 1.5.3 of this appendix.
    0.3 ASTM F2143-16
    (a) Section 3, ``Terminology,'' as referenced in section 1.1 of 
this appendix.
    (b) Section 6.1, ``Analytical Balance Scale,'' as referenced in 
section 1.1 of this appendix.
    (c) Section 6.2, ``Pans,'' as referenced in section 1.1 of this 
appendix.
    (d) Section 7, ``Reagents and Materials,'' as referenced in 
section 1.1 of this appendix.
    (e) Section 9, ``Preparation of Apparatus'' (section 9.6 only), 
as referenced in sections 1.1 and 1.4.2 of this appendix.
    (f) Section 10.1, ``General'' (section 10.1.1 only), as 
referenced in sections 1.1 and 1.5.3 of this appendix.
    (g) Section 10.2, ``Pan Thermocouple Placement,'' as referenced 
in section 1.1 of this appendix.
    (h) Section 10.5, ``Test'' (sections 10.5.5 and 10.5.6 only), as 
referenced in sections 1.1 and 1.5.1 of this appendix.
    (i) Section 11.4, ``Energy Consumption'' (section 11.4.1 only), 
as referenced in section 1.1 of this appendix.
    (j) Section 11.5, ``Production Capacity,'' as referenced in 
sections 1.1 and 2.1 of this appendix.

1. Test Procedure

    1.1. Determination of Daily Energy Consumption. Determine the 
daily energy consumption of each buffet table or preparation table 
with a self-contained condensing unit by conducting the test 
procedure set forth in ASTM F2143-16 section 3, ``Terminology,'' 
section 6.1, ``Analytical Balance Scale,'' section 6.2, ``Pans,'' 
section 7, ``Reagents and Materials,'' section 9.6, ``Preparation of 
Apparatus'', section 10.1, ``General'' (section 10.1.1 only), 
section 10.2, ``Pan Thermocouple Placement,'' section 10.5, ``Test'' 
(sections 10.5.5 and 10.5.6 only), section 11.4, ``Energy 
Consumption'' (section 11.4.1 only), and section 11.5, ``Production 
Capacity,'' with additional instructions as described in the 
following sections.
    1.2. Test Conditions. Ambient conditions and instrumentation for 
testing shall be as specified in the ``Chamber conditions'' and 
``Electricity supply and consumption of unit under test and 
components metered separately'' portions of appendix A to ASHRAE 72-
2022 with Errata and measured according to section 6.1 of ASHRAE 72-
2022 with Errata and the specifications in appendix A of ASHRAE 72-
2022 with Errata. The ``highest point'' of the buffet table or 
preparation table shall be determined as the highest point of the 
open-top refrigerated area of the buffet table or preparation table, 
without including the height of any lids or covers. The geometric 
center of the buffet table or preparation table is: for buffet 
tables or preparation tables without refrigerated compartments, the 
geometric center of the top surface of the open-top refrigerated 
area; and for buffet tables or preparation tables with refrigerated 
compartments, the geometric center of the door opening area for the 
refrigerated compartment.
    1.3. Test Setup. Install the buffet table or preparation table 
according to sections 5.1, 5.2, and 5.3 of ASHRAE 72-2022 with 
Errata.
    1.4. Test Load.
    1.4.1. Pan Loading. Fill pans with distilled water to within 0.5 
in. of the top edge of the pan. For pans that are not configured in 
a horizontal orientation, only the lowest side of the pan is filled 
to within 0.5 in. of the top edge of the pan with distilled water.
    1.4.2. Refrigerated Compartments. Measure the temperature of any 
refrigerated compartment(s) as specified in section 9.6 of ASTM 
F2143-16. The thermocouples for measuring compartment air 
temperature shall be in thermal contact with the center of a 1.6-oz 
(45-g) cylindrical brass slug with a diameter and height of 0.75 in. 
The brass slugs shall be placed at least 0.5 in from any heat-
conducting surface.
    1.5. Stabilization and Test Period. Prepare the unit for testing 
and conduct two test periods to determine stability according to 
sections 7.1 through 7.5 of ASHRAE 72-2022 with Errata, excluding 
sections 7.2.1, 7.2.2, 7.3.1, 7.3.2, 7.3.3, and 7.3.4. The 
preparation period under section 7.2 of ASHRAE 72-2022 with Errata 
includes loading the test unit pans with distilled water and 
adjusting the controls to maintain the desired performance.
    1.5.1. Test Periods A and B. Conduct two test periods, A and B, 
as specified in section 7.3 of ASHRAE 72-2022 with Errata (excluding 
sections 7.3.1, 7.3.2, 7.3.3, and 7.3.4). The 24-hour test periods 
shall begin with an 8-hour active period as specified in section 
10.5.5 of ASTM F2143-16. Following the active period, the remaining 
16 hours of the test period shall be a standby period with the pans 
remaining in place, any pan covers in the closed position, and with 
no additional door openings.
    1.5.2. Stability. Average pan temperatures shall be used to 
determine stability, as specified in section 7.5 of ASHRAE 72-2022 
with Errata, rather than average test simulator temperatures.
    1.5.3. Data Recording. For each test period, record data as 
specified in section 10.1.1 of ASTM F2143-16, except record wet-bulb 
temperature rather than relative humidity. Rather than voltage, 
current, and power as specified in section 10.1.1 of ASTM F2143-16, 
record the electrical supply potential and frequency and energy 
consumption as specified in appendix A of ASHRAE 72-2022 with 
Errata.
    1.6. Target Temperatures.
    1.6.1. Average Pan Temperature. The average of all pan 
temperature measurements during the test period shall be 38 [deg]F 
2 [deg]F. If the unit under test is not able to be 
operated at this average temperature range, test the unit at the 
lowest application product temperature (LAPT), as defined in Sec.  
431.62. For units equipped with a thermostat, LAPT is measured at 
the lowest thermostat setting of the unit (for units that are only 
able to operate at temperatures above the specified test 
temperature) or the highest thermostat setting of the unit (for 
units that are only able to operate at temperatures below the 
specified test temperature).
    1.6.2. Average Compartment Temperature. The average of all 
compartment temperature measurements during the test period shall be 
38 [deg]F 2 [deg]F. If the unit under test is not 
capable of maintaining both average pan temperature and average 
compartment temperature within the specified range, the average 
compartment temperature shall be the average temperature necessary 
to maintain average pan temperature within the specified range. If 
the unit is tested at the LAPT for the average pan temperature, as 
described in section 1.6.1 of this appendix, the average compartment 
temperature is the average of all compartment temperature 
measurements at that control setting.

[[Page 66229]]

2. Capacity Metrics

    2.1. Pan Volume. Determine pan volume according to section 11.5 
of ASTM F2143-16.
    2.2. Refrigerated Volume. Determine the volume of any 
refrigerated compartments according to section 3.2.17 and appendix C 
of AHRI 1200-2023. The refrigerated volume excludes the volume 
occupied by pans loaded in the open-top display area for testing.
    2.3. Pan Display Area. Determine the pan display area based on 
the total surface area of water in the test pans when filled to 
within 0.5 in. of the top edge of the pan, or for test pans that are 
not configured in a horizontal orientation, when the lowest side of 
the pan is filled to within 0.5 in. of the top edge of the pan with 
water.

0
12. Appendix D to subpart C of part 431 is added to read as follows:

Appendix D to Subpart C of Part 431--Uniform Test Method for the 
Measurement of Energy Consumption of Blast Chillers or Blast Freezers

    Note:  On or after September 20, 2024, any representations, 
including for certification of compliance, made with respect to the 
energy use or efficiency of blast chillers or blast freezers must be 
made in accordance with the results of testing pursuant to this 
appendix.

0. Incorporation by Reference

    DOE incorporated by reference in Sec.  431.63 the entire 
standard for AHRI 1200-2023, ASHRAE 72-2022, and ASHRAE 72-2022 
Errata (the latter two collectively referenced as ASHRAE 72-2022 
with Errata). However, only enumerated provisions of those documents 
are applicable to this appendix as follows:
    0.1 AHRI 1200-2023
    (a) Appendix C, ``Commercial Refrigerated Display Merchandiser 
and Storage Cabinet Refrigerated Volume Calculation--Normative,'' as 
referenced in section 1.1.1. of this appendix.
    (b) Reserved.
    0.2 ASHRAE 72-2022 with Errata
    (a) Section 4, ``Instruments,'' as referenced in section 1.2 of 
this appendix.
    (b) Section 5, ``Preparation of Unit Under Test'' (except 
section 5.4, ``Loading of Test Simulators and Filler Material''), as 
referenced in section 1.2 of this appendix.
    (c) Section 6.1, ``Ambient Temperature and Humidity,'' as 
referenced in sections 1.2 and 1.4 of this appendix.
    (d) Figure 6, ``Location of Ambient Temperature Indicators,'' as 
referenced in sections 1.2 and 1.4 of this appendix.
    (e) Normative Appendix A, ``Measurement Locations, Tolerances, 
Accuracies, and Other Characteristics,'' (only the measured 
quantities specified in section 1.2.1 of this appendix) as 
referenced in sections 1.2 and 1.4 of this appendix.

1. Test Procedures

    1.1. Scope. This section provides the test procedures for 
measuring the energy consumption in kilowatt-hours per pound (kWh/
lb) for self-contained commercial blast chillers and blast freezers 
that have a refrigerated volume of up to 500 ft\3\.
    1.1.1. Determination of Refrigerated Volume. Determine the 
refrigerated volume of a self-contained commercial blast chiller or 
blast freezer using the method set forth in AHRI 1200-2023, appendix 
C, ``Commercial Refrigerated Display Merchandiser and Storage 
Cabinet Refrigerated Volume Calculation--Normative.''
    1.2. Determination of Energy Consumption. Determine the energy 
consumption of each covered blast chiller or blast freezer by 
conducting the test procedure set forth in ASHRAE 72-2022 with 
Errata section 4, ``Instruments,'' section 5, ``Preparation of Unit 
Under Test'' (except section 5.4, ``Loading of Test Simulators and 
Filler Material''), section 6.1, ``Ambient Temperature and 
Humidity,'' Figure 6, ``Location of Ambient Temperature 
Indicators,'' and normative appendix A, ``Measurement Locations, 
Tolerances, Accuracies, and Other Characteristics'' (only the 
measured quantities specified in section 1.2.1 of this appendix), as 
well as the requirements of this appendix.
    1.2.1. Measured Quantities in Normative Appendix A of ASHRAE 72-
2022 with Errata. The following measured quantities shall be in 
accordance with the specifications of normative appendix A of ASHRAE 
72-2022 with Errata: dry bulb temperature (except for deviations 
specified in sections 1.3 and 1.4 of this appendix), electrical 
supply frequency, electrical supply potential, energy consumed 
(except for deviations specified in section 1.3 of this appendix), 
extent of non-perforated surface beyond edges of unit under test, 
front clearance, rear or side clearance, and time measurements.
    1.2.2. Additional Specifications for ASHRAE 72-2022 with Errata. 
The term ``refrigerator'' used in ASHRAE 72-2022 with Errata shall 
instead refer to ``blast chiller'' or ``blast freezer,'' as 
applicable. In section 5.3 of ASHRAE 72-2022 with Errata, the phrase 
``all necessary components and accessories shall be installed prior 
to loading the storage and display areas with test simulators and 
filler material'' shall be replaced with ``all necessary components 
and accessories shall be installed prior to precooling the unit 
under test.'' Section 5.3.5 shall also require that, prior to 
precooling the unit under test, the condensate pan shall be dry.
    1.3. Data Recording Measurement Intervals. Measurements shall be 
continuously recorded during the test in intervals no greater than 
10 seconds.
    1.4. Test Conditions. The required test conditions shall have 
dry bulb temperature values according to Table D.1 when measured at 
point A in figure 6 of ASHRAE 72-2022 with Errata and according to 
section 6.1 of ASHRAE 72-2022 with Errata.

             Table D.1--Test Condition Values and Tolerances
------------------------------------------------------------------------
          Test condition                 Value            Tolerance
------------------------------------------------------------------------
Dry Bulb..........................     86.0 [deg]F  Average over test
                                                     period: 1.8 [deg]F.
                                                    Individual
                                                     measurements: 3.6 [deg]F.
------------------------------------------------------------------------

    1.5. Product Pan. The product pan shall be a 12 in. by 20 in. by 
2.5 in., 22 gauge or heavier, and 300 series stainless steel pan. If 
the blast chiller or blast freezer is not capable of holding the 12 
in. by 20 in. by 2.5 in. product pan dimensions, the manufacturer's 
recommended pan size shall be used, conforming as closely as 
possible to the 12 in. by 20 in. by 2.5 in. pan dimensions.
    1.6. Product Temperature Measurement. The product temperature 
shall be measured in the geometric center of the measured product 
pans using an unweighted thermocouple placed \5/8\ of an in. above 
the bottom of the measured product pan. The thermocouple leads shall 
be secured to the bottom of the measured product pan while also 
allowing for the transfer of the measured product pan from the 
heating source into the blast chiller's or blast freezer's cabinet.
    1.7. Product Preparation. The product shall be made for each 
product pan and shall be loaded to 2 in. of product thickness (i.e., 
depth) within the product pan unless an additional product pan with 
a product thickness of less than 2 in. is needed to meet the product 
capacity determined in section 2.1 of this appendix. A 20-percent-
by-volume propylene glycol (1,2-Propanediol) mixture in water shall 
be prepared. In each product pan, pour the propylene glycol mixture 
over #20 mesh southern yellow pine sawdust to create a 22 percent to 
78 percent by mass slurry. An example of an acceptable sawdust 
specification is the American Wood Fibers brand, #20 Mesh Pine 
Sawdust. Mix until the sawdust becomes completely saturated and 
leave uncovered in the product pan. Verify that the product pan 
thermocouple is fully submerged in the product mixture and 
reposition the product pan thermocouple to the requirements of 
section 1.6. of this appendix if the product pan thermocouple is 
incorrectly positioned after mixing. Each product pan shall be 
weighed before and after the food product simulator is added and 
prior to heating the product. The weight of the product shall not 
include the weight of the pans, thermocouples, or wires. A 
cumulative total of the product weight shall be calculated and the 
product pans shall continue to be loaded with the product mixture 
until the cumulative total reaches, but not exceeds, the product 
capacity determined in section 2.1 of this appendix with a tolerance 
of 5 percent or 2 pounds,

[[Page 66230]]

whichever is less. The cumulative total weight of product, the 
weight of product in each individual pan, and the number of pans 
shall be recorded.
    1.8. Product Pan Heating. Measured product pans shall be 
maintained at an average temperature of 160.0 [deg]F 1.8 
[deg]F and individual pan temperatures shall be maintained at 160 
[deg]F 10 [deg]F for a minimum of 8 hours prior to being 
loaded into the blast chiller or blast freezer. Non-measured product 
pans shall also be heated for a minimum of 8 hours prior to being 
loaded into the blast chiller or blast freezer and the non-measured 
product pans shall be placed in alternating positions with the 
measured product pans in the heating device. Data acquisition for 
the temperature of the measured product pans and time measurements 
shall begin to be recorded prior to the minimum of 8 hours heating 
period.
    1.9. Product Pan Distribution. The product pans shall be spaced 
evenly throughout each vertical column of rack positions in the 
blast chiller or blast freezer without the product pans touching any 
other product pans and without the product pans touching the top and 
the bottom of the blast chiller or blast freezer cabinet. For blast 
chillers or blast freezers that have an additional product pan with 
a product thickness of less than 2 in., the additional product pan 
shall be placed as close to the middle rack position as possible 
while maintaining an even distribution of all product pans. If not 
all rack positions are occupied by product pans, the product pan 
locations shall be recorded.
    1.10. Measured Product Pans. If multiple product pans are 
required per level of the blast chiller or blast freezer (i.e., 
product pans can be loaded side-by-side at the same level), only the 
product temperature of one product pan per level shall be measured 
and the product pans measured should alternate vertical columns of 
the blast chiller or blast freezer cabinet so that each vertical 
column does not have two measured product pans on sequential levels. 
If a blast chiller or blast freezer requires an additional product 
pan with a thickness less than 2 in., the additional product pan 
shall not be measured for product temperature.
    1.11. Stabilization. The blast chiller or blast freezer shall 
stabilize at the test conditions specified in section 1.4 of this 
appendix for at least 24 hours without operating.
    1.12. Pre-cool Cycle. Data acquisition for the test condition 
temperatures specified in section 1.4 of this appendix and time 
measurements shall begin to be recorded prior to the pre-cool cycle. 
The pre-cool cycle shall be initiated on a blast chiller or blast 
freezer once the stabilization specified in section 1.11 of this 
appendix is complete. The fastest pre-cool cycle shall be selected. 
The pre-cool cycle shall be complete when the blast chiller or blast 
freezer notifies the user that the pre-cool is complete. If the 
blast chiller or blast freezer does not notify the user that the 
pre-cool cycle is complete, the pre-cool cycle shall be deemed 
complete when the blast chiller or blast freezer reaches 40 [deg]F 
or 2 [deg]F based on the blast chiller's or blast freezer's sensing 
probe for blast chillers and blast freezers, respectively. For blast 
chillers or blast freezers without any defined pre-cool cycles, the 
fastest blast chilling or blast freezing cycle shall be run with an 
empty cabinet until the blast chiller or blast freezer reaches 40 
[deg]F or 2 [deg]F based on the blast chiller's or blast freezer's 
sensing probe. During the pre-cool cycle, the blast chiller's or 
blast freezer's sensing probe shall remain in its default or 
holstered position. The pre-cool test data to be recorded are the 
test condition temperatures specified in section 1.4 of this 
appendix, pre-cool cycle selected, pre-cool duration, and final pre-
cool cabinet temperature based on the blast chiller's or blast 
freezer's sensing probe.
    1.13. Loading. The blast chiller or blast freezer door shall be 
fully open to an angle of not less than 75 [deg]F for loading at 4.0 
1.0 minutes after the blast chiller or blast freezer 
completes the pre-cool cycle as specified in section 1.12 of this 
appendix. The door shall remain open to load all of the product pans 
for the entirety of the loading procedure. The door shall remain 
open for 20 seconds per roll-in rack and 15 seconds per product pan 
for roll-in and standard blast chillers or blast freezers, 
respectively. The total door open period shall have a tolerance of 
5 seconds. The blast chiller's or blast freezer's 
sensing probe shall be inserted into the geometric center of a 
product pan approximately 1 in. deep in the product mixture at the 
median pan level in the blast chiller or blast freezer. If the 
product pan at the median level is the additional product pan with 
less than 2 in. of product thickness, the closest product pan or 
product pan level that is farthest away from the evaporator fan 
shall be used to insert the blast chiller's or blast freezer's 
sensing probe. If the median pan level has capacity for multiple 
product pans, the probed product pan shall be the furthest away from 
the evaporator. The sensing probe shall not touch the bottom of the 
product pan or be exposed to the air. The location of the product 
pan with the sensing probe shall be recorded. The sensing probe 
shall be placed so that there is no interference with the product 
pan thermocouple. The product pan thermocouple wiring shall not 
affect the energy performance of the blast chiller or blast freezer. 
The door shall remain closed for the remainder of the test.
    1.14. Blast Chilling or Blast Freezing Cycle. Determine the 
blast chilling or blast freezing cycle that will conduct the most 
rapid product temperature pulldown that is designed for the densest 
food product, as stated in the blast chiller's or blast freezer's 
manufacturer literature. A blast chilling cycle shall have a target 
temperature of 38.0 [deg]F and a blast freezing cycle shall have a 
target temperature of 0.0 [deg]F. The test condition temperatures 
specified in section 1.4 of this appendix and the time measurements 
shall continue to be recorded from the pre-cool cycle. Measured 
product pan temperatures shall continue to be recorded from the 
minimum of 8-hour period of heating prior to the loading of the 
product pans into the blast chiller or blast freezer. Electrical 
supply frequency, electrical supply potential, and energy consumed 
shall start to be recorded as soon as the blast chiller or blast 
freezer door is opened to load the product pans. Once the blast 
chiller or blast freezer door is closed, the blast chilling cycle or 
blast freezing cycle shall be selected and initiated as soon as is 
practicable. The blast chilling cycle or blast freezing cycle 
selected shall be recorded. The blast chilling or blast freezing 
test period shall continue from the door opening until all 
individual measured pan temperatures are at or below 40.0 [deg]F or 
2.0 [deg]F for blast chiller and blast freezer tests, respectively, 
regardless of whether the selected cycle program has terminated. If 
all individual measured pan temperatures do not reach 40.0 [deg]F or 
2.0 [deg]F for blast chiller and blast freezer tests, respectively, 
two hours after the selected cycle program has terminated, the test 
shall be repeated with the target temperature lowered by 1.0 [deg]F 
until all individual measured pan temperatures are at or below 40.0 
[deg]F or 2.0 [deg]F for blast chiller and blast freezer tests, 
respectively, at the conclusion of the test. The duration of the 
blast chiller or blast freezer test shall be recorded.
    1.15. Calculations. The measured energy consumption determined 
in section 1.14 of this appendix shall be reported in kilowatt-hours 
and shall be divided by the cumulative total weight of product 
determined in section 1.7 of this appendix in pounds.

2. Capacity Metric

    2.1. Product Capacity. Determine the product capacity by 
reviewing all manufacturer literature that is included with the 
blast chiller or blast freezer. The largest product capacity by 
weight that is stated in the manufacturer literature shall be the 
product capacity. If the blast chiller or blast freezer is able to 
operate as both a blast chiller and a blast freezer when set to 
different operating modes by the user and the manufacturer 
literature specifies different product capacities for blast chilling 
and blast freezing, the largest capacity by weight stated for the 
respective operating mode shall be the product capacity. If no 
product capacity is stated in the manufacturer literature, the 
product capacity shall be the product capacity that fills the 
maximum number of 12 in. by 20 in. by 2.5 in. pans that can be 
loaded into the blast chiller or blast freezer according to section 
1.7 of this appendix. If the blast chiller or blast freezer with no 
product capacity stated in the manufacturer literature is not 
capable of meeting the definition of a blast chiller or blast 
freezer according to Sec.  431.62 upon testing according to section 
1 of this appendix, one 12 in. by 20 in. by 2.5 in. pan shall be 
removed from the blast chiller or blast freezer until the definition 
of a blast chiller or blast freezer is met according to Sec.  431.62 
when testing according to section 1 of this appendix.

[FR Doc. 2023-19999 Filed 9-25-23; 8:45 am]
BILLING CODE 6450-01-P