[Federal Register Volume 88, Number 173 (Friday, September 8, 2023)]
[Proposed Rules]
[Pages 62152-62240]
From the Federal Register Online via the Government Publishing Office [www.gpo.gov]
[FR Doc No: 2023-19032]



[[Page 62151]]

Vol. 88

Friday,

No. 173

September 8, 2023

Part II





Department of Labor





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Wage and Hour Division





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29 CFR Part 541





Defining and Delimiting the Exemptions for Executive, Administrative, 
Professional, Outside Sales, and Computer Employees; Proposed Rule

  Federal Register / Vol. 88, No. 173 / Friday, September 8, 2023 / 
Proposed Rules  

[[Page 62152]]


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DEPARTMENT OF LABOR

Wage and Hour Division

29 CFR Part 541

RIN 1235-AA39


Defining and Delimiting the Exemptions for Executive, 
Administrative, Professional, Outside Sales, and Computer Employees

AGENCY: Wage and Hour Division, Department of Labor.

ACTION: Notice of proposed rulemaking.

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SUMMARY: In this proposal, the Department of Labor (Department) is 
updating and revising the regulations issued under the Fair Labor 
Standards Act implementing the exemptions from minimum wage and 
overtime pay requirements for executive, administrative, professional, 
outside sales, and computer employees. Significant proposed revisions 
include increasing the standard salary level to the 35th percentile of 
weekly earnings of full-time salaried workers in the lowest-wage Census 
Region (currently the South)--$1,059 per week ($55,068 annually for a 
full-year worker)--and increasing the highly compensated employee total 
annual compensation threshold to the annualized weekly earnings of the 
85th percentile of full-time salaried workers nationally ($143,988). 
The Department is also proposing to add to the regulations an automatic 
updating mechanism that would allow for the timely and efficient 
updating of all the earnings thresholds.

DATES: Interested persons are invited to submit written comments on 
this notice of proposed rulemaking (NPRM) on or before November 7, 
2023.

ADDRESSES: You may submit comments, identified by Regulatory 
Information Number (RIN) 1235-AA39, by either of the following methods:
     Electronic Comments: Submit comments through the Federal 
eRulemaking Portal at https://www.regulations.gov. Follow the 
instructions for submitting comments.
     Mail: Address written submissions to: Division of 
Regulations, Legislation, and Interpretation, Wage and Hour Division, 
U.S. Department of Labor, Room S-3502, 200 Constitution Avenue NW, 
Washington, DC 20210.
    Instructions: Response to this NPRM is voluntary. The Department 
requests that no business proprietary information, copyrighted 
information, or personally identifiable information be submitted in 
response to this NPRM. Commenters submitting file attachments on 
https://www.regulations.gov are advised that uploading text-recognized 
documents--i.e., documents in a native file format or documents which 
have undergone optical character recognition (OCR)--enable staff at the 
Department to more easily search and retrieve specific content included 
in your comment for consideration.
    Anyone who submits a comment (including duplicate comments) should 
understand and expect that the comment, including any personal 
information provided, will become a matter of public record and will be 
posted without change to https://www.regulations.gov. The Department 
posts comments gathered and submitted by a third-party organization as 
a group under a single document ID number on https://www.regulations.gov. All comments must be received by 11:59 p.m. ET on 
November 7, 2023, for consideration in this rulemaking; comments 
received after the comment period closes will not be considered.
    The Department strongly recommends that commenters submit their 
comments electronically via https://www.regulations.gov to ensure 
timely receipt prior to the close of the comment period, as the 
Department continues to experience delays in the receipt of mail. 
Please submit only one copy of your comments by only one method.
    Docket: For access to the docket to read background documents or 
comments, go to the Federal eRulemaking Portal at https://www.regulations.gov.

FOR FURTHER INFORMATION CONTACT: Amy DeBisschop, Director, Division of 
Regulations, Legislation, and Interpretation, Wage and Hour Division, 
U.S. Department of Labor, Room S-3502, 200 Constitution Avenue NW, 
Washington, DC 20210; telephone: (202) 693-0406 (this is not a toll-
free number). Alternative formats are available upon request by calling 
1-866-487-9243. If you are deaf, hard of hearing, or have a speech 
disability, please dial 7-1-1 to access telecommunications relay 
services.
    Questions of interpretation or enforcement of the agency's existing 
regulations may be directed to the nearest Wage and Hour Division (WHD) 
district office. Locate the nearest office by calling the WHD's toll-
free help line at (866) 4US-WAGE ((866) 487-9243) between 8 a.m. and 5 
p.m. in your local time zone, or log onto WHD's website at https://www.dol.gov/agencies/whd/contact/local-offices for a nationwide listing 
of WHD district and area offices.

SUPPLEMENTARY INFORMATION: 

I. Executive Summary

    The Fair Labor Standards Act (FLSA or Act) requires covered 
employers to pay employees a minimum wage and, for employees who work 
more than 40 hours in a week, overtime premium pay of at least 1.5 
times the employee's regular rate of pay. Section 13(a)(1) of the FLSA, 
which was included in the original Act in 1938, exempts from the 
minimum wage and overtime pay requirements ``any employee employed in a 
bona fide executive, administrative, or professional capacity.'' \1\ 
The exemption is commonly referred to as the ``white-collar'' or 
executive, administrative, or professional (EAP) exemption. The statute 
delegates to the Secretary of Labor (Secretary) the authority to define 
and delimit the terms of the exemption. Since 1940, the regulations 
implementing the EAP exemption have generally required that each of the 
following three tests must be met: (1) the employee must be paid a 
predetermined and fixed salary that is not subject to reduction because 
of variations in the quality or quantity of work performed (the salary 
basis test); (2) the amount of salary paid must meet a minimum 
specified amount (the salary level test); and (3) the employee's job 
duties must primarily involve executive, administrative, or 
professional duties as defined by the regulations (the duties test). 
The employer bears the burden of establishing the applicability of the 
exemption.\2\ Job titles and job descriptions do not determine EAP 
exemption status, nor does merely paying an employee a salary.
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    \1\ 29 U.S.C. 213(a)(1).
    \2\ See, e.g., Idaho Sheet Metal Works, Inc. v. Wirtz, 383 U.S. 
190, 209 (1966); Walling v. Gen. Indus. Co., 330 U.S. 545, 547-48 
(1947).
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    Consistent with its broad authority under the statute, the 
Department is proposing compensation thresholds that will work 
effectively with the standard duties test and the highly compensated 
employee duties test to better identify who is employed in a bona fide 
EAP capacity. Specifically, the Department is proposing to set the 
standard salary level at the 35th percentile of weekly earnings of 
full-time salaried workers in the lowest-wage Census Region ($1,059 per 
week or $55,068 annually for a full-year worker) \3\ and the highly

[[Page 62153]]

compensated employee total annual compensation threshold at the 
annualized weekly earnings of the 85th percentile of full-time salaried 
workers nationally ($143,988). These proposed compensation thresholds 
are firmly grounded in the authority that the FLSA grants to the 
Secretary to define and delimit the EAP exemption, a power the 
Secretary has exercised for over 80 years.
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    \3\ In determining earnings percentiles in its part 541 
rulemakings since 2004, the Department has consistently looked at 
nonhourly earnings for full-time workers from the Current Population 
Survey (CPS) Merged Outgoing Rotation Group (MORG) data collected by 
the Bureau of Labor Statistics (BLS). As explained in section 
VII.B.5, the Department considers data representing compensation 
paid to nonhourly workers to be an appropriate proxy for 
compensation paid to salaried workers, although for simplicity the 
Department uses the terms salaried and nonhourly interchangeably in 
this proposal. The Department relied on CPS MORG data for calendar 
year 2022 to develop this NPRM, including to determine the proposed 
salary level. In the final rule, the Department will use the most 
recent data available, which will change the dollar figures. For 
example, if after consideration of comments received, the final rule 
were to adopt the proposed salary level of the 35th percentile of 
weekly earnings of full-time salaried workers in the lowest-wage 
Census region (currently the South), in the fourth quarter of 2023 
the Department projects that the salary threshold could be $1,140 
per week or $59,285 for a full-year worker. To calculate this, the 
Department applied the Congressional Budget Office projections of 
the employment cost index for wages and salaries of workers in 
private industry growing by 4.5 percent in 2023 to the 35th 
percentile of weekly earnings of full-time salaried workers in the 
South from the fourth quarter of 2022, which was $1,091 per week or 
$56,732 for a full-year worker. As an additional example, in the 
first quarter of 2024, the Department projects that the salary 
threshold could be $1,158 per week or $60,209 for a full-year 
worker; the Department applied the 4.5 percent growth rate to the 
35th percentile of weekly earnings of full-time salaried workers in 
the South from the first quarter of 2023, which was $1,108 per week 
or $57,616 for a full-year worker.
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    The proposed increase in the standard salary level to the 35th 
percentile of weekly earnings of full-time salaried workers in the 
lowest-wage Census Region better fulfills the Department's obligation 
under the statute to define and delimit who is employed in a bona fide 
EAP capacity. Upon reflection, the Department has determined that its 
rulemakings over the past 20 years, since the Department simplified the 
test for the EAP exemption in 2004 by replacing the historic two-test 
system for determining exemption status with the single standard test, 
have vacillated between two distinct approaches: One used in rules in 
2004 \4\ and 2019,\5\ that exempted lower-paid workers who historically 
had been entitled to overtime because they did not meet the more 
detailed duties requirements of the test that was in place from 1949 to 
2004; and one used in a rule in 2016,\6\ that restored overtime 
protection to lower-paid white-collar workers who performed significant 
amounts of nonexempt work but also removed from the exemption other 
lower-paid workers who historically were exempt under the prior test, 
an approach that received unfavorable treatment in litigation.\7\ 
Having grappled with these different approaches to setting the standard 
salary level, this proposal retains the simplified standard test, the 
benefits of which were recognized in the Department's 2004, 2016 and 
2019 rulemakings,\8\ while updating the standard salary level to 
account for earnings growth since the 2019 rule and adjusting the 
salary level methodology based on the lessons learned in recent 
rulemakings.
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    \4\ 69 FR 22121 (April 23, 2004).
    \5\ 84 FR 51230 (Sept. 27, 2019).
    \6\ 81 FR 32391 (May 23, 2016).
    \7\ The Department never enforced the 2016 rule because it was 
invalidated by the U.S. District Court for the Eastern District of 
Texas. See Nevada v. U.S. Department of Labor, 275 F.Supp.3d 795 
(E.D. Tex. 2017).
    \8\ See 84 FR 51243-45; 81 FR 32414, 32444-45; 69 FR 22126-28.
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    The Department's proposed standard salary level will, in 
combination with the standard duties test, better define and delimit 
which employees are employed in a bona fide EAP capacity. By setting a 
salary level above what the methodology used in 2004 and 2019 would 
produce using current data, the proposal would ensure that, consistent 
with the Department's historical approach to the exemption, fewer 
lower-paid white-collar employees who perform significant amounts of 
nonexempt work are included in the exemption. At the same time, by 
setting the salary level below the methodology used in 2016, the 
proposal would allow employers to continue to use the exemption for 
many lower-paid white-collar employees who were made exempt under the 
2004 standard duties test. The combined effect would be a more 
effective test for determining who is employed in a bona fide EAP 
capacity.
    The Department is also proposing to increase the salary levels in 
the U.S territories, which have not been changed since 2004. 
Traditionally, the Department has set special salary levels only for 
territories that were not subject to the Federal minimum wage. In the 
2004 rule, the Department ended the use of special salary levels for 
Puerto Rico and the U.S. Virgin Islands, as they had become subject to 
the Federal minimum wage since the Department last updated the part 541 
salary levels, and set a special salary level only for American Samoa, 
which remained not subject to the Federal minimum wage.\9\ In the 2019 
rule, however, the Department elected to preserve the salary level set 
in 2004 ($455 per week) for employees in Puerto Rico, Guam, the U.S. 
Virgin Islands, and the Commonwealth of the Northern Mariana Islands 
(CNMI) instead of applying the new standard salary level of $684 per 
week that applied to employees in the 50 states and the District of 
Columbia.\10\ In doing so, the Department for the first time set a 
special salary level for employees in territories that were subject to 
the Federal minimum wage. In accordance with the Department's 
traditional practice, and in the interest of applying the FLSA 
uniformly to areas subject to the Federal minimum wage, the Department 
is proposing to apply the standard salary level to employees in all 
territories that are subject to the Federal minimum wage and to 
maintain a special salary level only for employees in American Samoa, 
because that territory remains subject to special minimum wage rates. 
The Department is also proposing to update the special base rate for 
employees in the motion picture industry.
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    \9\ 69 FR 22172.
    \10\ 84 FR 51246.
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    The Department is also proposing to update the earnings threshold 
for the highly compensated employee (HCE) exemption, which was added to 
the regulations in 2004 and applies to certain highly compensated 
employees and combines a much higher annual compensation requirement 
with a minimal duties test. The HCE test's primary purpose is to serve 
as a streamlined alternative for very highly compensated employees 
because a very high level of compensation is a strong indicator of an 
employee's exempt status, thus eliminating the need for a detailed 
duties analysis.\11\ In this rulemaking, the Department is proposing to 
increase the HCE total annual compensation threshold to the annualized 
weekly earnings amount of the 85th percentile of full-time salaried 
workers nationally ($143,988). The proposed HCE threshold is high 
enough to exclude employees who are not ``at the very top of [the] 
economic ladder'' \12\ and would guard against the unintended exemption 
of workers who are not bona fide EAP employees, including those in 
high-income regions and industries.
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    \11\ See 69 FR 22173-74.
    \12\ Id. at 22174.
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    In each of its part 541 rulemakings since 2004, the Department 
recognized the need to regularly update the earnings thresholds to 
ensure that they remain effective in helping differentiate between 
exempt and nonexempt employees. As the Department observed in these 
rulemakings, even a well-calibrated salary level that is not kept up to 
date becomes obsolete as wages for nonexempt workers increase over

[[Page 62154]]

time.\13\ Long intervals between rulemakings have resulted in eroded 
earnings thresholds based on outdated earnings data that were ill-
equipped to help identify bona fide EAP employees.
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    \13\ 84 FR 51250-51; 81 FR 32430; see also 69 FR 22212, 22164.
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    To address this problem, in the 2004 and 2019 rules the Department 
expressed its commitment to regularly updating the salary levels.\14\ 
In the 2016 rule, it included a regulatory provision to automatically 
update the salary levels.\15\ Based on its long experience with 
updating the salary levels, the Department has determined that adopting 
a regulatory provision for automatically updating the salary levels, 
with an exception for pausing future updates under certain conditions, 
is the most viable and efficient way to ensure the EAP exemption 
earnings thresholds keep pace with changes in employee pay and thus 
remain effective in helping determine exemption status. The proposed 
automatic updating mechanism would allow for the timely, predictable, 
and efficient updating of the earnings thresholds.
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    \14\ 69 FR 22171; 84 FR 51251-52.
    \15\ 81 FR 32430.
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    The Department estimates that in Year 1, 3.4 million currently 
exempt employees who earn at least the current salary level of $684 per 
week but less than the proposed standard salary level of $1,059 per 
week would, absent the employer paying them at or above the new salary 
level, gain overtime protection. For more than half of these employees, 
this proposal would restore overtime protections that the employees 
would have been entitled to under every rule prior to the 2019 rule. 
The Department also estimates that 248,900 employees who are currently 
exempt under the HCE test would be affected by the proposed increase in 
the HCE total annual compensation level. Absent the employer paying 
these employees at or above the new HCE level, the exemption status of 
these employees would turn on the standard duties test (which these 
employees do not meet) rather than the minimal duties test that applies 
to employees earning at or above the HCE threshold. The economic 
analysis of the proposed rule quantifies the direct costs resulting 
from the rule: (1) regulatory familiarization costs; (2) adjustment 
costs; and (3) managerial costs. The Department estimates that total 
annualized direct employer costs over the first 10 years would be $664 
million with a 7 percent discount rate. This rulemaking will also give 
employees higher earnings in the form of transfers of income from 
employers to employees. The Department estimates annualized transfers 
would be $1.3 billion, with a 7 percent discount rate.

II. Background

A. The FLSA

    The FLSA generally requires covered employers to pay employees at 
least the Federal minimum wage (currently $7.25 an hour) for all hours 
worked, and overtime premium pay of one and one-half times the regular 
rate of pay for all hours worked over 40 in a workweek.\16\ However, 
section 13(a)(1) of the FLSA, codified at 29 U.S.C. 213(a)(1), provides 
an exemption from both minimum wage and overtime pay for ``any employee 
employed in a bona fide executive, administrative, or professional 
capacity . . . or in the capacity of [an] outside salesman (as such 
terms are defined and delimited from time to time by regulations of the 
Secretary [of Labor], subject to the provisions of [the Administrative 
Procedures Act] . . .).'' The FLSA does not define the terms 
``executive,'' ``administrative,'' ``professional,'' or ``outside 
salesman,'' but rather delegates that task to the Secretary. Pursuant 
to Congress's grant of rulemaking authority, since 1938 the Department 
has issued regulations at 29 CFR part 541 to define and delimit the 
scope of the section 13(a)(1) exemption.\17\ Because Congress 
explicitly delegated to the Secretary the authority to define and 
delimit the specific terms of the exemption, the regulations so issued 
have the binding effect of law.\18\
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    \16\ See 29 U.S.C. 206(a), 207(a).
    \17\ See Helix Energy Solutions, Group Inc. v. Hewitt, 143 S.Ct. 
677, 682 (2023) (``Under [section 13(a)(1)], the Secretary sets out 
a standard for determining when an employee is a bona fide 
executive.'').
    \18\ See Betterton v. Francis, 432 U.S. 416, 425 n.9 (1977).
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    The exemption for executive, administrative, or professional 
employees (EAP exemption) was included in the original FLSA legislation 
passed in 1938.\19\ It was modeled after similar provisions contained 
in the earlier National Industrial Recovery Act of 1933 (NIRA) and 
state law precedents.\20\ As the Department has explained in prior 
rules, the EAP exemption is premised on two policy considerations. 
First, the type of work exempt employees perform is difficult to 
standardize to any time frame and cannot be easily spread to other 
workers after 40 hours in a week, making enforcement of the overtime 
provisions difficult and generally precluding the potential job 
expansion intended by the FLSA's time-and-a-half overtime premium.\21\ 
Second, exempted workers typically earn salaries well above the minimum 
wage and are presumed to enjoy other privileges to compensate them for 
their long hours of work. These include, for example, above-average 
fringe benefits and better opportunities for advancement, setting them 
apart from nonexempt workers entitled to overtime pay.\22\
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    \19\ See Fair Labor Standards Act of 1938, Public Law 75-718, 
13(a)(1), 52 Stat. 1060, 1067 (June 25, 1938).
    \20\ See National Industrial Recovery Act, Public Law 73-67, ch. 
90, title II, 206(2), 48 Stat 195, 204-5 (June 16, 1933).
    \21\ See Report of the Minimum Wage Study Commission, Volume IV, 
pp. 236 and 240 (June 1981).
    \22\ See id.
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    Although section 13(a)(1) exempts covered employees from both the 
FLSA's minimum wage and overtime requirements, its most significant 
impact is its removal of these employees from the Act's overtime 
protections. An employer may employ such employees for any number of 
hours in the workweek without paying the minimum hourly wage or an 
overtime premium. Some state laws have stricter exemption standards 
than those described above. The FLSA does not preempt any such stricter 
state standards. If a state establishes a higher standard than the 
provisions of the FLSA, the higher standard applies in that state.\23\
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    \23\ See 29 U.S.C. 218(a).
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B. Regulatory History

    The Department's part 541 regulations have consistently looked to 
the duties performed by the employee and the salary paid by the 
employer in determining whether an individual is employed in a bona 
fide executive, administrative, or professional capacity. Since 1940, 
the Department's implementing regulations have generally required each 
of three tests to be met for the exemption to apply: (1) the employee 
must be paid a predetermined and fixed salary that is not subject to 
reduction because of variations in the quality or quantity of work 
performed (the salary basis test); (2) the amount of salary paid must 
meet a minimum specified amount (the salary level test); and (3) the 
employee's job duties must primarily involve executive, administrative, 
or professional duties as defined by the regulations (the duties test).
1. The Part 541 Regulations From 1938 to 2004
    The Department issued the first version of the part 541 regulations 
in October 1938.\24\ The Department's initial regulations included a 
$30 per

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week compensation requirement for executive and administrative 
employees, as well as a duties test that prohibited employers from 
using the exemption for executive, administrative, and professional 
employees who performed ``[a] substantial amount of work of the same 
nature as that performed by nonexempt employees of the employer.'' \25\
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    \24\ 3 FR 2518 (Oct. 20, 1938).
    \25\ Id.
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    The Department issued the first update to its part 541 regulations 
in October 1940,\26\ following extensive public hearings.\27\ Among 
other changes, the 1940 update added the salary basis requirement to 
the tests for executive, administrative, and professional employees; 
newly applied the salary level requirement to professional employees; 
and introduced a 20 percent cap on nonexempt work for executive and 
professional employees, replacing language which prohibited the 
performance of a ``substantial amount'' of nonexempt work.\28\
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    \26\ 5 FR 4077 (Oct. 15, 1940).
    \27\ See ``Executive, Administrative, Professional . . . Outside 
Salesman'' Redefined, Wage and Hour Division, U.S. Department of 
Labor, Report and Recommendations of the Presiding Officer [Harold 
Stein] at Hearings Preliminary to Redefinition (Oct. 10, 1940) 
(Stein Report).
    \28\ 5 FR 4077.
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    The Department conducted further hearings on the part 541 
regulations in 1947,\29\ and issued revised regulations in December 
1949.\30\ The 1949 rulemaking updated the salary levels set in 1940 and 
introduced a second, less stringent duties test for higher paid 
executive, administrative, and professional employees.\31\ Thus, 
beginning in 1949, the part 541 regulations contained two tests for the 
EAP exemption. These tests became known as the ``long'' test and the 
``short'' test. The long test paired a lower earnings threshold with a 
more rigorous duties test that generally limited the performance of 
nonexempt work to no more than 20 percent of an employee's hours worked 
in a workweek. The short test paired a higher salary level and a less 
rigorous duties test, with no specified limit on the performance of 
nonexempt work. From 1958 until 2004, the regulations in place 
generally set the long test salary level to exclude from exemption 
approximately the lowest-paid 10 percent of salaried white-collar 
employees who performed EAP duties in lower wage areas and industries 
and set the short test salary level significantly higher. The salary 
and duties components of each test complemented each other, and the two 
tests worked in combination to determine whether an individual was 
employed in a bona fide EAP capacity. Lower-paid employees who met the 
long test salary level but did not meet the higher short test salary 
level were subject to the long duties test which ensured that employees 
were, in fact, employed in a bona fide EAP capacity by limiting the 
amount of time they could spend on nonexempt work. Employees who met 
the higher short test salary level were considered to be more likely to 
meet the requirements of the long duties test and thus were subject to 
a short-cut duties test for determining exemption status.
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    \29\ See Report and Recommendations on Proposed Revisions of 
Regulations, Part 541, by Harry Weiss, Presiding Officer, Wage and 
Hour and Public Contracts Divisions, U.S. Department of Labor (June 
30, 1949) (Weiss Report).
    \30\ See 14 FR 7705 (Dec. 24, 1949).
    \31\ Id. at 7706.
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    Additional changes to the regulations, including salary level 
updates, were made in 1954,\32\ 1958,\33\ 1961,\34\ 1963,\35\ 1967,\36\ 
1970,\37\ 1973,\38\ and 1975.\39\ The Department revised the part 541 
regulations twice in 1992 but did not update the salary threshold at 
that time.\40\ None of these updates changed the basic structure of the 
long and short tests.
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    \32\ 19 FR 4405 (July 17, 1954).
    \33\ 23 FR 8962 (Nov. 18, 1958).
    \34\ 26 FR 8635 (Sept. 15, 1961).
    \35\ 28 FR 9505 (Aug. 30, 1963).
    \36\ 32 FR 7823 (May 30, 1967).
    \37\ 35 FR 883 (Jan. 22, 1970).
    \38\ 38 FR 11390 (May 7, 1973).
    \39\ 40 FR 7091 (Feb. 19, 1975).
    \40\ The Department first created a limited exception from the 
salary basis test for public employees. 57 FR 37677 (Aug. 19, 1992). 
The Department also implemented a 1990 law requiring it to 
promulgate regulations permitting employees in certain computer-
related occupations to qualify as exempt under section 13(a)(1) of 
the FLSA. 57 FR 46744 (Oct. 9, 1992); see Public Law 101-583, sec. 
2, 104 Stat. 2871 (Nov. 15, 1990).
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    The Department described the salary levels adopted in the 1975 rule 
as ``interim rates,'' intended to ``be in effect for an interim period 
pending the completion of a study [of worker earnings] by the Bureau of 
Labor Statistics . . . in 1975.'' \41\ However, those salary levels 
remained in effect until 2004. The utility of the salary levels in 
helping to define the EAP exemption decreased as wages rose during this 
period. In 1991, the Federal minimum wage rose to $4.25 per hour,\42\ 
which for a 40-hour week exceeded the lower long test salary level of 
$155 per week for executive and administrative employees and equaled 
the long test salary level of $170 per week for professional employees. 
In 1997, the Federal minimum wage rose to $5.15 per hour,\43\ which for 
a 40-hour week not only exceeded the long test salary levels, but also 
was close to the higher short test salary level of $250 per week.
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    \41\ 40 FR 7091.
    \42\ See Public Law 101-157, sec. 2, 103 Stat. 938 (Nov. 17, 
1989).
    \43\ See Public Law 104-188, sec. 2104(b), 110 Stat 1755 (Aug. 
20, 1996).
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2. Part 541 Regulations From 2004 to 2019
    The Department issued a final rule in April 2004 (the 2004 rule) 
\44\ that updated the part 541 salary levels for the first time since 
1975 and made several significant changes to the regulations. Most 
significantly, the Department eliminated the separate long and short 
tests and replaced them with a single standard test. The Department set 
the standard salary level at $455 per week, which was equivalent to the 
20th percentile of weekly earnings of full-time salaried workers in the 
lowest-wage Census Region (the South) and in the retail industry 
nationally. The Department paired the new standard salary level test 
with a new standard duties test for executive, administrative, and 
professional employees, respectively, which was substantially 
equivalent to the short duties test used in the two-test system.\45\
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    \44\ 69 FR 22122.
    \45\ See id. at 22192-93 (acknowledging ``de minimis differences 
in the standard duties tests compared to the short duties tests'').
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    In the 2004 rule, the Department acknowledged that the switch from 
a two-test system to a one-test system was a significant change in the 
regulatory structure,\46\ and noted that the shift to setting the 
salary level based on ``the lowest 20 percent of salaried employees in 
the South, rather than the lowest 10 percent'' of EAP employees was 
made, in part, ``because of the proposed change from the `short' and 
`long' test structure.'' \47\ The Department asserted that elimination 
of the long duties test was warranted because ``the relatively small 
number of employees currently earning from $155 to $250 per week, and 
thus tested for exemption under the `long' duties test, will gain 
stronger protections under the increased minimum salary level which . . 
. guarantees overtime protection for all employees earning less than 
$455 per week.'' \48\ The Department acknowledged, however, that the 
new standard salary level was comparable to the long test salary level 
used in the two-test system (i.e., if the Department's long test salary 
level methodology had been applied to contemporaneous

[[Page 62156]]

data).\49\ Thus, employees who would have been subject to the more 
rigorous long duties test if the two-test system had been updated were 
subject to the equivalent of the short duties test under the new 
standard test. For example, under the 2004 rule's standard test, an 
employee who earned just over the rule's standard salary threshold of 
$455 in weekly salary, and who met the standard duties test, was exempt 
even if they would not have met the previous long duties test because 
they spent substantial amounts of time performing nonexempt work. If 
the Department had instead retained the two-test system and updated the 
long test salary level to $455, that same employee would have been 
nonexempt because they would have been subject to the more rigorous 
duties analysis due to their lower salary.
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    \46\ See id. at 22126-28.
    \47\ Id. at 22167.
    \48\ Id. at 22126.
    \49\ Id. at 22169. The Department last set the long and short 
test salary levels in 1975. Throughout this proposal, when the 
Department refers to the relationship of salary levels set in 2004, 
2016, and 2019 to equivalent long or short test salary levels, it is 
referring to salary levels based on current (at the relevant point 
in time) data that, in the case of the long test salary level, would 
exclude the lowest-paid 10 percent of exempt EAP employees in low-
wage industries and areas and, in the case of the short test salary 
level, would be 149 percent of a contemporaneous long test salary 
level. The short test salary ratio of 149 percent is the simple 
average of the 15 historical ratios of the short test salary level 
to the long test salary level. See 81 FR 32467 & n.149.
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

    In the 2004 rule, the Department also created a new test for 
exemption for certain highly compensated employees.\50\ The HCE test 
paired a minimal duties requirement--customarily and regularly 
performing at least one of the exempt duties or responsibilities of an 
EAP employee--with a high total annual compensation requirement of 
$100,000, a threshold that exceeded the annual earnings of 
approximately 93.7 percent of salaried workers nationwide.\51\ The 
Department also ended the use of special salary levels for Puerto Rico 
and the U.S. Virgin Islands, as they had become subject to the Federal 
minimum wage since the Department last updated the part 541 salary 
levels in 1975, and set a special salary level only for American Samoa, 
which remained not subject to the Federal minimum wage.\52\ The 
Department expressed its intent ``in the future to update the salary 
levels on a more regular basis, as it did prior to 1975.'' \53\
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

    \50\ 69 FR 22169.
    \51\ See id. (Table 3).
    \52\ Id. at 22172.
    \53\ Id. at 22171.
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

    In May 2016, the Department issued a final rule (the 2016 rule) 
that retained the single test system and the standard duties test but 
increased the standard salary level and provided for regular updating. 
The 2016 rule (1) increased the standard salary level from the 2004 
salary level of $455 to $913 per week, the 40th percentile of weekly 
earnings of full-time salaried workers in the lowest-wage Census Region 
(the South); \54\ (2) increased the HCE test total annual compensation 
amount from $100,000 to $134,004 per year; \55\ (3) increased the 
special salary level for EAP workers in American Samoa; \56\ (4) 
allowed employers, for the first time, to credit nondiscretionary 
bonuses, incentive payments, and commissions paid at least quarterly 
towards up to 10 percent of the standard salary level; \57\ and (5) 
added a mechanism to automatically update the part 541 earnings 
thresholds every 3 years.\58\ The standard salary level was set at the 
low end of the historical range of short test salary levels used in the 
pre-2004 two-test system.\59\ The 2016 rule did not change any of the 
standard duties test criteria.\60\ The 2016 rule was scheduled to take 
effect on December 1, 2016.
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

    \54\ 81 FR 32550.
    \55\ Id.
    \56\ Id. at 32551.
    \57\ See id.
    \58\ See id. at 32550-51 (Sec.  541.602(a)(3)).
    \59\ Id. at 32405 (noting the historical range of short test 
salary levels was $889 to $1,231 based on an application of the 
short test methodology to contemporaneous data).
    \60\ Id. at 32444.
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    On November 22, 2016, the U.S. District Court for the Eastern 
District of Texas issued an order preliminarily enjoining the 
Department from implementing and enforcing the 2016 rule.\61\ On August 
31, 2017, the district court granted summary judgment to the plaintiff 
challengers, holding that the 2016 rule's salary level exceeded the 
Department's authority and invalidating the rule.\62\ On October 30, 
2017, the Department of Justice appealed to the U.S. Court of Appeals 
for the Fifth Circuit, which subsequently granted the Department's 
motion to hold that appeal in abeyance while the Department of Labor 
undertook further rulemaking. Following an NPRM published on March 22, 
2019,\63\ the Department published a final rule on September 27, 2019 
(the 2019 rule),\64\ which formally rescinded and replaced the 2016 
rule.
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

    \61\ See Nevada v. U.S. Department of Labor, 218 F. Supp. 3d 520 
(E.D. Tex. 2016).
    \62\ See Nevada, 275 F.Supp.3d 795 (E.D. Tex. 2017).
    \63\ See 84 FR 10900 (Mar. 22, 2019).
    \64\ See 84 FR 51230.
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

    The 2019 rule (1) raised the standard salary level from the 2004 
salary level of $455 to $684 per week, the 20th percentile of weekly 
earnings of full-time salaried workers in the lowest-wage Census Region 
(the South) and in the retail industry nationally; (2) increased the 
HCE total annual compensation threshold from $100,000 to $107,432; (3) 
allowed employers to credit nondiscretionary bonuses and incentive 
payments (including commissions) paid at least annually to satisfy up 
to 10 percent of the standard salary level; and (4) established special 
salary levels for all U.S. territories.\65\ The 2019 rule did not make 
changes to the standard duties test.\66\ While utilizing the same 
methodology used in the 2004 rule to set the salary threshold, the 
Department did not assert that this methodology constituted the outer 
limit for defining and delimiting the salary threshold. Rather, the 
Department reasoned the 2004 methodology was well-established, 
reasonable, would minimize uncertainty and potential legal challenge, 
and would address the concerns of the district court that the 2016 rule 
over-emphasized the salary level.\67\ The Department acknowledged that 
the new salary level was below the long test salary level used in the 
pre-2004 two-test system.\68\ As in its 2004 rule, the Department 
``reaffirm[ed] its intent to update the standard salary level and HCE 
total annual compensation threshold more regularly in the future using 
notice-and-comment rulemaking.'' \69\ The Department noted that large 
gaps between rulemakings did not serve employer or employee interests 
and diminished the usefulness of the salary level test, and that 
regular increases promoted predictable and incremental change.\70\ The 
2019 rule took effect on January 1, 2020.\71\
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    \65\ The Department established special salary levels of $455 
per week for Puerto Rico, Guam, the U.S. Virgin Islands, and the 
CNMI (effectively continuing the 2004 salary level); it also 
maintained the 2004 rule's $380 per week special salary level for 
employees in American Samoa. 84 FR 51246.
    \66\ See id. at 51241-43.
    \67\ See id. at 51242.
    \68\ Id. at 51244.
    \69\ Id. at 51251.
    \70\ See id. at 51251-52.
    \71\ A lawsuit challenging the 2019 rule was filed in August 
2022 and, at the time this proposal was drafted, remains pending in 
the U.S. District Court for the Western District of Texas. Mayfield 
v. U.S. Department of Labor, Case No. 1:22-cv-00792.
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C. Overview of Existing Regulatory Requirements

    The part 541 regulations contain specific criteria that define each 
category of exemption provided for in section 13(a)(1) for bona fide 
executive, administrative, professional, and outside sales employees, 
as well as teachers and academic administrative personnel. The 
regulations also define exempt computer employees under

[[Page 62157]]

sections 13(a)(1) and 13(a)(17). The employer bears the burden of 
establishing the applicability of any exemption from the FLSA's pay 
requirements.\72\ Job titles and job descriptions do not determine 
exemption status, nor does merely paying an employee a salary rather 
than an hourly rate.
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

    \72\ See, e.g., Idaho Sheet Metal, 383 U.S. at 209; Walling, 330 
U.S. at 547-48.
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

    To satisfy the EAP exemption, employees must meet certain tests 
regarding their job duties \73\ and generally must be paid on a salary 
basis at least the amount specified in the regulations.\74\ Some 
employees, such as doctors, lawyers, teachers, and outside sales 
employees, are not subject to salary tests.\75\ Others, such as 
academic administrative personnel and computer employees, are subject 
to special, contingent earning thresholds.\76\ The standard salary 
level for the EAP exemption is currently $684 per week (equivalent to 
$35,568 per year), and the total annual compensation level for highly 
compensated employees under the HCE test is currently $107,432.\77\ A 
special salary level of $455 per week applies to employees in Puerto 
Rico, Guam, the U.S. Virgin Islands, and the CNMI; \78\ a special 
salary level of $380 per week applies to employees in American Samoa; 
\79\ and employers can pay a special weekly ``base rate'' of $1,043 per 
week to employees in the motion picture producing industry.\80\ 
Nondiscretionary bonuses and incentive payments (including commissions) 
paid on an annual or more frequent basis may be used to satisfy up to 
10 percent of the standard or special salary levels.\81\
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

    \73\ For a description of the duties that are required to be 
performed under the EAP exemption, see Sec. Sec.  541.100 (executive 
employees); 541.200 (administrative employees); 541.300, 
541.303-.304 (teachers and professional employees); 541.400 
(computer employees); 541.500 (outside sales employees).
    \74\ Alternatively, administrative and professional employees 
may be paid on a fee basis for a single job regardless of the time 
required for its completion as long as the hourly rate for work 
performed (i.e., the fee payment divided by the number of hours 
worked) would total at least the weekly amount specified in the 
regulation if the employee worked 40 hours. See Sec.  541.605.
    \75\ See Sec. Sec.  541.303(d); 541.304(d); 541.500(c); 
541.600(e). Such employees are also not subject to a fee basis test.
    \76\ See Sec.  541.600(c) and (d).
    \77\ See Sec. Sec.  541.600(a); 541.601(a)(1).
    \78\ See Sec. Sec.  541.100; 541.200; 541.300.
    \79\ See id.
    \80\ See Sec.  541.709.
    \81\ Sec.  541.602(a)(3).
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

    Under the HCE test, employees who receive at least $107,432 in 
total annual compensation are exempt from the FLSA's overtime 
requirements if they customarily and regularly perform at least one of 
the exempt duties or responsibilities of an executive, administrative, 
or professional employee identified in the standard tests for 
exemption.\82\ The HCE test applies only to employees whose primary 
duty includes performing office or non-manual work.\83\ Employees 
qualifying for exemption under the HCE test must receive at least the 
$684 per week standard salary portion of their pay on a salary or fee 
basis without regard to the payment of nondiscretionary bonuses and 
incentive payments.\84\
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

    \82\ Sec.  541.601.
    \83\ Sec.  541.601(d).
    \84\ See Sec.  541.601(b)(1); see also 84 FR 51249.
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

III. Need for Rulemaking

    The goal of this rulemaking is to set effective earnings thresholds 
to help define and delimit the FLSA's EAP exemption. To this end, the 
Department is proposing to make appropriate increases to the standard 
salary level and the HCE test's total annual compensation requirement, 
apply the standard salary level to territories subject to the Federal 
minimum wage, and update the special salary levels for American Samoa 
and the motion picture industry. The Department is also proposing to 
maintain the effectiveness of these earnings thresholds by adding a 
provision to automatically update the standard salary level and the HCE 
annual compensation threshold every 3 years with current wage data 
(which would also have the effect of updating the levels in American 
Samoa and for the motion picture industry). The updating mechanism 
would also temporarily delay a scheduled automatic update if, and 
while, the Department engages in notice-and-comment rulemaking to 
change the salary level methodology and/or the updating mechanism.
    The part 541 regulations have always included salary requirements. 
From the beginning, there has been ``wide agreement'' that the amount 
paid to an employee is ``a valuable and easily applied index to the 
`bona fide' character of the employment for which [the] exemption is 
claimed.'' \85\ Because EAP employees ``are denied the protection of 
the Act,'' they are ``assumed [to] enjoy compensatory privileges'' 
which distinguish them from nonexempt employees, including 
substantially higher pay.\86\ The Department has long recognized that 
the salary level test is a useful criterion for identifying bona fide 
EAP employees and providing a practical guide for employers and 
employees, thus tending to reduce litigation and ensuring nonexempt 
employees receive the overtime protection to which they are 
entitled.\87\ The salary level test also facilitates application of the 
exemption by saving employees and employers from having to apply the 
more time-consuming duties analysis to a large group of employees who 
do not meet the duties test.\88\ For these reasons, the salary level 
test has been a key part of how the Department defines and delimits the 
EAP exemption since the beginning of its rulemaking on the EAP 
exemption.\89\ However, the Department has always recognized that any 
salary level will result in some employees who meet the duties test but 
do not earn enough to meet the salary level test, and thus are 
nonexempt and therefore eligible for overtime by virtue of their 
pay.\90\ This is simply a feature of a salary level test; it does not 
undermine the efficacy of the salary level test but instead is taken 
into account in determining where the salary level is set.
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

    \85\ Stein Report at 19.
    \86\ Id.; see also Report of the Minimum Wage Study Commission, 
Volume IV, p. 236 (``Higher base pay, greater fringe benefits, 
improved promotion potential and greater job security have 
traditionally been considered as normal compensatory benefits 
received by EAP employees, which set them apart from non-EAP 
employees.'').
    \87\ See 84 FR 51237; Weiss Report at 8.
    \88\ Report and Recommendations on Proposed Revision of 
Regulations, Part 541, Under the Fair Labor Standards Act, by Harry 
S. Kantor, Assistant Administrator, Office of Regulations and 
Research, Wage and Hour and Public Contracts Divisions, U.S. 
Department of Labor (Mar. 3, 1958) (Kantor Report) at 2-3; 69 FR 
22165; 84 FR 51280.
    \89\ See 84 FR 51237.
    \90\ See, e.g., Kantor Report at 5.
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

    The Department continues to believe that the amount paid to an 
employee is important evidence that they are employed in a bona fide 
EAP capacity, and that the salary level test ``is a vital element in 
the regulations.'' \91\ The salary level test benefits employees and 
employers alike, which is why--despite disagreement over the 
appropriate magnitude of the part 541 earnings thresholds--an 
``overwhelming majority'' of stakeholders have supported the retention 
of such thresholds in prior part 541 rulemakings.\92\
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

    \91\ Weiss Report at 9.
    \92\ 84 FR 51235; see also Stein Report at 5, 19; Weiss Report 
at 9.
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

    The Department's authority to set a salary level is not without 
limits, and the salary test's role in defining and delimiting the scope 
of the EAP exemption must allow for additional examination of employee 
duties for employees whose salary exceeds the

[[Page 62158]]

salary level.\93\ Examination of duties for such employees is necessary 
in part because the salaries earned by employees who do and do not 
perform exempt job duties overlap. As explained in greater detail 
below, the proposed standard salary level set at the 35th percentile of 
weekly earnings of full-time salaried workers in the lowest-wage Census 
Region ($1,059 per week, $55,068 annually) would, in combination with 
the standard duties test, better identify which employees are employed 
in a bona fide EAP capacity in a one-test system. By setting a salary 
level above what would currently be the equivalent of the long test 
salary level ($925 per week), the proposal would restore the right to 
overtime pay for salaried white-collar employees who prior to the 2019 
rule were always considered nonexempt if they earned below the long 
test (or long test-equivalent) salary level and ensure that fewer 
white-collar employees who perform significant amounts of nonexempt 
work and earn between the long and short test salary levels are 
included in the exemption. At the same time, by setting the standard 
salary level well below what would currently be the equivalent of the 
short test salary level ($1,378 per week),\94\ the proposal would 
address the concerns that have been raised about excluding from the EAP 
exemption too many white-collar employees solely based on their salary 
level. As discussed in section IV.A.4 below, the duties test would 
continue to determine exemption status for almost three-quarters of all 
salaried white-collar employees subject to the part 541 regulations, 
allowing employers to continue to use the exemption for 24.5 million 
salaried white-collar workers who earn at least the proposed salary 
level and meet the standard duties test.\95\ The proposed salary level 
would also reasonably distribute between employees and their employers 
what the Department now understands to be the impact of the shift from 
a two-test to a one-test system on employees earning between the long 
and short test salary levels.
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

    \93\ 84 FR 51238 (noting salary's ``useful, but limited, 
role'').
    \94\ During the period from 1949 to 2004, the ratio of the short 
test salary level to the long test salary levels ranged from 
approximately 130 percent to 180 percent. See 81 FR 32403. The 
simple average of the 15 historical ratios of the short test salary 
level to the long test salary level is 149 and the Department 
calculates the short test salary level as 149 percent of the long 
test salary level. See id. at 32467 & n.149.
    \95\ This number does not include the additional 8.1 million 
workers employed in occupations that are not subject to the salary 
level test, such as doctors, lawyers, and teachers. Such employees 
are unaffected by this rulemaking because their exemption status is 
always determined by the duties test.
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

    Since switching from a two-test to a one-test system for defining 
and delimiting the EAP exemption in 2004, the Department has followed 
different approaches to set the single standard salary level. In 2004, 
the Department set the new standard salary level roughly equivalent to 
the 20th percentile of weekly earnings of full-time salaried workers in 
the South and in the retail industry nationwide ($455 per week).\96\ 
This approach produced a salary level amount that was equivalent to the 
lower long test salary level under the two-test system.\97\ Because it 
was equivalent to the long test salary level, employees who 
historically earned less than the long test salary level continued to 
be entitled to overtime compensation because they earned below the new 
standard salary level. However, because the new standard duties test 
was substantially equivalent to the less rigorous short duties 
test,\98\ employees who were paid the equivalent of the lower long test 
salary level and who met the less rigorous short duties test also now 
met the standard duties test and were not entitled to overtime 
compensation. This approach broadened the EAP exemption because all 
employees between the long and short test salary levels who 
historically had not been considered bona fide EAP employees because 
they did not meet the long duties test became exempt. The Department 
followed this same methodology to set the standard salary level in 
2019, although applying the 2004 rule's methodology resulted in a 
salary level that was a lower amount than what would have been the 
equivalent of the long test salary level.\99\ This broadened the EAP 
exemption even further by, for the first time, setting a salary level 
that exempted a group of white-collar employees earning below the 
equivalent of the long test salary level (based on contemporaneous 
data). Both the 2004 and 2019 rules thus effectively placed the impact 
of the shift from a two-test to a one-test system on lower-salaried 
white-collar employees--both those who earned below the short test 
salary level and were traditionally protected by the more rigorous long 
duties test (i.e., because they performed substantial amounts of 
nonexempt work), and, in the case of the 2019 rule, those who had 
previously been protected by a salary level set at or equivalent to the 
long test salary.
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

    \96\ See 69 FR 22168.
    \97\ See id. at 22168-69.
    \98\ Id. at 22214.
    \99\ See 84 FR 51260 (Table 4) (showing that the salary level 
derived from the Department's long test methodology would have been 
$724 per week rather than the finalized $684 per week amount).
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

    To address the concern that the 2004 rule did not provide overtime 
compensation for lower-salaried white-collar employees performing large 
amounts of nonexempt work who historically were not considered bona 
fide EAP employees, in 2016 the Department set the standard salary 
level at the 40th percentile of weekly earnings of full-time salaried 
workers in the lowest-wage Census Region (the South), which produced a 
salary level that was at the low end of the historical range of short 
test salary levels.\100\ This approach restored overtime protection to 
white-collar employees who perform substantial amounts of nonexempt 
work and earned between the equivalent of the long test salary level 
and the short test salary level. However, this approach also made 
nonexempt some employees who had previously met the long duties test--
employees who earned between the long test salary level and the low end 
of the short test salary range and performed only a limited amount of 
nonexempt work. Until 2004 employers could use the long test to exempt 
these employees, and under the 2004 rule these employees remained 
exempt under the one-test system. Thus, the impact of the 2016 rule was 
that employers could not use the exemption for certain white-collar 
employees who earned between the long and short test salary levels and 
would have met the more rigorous long duties test.\101\ In the 
challenge to the 2016 rule, the district court expressed concern that 
the 2016 rule conferred overtime eligibility based on salary level 
alone to a substantial number of employees who would otherwise be 
exempt.\102\
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

    \100\ 81 FR 32405.
    \101\ See 84 FR 10908; 84 FR 51242.
    \102\ See Nevada, 275 F.Supp.3d. at 806.
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

    Having grappled with the different approaches that it has used to 
set the standard salary level since switching to a one-test system in 
2004, the Department's goal in this rulemaking is not only to update 
the single standard salary level to account for earnings growth since 
the 2019 rule, but also to build on the lessons learned in its most 
recent rulemakings to more effectively define and delimit employees 
employed in a bona fide EAP capacity. Consistent with its broad 
authority under the statute, the Department is proposing a standard 
salary level test that would work effectively with the standard duties 
test to help achieve these objectives and would also reasonably 
distribute the impact of the switch to a one-test system across white-
collar

[[Page 62159]]

employees earning between the long and short test salary levels and 
their employers. In 2004 and 2019, setting the salary level equivalent 
to or below the lower long test salary level resulted in the exemption 
of lower-salaried employees who perform large amounts of nonexempt 
work, in effect significantly broadening the exemption compared to 
under the two-test system. This approach included in the exemption 
lower-salaried employees whom the Department had long considered not to 
be employed in a bona fide EAP capacity because they performed 
substantial amounts of nonexempt work. Under the 2016 approach, setting 
the salary level equivalent to the low end of the higher short test 
salary range would have restored overtime protections to those 
employees who perform substantial amounts of nonexempt work and earned 
between the long test salary level and the low end of the short test 
salary levels. However, it also would have resulted in denying 
employers the use of the exemption for many lower-salaried employees 
who traditionally were exempt under the long test, which raised 
concerns that the Department was in effect narrowing the exemption 
compared to the two-test system.\103\ In this rulemaking, the 
Department proposes setting a standard salary level that would better 
define and delimit the EAP exemption by more effectively accounting for 
the switch from a two-test to a one-test system, and reasonably 
distribute the impact of the shift by ensuring overtime protection for 
some lower-salaried employees without excluding from exemption too many 
white-collar employees solely based on their salary level.\104\
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

    \103\ See 84 FR 51242.
    \104\ See section IV.A.3.
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

    In addition, consistent with its previously stated intent, the 
Department is undertaking this rulemaking to keep the earnings 
thresholds up to date. Four years have passed since the 2019 rule, 
during which time salaried workers in the U.S. economy have experienced 
a rapid growth in their nominal wages, which lessens the effectiveness 
of the current salary level threshold. Reapplying the same methodology 
that was used to set the standard salary level in 2019 to recent 
earnings data would result in a new threshold of $822 per week--a 20.2 
percent increase over the current $684 per week standard salary 
level.\105\ Applying the long test salary methodology to current data 
would result in a salary threshold of $925 per week--a 35.2 percent 
increase over the current salary level.
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

    \105\ See section VII.C.5 (applying CPS MORG data from calendar 
year 2022).
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

    The Department is also proposing to increase the HCE total annual 
compensation threshold to the annualized weekly earnings amount of the 
85th percentile of full-time salaried workers nationally ($143,988). 
Reapplying the 2019 methodology (annualized weekly earnings of the 80th 
percentile of full-time salaried workers nationally) to current 
earnings data results in a threshold of $125,268 per year--a 16.6 
percent increase over the current threshold of $107,432. Other data 
further supports that the HCE test's current total annual compensation 
requirement has become outdated. When it was created in 2004, the HCE 
test featured a $100,000 threshold that exceeded the annual earnings of 
approximately 93.7 percent of salaried workers nationwide.\106\ More 
recently in the 2019 rule, the Department set the HCE test threshold so 
it would be equivalent to the annual earnings of the 80th percentile of 
full-time salaried workers nationwide. Today, however, the $107,432 HCE 
threshold is approximately the 72nd percentile of annual earnings of 
full-time salaried workers nationwide. The Department's proposed 
increase from the 80th to the 85th percentile is high enough to exclude 
employees who are not ``at the very top of [the] economic ladder'' 
\107\ and would ensure that this test for exemption continues to serve 
its intended function.
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

    \106\ See 69 FR 22169 (Table 3).
    \107\ Id. at 22174.
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

    The salary levels applicable to the U.S. territories have not 
increased since 2004. In 2004, the Department ended the use of special 
salary levels in territories that had become subject to the Federal 
minimum wage since the salary levels were last set in 1975, and applied 
a special salary level of $380 per week only to employees in American 
Samoa, who were subject to special minimum wage rates below the Federal 
minimum wage.\108\ In 2019, however, the Department established a 
special salary level of $455 per week for employees in Puerto Rico, 
Guam, the U.S. Virgin Islands, and the CNMI, for the first time setting 
a special salary level in territories that were subject to the Federal 
minimum wage.\109\ The Department also maintained the special salary 
level for American Samoa at $380 per week, the level set in 2004. There 
is thus a compelling need to increase the salary levels applicable to 
employees in U.S. territories, particularly employees in those 
territories that are subject to the Federal minimum wage.
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

    \108\ See id. at 22172.
    \109\ See 84 FR 51246.
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

    Finally, the Department proposes to adopt a mechanism to 
automatically update the earnings thresholds in the part 541 
regulations in future years. In its three most recent part 541 
rulemakings, the Department has expressed its commitment to keeping the 
salary level tests up to date. In its 2004 rule, the Department 
conveyed its intent ``in the future to update the salary levels on a 
more regular basis.'' \110\ In its 2016 rule, the Department adopted a 
mechanism to automatically update the salary level on a triennial 
basis. In 2019, after initially proposing to codify its commitment to 
updating the threshold every 4 years through rulemaking, the Department 
affirmed in its final rule that it ``intends to update these thresholds 
more regularly in the future.'' \111\ As noted above, however, the 
history of the part 541 regulations shows multiple, significant gaps 
during which the salary levels were not updated and their effectiveness 
in helping to define the EAP exemption decreased as wages increased. 
While the Department increased its part 541 earnings thresholds every 5 
to 9 years in the 37 years between 1938 and 1975, more recent decades 
have included long periods without raising the salary level, resulting 
in significant erosion of the real value of the threshold levels 
followed by unpredictable increases. As explained in greater detail in 
section IV.D, employees and employers alike would benefit from the 
certainty and stability of regularly scheduled updates.
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

    \110\ 69 FR 22171.
    \111\ 84 FR 51251-52.
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

IV. Discussion of Proposed Rule

    Consistent with its statutory duty to define and delimit the EAP 
exemption, the Department is proposing increases to the earnings 
thresholds provided in the part 541 regulations. As explained in 
greater detail below, the Department proposes to increase the standard 
salary level to the 35th percentile of weekly earnings of full-time 
salaried workers in the lowest-wage Census Region (currently the 
South). The Department also proposes to apply this updated standard 
salary level to the four U.S. territories that are subject to the 
Federal minimum wage--Puerto Rico, Guam, the U.S. Virgin Islands, and 
the CNMI--and to update the special salary levels for American Samoa 
and the motion picture industry in relation to the new standard salary 
level. The Department additionally proposes raising the HCE test's 
total annual compensation

[[Page 62160]]

requirement to the annual equivalent of the 85th percentile of weekly 
earnings of full-time salaried workers nationally ($143,988). Finally, 
the Department proposes a new mechanism to automatically update the 
standard salary level and the HCE total annual compensation threshold 
every 3 years to ensure that they remain effective tests for exemption.
    While the primary regulatory changes proposed are in Sec. Sec.  
541.600, 541.601, 541.709, and newly-added Sec.  541.607, additional 
conforming changes are proposed to update references to the salary 
level throughout part 541. The Department is not proposing any changes 
to the salary basis or duties test requirements in this rulemaking. The 
Department welcomes comments on all aspects of this proposal.

A. Standard Salary Level

    The salary level test is grounded in the text of section 13(a)(1). 
The Secretary's expressly-delegated authority to ``define[]'' and 
``delimit[]'' the terms of the EAP exemption includes the authority to 
use a salary level test as one criterion for identifying employees who 
are employed in a ``bona fide executive, administrative, or 
professional capacity.'' The Department has used a salary level test 
since the first part 541 regulations in 1938. From the FLSA's earliest 
days, stakeholders have generally favored the use of a salary 
test,\112\ and the Department's authority to use a salary test has been 
repeatedly upheld.\113\
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

    \112\ See Stein Report at 5, 19.
    \113\ See, e.g., Wirtz v. Miss. Publishers Corp., 364 F.2d 603, 
608 (5th Cir. 1966); Fanelli v. U.S. Gypsum Co., 141 F.2d 216, 218 
(2d Cir. 1944); Walling v. Yeakley, 140 F.2d 830, 832-33 (10th Cir. 
1944).
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

    Despite numerous amendments to the FLSA over the past 85 years, 
Congress has not restricted the Department's use of the salary level 
tests. Significant regulatory changes involving the salary requirements 
since 1938 include adding a separate salary level for professional 
employees in 1940, adopting a two-test system with separate short and 
long test salary levels in 1949, and creating a single standard salary 
level test and establishing a new HCE exemption test in 2004. These 
changes were all made through regulations issued pursuant to the 
Secretary's authority to define and delimit the exemption. Despite 
having amended the FLSA numerous times over the years, Congress has not 
amended section 13(a)(1) to alter these regulatory salary requirements.
    The FLSA delegates to the Secretary the power to ``define[ ]'' and 
``delimit[ ]'' the terms ``bona fide executive, administrative, or 
professional capacity'' through regulation. Congress thus ``provided 
that employees should be exempt who fell within certain general 
classifications''--those employed in a bona fide executive, 
administrative, or professional capacity--and authorized the Secretary 
``to define and delimit those classifications by reasonable and 
rational specific criteria.'' \114\ Therefore, the Department ``is 
responsible not only for determining which employees are entitled to 
the exemption, but also for drawing the line beyond which the exemption 
is not applicable.'' \115\
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

    \114\ Walling, 140 F.2d at 831-32; see Ellis v. J.R.'s Country 
Stores, Inc., 779 F.3d 1184, 1199 (10th Cir. 2015) (approvingly 
quoting Walling); see also Auer v. Robins, 519 U.S. 452, 456 (1997) 
(``The FLSA grants the Secretary broad authority to `defin[e] and 
delimi[t]' the scope of the exemption for executive, administrative, 
and professional employees.'').
    \115\ Stein Report at 2.
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    As the Department stated in its 2019 rule, an employee's salary 
level ``is a helpful indicator of the capacity in which an employee is 
employed, especially among lower-paid employees.'' \116\ The amount an 
employee is paid is also a ``valuable and easily applied index to the 
`bona fide' character of employment for which exemption is claimed,'' 
as well as the ``principal[ ]'' ``delimiting requirement'' 
``prevent[ing] abuse'' of the exemption.\117\ As the Department has 
explained, if an employee ``is of sufficient importance . . . to be 
classified as a bona fide'' executive employee, for example, and 
``thereby exempt from the protection of the [A]ct, the best single test 
of the employer's good faith in attributing importance to the 
employee's services is the amount [it] pays for them.'' \118\ Employee 
compensation is a relevant indicator of exemption status given that the 
EAP exemption is premised on the understanding that individuals who are 
employed in a bona fide executive, administrative, or professional 
capacity typically earn higher salaries and enjoy other privileges to 
compensate them for their long hours of work, setting them apart from 
nonexempt employees entitled to overtime pay.\119\
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

    \116\ 84 FR 51239 (internal quotation marks omitted).
    \117\ Stein Report at 19, 24; see also 81 FR 32422.
    \118\ Stein Report at 19, 24; see also id. at 26 (``[A] salary 
criterion constitutes the best and most easily applied test of the 
employer's good faith in claiming that the person whose exemption is 
desired is actually of such importance to the firm that he is 
properly describable as an employee employed in a bona fide 
administrative capacity.'').
    \119\ See Report of the Minimum Wage Study Commission, Vol. IV, 
at 236, 240; see also, e.g., Stein Report at 19 (explaining that the 
``term `executive' implies a certain prestige, status, and 
importance'' denoted by pay ``substantially higher than'' the 
Federal minimum wage).
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

    Consistent with the Department's longstanding approach, the 
proposed rule ensures that the salary level test and duties test 
continue to complement each other to define and delimit the EAP 
exemption and that the salary level does not play an outsized role in 
determining whether an individual is employed in a bona fide EAP 
capacity.\120\ In part because of the overlap in the salaries earned by 
employees who do and do not perform exempt job duties, the salary level 
must allow for appropriate examination of duties. As discussed in 
section IV.A.4, under the Department's proposed standard salary level, 
the duties test will determine the exemption status for most white-
collar employees.
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

    \120\ The Department has consistently stated that salary alone 
cannot define who is a bona fide EAP employee. See 84 FR 51239; 81 
FR 32429; 69 FR 22173.
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

    The Department's proposed standard salary level will, in 
combination with the standard duties test, better define and delimit 
which employees are employed in a bona fide EAP capacity in a one-test 
system. By setting a salary level above the equivalent of the long test 
salary level, the proposal would (unlike the 2004 and 2019 rules) 
ensure that not all lower-paid white-collar employees who perform 
significant amounts of nonexempt work, and were historically considered 
by the Department not to be employed in a bona fide EAP capacity 
because they failed the long duties test, are included in the 
exemption. At the same time, by setting it well below the equivalent of 
the short test salary level, the proposal would address potential 
concerns that the salary level test should not be determinative of EAP 
exemption status for too many white-collar employees. The combined 
effect would be a more effective test for exemption. The proposed 
salary level would also reasonably distribute between employees and 
their employers what the Department now understands to be the impact of 
the 2004 shift from a two-test to a one-test system on employees 
earning between the long and short test salary levels.
1. History of the Salary Level
    The first version of the part 541 regulations, issued in 1938, set 
a minimum compensation requirement of $30 per week for executive and 
administrative employees.\121\ Since then, the Department has increased 
the

[[Page 62161]]

salary levels eight times--in 1940, 1949, 1958, 1963, 1970, 1975, 2004, 
and 2019.
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

    \121\ 3 FR 2518.
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

    In 1940, the Department maintained the $30 per week salary level 
for executive employees but established a higher $200 per month salary 
level test for administrative and professional employees. In selecting 
these thresholds, the Department used salary surveys from Federal and 
State Government agencies, experience gained under NIRA, and Federal 
Government salaries to determine the salary level that was a reasonable 
``dividing line'' between employees performing exempt and nonexempt 
work.\122\
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

    \122\ See Stein Report at 20-21, 31-32.
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

    In 1949, recognizing that the ``increase in wage rates and salary 
levels'' since 1940 had ``gradually weakened the effectiveness of the 
present salary tests as a dividing line between exempt and nonexempt 
employees,'' the Department calculated the percentage increase in 
weekly earnings from 1940 to 1949, and then adopted new salary levels 
``at a figure slightly lower than might be indicated by the data'' to 
protect small businesses.\123\ In 1949, the Department also established 
a short test for exemption, which paired a higher salary level with a 
less rigorous duties test. The justification for this short test was 
that employees who met the higher salary level were more likely to meet 
all the requirements of the exemption (including the 20 percent limit 
on nonexempt work), and thus a ``short-cut test of exemption . . . 
would facilitate the administration of the regulations without 
defeating the purposes of section 13(a)(1).'' \124\ Employees who met 
only the lower long test salary level, and not the higher short test 
salary level, were still required to satisfy the long duties test, 
which included a limit on the amount of nonexempt work that an exempt 
employee could perform. The two-test system remained part of the 
Department's regulations until 2004.
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

    \123\ Weiss Report at 8, 14.
    \124\ Id. at 22-23.
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    In 1958, the Department reiterated that salary is a ``mark of [the] 
status'' of an exempt employee and reinforced the importance of salary 
as an enforcement tool, adding that the Department had ``found no 
satisfactory substitute for the salary tests.'' \125\ To set the salary 
levels, the Department considered data collected during 1955 WHD 
investigations on the ``actual salaries paid'' to employees who 
``qualified for exemption'' (i.e., met the applicable salary and duties 
tests in place at the time) and set the salary levels at $80 per week 
for executives and $95 per week for administrative and professional 
employees.\126\ The Department set the long test salary levels so that 
only a limited number of employees performing EAP duties (about 10 
percent) in the lowest-wage regions and industries would fail to meet 
the new salary level and therefore become entitled to overtime 
pay.\127\ In laying out this methodology, often referred to as the 
``Kantor'' methodology and generally referenced in this NPRM as the 
``long test'' methodology, the Department echoed its prior comments 
stating that the salary tests ``simplify enforcement by providing a 
ready method of screening out the obviously nonexempt employees.'' 
\128\
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

    \125\ Kantor Report at 2-3.
    \126\ Id. at 6, 9.
    \127\ Id. at 6-7.
    \128\ Id. at 2-3; see Weiss Report at 8.
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

    The Department followed a similar methodology when determining the 
appropriate long test salary level in 1963, using data regarding 
salaries paid to exempt workers collected in a 1961 WHD survey.\129\ 
The salary level for executive and administrative employees was 
increased to $100 per week, and the professional exemption salary level 
was increased to $115 per week.\130\ The Department noted that these 
salary levels approximated the methodology used in 1958 to set the long 
test salary levels.\131\
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

    \129\ 28 FR 7002 (July 9, 1963).
    \130\ Id. at 7004.
    \131\ Id.
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

    The Department continued to use a similar methodology when it 
updated the salary levels in 1970. After examining data from 1968 WHD 
investigations, 1969 BLS wage data, and information provided in a 
report issued by the Department in 1969 that included salary data for 
executive, administrative, and professional employees,\132\ the 
Department increased the long test salary level for executive and 
administrative employees to $125 per week and increased the long test 
salary level for professional employees to $140 per week.\133\
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

    \132\ See 34 FR 9934, 9935 (June 24, 1969).
    \133\ 35 FR 885.
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

    In 1975, instead of following the previous long test methodology, 
the Department set the long test salary levels ``slightly below'' the 
amount suggested by adjusting the 1970 salary levels for inflation 
based on increases in the Consumer Price Index (CPI).\134\ The long 
test salary level for executive and administrative employees was set at 
$155, while the professional level was set at $170. The salary levels 
adopted were intended to be interim levels ``pending the completion and 
analysis of a study by [BLS] covering a six month period in 1975[,]'' 
and were not meant to set a precedent for future salary level 
increases.\135\ The envisioned process was never completed, however, 
and the ``interim'' salary levels remained unchanged for the next 29 
years.
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

    \134\ 40 FR 7091.
    \135\ Id. at 7091-92.
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

    The short test salary level increased in tandem with the long test 
level throughout the various rulemakings between 1949 and 2004. Because 
the short test was designed to capture only those white-collar 
employees whose salary was high enough to indicate a stronger 
likelihood of being employed in a bona fide EAP capacity and thus 
warrant a less stringent duties requirement, the short test salary 
level was always set significantly higher than the long test salary 
level.
    When the Department updated the part 541 regulations in 2004, it 
opted to create a single standard test for exemption instead of 
retaining the two-test system from prior rulemakings. The Department 
set the new standard salary level at $455 per week and paired it with a 
duties test that was substantially equivalent to the less rigorous 
short duties test. In setting the new standard salary level, the 
Department looked at nonhourly earnings from the CPS MORG data 
collected by BLS.\136\ The Department set a salary level that would 
exclude from exemption roughly the bottom 20 percent of full-time 
salaried employees in each of two subpopulations: (1) the South and (2) 
the retail industry nationally. In setting the salary level the 
Department looked to earnings data for all white-collar workers--exempt 
and nonexempt--and looked to a higher percentile than the long test 
methodology (10th percentile of exempt workers in low-wage industries 
and areas). The Department acknowledged, however, that the salary 
arrived at by this method was, at the time, equivalent to the salary 
derived from the long test method using current data.\137\
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

    \136\ See 69 FR 22166-67.
    \137\ Id. at 22168. The 2004 methodology used the 20th 
percentile of a data set of all full-time salaried workers and the 
long test methodology looked to the lowest-paid 10 percent of exempt 
salaried workers. The two methodologies resulted in equivalent 
salary levels because exempt salaried workers generally have higher 
earnings than nonexempt salaried workers.
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

    In the 2016 rule, the Department again used CPS MORG data but set 
the standard salary level equal to the 40th percentile of weekly 
earnings of full-time salaried workers in the lowest-wage Census Region 
(the South),

[[Page 62162]]

resulting in a standard salary level of $913 per week, which was at the 
low end of the historic range of short test salary levels. The 
Department explained that the increase in the standard salary level was 
needed because the 2004 rule exempted lower-salaried employees 
performing large amounts of nonexempt work who should be covered by the 
overtime compensation requirement.\138\ Since the standard duties test 
was equivalent to the short duties test, the Department asserted that a 
salary level in the short test salary range was necessary to address 
this effect of the 2004 rule. As explained earlier, the U.S. District 
Court for the Eastern District of Texas held the 2016 rule invalid.
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

    \138\ 81 FR 32405.
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

    In updating the standard salary level in 2019, the Department 
reapplied the methodology from the 2004 rule, setting the salary level 
equal to the 20th percentile of weekly earnings of full-time salaried 
workers in the South and in the retail sector nationwide.\139\ This 
methodology addressed concerns that had been raised that the 2016 
methodology excluded too many employees from the exemption based on 
their salary alone. Unlike in 2004, however, where the 20th percentile 
of weekly earnings of full-time salaried workers in the South and 
retail nationally was essentially the same as the long test, this 
methodology now produced a salary level amount that was lower than the 
equivalent of the long test salary level using contemporaneous data. 
This methodology produced the current standard salary level of $684 per 
week (equivalent to $35,568 per year).\140\
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

    \139\ See 84 FR 51260 (Table 4).
    \140\ Id. at 51238.
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

2. Salary Level Test Function and Effects
    Since 1940, the Department's regulations have consistently looked 
at both the duties performed by the employee and the salary paid by the 
employer in defining and delimiting who is a bona fide executive, 
administrative, or professional employee exempt from the FLSA's minimum 
wage and overtime protections. From 1949 to 2004, the Department 
determined EAP exemption status using a two-test system comprised of a 
long test (a lower salary level paired with a more rigorous duties test 
that limited performance of nonexempt work to no more than 20 percent 
for most employees) and a short test (a higher salary level paired with 
a less rigorous duties test that looked to the employee's primary 
duties and did not have a numerical limit on the amount of nonexempt 
work). The two-test system facilitated the determination of whether 
white-collar workers across the income spectrum were employed in a bona 
fide EAP capacity, and employees who met either test could be 
classified as EAP exempt.
    In a two-test system, the long test salary level screens from the 
exemption the lowest-paid white-collar employees, thereby ensuring 
their right to overtime compensation. The Department has often referred 
to many of the employees who are screened from the exemption by virtue 
of their earning below the lower long test salary level as `` 
`obviously nonexempt employees[.]' '' \141\ The long test salary level 
helped distinguish employees who were not employed in a bona fide EAP 
capacity because the Department found that employees who were screened 
from exemption by the long test salary level generally did not meet the 
other requirements for exemption.\142\ Since 1958, the long test salary 
level was generally set to exclude from exemption approximately the 
lowest-paid 10 percent of salaried white-collar employees who performed 
EAP duties in the lowest-wage regions and industries.\143\ The long 
test salary level also served as a line delimiting the population of 
white-collar employees for whom the duties test determined their 
exemption status. In the two-test system, this duties analysis included 
an examination of the amount of nonexempt work performed, which ensured 
that employees earning lower salary levels were, in fact, employed in a 
bona fide EAP capacity by limiting the amount of time they could spend 
on nonexempt work. Thus, the Department long recognized that lower 
salaried workers should be subject to a test that placed significant 
limits on the amount of nonexempt work they perform. The duties and 
salary level tests worked in tandem to properly define and delimit the 
exemption: lower-paid workers had to satisfy a more rigorous duties 
test with strict limits on nonexempt work; higher paid employees were 
subject to a less rigorous duties test because they were more likely to 
satisfy all the requirements of the exemption (including the limit on 
nonexempt work).\144\
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

    \141\ See id. at 51237 (quoting Kantor Report at 2-3).
    \142\ See Kantor Report at 2-3; Weiss Report at 8 (``In an 
overwhelming majority of cases, it has been found by careful 
inspection that personnel who did not meet the salary requirements 
would also not qualify under other sections of the 
regulations[.]'').
    \143\ See 84 FR 51236.
    \144\ Weiss Report at 22-23.
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

    Because employees who met the short test salary level were paid 
well above the long test salary level, the short test salary level did 
not perform the same function as the long salary level of screening 
obviously nonexempt employees. Instead, the short test salary level was 
used to determine whether the full duties test or the short-cut duties 
test would be applied to determine EAP exemption status. The exemption 
status of employees paid more than the long and less than the short 
test salary levels was determined by applying the more rigorous long 
duties test that ensured overtime protections for employees who 
performed substantial amounts of nonexempt work. The exemption status 
of employees paid at or above the higher short test salary level was 
determined by the less rigorous short duties test that looked to the 
employee's primary duty and did not cap the amount of nonexempt work an 
employee could perform. The short test thus provided a faster and more 
efficient duties test based on the Department's experience that 
employees paid at the higher short test salary level ``almost 
invariably'' met the more rigorous long duties test, including its 20 
percent limit on nonexempt work, and therefore a shortened analysis of 
duties was a more efficient test for exemption status.\145\
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

    \145\ Id.
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

    In 2004, rather than update the two-test system, the Department 
chose to establish a new single-test system for determining exemption 
status. The new single standard test for exemption used a duties test 
that was substantially equivalent to the less rigorous short duties 
test in the two-test system.\146\ Since the creation of the standard 
test, the Department has taken two different approaches to set the 
standard salary level that pairs with the standard duties test.
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

    \146\ 69 FR 22214.
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

    In 2004, as noted above, the Department set the new salary level 
roughly equivalent to the 20th percentile of weekly earnings of full-
time salaried workers in the South and in the retail industry 
nationwide.\147\ The Department acknowledged that the salary level 
($455 per week) was, in fact, equivalent to the lower long test salary 
level amount under the two-test system using contemporaneous data.\148\ 
Because it was equivalent to the long test salary level, the standard 
salary test continued to perform the same initial screening function as 
the long test salary level and employees who historically were entitled 
to overtime compensation

[[Page 62163]]

because they earned below the long test salary level remained nonexempt 
under the new standard test. Without a higher salary short test, 
however, all employees who met the standard salary level were subject 
to the same duties test. The single standard duties test was equivalent 
to the short duties test, and so some employees who previously did not 
meet the long duties test met the standard duties test. As a result, 
the shift from a two-test to a one-test system significantly broadened 
the EAP exemption because employees who historically had not been 
considered bona fide EAP employees--in particular, those lower-paid 
employees who did not meet the long duties test because they performed 
substantial amounts of nonexempt work--were now defined as falling 
within the exemption and would not be eligible for overtime 
compensation.
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

    \147\ See id. at 22168-69.
    \148\ See id.
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

    This broadening specifically impacted lower-paid, salaried white-
collar employees who earned between the long and short test salary 
levels and performed substantial amounts of nonexempt work. Under the 
two-test system, these employees had been entitled to overtime 
compensation if their nonexempt duties exceeded the long test's strict 
limit on such work. Under the 2004 standard test, these employees 
became exempt because they met both the low standard salary level and 
the less rigorous standard duties test. The Department's discussion of 
the elimination of the long duties test in 2004 focused primarily on 
the minimal role played by the long test at that time due to the 
erosion of the long salary level, and on the difficulties employers 
would face if they were again required to track time spent on nonexempt 
work when the dormancy of the long duties test meant that they had 
generally not been performing such tracking for many years.\149\ While 
asserting that employees who were then subject to the long test would 
be better protected under the higher salary level of the new standard 
test, the Department did not compare the protection lower salaried 
employees would receive under the standard test with the protection 
they would have received under an updated long test with a salary level 
based on contemporary data and the existing long duties test.
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

    \149\ See 69 FR 22126-27.
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

    To address the concern that lower-salaried employees performing 
large amounts of nonexempt work historically were not considered bona 
fide EAP employees and thus should be entitled to overtime 
compensation, in 2016 the Department set the standard salary level at 
the 40th percentile of weekly earnings of full-time salaried workers in 
the lowest-wage Census Region (the South). This methodology produced a 
salary level ($913 per week) that was at the low end of the historical 
range of short test salary levels.\150\ This approach restored overtime 
protection for employees performing substantial amounts of nonexempt 
work who earned between the long and short test salary levels, as they 
failed the new salary level test. However, this approach generated 
potential concerns that the salary level test should not be 
determinative of exemption status for too many individuals.
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

    \150\ 81 FR 32405.
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

    Due to the 2016 rule's narrowing of the exemption, employers were 
unable to use the exemption for employees who earned between the long 
test salary level and the low end of the short test salary range and 
would have met the more rigorous long duties test. Prior to 2004 
employers could use the long test to exempt these employees, and under 
the 2004 rule these employees remained exempt under the one-test 
system. Thus, while the 2016 rule accounted for the absence of the long 
duties test by restoring overtime protections to employees earning 
between the long test salary level and the low end of the short test 
salary range who perform significant amounts of nonexempt work, it also 
made a group of employees who had been exempt under the two-test system 
newly nonexempt under the one-test system: employees earning between 
the long test level and the short test salary range who perform only 
limited nonexempt work.
    In its 2019 rule, the Department determined that the 2016 rule had 
not sufficiently considered the impact of the increased standard salary 
level on employers' ability to use the exemption for this group of 
employees.\151\ The Department emphasized that ``[f]or most . . . 
employees the exemption should turn on an analysis of their actual 
functions, not their salaries,'' and that the 2016 rule's effect of 
making nonexempt all lower-paid, white-collar employees who 
traditionally were exempt under the long test ``deviated from the 
Department's longstanding policy of setting a salary level that does 
not `disqualify[ ] any substantial number of' bona fide executive, 
administrative, and professional employees from exemption.'' \152\ To 
address these concerns, the Department simply returned to the 2004 
rule's methodology for setting the salary threshold. In responding to 
comments that the proposed salary level did not account for the absence 
of the more rigorous long duties test, the 2019 rule reiterated the 
statements made in the 2004 rule and asserted that the 2016 rule did 
not adequately account for the absence of the lower long test salary 
level.\153\ Applying the 2004 method to the earnings data available in 
2019 produced a standard salary level of $684 per week, which was even 
below the equivalent of what the long test salary level would have been 
using contemporaneous data ($724 per week).\154\
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

    \151\ 84 FR 10908.
    \152\ Id. (quoting Kantor Report at 5).
    \153\ See 84 FR 51243.
    \154\ Id. at 51260.
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

    The 2019 rule thus had the same impact as the 2004 rule of 
exempting all employees who earned between the long and short test 
salary levels and who performed too much nonexempt work to meet the 
long duties test, but passed the short duties test. The 2019 rule also 
for the first time permitted the exemption of a group of low-paid 
white-collar employees (those earning between $684 and $724 per week) 
who had always been protected by the salary level test's initial 
screening function--either under the long test, or under the 2004 rule 
salary level that was equivalent to the long test salary level. The 
Department stated that the standard salary level's ``fairly small 
difference'' from the long test level did not justify using the long 
test methodology to set the salary level, and emphasized that its 
approach preserved the salary level's principal function as a tool for 
screening from exemption obviously nonexempt employees.\155\ In 
response to commenter concerns about the rule exempting employees who 
traditionally earned between the long and short test salary levels and 
received overtime compensation because they did not meet the long 
duties test, the Department cited the legal risks posed by the 2016 
methodology (as evidenced by the district court's decisions) and 
explained that such employees were already exempt in the years leading 
up to 2004 because the Department's outdated salary levels had rendered 
the long test with its more rigorous duties requirement largely 
dormant.\156\ As in the 2004 rule, the Department did not address the 
protection lower salaried employees would have received under the long 
test with an updated salary level based on contemporary data.
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

    \155\ Id. at 51244.
    \156\ Id. at 51243.
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

    The Department's experience with a one-test system shows that it is 
less nuanced than the two-test system,

[[Page 62164]]

which allowed for finer calibration in defining and delimiting the EAP 
exemption. In a two-test system, there are four variables (two salary 
levels and two duties tests) that can be adjusted to define and delimit 
the exemption. In a one-test system, there are only two variables (one 
salary level and one duties test) that can be adjusted, necessarily 
yielding less nuanced results. The loss in precision does not impact 
the lowest-paid white-collar employees, who were screened from 
exemption by the long test salary level, because they maintain their 
right to overtime pay so long as the standard salary level is set at 
least equivalent to the lower long test salary level--a condition that 
was met by the 2004 rule's salary level but not by the 2019 rule's 
salary level. Instead, the Department's experience shows that the shift 
from a two-test system to a one-test system impacts employees earning 
between the long and short test salary levels and, in turn, employers' 
ability to use the exemption for these employees.
    In the two-test system, employees who earned between the long and 
short test salary levels and performed large amounts of nonexempt work 
were protected by the long duties test, while bona fide EAP employees 
who performed only limited amounts of nonexempt work in that earnings 
range were exempt. Meanwhile, the short test provided a time-saving 
short-cut test for higher-earning employees who would almost invariably 
pass the more rigorous, and thus more time consuming, long duties test. 
But the more rigorous long duties test, with its limitation on the 
amount of nonexempt work that could be performed, was always core to 
the two-test system, with the higher short test salary level and less 
rigorous short duties test serving as a time-saving mechanism for 
employees who would likely have met the more rigorous long duties test.
    Upon reflection and based on its rulemakings over the past 20 
years, the Department has determined that a one-test system that uses 
the standard duties test, without its limitations on the amount of 
nonexempt work, must use a salary level above the long test salary 
level in order to ensure that it is effectively identifying bona fide 
EAP employees. A single test system cannot fully replicate both the 
two-test system's heightened protection for employees performing 
substantial amounts of nonexempt work and its increased efficiency for 
determining exemption status for employees who are highly likely to 
perform EAP duties. One way in a one-test system to protect lower-
salaried employees earning between the long and short test salary 
levels who were historically entitled to overtime compensation under 
the long test would be to reinstate the long duties test with its 
limitation on nonexempt work. A one-test system with a more rigorous 
duties test would appropriately emphasize the important role of duties 
in determining exemption status. However, for the reasons discussed in 
this section, the Department is not proposing in this rulemaking to 
replace the standard duties test with the long duties test or to return 
to a two-test system with the long duties test. The Department has not 
had a one-test system with a limit on nonexempt work other than from 
1940 to 1949,\157\ when the Department replaced this approach with its 
two-test system, and returning to it would eliminate the benefits of 
the current duties test, including having a single test with which 
employers and employees are familiar.
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

    \157\ See 5 FR 4077.
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

    In light of these considerations, the Department's goal in this 
rulemaking is not only to update the single standard salary level to 
account for earnings growth since the 2019 rule, but also to build on 
the lessons learned in its most recent rulemakings to more effectively 
define and delimit employees working in a bona fide EAP capacity. 
Consistent with its broad authority under section 13(a)(1), the 
Department is proposing a single salary level test that will work 
effectively with the standard duties test to better define who is 
employed in a bona fide EAP capacity and will both perform the initial 
screening function that the salary level has always played and also 
adjust the salary level to account for the change to a single test 
system.
3. Salary Level Methodology
    The Department's extensive regulatory history shows that the two-
test system for defining the EAP exemption is an effective method of 
determining the exemption status of white-collar employees at both 
lower and higher salary levels. With this system, the salary and duties 
components of each test balance each other and the two tests work in 
combination to efficiently identify exempt employees while protecting 
employees who should receive overtime compensation. Although the two-
test system's effectiveness diminished in its later years, this was a 
consequence of the Department's failure to update the salary level 
tests after 1975, not a flaw with the two-test structure itself. Not 
updating the salary levels in a two-test system is particularly 
problematic because the real value of the higher short test salary 
level will inevitably decrease, expanding the exemption to lower-paid 
white-collar employees who previously were not considered bona fide EAP 
employees because they did not meet the long duties test and earned 
below the short test salary level, and rendering the lower long test 
salary level, with its more rigorous duties requirements, less 
effective in differentiating between exempt and nonexempt employees.
    The Department has considered returning to the two-test system as a 
way to define and delimit the EAP exemption without incurring the 
precision-related challenges inherent in a one-test system. However, 
the Department believes that a one-test system, with a single duties 
test, benefits both employers and employees in terms of the increased 
efficiency and simplicity in application. As the Department explained 
in 2004, a two-test system, with the more rigorous long duties test 
determining exemption status for many employees, would make exemption 
status determinations more complex and less efficient than retaining a 
single-test system with the existing duties test.\158\ The Department 
also continues to be mindful of the post-1991 regulatory landscape, 
which remains highly relevant given that the two-test system 
effectively became a one-test system in 1991 when the Federal minimum 
wage equaled or surpassed the long test salary levels.\159\
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

    \158\ See 69 FR 22126-27; see also 81 FR 32444-45 (discussing 
widespread employer and employee stakeholder opposition to 
reinstating a two-test system).
    \159\ 84 FR 51243.
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

    The Department has also considered whether to propose changing the 
standard duties test in this rulemaking. A test requiring closer 
scrutiny of employee duties would be consistent with the statutory 
text, and a credible way to define the exemption.\160\ Indeed, a more 
rigorous duties test, which limited the amount of nonexempt work--the 
long duties test--was traditionally the core of the EAP exemption in 
the two-test system. Experience under the two-test system shows that a 
more rigorous duties test helps to ensure that exempt employees are in 
fact performing EAP duties and

[[Page 62165]]

are therefore employed in a bona fide EAP capacity.\161\ In this 
respect, the duties test allows for finer calibration than the salary 
level test when determining who is employed in a bona fide EAP 
capacity, with a rigorous duties test that limits the amount of 
nonexempt work that can be performed ensuring that employees are 
actually performing EAP work and not simply performing nonexempt work 
without receiving overtime compensation. Were the Department to lessen 
the salary level test's role by adopting a more rigorous duties test, 
the number of employees who are nonexempt based on their salary alone 
would decrease, helping alleviate concerns about the salary level 
``supplanting an analysis of an employee's job duties'' in too many 
instances.\162\ The Department could, for instance, return to a duties 
test that explicitly limited the amount of nonexempt work that could be 
performed. As discussed above, a limitation on nonexempt work was an 
integral part of the long duties test that was, for a long time, a 
critical component of the test for EAP exemption.
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

    \160\ See 81 FR 32446 (``The Department continues to believe 
that, at some point, a disproportionate amount of time spent on 
nonexempt duties may call into question whether an employee is, in 
fact, a bona fide EAP employee.''); see also Stein Report at 17 
(noting that ``it would be inconsistent with the purposes of the 
[FLSA]'' to exempt employees like working foremen). In the 2004 
rule, the Department explained that eliminating the salary level 
test entirely would require significant changes to the duties test. 
See 69 FR 22172.
    \161\ The importance of a rigorous duties test was illustrated 
by the Department's Burger King litigation in the early 1980s, when 
the short and long tests were still actively in use. The Department 
brought two actions arguing that Burger King assistant managers were 
entitled to overtime protection. Sec'y of Labor v. Burger King 
Corp., 675 F.2d 516 (2d Cir. 1982); Sec'y of Labor v. Burger King 
Corp., 672 F.2d 221 (1st Cir. 1982). One group of assistant managers 
satisfied the higher short test salary level and was therefore 
subject to the less rigorous short duties test; the other group was 
paid less and was therefore subject to the long duties test with its 
limit on nonexempt work. Both appellate courts found that the higher 
paid employees were not overtime protected--even though they 
performed substantial amounts of nonexempt work--because they 
satisfied the short duties test. The lower-paid employees, however, 
were not exempt and therefore entitled to overtime compensation 
because they did not meet the more rigorous long duties test.
    \162\ 275 F. Supp. 3d at 806.
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

    The Department has ultimately decided, however, not to propose any 
changes to the duties test, consistent with its decisions in the 2016 
and 2019 rules. This decision was also informed by the Department's 
experience when it established the single-test system in 2004. In that 
rulemaking, the Department initially considered substantive changes to 
the duties test,\163\ but ultimately declined to go through with most 
of the proposed changes, stating that the final standard duties test 
was substantially the same as the short duties test.\164\ The 
Department also considered changing the duties test in both the 2016 
and 2019 rulemakings, but ultimately chose not to propose any such 
changes.\165\
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

    \163\ See 68 FR 15564-68.
    \164\ 69 FR 22126, 22192-94.
    \165\ 84 FR 10904; 82 FR 34618 (July 26, 2017); 80 FR 38543 
(July 6, 2015).
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

    At this time, the Department favors keeping the current duties test 
and concludes that, paired with an appropriate salary level 
requirement, the test can appropriately distinguish bona fide EAP 
employees from nonexempt workers. While comments received in previous 
rulemakings and during listening sessions show that the standard duties 
test is not universally popular, it is well known to employers, 
employees, and the courts, making it easier and more efficient for 
employers to implement and for workers to understand. Substantive 
changes to the duties test are a possible way to revise the regulatory 
test but they would take more time for employers and employees to 
adjust to than an increase in the salary level, requiring employers to 
reassess their current exemption determinations.
i. Fully Restoring the Salary Level's Screening Function
    To determine the appropriate salary level, the Department first 
considers whether the present methodology adequately performs the 
historical screening function of the long test salary level and next, 
the extent to which the salary level must be increased above the long 
test salary level to account for the switch to a one-test system in 
2004.
    The Department first focused on the salary level's historic 
function of screening obviously nonexempt employees from the exemption, 
a ``principle [that] has been at the heart of the Department's 
interpretation of the EAP exemption for over 75 years.'' \166\ Under 
the two-test system, the lower long test salary level provided ``a 
ready method of screening out the obviously nonexempt employees, making 
an analysis of duties in such cases unnecessary.'' \167\ When the 
Department updated the long test in 1958, it reaffirmed the long test 
salary's function as a screening tool.\168\
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

    \166\ See 84 FR 51241.
    \167\ Weiss Report at 8.
    \168\ Kantor Report at 2-3.
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    When the Department moved to a one-test system, the standard salary 
test had to perform the initial screening function that the long test 
salary level performed in the two-test system. In the 2004 rule, the 
Department reaffirmed its historical statements emphasizing the salary 
level's critical screening function.\169\ Most significantly, the 
Department used the long test methodology to validate its new salary 
level of $455 per week. Even though the 2004 rule made certain changes 
from that methodology (most significantly, setting the salary level 
equivalent to the ``lowest 20% of all salaried employees'' instead of 
the ``lowest 10% of exempt salaried employees''), the Department 
stressed that both ``approaches are capable of reaching exactly the 
same endpoint'' and demonstrated that the new method and the long test 
method produced equivalent salary levels at the time.\170\ By setting a 
salary level equivalent to the long test level, the Department ensured 
that employees earning at levels whereby they were entitled to overtime 
compensation under the two-test system because they earned below the 
long test salary level remained screened from the exemption by the new 
standard salary test, regardless of whether they met the less rigorous 
standard duties test. In the 2004 rule, the Department rejected 
requests from commenters who supported a salary level that was $30 to 
$95 lower than the level the Department ultimately adopted,\171\ thus 
maintaining the historic screening function by declining to set a 
salary level lower than the long test level.
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

    \169\ 69 FR 22165.
    \170\ See id. at 22167-71 (showing that for all full-time 
salaried employees, $455 in weekly earnings corresponded to just 
over the 20th percentile in the South and the 20th percentile in 
retail, and that for employees performing EAP duties, $455 in weekly 
earnings corresponded to just over the 8th percentile in the South 
and the 10th percentile in retail).
    \171\ See id. at 22164.
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

    In its 2019 rule, the Department reemphasized the salary level's 
screening function.\172\ The Department distinguished the 2016 rule, 
which the Department explained was invalidated because it `` 
`untethered the salary level test from its historical justification' of 
`[s]etting a dividing line between nonexempt and potentially exempt 
employees' by screening out only those employees who, based on their 
compensation level, are unlikely to be bona fide executive, 
administrative, or professional employees.'' \173\ In contrast, the 
Department explained, reapplying the 2004 methodology to current data 
was likely to pass muster because the district court that invalidated 
the 2016 rule ``endorsed the Department's historical approach to 
setting the salary level'' and ``explained that setting `the minimum 
salary level as a floor to screen[ ] out the obviously nonexempt

[[Page 62166]]

employees' is `consistent with Congress's intent.' '' \174\
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

    \172\ 84 FR 51237 (internal quotation marks omitted).
    \173\ Id. at 51231 (quoting 84 FR 10901).
    \174\ Id. at 51241 (quoting 275 F. Supp.3d at 806).
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

    The Department's position remains that a core function of the 
salary level test is to screen from the EAP exemption employees who, 
based on their low pay, should receive the FLSA's overtime protections. 
For decades under the Department's two-test system, the long test 
salary level performed this screening function. In the 2004 rule, the 
Department used a different approach--setting a single salary level 
test that was equivalent to, and thus set the same line of demarcation 
as, the long test salary level (although it combined that salary level 
with a duties test that was equivalent to the less rigorous short 
duties test). The Department deviated from this approach in 2019, 
setting a salary level that was $40 per week below the level produced 
using the long test methodology.\175\ In doing so, the Department for 
the first time expanded the exemption to include employees who were 
paid below the long test salary level. As an initial step, the proposed 
salary level methodology must fully restore the salary level's 
screening function by ensuring that employees who were nonexempt 
because they earned less than the long test salary are also nonexempt 
under the standard test. Simply restoring the historic screening 
function would require a standard salary level amount that is at least 
equal to the long test level (which is $925 per week using current 
data). Such a salary level would not, however, account for the shift to 
a one-test system in 2004.
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

    \175\ Id. at 51244.
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

    Increasing the standard salary level to at least the long test 
level would ensure that the salary level, at a minimum, performs the 
historical screening function it would have performed in a two-test 
system. From 1938 to 2019, all salaried white-collar employees paid 
below the long test salary level were entitled to the FLSA's 
protections, regardless of the duties they performed. This was true 
from 1938 to 1949 under the salary level test that became the long 
test,\176\ from 1949 to 2004 under the long test, and from 2004 to 2019 
under the standard salary level test that was set equivalent to the 
long test level. Setting the salary level below the long test level as 
was done in the 2019 rule--because the 2004 methodology no longer 
matched the long test salary level based on contemporaneous data--
departed from this history by enlarging the exemption to newly include 
employees who earned less than the long test salary level.
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

    \176\ During this period the Department used a one-test system 
that paired a lower salary level with a more rigorous duties test. 
See, e.g., 5 FR 4077.
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

    In the 2019 rule, the Department expressly declined to use the long 
test methodology to set the salary level test.\177\ Because the 
Department is not using the long test methodology to set the salary 
level in this proposal, but is instead using it to inform its selection 
of a new salary level methodology, the concerns expressed by the 
Department in 2019 do not apply. The Department was in part worried 
that the long test method is ``complex to model and thus is less 
accessible and transparent.'' \178\ This concern does not arise here 
because the Department's proposed methodology uses a publicly available 
data set of all full-time nonhourly workers in the South to set the 
salary level, as opposed to the long test methodology data set (which 
only included exempt workers).\179\ In 2019, the Department also 
expressed concern that the long test methodology presents a 
``circularity problem'' because this approach ``would determine the 
population of exempt salaried employees, while being determined by the 
make-up of that population.'' \180\ This concern is similarly not 
implicated here because, consistent with its practice since 2004, the 
Department is setting the salary level using a data set of all full-
time nonhourly workers, not just exempt workers.
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

    \177\ 84 FR 51244, 51260.
    \178\ Id. at 51244.
    \179\ For the same reason, the Department's approach does not 
implicate concerns that applying the long test method ``requires 
`uncertain assumptions' '' to compile a dataset set that represents 
exempt EAP employees. Id. (quoting 69 FR 22167). Moreover, while it 
is true that the Department must apply its probability codes to 
determine the group of salaried employees who pass the duties test, 
the Department has consistently applied these codes since the 2004 
rule. See generally section VII.B.5 (discussing probability codes).
    \180\ 84 FR 51244 (quoting 69 FR 22167).
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

ii. Selecting the Proposed Salary Level Methodology
    Section 13(a)(1)'s broad grant of statutory authority for the 
Department to define and delimit the EAP exemption provides the 
Department a degree of latitude in determining an appropriate salary 
level for identifying individuals who are employed in a bona fide EAP 
capacity. The Department believes that the long and short test salary 
levels provide useful parameters informed by its historical rulemaking 
for determining how to update the salary level test in this rulemaking. 
As previously discussed, the long and short test salary levels have 
served as the foundation for nearly all of the Department's prior 
rulemakings, either directly under the two-test system, or indirectly 
as a means of evaluating the Department's salary level methodology 
under a one-test system. Based on 2022 data, applying the long test 
methodology produces a salary level of $925 per week ($48,100 per year) 
and the short test methodology produces a salary level of $1,378 per 
week ($71,656 per year).
    The long and short test salary levels reflected longstanding 
understandings of how an individual's salary level informs the question 
of whether an individual is employed in a bona fide EAP capacity. As 
noted above, the long test salary level helped distinguish employees 
who were not employed in a bona fide EAP capacity and the Department 
found that employees who were screened from exemption by the long test 
salary level generally did not meet the other requirements for 
exemption.\181\ The justification for the short test, on the other 
hand, was that employees who met the higher salary level were more 
likely to meet all the requirements of the exemption (including the 
long test's 20 percent limit on nonexempt work).\182\ Moreover, because 
the Department's rulemakings since 2004 have, to varying extents, used 
the long and short tests as guideposts for setting the salary level in 
a one-test system, maintaining the same orientation in this rulemaking 
would enable the Department to calibrate its methodology to better 
define and delimit bona fide EAP employees, and evaluate how it impacts 
employees who historically have been entitled to overtime compensation 
and the ability of employers to use the exemption to exclude from 
overtime protection employees who have historically been exempt.
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

    \181\ See Kantor Report at 2-3.
    \182\ Weiss Report at 22-23.
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

    In its almost 20 years of experience with the one-test system, the 
Department has never set a standard salary level that falls between the 
long test salary level and the short test range. As explained more 
fully above, the Department set the standard salary at (or below) the 
long test salary level in the 2004 and 2019 rules and set it at the low 
end of the historic range of short test salary levels in the 2016 rule. 
Setting the salary level at either the long test salary level or 
equivalent to a short test salary level in a one-test system with the 
standard duties test, however, results in either denying overtime 
protection to lower-paid employees who are performing large amounts of 
nonexempt work, and thus, were exempt under the Department's historical 
view of the EAP

[[Page 62167]]

exemption, or in raising concerns that the salary level is determining 
the status of too many employees. An appropriately calibrated salary 
level between the long and short test salary levels would better define 
and delimit which employees are employed in a bona fide EAP capacity, 
and thus better fulfill the Department's duty to define and delimit the 
EAP exemption.
    Traditionally, the Department considered employees earning between 
the long and short test salary levels to be employed in a bona fide EAP 
capacity only if they were not performing substantial amounts of 
nonexempt work. With the adoption of a duties test based on the less 
rigorous short duties test, the shift to a single-test system 
eliminated the inquiry into the amount of nonexempt work employees 
performed. Following this shift, the Department has taken two 
approaches to setting the salary level to pair with the standard duties 
test. The approach taken in the 2004 rule permitted the exemption of 
all employees earning above the long test salary level who met the 
standard duties test--including many employees who performed 
substantial amounts of nonexempt work and were protected by the long 
duties test. The approach taken in the 2016 rule was challenged and 
criticized as making nonexempt employees earning between the long test 
salary level and the low end of the short test salary range--including 
some employees who may have performed very little nonexempt work and 
would have been exempt under the long test. Inevitably, any attempt to 
pair a single salary level with the current duties test will result in 
some employees who perform substantial amounts of nonexempt work being 
exempt, and some employees who perform almost exclusively exempt work 
being nonexempt.\183\ But such a result is inherent in setting any 
salary level in a one test system--some employees will have EAP status 
turn on salary level. The proposed salary level would better identify 
which employees are employed in a bona fide EAP capacity--particularly 
by restoring overtime eligibility for individuals who perform 
substantial amounts of nonexempt work and historically would have been 
protected by the long duties test--while at the same time addressing 
potential concerns that the salary level test should not be 
determinative of exemption status for too many individuals.\184\
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

    \183\ See Stein Report at 6 (``In some instances the rate 
selected will inevitably deny exemption to a few employees who might 
not unreasonably be exempted, but, conversely, in other instances it 
will undoubtedly permit the exemption of some persons who should 
properly be entitled to benefits of the act.'').
    \184\ The Department has repeatedly recognized that increasing 
salary level tends to correlate with the performance of bona fide 
EAP duties. See section IV.A.2 (discussing role of long test and 
short test salary levels); section IV.C (discussing the role of the 
HCE total annual compensation threshold). Thus, increasing overtime 
protection specifically for workers earning at the lower end of the 
range between the long test salary level and short test salary 
level--but not those earning at the higher end of that range--is an 
especially appropriate approach to balancing these concerns.
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

    In setting the salary level, the Department continues to believe 
that it is important to use a methodology that is transparent and 
easily understood. As in its prior rulemakings, the Department proposes 
to set the salary level using a lower-salary regional data set (as 
opposed to nationwide data) to accommodate businesses for which 
salaries generally are lower due to geographic or industry-specific 
reasons.\185\ Specifically, the Department proposes to set the salary 
level using the data set of full-time nonhourly \186\ workers in the 
lowest-wage Census Region (the South). Like the Department's 2004, 
2016, and 2019 rules, this approach would promote transparency because 
BLS routinely compiles this data. It would also promote regulatory 
simplification because the data set is not limited to exempt EAP 
employees and thus does not require the Department to model which 
employees pass the duties test.\187\
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

    \185\ See 84 FR 51238; 81 FR 32404.
    \186\ Consistent with recent rulemakings, in determining 
earnings percentiles the Department looked at nonhourly earnings for 
full-time workers from the CPS MORG data collected by BLS.
    \187\ As discussed in the economic analysis, see section 
VII.B.5, this modeling is done using the Department's probability 
codes. See 84 FR 51244; 69 FR 22167.
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

    For similar reasons, the Department is not proposing to add 
nationwide earnings data from specific industries (such as retail) to 
the CPS earnings data from the lowest-wage Census Region. The 
Department's 2019 rule included such data to faithfully replicate the 
2004 methodology which considered earnings of full-time nonhourly 
workers in the lowest-wage Census Region and the retail industry 
nationally.\188\ The Department's approach nonetheless would yield a 
salary level that would be appropriate in low-wage industries because 
using earnings data from the lowest-wage Census Region would capture 
differences across regional labor markets without attempting to adjust 
to specific industry conditions.\189\
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

    \188\ See 84 FR 51244 (citing 69 FR 22167).
    \189\ See 81 FR 32410.
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

    Based on 2022 data, applying the long test methodology produces a 
salary level of $925 per week ($48,100 per year), which equates to 
between the 26th and 27th percentiles of weekly earnings of full-time, 
nonhourly workers in the lowest-wage Census Region (the South).\190\ 
This figure provides what the Department believes should be the lowest 
boundary of a salary level methodology because it would at least 
restore the historical screening function that had operated under a 
two-test system.
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

    \190\ The 26th percentile in this data set corresponds to a 
salary level of $918 per week and the 27th percentile corresponds to 
a salary level of $933 per week.
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

    The Department is not proposing to set the salary level equivalent 
to the long test level in part because doing so would perpetuate the 
problem that has become evident under the 2004 and 2019 rules: that 
setting the single salary level no higher than the long test level 
enables employers to exempt employees who were traditionally not 
considered bona fide EAP employees because they performed substantial 
amounts of nonexempt work and did not meet the long duties test under 
the two-test system. Like these earlier rules, this approach would 
impact white-collar employees earning between the long and short test 
salary levels who perform substantial amounts of nonexempt work--and 
thus were entitled to overtime protection under the two-test system--
but meet the less rigorous standard duties test.
    As discussed above, the Department could address this issue by 
changing the duties test to reinstate the long test's limit on 
nonexempt work. Doing so would restore the relationship between the 
salary level and duties tests that existed under the two-test system 
whereby the Department paired a lower salary level with a more rigorous 
duties test. Paired with a long test-equivalent salary level, a 
stronger duties test would ensure that lower-paid employees who perform 
large amounts of nonexempt work receive overtime protection, while 
permitting employers to continue using the exemption for lower-paid 
employees performing EAP duties. However, for the reasons previously 
discussed, the Department proposes to restore the relationship between 
the salary level and duties test by keeping the duties test unchanged 
at this time and instead increasing the salary level moderately above 
the long test level. This increase in the salary level is necessary for 
the Department to effectively fulfill its role of defining and 
delimiting the EAP exemption because, without it, the employees who 
were not considered bona fide EAPs historically--those earnings between 
the long and short test

[[Page 62168]]

salary levels who did not meet the historical long duties test--would 
remain exempt from overtime. In other words, the Department's proposed 
salary level methodology will better help limit the exemption of lower-
paid employees who historically were not considered bona fide EAP 
employees because they perform substantial amounts of nonexempt work, 
but who are not receiving overtime protection under the one-test 
system.
    Although the ``regulations cannot have the precision of a 
mathematical formula[,]'' \191\ with only two variables to adjust in a 
one-test system, and with the Department deciding to leave one of those 
variables (the duties test) unchanged in this rulemaking, the 
Department wanted to look more precisely at methods for updating the 
salary level test. The Department has therefore looked to employee 
earnings ventiles rather than only deciles as it has historically 
done.\192\ The earnings ventiles between the long test salary level 
(approximately the 26th or 27th percentile) and short test salary level 
(approximately the 53rd percentile) are the 30th, 35th, 40th, 45th, and 
50th percentiles of weekly earnings of full-time salaried workers in 
the lowest-wage Census Region. The Department examined these earnings 
ventiles with the goal of more effectively defining and delimiting the 
exemption while maintaining the one-test system.
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

    \191\ Weiss Report at 9.
    \192\ Historically, the Department set the long test salary 
level to exclude from exemption approximately the lowest-paid 10 
percent of exempt salaried employees in the lowest-wage regions and 
industries. In 2004 and 2019, the Department set the standard salary 
level test equivalent to the 20th percentile of weekly earnings of 
full-time salaried workers in the South Census Region and in the 
retail industry nationally. In the 2016 rule, the Department set the 
salary level equal to the 40th percentile of weekly earnings of 
full-time salaried workers in the lowest-wage Census Region (the 
South). See 84 FR 51236-37 (describing prior methodologies).
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

    Setting the salary level at the 40th percentile of weekly earnings 
of full-time salaried workers in the lowest-wage Census Region would 
reduce the impact of a one-test system on lower-paid white-collar 
employees who perform significant amounts of nonexempt work. This 
percentile is midway between the 30th and 50th percentiles and would 
produce a salary level ($1,145 per week) that is roughly the midpoint 
between the long and short test salary levels. Of the approximately 
10.3 million salaried white-collar employees who earn between the long 
and short test salary levels, approximately 47 percent earn between the 
long test salary level and $1,145 and would receive overtime protection 
by virtue of their salary, while approximately 53 percent earn between 
$1,145 and the short test salary level and would have their exemption 
status turn on whether they meet the duties test.
    The Department remains concerned, however, that courts could find 
this approach makes the salary level test determinative of overtime 
eligibility for too many employees (i.e., 47 percent of those earning 
between the long and short test levels). Setting the salary level equal 
to the 45th or 50th percentile of weekly earnings would further amplify 
this concern. In contrast, setting the salary level based on a lower 
percentile of earnings will (compared to such higher levels) increase 
the number of employees for whom duties is determinative of exemption 
status, and in turn the ability of employers to use the exemption for 
more lower-paid employees who meet the EAP duties requirements. This 
outcome is consistent with the important role of the duties test in 
identifying bona fide EAP employees and recognizes that the 2016 rule 
(which set the salary level equal to the 40th percentile of weekly 
earnings of full-time salaried workers in the lowest-wage Census 
Region) was held invalid by the U.S. District Court for the Eastern 
District of Texas for making too many employees eligible for overtime 
based on salary alone.\193\
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

    \193\ See Nevada, 275 F.Supp.3d at 806-07.
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

    The Department is also responding to concerns that setting the 
salary level equal to the 40th percentile of weekly earnings of full-
time salaried workers in the lowest-wage Census Region would foreclose 
employers from exempting any white-collar employees who earn less than 
$1,145 per week and perform EAP duties, including those who were exempt 
under the long test and remained exempt when the Department established 
the one-test system in 2004 and set the salary level equivalent to the 
long test level.\194\ Litigants challenging the 2016 rule also 
emphasized this consequence of setting a salary level above the long 
test in a one-test system, and those arguments have contributed to the 
Department more fully attempting to account for the impact of the shift 
from a two-test to a one-test system on the scope of the exemption. 
Although some stakeholders have urged the Department to follow the 
methodology from the 2016 rule or set an even higher threshold, the 
Department has chosen a salary level that is appreciably lower than the 
midpoint between the short and long test salary levels--an approach 
that it believes is an appropriate method for identifying bona fide EAP 
employees. This approach would also reasonably balance the goal of 
ensuring that employees earning above the long test salary level but 
performing substantial amounts of nonexempt work are not exempt with 
the goal of enabling employers to use the exemption for employees who 
do not perform substantial amounts of nonexempt work.
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

    \194\ See 84 FR 51242.
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

    The Department also examined the 30th and 35th percentiles of 
weekly earnings of full-time salaried workers in the lowest-wage Census 
Region. The Department did not consider setting the salary level at the 
25th percentile of weekly earnings of full-time salaried workers in the 
lowest-wage Census Region ($901 per week or $46,852 per year) because 
it is lower than the long test salary level ($925 per week or $48,100 
per year, which is approximately the 26th or 27th percentile). Setting 
the standard salary level at the 30th percentile of weekly earnings of 
full-time salaried workers in the lowest-wage Census Region would 
result in a salary level of $975 per week ($50,700 per year). This 
salary level is roughly the midpoint between the 2004 methodology (the 
20th percentile of weekly earnings of full-time salaried workers in the 
lowest-wage Census region and in retail nationally, currently $822 per 
week or $42,744 per year), and the 2016 methodology (the 40th 
percentile of weekly earnings of full-time salaried workers in the 
lowest-wage Census Region, currently $1,145 per week or $59,540 per 
year). While setting the salary level equal to the 30th percentile of 
weekly earnings of full-time salaried workers in the lowest-wage Census 
Region would produce a salary level that is above the long test salary 
level, it is very close to the long test salary level, and the 
Department is concerned it would not sufficiently address the problem 
inherent in the 2004 methodology of including in the exemption 
employees who perform significant amounts of nonexempt work, including 
those earning salaries closer to the long test salary level, and 
historically were not considered bona fide EAP employees under the two-
test system. Additionally, only 11 percent of white-collar employees 
who earn between the long and short test salary levels earn below the 
30th percentile. As noted above, the Department believes that the 
standard salary must fulfill the historical screening function of the 
long test salary level and account for the shift to a one-test system, 
and the

[[Page 62169]]

Department is concerned that this salary level would not fulfill both 
objectives.
    After careful consideration, the Department concludes that setting 
the salary level equal to the 35th percentile--which produces a salary 
level of $1,059 per week--will effectively define and delimit the scope 
of the EAP exemption. Consistent with the Department's responsibility 
to ``not only . . . determin[e] which employees are entitled to the 
exemption, but also [to] draw[ ] the line beyond which the exemption is 
not applicable[,]'' \195\ the Department's proposed standard salary 
level will, in combination with the standard duties test, effectively 
calibrate the scope of the exemption to ensure the exemption of bona 
fide EAP employees, and do so in a way that distributes across the 
population of white-collar employees earning between the long and short 
test salary levels the impact of the shift to a one-test system.
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

    \195\ Stein Report at 2.
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

    The Department stated in the 2019 rule that the primary and modest 
purpose of the salary level is to identify potentially exempt employees 
by screening out obviously nonexempt employees.\196\ While this initial 
screening function is the primary effect of the salary level, as noted 
above, each update to the salary level has also had a secondary effect: 
it defines the group of white-collar employees for whom the duties test 
is determinative of their exemption status. Setting the salary level 
equal to the 35th percentile of weekly earnings of full-time salaried 
workers in the lowest-wage Census Region produces a salary level high 
enough above the long test level to ensure overtime protection for some 
lower-paid employees who were traditionally entitled to overtime 
compensation under the two-test system by virtue of their performing 
large amounts of nonexempt work. The salary level is also low enough, 
as compared with higher salary levels, to significantly shrink the 
group of employees performing EAP duties who are excluded from the 
exemption by virtue of their salary alone. Of the 10.3 million salaried 
white-collar employees earning between the equivalent of the long and 
short test salary levels, approximately 31 percent earn between $925 
(the equivalent of the long test salary level) and $1,059 (the proposed 
salary level) and would receive overtime protection by virtue of their 
salary, while approximately 69 percent earn between $1,059 and $1,378 
(the equivalent of the short test salary level) and would have their 
exemption status turn on whether they meet the duties test.
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

    \196\ 84 FR 51238.
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

    Comparing the impact of the new salary level on white-collar 
employees earning between the long and short test salary levels and 
their employers reinforces the reasonableness of the Department's 
proposed salary level. Whereas the 2004 and 2019 rules permitted the 
exemption of such employees even if they performed significant amounts 
of nonexempt work, and the 2016 rule prevented employers from using the 
exemption for such employees earnings below the short test salary range 
even if they performed EAP duties, the proposed methodology falls 
between these two methodologies and therefore reasonably balances the 
effect of the switch to a one-test system in a way that better 
differentiates between those who are and are not employed in a bona 
fide EAP capacity. Even though the Department's decision to select a 
salary level below the midpoint between the long and short tests means 
that the effect of the salary level on these employees and employers is 
not equal, a higher salary level could disrupt reliance interests of 
employers who (due in part to the Department's failure to update the 
salary level tests between 1975 and 2004), have been able to use a 
lower salary level and more lenient duties test to determine exemption 
status since 1991. However, a significantly lower salary level akin to 
the long test salary level would avoid disrupting such reliance 
interests only by continuing to place the burden of the move to a one-
test system entirely on employees who historically were entitled to the 
FLSA's overtime protections because they perform substantial amounts of 
nonexempt work. The Department believes that employer reliance 
interests should inform where the salary level is set between the long 
and short test levels, and that its approach strikes a workable 
equilibrium that reasonably balances, between employees' right to 
receive overtime compensation and employers' ability to use the 
exemption, the impact of a one-test system.
    Such reasonable balancing is fully in line with the Department's 
authority under the FLSA to ``mak[e] certain by specific definition and 
delimitation'' the ``general phrases'' ``bona fide executive, 
administrative, and professional employee.'' \197\ This grant of 
authority confers discretion upon the Department to reasonably 
determine the boundaries of these general categories; any such line-
drawing, as courts have recognized, will ``necessarily'' leave out some 
employees ``who might fall within'' these categories.\198\
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    \197\ Walling, 140 F.2d at 831.
    \198\ Id.
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    The Department recognizes that it stated in its 2016 rule that the 
current duties test could not be effectively paired with a salary level 
below the short test salary range, and for this reason expressly 
rejected setting the salary level at the 35th percentile of weekly 
earnings of full-time salaried workers in the South.\199\ But that 
rule, which would have prevented employers from using the EAP exemption 
for some employees who were considered exempt under the prior two-test 
system, was challenged in court, and a return to it would result in 
significant legal uncertainty for both workers and the regulated 
community. In the 2019 rule, the Department expressly rejected setting 
the salary level equal to the long test or higher.\200\ However, as 
noted above, the Department did not fully address in that rule the 
implications of the switch from a two-test to a single-test system. 
Having now grappled with those implications, particularly in light of 
the Department's experience in the litigation challenging its 2016 
rule, the Department has concluded that not only can it pair the 
current duties test with a salary between the long and short test 
salary levels, but that doing so appropriately recalibrates the salary 
level in a one-test system to ensure that it effectively identifies 
bona fide EAP employees.
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

    \199\ 81 FR 32410.
    \200\ See 84 FR 51244.
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

    The Department is not proposing any changes to how bonuses are 
counted toward the salary level requirement. Consistent with the 
current regulations, if the salary level is finalized as proposed, 
employers could satisfy up to 10 percent of the salary level ($105.90 
per week under this proposed rule) through the payment of 
nondiscretionary bonuses and incentive pay (including commissions) paid 
annually or more frequently.\201\
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

    \201\ Sec.  541.602(a)(3).
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4. Assessing the Impact of the Proposed Salary Level
    As stated above, the Department believes that the salary level test 
should fulfill a ``useful, but limited, role'' in defining and 
delimiting the EAP exemption.\202\ In proposing to update the standard 
salary level, the Department seeks to: preserve the primary role of an 
analysis of employee duties in determining EAP exemption status, fully 
restore the initial screening function of the salary level, and more

[[Page 62170]]

effectively identify in a one-test system who is employed in a bona 
fide EAP capacity in a manner that reasonably distributes among 
employees earning between the long and short test salary levels and 
their employers the impact of the Department's move from a two-test to 
a one-test system. A closer look at the expected impact of the proposed 
salary level shows that it meets these objectives.
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    \202\ 84 FR 51238.
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

    The Department intentionally chose a salary level methodology that, 
if finalized, would ensure that the EAP exemption status of the great 
majority of white-collar employees would continue to depend on their 
duties. To evaluate whether the proposed methodology meets this 
objective, the Department first considered its effect on the population 
of all salaried white-collar employees--the universe of employees who 
could potentially be impacted by a change in the standard salary level. 
This analysis confirmed that the number of white-collar employees who 
would be excluded from the EAP exemption as a result of the 
Department's proposed standard salary level is greatly exceeded by the 
far-larger population of white-collar employees for whom duties would 
continue to determine their exemption status.
    As illustrated in Figure A below, of the approximately 43.8 million 
salaried white-collar employees in the United States subject to the 
FLSA,\203\ about 11.7 million earn below the Department's proposed 
standard salary level of $1,059 per week and about 32.1 million earn 
above the Department's proposed salary level.\204\ Thus, approximately 
27 percent of salaried white-collar employees (most of whom, as 
discussed below, do not perform EAP duties) earn below the proposed 
salary level, whereas approximately 73 percent of salaried white-collar 
employees earn above the salary level and would have their exemption 
status turn on their job duties.\205\
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    \203\ Excluded from this number are workers in named occupations 
and those exempt under another non-EAP overtime exemption. The 
exemption status of these groups will not be impacted by a change in 
the standard salary level.
    \204\ As discussed further below, see, e.g., section VII.B.5, 
the Department used data representing compensation paid to nonhourly 
white-collar workers to estimate compensation paid to salaried 
white-collar employees.
    \205\ Even this estimate is conservative, as it excludes 8.1 
million white-collar employees employed as teachers, attorneys, and 
physicians, for whom there is no salary level requirement under the 
part 541 regulations and whose exemption status is therefore always 
determined by their duties. If these employees in ``named 
occupations'' are included, the percentage of white-collar employees 
for whom exemption status would depend on duties, rather than 
salary, increases to 77 percent. See Sec. Sec.  541.303-304.
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

    Scrutinizing these figures more closely reinforces the continued 
importance of the duties test under the Department's proposal. Of the 
approximately 11.7 million salaried white-collar employees who earn 
below the Department's proposed standard salary level of $1,059 per 
week, about 8.5 million earn below the long test salary level of $925 
per week. As explained above, with the exception of the 2019 rule, when 
the Department set the salary level slightly lower, the Department has 
always set salary levels that screened from exemption employees earning 
below the long test salary level. The number of salaried white-collar 
employees for whom salary would be determinative of their nonexempt 
status and who earn at least the long test salary level--3.2 million--
is nearly ten times smaller than the number of salaried white-collar 
employees for whom job duties would continue to be determinative of 
their exemption status because they earn at least the proposed standard 
salary level--32.1 million.\206\
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    \206\ As noted above, see supra note 205, these figures do not 
include the additional 8.1 million white-collar employees in 
occupations for which there is no salary level requirement and so 
duties is always determinative of exemption status.
[GRAPHIC] [TIFF OMITTED] TP08SE23.000


[[Page 62171]]


    In analyzing how the Department's proposed salary level would 
impact all salaried white-collar employees, the Department also 
considered the extent to which salaried white-collar employees across 
the income distribution perform EAP duties. As noted above, the salary 
level has historically served as ``a helpful indicator of the capacity 
in which an employee is employed, especially among lower-paid 
employees;'' \207\ however, it should not eclipse the duties test.\208\ 
The Department's proposed standard salary level meets this standard 
because, according to probability codes the Department has used in all 
of its recent part 541 rules,\209\ most salaried white-collar employees 
paid less than the proposed standard salary level do not meet the 
duties test, whereas a substantial majority of salaried white-collar 
employees earning above the proposed standard salary level meet the 
duties test.
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

    \207\ 84 FR 51239 (quoting 84 FR 10907).
    \208\ See id. at 51245.
    \209\ See section VII.B.5.
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

    As illustrated in Figure B, of the 11.7 million salaried white-
collar employees who earn less than the proposed standard salary level 
of $1,059 per week, the Department estimates that only 36 percent--
about 4.2 million employees--meet the standard duties test. In 
contrast, of the 32.1 million salaried white-collar employees who earn 
at least $1,059 per week, 76 percent--about 24.5 million employees--
meet the standard duties test.\210\ The number of salaried white-collar 
workers who meet the standard duties test and earn below the proposed 
standard salary level is thus nearly six times smaller than the number 
of salaried white-collar workers who meet the standard duties test and 
earn at least the proposed standard salary amount. And 85 percent of 
all salaried white-collar workers who meet the standard duties test--
24.5 million out of a total of approximately 28.7 million--earn at 
least the Department's proposed standard salary level.\211\
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    \210\ As noted above, see supra note 205, these figures exclude 
salaried white-collar workers who are not subject to the part 541 
salary criteria.
    \211\ Note that these numbers refer only to salaried white-
collar employees at all salary levels who meet the standard duties 
test, including employees who are nonexempt because they earn below 
the current standard salary level.
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BILLING CODE 4510-27-P
[GRAPHIC] [TIFF OMITTED] TP08SE23.001

    The Department next evaluated its proposed salary level methodology 
by looking at salaried white-collar employees who earn between the long 
and short test salary levels. As discussed in section IV.A.3.ii, the 
long

[[Page 62172]]

and short test salary levels provide appropriate parameters for 
determining how to update the salary level test. Under the Department's 
proposal, duties would continue to be determinative of exemption status 
for a significant majority of white-collar employees earning between 
these thresholds.
    As illustrated in Figure C, of the approximately 10.3 million 
salaried white-collar employees who earn between the long test salary 
level of $925 per week and the short test salary level of $1,378 per 
week, about 31 percent (3.2 million) earn below the Department's 
proposed standard salary level, and about 69 percent (7.1 million) earn 
at or above the Department's proposed standard salary level. Moreover, 
of the 3.2 million employees earning between the long test and the 
proposed standard salary level, approximately half do not meet the 
standard duties test.\212\
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    \212\ As discussed further below, about 1.6 million of the 
approximately 3.2 million salaried white-collar employees who earn 
between the long test salary threshold and the Department's proposed 
salary level (about 49 percent of these employees) do not meet the 
standard duties test. Thus, in effect, only 16 percent of salaried 
white-collar employees who earn between the long and short test 
salary levels--1.6 million out of a total of 10.3 million--have 
their exemption status determined solely by the proposed standard 
salary level.
[GRAPHIC] [TIFF OMITTED] TP08SE23.002

BILLING CODE 4510-27-C
    Finally, the Department also looked at the impact of the proposed 
salary level on currently exempt EAP employees--those salaried white-
collar employees who meet the standard duties test and earn at least 
$684 per week. As with every prior rulemaking to increase the part 541 
salary levels, a relatively small percentage of currently exempt 
employees would become nonexempt if this proposal were finalized. Of 
the approximately 43.8 million salaried white-collar employees in the 
United States, approximately 27.9 million currently qualify for the EAP 
exemption.\213\ Of these 27.9 million presently-exempt employees, just 
3.4 million earn at or above the current $684 per week standard salary 
level but less than $1,059 per week and would, without some intervening 
action by their employers, become entitled to overtime protection as a 
result of the Department increasing the standard salary level to $1,059 
per week. A test for exemption that includes a salary level component 
will necessarily result in a number of employees who earned at or above 
the prior salary level and pass the duties test becoming nonexempt when 
the salary level is updated. This is a feature, and not a flaw, of a 
salary level test, and as the

[[Page 62173]]

Department has consistently found since 1938, salary is an important 
indicator of whether an individual is employed in a bona fide EAP 
capacity and therefore a key element in defining the exemption.
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

    \213\ Note that the 27.9 million employee figure only refers to 
employees who meet the standard EAP exemption and thus differs from 
the population of currently exempt EAP workers identified in the 
economic analysis (28.4 million), which includes workers who qualify 
only for the HCE exemption. As noted above, this is a conservative 
estimate because there are also 8.1 million employees in the ``named 
occupations'' who, under the Department's regulations, are exempt 
based on their duties alone.
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

    The Department's proposed standard salary level would impact the 
exemption status of two distinct and important, but relatively small, 
groups of lower-paid EAP employees. First, the Department's proposal 
would restore overtime protections to 1.8 million currently exempt 
employees who meet the standard duties test but earn less than the 
equivalent of the long test salary level ($925). As previously 
explained, such employees were always excluded from the EAP exemption 
prior to 2019, either by the long test salary level itself, or under 
the 2004 rule salary level, which was equivalent to the long test 
salary level. Fully restoring the salary level's initial screening 
function requires a salary level that would ensure all employees who 
earn below the long test level would be excluded from the exemption.
    Second, the proposed standard salary level would result in overtime 
protections for an additional 1.6 million currently exempt employees 
who meet the standard duties test and earn between the long test salary 
level ($925 per week) and the Department's proposed standard salary 
level. As explained earlier, the Department believes it is necessary to 
set the standard salary level above the long test level to reasonably 
distribute the impact of the switch from a two-test system to a one-
test system. The Department's proposal would limit the number of 
affected employees by setting a standard salary level towards the lower 
end of the range between the long and short test salary levels and by 
using earnings data from the lowest-wage Census region (the South).
    Even among the 3.4 million affected employees, the fact that a 
majority of these employees earn below the long test level underscores 
the modest role of the Department's proposed standard salary level. 
Beyond these 1.8 million employees earning less than the long test 
salary level--to whom this proposal would simply restore overtime 
protections that they had under every rule prior to 2019--the 
Department's proposed increase in the standard salary level would only 
affect the exemption status of 1.6 million employees. This group makes 
up less than six percent of all currently exempt, salaried white-collar 
employees and less than four percent of all salaried white-collar 
employees.\214\ That this group is so small reinforces the conclusion 
that the Department's proposed salary level methodology would maintain 
the ``useful, but limited, role'' of the salary level in defining and 
delimiting the EAP exemption.\215\
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

    \214\ The 3.4 million employees affected by the Department's 
proposed standard salary level represent only 12 percent of the 27.9 
million salaried white-collar employees who currently qualify for 
the standard EAP exemption.
    \215\ 84 FR 51238.
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5. Salary Level Alternatives
    In determining which methodology to use to update standard salary 
level, the Department considered several alternatives to its proposed 
methodology of the 35th percentile of weekly earnings of full-time 
salaried workers in the lowest-wage Census Region. As discussed, the 
Department believes that the long and short test salary levels provide 
appropriate boundaries for assessing potential salary levels,\216\ 
though it also considered the methodology used in the 2019 rule, which 
set the standard salary level below the long test level.\217\ The 
Department also looked at earnings ventiles for full-time salaried 
workers falling between the long and short test salary levels. The 
Department analyzed four alternative salary levels--two methodologies 
that would produce a higher salary level than the proposed methodology, 
and two that would produce a lower salary level.\218\
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    \216\ See section IV.A.3.ii.
    \217\ See 84 FR 51260.
    \218\ The potential impact of these four alternatives is 
discussed in greater detail below. See section VII.C.8.
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

    The Department first considered setting the standard salary level 
at the historical average short test salary level ($1,378 per week or 
$71,656 per year).\219\ This would ensure that all employees who earn 
between the long and short test salary levels and perform substantial 
amounts of nonexempt work would be entitled to overtime compensation. 
However, by making exemption status for all employees who earn between 
the long and short test levels depend entirely on the salary paid by 
the employer, this approach would also prevent employers from being 
able to use the EAP exemption for employees earning between these 
salary levels who do not perform substantial amounts of nonexempt work 
and thus were historically exempt under the long test. For this reason, 
among others, the Department has chosen not to propose the salary level 
generated by this methodology.
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

    \219\ See section IV.A.3.ii.
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

    The Department also considered setting the standard salary level at 
the 40th percentile of weekly earnings of full-time salaried workers in 
the lowest-wage Census Region ($1,145 per week or $59,540 per year). 
This salary level is roughly the midpoint between the long and short 
test salary level alternatives ($925 per week and $1,378 per week, 
respectively). However, as discussed above, the Department is concerned 
that this approach could be seen by courts as making salary 
determinative of exemption status for too large a portion of employees, 
as this salary level would make the salary paid by the employer 
determinative of exemption status for roughly half (47 percent) of 
white-collar employees who earn between the long and short test salary 
levels.\220\ The Department is also concerned that this approach would 
generate the same concerns that led to the district court decision 
invalidating the 2016 rule (which adopted the same methodology).\221\
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

    \220\ See id.
    \221\ See id.
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

    The Department also considered using the 2004 methodology (the 20th 
percentile of weekly earnings of full-time salaried workers in the 
lowest-wage Census region and in retail nationally), which is currently 
$822 per week ($42,744 per year). This is also the methodology that the 
Department used in the 2019 rule.\222\ However, the salary level 
produced by the 2004 methodology is below the equivalent of the long 
test salary level ($925 per week). As discussed, the Department 
considers the long test to be the lower boundary for an appropriate 
salary level since, except for the 2019 rule, employees who earn below 
the long test salary level have consistently been excluded from the EAP 
exemption by the initial screening function of the salary level.\223\ 
Accordingly, the Department believes that a standard salary level 
produced using the 2004 methodology would be too low to fully 
effectuate the salary level's role in defining the EAP exemption.
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

    \222\ 84 FR 51260.
    \223\ See section IV.A.2; section IV.A.4.
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

    The Department also considered setting the standard salary level at 
the long test level ($925 per week or $48,100 per year). Doing so would 
ensure the initial screening function of the salary level by restoring 
overtime protections to those employees who were consistently excluded 
from the EAP exemption prior to 2019, either by the long test salary 
level itself, or under the 2004 rule salary level, which was set 
equivalent to the long test salary

[[Page 62174]]

level.\224\ However, as explained above, setting the standard salary 
level at the long test level would perpetuate the problem that has 
become evident under the 2004 and 2019 rules. Specifically, this 
approach would unduly deny overtime protections to all employees whose 
entitlement to overtime compensation was protected by the more rigorous 
long duties test.\225\ As noted above, however, the Department believes 
that in a one-test system with the current duties test it must set the 
salary level above the long test salary level in order to better define 
and delimit which employees are employed in a bona fide EAP capacity.
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

    \224\ See section IV.A.1.
    \225\ See section IV.A.2.
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    While, for the reasons discussed herein, none of these alternatives 
were used as a method to establish the proposed salary test level, they 
confirm that the proposed salary level of the 35th percentile of weekly 
earnings of all full-time salaried employees in the lowest-wage Census 
Region (the South) is an appropriate salary level. The Department's 
proposed salary level appropriately would account for the shift from a 
two-test to a one-test system for determining exemption status, 
protecting lower-paid white-collar employees who traditionally have 
been entitled to overtime protection, while allowing employers to use 
the exemption for EAP employees earning less than the short test salary 
level.
    The Department welcomes comments on its proposed increase to the 
standard salary level. The Department also invites comments on 
alternate salary methodologies and specifically how such alternative 
methodologies would better define and delimit bona fide EAP employees 
than the Department's proposed methodology.

B. Special Salary Levels--U.S. Territories and Motion Picture Industry

1. United States Territories
    The FLSA's overtime requirements and the EAP exemption apply to 
employees in U.S. territories.\226\ Historically, the Department 
generally applied special, lower salary levels to employees in U.S. 
territories that were not subject to the Federal minimum wage in 
section 6(a)(1) of the FLSA. Consistent with this principle, as the 
Department explained in the 2004 rule, the Department applied lower 
salary levels to employees in Puerto Rico, the U.S. Virgin Islands, and 
American Samoa because, until 1989, the FLSA permitted the 
establishment of special minimum wage rates below the Federal minimum 
wage in these territories.\227\ The Department did not set a special 
salary level for employees in Guam, where the Federal minimum wage has 
applied since at least 1957,\228\ or the CNMI.\229\
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    \226\ 29 U.S.C. 213(f).
    \227\ 69 FR 22172.
    \228\ See Sarah A. Donovan, Cong. Rsch. Serv., R42713, The Fair 
Labor Standards Act (FLSA): An Overview, 6 (Mar. 8, 2023). In 1957, 
Congress amended section 13 of the FLSA to clarify that the Act's 
minimum wage and overtime requirements apply to Guam. Public Law 85-
231, 71 Stat. 514 (Aug. 30, 1957) (codified at 29 U.S.C. 213(f)).
    \229\ The CNMI was exempted from the FLSA's minimum wage 
requirements, but not its overtime requirements, under the 1976 
Covenant of Association with the United States, which established 
the CNMI as a Commonwealth. Public Law 94-241, sec. 503(c), 90 Stat. 
263, 268 (Mar. 24, 1976). Congress applied the FLSA's minimum wage 
requirements to the CNMI for the first time in the Fair Minimum Wage 
Act of 2007, which was subsequently amended in 2015; pursuant to 
this legislation, the minimum wage in the CNMI gradually increased 
until it reached the full section 6(a)(1) minimum wage in 2018. See 
Public Law 110-28, sec. 8103, 121 Stat. 112, 188 (May 25, 2007); 
Public Law 114-61, sec. 1, 129 Stat. 545 (Oct. 7, 2015); Minimum 
Wage in the Northern Mariana Islands, WHD, available at: https://www.dol.gov/sites/dolgov/files/WHD/legacy/files/cnmi.pdf.
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

    In 1989, Congress amended the FLSA to apply the Federal minimum 
wage to the U.S. Virgin Islands beginning that same year and to Puerto 
Rico beginning in 1996, while maintaining special minimum wage rates 
for American Samoa.\230\ When the Department next updated the salary 
level tests in 2004, it applied the same salary level to employees in 
Puerto Rico and the U.S. Virgin Islands that it applied to employees in 
the 50 states and the District of Columbia ($455 per week), explaining 
that because these territories were ``now subject to the same minimum 
wage as the U.S. mainland, there was no longer a basis for a special 
salary level test[.]'' \231\ The Department maintained a special salary 
level for employees in American Samoa equal to approximately 84 percent 
of the standard level ($380 per week), since American Samoa was not 
subject to the Federal minimum wage. This was roughly the same ratio to 
the U.S. mainland salary level that existed prior to 2004.\232\ The 
Department also continued to apply the same salary level to employees 
in Guam and the CNMI that it applied to employees in the U.S. mainland.
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    \230\ See Public Law 101-157, sec. 4, 103 Stat. 938, 939-941 
(Nov. 17, 1989).
    \231\ 69 FR 22172.
    \232\ Id.
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    The Department followed the same approach in the 2016 rule. Like 
the 2004 rule, the 2016 rule would have continued to apply the standard 
salary level to employees in all the U.S. territories except for 
American Samoa.\233\ It also would have maintained a special salary 
level for employees in American Samoa, keeping it at 84 percent of the 
standard salary level, since American Samoa was still subject to 
special minimum wage rates below the Federal minimum wage.
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    \233\ See 81 FR 32444. After the Department published the 2016 
rule, Congress passed the Puerto Rico Oversight, Management, and 
Economic Stability Act (PROMESA), Public Law 114-187, which 
prevented the rule from taking effect in Puerto Rico until the 
Comptroller General of the United States produced a report on the 
impact of applying the rule to Puerto Rico and the Secretary of 
Labor determined, based on the report, that applying the rule to 
Puerto Rico would not have a negative impact on its economy. The 
Comptroller General published its report in June 2018. See U.S. 
Gov't Accountability Off., GAO-18-483, Puerto Rico: Limited Federal 
Data Hinder Analysis of Economic Condition and DOL's 2016 Overtime 
Rule (June 29, 2018). The 2016 rule was invalidated and so the 
Department did not have occasion to further address this issue.
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

    In the 2019 rule, the Department elected to preserve the 2004 
standard salary level for employees in Puerto Rico, Guam, the U.S. 
Virgin Islands, and the CNMI ($455 per week) instead of applying the 
$684 per week salary level that applied to employees in the 50 states 
and the District of Columbia; \234\ in effect, establishing a special 
salary level for employees in territories that were subject to the 
Federal minimum wage for the first time. In support of this approach, 
the Department pointed to the economic climate in Puerto Rico; stated 
that Guam, the U.S. Virgin Islands, and the CNMI, as U.S. territories, 
also faced their own economic challenges; and expressed a desire to 
promote salary level consistency across the U.S. territories.\235\ The 
Department also maintained the 2004 special salary level for employees 
in American Samoa ($380 per week).\236\ The Department determined that 
a special salary level lower than the other four territories was 
warranted for American Samoa because, like in 2004 and 2016, the 
territory was subject to special minimum wage rates below the Federal 
minimum wage.\237\
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    \234\ 84 FR 51246.
    \235\ Id. In the 2019 rule, the Department explained that while 
PROMESA did not apply to rulemakings other than the 2016 rule, the 
considerations that motivated PROMESA's adoption supported setting a 
special salary level in Puerto Rico. See id. As in 2019, the 
Department continues to believe that PROMESA does not constrain the 
Department's authority to set a salary level for Puerto Rico in this 
rulemaking.
    \236\ Id.
    \237\ Id.
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    In Sec.  541.600, the Department proposes to return to its 
longstanding pre-2019 approach of only setting special salary levels 
for employees in those U.S. territories that are not subject to the 
Federal minimum wage. Accordingly, the Department proposes to apply the

[[Page 62175]]

standard salary level ($1,059 per week) to employees in Puerto Rico, 
where the Federal minimum wage has applied since 1996; Guam, where the 
Federal minimum wage has applied since at least 1957; the U.S. Virgin 
Islands, where the Federal minimum wage has applied since 1989; and the 
CNMI, where the Federal minimum wage has applied since 2018. The 
Department proposes to set a special salary level for employees in 
American Samoa equal to 84 percent of the standard salary level ($890 
per week, based on a proposed standard salary level of $1,059 per 
month), since American Samoa remains subject to special minimum wage 
rates below the Federal minimum wage.\238\ This is the same ratio to 
the standard salary level that the Department used in the 2004 and 2016 
rules, as well as the same ratio to the salary level in the other four 
U.S. territories that the Department used in the 2019 rule.\239\
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    \238\ Special wage rates by industry in American Samoa currently 
range from $5.38 per hour to $6.79 per hour. See Federal Minimum 
Wage in American Samoa, available at: https://www.dol.gov/sites/dolgov/files/WHD/legacy/files/ASminwagePoster.pdf.
    \239\ As noted above, the Department set the special salary 
level for American Samoa in the 2004 rule at $380 per week, which is 
approximately 84 percent of the standard salary level of $455 per 
week. 69 FR 22172. The 2016 rule would have set the special salary 
level for American Samoa at $767 per week, which is 84 percent of 
the standard salary level of $913 per week. 81 FR 32444. The 2019 
rule preserved the 2004 salary level of $455 per week for employees 
in Puerto Rico, Guam, the U.S. Virgin Islands, and the CNMI, as well 
as the 2004 salary level of $380 per week (approximately 84 percent 
of $455) for employees in American Samoa. 84 FR 51246.
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    Pursuant to the Fair Minimum Wage Act of 2007, as amended, 
industry-specific special minimum wage rates in American Samoa are 
scheduled to be gradually eliminated. Under this legislation, barring 
further Congressional action, special wage rates in American Samoa will 
increase by $0.40 on September 30, 2024 and every 3 years thereafter 
until they equal the Federal minimum wage.\240\ As such, the Department 
also proposes that 90 days after the highest industry minimum wage for 
American Samoa equals the Federal minimum wage, the full standard 
salary level will apply for all EAP employees in all industries in 
American Samoa.
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    \240\ See Public Law 114-61, sec. 1, 129 Stat. 545 (Oct. 7, 
2015).
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    The Department recognizes that the salary levels for the U.S. 
territories have not changed since 2004, and it understands that U.S. 
territories face their own economic challenges. However, the FLSA's EAP 
exemption should apply equally to employees subject to the Federal 
minimum wage in section 6(a)(1) of the FLSA--including in the U.S. 
territories, to which this provision explicitly applies--absent a 
special minimum wage for the territory, which the Department has 
interpreted as an indication of Congressional intent to treat employees 
in the territory differently. As noted above, except for the 2019 rule, 
the Department has taken the position that a special, lower salary 
level should only be set for employees in those U.S. territories that 
are not subject to the Federal minimum wage, a group which is currently 
limited to employees in American Samoa.\241\ This approach provides a 
clear and objective standard by which to determine whether to apply the 
standard salary level or a special, lower salary level. Thus, in 
accordance with the Department's longstanding practice, and in the 
interest of applying the FLSA uniformly to all employees subject to the 
Federal minimum wage, the Department proposes to apply the standard 
salary level to employees in Puerto Rico, Guam, the U.S. Virgin 
Islands, and the CNMI, and to maintain a special salary level for 
employees in American Samoa equal to 84 percent of the standard salary 
level until the highest industry minimum wage rate applicable in the 
territory equals the Federal minimum wage.\242\
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    \241\ Three U.S. territories have a local minimum wage higher 
than the Federal minimum wage. The local minimum wage in Puerto Rico 
is currently $9.50 per hour; the local minimum wage in Guam is 
currently $9.25 per hour; and the local minimum wage in the U.S. 
Virgin Islands is currently $10.50 per hour. See State Minimum Wage 
Laws, WHD, available at: https://www.dol.gov/agencies/whd/minimum-wage/state.
    \242\ It is the Department's intent that the proposal to apply 
the standard salary level to employees in territories that are 
subject to the Federal minimum wage is severable from the proposal 
to raise the standard salary level from the current amount ($684 per 
week) to the 35th percentile of weekly earnings of full-time 
salaried workers in the lowest-wage Census Region ($1,059 per week 
using current data). The Department also intends that the proposal 
to set the special salary level for employees in American Samoa 
equal to 84 percent of the standard salary level, and to eliminate 
the special salary level for American Samoa when the highest 
industry minimum wage equals the Federal minimum wage, be severable 
from the proposal to raise the standard salary level. The Department 
has an interest in the uniform application of the EAP exemption to 
all employees subject to the Federal minimum wage and in adopting a 
clear and objective standard by which to determine whether to apply 
a special salary level to any U.S. territory. Accordingly, the 
Department's intent is to apply the standard salary level to 
employees in those territories that are subject to the Federal 
minimum wage and set a special salary for American Samoa equal to 84 
percent of the standard salary level until the highest minimum wage 
in the territory reaches the Federal minimum wage even if the 
standard salary level amount proposed in this rule does not take 
effect.
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    The Department seeks comments on the proposed salary levels for the 
U.S. territories.
2. Motion Picture Producing Industry
    The Department permits employers to classify as exempt employees in 
the motion picture producing industry who are paid a specified base 
rate per week (or a proportionate amount based on the number of days 
worked), so long as they meet the duties tests for the EAP 
exemption.\243\ This exception from the salary basis requirement was 
created in 1953 to address the ``peculiar employment conditions 
existing in the [motion picture producing] industry,'' and applies, for 
example, when a motion picture producing industry employee works less 
than a full workweek and is paid a daily base rate that would yield the 
weekly base rate if 6 days were worked.\244\ Consistent with its 
practice since the 2004 rule, the Department proposes in Sec.  541.709 
to increase the required base rate in proportion to the Department's 
proposed increase in the standard salary level test, resulting in a 
proposed base rate of $1,617 per week (or a proportionate amount based 
on the number of days worked).\245\
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    \243\ Sec.  541.709.
    \244\ 18 FR 2881 (May 19, 1953).
    \245\ The Department calculated this figure by dividing the 
proposed standard salary level ($1,059 per week) by the current 
standard salary level ($684 per week), and then multiplying this 
result (rounded to the nearest hundredth) by the base rate set in 
the 2019 rule ($1,043 per week). This produces a new base rate of 
$1,617 (per week), when rounded to the nearest whole dollar.
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    The Department seeks comments on the proposed base rate for the 
motion picture industry.

C. Highly Compensated Employees

    In the 2004 rule, the Department created the HCE test for certain 
highly compensated employees. Combining a much higher compensation 
requirement with a minimal duties test, the HCE test is based on the 
rationale that employees who earn at least a certain amount annually--
an amount substantially higher than the annual equivalent of the weekly 
standard salary level--will almost invariably pass the standard duties 
test.\246\ The HCE test's primary purpose is thus to serve as a 
streamlined alternative for very highly compensated employees because a 
very high level of compensation is a strong indicator of an employee's 
exempt status, thus eliminating the need for a detailed duties 
analysis.\247\
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    \246\ 84 FR 51249; see also Sec.  541.601(c) (``A high level of 
compensation is a strong indicator of an employee's exempt status, 
thus eliminating the need for a detailed analysis of the employee's 
job duties.'').
    \247\ See 69 FR 22173-74.
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    As outlined in Sec.  541.601, to be exempt under the HCE test, an 
employee must

[[Page 62176]]

earn at least the amount specified in the regulations in total annual 
compensation, of which at least the standard salary amount per week 
must be paid on a salary or fee basis,\248\ and must customarily and 
regularly perform any one or more of the exempt duties or 
responsibilities of an executive, administrative, or professional 
employee. The HCE test applies only to employees whose primary duty 
includes performing office or non-manual work. Employees qualifying for 
exemption under the HCE test must receive at least the standard salary 
level per week on a salary or fee basis, while the remainder of the 
employee's total annual compensation may include commissions, 
nondiscretionary bonuses, and other nondiscretionary compensation.\249\ 
Total annual compensation does not include board, lodging, or other 
facilities, and does not include payments for medical insurance, life 
insurance, retirement plans, or other fringe benefits. An employer is 
permitted to make a final ``catch-up'' payment during the last pay 
period or within one month after the end of the 52-week period to bring 
an employee's compensation up to the required level.
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    \248\ Although Sec.  541.602(a)(3) allows employers to use 
nondiscretionary bonuses to satisfy up to 10 percent of the weekly 
standard salary level when applying the standard salary and duties 
tests, the Department's regulation at Sec.  541.601(b)(1) does not 
permit employers to use nondiscretionary bonuses to satisfy the 
weekly standard salary level requirement for HCE workers. Employers 
may use commissions, nondiscretionary bonuses, and other 
nondiscretionary compensation to satisfy the remaining portion of 
the HCE total annual compensation amount. See 84 FR 51249.
    \249\ Sec.  541.601(b)(1). The criteria for determining if an 
employee is paid on a ``salary basis'' are identical under the 
standard exemption criteria and the HCE test. See Helix Energy 
Solutions, 143 S.Ct. at 683.
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    The 2004 rule set the HCE total annual compensation amount at 
$100,000,\250\ which exceeded the annual earnings of approximately 93.7 
percent of salaried workers.\251\ In the 2016 rule, the Department set 
the total annual compensation requirement for the HCE test at the 
annualized weekly earnings of the 90th percentile of full-time salaried 
workers nationally, which was $134,004.\252\ As previously noted, 
however, the 2016 rule was enjoined before its effective date and was 
subsequently invalidated in litigation.\253\ In 2019, the Department 
set the HCE total annual compensation threshold at the 80th percentile 
of full-time salaried worker earnings nationwide, resulting in a HCE 
threshold of $107,432 per year.\254\
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    \250\ 69 FR 22269 (Sec.  541.601(a)).
    \251\ See id. at 22169 (Table 3).
    \252\ See 81 FR 32429.
    \253\ See Nevada, 275 F. Supp. 3d at 808. The district court's 
decision did not specifically discuss the HCE test; however, the 
decision invalidated the entire 2016 rule.
    \254\ See 84 FR 51307 (Sec.  541.601(a)(1)); see also id. at 
51249-50.
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    The Department continues to believe that the HCE test is a useful 
alternative to the standard salary level and duties tests for highly 
compensated employees. However, as with the standard salary level, the 
HCE total annual compensation level must be updated to ensure that it 
remains a meaningful and appropriate standard to pair with the minimal 
HCE duties test. To maintain the HCE test's role as a streamlined 
alternative for those employees most likely to qualify as EAPs, the HCE 
total annual compensation level must be high enough to exclude all but 
those employees ``at the very top of [the] economic ladder.'' \255\
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

    \255\ 69 FR 22174.
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    Accordingly, the Department proposes to update the HCE test by 
setting the total compensation amount equal to the annualized weekly 
earnings of the 85th percentile of full-time salaried workers 
nationwide. Consistent with its prior rules, the Department is setting 
the HCE test level using nationwide data, rather than a regional data 
set. This approach results in a HCE threshold of $143,988, of which at 
least $1,059 per week (the proposed standard salary level) must be paid 
on a salary or fee basis.\256\
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    \256\ It is the Department's intent that the increase in the HCE 
total annual compensation threshold is independent of, and severable 
from, the proposed increase in the standard salary level to the 35th 
percentile of weekly earnings of full-time salaried employees in the 
lowest-wage Census Region (the South).
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

    The Department considered updating the current HCE threshold (the 
80th percentile) with current data (which would result in a 
compensation level of $125,268), but is concerned that repeating the 
2019 rule's methodology now would not produce a threshold high enough 
to reserve the HCE test for employees at the top of today's economic 
ladder and could risk the unintended exemption of large numbers of 
employees in high-wage regions.\257\ The Department also considered 
setting the HCE threshold at the 90th percentile, like in its 2016 
rule. However, the Department is concerned that the resulting 
compensation level ($172,796) could unduly restrict the use of the HCE 
exemption for employers in lower-wage regions and industries.\258\ In 
contrast, setting the HCE compensation level at the 85th percentile 
would be a reasonable increase, particularly in comparison to the HCE 
threshold initially adopted in 2004, which covered 93.7 percent of all 
full-time salaried workers.\259\ The Department believes that setting 
the HCE threshold at the annualized weekly earnings of the 85th 
percentile of full-time salaried workers nationwide would be sufficient 
to guard against the unintended exemption of workers who are not bona 
fide executive, administrative, or professional employees, including 
those in higher-income regions and industries.
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

    \257\ See 69 FR 22174 (explaining the need to avoid the 
unintended exemption of employees ``such as secretaries in New York 
City or Los Angeles . . . who clearly are outside the scope of the 
exemptions and are entitled to the FLSA's minimum wage and overtime 
pay protections.'').
    \258\ See 84 FR 51250.
    \259\ See 69 FR 22169-70 (Tables 3 and 4).
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    Under the proposed rule, employers that are currently using the HCE 
test to exempt more highly paid employees would instead need to apply 
the standard salary and duties test for employees earning between the 
current HCE threshold ($107,432) and the annualized weekly earnings of 
the 85th percentile of full-time salaried workers nationwide. The 
Department estimates that there are approximately 248,900 salaried 
white-collar workers earning between $107,432 and the proposed HCE 
total annual compensation level ($143,988) who meet the HCE duties test 
but do not meet the standard duties test, and who therefore would 
become nonexempt without some intervening action by their employers.
    As with other earning thresholds in the part 541 regulations, the 
Department is proposing to automatically update the HCE total 
compensation amount every 3 years to reflect current earnings data, as 
discussed in greater detail in section IV.D.4. Automatic updates to the 
HCE threshold would ensure that the threshold remains at an appropriate 
level in future years.
    The Department welcomes comment on its proposed increase to the HCE 
threshold.

D. Automatic Updates to the Salary and Total Annual Compensation Levels

    In each of its part 541 rulemakings since 2004, the Department 
recognized the need to regularly update the earnings thresholds to 
ensure that they remain effective in helping differentiate between 
exempt and nonexempt employees. As the Department observed in these 
rulemakings, even a well-calibrated salary level that is not kept up to 
date becomes obsolete as wages for nonexempt workers increase over 
time.\260\ Long intervals between

[[Page 62177]]

rulemakings have resulted in eroded earnings thresholds based on 
outdated earnings data that were ill-equipped to help identify bona 
fide executive, administrative, and professional employees. This 
problem was clearly illustrated by the stagnant salary levels in the 
regulations from 1975 to 2004, during which period increases in the 
Federal minimum wage meant that earnings of a worker paid the Federal 
minimum wage exceeded the long test salary level for a 40-hour week and 
came close to equaling the short test salary level.\261\
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    \260\ 84 FR 51250-51; 81 FR 32430; see also 69 FR 22122, 22164.
    \261\ The Federal minimum wage was increased to $4.25 on April 
1, 1991, equaling $170 for a 40-hour week, the same amount as the 
higher long test salary level for professional employees. On 
September 1, 1997, the Federal minimum wage was increased to $5.15, 
equaling $206 for a 40-hour week, which was close to the $250 short 
test salary level. See History of Federal Minimum Wage Rates Under 
the Fair Labor Standards Act, 1938-2009, WHD, available at: https://www.dol.gov/agencies/whd/minimum-wage/history/chart; 40 FR 7091-92.
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

    To address this problem, in the 2004 and 2019 rules the Department 
expressed its commitment to regularly updating the salary levels, and 
in the 2016 rule it included a regulatory provision to automatically 
update the salary levels.\262\ Based on the Department's experience 
with updating the salary levels, as well as additional considerations 
discussed below, the Department has concluded that adopting a 
regulatory provision for automatically updating the standard salary 
level and the HCE total annual compensation requirement to reflect 
current wage data, with the ability to pause future updates under 
certain conditions, would be the most viable and efficient way to 
ensure the EAP exemption salary levels remain up to date.
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    \262\ 69 FR 22171; 84 FR 51251-52; 81 FR 32430.
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1. Background
    The Department introduced a regulatory provision for automatically 
updating the salary level tests in its 2016 rulemaking. Prior to the 
2016 rule, the Department addressed the subject of automatic updating 
twice in response to comments by some stakeholders calling for its 
adoption. In its 1970 rulemaking, the Department stated that a comment 
``propos[ing] to institute a provision calling for an annual review and 
adjustment of the salary tests . . . appears to have some merit, 
particularly since past practice has indicated that approximately 7 
years elapse between amendment of the salary level requirements.'' 
\263\ Despite recognizing the potential value of this approach, the 
Department ultimately determined that ``such a proposal will require 
further study.'' \264\ Later, in its 2004 rule, the Department declined 
to adopt commenter requests for automatic increases to the salary 
level, reasoning in part that ``the salary levels should be adjusted 
when wage survey data and other policy concerns support such a change'' 
and that ``the Department finds nothing in the legislative or 
regulatory history that would support indexing or automatic 
increases.'' \265\ In remarking on the lack of historical guidance 
related to the automatic updating of salary levels, the Department did 
not otherwise discuss its authority to promulgate such an approach 
through notice-and-comment rulemaking. Instead, the Department 
expressed its intent ``in the future to update the salary levels on a 
more regular basis, as it did prior to 1975.'' \266\ Despite its best 
intentions, the Department's next rulemaking to update the salary 
levels did not occur for over a decade. The difficulty in achieving its 
goal of regularly updating the salary levels caused the Department to 
examine in greater detail in its 2016 rulemaking the possibility of 
automatically updating the salary levels.
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

    \263\ 35 FR 884.
    \264\ Id.
    \265\ 69 FR 22171.
    \266\ Id.
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

    In the 2016 rule, the Department introduced a new regulatory 
provision establishing a mechanism for automatically updating the 
standard salary test, the total annual compensation requirement for 
highly compensated employees, and the special salary levels for 
American Samoa and the motion picture industry.\267\ Under this 
provision, future automatic updates would have occurred triennially, 
using the same methodologies that were used to initially set these 
earnings thresholds in the 2016 rule. The Department explained that the 
adopted automatic updating mechanism would ``ensure that the salary 
level test is based on the best available data (and thus would remain a 
meaningful, bright-line test), produce more predictable and incremental 
changes in the salary required for the EAP exemption, and therefore 
provide certainty to employers and promote government efficiency.'' 
\268\ The district court decision invalidating the 2016 rule did not 
separately examine the merits of the automatic updating provision or 
the Department's authority to automatically update the salary levels. 
Rather, the court stated, ``Having determined the [2016] Final Rule is 
unlawful . . ., the Court similarly determines the automatic updating 
mechanism is unlawful.'' \269\
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    \267\ 81 FR 32430, 32443.
    \268\ Id. at 32430.
    \269\ Nevada, 275 F. Supp.3d at 808.
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

    In its 2019 rulemaking, the Department reaffirmed that ``the need 
to update the part 541 earnings thresholds on a regular basis is 
clear.'' \270\ The Department elaborated that ``[a]s employees' 
earnings rise over time, they begin surpassing the earnings thresholds 
set in the past'' and make the thresholds ``a less useful measure of 
employees' relative earnings, and a less useful method for identifying 
exempt employees.'' \271\ Rather than adopt an automatic updating 
mechanism, the Department initially proposed to keep the earnings 
thresholds up to date by publishing an NPRM in the Federal Register 
every 4 years seeking comment on whether to update the earnings 
thresholds using the existing methodology, with the understanding that 
the Department could forestall issuing such a proposal due to economic 
or other factors.\272\ However, the Department declined to codify this 
approach in its final rule \273\ or implement a mechanism for 
automatically updating the salary levels as suggested by some 
commenters, stating that doing so could deprive the Department of 
flexibility to adapt to unanticipated circumstances.\274\ Instead, the 
Department reaffirmed its intention to update the salary levels more 
regularly through notice-and-comment rulemaking.\275\
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    \270\ 84 FR 10914.
    \271\ Id.
    \272\ Id. at 10914-15.
    \273\ See id. at 10915 n.140 (explaining how the Department 
could codify its proposed approach).
    \274\ 84 FR 51252.
    \275\ Id.
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2. The Department's Authority To Automatically Update the Salary Level 
Tests
    The Department's authority to automatically update the salary level 
tests for the EAP exemption is grounded in section 13(a)(1), which 
expressly gives the Secretary broad authority to define and delimit the 
scope of the exemption. During the 2016 and 2019 rulemakings, some 
stakeholders questioned the Department's authority to automatically 
update the salary levels, asserting, among other points, that unlike 
other statutes that expressly provide for indexing, section 13(a)(1)'s 
silence indicates that Congress did not intend the salary level to be 
automatically updated, and that an automatic updating mechanism would

[[Page 62178]]

circumvent the Administrative Procedure Act (APA).\276\
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

    \276\ See 81 FR 32430, 32432; 84 FR 51251.
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

    As the Department has previously explained, Congress did not 
specifically set forth precise criteria for defining the EAP exemption, 
but instead authorized the Secretary to define and delimit the terms of 
the exemption.\277\ Using this broad authority, the Department 
established the first salary level tests by regulation in 1938. Despite 
numerous amendments to the FLSA over the past 85 years, Congress has 
not restricted the Department's use of the salary level tests. 
Significant changes involving the salary requirements made through 
regulations issued pursuant to the Secretary's authority to define and 
delimit the exemption include adding a separate salary level for 
professional employees in 1940, adopting the two-test system in 1949, 
and switching to the single standard test and adding the new HCE test 
in 2004.\278\ Despite having amended the FLSA numerous times over the 
years, Congress has not amended section 13(a)(1) to alter these 
regulatory salary requirements.
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

    \277\ 29 U.S.C. 213(a)(1).
    \278\ See section II.B.1-2.
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

    Other than directing the Department in 1990 to include in the EAP 
regulations certain computer employees paid at least six-and-a-half 
times the Federal minimum wage on an hourly basis,\279\ Congress has 
never amended the FLSA in a manner that limits the use of the salary 
level tests.\280\ Just as the Department has authority under section 
13(a)(1) to establish and update the salary level tests, it likewise 
has authority to adopt a regulatory mechanism for automatically 
updating the salary levels to ensure that the tests remain effective. 
This interpretation is consistent with the well-settled principle that 
agencies have authority to ```fill any gap left, implicitly or 
explicitly, by Congress.''' \281\ Further, the Department has 
determined that an automatic updating mechanism would better fulfill 
its statutory duty to define and delimit the EAP exemption because it 
will maintain the effectiveness of the salary levels, which have 
previously become eroded during large gaps between regulatory updates.
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

    \279\ See Public Law 101-583, sec. 2, 104 Stat. 2871 (Nov. 15, 
1990) (directing the Secretary to promulgate regulations that permit 
computer systems analysts, computer programmers, software engineers, 
and other similarly skilled professional workers as defined in the 
regulations to qualify as EAP exempt employees under section 
13(a)(1), including those paid on an hourly basis if paid at least 
6-and-a-half times the Federal minimum wage).
    \280\ Despite what some commenters asserted in the 2016 
rulemaking, the Department's automatic updating mechanism does not 
conflict with section 13(a)(1)'s ``time to time'' language. See 81 
FR 32431. Adopting a mechanism to ensure that the part 541 earnings 
thresholds continue screening out the same percentage of salaried 
workers over time would in no way preclude the Department from 
revisiting this methodology from ``time to time'' should cumulative 
changes in job duties, compensation practices, and other relevant 
working conditions indicate that changes to the proposed earnings 
thresholds are warranted.
    \281\ Long Island Care at Home, Ltd. v. Coke, 551 U.S. 158, 165 
(2007) (quoting Chevron, U.S.A., Inc. v. Natural Res. Def. Council, 
Inc., 467 U.S. 837, 843 (1984)).
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

    The Department's decision not to institute an automatic updating 
mechanism in its 2004 and 2019 rulemakings in no way suggests that it 
lacks authority to do so. In its 2004 rule, the Department stated that 
it found nothing in the legislative or regulatory history that would 
support indexing or automatic increases.\282\ As the Department 
elaborated in its 2016 rulemaking, there was likewise no such authority 
disfavoring automatic updating.\283\ The 2004 rule did not discuss the 
Department's authority to promulgate an automatic updating mechanism 
through notice-and-comment rulemaking or explore in detail whether 
automatic updates to the salary levels posed a viable solution to 
problems created by lapses between rulemakings. Similarly, the 
Department declined to adopt automatic updating in the 2019 rule 
because it ``believe[d] that it is important to preserve the 
Department's flexibility to adapt to different types of 
circumstances,'' \284\ and not because it lacked authority to do so. 
While the Department decided not to institute an automatic updating 
mechanism in its 2019 rule, the Department did not assert that it 
lacked the legal authority for such a mechanism. And, as noted above, 
in its 2019 rule the Department reaffirmed its intention to update the 
salary levels more regularly. Consistent with this stated objective, 
and upon further consideration, the Department has concluded that the 
best method to ensure the standard salary level and HCE total 
compensation threshold remain up to date is an automatic updating 
mechanism that maintains the Department's flexibility to adapt to 
different circumstances and change course as necessary.
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

    \282\ 69 FR 22171.
    \283\ See 81 FR 32432-33 (noting that ``instituting an automatic 
updating mechanism . . . is an appropriate modernization and within 
the Department's authority.'').
    \284\ 84 FR 51252.
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3. Rationale for Automatically Updating the Salary Level Tests
    A regulatory mechanism for automatically updating the part 541 
earnings thresholds would ensure that the levels keep pace with changes 
in employee earnings and thus remain effective in helping determine 
exemption status. As the Department's long experience has shown, 
earnings thresholds are only a strong measure of exempt status if they 
are kept up to date, and if left unchanged, such thresholds become 
substantially less effective in identifying exempt EAP employees as 
wages for workers increase over time. The Department's regulatory 
history, marked in many instances by lengthy gaps between rulemakings, 
underscores the difficulty with updating the earnings thresholds as 
quickly and regularly as necessary to keep pace with changing employee 
earnings and to maintain the full effectiveness of the test. Through 
the proposed automatic updating mechanism, the Department can timely 
and efficiently update the standard salary level and the HCE total 
annual compensation requirement by using the same methodologies as 
initially proposed and adopted through notice-and-comment rulemaking to 
set these thresholds, while a change to those methodologies would be 
effectuated through new notice-and-comment rulemaking. The proposed 
automatic updating mechanism would allow for regular and more 
predictable updates to the earnings thresholds, which would benefit 
both employers and employees and better fulfill the Department's 
statutory duty to define and delimit the EAP exemption by preventing 
the erosion of those levels over time.
    As the Department explained in the 2016 rule, automatically 
updating the part 541 earnings thresholds would also prevent the more 
drastic and unpredictable threshold increases associated with less 
frequent updates. For example, between 1940 and 2019, the time between 
salary level updates ranged from 5 to 29 years. In part as a result of 
these breaks, long test salary level increases between 1940 and 1975 
ranged from roughly 5 to 50 percent, the 2004 standard salary level 
test represented a 180 percent increase from the 1975 long test salary 
levels, and the 2019 standard salary level test represented an 
approximately 50 percent increase from the 2004 standard salary level. 
Automatically updating the part 541 earnings thresholds at a 
predetermined frequency using the same methodology would ensure that 
future salary level increases occur at a

[[Page 62179]]

known interval and in more gradual increments.
    The Department is proposing for automatic updates to occur 
triennially (i.e., every 3 years). The Department realizes that because 
employee earnings are constantly changing, annual or biennial automatic 
updates would keep the salary level more up to date and thereby may 
better serve the purpose of using earnings thresholds to help identify 
exempt employees. However, the Department is concerned about the 
potential burden that possible changes to the tests for exemption on an 
annual or biennial basis would impose on employers and believes that 
triennial updates are frequent enough to ensure that the part 541 
earnings thresholds fulfill their purpose. This frequency is also 
consistent with the interval chosen in the 2016 rule following 
extensive public comment on this issue.\285\
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

    \285\ See 81 FR 32438.
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

    In proposing to automatically update the earnings thresholds, the 
Department is mindful of previous statements from stakeholders, and the 
Department's own prior statements, about the need to preserve 
flexibility to adapt to unanticipated circumstances and prevailing 
economic conditions when setting the salary level.\286\ Events since 
the Department's 2019 rule, including the COVID pandemic and its 
widespread impact on workplaces, have served to further validate these 
concerns. To address these concerns, the Department proposes to include 
in the regulatory provision the ability for the Department to 
temporarily delay a scheduled automatic update where unforeseen 
economic or other conditions warrant. This feature, which is a 
refinement of the automatic updating mechanism in the 2016 rule, would 
afford the Department added flexibility to adapt to unforeseen 
circumstances without sacrificing the benefits provided by automatic 
updating.
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

    \286\ See, e.g., 84 FR 51251-52.
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

4. Proposal for Automatically Updating the Salary Level Tests
    The Department proposes to add a new Sec.  541.607 that would 
establish a mechanism for automatically updating the standard salary 
level and the HCE total annual compensation requirement. Specifically, 
the Department proposes to automatically update the standard salary 
level and the total annual compensation requirement for highly 
compensated employees every 3 years to reflect current earnings data.
    Under this proposal, the Department would automatically update the 
standard salary level by adjusting it to remain at the 35th percentile 
of weekly earnings of full-time nonhourly workers in the lowest-wage 
Census Region (currently the South), as set out in section IV.A.3. The 
HCE test's total annual compensation requirement would be reset 
triennially at the annualized weekly earnings of the 85th percentile of 
full-time nonhourly workers nationally, as discussed in section IV.C. 
This approach, as opposed to other methods such as indexing these 
thresholds for inflation, would eliminate the risk that future levels 
will deviate from the underlying salary setting methodology established 
through rulemaking.\287\ The Department proposes to update both 
thresholds using the most recent available four quarters of data, as 
published by BLS, preceding the publication of the Department's notice 
to automatically update the thresholds. Although the 2016 rule called 
for automatic updates based on a quarter of data,\288\ relying on a 
full year of data would be consistent with the approach used to set the 
salary level in this proposal. Furthermore, relying on a year of data, 
rather than a quarter, would balance the Department's goal of 
accounting for current economic conditions with avoiding variations 
based on short-term fluctuations.
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

    \287\ During the 2016 rulemaking, the Department extensively 
considered whether to update the thresholds based on changes in the 
Consumer Price Index for All Urban Consumers (CPI-U)--a commonly 
used economic indicator for measuring inflation. See 81 FR 32438-41. 
The Department chose to update the thresholds using the same 
methodology used to initially set them in that rulemaking (i.e., a 
fixed percentile of weekly earnings of full-time salaried workers), 
observing that the objectives that justify setting the salary level 
using a fixed percentile methodology also supported updating the 
thresholds using the same methodology. See id. at 32440. For this 
and other reasons discussed in detail in the 2016 rule, the 
Department concludes that updating the earnings thresholds by 
applying the same methodology used to set the initial levels instead 
of indexing them for inflation best ensures that the earnings 
thresholds continue to fulfill their objective of effectively 
differentiating between bona fide EAP employees and those who are 
entitled to overtime pay, and work appropriately with the duties 
test.
    \288\ Id. at 32551.
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

    Under the proposed regulation, automatic updates would occur every 
3 years, computed from the last day of the month in which this 
rulemaking take effect. Because under proposed Sec. Sec.  541.600 and 
541.709 both the special salary level for American Samoa and the base 
rate for the motion picture industry are set in relation to the 
standard salary level, those earnings thresholds would also reset at 
the time the standard salary level is updated. At least 150 days before 
the date of the update of the standard salary level and the HCE total 
annual compensation requirement, the Department would publish in the 
Federal Register and on WHD's website a notice with the new earnings 
levels described above. Consistent with the 2016 rule, the Department 
is proposing this interval to provide employers ample notice and 
sufficient time to make any necessary adjustments. A period 
substantially longer than 150 days could hinder the Department's 
ability to ensure that the thresholds that take effect are based on the 
most up to date data.
    Finally, the Department's proposal includes a provision delaying a 
scheduled automatic update while the Department engages in notice-and-
comment rulemaking to change the earnings requirements and/or updating 
mechanism, where economic or other conditions merit. The delay occurs 
only if the Department publishes an NPRM proposing to change the salary 
level methodology (for example, changing the earnings percentile) and/
or modify the automatic updating mechanism (for example, changing the 
updating frequency) before the date on which it publishes the notice of 
the revised salary and compensation levels under the regulations. The 
notice must state, in addition to the updated levels, that the 
automatic update will be paused for 120 days from the day the update 
was set to occur while the Department engages in rulemaking, and that 
the pause will be lifted on the 121st day unless by that time the 
Department finalizes a rule changing the salary level methodology and/
or automatic updating mechanism. Accordingly, this proposal provides 
for 270 days--150 days before, and 120 days after, the effective date 
for the scheduled automatic update--to complete this process. The 
Department chose this interval to provide time for a public comment 
period and to issue a final rule. If the Department does not issue a 
final rule by the prescribed deadline, the pause on the scheduled 
automatic update would be lifted and the new salary levels would take 
effect on the 121st day after they were originally scheduled to take 
effect. So as not to disrupt the automatic updating schedule and given 
the relative shortness of the delay, the 120-day pause would not affect 
the date for the next scheduled automatic update. The next automatic 
update, therefore, would occur 3 years from the date the delayed 
automatic update would have been originally effective.
    As discussed in section V below, the Department intends for the 
proposed automatic updating mechanism to be severable from the 
increases to the earnings thresholds proposed in this

[[Page 62180]]

rulemaking. Regardless of the methodology used to set the standard 
salary level and HCE total compensation requirement, the utility of 
these thresholds as a means of distinguishing exempt from nonexempt 
employees necessarily erodes over time unless they are regularly 
updated. Automatically updating the standard salary level and HCE total 
compensation requirement based on current earnings data and on a set 
schedule would ensure that the thresholds remain effective into the 
future and thus better fulfill the Department's statutory duty to 
define and delimit the EAP exemption. Therefore, even if the increases 
to the standard salary level and the HCE total annual compensation 
threshold in this proposal are determined to be invalid, the Department 
intends for the automatic updating mechanism to apply to the existing 
compensation thresholds. For example, it is the Department's intent 
that if the proposed increase to the standard salary level to the 35th 
percentile of weekly earnings of salaried white collar workers in the 
lowest-wage Census region is invalidated, the automatic update to the 
standard salary level would occur using the same methodology that is in 
effect on the date the Department publishes the required notice of the 
revised salary and compensation levels--which, as noted above, must be 
no less than 150 days before the scheduled update.
    The Department welcomes comments on all aspects of the proposed 
automatic updating mechanism.

E. Effective Date

    The Department is proposing that all aspects of this proposed rule 
would become effective 60 days after publication of a final rule. This 
proposed effective date is consistent with the 60 days mandated for a 
``major rule'' under the Congressional Review Act and exceeds the 30-
day minimum required under the APA.\289\ The Department recognizes that 
the 60-day proposed effective date is shorter than the effective dates 
for the 2004, 2016, and 2019 rules, which were between approximately 90 
and 180 days. The Department believes that a 60-day effective date is 
appropriate, however, in part because employers and employees are 
familiar with the procedures in the current regulations from the 2019 
rulemaking and changed economic circumstances have caused a strong need 
to update the standard salary level. The Department seeks comments on 
the proposed effective date. It also seeks comments on whether to apply 
different effective dates to different provisions of the proposed rule.
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

    \289\ See 5 U.S.C. 801(a)(3)(A); 5 U.S.C. 553(d).
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

    As discussed in detail below in sections VII.B-C, the Department's 
proposal to increase the HCE total annual compensation threshold to the 
annualized weekly earnings of the 85th percentile of full-time salaried 
workers nationwide would result in employers applying the standard 
duties test to some employees who are currently subject to the 
streamlined HCE duties test. However, employers are familiar with the 
standard duties test and only approximately 248,900 employees who earn 
between the current and proposed HCE compensation thresholds would not 
meet the standard duties test and be affected by this change. 
Accordingly, the Department believes the proposed 60-day effective date 
for the proposed increase to the HCE total compensation threshold would 
provide sufficient time for stakeholders to adjust. The Department 
seeks comments on the proposed effective date for the HCE compensation 
threshold increase.
    As discussed below in sections VII.B.C, the Department's proposed 
standard salary level--the 35th percentile of weekly earnings of full-
time nonhourly workers in the lowest-wage Census Region--would affect 
3.4 million employees who earn between the current salary threshold of 
$684 per week and the proposed threshold of $1,059 per week. As 
discussed above, the Department believes it is important to update the 
standard salary level, both to account for earnings growth since the 
Department last updated the salary level in the 2019 rule and to build 
on the lessons learned in the Department's most recent rulemakings to 
better define and delimit employees working in a bona fide EAP 
capacity. The Department has also deliberately selected a proposed 
standard salary level that would ensure that duties remain 
determinative of exemption status for a significant majority of 
salaried white-collar employees and that would affect the exemption 
status of a relatively small group of currently exempt employees, more 
than half of whom earn below the long test salary level using 
contemporary data. At the same time, the Department recognizes that it 
updated the regulations approximately 4 years ago, economic conditions 
have changed significantly since then, and its proposed standard salary 
level would be a meaningful increase from the current standard salary 
level.
    The Department seeks comments on whether the effective date for the 
increase of the standard salary level to the 35th percentile of weekly 
earnings of full-time salaried workers in the lowest-wage Census Region 
should be 60 days after publication as proposed or if the increase 
should be made effective at some later date, such as 6 months or a year 
after publication of a final rule. If the effective date were longer 
than 60 days, the Department seeks comments on whether it should 
initially adjust the salary level to reflect recent wage growth (for 
example, making an initial adjustment for wage growth 60 days after 
publication of a final rule and having the final rule standard salary 
level be effective 6 months or a year after publication). Additionally, 
the Department seeks comments on the methodology it could use for such 
an initial update, were it to follow such an approach. In particular, 
the Department invites comments on whether to implement an initial 
update to the standard salary level, effective 60 days after 
publication of a final rule, that uses the current salary level 
methodology (the 20th percentile of weekly earnings of full-time 
nonhourly workers in the lowest-wage Census region and retail 
nationally) and applies it to the most recent data available ($822 per 
week based on current data).
    The Department also seeks comments on whether its proposed 
application of the standard salary level to employees in Puerto Rico, 
Guam, the U.S. Virgin Islands, and the CNMI, its proposed update to the 
special salary level for employees in American Samoa, and its proposed 
update to the special salary level for employees in the motion picture 
production industry, should also go into effect 60 days after a final 
rule as proposed, or if any of these changes should instead go into 
effect at a later date, such as 6 months or a year after publication. 
If the effective date for these provisions were longer than 60 days, 
the Department seeks comments on whether it should make an initial 
adjustment to these levels 60 days after publication of a final rule 
and, if so, what methodology should be used for the initial adjustment.
    Finally, the Department is proposing that the first automatic 
update to the proposed compensation levels be effective 3 years after 
the proposed 60-day effective date. The Department seeks comments on 
whether the date for the first automatic update should be adjusted if 
it were to make an initial adjustment to any of these levels as 
discussed above.

V. Severability

    The Department proposes to include a severability provision in part 
541 so that if one or more of the provisions of part 541 is held 
invalid or stayed pending

[[Page 62181]]

further agency action, the remaining provisions would remain effective 
and operative. The Department proposes to add this provision as Sec.  
541.5.
    It is the Department's intent that any final rule following from 
this proposal apply to its greatest extent even if one or more 
provisions of such rule are invalidated or stayed. For example, as 
noted above, it is the Department's intent that the proposed automatic 
updating mechanism be effective even if the proposed increase in the 
standard salary level is invalidated. Similarly, it is the Department's 
intent that the increase in the HCE total annual compensation 
requirement be effective even if the increase in the standard salary 
level is invalidated. It is also the Department's intent that the 
standard salary level apply in territories subject to the Federal 
minimum wage even if the increase in the standard salary level in this 
rulemaking is invalidated. Additionally, it is the Department's intent 
that the earnings thresholds set in this rulemaking apply even if the 
mechanism for automatically updating them in the future is determined 
to be invalid. In all circumstances, whether or not specifically 
discussed, it is the Department's intent that the provisions of any 
final rule be construed to give the maximum effect to the provisions 
permitted by law, and that any invalidated provisions be considered 
severable from part 541 and not affect the remainder of a final rule.

VI. Paperwork Reduction Act

    The Paperwork Reduction Act of 1995 (PRA), 44 U.S.C. 3501 et seq., 
and its attendant regulations, 5 CFR part 1320, require the Department 
to consider the agency's need for its information collections, their 
practical utility, the impact of paperwork and other information 
collection burdens imposed on the public, and how to minimize those 
burdens. The PRA typically requires an agency to provide notice and 
seek public comments on any proposed collection of information 
contained in a proposed rule. See 44 U.S.C. 3506(c)(2)(B); 5 CFR 
1320.8.
    This rulemaking would revise the burdens for the existing 
information collection previously approved under OMB control number 
1235-0018, Records to be kept by Employers--Fair Labor Standards Act 
and under OMB control number 1235-0021, Employment Information Form. 
The information collection approved under OMB control number 1235-0021 
is currently encumbered by another rulemaking. As a result, the 
Department has created a duplicate information collection under OMB 
control number 1235-0NEW to allow the public to comment on the burden 
estimates associated with this collection. The Department anticipates 
that at the time of publication of any potential final rule associated 
with this NPRM, no encumbrance will exist. Should a final rule be 
published, the Department will revert to the collection currently 
approved under OMB control number 1235-0021. As required by the PRA, 
the Department has submitted information collections as revisions to 
existing collections to OMB for review to reflect changes to existing 
burdens that will result from the implementation of this rulemaking. 
The Department has incorporated the increased universe of employers and 
employees (from Figure 1 and Table 32 of this NPRM) since the last PRA 
submission as well as the number of affected workers from Table 4 into 
the PRA burden analysis found in the supporting statements referenced 
below.
    Summary: FLSA section 11(c) requires all employers covered by the 
FLSA to make, keep, and preserve records of employees and of wages, 
hours, and conditions of employment. An FLSA-covered employer must 
maintain the records for such period of time as prescribed by 
regulations issued by the Secretary. The Department has promulgated 
regulations at 29 CFR part 516 establishing the basic FLSA 
recordkeeping requirements. This NPRM, if finalized, would not impose 
any new information collection requirements; rather burdens under 
existing requirements would change as more employees become entitled to 
minimum wage and overtime protections.
    Purpose and use: This proposed rule, which would revise 29 CFR part 
541, affects the following provisions that could be considered to 
entail collections of information: (1) disclosure and recordkeeping 
requirements for covered employers; and (2) the complaint process under 
which employees may file a complaint with the Department to investigate 
potential violations of the FLSA. The proposed rule could potentially 
affect the number of employees for whom employers may need to maintain 
records and could potentially affect the number of complaints the 
Department receives from employees.
    WHD obtains PRA clearance under OMB control number 1235-0018 for an 
information collection with respect to recordkeeping. An Information 
Collection Request (ICR) has been submitted to revise the approval and 
adjust the burdens for this collection. WHD obtains PRA clearance under 
control number 1235-0021 for an information collection covering 
complaints alleging violations of various labor standards that the 
agency already administers and enforces. As noted, for the purpose of 
this NPRM, the Department has created a duplicate ICR (1235-0NEW) to 
allow the public to comment. An ICR has been submitted to revise the 
approval to revise the burdens applicable to complaints in this 
proposed rule.
    Information and technology: There is no particular order or form of 
records prescribed in the current regulations or in the proposed rule. 
An employer may meet the requirements of this proposed rule using paper 
or electronic means. WHD, to reduce the burden caused by the filing of 
complaints that are not actionable by the agency, uses a complaint 
filing process in which complainants discuss their concerns with WHD 
professional staff. This process allows agency staff to refer 
complainants raising concerns that are not actionable under Federal 
wage and hour laws and regulations to an agency that may be able to 
offer assistance. WHD uses employer records to determine compliance 
with various FLSA requirements. Employers use the records to document 
compliance with the FLSA, including demonstrating qualification for 
various exemptions. WHD uses the Employment Information Form (1235-
0021) to document allegations of non-compliance with labor standards 
the agency administers. To allow the public to comment, the Department 
has created duplicate ICR 1235-0NEW.
    Minimizing Small Entity Burden: Although the FLSA recordkeeping 
requirements involve small entities, including small state and local 
government agencies, the Department minimizes respondent burden by 
requiring no specific order or form of records in responding to this 
information collection. Burden is reduced on complainants by providing 
a template to guide answers.
    Public comments: As part of its continuing effort to reduce 
paperwork and respondent burden, the Department conducts a preclearance 
consultation program to provide the general public and Federal agencies 
with an opportunity to comment on proposed and continuing collections 
of information in accordance with the PRA. This program helps to ensure 
that requested data can be provided in the desired format, reporting 
burden (time and financial resources) is minimized, collection 
instruments are clearly understood, and the impact of collection 
requirements on respondents can be

[[Page 62182]]

properly assessed. The Department seeks comments on its analysis 
(contained in the supporting statements referenced below) that this 
NPRM creates a slight increase in paperwork burden associated with ICR 
1235-0021, Employment Information Form (reflected in duplicate ICR 
1235-0NEW), and affects the recordkeeping requirements and burdens on 
the regulated community in ICR 1235-0018, Records to be kept by 
Employers--Fair Labor Standards Act. Commenters may send their views on 
the Department's PRA analysis in the same way they send comments in 
response to the NPRM as a whole (e.g., through the www.regulations.gov 
website), including as part of a comment responding to the broader 
NPRM. Alternatively, commenters may submit a comment specific to this 
PRA analysis by sending an email to [email protected]. While much 
of the information provided to OMB in support of the information 
collection request appears in the preamble, interested parties may 
obtain a copy of the supporting statements for the affected ICRs by 
sending a written request to the mail address shown in the ADDRESSES 
section at the beginning of this preamble. Alternatively, a copy of the 
ICR applicable supporting documentation, including a description of the 
likely respondents, proposed frequency of response, and estimated total 
burden, may be obtained free of charge from the RegInfo.gov website. 
Similarly, the complaint process ICR is available by visiting http://www.reginfo.gov/public/do/PRAMain.
    OMB and the Department are particularly interested in comments 
that:
     Evaluate whether the proposed collections of information 
are necessary for the proper performance of the functions of the 
agency, including whether the information will have practical utility;
     Evaluate the accuracy of the agency's estimate of the 
burden of the proposed collection of information, including the 
validity of the methodology and assumptions used;
     Enhance the quality, utility, and clarity of the 
information to be collected; and
     Minimize the burden of the collection of information on 
those who are to respond, including through the use of appropriate 
automated, electronic, mechanical, or other technological collection 
techniques or other forms of information technology, e.g., permitting 
electronic submission of responses.
     Total burden for the recordkeeping and complaint process 
information collections, including the burdens that will be affected by 
this proposed rule and any changes, are summarized below. For the 
complaint ICR, the Department used actual data from FY22 and added 
additional burden related to this rulemaking using the number of 
affected workers from Table 4 of the RIA and multiplying by .05%. This 
is an approximate estimate of potential new complaints should the rule 
become final (please see the draft supporting statements referenced 
above for an explanation of how these estimates were derived). With 
respect to the FLSA recordkeeping ICR, the Department first revised the 
overall burden for the collection as the baseline number of employers 
and employees within the U.S. economy has changed since the collection 
was last submitted to OMB. The Department then added the newly affected 
workers described in the NPRM (see Table 4 of the RIA) to account for 
additional burden employers could potentially be subject to when a 
final rule is published.
    Type of review: New collection (duplicate ICR to allow for public 
comment revising a currently approved information collection).
    Agency: Wage and Hour Division, Department of Labor.
    Title: Employment Information Form.
    OMB Control Number: 1235-0NEW.
    Affected public: Private sector, businesses or other for-profits 
and Individuals or Households.
    Estimated number of respondents: 28,824 (1,824 from this 
rulemaking).
    Estimated number of responses: 28,824 (1,824 from this rulemaking).
    Frequency of response: On occasion.
    Estimated annual burden hours: 9,608 (608 burden hours due to this 
NPRM).
    Estimated annual burden costs (capital/startup): $0 ($0 from this 
rulemaking).
    Estimated annual burden costs (operations/maintenance): $0 ($0 from 
this rulemaking).
    Estimated annual burden costs: $0 ($0 from this rulemaking).
    Type of Review: Revision to a currently approved information 
collection.
    Title: Records to be kept by Employers--Fair Labor Standards Act.
    OMB Control Number: 1235-0018.
    Affected public: Private sector, businesses or other for-profits 
and Individuals or Households.
    Estimated number of respondents: 4,068,419.
    Estimated number of responses: 41,160,4 07 (8,971,488 from this 
NPRM).
    Frequency of response: Various.
    Estimated annual burden hours: 1,105,833 (299,050 from this NPRM).
    Estimated annual burden costs: $51,277,476.

VII. Analysis Conducted in Accordance With Executive Order 12866, 
Regulatory Planning and Review, and Executive Order 13563, Improving 
Regulation and Regulatory Review

    Under Executive Order 12866, OMB's Office of Information and 
Regulatory Affairs (OIRA) determines whether a regulatory action is 
significant and, therefore, subject to the requirements of the 
Executive Order and OMB review. As amended by Executive Order 14094, 
section 3(f) of Executive Order 12866 defines a ``significant 
regulatory action'' as a regulatory action that is likely to result in 
a rule that may: (1) have an annual effect on the economy of $200 
million or more; or adversely affect in a material way the economy, a 
sector of the economy, productivity, competition, jobs, the 
environment, public health or safety, or state, local, territorial, or 
tribal governments or communities; (2) create a serious inconsistency 
or otherwise interfere with an action taken or planned by another 
agency; (3) materially alter the budgetary impact of entitlements, 
grants, user fees or loan programs or the rights and obligations of 
recipients thereof; or (4) raise legal or policy issues for which 
centralized review would meaningfully further the President's 
priorities or the principles set forth in the Executive Order. OIRA has 
determined that this proposed rule is a ``significant regulatory 
action'' within the scope of section 3(f)(1) of Executive Order 12866.
    Executive Order 13563 directs agencies to, among other things, 
propose or adopt a regulation only upon a reasoned determination that 
its benefits justify its costs; that it is tailored to impose the least 
burden on society, consistent with obtaining the regulatory objectives; 
and that, in choosing among alternative regulatory approaches, the 
agency has selected those approaches that maximize net benefits. 
Executive Order 13563 recognizes that some costs and benefits are 
difficult to quantify and provides that, when appropriate and permitted 
by law, agencies may consider and discuss qualitatively values that are 
difficult or impossible to quantify, including equity, human dignity, 
fairness, and distributive impacts. The analysis below outlines the 
impacts that the Department of Labor (Department) anticipates may 
result from this proposed rule, if finalized, and was prepared pursuant 
to the above-mentioned executive orders.

[[Page 62183]]

A. Introduction

1. Background
    The Fair Labor Standards Act (FLSA or Act) requires covered 
employers to: (1) pay employees who are covered and not exempt from the 
Act's requirements not less than the Federal minimum wage for all hours 
worked and overtime premium pay at a rate of not less than one and one-
half times the employee's regular rate of pay for all hours worked over 
40 in a workweek, and (2) make, keep, and preserve records of their 
employees and of the wages, hours, and other conditions and practices 
of employment.
    The FLSA provides a number of exemptions from the Act's minimum 
wage and overtime pay provisions, including one for bona fide 
executive, administrative, and professional (EAP) employees. The 
exemption applies to employees employed in a bona fide executive, 
administrative, or professional capacity, as those terms are ``defined 
and delimited'' by the Department.\290\ The Department's regulations 
implementing these ``white-collar'' exemptions are codified at 29 CFR 
part 541. Since 1940, the regulations implementing the exemption have 
generally required each of the following three tests to be met: (1) the 
employee must be paid a predetermined and fixed salary that is not 
subject to reduction because of variations in the quality or quantity 
of work performed (the salary basis test); (2) the amount of salary 
paid must meet a minimum specified amount (the salary level test); and 
(3) the employee's job duties must primarily involve executive, 
administrative, or professional duties as defined by the regulations 
(the duties test).
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

    \290\ 29 U.S.C. 213(a)(1).
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

    The Department has updated the salary level test many times since 
its implementation in 1938. Table 1 presents the weekly salary levels 
associated with the EAP exemptions since 1938, organized by exemption 
and long/short/standard duties tests. From 1949 to 2004, the Department 
determined exemption status using a two-test system comprised of a long 
test (a lower salary level paired with a more rigorous duties test that 
limited performance of nonexempt work to no more than 20 percent for 
most employees) and a short test (a higher salary level paired with a 
less rigorous primary duties requirement that did not have a numerical 
limit on the amount of nonexempt work). In 2004, rather than update the 
two-test system, the Department chose to establish a new single-test 
system for determining exemption status, setting the standard salary 
level test at $455 a week, which was equivalent to the long test salary 
level, and pairing it with a standard duties test that was 
substantially equivalent to the more lenient short duties test. Because 
the single standard duties test was equivalent to the short duties 
test, employees who met the long test salary level and previously 
passed either the more rigorous long, or less rigorous short, duties 
test passed the standard duties test. The Department also added a new 
highly compensated employee (HCE) test, which used a very minimal 
duties test and a very high total compensation test set at $100,000 per 
year (see section II.B.2. for further discussion). In 2016, to address 
the concern that the standard test exempted lower-paid salaried 
employees performing large amounts of nonexempt work who had previously 
been protected by the more rigorous long duties test, the Department 
published a final rule setting the standard salary level at $913 per 
week, which was equivalent to the low end of the historic range of 
short test salary levels, and the HCE annual compensation level at 
$134,004. This approach restored overtime protection for employees 
performing substantial amounts of nonexempt work who earned between the 
long test salary level and the low end of the short test salary range, 
as they failed the new standard salary level test. As previously 
discussed, the U.S. District Court for Eastern District of Texas held 
the 2016 rule invalid. In 2019, in part to address the concern raised 
in the litigation that the approach taken in the 2016 rulemaking would 
have prevented employers from using the exemption for employees who 
earned between the long test salary level and the low end of the short 
test salary range and met the more rigorous long duties test, the 
Department returned to the methodology used in the 2004 rule and set 
the salary level at the 20th percentile of weekly earnings of full-time 
salaried workers in the South and in the retail industry nationally. 
Applying this method to the earnings data available in 2019 produced a 
standard salary level that was below the long test salary level. The 
current earnings thresholds, as published in 2019, are $684 a week for 
the standard salary test and $107,432 per year for the HCE test.

                                                Table 1--Historical Salary Levels for the EAP Exemptions
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
                                                                                  Long duties test
               Date enacted               -----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------  Short duties
                                               Executive                 Administrative                         Professional                   test
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
1938.....................................              * $30  $30.................................  ....................................  ..............
1940.....................................                 30  $200 (per month)....................  $200 (per month)....................  ..............
1949.....................................                 55  $75.................................  $75.................................            $100
1958.....................................                 80  $95.................................  $95.................................             125
1963.....................................                100  $100................................  $115................................             150
1970.....................................                125  $125................................  $140................................             200
1975.....................................                155  $155................................  $170................................             250
                                          --------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
                                                                                        Standard duties test
                                          --------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
2004.....................................                                                       $455
2019.....................................                                                       $684
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
* Unless otherwise specified, all figures are dollars per week.


[[Page 62184]]

2. Need for Rulemaking
    The goal of this rulemaking is not only to update the single 
standard salary level to account for earnings growth since the 2019 
rule, but also to build on the lessons learned in the Department's most 
recent rulemakings to more effectively define and delimit employees 
working in a bona fide EAP capacity. Specifically, the Department is 
proposing to update the standard salary level by setting it equal to 
the 35th percentile of weekly earnings of full-time salaried workers in 
the lowest-wage Census Region (currently the South), based on the most 
recent Current Population Survey (CPS) data.\291\ Using 2022 CPS Merged 
Outgoing Rotation Group (MORG) \292\ data, the salary level would be 
set at $1,059 per week.
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    \291\ The Department uses the terms salaried and nonhourly 
interchangeably in this rule because, consistent with its 2004, 
2016, and 2019 rules, the Department considered data representing 
compensation paid to nonhourly workers to be an appropriate proxy 
for compensation paid to salaried workers. The Department also notes 
that the terms employee and worker are used interchangeably 
throughout this analysis.
    \292\ MORG is a supplement to the CPS and is conducted on 
approximately one-fourth of the CPS sample monthly to obtain 
information on weekly hours worked and earnings. The Department 
relied on CPS MORG data for calendar year 2022 to develop this NPRM. 
The Department will update the data used in any final rule resulting 
from this proposal.
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    The Department's proposed standard salary level will, in 
combination with the standard duties test, better define and delimit 
which employees are employed in a bona fide EAP capacity in a one-test 
system. As explained in greater detail in sections III and IV.A., 
above, setting the standard salary level at or below the long test 
salary level, as the 2004 and 2019 rules did, results in the exemption 
of lower-salaried employees who traditionally were entitled to overtime 
protection under the long test either because of their low salary or 
because they perform large amounts of nonexempt work, in effect 
significantly broadening the exemption compared to the two-test system. 
Setting the salary level at the low end of the historic range of short 
test salary levels, as the 2016 rule did, would have restored overtime 
protections to those employees who perform substantial amounts of 
nonexempt work and earned between the long test salary level and the 
low end of the short test salary range. However, it also would have 
resulted in denying employers the use of the exemption for lower-
salaried employees who traditionally were not entitled to overtime 
compensation under the long test, which raised concerns that the 
Department was in effect narrowing the exemption. By setting a salary 
level above what would currently be the equivalent of the long test 
salary level, the proposal would restore the right to overtime pay for 
salaried white-collar employees who prior to the 2019 rule were always 
considered nonexempt if they earned below the long test (or long test-
equivalent) salary level. And it would ensure that fewer lower paid 
white-collar employees who perform significant amounts of nonexempt 
work are included in the exemption. At the same time, by setting it 
well below what would currently be the equivalent of the short test 
salary level, the proposal would allow employers to continue to use the 
exemption for many lower paid white-collar employees who were made 
exempt under the 2004 standard duties test. The proposed salary level 
would also more reasonably distribute between employees and their 
employers what the Department now understands to be the impact of the 
shift from a two-test to a one-test system on employees earning between 
the long and short test salary levels.
    As the Department has previously noted, the amount paid to an 
employee is ``a valuable and easily applied index to the `bona fide' 
character of the employment for which exemption is claimed, as well as 
the ``principal[ ]'' ``delimiting requirement'' ``prevent[ing] abuse'' 
of the exemption.'' \293\ Additionally, the salary level test 
facilitates application of the exemption by saving employees and 
employers from having to apply the more time-consuming duties analysis 
to a large group of employees who will not pass it. For these reasons, 
the salary level test has been a key part of how the Department defines 
and delimits the EAP exemption since the beginning of its rulemaking on 
the EAP exemption.\294\ At the same time, the salary test's role in 
defining and delimiting the scope of the EAP exemption must allow for 
appropriate examination of employee duties.\295\ Under the Department's 
proposal, duties would continue to determine the exemption status for 
most salaried white-collar employees, addressing the legal concerns 
that have been raised about excluding from the EAP exemption too many 
white-collar employees solely based on their salary level.
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    \293\ Stein Report at 19, 24; see also 81 FR 32422.
    \294\ See 84 FR 51237.
    \295\ See 84 FR 51238.
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    The Department also proposes to update the HCE total annual 
compensation requirement to the annualized weekly earnings of the 85th 
percentile of full-time salaried workers nationally ($143,988 in 2022). 
Though not as high a percentile as the HCE threshold initially adopted 
in 2004, which covered 93.7 percent of all full-time salaried 
workers,\296\ the Department's proposed increase to the HCE threshold 
would ensure it continues to serve its intended function, because the 
HCE total annual compensation level would be high enough to exclude all 
but those employees at the very top of the economic ladder.
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    \296\ See 69 FR 22169 (Table 3).
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    In accordance with the Department's traditional practice, and in 
the interest of applying the FLSA uniformly to areas subject to the 
Federal minimum wage, the Department is also proposing to apply the 
standard salary level to all territories that are subject to the 
Federal minimum wage and to update the special salary levels for 
American Samoa and the motion picture industry in relation to the new 
standard salary level. Having not increased these levels since 2004, 
there is a need to increase the salary levels in U.S. territories, 
particularly for employees in those territories that are subject to the 
Federal minimum wage.
    In its three most recent part 541 rulemakings, the Department has 
expressed its commitment to keeping the earnings thresholds up to date 
to ensure that they remain effective in helping differentiate between 
exempt and nonexempt employees. Long intervals between rulemakings have 
resulted in eroded earnings thresholds based on outdated earnings data 
that were ill-equipped to help identify bona fide EAP employees. This 
rulemaking is motivated in part by the need to keep the part 541 
earnings thresholds up to date. Based on its long experience with 
updating the salary levels, the Department has determined that adopting 
a regulatory provision for automatically updating the salary levels, 
with an exception for pausing future updates under certain conditions, 
is the most viable and efficient way to ensure the EAP exemption 
earnings thresholds keep pace with changes in employee pay and thus 
remain effective in helping determine exemption status. Accordingly, 
the Department is including in this proposed rule a mechanism for 
automatically updating the salary and compensation levels every 3 
years. As explained in greater detail in section IV.D., employees and 
employers alike would benefit from the

[[Page 62185]]

certainty and stability of regularly scheduled updates.
3. Summary of Affected Workers, Costs, Benefits, and Transfers
    The Department estimated the number of affected workers and 
quantified costs and transfer payments associated with this proposed 
rule using pooled CPS MORG data. See section VII.B.2. The Department 
estimates in the first year after implementation, there would be 3.6 
million affected workers.\297\ This includes 3.4 million workers who 
meet the standard duties test and earn at least $684 per week but less 
than $1,059 per week and would either become eligible for overtime or 
have their salary increased to at least $1,059 per week (Table 2).\298\ 
An estimated 248,900 workers would be affected by the proposed increase 
in the HCE compensation test from $107,432 per year to $143,988 per 
year. In Year 10, with automatic updating, the Department estimates 
that 4.3 million workers would be affected by the proposed change in 
the standard salary level test and 768,700 workers would be affected by 
the proposed change in the HCE total annual compensation test.\299\
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    \297\ The term ``affected workers'' refers to the population of 
potentially affected EAP workers who either pass the standard duties 
test and earn at least $684 but less than the new salary level of 
$1,059 per week, or pass only the HCE duties test and earn at least 
$107,432 but less than the new HCE compensation level of $143,988 
per year.
    \298\ Here and elsewhere in this analysis, numbers are reported 
at varying levels of aggregation, and are generally rounded to a 
single decimal point. However, calculations are performed using 
exact numbers. Therefore, some numbers may not match the reported 
totals or the calculations shown due to rounding of components.
    \299\ In later years, earnings growth will cause some initially 
affected workers to no longer be affected because their earnings 
will exceed the new salary or compensation threshold. This is 
possible in both non-update and update years but is much more likely 
to occur in non-update years. Additionally, some workers will become 
newly affected because their earnings will reach at least $684 per 
week, and in the absence of this proposed rule they would have lost 
their overtime protections. To estimate the total number of affected 
workers over time, the Department accounts for both of these 
effects.
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    This analysis quantifies three direct costs to employers: (1) 
regulatory familiarization costs; (2) adjustment costs; and (3) 
managerial costs (see section VII.C.3). Total annualized direct 
employer costs over the first 10 years were estimated to be $663.6 
million, assuming a 7 percent discount rate.\300\ This proposed rule 
would also transfer income from employers to employees in the form of 
increased wages. The Department estimated annualized transfers would be 
$1.3 billion. Most of these transfers would be attributable to wages 
paid under the FLSA's overtime provision; a smaller share would be 
attributable to the FLSA's minimum wage requirement. These transfers 
also account for employers who may choose to increase the salary of 
some affected workers to at least the new threshold so that they can 
continue to use the EAP exemption.
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    \300\ Hereafter, unless otherwise specified, annualized values 
will be presented using the 7 percent real discount rate.
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    The Department also provides a qualitative discussion of the 
potential benefits of this proposed rule, including strengthened 
overtime protections for some workers, increased worker productivity, 
increased personal time for workers, and reduced reliance on social 
assistance programs. See section VII.C.5.

               Table 2--Summary of Regulatory Costs and Transfers, Standard and HCE Salary Levels
----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
                                                         Future years \a\                Annualized value
                                                 ---------------------------------------------------------------
             Impact                   Year 1                                          3% Real         7% Real
                                                      Year 2          Year 10      discount rate   discount rate
----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
                                            Affected Workers (1,000s)
----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Standard........................           3,399           2,999           4,288           (\b\)           (\b\)
HCE.............................             249             269             769           (\b\)           (\b\)
                                 ------------------------------------------------
    Total.......................           3,648           3,268           5,057           (\b\)           (\b\)
----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
                                   Costs and Transfers (Millions in $2022) \c\
----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Direct employer costs...........        $1,202.8          $508.3          $748.0          $656.4          $663.6
Transfers [d]...................         1,234.2           949.0         1,981.2         1,318.1         1,294.3
----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
\a\ These cost and transfer figures represent a range over the nine-year span.
\b\ Not annualized.
\c\ Costs and transfers for affected workers passing the standard and HCE tests are combined.
\d\ This is the net transfer from employers to workers. There may also be transfers of hours and income from
  some workers to others.

B. Number of Affected EAP Workers

1. Overview
    This section explains the methodology used to estimate the number 
of workers who would be affected by the proposed rule. Workers who are 
currently EAP exempt are potentially affected by the proposed rule. In 
this proposed rule, as in previous rules, the Department estimated the 
current number of EAP exempt workers because there is no data source 
that identifies workers as EAP exempt. Employers are not required to 
report EAP exempt workers to any central agency or as part of any 
employee or establishment survey. The methodology described here is 
consistent with the approach the Department used in the 2004, 2016, and 
2019 final rules.\301\ To estimate the number of workers who would be 
affected by the rule, the proposed standard salary level and proposed 
HCE total annual compensation threshold are applied to the earnings of 
current EAP exempt workers.
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    \301\ See 69 FR 22196-209; 81 FR 32453-60; 84 FR 51255-60. Where 
the proposal follows the methodology used to determine affected 
workers in the 2004, 2016, and 2019 final rules, citations to these 
rules are not always included.

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[[Page 62186]]

2. Data
    All estimates of numbers of workers used in this analysis were 
based on data from the CPS MORG, which is sponsored jointly by the U.S. 
Census Bureau and Bureau of Labor Statistics (BLS).\302\ The CPS is a 
large, nationally representative sample. Households are surveyed for 4 
months, excluded from the survey for 8 months, surveyed for an 
additional 4 months, then permanently dropped from the sample. During 
the last month of each rotation in the sample (month 4 and month 16), 
employed respondents complete a supplementary questionnaire in addition 
to the regular survey.\303\ This supplement contains the detailed 
information on earnings necessary to estimate a worker's exemption 
status. Responses are based on the reference week, which is always the 
week that includes the 12th day of the month.
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    \302\ In 2015, RAND released results from a survey conducted to 
estimate EAP exempt workers. However, this survey does not have the 
variables or sample size necessary for the Department to base its 
regulatory impact analysis (RIA) on this analysis. Rohwedder, S. and 
Wenger, J.B. (2015). The Fair Labor Standards Act: Worker 
Misclassification and the Hours and Earnings Effects of Expanded 
Coverage. RAND Labor and Population.
    \303\ This is the outgoing rotation group (ORG); however, this 
analysis uses the data merged over 12 months and thus it is referred 
to as MORG.
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    Although the CPS MORG is a large-scale survey, administered to 
approximately 15,000 households monthly representing the entire nation, 
it is still possible to have relatively few observations when looking 
at subsets of employees, such as workers in a specific occupation 
employed in a specific industry, or workers in a specific geographic 
location. To increase the sample size, the Department pooled 3 years of 
CPS MORG data (2020-2022). Earnings for each observation from 2020 and 
2021 were inflated to 2022 dollars using the Consumer Price Index for 
All Urban Consumers (CPI-U).\304\ The weight of each observation was 
adjusted so that the total number of potentially affected EAP workers 
in the pooled sample remained the same as the number for the 2022 CPS 
MORG. Thus, the pooled CPS MORG sample uses roughly three times as many 
observations to represent the same total number of workers in 2022. The 
additional observations allow the Department to better characterize 
certain attributes of the potentially affected labor force. This pooled 
dataset is used to estimate all impacts of the proposed rulemaking.
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    \304\ Previous rulemakings also adjusted salaries in the pooled 
data using the CPI-U, but the Department recognizes that the 
relationship between wage growth and inflation between 2020 and 2022 
may not be consistent. During the pandemic, large employment losses 
in low-wage industries resulted in stronger wage growth at the 
aggregate level. In the latter part of the 2020-2022 period, high 
inflation outpaced wage growth. Given these mixed effects, the 
Department decided to continue its prior practice of adjusting these 
observations using CPI-U.
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    Some assumptions and adjustments were necessary to use these data 
as the basis for the analysis. For example, the Department eliminated 
workers who reported that their weekly hours vary and who provided no 
additional information on hours worked. This was done because the 
Department cannot estimate effects for these workers since it is 
unknown whether they work overtime and therefore unknown whether there 
would be any need to pay for overtime if their status changed from 
exempt to nonexempt. The Department reweighted the rest of the sample 
to account for this change (i.e., to keep the same total employment 
estimates).\305\ This adjustment assumes that the distribution of hours 
worked by workers whose hours do not vary is representative of hours 
worked by workers whose hours vary. The Department believes that 
without more information this is an appropriate assumption.\306\
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    \305\ The Department also reweighted for workers reporting zero 
earnings. In addition, the Department eliminated, without 
reweighting, workers who reported both usually working zero hours 
and working zero hours in the past week.
    \306\ This is justifiable because demographic and employment 
characteristics are similar across these two populations (e.g., age, 
gender, education, distribution across industries, share paid 
nonhourly). The share of all workers who stated that their hours 
vary (but provided no additional information) is 4.5 percent. To the 
extent these excluded workers are exempt, if they tend to work more 
overtime than other workers, then transfer payments and costs may be 
underestimated. Conversely, if they work fewer overtime hours, then 
transfer payments and costs may be overestimated.
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3. Number of Workers Subject to the FLSA and the Department's Part 541 
Regulations
    As a starting point for the analysis, based on the CPS MORG data, 
the Department estimates that there would be 166.2 million wage and 
salary workers in Year 1. Figure 1 illustrates how the Department 
analyzed the U.S. civilian workforce through successive stages to 
estimate the number of affected workers.
BILLING CODE 4510-27-P

[[Page 62187]]

[GRAPHIC] [TIFF OMITTED] TP08SE23.003

BILLING CODE 4510-27-C
    The Department first excluded workers who are unemployed, not 
subject to its regulations, or not covered by the FLSA from the overall 
total number of wage and salary workers. Excluded workers include 
military personnel, unpaid volunteers, self-employed individuals, 
clergy and other religious workers, and Federal employees (with a few 
exceptions described below).
    Many of these workers are excluded from the CPS MORG, including 
members of the military on active duty and unpaid volunteers. Self-
employed and unpaid workers are included in the CPS MORG, but have no 
earnings data reported and thus are excluded from the analysis. The 
Department identified religious workers by their occupation codes: 
`clergy' (Census occupational code 2040), `directors, religious 
activities and education' (2050), and `religious workers, all other' 
(2060). Most employees of the Federal Government are covered by the 
FLSA but not the Department's part 541 regulations because the Office 
of Personnel Management (OPM) regulates their entitlement to minimum 
wage and overtime pay.\307\ Exceptions exist for U.S. Postal Service 
employees, Tennessee Valley Authority employees, and Library of 
Congress employees.\308\ The analysis identified and included these 
covered Federal workers using occupation and/or industry codes and 
removed other Federal employees.\309\
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    \307\ See 29 U.S.C. 204(f). Federal workers are identified in 
the CPS MORG with the class of worker variable PEIO1COW.
    \308\ See id.
    \309\ Postal Service employees were identified with the Census 
industry classification for postal service (6370). Tennessee Valley 
Authority employees were identified as Federal workers employed in 
the electric power generation, transmission, and distribution 
industry (570) and in Kentucky, Tennessee, Mississippi, Alabama, 
Georgia, North Carolina, or Virginia. Library of Congress employees 
were identified as Federal workers under Census industry `libraries 
and archives' (6770) and residing in Washington DC.
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    The FLSA also does not cover employees of firms that have annual 
revenue of less than $500,000 and who are not engaged in interstate 
commerce. The Department does not exclude them from the analysis, 
however, because there is no data set that would adequately inform an 
estimate of the size of this worker population, although the Department 
believes it is a small percentage of workers. The 2004, 2016, and 2019 
final rules similarly did not adjust for these workers.
    Of the 166.2 million wage and salary workers in the United States, 
the Department estimates that 139.4 million are covered by the FLSA and 
subject to the Department's regulations (83.9 percent). The remaining 
26.8 million workers are excluded from FLSA coverage for the reasons 
described above.
4. Number of Workers Who Are White-Collar, Salaried, Not Eligible for 
Another (Non-EAP) Overtime Exemption
    After limiting the analysis to workers covered by the FLSA and 
subject to the Department's part 541 regulations,

[[Page 62188]]

several other groups of workers were identified and excluded from 
further analysis since this proposed rule is unlikely to affect them. 
These include blue-collar workers,\310\ workers paid on an hourly 
basis, and workers who are exempt under certain other (non-EAP) 
exemptions.
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    \310\ ``The section 13(a)(1) exemptions and the regulations in 
[Part 541] do not apply to manual laborers or other `blue collar' 
workers who perform work involving repetitive operations with their 
hands, physical skill and energy.'' Sec.  541.3(a).
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    The Department excluded a total of 87.5 million workers from the 
analysis for one or more of these reasons, which often overlapped 
(e.g., many blue-collar workers are also paid hourly). For example, the 
Department estimated that there are 47.5 million blue-collar workers. 
These workers were identified in the CPS MORG data following the 
methodology from the U.S. Government Accountability Office's (GAO) 1999 
white-collar exemptions report \311\ and the Department's 2004, 2016, 
and 2019 regulatory impact analyses.\312\ Supervisors in traditionally 
blue-collar industries were classified as white-collar workers because 
their duties are generally managerial or administrative, and therefore 
they were not excluded as blue-collar workers. Using the CPS variable 
indicating a respondent's hourly wage status, the Department determined 
that 77.8 million workers were paid on an hourly basis in 2022.\313\
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    \311\ GAO/HEHS. (1999). Fair Labor Standards Act: White Collar 
Exemptions in the Modern Work Place. GAO/HEHS-99-164, 40-41, https://www.gao.gov/assets/230/228036.pdf.
    \312\ See 69 FR 22240-44.
    \313\ CPS MORG variable PEERNHRY.
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    Also excluded from further analysis were workers who are exempt 
under certain other (non-EAP) exemptions. Although some of these 
workers may also be exempt under the EAP exemptions, they would 
independently remain exempt from the FLSA's minimum wage and/or 
overtime pay provisions based on the non-EAP exemptions. The Department 
excluded an estimated 3.8 million workers, including some agricultural 
and transportation workers, from further analysis because they are 
subject to another (non-EAP) overtime exemption. See Appendix A: 
Methodology for Estimating Exemption Status, contained in the 
rulemaking docket, for details on how this population was identified.
    Agricultural and transportation workers are two of the largest 
groups of workers excluded from the population of potentially affected 
EAP workers in the current analysis, and with some exceptions, they 
were similarly excluded in other recent rulemakings. The 2004 rule 
excluded all workers in agricultural industries from the analysis,\314\ 
while more recent analyses only excluded agricultural workers from 
specified occupational-industry combinations since not all workers in 
agricultural industries qualify for the agricultural overtime pay 
exemptions. This proposed rule followed the more recent analyses and 
only excluded agricultural workers in certain occupation-industry 
combinations. The exclusion of transportation workers matched the 
method for the 2004, 2016, and 2019 final rules. Transportation workers 
are defined as those who are subject to the following FLSA exemptions: 
section 13(b)(1), section 13(b)(2), section 13(b)(3), section 13(b)(6), 
or section 13(b)(10). The Department excluded 1.1 million agricultural 
workers and 2.0 million transportation workers from the analysis.
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

    \314\ 69 FR 22197.
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

    In addition, the Department excluded another 21,800 workers who 
qualify for one or more other FLSA minimum wage and overtime exemptions 
(and are not either blue-collar or hourly). The criteria for 
determining exemption status for these workers are detailed in Appendix 
A.
    After excluding workers not subject to the Department's FLSA 
regulations and workers who are unlikely to be affected by this 
proposed rule (i.e., blue-collar workers, workers paid hourly, workers 
who are subject to another (non-EAP) overtime exemption), the 
Department estimated there are 51.9 million salaried white-collar 
workers for whom employers might claim either the standard EAP 
exemption or the HCE exemption.
5. Number of Current EAP Exempt Workers
    To determine the number of workers for whom employers might 
currently claim the EAP exemption, the standard EAP test and HCE test 
were applied. Both tests include earnings thresholds and duties tests. 
Aside from workers in named occupations (which are not subject to an 
earnings requirement and are discussed in the next subsection), to be 
exempt under the standard EAP test, the employee generally must:
     be paid a predetermined and fixed salary that is not 
subject to reduction because of variations in the quality or quantity 
of work performed (the salary basis test); \315\
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    \315\ Some computer employees may be exempt even if they are not 
paid on a salary basis. Hourly computer employees who earn at least 
$27.63 per hour and perform certain duties are exempt under section 
13(a)(17) of the FLSA. These workers are considered part of the EAP 
exemptions but were excluded from the analysis because they are paid 
hourly and will not be affected by this proposed rule (these workers 
were similarly excluded in the 2004, 2016, and 2019 analyses). 
Salaried computer workers are exempt if they meet the salary and 
duties tests applicable to the EAP exemptions, and are included in 
the analysis since they will be impacted by this proposed rule. 
Additionally, administrative and professional employees may be paid 
on a fee basis, as opposed to a salary basis. Sec.  541.605(a). 
Although the CPS MORG does not identify workers paid on a fee basis, 
they are considered nonhourly workers in the CPS and consequently 
are correctly classified as ``salaried'' (as was done in previous 
rules).
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

     earn at least a designated salary amount (the standard 
salary level test, currently $684 per week); and
     primarily perform exempt work, as defined by the 
regulations (the standard duties test).
    The HCE test allows certain highly paid employees to qualify for 
exemption if they customarily and regularly perform one or more exempt 
job duties (the HCE duties test). The current HCE annual compensation 
level is $107,432, including at least $684 per week paid on a salary or 
fee basis.
i. Salary Basis
    The Department included only nonhourly workers in the analysis 
based on CPS data.\316\ For this NPRM, the Department considered data 
representing compensation paid to nonhourly workers to be an 
appropriate proxy for compensation paid to salaried workers. The 
Department notes that it made the same assumption regarding nonhourly 
workers in the 2004, 2016, and 2019 final rules.\317\
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    \316\ The CPS variable PEERNHRY identifies workers as either 
hourly or nonhourly.
    \317\ See 69 FR 22197; 81 FR 32414; 84 FR 51258.
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    The CPS population of ``nonhourly'' workers includes salaried 
workers along with those who are paid on a piece-rate, a day-rate, or 
largely on bonuses or commissions. Data in the CPS are not available to 
distinguish between salaried workers and these other nonhourly workers. 
However, the Panel Study of Income Dynamics (PSID) provides additional 
information on how nonhourly workers are paid.\318\ In the PSID, 
respondents are asked how they are paid on their main job and are also 
asked for more detail if their response is other than salaried or 
hourly. Possible responses include piecework, commission, self-
employed/farmer/profits, and by the job/day/mile. The Department 
analyzed the PSID data and found that relatively few nonhourly workers 
were paid by methods other than salaried. The Department is not aware 
of any statistically robust source

[[Page 62189]]

that more closely reflects salary as defined in its regulations.
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    \318\ University of Michigan, Institute for Social Research. 
2019 PSID. Data available at: https://simba.isr.umich.edu/data/data.aspx.
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

ii. Salary Level
    Weekly earnings are available in the CPS MORG data, which allowed 
the Department to estimate how many nonhourly workers pass the 
compensation thresholds.\319\ However, the CPS earnings variable does 
not perfectly reflect the Department's definition of earnings. First, 
the CPS includes all nondiscretionary bonuses and commissions if they 
are part of usual weekly earnings. However, the regulation allows 
nondiscretionary bonuses and commissions to satisfy up to 10 percent of 
the standard salary level. This discrepancy between the earnings 
variable used and the regulatory definition of salary may cause a 
slight overestimation or underestimation of the number of workers 
estimated to meet the standard salary level and HCE compensation 
tests.\320\ Second, CPS earnings data include overtime pay. The 
Department notes that employers may factor into an employee's salary a 
premium for expected overtime hours worked. To the extent they do so, 
that premium would be reflected accurately in the data. Third, the 
earnings measure includes tips and discretionary commissions which do 
not qualify towards the required salary. The Department believes tips 
are an uncommon form of payment for these white-collar workers. 
Discretionary commissions tend to be paid irregularly and hence are 
unlikely to be counted as ``usual earning.'' Additionally, as noted 
above, most salaried workers do not receive commissions.
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    \319\ The CPS MORG variable PRERNWA, which measures weekly 
earnings, is used to identify weekly salary.
    \320\ In some instances, this may include too much 
nondiscretionary bonuses and commissions (i.e., when it is more than 
10 percent of usual earnings). But in other instances, it may not 
include enough nondiscretionary bonuses and commissions (i.e., when 
the respondent does not count them as usual earnings).
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    Lastly, the CPS annual earnings variable is topcoded at $150,000. 
Topcoding refers to how data sets handle observations at the top of the 
distribution. For the CPS annual earnings variable, workers earning 
above $2,884.61 ($150,000 / 52 weeks) per week are reported as earning 
$2,884.61 per week. The Department imputed earnings for topcoded 
workers in the CPS data to adequately estimate impacts.\321\
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    \321\ The Department used the standard Pareto distribution 
approach to impute earnings above the topcoded value as described in 
Armour, P. and Burkhauser, R (2013). Using the Pareto Distribution 
to Improve Estimates of Topcoded Earnings. Center for Economic 
Studies (CES).
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iii. Duties
    The CPS MORG data do not capture information about job duties. 
Therefore, the Department used probability estimates of passing the 
duties test by occupational title to estimate the number of workers 
passing the duties test. This is the same methodology used in recent 
part 541 rulemakings, and the Department believes it continues to be 
the best available methodology. The probabilities of passing the duties 
test are from an analysis performed by WHD in 1998 in response to a 
request from the GAO. Because WHD enforces the FLSA's overtime 
requirements and regularly assesses workers' exempt status, WHD was 
uniquely qualified to provide the analysis. The analysis was originally 
published in the GAO's 1999 white-collar exemptions report.\322\
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

    \322\ Fair Labor Standards Act: White Collar Exemptions in the 
Modern Work Place, supra note 311, at 40-41.
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

    WHD examined 499 occupational codes and determined that 251 
occupational codes likely included EAP exempt workers.\323\ For each, 
WHD assigned one of four probability codes reflecting the estimated 
likelihood, expressed as ranges, that a worker in that occupation would 
perform duties required to meet the EAP duties tests (Table 3). All 
occupations and their associated probability codes are listed in 
Appendix A. Just as in the 2004, 2016, and 2019 final rules, the 
Department has supplemented this analysis to account for the HCE 
exemption. The Department modified the four probability codes to 
reflect probabilities of passing the HCE duties test based on its 
analysis of the provisions of the highly compensated test relative to 
the standard duties test. To illustrate, WHD assigned exempt 
probability code 4 to the occupation ``first-line supervisors/managers 
of construction trades and extraction workers'' (Census code 6200), 
which indicates that a worker in this occupation has a 0 to 10 percent 
likelihood of meeting the standard EAP duties test. However, if that 
worker earned at least $100,000 annually (now $107,432 annually), they 
were assigned a 15 percent probability of passing the more lenient HCE 
duties test.\324\
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

    \323\ WHD excluded nine that were not relevant to the analysis 
for various reasons. For example, one code was assigned to 
unemployed persons whose last job was in the Armed Forces, some 
codes were assigned to workers who are not FLSA covered, others had 
no observations.
    \324\ The HCE duties test is used in conjunction with the HCE 
total annual compensation requirement to determine eligibility for 
the HCE exemption. It is much less stringent than the standard and 
short duties tests to reflect that very highly paid employees are 
much more likely to be properly classified as exempt.

                         Table 3--Probability Worker in Category Passes the Duties Tests
----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
                                                       The standard EAP test               The HCE test
                                                 ---------------------------------------------------------------
                Probability code                    Lower bound     Upper bound     Lower bound     Upper bound
                                                        (%)             (%)             (%)             (%)
----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
0...............................................               0               0               0               0
1...............................................              90             100             100             100
2...............................................              50              90              94              96
3...............................................              10              50            58.4              60
4...............................................               0              10              15              15
----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------

    The occupations identified in GAO's 1999 report map to an earlier 
occupational classification scheme (the 1990 Census occupational 
codes).\325\ For this proposed rule, the Department used occupational 
crosswalks to map the previous occupational codes to the 2018 Census 
occupational codes, which are used in the CPS MORG 2020 through 2022 
data. If a new occupation comprises more than one previous occupation, 
then the new occupation's probability code is the weighted average of 
the previous occupations' probability

[[Page 62190]]

codes, rounded to the closest probability code.
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

    \325\ Census occupation codes were also updated in 2002 and 
2010. References to occupational codes in this analysis refer to the 
2002 Census occupational codes. Crosswalks and methodology available 
at: https://www.census.gov/topics/employment/industry-occupation/guidance/code-lists.html.
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

    These codes provide information on the likelihood that an employee 
met the duties tests, but they do not identify the workers in the CPS 
MORG who passed the test. For example, for every ten public relations 
managers, between five and nine are assumed to pass the standard duties 
test (based on probability category 2). However, it is unknown which of 
these ten workers are exempt; therefore, for the purposes of producing 
an estimate, the Department must assign a status to these workers. 
Exemption status could be randomly assigned with equal probability, but 
this would ignore the earnings of the worker as a factor in determining 
the probability of exemption. The probability of qualifying for the 
exemption increases with earnings because higher paid workers are more 
likely to perform the required duties.\326\
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

    \326\ For the standard exemption, the relationship between 
earnings and exemption status is not linear and is better 
represented with a gamma distribution. For the HCE exemption, the 
relationship between earnings and exemption can be well represented 
with a linear function because the relationship is linear at high 
salary levels (as determined by the Department in the 2004 rule). 
Therefore, the gamma model and the linear model would produce 
similar results for highly compensated workers. See 69 FR 22204-08, 
22215-16.
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

    The Department estimated the probability of qualifying for the 
standard exemption for each worker as a function of both earnings and 
the occupation's exempt probability category using a gamma 
distribution.\327\ Based on these revised probabilities, each worker 
was assigned exempt or nonexempt status based on a random draw from a 
binomial distribution using the worker's revised probability as the 
probability of success. Thus, if this method is applied to ten workers 
who each have a 60 percent probability of being exempt, six workers 
would be expected to be designated as exempt.\328\ For details, see 
Appendix A (in the rulemaking docket).
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

    \327\ The gamma distribution was chosen because, during the 2004 
revision, this non-linear distribution best fit the data compared to 
the other non-linear distributions considered (i.e., normal and 
lognormal). A gamma distribution is a general type of statistical 
distribution that is based on two parameters that control the scale 
(alpha) and shape (in this context, called the rate parameter, 
beta).
    \328\ A binominal distribution is frequently used for a 
dichotomous variable where there are two possible outcomes; for 
example, whether one owns a home (outcome of 1) or does not own a 
home (outcome of 0). Taking a random draw from a binomial 
distribution results in either a zero or a one based on a 
probability of ``success'' (outcome of 1). This methodology assigns 
exempt status to the appropriate share of workers without biasing 
the results with manual assignment.
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

    The Department acknowledges that the probability codes used to 
determine the share of workers in an occupation who are EAP exempt are 
25 years old. However, the Department believes the probability codes 
continue to estimate exemption status accurately given the fact that 
the standard duties test is not substantively different from the former 
short duties tests reflected in the codes. For the 2016 rulemaking, the 
Department reviewed O*NET \329\ to determine the extent to which the 
1998 probability codes reflected current occupational duties. The 
Department's review of O*NET verified the continued appropriateness of 
the 1998 probability codes.\330\
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

    \329\ The O*NET database contains hundreds of standardized and 
occupation-specific descriptors. See http://www.onetcenter.org.
    \330\ 81 FR 32459.
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

    The Department estimates that of the existing 51.9 million salaried 
white-collar workers considered in the analysis, 36.4 million currently 
qualify for the EAP exemption.
6. Potentially Affected Exempt EAP Workers
    The Department excluded some of the current EAP exempt workers from 
further analysis because the proposed rule would not affect them. 
Specifically, the Department excluded workers in named occupations who 
are not required to pass the salary requirements (although they must 
still pass a duties test) and therefore whose exemption status does not 
depend on their earnings. These occupations include physicians 
(identified with Census occupation codes 3010, 3040, 3060, 3120), 
lawyers (2100), teachers (occupations 2200-2550 and industries 7860 or 
7870), academic administrative personnel (school counselors (occupation 
2000 and industries 7860 or 7870) and educational administrators 
(occupation 0230 and industries 7860 or 7870)), and outside sales 
workers (a subset of occupation 4950). Out of the 36.4 million workers 
who were EAP exempt, 8.1 million, or 22.1 percent, were expected to be 
in named occupations. Thus, the proposed changes to the standard salary 
level and HCE compensation tests would not affect these workers. The 
28.4 million EAP exempt workers remaining in the analysis are referred 
to in this proposed rule as ``potentially affected'' (17.1 percent of 
all workers).
    Based on analysis of the occupational codes and CPS earnings data 
(described above), the Department has concluded there are 28.4 million 
potentially affected EAP workers.\331\
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

    \331\ Of these workers, approximately 16.0 million pass only the 
standard test, 11.9 million pass both the standard and the HCE 
tests, and 420,000 pass only the HCE test.
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

BILLING CODE 4510-27-P

[[Page 62191]]

[GRAPHIC] [TIFF OMITTED] TP08SE23.004

    As shown in Figure 2 above, 8.1 million of the 51.9 million 
salaried white-collar workers are in named occupations and will not be 
affected by a change in the earnings requirements. The Department also 
estimates that of the remaining 43.8 million salaried white-collar 
workers, about 11.7 million earn below the Department's proposed 
standard salary level of $1,059 per week and about 32.1 million earn 
above the Department's proposed salary level. Thus, approximately 27 
percent of salaried white-collar employees earn below the proposed 
salary level, whereas approximately 73 percent of salaried white-collar 
employees earn above the salary level and would have their exemption 
status turn on their job duties.
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

    \332\ See section VII.C.8 (Alternative 2). As discuss in section 
IV.A, such employees were always excluded from the EAP exemption 
prior to 2019, either by the long test salary level itself, or under 
the 2004 rule salary level, which was equivalent to the long test 
salary level. The remaining 1.6 million of these affected employees 
earn between the long test salary level and the Department's 
proposed standard salary level.
    \333\ This group includes workers who may currently be nonexempt 
under more protective state EAP laws and regulations, such as some 
workers in Alaska, California, Colorado, Maine, New York, 
Washington, and Wisconsin.
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

7. Number of Affected EAP Workers
    The Department estimated that the proposed increase in the standard 
salary level from $684 per week to $1,059 per week would affect 3.4 
million workers in Year 1 (of these 3.4 million affected employees, 1.8 
million earn less than the long test salary level ($925)).\332\ The 
Department estimated that the proposed increase in the HCE annual 
compensation level from $107,432 to $143,988 would impact 248,900 
workers (Figure 3).\333\ In total, the Department expects that 3.6 
million workers out of the 28.4 million potentially affected workers 
would be affected in Year 1.

[[Page 62192]]

[GRAPHIC] [TIFF OMITTED] TP08SE23.005

BILLING CODE 4510-27-C
8. Supplemental Analysis on the Number of Affected Workers in the 
Territories
    The Department is proposing to apply the standard salary level to 
all territories that are subject to the Federal minimum wage, including 
the Commonwealth of the Northern Mariana Islands (CNMI), Guam, Puerto 
Rico, and the U.S. Virgin Islands, and to update the special salary 
level for American Samoa in relation to the new standard salary level. 
In American Samoa, the salary level would be set at 84 percent of the 
new standard salary level, or $890 per week ($1,059 x 84 percent). In 
the other territories, the salary level would be set at the proposed 
standard salary level of the 35th percentile of weekly nonhourly 
earnings in the lowest wage Census region (currently the South), or 
$1,059 per week. The salary levels in the territories have not been 
updated since 2004, when the salary level for Puerto Rico, Guam, the 
U.S. Virgin Islands, and the CNMI was set to $455 per week and the 
salary level for American Samoa was set to $380 per week. Therefore, 
the increases in those salary levels will be more pronounced than in 
the 50 states and the District of Columbia. This may lead to larger 
impacts resulting from the increased standard salary level in the 
territories. Unfortunately, data are not available to conduct a full 
analysis of impacts in the territories. Therefore, the Department 
applied reasonable assumptions to the available data to estimate the 
number of affected workers in the territories.\334\
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

    \334\ The Department was unable to estimate transfer payments in 
the territories because of the additional assumptions that would be 
necessary.
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

    The CPS data used for the impact analysis does not include data for 
the territories, and no other data source provides individual level 
data on earnings, occupation, and pay basis (i.e., hourly or salaried). 
The Department identified several data sources with pertinent 
information on the territories:

 BLS Occupational Employment and Wage Statistics (OEWS)
 The Puerto Rico Community Survey
 The Census of Island Areas
 The Economic Census
 County Business Patterns (CBP)

    For Puerto Rico, Guam, and the U.S. Virgin Islands the Department 
used OEWS data.\335\ The OEWS does not include American Samoa or the 
CNMI; the Department used CBP (discussed below) data on the number of 
workers for these territories. The Department believes OEWS is more 
appropriate for this analysis than CBP because it provides the number 
of white-collar workers and information about earnings, which CBP does 
not.\336\ The Puerto Rico Community Survey provides individual-level 
earnings information for Puerto Rico that is not available in the 
OEWS.\337\ However, the Department chose to use OEWS because it 
includes data on additional territories, and to limit the number of 
data sets used for consistency. The Department welcomes comments on the 
choice of data set for this analysis, and the overall methodology for 
estimating the impact on territories. The Department also welcomes 
recommendations for additional sources of data on workers in the 
territories.
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

    \335\ OEWS 2022. https://www.bls.gov/oes/tables.htm.
    \336\ CBP includes total quarterly payroll and the number of 
employees, but no information about the distribution of these 
earnings.
    \337\ The Government Accountability Office assessed the impacts 
of the 2016 rulemaking in Puerto Rico using the Puerto Rico 
Community Survey. GAO. (2018). Limited Federal Data Hinder Analysis 
of Economic Condition and DOL's 2016 Overtime Rule. https://www.gao.gov/assets/700/693309.pdf.
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

    The OEWS reports the number of workers by detailed occupation, to 
which the Department applied the

[[Page 62193]]

probability codes to estimate the number of white-collar workers who 
meet the duties test requirements for the EAP exemption. The OEWS does 
not have information on the share of employees in each occupation who 
are salaried. In order to estimate this share, the Department 
calculated the share of workers in the 50 states and DC who meet the 
duties requirement in the CPS data who are salaried, controlling for 
the distribution of workers across occupations in each of the three 
territories.\338\ The Department then multiplied the share of workers 
who meet the duties requirement who are salaried in each occupation by 
the number of workers who meet the duties requirements in that 
territory.
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

    \338\ The Department also excluded workers who are unlikely to 
be affected by this rulemaking, including workers in named 
occupations and workers exempt under another non-EAP overtime 
exemption.
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

    The OEWS also reports select percentiles of the earnings 
distribution for each occupation (10th, 25th, 50th, 75th, and 90th). 
This allows the Department to estimate an earnings distribution for 
each occupation and approximate the number of workers who earn between 
the old and new salary levels.\339\ These calculations are summarized 
in Table 4.
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

    \339\ The Department interpolated values between the reported 
percentiles by assuming a uniform distribution for each segment 
(e.g., between the 10th and the 25th percentiles the Department 
assumed the earnings distribution is linear). The Department assumed 
a minimum value of $100 and a maximum value of three times the 90th 
percentile.

                     Table 4--Estimated Number of Affected Workers in Territories Using OEWS
----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
                                                                                                    U.S. Virgin
                     Population or parameter                        Puerto Rico        Guam           Islands
----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Workers \a\.....................................................         907,930          51,340          27,860
Workers who meet duties requirements............................         169,241          10,413           5,808
Share of workers meeting duties requirements who are salaried                54%             60%             57%
 \b\ \c\........................................................
Salaried workers meeting duties requirements....................          91,919           6,285           3,333
Share between salary thresholds ($455-$1,059)...................             49%             38%             32%
Salaried workers meeting duties requirements between thresholds           44,881           2,407           1,071
 (i.e., affected workers).......................................
----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
\a\ Limited to wage and salary workers in nonfarm establishments.
\b\ Also removes workers unlikely to be impacted by this rulemaking such as workers in named occupations and
  workers exempt under another non-EAP overtime exemption.
\c\ Ratio calculated from CPS data for employees in the 50 states and the District of Columbia while controlling
  for occupation distribution.

    There are several reasons why the estimated number of workers 
calculated from the OEWS may over or underestimate the true number of 
affected workers. The Department does not know the size of the biases 
and so does not know which dominate. First, the share of workers who 
are salaried in the territories may differ from in the 50 states and 
the District of Columbia. If the share is higher in the territories 
than the states, then the Department's approach will underestimate the 
number of affected workers but overestimate the number if the share is 
lower. Second, the OEWS is limited to wage and salary workers in 
nonfarm establishments which may lead to an undercount of affected 
workers.\340\
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

    \340\ In particular, ``The OEWS survey excludes the majority of 
the agricultural sector, with the exception of logging (NAICS 
113310), support activities for crop production (NAICS 1151), and 
support activities for animal production (NAICS 1152). Private 
households (NAICS 814) also are excluded. OEWS Federal Government 
data include the U.S. Postal Service and the Federal executive 
branch only. All other industries, including state and local 
government, are covered by the survey.'' See https://www.bls.gov/oes/current/oes_tec.htm.
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

    The Department used 2021 CBP data to estimate the number of 
affected workers in American Samoa and the CNMI. The methodology is 
largely the same as for the analysis using OEWS data. Table 5 shows 
estimates using CBP data for all five territories to facilitate a 
comparison of OEWS and CBP results for Puerto Rico, Guam, and the U.S. 
Virgin Islands.
    CBP provides employment data for each territory. To estimate the 
number of workers who may be exempt, the Department calculated the 
share of workers in the OEWS analysis who meet the duties requirements 
and are salaried in each of the other three territories and applied 
that weighted average to American Samoa and the CNMI. The Department 
also calculated the share of exempt workers who earn between the 
current and proposed salary thresholds in the three territories covered 
by the OEWS data and applied them to American Samoa and the CNMI. The 
Department then multiplied the number of workers by these two shares to 
estimate the number of affected workers.\341\
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

    \341\ American Samoa has lower current and proposed salary 
thresholds. However, earnings are also lower in American Samoa. 
Therefore, the Department believes to estimate American Samoa 
impacts, it is more appropriate to use the salary thresholds in the 
other territories when applied to wage data for those territories, 
rather than using the lower American Samoa thresholds combined with 
the higher earnings data for other territories.

                     Table 5--Estimated Number of Affected Workers in Territories Using CBP
----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
                                                                    U.S. Virgin
     Population or parameter        Puerto Rico        Guam           Islands     American Samoa       CNMI
----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Workers.........................         660,654          49,876          25,652           7,808          12,763
Share who are salaried and meet              10%             12%             12%             10%             10%
 duties requirements \a\........
Salaried workers meeting duties           66,885           6,106           3,069             803           1,313
 requirements...................
Share between salary thresholds              49%             38%             32%             48%             48%
 \b\............................
Salaried workers meeting duties           32,657           2,339             986             383             625
 requirements between thresholds
 (i.e., affected workers).......
----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
\a\ Ratio calculated from OEWS data for Puerto Rico, Guam, and U.S. Virgin Islands. Average used for American
  Samoa and the CNMI. Excludes workers unlikely to be impacted by this rulemaking such as workers in named
  occupations and workers exempt under another non-EAP overtime exemption.
\b\ ``Excludes workers unlikely to be impacted by this rulemaking such as workers in named occupations and
  workers exempt under another non-EAP overtime exemption.


[[Page 62194]]

    In general, the same potential biases apply here as with the OEWS 
analysis. However, employment coverage differs slightly between the 
OEWS and CBP. The CBP excludes government workers (including state and 
local workers) and covered workers in a few select NAICS, resulting in 
a downward bias in the number of affected workers.\342\ Additionally, 
the estimates for American Samoa and the CNMI assume the share of 
workers in these territories who meet the duties requirements and are 
salaried, and the share of these workers who earn between the current 
and proposed salary thresholds, are similar to those shares in Puerto 
Rico, Guam, and the U.S. Virgin Islands.
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

    \342\ In particular, ``CBP covers most NAICS industries 
excluding crop and animal production; rail transportation; Postal 
Service; pension, health, welfare, and vacation funds; trusts, 
estates, and agency accounts; office of notaries; private 
households; and public administration. CBP also excludes most 
establishments reporting government employees.'' See https://www.census.gov/programs-surveys/cbp/about.html.
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

    As a sensitivity analysis, the Department compared the results from 
the CBP analysis to the OEWS analysis for Puerto Rico, Guam, and the 
U.S. Virgin Islands. The two estimates of the number of affected 
workers are within 10 percent for both Guam and the U.S. Virgin 
Islands. The Puerto Rico estimates differ by a larger amount because 
the CBP number of workers in Puerto Rico is smaller than the OEWS 
number due to differences in the covered population.
    Table 6 includes the estimated number of affected workers by area 
using the preferred data source for each (i.e., OEWS for Puerto Rico, 
Guam, and U.S. Virgin Islands and CBP for American Samoa and the CNMI). 
The share of workers affected by the rule ranges from 3.8 to 4.9 
percent for each territory, with an average of 4.9 percent over all 
territories, which is higher than the average of 2.2 percent estimated 
for the 50 states and the District of Columbia. The effect is larger in 
the territories than the states for two reasons. First, the increase in 
salary level will be larger since the salary level wasn't increased for 
these territories in the 2019 rulemaking. Second, earnings tend to be 
lower in the territories, and so more workers may fall within the 
impacted salary range.

                           Table 6--Summary of Number of Affected Workers by Territory
----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
                                                                                     Number of      Affected as
                            Territory                               All workers      affected      share of all
                                                                                      workers      workers  (%)
----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Puerto Rico.....................................................         907,930          44,881             4.9
Guam............................................................          51,340           2,407             4.7
U.S. Virgin Islands.............................................          27,860           1,071             3.8
American Samoa..................................................           7,808             383             4.9
CNMI............................................................          12,763             625             4.9
                                                                 -----------------------------------------------
    Total.......................................................       1,007,701          49,367             4.9
----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------

    Although the share of affected workers to total workers in the 
territories is larger, these workers still comprise only a fraction of 
the workforce. As is true for the mainland U.S., the Department 
believes that many of these workers are unlikely to work regular 
overtime. The Department welcomes comments and data on the prevalence 
of overtime work in the territories.
    The Department has not included this supplemental estimate of 
affected workers in the territories in the larger analysis of affected 
workers due to the limitations of the estimates and the inability to 
estimate transfers. Even if this supplemental estimate were to be 
included in the broader analysis, the total number of affected workers 
would be little changed, as the number of affected workers in the 
territories (49,367) is less than 1.5% of our affected workers estimate 
(3.6 million).

C. Effects of Revised Salary and Compensation Levels

1. Overview and Summary of Quantified Effects
    The Department is proposing to set the standard salary level using 
the 35th percentile of earnings of full-time salaried workers in the 
lowest-wage Census region (currently the South) and to set the HCE 
compensation level at the annualized weekly earnings of the 85th 
percentile of full-time salaried workers nationwide. In both cases the 
Department used 2022 CPS data to calculate the levels.\343\ The levels 
presented in this analysis are likely lower than the corresponding 
levels would be at the time a final rule is published, given that the 
Department would use the most recent data available. However, the 
economic impacts estimated here are an appropriate proxy for the 
effects likely to occur at the time of implementation if the proposal 
is finalized.
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

    \343\ Full-time is defined as 35 or more hours per week.
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

    Both transfers from employers to employees and between employees, 
and direct employer costs, would depend on how employers respond to 
this rulemaking. Employer response is expected to vary by the 
characteristics of the affected EAP workers. Assumptions related to 
employer responses are discussed below.
    Table 7 presents the estimated number of affected workers, costs, 
and transfers associated with increasing the standard salary and HCE 
compensation levels. The Department estimated that the direct employer 
costs of this proposed rule, if finalized, would total $1.2 billion in 
the first year, with 10-year annualized direct costs of $664 million 
per year using a 7 percent discount rate.
    In addition to these direct costs, this proposed rule would 
transfer income from employers to employees. Estimated Year 1 transfers 
would equal $1.2 billion, with annualized transfers of $1.3 billion per 
year using both the 3 percent and 7 percent real discount rates. 
Potential employer costs due to reduced profits and additional hiring 
were not quantified but are discussed in section VII.C.3.v.

[[Page 62195]]



                     Table 7--Summary of Affected Workers and Regulatory Costs and Transfers
----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
                                                         Future years \b\                Annualized value
                                                 ---------------------------------------------------------------
           Impact \a\                 Year 1                                          3% Real         7% Real
                                                      Year 2          Year 10      discount rate   discount rate
----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
                                            Affected Workers (1,000s)
----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Standard........................           3,399           2,999           4,288           (\c\)           (\c\)
HCE.............................             249             269             769           (\c\)           (\c\)
                                 -------------------------------------------------------------------------------
    Total.......................           3,648           3,268           5,057           (\c\)           (\c\)
----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
                                    Direct Employer Costs (Millions in $2022)
----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Regulatory familiarization......          $427.2            $0.0           $65.1           $67.9           $75.0
Adjustment \c\..................          $240.8            $8.1           $15.0           $35.7           $40.0
Managerial......................          $534.9          $500.2          $667.9          $552.8          $548.5
                                 -------------------------------------------------------------------------------
    Total direct costs \d\......        $1,202.8          $508.3          $748.0          $656.4          $663.6
----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
                           Transfers from Employers to Workers (Millions in $2022) \e\
----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Due to minimum wage.............           $48.6           $27.1           $17.2           $25.2           $25.9
Due to overtime pay.............        $1,185.6          $921.8        $1,963.9        $1,292.9        $1,268.5
                                 -------------------------------------------------------------------------------
    Total transfers \f\.........        $1,234.2          $949.0        $1,981.2        $1,318.1        $1,294.3
----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
\a\ Additional costs and benefits of the rule that could not be quantified or monetized are discussed in the
  text.
\b\ These costs/transfers represent a range over the nine-year span.
\c\ Not annualized.
\d\ Adjustment costs occur in all years when there are newly affected workers. Adjustment costs may occur in
  years without updated earnings thresholds because some workers' projected earnings are estimated using
  negative earnings growth.
\e\ Components may not add to total due to rounding.
\f\ This is the net transfer from employers to workers. There may also be transfers between workers.

2. Characteristics of Affected EAP Workers
    Table 8 presents the number of affected EAP workers, the mean 
number of overtime hours they work per week, and their average weekly 
earnings. The Department considered two types of overtime workers in 
this analysis: regular overtime workers and occasional overtime 
workers.\344\ Regular overtime workers typically worked more than 40 
hours per week. Occasional overtime workers typically worked 40 hours 
or less per week, but they worked more than 40 hours in the week they 
were surveyed. The Department considered these two populations 
separately in the analysis because labor market responses to overtime 
pay requirements may differ for these two types of workers.
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

    \344\ Regular overtime workers were identified in the CPS MORG 
with variable PEHRUSL1. Occasional overtime workers were identified 
with variables PEHRUSL1 and PEHRACT1.
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

    The 3.4 million workers affected by the increase in the standard 
salary level work on average 1.6 usual hours of overtime per week and 
earn on average $914 per week.\345\ However, most of these workers 
(about 85 percent) usually do not work overtime. The 15 percent of 
affected workers who usually work overtime average 11.0 hours of 
overtime per week. In a representative week, roughly 121,000 (or 3.6%) 
of the 3.4 million affected workers occasionally work overtime; they 
averaged 8.7 hours of overtime in the weeks they worked overtime.\346\ 
Finally, 8,000 (or 0.2%) of all workers affected by the increase in the 
salary level earn less than the minimum wage.
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

    \345\ CPS defines ``usual hours'' as hours worked 50 percent or 
more of the time.
    \346\ This group represents the number of workers with 
occasional overtime hours in the week the CPS MORG survey was 
conducted. Because the survey week is a representative week, the 
Department believes the prevalence of occasional overtime in the 
survey week and the characteristics of these workers are 
representative of other weeks (even though a different group of 
workers would be identified as occasional overtime workers in a 
different week).
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

    The 248,900 workers affected by the change in the HCE compensation 
level average 3.1 hours of overtime per week and earn an average of 
$2,355 per week ($122,460 per year). About 72 percent of these workers 
do not usually work overtime, while the 28 percent who usually work 
overtime average 11.1 hours of overtime per week. Among the 3.8% who 
occasionally work overtime, they averaged 12.7 hours in the weeks that 
they worked overtime.
    Although most affected workers who typically do not work overtime 
would be unlikely to experience significant changes in their daily work 
routine, those who regularly work overtime may experience significant 
changes. Moreover, affected EAP workers who routinely work overtime and 
earn less than the minimum wage would be most likely to experience 
significant changes.\347\
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

    \347\ A small proportion (0.2 percent) of affected EAP workers 
earn implicit hourly wages that are less than the applicable minimum 
wage (the higher of the state or Federal minimum wage). The implicit 
hourly wage is calculated as total weekly earnings divided by total 
weekly hours worked. For example, workers earning the $684 per week 
standard salary level would earn less than the Federal minimum wage 
if they work 95 or more hours in a week ($684 / 95 hours = $7.20 per 
hour).
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

    Employers might respond by paying overtime premiums; reducing or 
eliminating overtime hours; reducing employees' regular wage rates to 
keep overall compensation consistent (provided that the reduced rates 
still exceed the minimum wage); increasing employees' salaries to the 
updated earnings threshold to preserve their exempt status); \348\ or 
using some combination of these responses.
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

    \348\ Increasing employees' salaries to the updated salary level 
would be less common for affected workers earning below the minimum 
wage and more generally would be inversely correlated with baseline 
salary and compensation.

[[Page 62196]]



         Table 8--Number of Affected EAP Workers, Mean Overtime Hours, and Mean Weekly Earnings, Year 1
----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
                                                     Affected EAP workers \a\
                                                 --------------------------------  Mean overtime    Mean usual
           Type of affected EAP worker                Number                           hours          weekly
                                                     (1,000s)       % of total                       earnings
----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
                                              Standard Salary Level
----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
All affected EAP workers........................           3,399             100             1.6            $914
Earn less than the minimum wage \b\.............               8             0.2            33.2             809
Regularly work overtime.........................             494            14.5            11.0             917
Occasionally work overtime \c\..................             121             3.6             8.7             914
----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
                                             HCE Compensation Level
----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
All affected EAP workers........................             249             100             3.1           2,355
Earn less than the minimum wage \b\.............  ..............  ..............  ..............  ..............
Regularly work overtime.........................              70            28.3            11.1           2,332
Occasionally work overtime \c\..................               9             3.8            12.7           2,347
----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Note: Pooled CPS data for 2020-2022 adjusted to reflect 2022.
\a\ Estimated number of workers exempt under the EAP exemptions who will be entitled to overtime protection
  under the updated salary levels (if their weekly earnings do not increase to the new salary levels).
\b\ The applicable minimum wage is the higher of the Federal minimum wage and the state minimum wage. These
  workers all regularly work overtime and are also included in that row. HCE workers will not be affected by the
  minimum wage provision.
\c\ Workers who do not usually work overtime but did in the CPS reference week. Mean overtime hours are actual
  overtime hours in the reference week. Other workers may occasionally work overtime in other weeks.

    This section characterizes the population of affected workers by 
industry, occupation, employer type, location of residence, and 
demographics. The Department chose to provide as much detail as 
possible while maintaining adequate sample sizes.
    Table 9 presents the distribution of affected EAP workers by 
industry and occupation, using Census industry and occupation codes. 
The industry with the most affected EAP workers is professional and 
business services (687,000), while the industry with the highest 
percentage of EAP workers affected is agriculture, forestry, fishing, 
and hunting (about 22 percent). The occupational category with the most 
affected EAP workers is management, business, and financial (1.6 
million), while the occupation category with the highest percentage of 
EAP workers affected is services (about 31 percent).
    Potentially affected workers in private-sector nonprofits are more 
likely to be affected than workers in private-sector for-profit firms 
(16.8 percent compared with 12.0 percent). However, as discussed in 
section VII.B.3, the estimates of workers subject to the FLSA include 
workers employed by enterprises that are not subject to the FLSA under 
the law's enterprise coverage requirements because there is no data set 
that would adequately inform an estimate of the size of this worker 
population in order to exclude them from these estimates. Although 
failing to exclude workers who work for non-covered enterprises would 
only affect a small percentage of workers generally, it may have a 
larger effect (and result in a larger overestimate) for workers in 
nonprofits because when determining FLSA enterprise coverage only 
revenue derived from business operations, not charitable activities, is 
included.

    Table 9--Estimated Number of Exempt Workers With the Current and Proposed Salary Levels, by Industry and
                                               Occupation, Year 1
----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
                                      Workers       Potentially                                     Affected as
                                    subject to     affected EAP    Not-affected      Affected        share of
  Industry/occupation/nonprofit        FLSA           workers     (millions) \b\  (millions) \c\    potentially
                                    (millions)    (millions) \a\                                   affected  (%)
----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Total...........................          139.40           28.36           24.71            3.65            12.9
----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
                                                 By Industry \d\
----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Agriculture, forestry, fishing,             1.33            0.06            0.04            0.01            22.1
 & hunting......................
Mining..........................            0.62            0.17            0.16            0.01             7.3
Construction....................            8.91            1.19            1.03            0.15            13.0
Manufacturing...................           15.13            3.90            3.58            0.32             8.1
Wholesale trade.................            3.23            0.85            0.75            0.10            12.2
Retail trade....................           15.38            1.85            1.54            0.31            16.7
Transportation & utilities......            8.51            1.03            0.91            0.12            11.5
Information.....................            2.56            0.96            0.84            0.12            12.3
Financial activities............            9.85            4.25            3.77            0.48            11.3
Professional & business services           16.78            6.75            6.07            0.69            10.2
Education.......................           14.02            1.12            0.92           0.202            18.0
Healthcare & social services....           20.53            3.60            2.97           0.627            17.4
Leisure & hospitality...........           11.60            0.87            0.69            0.18            21.1
Other services..................            5.31            0.74            0.60            0.14            18.9

[[Page 62197]]

 
Public administration...........            5.63            1.01            0.83            0.18            18.0
----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
                                                By Occupation \d\
----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Management, business, &                    23.57           14.56           12.91            1.65            11.3
 financial......................
Professional & related..........           34.77           10.18            8.92            1.26            12.4
Services........................           21.84            0.13            0.09            0.04            31.0
Sales and related...............           12.63            2.36            1.95            0.41            17.5
Office & administrative support.           15.81            0.93            0.67            0.26            28.1
Farming, fishing, & forestry....            0.93            0.00            0.00            0.00            0.00
Construction & extraction.......            6.72            0.03            0.02            0.01            19.6
Installation, maintenance, &                4.53            0.04            0.04            0.00             6.4
 repair.........................
Production......................            7.98            0.09            0.08            0.01            12.3
Transportation & material moving           10.60            0.04            0.04            0.01            13.5
----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
                                       By Nonprofit and Government Status
----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Nonprofit, private..............            9.80            2.27            1.89            0.38            16.8
For profit, private.............          110.90           23.90           21.03            2.87            12.0
Government (state, local, and              18.70            2.20            1.80            0.40            18.1
 Federal).......................
----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Note: Pooled CPS data for 2020-2022 adjusted to reflect 2022.
\a\ Exempt workers who are white-collar, salaried, not eligible for another (non-EAP) overtime exemption, and
  not in a named occupation.
\b\ Workers who continue to be exempt after the increases in the salary levels (assuming affected workers
  earning below the new salary level do not have their weekly earnings increased to the new level).
\c\ Estimated number of workers exempt under the EAP exemptions who will be entitled to overtime protection
  under the updated salary levels (if their weekly earnings do not increase to the new salary levels).
\d\ Census industry and occupation categories.

    Table 10 presents the distribution of affected EAP workers based on 
Census Regions and Divisions, and metropolitan statistical area (MSA) 
status. The region with the most affected workers will be the South 
(1.5 million), but the South's percentage of potentially affected 
workers who are estimated to be affected is relatively small (15.2 
percent). Although 90 percent of affected EAP workers will reside in 
MSAs (3.28 of 3.65 million), so do a corresponding 88 percent of all 
workers subject to the FLSA.\349\
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

    \349\ Identified with CPS MORG variable GTMETSTA.
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

    Employers in low-wage industries, regions, and in non-metropolitan 
areas may be more affected because they typically pay lower wages and 
salaries. The Department believes the salary level included in this 
proposed rule is appropriate for these lower-wage sectors, in part 
because the proposed methodology uses earnings data from the lowest-
wage census region. Moreover, the duties test would continue to 
determine exemption status for the vast majority of workers in low-wage 
regions and industries under the proposed rule. For example, as 
displayed in Table 10, 84.8 percent of potentially affected EAP workers 
in the South Census Region earn more than the proposed salary level and 
thus would not be affected by the proposed rule (8.39 / 9.89). Effects 
by region and industry are considered in section VII.C.7.

 Table 10--Estimated Number of Exempt Workers With the Current and Proposed Salary Levels, by Region, Division,
                                              and MSA Status,Year 1
----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
                                      Workers       Potentially                                     Affected as
  Region/division/metropolitan      subject to     affected EAP    Not-affected      Affected        share of
             status                    FLSA           workers     (millions) \b\  (millions) \c\    potentially
                                    (millions)    (millions) \a\                                   affected (%)
----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Total...........................          139.40           28.36           24.71            3.65            12.9
----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
                                               By Region/Division
----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Northeast.......................           24.75            5.74            5.10            0.64            11.1
    New England.................            6.83            1.71            1.54            0.17             9.9
    Middle Atlantic.............           17.92            4.03            3.56            0.47            11.6
Midwest.........................           30.39            5.87            5.07            0.80            13.7
    East North Central..........           20.47            4.01            3.48            0.53            13.3
    West North Central..........            9.92            1.86            1.59            0.27            14.6
South...........................           51.42            9.89            8.39            1.50            15.2

[[Page 62198]]

 
    South Atlantic..............           26.76            5.50            4.68            0.81            14.8
    East South Central..........            7.69            1.22            1.00            0.22            18.3
    West South Central..........           16.97            3.18            2.71            0.47            14.7
West............................           32.83            6.86            6.15            0.70            10.3
    Mountain....................           10.73            2.07            1.79            0.28            13.7
    Pacific.....................           22.10            4.78            4.36            0.42             8.8
----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
                                             By Metropolitan Status
----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Metropolitan....................          122.92           26.61           23.33            3.28            12.3
Non-metropolitan................           15.47            1.62            1.28            0.34            20.8
Not identified..................            1.01            0.13            0.10            0.03            22.1
----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Note: Pooled CPS data for 2020-2022 adjusted to reflect 2022.
\a\ Exempt workers who are white-collar, salaried, not eligible for another (non-EAP) overtime exemption, and
  not in a named occupation.
\b\ Workers who continue to be exempt after the increases in the salary levels (assuming affected workers
  earning below the new salary level do not have their weekly earnings increased to the new level).
\c\ Estimated number of workers exempt under the EAP exemptions who will be entitled to overtime protection
  under the updated salary levels (if their weekly earnings do not increase to the new salary levels).

    Table 11 presents the distribution of affected EAP workers by 
demographics. Potentially affected women, Black workers, Hispanic 
workers, young workers, and workers with less education are all more 
likely to be affected than other worker types. This is because EAP 
exempt workers with these characteristics are more likely to earn 
within the affected standard salary range than EAP exempt workers 
without these characteristics. For example, of potentially affected 
workers, women tend to have lower salaries and are therefore more 
likely to be in the affected range. Median weekly earnings for 
potentially affected women are $1,649 compared to $2,074 for men.
    Among potentially affected workers, certain demographic groups--
women, Black workers, Hispanic workers, young workers, and workers with 
less education--have an increased likelihood of being affected by this 
rulemaking, even though workers in these demographic groups are less 
likely to be EAP exempt in the first place. Therefore, as a share of 
all workers, not just potentially affected workers, workers in these 
demographic groups may not be more likely to be affected. For example, 
when looking at potentially affected workers, 19.7 percent of 
potentially affected Black workers are affected, while only 12.7 
percent of potentially affected white workers are affected. However, 
when looking at total workers, about the same shares of total Black and 
total white workers would be affected (2.5 percent of Black workers and 
2.6 percent of white workers).

                    Table 11--Estimated Number of Exempt Workers With the Current and Proposed Salary Levels, by Demographics, Year 1
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
                                                              Workers       Potentially                                                     Affected as
                                                            subject to     Affected EAP    Not-Affected      Affected       Affected as      share of
                       Demographic                             FLSA           Workers     (millions) \b\  (millions) \c\   share of all     potentially
                                                            (millions)    (millions) \a\                                   workers  (%)    affected  (%)
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Total...................................................          139.40           28.36           24.71            3.65             2.6            12.9
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
                                                                         By Sex
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Male....................................................           72.15           16.62           15.04            1.57             2.2             9.5
Female..................................................           67.25           11.74            9.67            2.08             3.1            17.7
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
                                                                         By Race
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
White only..............................................          107.29           22.05           19.25            2.80             2.6            12.7
Black only..............................................           17.66            2.26            1.82            0.44             2.5            19.7
All others..............................................           14.45            4.05            3.65            0.40             2.8             9.9
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
                                                                      By Ethnicity
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Hispanic................................................           25.66            2.57            2.15            0.42             1.6            16.3
Not Hispanic............................................          113.74           25.79           22.56            3.23             2.8            12.5
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
                                                                         By Age
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
16-25...................................................           21.21            1.28            0.92            0.36             1.7            28.3
26-35...................................................           33.47            7.17            6.06            1.11             3.3            15.5

[[Page 62199]]

 
36-45...................................................           29.84            7.49            6.68            0.81             2.7            10.9
46-55...................................................           27.37            6.73            6.02            0.72             2.6            10.6
56+.....................................................           27.50            5.69            5.04            0.65             2.4            11.4
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
                                                                      By Education
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
No degree...............................................           10.35            0.13            0.09            0.05             0.4            35.1
High school diploma.....................................           58.01            4.56            3.58            0.98             1.7            21.4
Associate's degree......................................           14.70            1.91            1.54            0.37             2.5            19.6
Bachelor's degree.......................................           35.80           13.61           12.02            1.59             4.4            11.7
Master's degree.........................................           15.52            6.80            6.24            0.56             3.6             8.3
Professional degree.....................................            2.03            0.38            0.35            0.04             1.8             9.3
PhD.....................................................            2.98            0.98            0.91            0.07             2.3             7.2
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Note: Pooled CPS data for 2020-2022 adjusted to reflect 2022.
\a\ Exempt workers who are white-collar, salaried, not eligible for another (non-EAP) overtime exemption, and not in a named occupation.
\b\ Workers who continue to be exempt after the increases in the salary level (assuming affected workers' weekly earnings do not increase to the new
  salary level).
\c\ Estimated number of workers exempt under the EAP exemptions who would be entitled to overtime protection under the updated salary levels (if their
  weekly earnings do not increase to the new salary level).

3. Costs
i. Summary
    The Department quantified three direct costs to employers in this 
analysis: (1) regulatory familiarization costs; (2) adjustment costs; 
and (3) managerial costs. These are the same costs quantified in the 
2016 and 2019 rulemakings. The Department estimated that in Year 1, 
regulatory familiarization costs would be $427.2 million, adjustment 
costs would be $240.8 million, and managerial costs would be $534.9 
million (Table 12). Total direct employer costs in Year 1 would be $1.2 
billion. Recurring costs are projected in section VII.C.10. The 
Department discusses costs that are not quantified in section 
VII.C.3.v. The Department welcomes comments on its cost estimates.

                                Table 12--Summary of Year 1 Direct Employer Costs
                                                   [millions]
----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
                                                                                        HCE
                      Direct employer costs                          Standard      compensation        Total
                                                                   salary level        level
----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Regulatory familiarization \a\..................................  ..............  ..............          $427.2
Adjustment......................................................          $224.4           $16.4           240.8
Managerial......................................................           485.5            49.4           534.9
Total direct costs..............................................           709.8            65.9         1,202.8
----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
\a\ Regulatory familiarization costs are assessed jointly for the proposed change in the standard salary level
  and the HCE compensation level.

ii. Regulatory Familiarization Costs
    This rulemaking would impose direct costs on firms by requiring 
them to review the regulation. To estimate these ``regulatory 
familiarization costs,'' three pieces of information must be estimated: 
(1) the number of affected establishments; (2) a wage level for the 
employees reviewing the rule; and (3) the amount of time spent 
reviewing the rule. The Department generally used the same methodology 
for calculating regulatory familiarization costs that it used in recent 
rulemakings.
    Regulatory familiarization costs can be calculated at an 
establishment level or at a firm level. The Department assumed that 
regulatory familiarization occurs at a decentralized level and used the 
number of establishments in its cost estimate; this results in a higher 
estimate than would result from using the number of firms. The most 
recent data on private sector establishments and firms at the time this 
proposed rule was drafted are from the 2020 Statistics of U.S. 
Businesses (SUSB), which reports 8.00 million establishments with paid 
employees.\350\ Additionally, there were an estimated 90,126 state and 
local governments in 2017, the most recent data available.\351\ The 
Department thus estimated 8.09 million entities (the term entity is 
used to refer to the combination of establishments and governments).
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

    \350\ Statistics of U.S. Businesses 2020, https://www.census.gov/programs-surveys/susb.html.
    \351\ 2017 Census of Governments. Table 1, https://www.census.gov/data/tables/2017/econ/gus/2017-governments.html.
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

    The Department assumes that all entities would incur some 
regulatory familiarization costs, even if they do not employ exempt 
workers, because all entities would need to confirm whether this 
rulemaking affects their employees. Entities with more affected EAP 
workers would likely spend more time reviewing the regulation than 
entities with fewer or no affected EAP workers (since a more careful 
reading of the regulation will probably follow the initial decision 
that the entity is affected). However, the Department did not know the 
distribution of affected EAP workers across entities, so it used an 
average cost per entity.
    The Department believes an average of one hour per entity is 
appropriate because the regulated community is

[[Page 62200]]

likely to be familiar with the content of this rulemaking. EAP 
exemptions have existed in one form or another since 1938, and a final 
rule was published as recently as 2019. Furthermore, employers who use 
the exemptions must apply them every time they hire an employee whom 
they seek to classify as exempt. Thus, employers should be familiar 
with the exemptions. The most significant changes in this proposed 
rulemaking are setting a new standard salary level and a new HCE 
compensation level for exempt workers and establishing a mechanism for 
keeping these thresholds up to date. The changed regulatory text is 
only a few pages, and the Department will provide summaries and other 
compliance assistance materials that will help inform employers that 
are implementing the final rule. The Department thus believes, 
consistent with its approach in the 2016 and 2019 rules, that one hour 
is an appropriate average estimate for the time each entity would spend 
reviewing the changes made by this rulemaking. Additionally, the 
estimated 1 hour for regulatory familiarization represents an 
assumption about the average for all entities in the U.S., even those 
without any affected or exempt workers, which are unlikely to spend 
much time reviewing the rulemaking. Some businesses, of course, would 
spend more than 1 hour, and some would spend less.
    The Department's analysis assumes that compensation, benefits, and 
job analysis specialists (SOC 13-1141) with a median wage of $32.59 per 
hour would review the rulemaking.352 353 The Department also 
assumed that benefits are paid at a rate of 45 percent of the base wage 
\354\ and overhead costs are paid at a rate of 17 percent of the base 
wage,\355\ resulting in an hourly rate of $52.80. The Department thus 
estimates regulatory familiarization costs in Year 1 would be $427.2 
million ($52.80 per hour x 1 hour x 8.09 million entities).
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

    \352\ OEWS 2022. Available at: https://www.bls.gov/oes/current/oes131141.htm.
    \353\ Previous related rulemakings used the CPS to estimate wage 
rates. The Department is using OEWS data now to conform with 
standard practice for the Department's economic analyses.
    \354\ The benefits-earnings ratio is derived from BLS's Employer 
Costs for Employee Compensation data using variables 
CMU1020000000000D and CMU1030000000000D. This fringe benefit rate 
includes some fixed costs such as health insurance.
    \355\ The Department believes that the overhead costs associated 
with this rulemaking are small because existing systems maintained 
by employers to track currently hourly employees can be used for 
newly overtime-eligible workers. However, acknowledging that there 
might be additional overhead costs, the Department has included an 
overhead rate of 17 percent.
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

    The Department also conducted a sensitivity analysis. First, as 
previously noted, the Department used the number of establishments 
rather than the number of firms, which results in a higher estimate of 
the regulatory familiarization cost. Using the number of firms, 6.2 
million, would result in a reduced regulatory familiarization cost 
estimate of $329.0 million in Year 1.
iii. Adjustment Costs
    This rulemaking would also impose direct costs on establishments by 
requiring them to evaluate the exemption status of employees, update 
and adapt overtime policies, notify employees of policy changes, and 
adjust their payroll systems. The Department believes the size of these 
``adjustment costs'' would depend on the number of affected EAP workers 
and would occur in any year when exemption status is changed for any 
workers. To estimate adjustment costs, three pieces of information must 
be estimated: (1) a wage level for the employees making the 
adjustments; (2) the amount of time spent making the adjustments; and 
(3) the estimated number of newly affected EAP workers. The Department 
again estimated that the average wage with benefits and overhead costs 
for a mid-level human resource worker is $52.80 per hour (as explained 
above).
    The Department estimated that it would take establishments an 
average of 75 minutes per affected worker to make the necessary 
adjustments. This is the same time estimate as used in the 2016 and 
2019 rulemakings. Little applicable data were identified from which to 
estimate the amount of time required to make these adjustments. The 
estimated number of affected EAP workers in Year 1 is 3.6 million (as 
discussed in section VII.B.7). Therefore, total estimated Year 1 
adjustment costs would be $240.8 million ($52.80 x 1.25 hours x 3.6 
million workers).
    The Department notes that the 75-minute-per-worker average time 
estimate is an assumption about the average across all workers. This 
estimate assumes that the time is focused on analyzing more complicated 
situations. For example, employers are likely to incur relatively low 
adjustment costs for some workers, such as those who work no overtime 
(described below as Type 1 workers). This leaves more time for 
employers to spend on adjustment costs for workers who work overtime 
either occasionally or regularly. To demonstrate, if the aggregate time 
spent on adjustments (75 min x 3.6 million workers) was spread out over 
only workers who regularly work overtime, then the time estimate is 4.4 
hours per worker.
    The Department used a time estimate per affected worker, rather 
than per establishment, because the distribution of affected workers 
across establishments is unknown. However, it may be helpful to present 
the total time estimate per establishment based on a range of affected 
workers. If an establishment has five affected workers, the time 
estimate for adjustment costs is 6.25 hours. If an establishment has 25 
affected workers, the time estimate for adjustment costs is 31.25 
hours. And if an establishment has 50 affected workers, the time 
estimate for adjustment costs is 62.5 hours.
    A reduction in the cost to employers of determining employees' 
exemption status may partially offset adjustment costs. Currently, to 
determine whether an employee is exempt, employers must apply the 
duties test to salaried workers who earn $684 or more per week. 
However, when the rule takes effect, firms would no longer be required 
to apply the duties test to employees earning less than the new 
standard salary level. While this would be a clear cost savings to 
employers for these employees, the Department did not estimate the 
potential size of this cost savings.
iv. Managerial Costs
    If an employee becomes nonexempt due to the changes in the salary 
levels, then firms may incur ongoing managerial costs because the 
employer may spend more time developing work schedules and closely 
monitoring an employee's hours to minimize or avoid paying that 
employee overtime. For example, the manager of a newly nonexempt worker 
may have to assess whether the marginal benefit of scheduling the 
worker for more than 40 hours exceeds the marginal cost of paying the 
overtime premium. Additionally, the manager may have to spend more time 
monitoring the employee's work and productivity since the marginal cost 
of employing the worker per hour has increased. Unlike regulatory 
familiarization and adjustment costs, which occur primarily in Year 1, 
managerial costs are incurred more uniformly every year.
    The Department applied managerial costs to workers who (1) become 
nonexempt, overtime-protected and (2) either regularly work overtime or 
occasionally work overtime, but on a predictable basis--an estimated 
738,000 workers (see Table 16 and accompanying explanation). Consistent 
with its approach in its 2019 rule, the Department assumed that 
management

[[Page 62201]]

would spend an additional ten minutes per week scheduling and 
monitoring each affected worker expected to become nonexempt, overtime-
eligible as a result of this rule, and whose hours would be adjusted.
    There was little precedent or data to aid in evaluating managerial 
costs. Prior to the 2016 rulemaking, earlier part 541 rulemakings did 
not estimate managerial costs. The Department likewise found no 
estimates of managerial costs after reviewing the literature. Thus, the 
Department used the same methodology as the 2019 rule.
    The Department believes these additional managerial costs would not 
be prohibitive. Currently, EAP exempt employees account for about 22 
percent of the U.S. labor force; as such, the Department expects that 
most employers of EAP exempt workers also employ nonexempt workers. 
Those employers already have in place recordkeeping systems and 
standard operating procedures for ensuring employees only work overtime 
under employer-prescribed circumstances. Thus, such systems generally 
do not need to be invented for managing formerly exempt EAP employees. 
The Department also notes that under the FLSA recordkeeping regulations 
in part 516, employers determine how to make and keep an accurate 
record of hours worked by employees. For example, employers may tell 
their workers to write their own time records and any timekeeping plan 
is acceptable if it is complete and accurate. Additionally, if the 
nonexempt employee works a fixed schedule, e.g., 9:00 a.m.-5:30 p.m. 
Monday-Friday, the employer may keep a record showing the exact 
schedule of daily and weekly hours and merely indicate exceptions to 
that schedule.\356\
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

    \356\ See Fact Sheet #21: Recordkeeping Requirements under the 
Fair Labor Standards Act, available at: https://www.dol.gov/whd/regs/compliance/whdfs21.pdf.
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

    As discussed in detail below, most affected workers do not 
currently work overtime, and there is no reason to expect their hours 
worked to change when their status changes from exempt to nonexempt. 
For that group of workers, management would have little or no need to 
increase their monitoring of hours worked; therefore, these workers are 
not included in the managerial cost calculation. Under these 
assumptions, the additional managerial hours worked per week would be 
123,000 hours ((10 minutes / 60 minutes) x 738,000 workers).
    The median hourly wage in 2022 for a manager was $51.62.\357\ 
Together with a 45 percent benefits rate and a 17 percent overhead 
cost, this totals $83.63 per hour.\358\ Thus, the estimated Year 1 
managerial costs total $534.9 million (123,000 hours per week x 52 
weeks x $83.63/hour). Although the exact magnitude would vary each year 
with the number of affected EAP workers, the Department anticipates 
that employers would incur managerial costs annually.
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

    \357\ OEWS 2022. Available at: https://www.bls.gov/oes/current/oes110000.htm. This may be an overestimate of the wage rate for 
managers who monitor workers' hours because (1) it includes very 
highly paid employees such as CEOs, and (2) some lower-level 
supervisors are not counted as managers in the data.
    \358\ The benefits ratio is derived from BLS' 2022 Employer 
Costs for Employee Compensation data using variables 
CMU1020000000000D and CMU1030000000000D.
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

v. Other Potential Costs
    In addition to the costs discussed above, the Department notes that 
the 2016 and 2019 final rules discussed other potential costs that 
could not be quantified. These potential costs are discussed 
qualitatively below. The Department welcomes comments on the potential 
costs associated with this proposed rule and any data that could help 
to quantify them.
(a) Reduced Scheduling Flexibility
    To the extent that some employers spend more time monitoring 
nonexempt workers' hours, the proposed rule could impose costs on newly 
nonexempt, overtime eligible workers who could have a more limited 
ability to adjust their schedules. However, the proposed rule does not 
require employers to reduce scheduling flexibility. Employers can 
continue to offer flexible schedules and require workers to monitor 
their own hours and to follow the employers' timekeeping rules. 
Additionally, some exempt workers already monitor their hours for 
billing purposes. A study by Lonnie Golden found, using data from the 
General Social Survey (GSS), that ``[i]n general, salaried workers at 
the lower (less than $50,000) income levels don't have noticeably 
greater levels of work flexibility that they would `lose' if they 
become more like their hourly counterparts.'' \359\ Because there is 
little data or literature on these potential costs, the Department did 
not quantify potential costs regarding scheduling flexibility.
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

    \359\ Golden, L. (2014). Flexibility and Overtime Among Hourly 
and Salaried Workers. Economic Policy Institute. https://papers.ssrn.com/sol3/papers.cfm?abstract_id=2597174.
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

(b) Preference for Salaried Status
    Some of the workers who would become nonexempt as a result of the 
proposed rule could have their pay changed from salaried to hourly 
status despite preferring to remain salaried. Research has shown that 
salaried workers are more likely than hourly workers to receive 
benefits such as paid vacation time and health insurance \360\ and are 
more satisfied with their benefits.\361\ Additionally, when employer 
demand for labor decreases, hourly workers tend to see their hours cut 
before salaried workers, making earnings for hourly workers less 
predictable.\362\ However, this literature generally does not control 
for differences between salaried and hourly workers such as education, 
job title, or earnings; therefore, this correlation is not necessarily 
attributable to hourly status.
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

    \360\ Lambert, S. J. (2007). Making a Difference for Hourly 
Employees. In A. Booth, & A. C. Crouter, Work-Life Policies that 
Make a Real Difference for Individuals, Families, and Communities. 
Washington, DC: Urban Institute Press.
    \361\ Balkin, D. B., & Griffeth, R. W. (1993). The Determinants 
of Employee Benefits Satisfaction. Journal of Business and 
Psychology, 7(3), 323-339.
    \362\ Lambert, S. J., & Henly, J. R. (2009). Scheduling in 
Hourly Jobs: Promising Practices for the Twenty-First Century 
Economy. The Mobility Agenda. Lambert, S. J. (2007). Making a 
Difference for Hourly Employees. In A. Booth, & A. C. Crouter, Work-
Life Policies that Make a Real Difference for Individuals, Families, 
and Communities. Washington, DC: Urban Institute Press.
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

    If workers become nonexempt and the employer chooses to pay them on 
an hourly rather than salary basis, this may result in the employer 
reducing the workers' benefits. But the Department notes that this 
rulemaking would not require employers to reduce workers' benefits. 
These newly nonexempt workers may continue to be paid a salary, as long 
as that salary is equivalent to a base wage at least equal to the 
minimum wage rate for every hour worked, and the employee receives a 50 
percent premium on that employee's regular rate for any overtime hours 
each week.\363\ Similarly, employers may continue to provide these 
workers with the same level of benefits as before, whether paid on an 
hourly or salary basis. Lastly, the nature of the market mechanism may 
be such that employers cannot reduce benefits without risking workers 
leaving, resulting in turnover costs to employers. The Department did 
not quantify potential costs regarding reduction in workers' benefits.
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

    \363\ 29 CFR 778.113-.114.
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

(c) Increased Prices
    As discussed in the transfers section below, businesses may be able 
to help mitigate increased labor costs following this rulemaking by 
rebalancing the hours that their employees are working. Businesses that 
are unable to rebalance these hours and do incur increased

[[Page 62202]]

labor costs might pass along these increased labor costs to consumers 
through higher prices. The Department anticipates that some firms could 
offset part of the additional labor costs through charging higher 
prices for the firms' goods and services. However, because costs and 
transfers would be, on average, small relative to payroll and revenues, 
the Department does not expect the proposed rule to have a significant 
effect on prices. The Department estimated that, on average, costs and 
transfers make up less than 0.03 percent of payroll and 0.005 percent 
of revenues, although for specific industries and firms this percentage 
may be larger (see Table 27). Therefore, any potential change in prices 
related to costs and transfers from this rulemaking would be modest. 
Further, any significant price increases would not represent a separate 
category of effects from those estimated in this economic analysis. 
Rather, such price increases (where they occur) would be the channel 
through which consumers, rather than employers or employees, bear rule-
induced costs (including transfers).
    While economic theory suggests that an increase in labor costs in 
excess of productivity gains would lead to increases in prices, much of 
the empirical literature has found that wage inflation does not predict 
price inflation.\364\ For example, Peneva et al. (2015) explore the 
relationship between labor costs and price inflation between 1965 and 
2012, finding that the influence of labor costs on prices has decreased 
over the past several decades and have made a relatively small 
contribution to price inflation in recent years.\365\
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

    \364\ Church, J.D. and Akin, B. (2017). ``Examining price 
transmission across labor compensation costs, consumer prices, and 
finished-goods prices,'' Monthly Labor Review, U.S. Bureau of Labor 
Statistics; Emery, K. & Chang, C. (1996). Do Wages Help Predict 
Inflation?, Federal Reserve Bank of Dallas, Economic Review First 
Quarter 1996. https://www.dallasfed.org/~/media/documents/research/
er/1996/er9601a.pdf; Jonsson, M. & Palmqvist, S. (2004). Do Higher 
Wages Cause Inflation? Sveriges Riksbank Working Paper Series 159. 
http://archive.riksbank.se/Upload/WorkingPapers/WP_159.pdf.
    \365\ Pevena, E. V. and Rudd, J. B. (2015). ``The Passthrough of 
Labor Costs to Price Inflation,'' Finance and Economics Discussion 
Series 2015-042. Washington: Board of Governors of the Federal 
Reserve System. http://dx.doi.org/10.17016/FEDS.2015.042.
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

(d) Reduced Profits
    The increase in workers' earnings resulting from the proposed 
salary levels would be a transfer of income from firms to workers, not 
a cost. However, there are potential secondary effects (both costs and 
benefits) of the transfer due to the potential difference in the 
marginal utility of income and the marginal propensity to consume or 
save between workers and businesses. Thus, the Department acknowledges 
that the increased employer costs and transfer payments as a result of 
this proposed rule may reduce the profits of business firms, although 
(1) some firms may offset some of these costs and transfers by making 
payroll adjustments, and (2) some firms may mitigate their reduced 
profits due to these costs and transfers through increased prices. 
Because costs and transfers are, on average, small relative to payroll 
revenues, the Department does not expect this rulemaking to have a 
significant effect on profits.
(e) Hiring Costs
    To the extent that firms respond to this proposed rule by reducing 
overtime hours, they may do so by spreading hours to other workers, 
including current workers employed for fewer than 40 hours per week by 
that employer, current workers who remain nonexempt, and newly hired 
workers. If new workers are hired to absorb these transferred hours, 
then the associated hiring costs would be a cost of this proposed rule. 
However, new employees would likely only be hired if their wages, 
onboarding costs, and training costs are less than the cost of overtime 
pay for the newly affected workers. The Department does not know how 
many new employees would be hired and thus did not estimate this cost.
(f) Hours-Related Worker Effects
    Following the implementation of this rulemaking, some workers may 
see an increase in hours worked. For some affected workers, if their 
employers respond to the rule by increasing their salary to keep their 
exemption status, the change may also be accompanied by an increase in 
assigned hours. Additionally, some employers might respond to this 
regulation by reducing the overtime hours of affected workers and 
transferring these hours to other workers who remain exempt. This 
increase in hours could result in reduced personal time for these 
workers.
4. Transfers
i. Overview
    Transfer payments occur when income is redistributed from one party 
to another. The Department has quantified two transfers from employers 
to employees that would result from the proposed rule: (1) transfers to 
ensure compliance with the FLSA minimum wage provision; and (2) 
transfers to ensure compliance with the FLSA overtime pay provision. 
Transfers in Year 1 due to the minimum wage provision were estimated to 
be $48.6 million. The increase in the HCE compensation level does not 
affect minimum wage transfers because workers eligible for the HCE 
exemption earn well above the minimum wage. The Department estimates 
that transfers due to the applicability of the FLSA's overtime pay 
provision would be $1.2 billion: $932.1 million from the increased 
standard salary level and $253.5 million from the increased HCE 
compensation level. Total Year 1 transfers are estimated at $1.2 
billion (Table 13).

             Table 13--Total Annual Change in Earnings for Affected EAP Workers by Provision, Year 1
                                                   [Millions]
----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
                                                                                                        HCE
                            Provision                                  Total         Standard      compensation
                                                                                   salary level        level
----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Total...........................................................        $1,234.2          $980.7          $253.5
Minimum wage only...............................................            48.6            48.6  ..............
Overtime pay only \a\...........................................         1,185.6           932.1           253.5
----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------


[[Page 62203]]

    Because the overtime premium depends on the employee's regular rate 
of pay, the estimates of minimum wage transfers and overtime transfers 
are linked. This can be considered a two-step approach. The Department 
first identified affected EAP workers with an implicit regular hourly 
wage lower than the minimum wage, and then calculated the wage increase 
necessary to reach the minimum wage. Then, the Department estimated 
overtime payments.
ii. Transfers Due to the Minimum Wage Provision
    For this analysis, the hourly rate of pay was calculated as usual 
weekly earnings divided by usual weekly hours worked. To earn less than 
the Federal or most state minimum wages, this set of workers must work 
many hours per week. For example, a worker paid $684 per week must work 
94.3 hours per week to earn less than the Federal minimum wage of $7.25 
per hour ($684 / $7.25 = 94.3).\366\ The applicable minimum wage is the 
higher of the Federal minimum wage and the state minimum wage as of 
January 1, 2022. Most affected EAP workers already receive at least the 
minimum wage; only an estimated 0.2 percent (8,200 in total) earn an 
implicit hourly rate of pay less than the Federal minimum wage. The 
Department estimated transfers due to payment of the minimum wage by 
calculating the change in earnings if wages rose to the minimum wage 
for workers who become nonexempt.\367\
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

    \366\ The Federal minimum wage has not increased since 2009. 
Workers in states with minimum wages higher than the Federal minimum 
wage could earn less than the state minimum wage working fewer 
hours.
    \367\ Because these workers' hourly wages will be set at the 
minimum wage after this proposed rule, their employers will not be 
able to adjust their wages downward to offset part of the cost of 
paying the overtime pay premium (which will be discussed in the 
following section). Therefore, these workers will generally receive 
larger transfers attributed to the overtime pay provision than other 
workers.
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

    In response to an increase in the regular rate of pay to the 
minimum wage, employers may reduce the workers' hours. In theory, since 
the quantity of labor hours demanded is inversely related to wages, a 
higher mandated wage would, all things being equal, result in fewer 
hours of labor demanded. However, the weight of the empirical evidence 
finds that increases in the minimum wage that are similar in magnitude 
to what would be caused by this regulatory provision have caused little 
or no significant job loss.\368\ Thus, in the case of this proposed 
regulation, the Department believes that any disemployment effect due 
to the minimum wage provision would be negligible. This is partially 
due to the small number of workers affected by this provision. 
According to the Wolfson and Belman (2016) meta-analysis cited above, 
the consensus range for labor demand elasticity was -0.05 to -0.12. 
However for Year 1 of this analysis, the Department estimated the 
potential disemployment effects (i.e., the estimated reduction in 
hours) of the transfer attributed to the minimum wage by multiplying 
the percent change in the regular rate of pay by a labor demand 
elasticity of -0.2 (years 2-10 use a long run elasticity of -
0.4).369 370 The Department chose this labor demand 
elasticity because it was used in the 2019 final rule and is consistent 
with the labor demand elasticity estimates used when estimating other 
transfers further below.
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

    \368\ Wolfson, Paul J. and Belman, Dale, 15 Years of Research on 
U.S. Employment and the Minimum Wage (December 10, 2016). Tuck 
School of Business Working Paper No. 2705499. https://papers.ssrn.com/sol3/papers.cfm?abstract_id=2705499. Dube, 
Arindrajit, Impacts of Minimum Wages: Review of the International 
Evidence (November 2019). https://assets.publishing.service.gov.uk/government/uploads/system/uploads/attachment_data/file/844350/impacts_of_minimum_wages_review_of_the_international_evidence_Arindrajit_Dube_web.pdf.
    \369\ Labor demand elasticity is the percentage change in labor 
hours demanded in response to a one percent change in wages.
    \370\ This elasticity estimate represents a short run demand 
elasticity for general labor, and is based on the Department's 
analysis of Lichter, A., Peichl, A. & Siegloch, A. (2014). The Own-
Wage Elasticity of Labor Demand: A Meta-Regression Analysis. IZA DP 
No. 7958.
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

    At the new standard salary level, the Department estimated that 
8,200 affected EAP workers would, on average, see an hourly wage 
increase of $1.99, work 3.2 fewer hours per week and receive an 
increase in weekly earnings of $113.88 as a result of coverage by the 
minimum wage provisions (Table 14). The total change in weekly earnings 
due to the payment of the minimum wage was estimated to be $0.9 million 
per week ($113.88 x 8,200) or $48.6 million in Year 1.

Table 14--Minimum Wage Only: Mean Hourly Wages, Usual Weekly Hours and Weekly Earnings for Affected EAP Workers,
                                                     Year 1
----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
                                                                                                   Total weekly
                   Time period                      Hourly wage    Usual weekly    Usual weekly      transfer
                                                        \a\            hours         earnings        (1,000s)
----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Before rule.....................................          $11.35            73.2         $808.60  ..............
After rule......................................           13.34            69.9          922.48  ..............
Change..........................................            1.99            -3.2          113.88            $934
----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Note: Pooled data for 2020-2022 adjusted to reflect 2022.
\a\ The applicable minimum wage is the higher of the Federal minimum wage and the state minimum wage.

iii. Transfers Due to the Overtime Pay Provision
(a) Introduction
    The FLSA requires covered employers to pay an overtime premium to 
nonexempt covered workers who work in excess of 40 hours per week. For 
workers who become nonexempt, the rulemaking would result in a transfer 
of income to the affected workers, increasing the marginal cost of 
labor, which employers would likely try to offset by adjusting the 
wages and/or hours of affected workers. The size of the transfer would 
depend largely on how employers choose to respond to the updated salary 
levels. Employers may respond by: (1) paying overtime premiums to 
affected workers; (2) reducing overtime hours of affected workers and 
potentially transferring some of these hours to other workers; (3) 
reducing the regular rate of pay for affected workers working overtime 
(provided that the reduced rates still exceed the minimum wage); (4) 
increasing affected workers' salaries to the updated salary or 
compensation level to preserve their exempt status; or (5) using some 
combination of these responses. How employers would respond depends on 
many factors, including the relative costs of each of these 
alternatives. In turn, the relative costs of each of these alternatives 
are a function of workers' earnings and hours worked.

[[Page 62204]]

(b) Literature on Employer Adjustments
    Two conceptual models are useful for thinking about how employers 
may respond to when certain employees become eligible for overtime: (1) 
the ``fixed-wage'' or ``labor demand'' model, and (2) the ``fixed-job'' 
or ``employment contract'' model.\371\ These models make different 
assumptions about the demand for overtime hours and the structure of 
the employment agreement, which result in different implications for 
predicting employer responses.
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

    \371\ See Trejo, S.J. (1991). The Effects of Overtime Pay 
Regulation on Worker Compensation. American Economic Review, 81(4), 
719-740, and Barkume, A. (2010). The Structure of Labor Costs with 
Overtime Work in U.S. Jobs. Industrial and Labor Relations Review, 
64(1), 128-142.
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

    The fixed-wage model assumes that the standard hourly wage is 
independent of the statutory overtime premium. Under the fixed-wage 
model, a transition of workers from overtime exempt to overtime 
nonexempt would cause a reduction in overtime hours for affected 
workers, an increase in the prevalence of a 40-hour workweek among 
affected workers, and an increase in the earnings of affected workers 
who continue to work overtime.
    In contrast, the fixed-job model assumes that the standard hourly 
wage is affected by the statutory overtime premium. Thus, employers can 
neutralize any transition of workers from overtime exempt to overtime 
nonexempt by reducing the standard hourly wage of affected workers so 
that their weekly earnings and hours worked are unchanged, except when 
minimum wage laws prevent employers from lowering the standard hourly 
wage below the minimum wage. Under the fixed-job model, a transition of 
workers from overtime exempt to overtime nonexempt would have different 
effects on minimum-wage workers and above-minimum-wage workers. Similar 
to the fixed-wage model, minimum-wage workers would experience a 
reduction in overtime hours, an increase in the prevalence of a 40-hour 
workweek at a given employer (though not necessarily overall), and an 
increase in earnings for the portion of minimum-wage workers who 
continue to work overtime for a given employer. Unlike the fixed-wage 
model, however, above-minimum-wage workers would experience no change.
    The Department conducted a literature review to evaluate studies of 
how labor markets adjust to a change in the requirement to pay 
overtime. These studies are generally supportive of the fixed-job model 
of labor market adjustment, in that wages adjust to offset the 
requirement to pay an overtime premium as predicted by the fixed-job 
model, but do not adjust enough to completely offset the overtime 
premium as predicted by the model.
    As in the 2016 and 2019 rules, the Department believes the two most 
important papers in this literature are the studies by Trejo (1991) and 
Barkume (2010). Analyzing the economic effects of the overtime pay 
provisions of the FLSA, Trejo (1991) found ``the data analyzed here 
suggest the wage adjustments occur to mitigate the purely demand-driven 
effects predicted by the fixed-wage model, but these adjustments are 
not large enough to neutralize the overtime pay regulations 
completely.'' Trejo noted, ``In accordance with the fixed job model, 
the overtime law appears to have a greater impact on minimum-wage 
workers.'' He also stated, ``[T]he finding that overtime-pay coverage 
status systematically influences the hours-of-work distribution for 
nonminimum-wage workers is supportive of the fixed-wage model. No 
significant differences in weekly earnings were discovered between the 
covered and non-covered sectors, which is consistent with the fixed-job 
model.'' However, ``overtime pay compliance is higher for union than 
for nonunion workers, a result that is more easily reconciled with the 
fixed wage model.'' Trejo's findings are supportive of the fixed-wage 
model whose adjustment is incomplete largely due to the minimum-wage 
requirement.\372\
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

    \372\ Trejo, S.J. (1991). The Effects of Overtime Pay Regulation 
on Worker Compensation. American Economic Review, 81(4), 719-740.
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

    A second paper by Trejo (2003) took a different approach to testing 
the consistency of the fixed-wage adjustment models with overtime 
coverage and data on hours worked.\373\ In this paper, he examined 
time-series data on employee hours by industry. After controlling for 
underlying trends in hours worked over 20 years, he found changes in 
overtime coverage had no impact on the prevalence of overtime hours 
worked. This result supports the fixed-job model. Unlike the 1991 
paper, however, he did not examine impacts of overtime coverage on 
employees' weekly or hourly earnings, so this finding in support of the 
fixed-job model only analyzes one implication of the model.
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

    \373\ Trejo, S.J. (2003). Does the Statutory Overtime Premium 
Discourage Long Workweeks? Industrial and Labor Relations Review, 
56(3), 375-392.
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

    Barkume (2010) built on the analytic method used in Trejo 
(1991).\374\ However, Barkume observed that Trejo did not account for 
``quasi-fixed'' employment costs (e.g., benefits) that do not vary with 
hours worked, and therefore affect employers' decisions on overtime 
hours worked. After incorporating these quasi-fixed costs in the model, 
Barkume found results consistent with those of Trejo (1991): ``though 
wage rates in otherwise similar jobs declined with greater overtime 
hours, they were not enough to prevent the FLSA overtime provisions 
from increasing labor costs.'' Barkume also determined that the 1991 
model did not account for evidence that in the absence of regulation 
some employers may voluntarily pay workers some overtime premium to 
entice them to work longer hours, to compensate workers for unexpected 
changes in their schedules, or as a result of collective bargaining. 
Barkume found that how much wages and hours worked adjusted in response 
to the overtime pay requirement depended on what overtime pay would be 
in absence of regulation.
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

    \374\ Barkume, A. (2010). The Structure of Labor Costs with 
Overtime Work in U.S. Jobs. Industrial and Labor Relations Review, 
64(1), 128-142.
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

    In addition, Bell and Hart (2003) examined the standard hourly 
wage, average hourly earnings (including overtime), the overtime 
premium, and overtime hours worked in Britain.\375\ Unlike the United 
States, Britain does not have national labor laws regulating overtime 
compensation. Bell and Hart found that after accounting for overtime, 
average hourly earnings are generally uniform in an industry because 
firms paying below-market level straight-time wages tend to pay above-
market overtime premiums and firms paying above-market level straight-
time wages tend to pay below-market overtime premiums. Bell and Hart 
concluded ``this is consistent with a model in which workers and firms 
enter into an implicit contract that specifies total hours at a 
constant, market-determined, hourly wage rate. Their research is also 
consistent with studies showing that employers may pay overtime 
premiums either in the absence of a regulatory mandate (e.g., Britain), 
or when the mandate exists but the requirements are not met (e.g., 
United States).\376\
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

    \375\ Bell, D.N.F. and Hart, R.A. (2003). Wages, Hours, and 
Overtime Premia: Evidence from the British Labor Market, Industrial 
and Labor Relations Review, 56(3), 470-480.
    \376\ Hart, R.A. and Yue, M. (2000). Why Do Firms Pay an 
Overtime Premium? IZA Discussion Paper No. 163.
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

    On balance, consistent with its 2016 and 2019 rulemakings, the 
Department

[[Page 62205]]

finds strong support for the fixed-job model as the best approximation 
for the likely effects of a transition of above-minimum-wage workers 
from overtime exempt to overtime nonexempt and the fixed-wage model as 
the best approximation of the likely effects of a transition of 
minimum-wage workers from overtime exempt to overtime nonexempt. In 
addition, the studies suggest that although observed wage adjustment 
patterns are consistent with the fixed-job model, this evidence also 
suggests that the actual wage adjustment might, especially in the short 
run, be less than 100 percent as predicted by the fixed-job model. 
Thus, the hybrid model used in this analysis may be described as an 
incomplete fixed-job adjustment model.
    To determine the magnitude of the adjustment, the Department 
accounted for the following findings. Earlier research had demonstrated 
that in the absence of regulation some employers may voluntarily pay 
workers some overtime premium to entice them to work longer hours, to 
compensate workers for unexpected changes in their schedules, or as a 
result of collective bargaining.\377\ Barkume (2010) found that the 
measured adjustment of wages and hours to overtime premium requirements 
depended on what overtime premium might be paid in absence of any 
requirement to do so. Thus, when Barkume assumed that workers would 
receive an average voluntary overtime pay premium of 28 percent in the 
absence of an overtime pay regulation, which is the average overtime 
premium that Bell and Hart (2003) found British employers paid in the 
absence of any overtime regulations, the straight-time hourly wage 
adjusted downward by 80 percent of the amount that would occur with the 
fixed-job model.\378\ When Barkume assumed workers would receive no 
voluntary overtime pay premium in the absence of an overtime pay 
regulation, the results were more consistent with Trejo's (1991) 
findings that the adjustment was a smaller percentage. The Department 
modeled an adjustment process between these two findings. Although it 
seemed reasonable that some premium was paid for overtime in the 
absence of regulation, Barkume's assumption of a 28 percent initial 
overtime premium is likely too high for the salaried workers 
potentially affected by a change in the salary and compensation level 
requirements for the EAP exemptions because this assumption is based on 
a study of workers in Britain. British workers were likely paid a 
larger voluntary overtime premium than American workers because Britain 
did not have a required overtime pay regulation and so collective 
bargaining played a larger role in implementing overtime pay.\379\ In 
the sections that follow, the Department uses a method between these 
two papers to model transfers.
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

    \377\ Barzel, Y. (1973). The Determination of Daily Hours and 
Wages. The Quarterly Journal of Economics, 87(2), 220-238, 
demonstrated that modest fluctuations in labor demand could justify 
substantial overtime premiums in the employment contract model. 
Hart, R.A. and Yue, M. (2000). Why Do Firms Pay an Overtime Premium? 
IZA Discussion Paper No. 163, showed that establishing an overtime 
premium in an employment contract can reduce inefficiencies.
    \378\ Barkume, A. (2010). The Structure of Labor Costs with 
Overtime Work in U.S. Jobs. Industrial and Labor Relations Review, 
64(1), 128-142.
    \379\ Bell, D.N.F. and Hart, R.A. (2003). Wages, Hours, and 
Overtime Premia: Evidence from the British Labor Market, Industrial 
and Labor Relations Review, 56(3), 470-480.
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

(c) Identifying Types of Affected Workers
    The Department identified four types of workers whose work 
characteristics affect how it modeled employers' responses to the 
changes in both the standard salary level and HCE compensation level:
     Type 1: Workers who do not work overtime.
     Type 2: Workers who do not regularly work overtime but 
occasionally work overtime.
     Type 3: Workers who regularly work overtime and become 
overtime eligible (nonexempt).
     Type 4: Workers who regularly work overtime and remain 
exempt, because it is less expensive for the employer to pay the 
updated salary level than to pay overtime and incur additional 
managerial costs.
    The Department began by identifying the number of workers in each 
type. After modeling employer adjustments, it estimated transfer 
payments. Type 3 and 4 workers were identified as those who regularly 
work overtime (CPS variable PEHRUSL1 greater than 40). To distinguish 
Type 3 workers from Type 4 workers, the Department first estimated each 
worker's weekly earnings if they became nonexempt, to which it added 
weekly managerial costs for each affected worker of $13.94 ($83.63 per 
hour x (10 minutes / 60 minutes)).\380\ Then, the Department identified 
as Type 4 those workers whose expected nonexempt earnings plus weekly 
managerial costs exceeds the updated standard salary level, and, 
conversely, as Type 3 those whose expected nonexempt earnings plus 
weekly managerial costs are less than the new standard salary. The 
Department assumed that firms would include incremental managerial 
costs in their determination of whether to treat an affected employee 
as a Type 3 or Type 4 worker because those costs are only incurred if 
the employee is a Type 3 worker.
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

    \380\ See section VII.C.3.iv (managerial costs).
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

    Identifying Type 2 workers involved two steps. First, using CPS 
MORG data, the Department identified those who do not usually work 
overtime but did work overtime in the survey week (the week referred to 
in the CPS questionnaire, variable PEHRACT1 greater than 40). Next, the 
Department supplemented the CPS data with data from the Survey of 
Income and Program Participation (SIPP) to look at likelihood of 
working some overtime during the year. Based on 2021 data, the most 
recent available, the Department found that 31.3 percent of non-hourly 
workers worked overtime at some point in a year. Therefore, the 
Department classified a share of workers who reported they do not 
usually work overtime, and did not work overtime in the reference week, 
as Type 2 workers such that a total of approximately 31.3 percent of 
affected workers were Type 2, 3, or 4. Type 2 workers are subdivided 
into Types 2A and 2B later in the analysis (Table 15).

                   Table 15--Types of Affected Workers
------------------------------------------------------------------------
                                                            Percent of
                     Type of worker                            total
------------------------------------------------------------------------
Type 1..................................................              69
Type 2A.................................................               8
Type 2B.................................................               8
Type 3..................................................              12
Type 4..................................................               3
------------------------------------------------------------------------
Note: Pooled CPS data for 2020-2022 adjusted to reflect 2022.
* Type 1: Workers who do not work overtime and gain overtime protection.
* Type 2: Workers who work occasional overtime and gain overtime
  protection.
 Type 2A: Those who work unexpected overtime hours.
 Type 2B: Those who work expected overtime.
* Type 3: Workers who work regular overtime and gain overtime
  protection.
* Type 4: Workers who work regular overtime and remain exempt (i.e.,
  earnings increase to the updated salary or compensation level).

(d) Modeling Changes in Wages and Hours
    The incomplete fixed-job model predicts that employers would adjust 
wages of regular overtime workers but not to the full extent indicated 
by the fixed-job model, and thus some employees would receive a small 
increase in weekly earnings due to overtime pay coverage. The 
Department

[[Page 62206]]

used the average of two estimates of the incomplete fixed-job model 
adjustments to model impacts of this proposed rule: \381\
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

    \381\ Both studies considered a population that included hourly 
workers. Evidence is not available on how the adjustment towards the 
fixed-job model differs between salaried and hourly workers. The 
fixed-job model may be more likely to hold for salaried workers than 
for hourly workers since salaried workers directly observe their 
weekly total earnings, not their implicit equivalent hourly wage. 
Thus, applying the partial adjustment to the fixed-job model as 
estimated by these studies may overestimate the transfers from 
employers to salaried workers. The Department does not attempt to 
quantify the magnitude of this potential overestimate, but welcomes 
comments on how to refine the quantitative approach.
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

     Trejo's (1991) estimate that the overtime-induced wage 
change is 40 percent of the adjustment toward the amount predicted by 
the fixed-job model, assuming an initial zero overtime pay premium, and
     Barkume's (2010) estimate that the wage change is 80 
percent of the predicted adjustment assuming an initial 28 percent 
overtime pay premium.
    This is approximately equivalent to assuming that salaried overtime 
workers implicitly receive the equivalent of a 14 percent overtime 
premium in the absence of regulation (the midpoint between 0 and 28 
percent).
    Modeling changes in hourly wages, hours, and earnings for Type 1 
and Type 4 workers was relatively straightforward. Type 1 affected EAP 
workers would become overtime-eligible, but because they do not work 
overtime, they would see no change in their wages, hours, or weekly 
earnings. Type 4 workers would remain exempt because their earnings 
would be raised to at least the updated EAP level (either the standard 
salary level or HCE compensation level). These workers' earnings would 
increase by the difference between their current earnings and the 
amount necessary to satisfy the new salary or compensation level. It is 
possible employers would increase these workers' hours in response to 
paying them a higher salary, but the Department did not have enough 
information to model this potential change.\382\
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

    \382\ Cherry, Monica, ``Are Salaried Workers Compensated for 
Overtime Hours?'' Journal of Labor Research 25(3): 485-494, 
September 2004, found that exempt full-time salaried employees earn 
more when they work more hours, but her results do not lend 
themselves to the quantification of the effect on hours of an 
increase in earnings.
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

    Modeling changes in wages, hours, and earnings for Type 2 and Type 
3 workers was more complex. The Department distinguished those who 
regularly work overtime (Type 3 workers) from those who occasionally 
work overtime (Type 2 workers) because employer adjustment to the rule 
may differ accordingly. Employers are more likely to adjust hours 
worked and wages for regular overtime workers because their hours are 
predictable. Conversely, in response to a transient, perhaps 
unpredicted, shift in market demand for the good or service such 
employers provide, employers are more likely to pay for occasional 
overtime rather than adjust hours worked and pay.
    The Department treated Type 2 affected workers in two ways due to 
the uncertainty of the nature of these occasional overtime hours. The 
Department assumed that 50 percent of these occasional overtime workers 
worked unexpected overtime hours (Type 2A) and the other 50 percent 
worked expected overtime (Type 2B). Workers were randomly assigned to 
these two groups. Workers with expected occasional overtime hours were 
treated like Type 3 affected workers (incomplete fixed-job model 
adjustments). Workers with unexpected occasional overtime hours were 
assumed to receive a 50 percent pay premium for the overtime hours 
worked and receive no change in base wage or hours (full overtime 
premium model).\383\ When modeling Type 2 workers' hour and wage 
adjustments, the Department treated those identified as Type 2 using 
the CPS data as representative of all Type 2 workers.\384\ The 
Department estimated employer adjustments and transfers assuming that 
the patterns observed in the CPS reference week are representative of 
an average week in the year. Thus, the Department assumes total 
transfers for the year are equal to 52 times the transfers estimated 
for a representative week for which the Department has CPS data. 
However, these transfers are spread over a larger group including those 
who occasionally work overtime but did not do so in the CPS reference 
week.\385\
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

    \383\ The Department uses the term ``full overtime premium'' to 
describe the adjustment process as modeled. The full overtime 
premium model is a special case of the general fixed-wage model in 
that the Department assumes the demand for labor under these 
circumstances is completely inelastic. That is, employers make no 
changes to employees' hours in response to these temporary, 
unanticipated changes in demand.
    \384\ As explained in the previous section, to estimate the 
population of Type 2 workers, the Department supplemented workers 
who report working overtime in the CPS reference week with some 
workers who do not work overtime in the reference week to reflect 
the fact that different workers work occasional overtime in 
different weeks.
    \385\ If a different week was chosen as the survey week, then 
some of these workers would not have worked overtime. However, 
because the data are representative of both the population and all 
twelve months in a year, the Department believes the share of Type 2 
workers identified in the CPS data in the given week is 
representative of an average week in the year.
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

    Since employers would pay more for the same number of labor hours, 
for Type 2 and Type 3 EAP workers, the quantity of labor hours demanded 
by employers would decrease. The reduction in hours is calculated using 
the elasticity of labor demand with respect to wages. The Department 
used a short-term demand elasticity of -0.20 to estimate the percentage 
decrease in hours worked in Year 1 and a long-term elasticity of -0.4 
to estimate the percentage decrease in hours worked in Years 2-10. 
These elasticity estimates are based on the Department's analysis of 
Lichter et al. (2014).386 387 Brown and Hamermesh (2019) 
estimated the elasticity of overtime hours for EAP-exempt workers.\388\ 
This estimate is based on a difference-in-differences in hours for two 
groups of workers between two time periods. However, some groups of 
workers are incorrectly defined, so the Department has not used these 
estimates.\389\
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

    \386\ Lichter, A., Peichl, A. & Siegloch, A. (2014). The Own-
Wage Elasticity of Labor Demand: A Meta-Regression Analysis. IZA DP 
No. 7958.
    \387\ Some researchers have estimated larger impacts on the 
number of overtime hours worked. For example, Hamermesh and Trejo 
(2000) conclude the price elasticity of demand for overtime hours is 
at least -0.5. The Department decided to use a general measure of 
elasticity applied to the average change in wages since the increase 
in the overtime wage is somewhat offset by a decrease in the non-
overtime wage as indicated in the fixed-job model. Hamermesh, D. and 
S. Trejo. (2000)). The Demand for Hours of Labor: Direct Evidence 
from California. The Review of Economics and Statistics, 82(1), 38-
47.
    \388\ Brown, Charles C., and Daniel S. Hamermesh. (2019). 
``Wages and Hours Laws: What Do We Know? What Can Be Done?'' RSF: 
The Russell Sage Foundation Journal of the Social Sciences 5(5): 68-
87. DOI: 10.7758/RSF.2019.5.5.04.
    \389\ For example, the authors defined the ``non-exempt 1987-
1989'' group as workers earning above $223 but below $455 during 
this period. Because the salary level for the long test was $155 or 
$170 and was $250 for the short test, see section VII.A.1 (Table 1), 
some of these workers would be exempt.
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

    For Type 3 affected workers, and the 50 percent of Type 2 affected 
workers who worked expected overtime, the Department estimated adjusted 
total hours worked after making wage adjustments using the incomplete 
fixed-job model. To estimate adjusted hours worked, the Department set 
the percent change in total hours worked equal to the percent change in 
average wages multiplied by the wage elasticity of labor demand.\390\ 
Figure 4 is a flow

[[Page 62207]]

chart summarizing the four types of affected EAP workers. Also shown 
are the effects on exempt status, weekly earnings, and hours worked for 
each type of affected worker.
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

    \390\ In this equation, the only unknown is adjusted total hours 
worked. Since adjusted total hours worked is in the denominator of 
the left side of the equation and is also in the numerator of the 
right side of the equation, solving for adjusted total hours worked 
requires solving a quadratic equation.
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BILLING CODE 4510-27-P

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[GRAPHIC] [TIFF OMITTED] TP08SE23.006


[[Page 62209]]


[GRAPHIC] [TIFF OMITTED] TP08SE23.007

BILLING CODE 4510-27-C
(e) Estimated Number of and Effects on Affected EAP Workers
    The Department estimated the proposed rule would affect 3.6 million 
workers (Table 16), of which 2.5 million are Type 1 workers (68.7 
percent of all affected EAP workers), 579,200 were estimated to be Type 
2 workers (15.9 percent), 448,400 were Type 3 workers (12.3 percent), 
and 115,700 were estimated to be Type 4 workers (3.2 percent).

                             Table 16--Affected EAP Workers by Type (1,000s), Year 1
----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
                                                                                         Regular overtime
                                                    No overtime     Occasional   -------------------------------
            EAP test                   Total           (T1)        overtime (T2)       Newly       Remain exempt
                                                                                  nonexempt (T3)       (T4)
----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Standard salary level...........         3,399.4         2,335.7           569.9           384.9           108.9
HCE compensation level..........           248.9           169.2             9.3            63.5             6.8
                                 -------------------------------------------------------------------------------
    Total.......................         3,648.3         2,504.9           579.2           448.4           115.7
----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Note: Pooled CPS data for 2020-2022 adjusted to reflect 2022.
* Type 1: Workers who do not work overtime and gain overtime protection.
* Type 2: Workers who work occasional overtime and gain overtime protection.
* Type 3: Workers who work regular overtime and gain overtime protection.
* Type 4: Workers who work regular overtime and remain exempt (i.e., earnings increase to the updated salary
  level).

    The proposed rule would affect some affected workers' hourly wages, 
hours, and weekly earnings. Predicted changes in implicit wage rates 
are outlined in Table 17, changes in hours in Table 18, and changes in 
weekly earnings in Table 19. How these would change depends on the type 
of worker, but on average the Department projects that weekly earnings 
would be unchanged or increase while hours worked would be unchanged or 
decrease.
    Type 1 workers would have no change in wages, hours, or earnings 
due to the overtime pay provision because these workers do not work 
overtime.\391\ Some Type 1 workers who earn less than the Federal or 
state minimum wage would see an increase in wages, a decrease in hours, 
and an increase in weekly earnings.
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

    \391\ It is possible that these workers may experience an 
increase in hours and weekly earnings because of transfers of hours 
from other newly nonexempt workers who do usually work overtime. Due 
to the high level of uncertainty in employers' responses regarding 
the transfer of hours, the Department did not have credible evidence 
to support an estimation of the number of hours transferred to other 
workers.
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

    For Type 2A workers, the Department assumed employers would be 
unable to adjust the hours or regular rate of pay for these occasional 
overtime workers whose overtime is irregularly scheduled and 
unpredictable. These workers would receive a 50 percent premium on 
their regular hourly wage for each hour worked in excess of 40 hours 
per week, and so average weekly earnings would increase.\392\
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

    \392\ Type 2 workers will not see increases in regular earnings 
to the new salary or compensation levels (as Type 4 workers do) even 
if their new earnings in this week exceed those new levels. This is 
because the estimated new earnings only reflect their earnings in 
those weeks when overtime is worked; their earnings in typical weeks 
when they do not work overtime do not exceed the salary or 
compensation level.
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

    For Type 3 workers and Type 2B workers (the 50 percent of Type 2 
workers who regularly work occasional overtime, an estimated 738,000 
workers), the Department used the incomplete fixed-job model to 
estimate changes in the regular rate of pay. These workers would see a 
decrease in their average regular hourly wage and a small decrease in 
hours. However, because these workers would receive a 50 percent 
premium on their regular hourly wage for each hour worked in excess of 
40 hours per week, their average weekly earnings would increase. The 
reduction in hours is relatively small and is due to a decrease in 
labor demand from the increase in the average hourly wage as predicted 
by the incomplete fixed-job model (Table 18).
    Type 4 workers' implicit hourly rates of pay and weekly earnings 
would increase to meet the updated standard salary level or HCE annual

[[Page 62210]]

compensation level. Type 4 workers' hours may increase to offset the 
additional earnings, but due to lack of data, the Department assumed 
hours would not change.

                  Table 17--Average Regular Rate of Pay by Type of Affected EAP Worker, Year 1
----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
                                                                                         Regular overtime
                                                    No overtime     Occasional   -------------------------------
           Time period                 Total           (T1)        overtime (T2)       Newly       Remain exempt
                                                                                  nonexempt (T3)       (T4)
----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
                                              Standard Salary Level
----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Before rule.....................          $23.55          $24.18          $25.48          $17.82          $20.07
After rule......................          $23.43          $24.18          $25.36          $16.90          $20.42
Change ($)......................          -$0.11           $0.00          -$0.12          -$0.92           $0.34
Change (%)......................           -0.5%            0.0%           -0.5%           -5.2%            1.7%
----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
                                             HCE Compensation Level
----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Before rule.....................          $56.10          $60.07          $58.90          $45.92          $48.63
After rule......................          $55.31          $60.07          $54.99          $43.31          $49.78
Change ($)......................          -$0.79           $0.00          -$3.91          -$2.61           $1.15
Change (%)......................           -1.4%            0.0%           -6.6%           -5.7%            2.4%
----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Note: Pooled CPS data for 2020-2022 adjusted to reflect 2022.
*Type 1: Workers who do not work overtime and gain overtime protection.
*Type 2: Workers who work occasional overtime and gain overtime protection.
*Type 3: Workers who work regular overtime and gain overtime protection.
*Type 4: Workers who work regular overtime and remain exempt (i.e., earnings increase to the updated salary
  level).


                      Table 18--Average Weekly Hours by Type of Affected EAP Worker, Year 1
----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
                                                                                            Regular OT
                                                    No overtime    Occasional OT -------------------------------
           Time period                 Total        worked (T1)        (T2)            Newly       Remain exempt
                                                                                  nonexempt (T3)       (T4)
----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
                                            Standard Salary Level \a\
----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Before rule.....................            41.0            38.9            40.9            50.4            52.9
After rule......................            41.0            38.9            40.9            50.0            52.9
Change (hours)..................             0.0             0.0             0.0            -0.4             0.0
Change (%)......................           -0.1%            0.0%           -0.1%           -0.8%            0.0%
----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
                                           HCE Compensation Level \a\
----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Before rule.....................            43.3            39.5            52.7            50.6            56.0
After rule......................            43.2            39.5            52.3            50.3            56.0
Change (hours)..................            -0.1             0.0            -0.4            -0.3             0.0
Change (%)......................           -0.2%            0.0%           -0.7%           -0.7%            0.0%
----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Note: Pooled CPS data for 2020-2022 adjusted to reflect 2022.
\a\ Usual hours for Types 1, 3, and 4 but actual hours for Type 2 workers identified in the CPS MORG.
*Type 1: Workers who do not work overtime and gain overtime protection.
*Type 2: Workers who work occasional overtime and gain overtime protection.
*Type 3: Workers who work regular overtime and gain overtime protection.
*Type 4: Workers who work regular overtime and remain exempt (i.e., earnings increase to the updated salary
  level).


                    Table 19--Average Weekly Earnings by Type of Affected EAP Worker, Year 1
----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
                                                                                         Regular overtime
                                                    No overtime     Occasional   -------------------------------
           Time period                 Total           (T1)        overtime (T2)       Newly       Remain exempt
                                                                                  nonexempt (T3)       (T4)
----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
                                            Standard Salary Level \a\
----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Before rule.....................         $913.71         $904.82         $947.26         $882.62       $1,038.69
After rule......................         $919.26         $904.82         $960.66         $906.04       $1,059.00
Change ($)......................           $5.55           $0.00          $13.39          $23.42          $20.31
Change (%)......................            0.6%            0.0%            1.4%            2.7%            2.0%
----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
                                           HCE Compensation Level \a\
----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Before rule.....................       $2,354.99       $2,323.22       $3,101.59       $2,292.51       $2,704.08

[[Page 62211]]

 
After rule......................       $2,374.58       $2,323.22       $3,193.44       $2,348.79       $2,769.00
Change ($)......................          $19.59           $0.00          $91.85          $56.28          $64.92
Change (%)......................            0.8%            0.0%            3.0%            2.5%            2.4%
----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Note: Pooled CPS data for 2020-2022 adjusted to reflect 2022.
\a\ The mean of the hourly wage multiplied by the mean of the hours does not necessarily equal the mean of the
  weekly earnings because the product of two averages is not necessarily equal to the average of the product.
*Type 1: Workers who do not work overtime and gain overtime protection.
*Type 2: Workers who work occasional overtime and gain overtime protection.
*Type 3: Workers who work regular overtime and gain overtime protection.
*Type 4: Workers who work regular overtime and remain exempt (i.e., earnings increase to the updated salary
  level).

    At the new standard salary level, the average weekly earnings of 
affected workers would increase $5.55 (0.6 percent), from $913.71 to 
$919.26. Multiplying the average change of $5.55 by the 3.4 million EAP 
workers affected by the change in the standard salary level and 52 
weeks equals an increase in earnings of $1.0 billion in the first year. 
For workers affected by the change in the HCE compensation level, 
average weekly earnings would increase by $19.59. When multiplied by 
248,900 affected workers and 52 weeks, the national increase would be 
$253.5 million in the first year. Thus, total Year 1 transfer payments 
attributable to this proposed rule would total $1.2 billion.
    The Department is only aware of one paper that modeled the impacts 
of the 2019 rule's increases in the salary and compensation levels. 
Quach (2021) \393\ used administrative payroll data from May 2008 to 
January 2020 to estimate the impacts of the rescinded 2016 rule and the 
2019 rule on employment, earnings, and salary status.\394\ The paper 
has not been published in a peer-reviewed journal and has significant 
limitations, including that its use of administrative payroll data from 
ADP means that the findings are not representative as ADP customers do 
not represent a random sample of the workplace. Furthermore, the 
paper's analysis only includes the 22 states that have not updated 
their state or local minimum wages since 2014.\395\
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

    \393\ Quach, S. (2022). The Labor Market Effects of Expanding 
Overtime Coverage. https://papers.ssrn.com/sol3/papers.cfm?abstract_id=3608506.
    \394\ The Department notes that the effective date of the 2019 
final rule was in January 2020, so using data from this month may 
not fully capture the effects of the 2019 rule.
    \395\ This is a reasonable restriction to minimize the influence 
of exogenous factors. However, it makes the sample unrepresentative 
of the U.S.
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

    In terms of its findings, concerning employment, the author did not 
find the impact to be statistically different from zero for either 
rule, although he did find a significant decrease in employment when 
state overtime exemption laws were incorporated. Concerning earnings, 
he found an increase in base weekly earnings and an increase in 
overtime pay for both rules. The percent change in total pay that he 
estimates, around 1 to 2 percent depending on the rule, is not vastly 
different than the Department's estimate of 0.6 percent. Concerning 
salary status, he found an increase in the number of hourly jobs after 
the 2016 rule but not after the 2019 rule. His analysis of both rules 
showed a shift in the number of salaried workers from below to above 
the threshold (as does the Department's analysis).
    The Department has not adjusted its methodology in response to this 
paper given the concerns listed above, but remains interested in 
further peer-reviewed research that may provide relevant findings.
    Additionally, it can be informative to look at papers which predict 
the impact of rulemakings. For example, Rohwedder and Wenger (2015) 
analyzed the effects of increasing the standard salary level from the 
then baseline level of $455 per week.\396\ They compared hourly and 
salaried workers in the CPS using quantile treatment effects. This 
methodology estimates the effect of a worker becoming nonexempt by 
comparing similar workers who are hourly and salaried. They found no 
statistically significant change in hours or wages on average. However, 
their point estimates, averaged across all affected workers, show small 
increases in earnings and decreases in hours, similar to the 
Department's analysis. For example, using a salary level of $750, they 
estimated weekly earnings may increase between $2 and $22 and weekly 
hours may decrease by approximately 0.4 hours.
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

    \396\ Rohwedder, S. and Wenger, J.B. (2015). The Fair Labor 
Standards Act: Worker Misclassification and the Hours and Earnings 
Effects of Expanded Coverage. RAND Labor and Population.
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

iv. Potential Transfers Not Quantified
    This proposed rule could lead to additional transfers that the 
Department is unable to quantify. For example, in response to this 
proposed rule, some employers may decrease the hours of newly nonexempt 
workers who usually work overtime. These hours may be transferred to 
other workers, such as non-overtime workers and exempt workers who are 
not affected by the rule. Depending on how these hours are transferred, 
it could lead to either a reduction or increase in earnings for other 
workers. Employers may also offset increased labor costs by reducing 
bonuses or benefits instead of reducing base wages or hours worked. If 
this occurs, an employee's overall compensation may not be affected.
    The rule could also reduce reliance on social assistance programs 
for some workers who may receive a transfer of income resulting from 
this proposed rule if finalized. For low-income workers, this transfer 
could result in a reduced need for social assistance programs such as 
Medicaid, the Earned Income Tax Credit (EITC), the Supplemental 
Nutrition Assistance Program (SNAP), the Temporary Assistance for Needy 
Families (TANF) program, the Special Supplemental Nutrition Program for 
Women, Infants, and Children (WIC), and school breakfasts and lunches. 
A worker earning the current salary level of $684 per week earns 
$35,568 annually, which is roughly equivalent to the Federal poverty 
level for a family of five and makes the family eligible for many 
social assistance programs.\397\ Thus, transferring income to these 
workers

[[Page 62212]]

could reduce eligibility for government social assistance programs and 
could therefore also reduce government expenditures.
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

    \397\ Department of Health and Human Services (2023). Federal 
Poverty Level. https://www.healthcare.gov/glossary/Federal-poverty-level-fpl/.
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

    The Department requests comments and data on additional transfers 
that could occur if this rule were finalized as proposed.
5. Benefits and Cost Savings
    The Department expects that this proposed rule could lead to 
multiple benefits, which are discussed qualitatively below. The 
Department welcomes comments on the potential benefits associated with 
this proposed rule and any data that could help to quantify them.
    First, the updated salary level would strengthen the overtime 
protection of salaried, white-collar employees who do not pass the 
standard duties test and who earn between the current salary standard 
salary level and the proposed salary level. These employees are 
nonexempt but, because they satisfy the current salary level threshold, 
employers must apply the duties test to determine their exemption 
status. At the proposed salary level, the number of white-collar 
salaried employees who fail the duties test but earn at or above the 
salary level would decrease by 4.1 million. Because these nonexempt 
employees would not meet the proposed salary level, employers would be 
able to determine their exemption status based solely on the salary 
test. If any of these employers previously spent significant time 
evaluating the duties of these workers to determine exemption status, 
the change to determining exemption status based on the salary level 
could lead to some cost savings.
    As the Department has noted in prior EAP rulemakings, some 
salaried, white-collar employees who meet the salary level threshold 
but do not meet the duties test may be misclassified as exempt from 
overtime protection due to misapplication of the duties test.\398\ To 
the extent that some of the 4.1 million salaried, white-collar 
employees who do not meet the duties test and earn between the current 
$684 per week salary level and the proposed $1,059 per week salary 
level are misclassified as exempt, the proposed salary level would make 
it more clear for workers and employers that such workers are not EAP 
exempt.\399\
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

    \398\ See 84 FR 51279-80; 81 FR 32463; 69 FR 22213.
    \399\ See Rohwedder, S. and Wenger, J.B. (2015). The Fair Labor 
Standards Act: Worker Misclassification and the Hours and Earnings 
Effects of Expanded Coverage. RAND Labor and Population. RAND 
conducted a survey to identify the number of workers who may have 
failed the standards duties test and yet are classified as EAP 
exempt. The survey, a special module to the American Life Panel, 
asked respondents: (1) their hours worked, (2) whether they are paid 
on an hourly or salary basis, (3) their typical earnings, (4) 
whether they perform certain job responsibilities that are treated 
as proxies for whether they would justify exempt status, and (5) 
whether they receive any overtime pay. Using these data, Rohwedder 
and Wenger found that ``11.5 percent of salaried workers were 
classified as exempt by their employer although they did not meet 
the criteria for being so.'' This survey was conducted when the 
salary level was $455. The exact percentage may no longer be 
applicable, but the concern that in some instances the duties test 
may be misapplied remains.
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

    Second, this proposed rule could potentially lead to increased 
worker productivity if workers receive an increase in compensation. 
Increased productivity could occur through numerous channels, such as 
employee retention and level of effort. A strand of economic research, 
commonly referred to as ``efficiency wage'' theory, considers how an 
increase in compensation may be met with greater productivity.\400\ 
Efficiency wages may elicit greater effort on the part of workers, 
making them more effective on the job.\401\ Other research on increases 
in the minimum wage have demonstrated a positive relationship between 
increased compensation and worker productivity. For example, Kim and 
Jang (2019) showed that wage raises increase productivity for up to two 
years after the wage increase.\402\ They found that in both full and 
limited-service restaurants productivity increased due to improved 
worker morale after a wage increase.
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

    \400\ Akerlof, G.A. (1982). Labor Contracts as Partial Gift 
Exchange. The Quarterly Journal of Economics, 97(4), 543-569.
    \401\ Another model of efficiency wages, which is less 
applicable here, is the adverse selection model in which higher 
wages raise the quality of the pool of applicants.
    \402\ Kim, H.S., & Jang, S. (2019). Minimum Wage Increase and 
Firm Productivity: Evidence from the Restaurant Industry. Tourism 
Management 71, 378-388. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.tourman.2018.10.029.
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

    Additionally, research demonstrates a correlation between increased 
earnings and reduced employee turnover.403 404 Reducing 
turnover, in turn, may increase productivity because new employees have 
less firm-specific skills and knowledge and thus could be less 
productive and require additional supervision and training.\405\ 
Reduced turnover could also reduce firms' hiring and training costs. As 
a result, even though marginal labor costs rise, they may rise by less 
than the amount of the wage change because the higher wages may be 
offset by increased productivity and reduced hiring costs for firms.
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

    \403\ Howes, Candace. (2005). Living Wages and Retention of 
Homecare Workers in San Francisco. Industrial Relations, 44(1), 139-
163. Dube, A., Lester,T.W., & Reich, M.. (2014). Minimum Wage 
Shocks, Employment Flows and Labor Market Frictions. IRLE Working 
Paper #149-13.
    \404\ This literature tends to focus on changes in earnings for 
a specific sector or subset of the labor force. The impact on 
turnover when earnings increase across sectors (as would be the case 
with this regulation) may be smaller.
    \405\ Argote, L., Insko, C. A., Yovetich, N., & Romero, A. A. 
(1995). Group Learning Curves: The Effects of Turnover and Task 
Complexity on Group Performance. Journal of Applied Social 
Psychology, 25(6), 512-529. Shaw, J. D. (2011). Turnover Rates and 
Organizational Performance: Review, Critique, and Research Agenda. 
Organizational Psychology Review, 1(3), 187-213.
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

    Third, this rulemaking could result in an increase in personal time 
for some workers. Due to the increase in marginal cost for overtime 
hours for newly overtime-eligible workers, employers could demand fewer 
hours from some of the workers affected by this rulemaking. If these 
workers' pay remains the same, they could benefit from increased 
personal time and improved work-life balance. Empirical evidence shows 
that workers in the United States typically work more than workers in 
other comparatively wealthy countries.\406\ Although estimates of the 
actual level of overwork vary considerably, workers in executive, 
administrative, and professional occupations tend to work longer 
hours.\407\ They also have the highest percentage of workers who would 
prefer to work fewer hours compared to other occupational 
categories.\408\ Therefore, the Department believes that this proposed 
rule may result in reduced time spent working for a group of workers, 
some of whom may prefer such an outcome.
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

    \406\ For more information, see OECD series, average annual 
hours actually worked per worker, available at: http://stats.oecd.org/index.aspx?DataSetCode=ANHRS.
    \407\ Boushey, H. and Ansel, B. (2016). Overworked America, The 
economic causes and consequences of long work hours. Washington 
Center for Equitable Growth. https://equitablegrowth.org/research-paper/overworked-america/?longform=true.
    \408\ Hamermesh, D.S., Kawaguchi, D., Lee, J. (2014). Does Labor 
Legislation Benefit Workers? Well-Being after an Hours Reduction. 
IZA DP No. 8077.
    Golden, L., & Gebreselassie, T. (2007). Overemployment 
Mismatches: The Preference for Fewer Work Hours. Monthly Labor 
Review, 130(4), 18-37.
    Hamermesh, D.S. (2014). Not Enough Time? American Economist, 
59(2).
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

6. Sensitivity Analysis of Transfer Payments
    Because the Department cannot predict employers' precise reactions 
to the proposed rule, the Department calculated bounds on the size of 
the estimated transfers from employers to workers, relative to the 
primary estimates in this RIA. For the upper bound, the Department 
assumed that the

[[Page 62213]]

full overtime premium model is more likely to occur than in the primary 
model. For the lower bound, the Department assumed that the complete 
fixed-job model is more likely to occur than in the primary model. 
Based on these assumptions, estimated transfers may range from $557.3 
million to $2.4 billion, with the primary estimate equal to $1.2 
billion.
    For a reasonable upper bound on transfer payments, the Department 
assumed that all occasional overtime workers and half of regular 
overtime workers would receive the full overtime premium (i.e., such 
workers will work the same number of hours but be paid 1.5 times their 
implicit initial hourly wage for all overtime hours) (Table 20). The 
full overtime premium model is a special case of the fixed-wage model 
where there is no change in hours. For the other half of regular 
overtime workers, the Department assumed in the upper-bound method that 
they would have their implicit hourly wage adjusted as predicted by the 
incomplete fixed-job model (wage rates fall and hours are reduced but 
total earnings continue to increase, as in the primary method). In the 
primary model, the Department assumed that only 50 percent of 
occasional overtime workers and no regular overtime workers would 
receive the full overtime premium.
    The plausible lower bound on transfer payments also depends on 
whether employees work regular overtime or occasional overtime. For 
those who regularly work overtime hours and half of those who work 
occasional overtime, the Department assumed the employees' wages would 
fully adjust as predicted by the fixed-job model.\409\ For the other 
half of employees with occasional overtime hours, the lower bound 
assumes they would be paid one and one-half times their implicit hourly 
wage for overtime hours worked (full overtime premium).
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

    \409\ The straight-time wage adjusts to a level that keeps 
weekly earnings constant when overtime hours are paid at 1.5 times 
the straight-time wage. In cases where adjusting the straight-time 
wage results in a wage less than the minimum wage, the straight-time 
wage is set to the minimum wage.

    Table 20--Summary of the Assumptions Used to Calculate the Lower
       Estimate, Primary Estimate, and Upper Estimate of Transfers
------------------------------------------------------------------------
                                                        Upper transfer
     Lower transfer estimate       Primary estimate        estimate
------------------------------------------------------------------------
                  Occasional Overtime Workers (Type 2)
------------------------------------------------------------------------
50% fixed-job model.............  50% incomplete      100% full overtime
                                   fixed-job model.    premium.
-----------------------------------------------------
50% full overtime premium.......  50% full overtime   ..................
                                   premium.
------------------------------------------------------------------------
                    Regular Overtime Workers (Type 3)
------------------------------------------------------------------------
100% fixed-job model............  100% incomplete     50% incomplete
                                   fixed-job model.    fixed-job model.
                                                      50% full overtime
                                                       premium.
------------------------------------------------------------------------
* Full overtime premium model: Regular rate of pay equals the implicit
  hourly wage prior to the regulation (with no adjustments); workers are
  paid 1.5 times this base wage for the same number of overtime hours
  worked prior to the regulation.
* Fixed-job model: Base wages are set at the higher of: (1) a rate such
  that total earnings and hours remain the same before and after the
  regulation; thus the base wage falls, and workers are paid 1.5 times
  the new base wage for overtime hours (the fixed-job model) or (2) the
  minimum wage.
* Incomplete fixed-job model: Regular rates of pay are partially
  adjusted to the wage implied by the fixed-job model.

7. Effects by Regions and Industries
    This section compares the number of affected workers, costs, and 
transfers across regions and industries. Although impacts would be more 
pronounced in some regions or industries, the Department has concluded 
that in no region or industry are the costs overly burdensome. The 
proportion of total costs and transfers in each region would be fairly 
consistent with the proportion of total workers in each region. 
Affected workers are overrepresented in some industries, but costs and 
transfers would still be manageable as a share of payroll and of total 
revenue (See Table 24 for regions and Table 27 for industries).
    The Department also compared costs and transfers relative to total 
payrolls and revenues. This provides a common method of assessing the 
relative effects of the rule on different regions or industries, and 
the magnitude of adjustments the rule may require on the part of 
enterprises in each region or industry. The relative costs and 
transfers expressed as a percentage of payroll are particularly useful 
measures of the relative size of adjustment faced by organizations in a 
region or industry because they benchmark against the cost category 
directly associated with the labor force. Average estimated costs and 
transfers from this proposed rule are very small relative to current 
payroll or current revenue--less than a tenth of a percent of payroll 
and of revenue in each region and in each industry.
    Salaries vary across the U.S. geographically. To ensure the 
proposed standard salary level would not be too high in any region of 
the country, the Department has used only wages in the lowest-wage 
region, the South, to set the salary level. However, because wages are 
lower in the South and the Midwest than the Northeast and the West, 
impacts may be larger in these two lower-wage regions. This section 
considers impacts across the four Census regions to ensure the impacts 
in the lower-wage regions would be manageable. The South has by far the 
most affected workers (1.5 million), though it also has the most 
workers of any Census region (Table 21). As a share of potentially 
affected workers in the region, the South would have somewhat more 
affected workers relative to other regions (15.2 percent are affected 
compared with 10.3 to 13.7 percent in other regions). However, as a 
share of all workers in the region, the South would not be particularly 
affected relative to other regions (2.9 percent are affected compared 
with 2.1 to 2.6 percent in other regions).

[[Page 62214]]



                     Table 21--Potentially Affected and Affected Workers, by Region, Year 1
----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
                                                                                     Affected
                                      Workers       Potentially                    workers as a      Affected
                                    subject to       affected        Affected       precent of     workers as a
             Region                    FLSA           workers         workers       potentially   percent of all
                                    (millions)    (millions) \a\  (millions) \b\     affected        workers %
                                                                                     workers %
----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
All.............................           139.4            28.4             3.6            12.9             2.6
Northeast.......................            24.8             5.7             0.6            11.1             2.6
Midwest.........................            30.4             5.9             0.8            13.7             2.6
South...........................            51.4             9.9             1.5            15.2             2.9
West............................            32.8             6.9             0.7            10.3             2.1
----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Note: Pooled CPS data for 2020-2022 adjusted to reflect 2022.
\a\ EAP exempt workers who are white-collar, salaried, not eligible for another (non-EAP) overtime exemption,
  and not in a named occupation.
\b\ Currently EAP exempt workers who will be entitled to overtime protection under the updated earnings levels
  or whose weekly earnings will increase to the new earnings levels to remain exempt.

    Total transfers in the first year were estimated to be $1.2 billion 
(Table 22). As expected, the transfers in the South would be the 
largest portion because the largest number of affected workers would be 
in the South. However, transfers per affected worker would be on the 
low-end in the South. Annual transfers per worker would be $328 in the 
South, and between $332 and $357 in other regions.

                                  Table 22--Annual Transfers by Region, Year 1
----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
                                                   Total annual       Annual                        Percent of
                                                     change in     transfer per       Annual           total
                     Region                          earnings        affected      transfers per   transfers by
                                                    (millions)        worker          entity        region (%)
----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
All.............................................        $1,234.2            $338            $153           100.0
----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Northeast.......................................           211.2             332             143            17.1
Midwest.........................................           279.1             347             166            22.6
South...........................................           492.8             328             169            39.9
West............................................           251.1             357             125            20.3
----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Note: Pooled CPS data for 2020-2022 adjusted to reflect 2022.


                                    Table 23--Annual Costs by Region, Year 1
----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
                                                                                                    Percent of
                                                                   Total direct    Total direct    total direct
                             Region                                    costs         costs per       costs by
                                                                    (millions)        entity        region (%)
----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
All.............................................................        $1,202.8            $149           100.0
----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Northeast.......................................................           202.8             137            16.9
Midwest.........................................................           278.5             165            23.2
South...........................................................           470.5             161            39.1
West............................................................           251.1             125            20.9
----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Note: Pooled CPS data for 2020-2022 adjusted to reflect 2022.

    Direct employer costs are composed of regulatory familiarization 
costs, adjustment costs, and managerial costs. The Department estimates 
that total direct employer costs would be the highest in the South 
($470.5 million) and lowest in the Northeast ($202.8 million). 
Transfers and direct employer costs in each region, as a percentage of 
the total transfers and direct costs, would range from 17.0 percent in 
the Northeast to 39.5 percent in the South. These proportions are 
almost the same as the proportions of the total workforce in each 
region: 17.8 percent in the Northeast and 36.9 percent in the South. 
Costs and transfers per establishment would be slightly higher in the 
South ($330) than on average, but still small (Table 24).
    Another way to compare the relative effects of this proposed rule 
by region is to consider the transfers and costs as a proportion of 
payroll and revenues (Table 24).\410\ Nationally, employer costs and 
transfers would be approximately 0.027 percent of payroll. By region, 
direct employer costs and transfers as a percent of payroll would be 
approximately the same (between 0.021 and 0.032 percent of payroll). 
Employer costs and transfers as a percent of revenue would be 0.005 
percent nationally and range between 0.004 and 0.006 percent in each 
region.
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

    \410\ The Department uses 2017 data here because although 
payroll data are available for 2021, the most recent revenue data 
are for 2017.

[[Page 62215]]



           Table 24--Annual Transfers and Costs as Percent of Payroll and of Revenue by Region, Year 1
----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
                                                                                        Costs and transfers
                                   Transfers and      Payroll         Revenue    -------------------------------
             Region                  costs per    (billions) \a\  (billions) \a\   As percent of   As percent of
                                      entity                                        payroll (%)     revenue (%)
----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
All.............................            $301          $9,141         $48,894           0.027           0.005
Northeast.......................             279           1,940           9,557           0.021           0.004
Midwest.........................             331           1,879          10,884           0.030           0.005
South...........................             330           3,028          17,193           0.032           0.006
West............................             250           2,295          11,260           0.022           0.004
----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
\a\ Payroll and revenue data exclude the Federal Government.
Sources: Costs and transfers based on pooled CPS data for 2020-2022 adjusted to reflect 2022. Private sector
  payroll and revenue data from 2017 SUSB. State and local payroll and revenue data from State and Local
  Government Finances 2020. Inflated to $2022 using GDP deflator.

    Impacts may be more pronounced in some industries. In particular, 
lower-wage industries where more workers may earn between $684 and the 
proposed new salary level may be impacted more. Additionally, 
industries where EAP workers are more prevalent may experience larger 
impacts. To gauge the effect of the proposed rule on industries, the 
Department estimated affected workers, costs, and transfers for the 13 
major industry groups. The Department also compared estimates of 
combined costs and transfers as a percent of payroll and revenue across 
industries.
    Table 25 presents the number of affected workers by industry. The 
industry with the most affected workers is professional and business 
services (687,400). The industry with the largest share of workers 
affected is financial activities (4.9 percent). This is because the 
financial activities industry is heavily composed of salaried white-
collar workers. As a share of potentially affected workers, the 
industry with the highest share affected is agriculture, forestry, 
fishing, & hunting (22.1 percent), followed by leisure and hospitality 
(21.1 percent).

                    Table 25--Potentially Affected and Affected Workers, by Industry, Year 1
----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
                                                                                     Affected
                                                    Potentially                    workers as a      Affected
                                      Workers        affected        Affected       percent of     workers as a
            Industry                subject to        workers         workers       potentially   percent of all
                                   FLSA (1,000s)   (1,000s) \a\    (1,000s) \b\      affected       workers (%)
                                                                                    workers (%)
----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
All.............................       139,397.0        28,359.5         3,648.3            12.9             2.6
Agriculture, forestry, fishing,          1,331.5            55.6            12.3            22.1             0.9
 & hunting......................
Mining..........................           619.5           171.1            12.5             7.3             2.0
Construction....................         8,914.6         1,188.4           154.4            13.0             1.7
Manufacturing...................        15,129.2         3,900.8           317.1             8.1             2.1
Wholesale trade.................         3,226.4           850.5           103.9            12.2             3.2
Retail trade....................        15,381.2         1,853.1           308.7            16.7             2.0
Transportation & utilities......         8,507.1         1,033.5           118.9            11.5             1.4
Information.....................         2,559.2           962.4           118.6            12.3             4.6
Financial activities............         9,851.4         4,250.7           480.7            11.3             4.9
Professional & business services        16,784.2         6,754.2           687.4            10.2             4.1
Education.......................        14,017.6         1,121.0           201.8            18.0             1.4
Healthcare & social services....        20,534.6         3,599.7           626.9            17.4             3.1
Leisure & hospitality...........        11,597.6           869.1           183.5            21.1             1.6
Other services..................         5,314.5           736.5           139.2            18.9             2.6
Public administration...........         5,628.3         1,012.9           182.4            18.0             3.2
----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Note: Pooled CPS data for 2020-2022 adjusted to reflect 2022.
\a\ EAP exempt workers who are white-collar, salaried, not eligible for another (non-EAP) overtime exemption,
  and not in a named occupation.
\b\ Currently EAP exempt workers who will be entitled to overtime protection under the updated earnings levels
  or whose weekly earnings will increase to the new earnings levels to remain exempt.

    Both transfers and costs would be the largest in the professional 
and business services industry because this industry is large and 
heavily composed of salaried white-collar workers (Table 26). Combined, 
in Year 1, these total $471.7 million and represent 19.4 percent of 
nationwide transfers and costs. Transfers and costs are also large in 
the healthcare and social services industry, at least partially due to 
the large size of this industry. However, transfers per affected worker 
would be relatively low in this industry, $251 in the first year 
compared with $338 nationally. A third industry with relatively large 
total transfers and costs is the financial activities industry.

[[Page 62216]]



                            Table 26--Annual Transfers and Costs by Industry, Year 1
----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
                                                                                                    Percent of
                                                   Transfer per                    Transfers and       total
            Industry                 Transfers       affected      Direct costs        costs       transfers and
                                    (millions)        worker      (millions) \a\    (millions)       costs by
                                                                                                   industry (%)
----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
All.............................        $1,234.2            $338        $1,202.1        $2,436.3           100.0
Agriculture, forestry, fishing,              4.2             341             3.2             7.4             0.3
 & hunting......................
Mining..........................             2.9             234             2.6             5.6             0.2
Construction....................            49.1             318            74.0           123.2             5.1
Manufacturing...................           114.0             360            91.9           205.9             8.5
Wholesale trade.................            42.9             413            46.3            89.2             3.7
Retail trade....................           148.8             482           138.7           287.6            11.8
Transportation & utilities......            46.3             389            37.0            83.3             3.4
Information.....................            34.5             290            32.3            66.7             2.7
Financial activities............           144.3             300           143.2           287.5            11.8
Professional & business services           250.7             365           221.0           471.7            19.4
Education.......................            54.3             269            42.2            96.5             4.0
Healthcare & social services....           157.5             251           164.0           321.5            13.2
Leisure & hospitality...........            86.8             473            99.2           186.1             7.6
Other services..................            35.6             256            69.5           105.1             4.3
Public administration...........            62.2             341            37.0            99.2             4.1
----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Sources: Pooled CPS data for 2020-2022 adjusted to reflect 2022.
\a\ Regulatory familiarization costs exclude 13,981 establishments whose industry is ``not classified.''

    To measure the impact on businesses, a comparison of transfers and 
costs to payroll, revenue, or profit is more helpful than looking at 
the absolute size of transfers and costs per industry. As a percent of 
payroll, transfers and costs would be highest in agriculture, forestry, 
fishing, and hunting; education; and retail trade (Table 27). However, 
the magnitude of the relative shares would be small, representing less 
than 0.1 percent of payroll costs in all industries. The Department's 
estimates of transfers and costs as a percent of revenue by industry 
also indicated a very small effect of less than 0.02 percent of 
revenues in any industry. The industries with the largest transfers and 
costs as a percent of revenue would be education; agriculture, 
forestry, fishing, and hunting; and professional and business services. 
Table 27 illustrates that the differences in costs and transfers 
relative to revenues would be quite small across industry groupings.
    The overall magnitude of costs and transfers as a percentage of 
profits represents less than 1.0 percent of overall profits in each 
industry.411 412 By industry, the value of total costs and 
transfers as a percent of profits ranges from a low of .02 percent 
(wholesale trade) to a high of 0.71 percent (agriculture, forestry, 
fishing, and hunting). Benchmarking against profits is potentially 
helpful in the sense that it provides a measure of the proposed rule's 
effect against returns to investment. However, this metric must be 
interpreted carefully as it does not account for differences across 
industries in risk-adjusted rates of return which are not readily 
available for this analysis. The ratio of costs and transfers to 
profits also does not reflect differences in the firm-level adjustment 
to profit impacts reflecting cross-industry variation in market 
structure.\413\
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

    \411\ Internal Revenue Service. (2023). SOI Tax Stats--
Corporation Income Tax Returns Complete Report (Publication 16). 
Available at: https://www.irs.gov/statistics/soi-tax-stats-corporation-income-tax-returns-complete-report-publication-16.
    \412\ Table 1 of the IRS report provides total receipts, net 
income, and deficits by industry. For each industry, the Department 
calculated the profit-to-revenue ratio as net income (column (7)) 
less any deficit (column (8)) divided by total receipts (column 
(3)). Profits were then calculated as revenues multiplied by profit-
to-revenue ratios. Profits could not be used directly because they 
are limited to only active corporations.
    \413\ In particular, a basic model of competitive product 
markets would predict that highly competitive industries with lower 
rates of return would adjust to increases in the marginal cost of 
labor arising from the rule through an overall, industry-level 
increase in prices and a reduction in quantity demanded based on the 
relative elasticities of supply and demand. Alternatively, more 
concentrated markets with higher rates of return would be more 
likely to adjust through some combination of price increases and 
profit reductions based on elasticities as well as interfirm pricing 
responses.

             Table 27--Annual Transfers, Total Costs, and Transfers and Costs as Percent of Payroll, Revenue, and Profit by Industry, Year 1
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
                                                             Costs and                                          Costs and transfers as percent of:
                        Industry                           transfers per      Payroll         Revenue    -----------------------------------------------
                                                              entity      (billions) \a\  (billions) \a\    Payroll \a\     Revenue \a\     Profit \a\
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
All.....................................................          $301.7        $9,140.5       $48,894.1           0.027           0.005           0.052
Agriculture, forestry, fishing, & hunting...............           323.5             8.3            41.0           0.089           0.018           0.709
Mining..................................................           233.0            59.7           476.5           0.009           0.001             \b\
Construction............................................           163.5           471.2         2,346.7           0.026           0.005           0.090
Manufacturing...........................................           726.1           805.8         6,522.0           0.026           0.003           0.030
Wholesale trade.........................................           228.1           512.7        10,287.6           0.017           0.001           0.020
Retail trade............................................           277.4           524.6         5,773.6           0.055           0.005           0.154
Transportation & utilities..............................           300.4           369.0         1,719.9           0.023           0.005           0.257
Information.............................................           414.6           421.2         1,860.4           0.016           0.004           0.022

[[Page 62217]]

 
Financial activities....................................           314.4           896.4         5,881.0           0.032           0.005           0.023
Professional & business services........................           330.6         1,888.7         3,451.6           0.025           0.014           0.122
Education...............................................           876.2           168.8           484.3           0.057           0.020           0.310
Healthcare & social services............................           346.4         1,175.4         2,986.5           0.027           0.011           0.144
Leisure & hospitality...................................           210.1           423.4         1,429.5           0.044           0.013           0.158
Other services..........................................           136.3           213.5           850.6           0.049           0.012           0.183
Public administration...................................         1,100.1         1,201.8         4,782.8           0.008           0.002             \c\
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Sources: Pooled CPS data for 2020-2022 adjusted to reflect 2022. Private sector payroll and revenue data from 2017 SUSB. State and local payroll and
  revenue data from State and Local Government Finances 2020 are used for the Public Administration industry. Profit-to-revenue data from the Internal
  Revenue Service 2019. Inflated to $2022 using GDP deflator.
\a\ Payroll and revenue data exclude the Federal Government. Profit-to-revenue data limited to active corporations. Regulatory familiarization costs,
  payrolls, and revenues exclude 13,981 establishments whose industry is ``not classified.'' Because transfer payments include all workers, the
  estimates of costs and transfers as a share of payroll or revenue are slightly overestimated.
\b\ Profits were negative in this industry in this year.
\c\ Profit is not applicable for public administration.

8. Regulatory Alternatives
    The Department considered a range of alternatives before selecting 
its methods for updating the standard salary level and the HCE 
compensation level (see section IV.A.5). As seen in Table 28, the 
Department has calculated the salary/compensation levels, the number of 
affected workers, and the associated costs and transfers for these 
alternative levels.
    The Department proposes to update the standard salary level using 
earnings for the 35th percentile of full-time salaried workers in the 
South Census region, $1,059 per week. The alternative methods 
considered for setting the standard salary level are:
     Alternative 1: 2004/2019 method--$822 per week--20th 
percentile of earnings of nonhourly full-time workers in the South 
Census region and in the retail industry nationally.
     Alternative 2: Kantor long test method--$925 per week--
10th percentile of earnings of likely exempt workers.
     Alternative 3: 2016 method--$1,145 per week--40th 
percentile of earnings of nonhourly full-time workers in the South 
Census region
     Alternative 4: Kantor short test method--$1,378 per week--
Kantor long test level multiplied by 149 percent (the historical 
average relationship between the long and short test levels).
    The Department considered using the 2004 methodology (the 20th 
percentile of full-time salaried white-collar workers in the lowest-
wage Census region (currently the South) and in retail nationally), 
which is currently $822 per week ($42,744 per year). This is also the 
methodology that the Department used in the 2019 rule.\414\ However, 
the salary level produced by the 2004 methodology is below the current 
equivalent long test salary level ($925 per week), which the Department 
considers to be the lower boundary for an appropriate salary level.
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

    \414\ 84 FR 51260.
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

    The Department also considered setting the standard salary level at 
the long test level ($925 per week or $48,100 per year). Doing so would 
ensure the initial screening function of the salary level by restoring 
overtime protections to those employees who were consistently excluded 
from the EAP exemption under each iteration of the regulations prior to 
2019, either by the long test salary level itself, or under the 2004 
rule salary level, which was set equivalent to the long test salary 
level.\415\ However, as explained above, setting the standard salary 
level at the long test level would perpetuate the problems that have 
become evident under the 2004 and 2019 rules.
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

    \415\ See section IV.A.1.
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

    The Department also considered setting the standard salary level at 
the 40th earnings percentile of salaried white-collar workers in the 
lowest-wage Census Region (currently the South) ($1,145 per week or 
$59,540 per year). This salary level is roughly the midpoint between 
the long and short test salary level alternatives ($925 per week and 
$1,378 per week, respectively). However, the Department is concerned 
that this approach could be seen by courts as making salary level 
determinative of exemption status for too large a portion of employees, 
as this salary level would make the salary paid by the employer 
determinative of exemption status for roughly half (47%) of white-
collar employees who earn between the long and short test salary 
levels. The Department is also concerned that this approach would 
generate the same concerns that led to the district court decision 
invalidating the 2016 rule (which adopted the same methodology).
    Finally, the Department considered setting the standard salary 
level at the current equivalent of the short test salary level ($1,378 
per week or $71,656 per year).\416\ This would ensure that all 
employees who earn between the long and short test salary levels and 
perform substantial amounts of nonexempt work would be entitled to 
overtime compensation. However, by making exemption status for all 
employees who earn between the long and short test levels depend on the 
salary paid by the employer, this approach would prevent employers from 
being able to use the EAP exemption for employees earning between these 
salary levels who do not perform substantial amounts of nonexempt work 
and thus were historically exempt under the long test.
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

    \416\ See id.
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

    As described above, the Department proposes to update the HCE 
compensation level using earnings for the 85th percentile of all full-
time salaried workers nationally, $143,988 per year. The Department 
also evaluated the following alternative methods to set the HCE 
compensation levels:
     HCE alternative 1: 2019 method \417\--$125,268 annually--
80th percentile of earnings of nonhourly full-time workers nationally.
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

    \417\ See 81 FR 32429.
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

     HCE alternative 2: 2016 method \418\--$172,796 annually--
90th percentile of earnings of nonhourly full-time workers nationally.
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

    \418\ See 84 FR 51250.
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

    The Department believes that HCE alternative 1 would not produce a

[[Page 62218]]

threshold high enough to reserve the HCE test for employees at the top 
of today's economic ladder and ensure that the HCE threshold continues 
to appropriately complement the minimal HCE duties test. The Department 
also considered setting the HCE threshold at the 90th percentile; 
however, the Department is concerned that the resulting level 
($172,796) would restrict the use of the HCE exemption for employers in 
low-wage regions and industries. The Department believes its proposal 
to adjust the HCE total annual compensation threshold to reflect the 
85th percentile of earnings of nonhourly full-time workers nationally 
strikes the appropriate balance and ensures that the HCE test continues 
to serve its intended function as a streamlined alternative for 
employees who are highly likely to pass the standard duties test.

Table 28--Updated Standard Salary and HCE Compensation Levels and Alternatives, Affected EAP Workers, Costs, and
                                                Transfers, Year 1
----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
                                                                                     Year 1 effects (millions)
                                                                   Affected EAP  -------------------------------
                   Alternative                     Salary level       workers         Adj. &
                                                                     (1,000s)       managerial       Transfers
                                                                                       costs
----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
                                         Standard Salary Level (Weekly)
----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Alt. #1: 2004/2019 method \a\...................            $822             825          $159.0          $170.8
Alt #2: Kantor long test \b\....................             925           1,773           367.4           456.8
Proposed rule: 35th percentile South \c\........           1,059           3,399           709.8           980.7
Alt. #3: 2016 method--40th percentile South \c\.           1,145           4,312           955.2         1,415.9
Alt. #4: Kantor short test \d\..................           1,378           7,640         1,728.3         3,136.6
----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
                                        HCE Compensation Level (Annually)
----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
HCE alt. #1: 2019 method--80th percentile \e\...         125,268             166            43.1           151.6
Proposed rule: 85th percentile \e\..............         143,988             249            65.9           253.5
HCE alt. #2: 2016 method--90th percentile \e\...         172,796             295            84.0           330.0
----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Note: Regulatory familiarization costs are excluded because they do not vary based on the selected values of the
  salary levels. Additionally, they cannot be disaggregated by exemption type (i.e., standard versus HCE). The
  Department requests comment on how to refine familiarization cost estimates in a manner that distinguishes
  among regulatory alternatives.
\a\ 20th percentile earnings of nonhourly full-time workers in the South Census region and retail industry
  (excludes workers not subject to the FLSA, not subject to the salary level test, and in agriculture or
  transportation). Pooled CPS data for 2020-2022 adjusted to reflect 2022.
\b\ 10th percentile earnings of likely exempt workers. Pooled CPS data for 2020-2022 adjusted to reflect 2022.
\c\ Designated percentile of earnings of nonhourly full-time workers in the South Census region (excludes
  workers not subject to the FLSA, not subject to the salary level test, and in agriculture or transportation).
  CPS 2022 data.
\d\ Kantor short test is set as the long test level multiplied by 149 percent. This is the historical average
  relationship between the two levels.
\e\ Designated percentile of earnings of nonhourly full-time workers nationally (excludes workers not subject to
  the FLSA, not subject to the salary level test, and in agriculture or transportation). CPS 2022 data.

9. Automatic Updates
    Between updates to the standard salary and HCE compensation levels, 
nominal wages typically increase, resulting in an increase in the 
number of workers qualifying for the EAP exemption, even if there has 
been no change in their duties or real earnings. Thus, workers whom 
Congress intended to be covered by the minimum wage and overtime pay 
provisions of the FLSA may lose those protections. Automatically 
updating the salary and compensation levels allows these thresholds to 
keep pace with changes in earnings and continue to serve as an 
effective dividing line between potentially exempt and nonexempt 
workers. Furthermore, automatically updating the salary and 
compensation levels will provide employers more certainty in knowing 
that these levels will change by smaller amounts on a regular basis, 
rather than the more disruptive increases caused by much larger changes 
after longer, uncertain increments of time. This would allow firms to 
better predict short- and long-term costs and employment needs.
    The Department is including in this proposed rule a mechanism for 
automatically updating the salary and compensation levels every 3 years 
to reflect current earnings. For purposes of this analysis, the 
Department assumes that the standard salary would be updated using the 
same methodology that the Department proposes to use to set the 
standard salary level: the 35th percentile of weekly earnings of full-
time salaried workers in the lowest-wage Census Region (currently the 
South). Likewise, the Department assumes that the HCE annual 
compensation level would be updated using the same methodology the 
Department proposes to use to set this earnings threshold: the 85th 
percentile of weekly earnings of full-time salaried workers nationally.
    As previously discussed, future automatic updates will set the 
earnings thresholds using the most recent 12 months of CPS data 
preceding the Department's notice to automatically update the 
thresholds. To estimate future thresholds in years when the salary and 
compensation levels will be updated, the Department used the historic 
geometric growth rate between 2011 and 2021 in (1) the 35th earnings 
percentile of full-time salaried workers in the South for the standard 
salary level and (2) the 85th earnings percentile of full-time salaried 
workers nationally for the HCE compensation level. For example, between 
2011 and 2021, the annual growth rate in the 35th percentile of full-
time salaried workers in the South has increased by 2.72 percent. To 
estimate the first automatic update salary level of $1,148, the 
Department multiplied $1,059 by 1.0272 to the power of three. Figure 5 
shows the projected automatic update levels for the first 10 years. 
Note that these projections are illustrative estimates based on past 
wage growth; the actual level at the time of the update will depend on 
the wage growth that occurs between now and the update date. Figure 6 
shows the standard salary levels in both nominal and 2022 dollars.
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10. Projections
    The Department estimated that in Year 1, 3.6 million EAP workers 
would be affected, with about 248,900 of these attributable to the 
revised HCE compensation level (Table 29). In Year 10, the number of 
affected EAP workers was estimated to equal 5.1 million with 768,700 
attributable to the updated HCE compensation level. Average annualized 
costs are $664 million and transfers are $1.3 billion using a 7 percent 
real discount rate. These projections involved several steps.
    1. Use past growth in the earnings distribution to estimate future 
salary and compensation levels (see section VII.C.9).
    2. Predict workers' earnings, absent a change in the salary levels.
    3. Compare workers' predicted earnings to the predicted salary and 
compensation levels to estimate affected workers.
    4. Project future employment levels.
    5. Estimate employer adjustments to hours and pay.
    6. Calculate costs and transfers.

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                                                      Table 29--Projected Costs and Transfers, Standard Salary and HCE Compensation Levels
------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
                                                                                                      Costs (millions $2022)                                Transfers (millions $2022)
                                                                  Affected EAP  ----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
                              Year                                   workers        Regulatory
                                                                   (millions)    familiarization  Adjustment \a\    Managerial         Total         Due to MW       Due to OT         Total
                                                                                       \a\
------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Year 1.........................................................             3.6           $427.2          $240.8          $534.9        $1,202.8           $48.6        $1,185.6        $1,234.2
Year 2.........................................................             3.3              0.0             8.1           500.2           508.3            27.1           921.8           949.0
Year 3.........................................................             3.2              0.0             7.7           470.5           478.2            23.6           891.5           915.1
Year 4.........................................................             4.0             69.1            11.1           561.5           641.6            20.5         1,382.0         1,402.5
Year 5.........................................................             3.8              0.0             8.2           534.0           542.2            23.2         1,212.2         1,235.4
Year 6.........................................................             3.6              0.0             7.2           524.6           531.8            23.0         1,107.3         1,130.3
Year 7.........................................................             4.5             67.1            12.2           620.1           699.3            23.6         1,661.2         1,684.8
Year 8.........................................................             4.3              0.0             7.1           583.1           590.2            19.8         1,467.4         1,487.2
Year 9.........................................................             4.1              0.0             7.9           566.5           574.4            20.1         1,332.6         1,352.8
Year 10........................................................             5.1             65.1            15.0           667.9           748.0            17.2         1,963.9         1,981.2
Annualized (3% real discount rate).............................  ..............             67.9            35.7           552.8           656.4            25.2         1,292.9         1,318.1
Annualized (7% real discount rate).............................  ..............             75.0            40.0           548.5           663.6            25.9         1,268.5         1,294.3
------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
\a\ Regulatory familiarization costs occur in years when the salary and compensation levels are updated. Adjustment costs occur in all years when there are newly affected workers.

    The Department calculated workers' earnings in future years by 
applying the historical wage growth rate in the workers' industry-
occupation to current earnings. The wage growth rate was calculated as 
the geometric growth rate in median wages using CPS MORG data for 
occupation-industry categories from 2010-2022.\419\ The geometric 
growth rate is the constant annual growth rate that when compounded 
(applied to the first year's wage, then to the resulting second year's 
wage, etc.) yields the last historical year's wage. This rate only 
depends on the wage values in the first and last year.\420\
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

    \419\ To maximize the number of observations used in calculating 
the median wage for each occupation-industry category, 3 years of 
data were pooled for each of the endpoint years. Specifically, data 
from 2010, 2011, and 2012 (converted to 2011 dollars) were used to 
calculate the 2011 median wage and data from 2020, 2021, and 2022 
(converted to 2021 dollars) were used to calculate the 2021 median 
wage.
    \420\ The geometric growth rate may be a flawed measure if 
either or both of the endpoint years were atypical; however, in this 
instance these values seem typical. An alternative method would be 
to use the time series of median wage data to estimate the linear 
trend in the values and continue this to project future median 
wages. This method may be preferred if either or both of the 
endpoint years are outliers, since the trend will be less influenced 
by them. However, the linear trend may be flawed if there are 
outliers in the interim years. The Department chose to use the 
geometric mean because individual year fluctuations are difficult to 
predict and applying the geometric growth rate to each year provides 
a better estimate of the long-term growth in wages.
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

    The geometric wage growth rates per industry-occupation combination 
were also calculated from the BLS' Occupational Employment and Wage 
Statistics (OEWS) survey. In occupation-industry categories where the 
CPS MORG data had an insufficient number of observations to reliably 
calculate median wages, the Department used the growth rate in median 
wages calculated from the OEWS data.\421\ Any remaining occupation-
industry combinations without sufficient data in either data source 
were assigned the median of the growth rates in median wages from the 
CPS MORG data.
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

    \421\ To lessen small sample bias in the estimation of the 
median growth rate, this rate was only calculated using CPS MORG 
data when these data contained at least 10 observations in each time 
period.
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

    The Department compared workers' counter-factual earnings (i.e., 
absent the rulemaking) to the predicted salary levels. If the counter-
factual earnings are below the relevant salary level (i.e., standard or 
HCE) then the worker is considered affected. In other words, in each 
year affected EAP workers were identified as those who would be exempt 
absent the rule change (e.g., would earn at least $684 if exempt under 
standard salary level) but have projected earnings in the future year 
that are less than the relevant salary level. The projected number of 
affected workers also includes workers who were not EAP exempt in the 
base year but would have become exempt in the absence of this proposed 
rule in Years 2 through 10. For example, a worker who passes the 
standard duties test may earn less than $684 in Year 1 but between $684 
and the new salary level in subsequent years; such a worker will be 
counted as an affected worker in those subsequent years. Additionally, 
the number of affected workers is not limited to newly affected 
workers. Workers who are affected in a given year may remain affected 
in subsequent years (e.g., because they earn between $684 and $1,059 in 
years 1, 2, and 3), and continue to be counted as affected.
    The projected number of affected workers also accounts for 
anticipated employment growth. Employment growth was estimated as the 
geometric annual growth rate based on the 10-year employment projection 
from BLS' National Employment Matrix (NEM) for 2021 to 2031 within an 
occupation-industry category.422 423 The Department applied 
these growth rates to the sample weights of the workers to estimate 
increased employment levels over time. This is because the Department 
cannot introduce new observations to the CPS MORG data to represent the 
newly employed.
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

    \422\ Bureau of Labor Statistics, Employment Projections 
Program. 2021-31 National Employment Matrix. https://www.bls.gov/emp/ind-occ-matrix/matrix.xlsx.
    \423\ An alternative method is to spread the total change in the 
level of employment over the ten years evenly (constant change in 
the number employed). The Department believes that on average 
employment is more likely to grow at a constant percentage rate 
rather than by a constant level (a decreasing percentage rate).
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

    For workers newly affected in Year 2 through Year 10, employers' 
wage and hour adjustments due to the rulemaking are generally estimated 
as described in section VII.C.4. The only difference is the hours 
adjustment now uses a long-run elasticity of labor demand of -0.4.\424\ 
Employer adjustments are made in the first year the worker is affected 
and then applied to all future years in which the worker continues to 
be affected (unless the worker switches to a Type 4 worker). Workers' 
earnings in predicted years are earnings post employer adjustments, 
with overtime pay, and with ongoing wage growth based on historical 
growth rates (as described above).
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

    \424\ Based on the Department's analysis of the following paper:
    Lichter, A., Peichl, A. & Siegloch, A. (2014). The Own-Wage 
Elasticity of Labor Demand: A Meta-Regression Analysis. IZA DP No. 
7958.
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

    The Department quantified three types of direct employer costs in 
the 10-

[[Page 62223]]

year projections: (1) regulatory familiarization costs; (2) adjustment 
costs; and (3) managerial costs. Section VII.C.3. provides details on 
the methodology for estimating these costs. This section only discusses 
the aspects specific to projections. Projected costs and transfers were 
deflated to 2022 dollars using the Congressional Budget Office's 
projections for the CPI-U.\425\
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

    \425\ Congressional Budget Office. 2023. The Budget and Economic 
Outlook: 2023 To 2033. See https://www.cbo.gov/system/files/2023-02/58848-Outlook.pdf.
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

    Regulatory familiarization costs occur in years when the salary and 
compensation levels are updated. Thus, in addition to Year 1, some 
regulatory familiarization costs are expected to occur in Year 4, Year 
7, and Year 10. The Department assumed 10 minutes per establishment for 
time to access and read the published notice in the Federal Register 
with the updated standard salary level and HCE compensation level. This 
time estimate is low because the majority of establishments will not 
have newly affected workers. The time estimate has been increased from 
5 minutes in the 2016 rulemaking. In each of these 3 years regulatory 
familiarization costs are between $65 and $70 million. Although start-
up firms must become familiar with the FLSA, the difference between the 
time necessary for familiarization with the current part 541 exemptions 
and those exemptions as modified by this rulemaking is essentially 
zero. Therefore, projected regulatory familiarization costs for new 
entrants over the next 9 years are zero (although these new entrants 
will incur regulatory familiarization costs in years when the salary 
and compensation levels are updated).
    Adjustment costs are a function of the number of newly affected EAP 
workers and would occur in any year in which workers are newly 
affected. Adjustment costs would be largest in Year 1, of moderate size 
in automatic update years, and smaller in other years. Management costs 
would recur each year for all affected EAP workers whose hours are 
adjusted. Therefore, managerial costs increase in automatic update 
years and then modestly decrease between updates since earnings growth 
will cause some workers to no longer be affected in those years.
    The Department projected transfers from employers to employees due 
to the minimum wage provision and the overtime pay provision. Transfers 
to workers from employers due to the minimum wage provision would 
decline from $48.6 million in Year 1 to $17.2 million in Year 10 as 
increased earnings over time move workers' regular rates of pay above 
the minimum wage.\426\ Transfers due to overtime pay should grow 
slightly over time because the number of affected workers would 
increase, although transfers fall in years between automatic updates. 
Transfers to workers from employers due to the overtime pay provision 
would increase from $1.2 billion in Year 1 to $2.0 billion in Year 10.
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

    \426\ State minimum wages above the Federal level as of January 
1, 2022 were incorporated and used for projected years. Increases in 
minimum wages were not projected. If state or Federal minimum wages 
increase over the next 10 years, then estimated projected minimum 
wage transfers would be underestimated.
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

    The Department compared projected impacts with and without 
automatic updating (Table 30). Projections without automatic updating 
are shown so impacts of the initial increase and subsequent increases 
can be disaggregated. With triennial automatic updating, the number of 
affected EAP workers would increase from 3.6 million to 5.1 million 
over 10 years. Conversely, in the absence of automatic updating, the 
number of affected EAP workers is projected to decline from 3.6 million 
in Year 1 to 2.3 million in Year 10. As shown in Figure 9, the number 
of affected workers decreases from year to year between automatic 
updates as the real value of the salary and compensation levels 
decrease, and then increases in update years.
    Regarding costs, regulatory familiarization costs are lower without 
automatic updating because, in the absence of automatic updating, 
employers would not need to familiarize themselves with updated salary 
and compensation levels every 3 years. Adjustment costs and managerial 
costs are a function of the number of affected EAP workers and so will 
be higher with automatic updating. Average annualized direct costs 
would be $663.6 million with automatic updating and $520.4 million 
without automatic updating. Transfers are also a function of the number 
of affected workers and hence are lower without automatic updating. 
Average annualized transfers would be $1.3 billion with automatic 
updating and $868.2 million without automatic updating. Table 30 shows 
aggregated costs and transfers over the 10-year horizon.
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BILLING CODE 4510-27-C

                                Table 30--Comparison of Projected Costs and Transfers With and Without Automatic Updating
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
                                                               Affected EAP workers           Costs (millions $2022)        Transfers (millions $2022)
                                                                    (millions)           ---------------------------------------------------------------
                          Year                           --------------------------------
                                                                              Without      With updates       Without      With updates       Without
                                                           With  updates      updates                         updates                         updates
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Year 1..................................................             3.6             3.6        $1,202.8        $1,202.8        $1,234.2        $1,234.2
Year 2..................................................             3.3             3.3           508.3           508.3           949.0           949.0
Year 3..................................................             3.2             3.2           478.2           478.2           915.1           915.1
Year 4..................................................             4.0             3.0           641.6           442.4         1,402.5           860.7
Year 5..................................................             3.8             2.8           542.2           421.7         1,235.4           823.4
Year 6..................................................             3.6             2.7           531.8           400.5         1,130.3           800.9
Year 7..................................................             4.5             2.5           699.3           374.3         1,684.8           769.9
Year 8..................................................             4.3             2.4           590.2           357.6         1,487.2           711.3
Year 9..................................................             4.1             2.4           574.4           343.4         1,352.8           677.9
Year 10.................................................             5.1             2.3           748.0           322.5         1,981.2           646.8
Annualized (3% real discount rate)......................  ..............  ..............           656.4           500.2         1,318.1           851.6
Annualized (7% real discount rate)......................  ..............  ..............           663.6           520.4         1,294.3           868.2
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------

VIII. Initial Regulatory Flexibility Analysis (IRFA)

    The Regulatory Flexibility Act of 1980 (RFA) as amended by the 
Small Business Regulatory Enforcement Fairness Act of 1996 (SBREFA), 
hereafter jointly referred to as the RFA, requires that an agency 
prepare an initial regulatory flexibility analysis (IRFA) when 
proposing, and a final regulatory flexibility analysis (FRFA) when 
issuing, regulations that will have a significant economic impact on a 
substantial number of small entities. The Department has determined 
that this rulemaking is economically significant. This section (1) 
provides an overview of the objectives of this proposed rule; (2) 
estimates the number of affected small entities and employees; (3) 
discusses reporting, recordkeeping, and other compliance requirements; 
(4) presents the steps the Department took to minimize the significant 
economic impact on small entities; and (5) declares that it is unaware 
of any relevant Federal rules that may duplicate, overlap, or conflict 
with this proposed rule.

A. Objectives of, and Need for, the Proposed Rule

    The FLSA requires covered employers to: (1) pay employees who are 
covered and not exempt from the Act's requirements not less than the 
Federal

[[Page 62225]]

minimum wage for all hours worked and overtime premium pay at a rate of 
not less than one and one-half times the employee's regular rate of pay 
for all hours worked over 40 in a workweek, and (2) make, keep, and 
preserve records of the persons employed by the employer and of the 
wages, hours, and other conditions and practices of employment. The 
FLSA provides exemptions from the Act's minimum wage and overtime pay 
provisions, including one for bona fide executive, administrative, and 
professional employees, as those terms are ``defined and delimited'' by 
the Department.\427\ The Department's regulations implementing this 
white-collar exemption are codified at 29 CFR part 541.
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

    \427\ 29 U.S.C. 213(a)(1).
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

    To qualify for the EAP exemption under the Department's 
regulations, the employee generally must meet three criteria: (1) the 
employee must be paid a predetermined and fixed salary that is not 
subject to reduction because of variations in the quality or quantity 
of work performed (the salary basis test); (2) the amount of salary 
paid must meet a minimum specified amount (the salary level test); and 
(3) the employee's job duties must primarily involve executive, 
administrative, or professional duties as defined by the regulations 
(the duties test). In 2004, the Department revised its regulations to 
include a highly compensated employee test with a higher salary 
threshold and a minimal duties test.\428\ The Department has 
periodically updated the regulations governing the white-collar 
exemptions since the FLSA's enactment in 1938. Most recently, the 2019 
rule updated the standard salary level test to $684 per week and the 
HCE compensation level to $107,432 annually.
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

    \428\ Sec.  541.601.
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

    The goal of this rulemaking is not only to update the single 
standard salary level to account for earnings growth since the 2019 
rule, but also to build on lessons learned in the Department's most 
recent rulemakings to more effectively define and delimit employees 
working in a bona fide EAP capacity. As explained in greater detail in 
sections III and IV.A., above, setting the standard salary level at or 
below the long test salary level, as the 2004 and 2019 rules did, 
results in the exemption of lower-salaried employees who traditionally 
were entitled to overtime protection under the long test either because 
of their low salary or because they perform large amounts of nonexempt 
work, in effect significantly broadening the exemption compared to the 
two-test system. Setting the salary level at the lower end of the 
historic range of short test salary levels, as the 2016 rule did, would 
have restored overtime protections to those employees who perform 
substantial amounts of nonexempt work and earned between the long test 
salary level and the low end of the short test salary range. However, 
it would also have resulted in denying employers the use of the 
exemption for lower-salaried employees who traditionally were not 
entitled to overtime compensation under the long test, which raised 
concerns that the Department was in effect narrowing the exemption. By 
setting a salary level above what would currently be the equivalent of 
the long test salary level, the proposal would restore the right to 
overtime pay for salaried white-collar employees who prior to the 2019 
rule were always considered nonexempt if they earned below the long 
test (or long test-equivalent) salary level and ensure that fewer lower 
paid white-collar employees who perform significant amounts of 
nonexempt work are included in the exemption. At the same time, by 
setting it below what would currently be the equivalent of the short 
test salary level, the proposal would allow employers to continue to 
use the exemption for many lower paid white-collar employees who were 
made exempt under the 2004 standard duties test. As such, the proposed 
salary level would also more reasonably distribute between employees 
and their employers what the Department now understands to be the 
impact of the shift from a two-test to a one-test system on employees 
earning between the long and short test salary levels.
    As the Department has previously noted, the amount paid to an 
employee is ``a valuable and easily applied index to the `bona fide' 
character of the employment for which the exemption is claimed,'' as 
well as the ``principal[ ]'' ``delimiting requirement'' ``prevent[ing] 
abuse'' of the exemption.\429\ Additionally, the salary level test 
facilitates application of the exemption by saving employees and 
employers from having to apply the more time-consuming duties analysis 
to a large group of employees who will not pass it. For these reasons, 
the salary level test has been a key part of how the Department defines 
and delimits the EAP exemption since the beginning of its rulemaking on 
the EAP exemption.\430\ At the same time, the salary test's role in 
defining and delimiting the scope of the EAP exemption must allow for 
appropriate examination of employee duties.\431\ Under the Department's 
proposal, duties would continue to determine the exemption status for 
most salaried white-collar employees, addressing the legal concerns 
that have been raised about excluding from the EAP exemption too many 
white-collar employees solely based on their salary level.
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

    \429\ Stein Report at 19, 24; see also 81 FR 32422.
    \430\ See 84 FR 51237.
    \431\ See id. at 51238.
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

    The Department also proposes to update the HCE total annual 
compensation requirement to the annualized weekly earnings for the 85th 
percentile of full-time salaried workers nationally ($143,988 in 2022). 
Though not as high a percentile as the HCE threshold initially adopted 
in 2004, which covered 93.7 percent of all full-time salaried 
workers,\432\ the Department's proposed increase to the HCE threshold 
would ensure it continues to serve its intended function, because the 
HCE total annual compensation level would be high enough to exclude all 
but those employees at the very top of the economic ladder.
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

    \432\ See 69 FR 22169 (Table 3).
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

    The Department is also proposing to apply the standard salary level 
to all territories that are subject to the Federal minimum wage, and to 
update the special salary levels for American Samoa and the motion 
picture industry in relation to the new standard salary level. Having 
not increased these levels since 2004, there is a need to increase the 
salary levels in U.S. territories, particularly for employees in those 
territories that are subject to the Federal minimum wage.
    In its three most recent part 541 rulemakings, the Department has 
expressed its commitment to keeping the earnings thresholds up to date 
to ensure that they remain effective in helping differentiate between 
exempt and nonexempt employees. Long intervals between rulemakings have 
resulted in eroded earnings thresholds based on outdated earnings data 
that were ill-equipped to help identify bona fide EAP employees. This 
rulemaking is motivated in part by the need to keep the part 541 
earnings thresholds up to date. Based on its long experience with 
updating the salary levels, the Department has determined that adopting 
a regulatory provision for automatically updating the salary levels, 
with an exception for pausing future updates under certain conditions, 
is the most viable and efficient way to ensure the EAP exemption 
earnings thresholds keep pace with changes in employee

[[Page 62226]]

pay and thus remain effective in helping determine exemption status. 
Accordingly, the Department is including in this proposed rule a 
mechanism for automatically updating the salary and compensation levels 
every 3 years to reflect current earnings. As explained in greater 
detail in section IV.D., employees and employers alike would benefit 
from the certainty and stability of regularly scheduled updates using a 
set methodology.

B. Number of Affected Small Entities

1. Definition of Small Entity
    The RFA defines a ``small entity'' as (1) a small not-for-profit 
organization, (2) a small governmental jurisdiction, or (3) a small 
business. The Department used the entity size standards defined by SBA 
and in effect as of 2019, to classify entities as small or large.\433\ 
The most recent size standards were released in 2022 and use the 2022 
NAICS. However, because the data used by the Department to estimate the 
number of small entities uses the 2017 NAICS, the Department used the 
2019 standards instead of the 2022 standards.\434\
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

    \433\ See https://www.sba.gov/sites/default/files/2019-08/SBA%20Table%20of%20Size%20Standards_Effective%20Aug%2019%2C%202019_Rev.pdf.
    \434\ The SBA size standard changes in 2022 primarily adjusted 
the standards to the 2022 NAICS, these changes were not substantive. 
https://www.govinfo.gov/content/pkg/FR-2022-09-29/pdf/2022-20513.pdf.
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

    SBA establishes standards for 6-digit NAICS industry codes, and 
standard size cutoffs are typically based on either the average number 
of employees, or average annual receipts. However, some exceptions 
exist, the most notable being that depository institutions (including 
credit unions, commercial banks, and non-commercial banks) are 
classified by total assets and small governmental jurisdictions are 
defined as areas with populations of less than 50,000.\435\
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

    \435\ See http://www.sba.gov/advocacy/regulatory-flexibility-act 
for details.
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

2. Number of Small Entities and Employees
    The primary data source used to estimate the number of small 
entities and employment in these entities is the Statistics of U.S. 
Businesses (SUSB). Alternative sources were used for industries with 
asset thresholds (credit unions,\436\ commercial banks and savings 
institutions,\437\ agriculture \438\), and public administration.\439\ 
The Department used 2017 data, when possible, to align with the use of 
2017 SUSB data. Private households are excluded from the analysis due 
to lack of data.
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

    \436\ National Credit Union Association. (2018). 2018 Year End 
Statistics for Federally Insured Credit Unions. Available at: 
https://www.cuna.org/advocacy/credit-union_-economic-data/data_-
statistics/credit-union-profile-reports.html.
    \437\ Federal Depository Insurance Corporation. (2018). 
Quarterly Financial Reports-Statistics On Depository Institutions 
(SDI). Available at: https://www.fdic.gov/foia/ris/id-sdi/index.html. Data are from 12/31/17.
    \438\ United States Department of Agriculture. (2019). 2017 
Census of Agriculture: United States Summary and State Data: Volume 
1, Geographic Area Series, Part 51. Available at: https://www.nass.usda.gov/Publications/AgCensus/2017/Full_Report/Volume_1,_Chapter_1_US/usv1.pdf.
    \439\ Census of Governments. 2017. Available at: https://www.census.gov/data/tables/2017/econ/gus/2017-governments.html.
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

    For each industry, the SUSB 2017 tabulates employment, 
establishment, and firm counts by both enterprise employment size 
(e.g., 0-4 employees, 5-9 employees) and receipt size (e.g., less than 
$100,000, $100,000-$499,999).\440\ Although 2020 SUSB data are 
available, these data do not disaggregate entities by revenue sizes. 
The Department combined these data with the SBA size standards to 
estimate the proportion of firms and establishments in each industry 
that are considered small, and the proportion of workers employed by a 
small entity. The Department classified all firms and establishments 
and their employees in categories below the SBA cutoff as small.\441\ 
If a cutoff fell in the middle of a category, the Department assumed a 
uniform distribution of employees across that bracket to determine what 
proportion of establishments should be classified as small.\442\ The 
estimated share of establishments that were small in 2017 was applied 
to the more recent 2020 SUSB data on the number of small establishments 
to determine the number of small entities.\443\
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

    \440\ The SUSB defines employment as of March 12th.
    \441\ The Department's estimates of the numbers of affected 
small entities and affected workers who are employees of small 
entities includes entities not covered by the FLSA and thus are 
likely overestimates. The Department had no credible way to estimate 
which enterprises with annual revenues below $500,000 also did not 
engage in interstate commerce and hence are not subject to the FLSA.
    \442\ The Department assumed that the small entity share of 
credit card issuing and other depository credit intermediation 
institutions (which were not separately represented in FDIC asset 
data), is similar to that of commercial banking and savings 
institutions.
    \443\ Statistics of U.S. Businesses 2020, https://www.census.gov/programs-surveys/susb.html.
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

    The Department also estimated the number of small establishments 
and their employees by employer type (nonprofit, for-profit, 
government). This calculation is similar to the calculation of the 
number of establishments by industry but with different data. Instead 
of using data by industry, the Department used SUSB data by Legal Form 
of Organization for nonprofit and for-profit establishments. The 
estimated share of establishments that were calculated as small with 
the 2017 data was then applied to the 2020 SUSB counts. For 
governments, the Department used the number of governments reported in 
the 2017 Census of Governments.\444\
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

    \444\ Census of Governments 2017. Available at https://www.census.gov/programs-surveys/cog.html.
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

    Table 31 presents the estimated number of establishments/
governments and small establishments/governments in the U.S. 
(hereafter, referred to as ``entities'').\445\ The numbers in the 
following tables are for Year 1; projected impacts are considered 
later. The Department found that of the 8.1 million entities, 80 
percent (6.5 million) are small by SBA standards. These small entities 
employ 53.6 million workers, about 37 percent of workers (excluding 
self-employed, unpaid workers, and members of the armed forces). They 
also account for roughly 35 percent of total payroll ($3.5 trillion of 
$10.1 trillion).\446\
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

    \445\ SUSB reports data by ``enterprise'' size designations (a 
business organization consisting of one or more domestic 
establishments that were specified under common ownership or 
control). However, the number of enterprises is not reported for the 
size designations. Instead, SUSB reports the number of 
``establishments'' (individual plants, regardless of ownership) and 
``firms'' (a collection of establishments with a single owner within 
a given state and industry) associated with enterprises size 
categories. Therefore, numbers in this analysis are for the number 
of establishments associated with small enterprises, which may 
exceed the number of small enterprises. The Department based the 
analysis on the number of establishments rather than firms for a 
more conservative estimate (potential overestimate) of the number of 
small businesses.
    \446\ Since information is not available on employer size in the 
CPS MORG, respondents were randomly assigned as working in a small 
business based on the SUSB probability of employment in a small 
business by detailed Census industry. Annual payroll was estimated 
based on the CPS weekly earnings of workers by industry size.
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

    Although the Department used 6-digit NAICS to determine the number 
of small entities and the associated number of employees, the following 
tables aggregate findings to 27 industry categories. This was the most 
detailed level available while maintaining adequate sample sizes.\447\ 
The Department started with the 51-industry breakdown and aggregated 
where necessary to obtain adequate sample sizes.
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

    \447\ The Department required at least 15 affected workers 
(i.e., observations) in small entities in Year 1.

[[Page 62227]]



                             Table 31--Number of Entities and Employees by SBA Size Standards, by Industry and Employer Type
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
                                                                 Entities (1,000s)             Workers (1,000s) \a\          Annual payroll (billions)
                                                         -----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
                 Industry/employer type                                                                   Small business
                                                               Total           Small           Total         employed          Total           Small
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
    Total...............................................         8,090.3         6,459.6       143,444.4        53,585.6       $10,054.5        $3,535.6
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
                                                                      Industry \b\
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Agriculture, forestry, fishing, and hunting.............            22.7            18.9         1,364.4           724.4            62.7            34.6
Mining..................................................            23.9            19.2           620.8           285.4            66.0            30.6
Construction............................................           753.3           726.7         8,957.5         5,415.9           608.9           369.2
Manufacturing--durable goods............................           175.2           160.4         9,694.4         4,506.7           785.7           350.4
Manufacturing--non-durable goods........................           108.3            96.4         5,522.6         2,649.3           416.7           187.9
Wholesale trade.........................................           391.1           301.5         3,231.4         1,354.8           249.6           101.8
Retail trade............................................         1,036.8           661.3        15,430.8         4,804.9           769.4           258.8
Transportation and warehousing..........................           257.8           203.2         7,152.0         1,746.5           439.5           106.7
Utilities...............................................            19.5             7.8         1,455.4           310.6           137.3            28.3
Information.............................................           160.9            93.2         2,570.4           691.7           254.6            67.5
Finance.................................................           295.5           132.0         4,865.2           902.9           514.9            97.1
Insurance...............................................           181.3           139.7         2,765.4           585.4          $245.3           $51.6
Real estate and rental and leasing......................           437.7           339.0         2,308.4         1,223.1           173.0            92.7
Professional and technical services.....................           943.2           841.5        11,575.6         5,104.8         1,291.5           555.8
Management, administrative and waste management services           483.5           397.8         5,377.8         2,338.5           284.0           111.6
Educational services....................................           110.1            97.6        14,093.6         3,546.7           955.6           223.2
Hospitals...............................................             7.1             1.4         7,820.6           282.1           632.3            21.2
Health care services, except hospitals..................           736.1           567.4        10,187.6         4,466.2           631.5           271.6
Social assistance.......................................           185.0           149.8         2,938.8         1,590.5           138.0            71.4
Arts, entertainment, and recreation.....................           151.9           138.4         2,381.3         1,185.8           120.8            59.7
Accommodation...........................................            69.2            58.1         1,048.8           408.3            49.3            19.2
Food services and drinking places.......................           664.7           516.6         8,222.4         4,697.9           263.8           151.3
Repair and maintenance..................................           216.1           198.6         1,655.6         1,171.9            90.0            63.3
Personal and laundry services...........................           248.6           221.5         1,520.5         1,184.7            62.4            47.7
Membership associations and organizations...............           306.6           294.4         2,019.0         1,399.8           138.0            93.6
Public administration \c\...............................            90.1            65.7         8,032.3         1,006.6           654.4            68.5
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
                                                                      Employer Type
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Nonprofit, private......................................           596.3           504.5        10,318.0         3,876.8           741.4           249.6
For profit, private.....................................         7,403.9         5,874.3       110,919.2        46,388.3         7,688.9         3,072.6
Government (state and local)............................            90.1            65.7        18,041.2         3,320.6         1,241.3           213.3
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Note: Establishment data are from SUSB 2020; worker and payroll data from pooled CPS MORG data for 2020-2022 adjusted to reflect 2022.
\a\ Excludes the self-employed, unpaid workers, and workers in private households.
\b\ Summation across industries may not add to the totals reported due to suppressed values and some entities not reporting an industry.
\c\ Entity number represents the total number of governments, including state and local. Data from Census of Governments, 2017.

    Estimates are not limited to entities subject to the FLSA because 
the Department cannot estimate which enterprises do not meet the 
enterprise coverage requirements because of data limitations. Although 
not excluding such entities and associated workers only affects a small 
percentage of workers generally, it may have a larger effect (and 
result in a larger overestimate) for non-profits, because revenue from 
charitable activities is not included when determining enterprise 
coverage.
3. Number of Affected Small Entities and Employees
    The calculation of the number of affected EAP workers was explained 
in detail in section VII.B. Here, the Department focuses on how these 
workers were allocated to either small or large entities. To estimate 
the probability that an exempt EAP worker in the CPS data is employed 
by a small entity, the Department assumed this probability is equal to 
the proportion of all workers employed by small entities in the 
corresponding industry. That is, if 50 percent of workers in an 
industry are employed in small entities, then on average small entities 
are expected to employ one out of every two exempt EAP workers in this 
industry.\448\ The Department applied these probabilities to the 
population of exempt EAP workers to find the number of workers (total 
exempt EAP workers and total affected by the rule) that small entities 
employ. No data are available to determine whether small businesses (or 
small businesses in specific industries) are more or less likely than 
non-small businesses to employ exempt EAP workers or affected EAP 
workers. Therefore, the best assumption available is to assign the same 
rates to all small and non-small businesses.\449\ \450\
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

    \448\ The Department used CPS microdata to estimate the number 
of affected workers. This was done individually for each observation 
in the relevant sample by randomly assigning them a small business 
status based on the best available estimate of the probability of a 
worker to be employed in a small business in their respective 
industry.
    \449\ A strand of literature indicates that small businesses 
tend to pay lower wages than larger businesses. This may imply that 
workers in small businesses are more likely to be affected than 
workers in large businesses; however, the literature does not make 
clear what the appropriate alternative rate for small businesses 
should be.
    \450\ Workers are designated as employed in a small business 
based on their industry of employment. The share of workers 
considered small in nonprofit, for profit, and government entities 
is therefore the weighted average of the shares for the industries 
that compose these categories.
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

    The Department estimated that small entities employ 1.3 million of 
the 3.6 million affected workers (36.8 percent) (Table 32). This 
composes 2.5 percent of the 53.6 million workers that small entities 
employ. The sectors with the highest total number of affected workers 
employed by small entities are professional and technical services 
(238,000); health care services, except hospitals (120,000); and retail 
trade (103,000). The sectors with the largest percent of workers 
employed by small entities who are affected include:

[[Page 62228]]

insurance (6.8 percent); finance (5.4 percent); and information (4.9 
percent).

         Table 32--Number of Affected Workers Employed by Small Entities, by Industry and Employer Type
----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
                                                         Workers (1,000s)          Affected workers (1,000s) \a\
                                                 ---------------------------------------------------------------
                    Industry                                      Small business                  Small business
                                                       Total         employed          Total         employed
----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
    Total.......................................       143,444.4        53,585.6         3,648.3         1,341.1
----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
                                                    Industry
----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Agriculture, forestry, fishing, and hunting.....         1,364.4           724.4            12.3             6.8
Mining..........................................           620.8           285.4            12.5             5.1
Construction....................................         8,957.5         5,415.9           154.4            93.4
Manufacturing--durable goods....................         9,694.4         4,506.7           203.8            94.0
Manufacturing--non-durable goods................         5,522.6         2,649.3           113.3            53.6
Wholesale trade.................................         3,231.4         1,354.8           103.9            50.4
Retail trade....................................        15,430.8         4,804.9           308.7           103.1
Transportation and warehousing..................         7,152.0         1,746.5            87.8            29.1
Utilities.......................................         1,455.4           310.6            31.1             6.0
Information.....................................         2,570.4           691.7           118.6            33.9
Finance.........................................         4,865.2           902.9           241.6            49.1
Insurance.......................................         2,765.4           585.4           170.7            39.9
Real estate and rental and leasing..............         2,308.4         1,223.1            68.3            34.7
Professional and technical services.............        11,575.6         5,104.8           572.2           238.2
Management, administrative and waste management          5,377.8         2,338.5           115.2            42.1
 services.......................................
Educational services............................        14,093.6         3,546.7           201.8            44.2
Hospitals.......................................         7,820.6           282.1           212.6             5.6
Health care services, except hospitals..........        10,187.6         4,466.2           290.8           120.4
Social assistance...............................         2,938.8         1,590.5           123.5            72.3
Arts, entertainment, and recreation.............         2,381.3         1,185.8            92.9            48.6
Accommodation...................................         1,048.8           408.3            15.5             6.1
Food services and drinking places...............         8,222.4         4,697.9            75.1            42.4
Repair and maintenance..........................         1,655.6         1,171.9            19.8            14.2
Personal and laundry services...................         1,520.5         1,184.7            19.6            12.5
Membership associations and organizations.......         2,019.0         1,399.8            99.4            66.0
Public administration...........................         8,032.3         1,006.6           182.4            29.5
----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
                                                  Employer Type
----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Nonprofit, private..............................        10,318.0         3,876.8           381.5           162.1
For profit, private.............................       110,919.2        46,388.3         2,868.4         1,119.4
Government (state and local)....................        18,041.2         3,320.6           398.3            59.7
----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Note: Worker data are from pooled CPS MORG data for 2020-2022 adjusted to reflect 2022.
\a\ Estimation of affected workers employed by small entities was done at the most detailed industry level
  available. Therefore, at the more aggregated industry level shown in this table, the ratio of small business
  employed to total employed does not equal the ratio of affected small business employed to total affected for
  each industry, nor does it equal the ratio for the national total because relative industry size, employment,
  and small business employment differs from industry to industry.

    Because no information is available on how affected workers would 
be distributed among small entities, the Department estimated a range 
of effects. At one end of this range, the Department assumed that each 
small entity employs no more than one affected worker, meaning that at 
most 1.3 million of the 6.5 million small entities will employ an 
affected worker. Thus, these assumptions provide an upper-end estimate 
of the number of affected small entities. (However, it provides a 
lower-end estimate of the effect per small entity because costs are 
spread over a larger number of entities; the impacts experienced by an 
entity would increase as the share of its workers that are affected 
increases.) For the purpose of estimating a lower-range number of 
affected small entities, the Department used the average size of a 
small entity as the typical size of an affected small entity, and 
assumed all workers are affected. This can be considered an 
approximation of all employees at an entity affected.\451\ The average 
number of employees in a small entity is the number of workers that 
small entities employ divided by the total number of small 
establishments in that industry. The number of affected employees at 
small businesses is then divided by this average number of employees to 
calculate 179,700 affected small entities.
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

    \451\ This is not the true lower bound estimate of the number of 
affected entities. Strictly speaking, a true lower bound estimate of 
the number of affected small entities would be calculated by 
assuming all employees in the largest small entity are affected. For 
example, if the SBA standard is that entities with 500 employees are 
``small,'' and 1,350 affected workers are employed by small entities 
in that industry, then the smallest number of entities that could be 
affected in that industry (the true lower bound) would be three. 
However, because such an outcome appears implausible, the Department 
determined a more reasonable lower estimate would be based on 
average establishment size.
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

    Table 33 summarizes the estimated number of affected workers that 
small entities employ and the expected range for the number of affected 
small entities by industry. The Department estimated that the rule 
would affect 1.3 million workers who are employed by somewhere between 
179,700 and 1.3

[[Page 62229]]

million small entities; this comprises from 2.8 percent to 20.8 percent 
of all small entities. It also means that from 5.1 million to 6.3 
million small entities would incur no more than minimal regulatory 
familiarization costs (i.e., 6.5 million minus 1.3 million equals 5.1 
million; 6.5 million minus 179,700 equals 6.3 million, using rounded 
values). The table also presents the average number of affected 
employees per establishment using the method in which all employees at 
the establishment would be affected. For the other method, by 
definition, there would always be one affected employee per 
establishment. Also displayed is the average payroll per small 
establishment by industry (based on both affected and non-affected 
small entities), calculated by dividing total payroll of small 
businesses by the number of small businesses (Table 31) (applicable to 
both methods).

             Table 33--Number of Small Affected Entities and Employees by Industry and Employer Type
----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
                                                     Number of small affected               Per entity
                                     Affected          entities (1,000s) \a\     -------------------------------
                                    workers in   --------------------------------
            Industry              small entities   One affected    All employees     Affected     Average annual
                                     (1,000s)      employee per      at entity     employees \a\      payroll
                                                    entity \b\     affected \c\                      ($1,000s)
----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
    Total.......................         1,341.1         1,341.1           179.7             7.5          $547.3
----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
                                                    Industry
----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Agriculture, forestry, fishing,              6.8             6.8             0.2            38.4         1,833.6
 and hunting....................
Mining..........................             5.1             5.1             0.3            14.9         1,594.3
Construction....................            93.4            93.4            12.5             7.5           508.1
Manufacturing--durable goods....            94.0            94.0             3.3            28.1         2,184.4
Manufacturing--non-durable goods            53.6            53.6             2.0            27.5         1,949.1
Wholesale trade.................            50.4            50.4            11.2             4.5           337.7
Retail trade....................           103.1           103.1            14.2             7.3           391.3
Transportation and warehousing..            29.1            29.1             3.4             8.6           525.0
Utilities.......................             6.0             6.0             0.2            39.9         3,634.2
Information.....................            33.9            33.9             4.6             7.4           723.9
Finance.........................            49.1            49.1             7.2             6.8           735.5
Insurance.......................            39.9            39.9             9.5             4.2           369.4
Real estate and rental and                  34.7            34.7             9.6             3.6           273.6
 leasing........................
Professional and technical                 238.2           238.2            39.3             6.1           660.5
 services.......................
Management, administrative and              42.1            42.1             7.2             5.9           280.5
 waste management services......
Educational services............            44.2            44.2             1.2            36.3         2,286.8
Hospitals.......................             5.6         \d\ 4.2             0.0           201.6        15,137.3
Health care services, except               120.4           120.4            15.3             7.9           478.7
 hospitals......................
Social assistance...............            72.3            72.3             6.8            10.6           476.7
Arts, entertainment, and                    48.6            48.6             5.7             8.6           431.4
 recreation.....................
Accommodation...................             6.1             6.1             0.9             7.0           330.8
Food services and drinking                  42.4            42.4             4.7             9.1           292.9
 places.........................
I Repair and maintenance........            14.2            14.2             2.4             5.9           318.8
Personal and laundry services...            12.5            12.5             2.3             5.3           215.3
Membership associations and                 66.0            66.0            13.9             4.8           318.1
 organizations..................
Public administration \e\.......            29.5            29.5             1.9            15.3         1,042.9
----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
                                                  Employer Type
----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Nonprofit, private..............           162.1           162.1            21.1             7.7           494.8
For profit, private.............         1,119.4         1,119.4           141.8             7.9           523.1
Government (state and local)....            59.7            59.7             1.2            50.5         3,246.6
----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Note: Establishment data are from SUSB 2020; worker and payroll data from pooled CPS MORG data for 2020-2022
  adjusted to reflect 2022.
\a\ Estimation of both affected small entity employees and affected small entities was done at the most detailed
  industry level available. Therefore, the ratio of affected small entities employees to total small entity
  employees for each industry may not match the ratio of small affected entities to total small entities at the
  more aggregated industry level presented in the table, nor will it equal the ratio at the national level
  because relative industry size, employment, and small business employment differs from industry to industry.
\b\ This method may overestimate the number of affected entities and therefore the ratio of affected workers to
  affected entities may be greater than 1-to-1. However, the Department addresses this issue by also calculating
  effects based on the assumption that 100 percent of workers at an entity are affected.
\c\ For example, on average, a small entity in the construction industry employs 7.5 workers (5.4 million
  employees divided by 726,700 small entities). This method assumes if an entity is affected then all 7.5
  workers are affected. Therefore, in the construction industry this method estimates there are 12,500 small
  affected entities (93,400 affected small entity workers divided by 7.5).
\d\ Number of entities is smaller than number of affected employees; thus, total number of entities is reported.
\e\ Entity number represents the total number of state and local governments.

4. Impacts to Affected Small Entities
    For small entities, the Department estimated various types of 
effects, including regulatory familiarization costs, adjustment costs, 
managerial costs, and payroll increases borne by employers. The 
Department estimated a range for the number of affected small entities 
and the impacts they incur. While the upper and lower bounds are likely 
over- and under-estimates, respectively, of effects per small entity, 
the Department believes that this range of costs and payroll increases 
provides

[[Page 62230]]

the most accurate characterization of the effects of the rule on small 
employers.\452\ Furthermore, the smaller estimate of the number of 
affected entities (i.e., where all employees at each affected employer 
are assumed to be affected) will result in the largest costs and 
payroll increases per entity as a percent of establishment payroll and 
revenue, and the Department expects that many, if not most, entities 
will incur smaller costs, payroll increases, and effects relative to 
entity size.
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

    \452\ As noted previously, these are not the true lower and 
upper bounds. The values presented are the highest and lowest 
estimates the Department believes are plausible.
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

    Parameters that are used in the small business cost analysis for 
Year 1 are provided in Table 34, along with summary data of the 
impacts. See section C.3 of the Regulatory Impact Analysis for a more 
fulsome discussion on these costs.

 Table 34--Overview of Parameters Used for Costs to Small Businesses and
                     the Impacts on Small Businesses
------------------------------------------------------------------------
          Small business costs                         Cost
------------------------------------------------------------------------
                        Direct and Payroll Costs
------------------------------------------------------------------------
Average total cost per affected entity   $4,323.
 \a\.
Range of total costs per affected        $1,833-$146,781.
 entity \a\.
Average percent of revenue per affected  0.16%.
 entity.
Average percent of payroll per affected  0.79%.
 entity.
------------------------------------------------------------------------
                              Direct Costs
------------------------------------------------------------------------
Regulatory familiarization:              ...............................
    Time (first year)..................  1 hour per entity.
    Time (update years)................  10 minutes per entity.
    Hourly wage........................  $52.80.
Adjustment:                              ...............................
    Time (first year affected).........  75 minutes per newly affected
                                          worker.
    Hourly wage........................  $52.80.
Managerial:                              ...............................
    Time (weekly)......................  10 minutes per affected worker
                                          whose hours change.
    Hourly wage........................  $83.63.
------------------------------------------------------------------------
                            Payroll Increases
------------------------------------------------------------------------
Average payroll increase per affected    $2,638.
 entity \a\.
Range of payroll increases per affected  $769-$103,871.
 entity \a\.
------------------------------------------------------------------------
\a\ Using the methodology where all employees at an affected small firm
  are affected. This assumption generates upper-end estimates. Lower-end
  cost estimates are significantly smaller.

    The Department expects total direct employer costs would range from 
$294.6 million to $356.0 million for affected small entities (i.e., 
those with affected employees) in the first year (an average cost of 
between $265 to $1,640 per entity) (Table 35). Small entities that do 
not employ affected workers would incur $270.2 million to $331.6 
million in regulatory familiarization costs (an average cost of $52.80 
per entity). The three industries with the highest costs (professional 
and technical services; health care services, except hospitals; and 
retail trade) account for about 35 percent of the costs. Hospitals are 
expected to incur the largest cost per establishment ($42,900 using the 
method where all employees are affected), although the costs are not 
expected to exceed 0.3 percent of payroll. The food services and 
drinking places industry is expected to experience the largest effect 
as a share of payroll (estimated direct costs compose 0.68 percent of 
average entity payroll).

                      Table 35--Year 1 Small Establishment Direct Costs, Total and per Establishment, by Industry and Employer Type
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
                                                                                    Direct cost to small entities in year 1 \a\
                                                         -----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
                                                                       One affected employee                          All employees affected
                        Industry                         -----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
                                                                             Cost per                                        Cost per
                                                               Total         affected       Percent of         Total         affected       Percent of
                                                          (millions) \a\      entity      annual payroll  (millions) \b\      entity      annual payroll
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
    Total...............................................          $356.0            $265            0.05          $294.6          $1,640            0.30
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
                                                                        Industry
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Agriculture, forestry, fishing, and hunting.............             1.8             265            0.01             1.5           8,221            0.45
Mining..................................................             1.4             265            0.02             1.1           3,219            0.20
Construction............................................            24.8             265            0.05            20.5           1,637            0.32
Manufacturing--durable goods............................            25.0             265            0.01            20.2           6,025            0.28
Manufacturing--non-durable goods........................            14.2             265            0.01            11.5           5,895            0.30
Wholesale trade.........................................            13.4             265            0.08            11.3           1,008            0.30
Retail trade............................................            27.4             265            0.07            22.7           1,598            0.41
Transportation and warehousing..........................             7.7             265            0.05             6.4           1,880            0.36

[[Page 62231]]

 
Utilities...............................................             1.6             265            0.01             1.3           8,527            0.23
Information.............................................             9.0             265            0.04             7.4           1,630            0.23
Finance.................................................            13.0             265            0.04            10.8           1,507            0.20
Insurance...............................................            10.6             265            0.07             9.0             943            0.26
Real estate and rental and leasing......................             9.2             265            0.10             7.9             820            0.30
Professional and technical services.....................            63.2             265            0.04            52.7           1,343            0.20
Management, administrative and waste management services            11.2             265            0.10             9.3           1,303            0.46
Educational services....................................            11.7             265            0.01             9.5           7,777            0.34
Hospitals...............................................             1.5             265            0.00             1.2          42,910            0.28
Health care services, except hospitals..................            32.0             265            0.06            26.4           1,726            0.36
Social assistance.......................................            19.2             265            0.06            15.7           2,311            0.48
Arts, entertainment, and recreation.....................            12.9             265            0.06            10.6           1,874            0.43
Accommodation...........................................             1.6             265            0.08             1.3           1,547            0.47
Food services and drinking places.......................            11.2             265            0.09             9.3           1,986            0.68
Repair and maintenance..................................             3.8             265            0.08             3.1           1,307            0.41
Personal and laundry services...........................             3.3             265            0.13             2.8           1,190            0.55
Membership associations and organizations...............            17.5             265            0.08            14.8           1,064            0.33
Public administration...................................             7.8             265            0.03             6.4           3,311            0.32
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
                                                                      Employer Type
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Nonprofit, private......................................            42.6             263            0.05            35.2           1,669            0.34
For profit, private.....................................           344.8             308            0.06           293.1           2,068            0.40
Government (state and local)............................            16.2             272            0.01            13.1          11,119            0.34
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Note: Pooled CPS data for 2020-2022 adjusted to reflect 2022.
\a\ Direct costs include regulatory familiarization, adjustment, and managerial costs.
\b\ The range of costs per entity depends on the number of affected entities. The minimum assumes that each affected entity has one affected worker
  (therefore, the number of affected entities is equal to the number of affected workers). The maximum assumes the share of workers in small entities
  who are affected is also the share of small entity entities that are affected.

    It is possible that the costs of the proposed rule may be 
disproportionately large for small entities, especially because small 
entities often have limited human resources personnel on staff. 
However, the Department expects that small entities would rely on 
compliance assistance materials provided by the Department or industry 
associations to become familiar with the final rule once issued. 
Additionally, the Department notes that the proposed rule is quite 
limited in scope because the changes all relate to the salary component 
of the part 541 regulations. Finally, the Department believes that most 
entities have at least some nonexempt employees and, therefore, already 
have policies and systems in place for monitoring and recording their 
hours. The Department believes that applying those same policies and 
systems to the workers whose exemption status changes would not be an 
unreasonable burden on small businesses.
    Average weekly earnings for affected EAP workers in small entities 
are expected to increase by about $6.91 per week per affected worker, 
using the incomplete fixed-job model \453\ described in section 
VII.C.4.iii.\454\ This would lead to $482.2 million in additional 
annual wage payments to employees in small entities (less than 0.5 
percent of aggregate affected establishment payroll; Table 36). The 
largest payroll increases per establishment are expected in hospitals 
(up to $103,900 per entity); utilities (up to $20,900 per entity); and 
non-durable goods manufacturing (up to $11,700 per entity). However, 
average payroll increases per entity would exceed one percent of 
average annual payroll in only three sectors: food services and 
drinking places (2.5 percent); management, administrative and waste 
management services (1.2 percent); and transportation and warehousing 
(1.1 percent).
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

    \453\ The incomplete fixed-job model reflects the Department's 
determination that an appropriate estimate of the impact on the 
implicit hourly rate of pay for regular overtime workers should be 
determined using the average of Barkume's and Trejo's two estimates 
of the incomplete fixed-job model adjustments: a wage change that is 
40 percent of the adjustment toward the amount predicted by the 
fixed-job model, assuming an initial zero overtime pay premium, and 
a wage change that is 80 percent of the adjustment assuming an 
initial 28 percent overtime pay premium.
    \454\ This is an average increase for all affected workers (both 
standard test and HCE), and reconciles to the weighted average of 
individual salary changes discussed in the Transfers section.

  Table 36--Year 1 Small Establishment Payroll Increases, Total and Per Establishment, by Industry and Employer
                                                      Type
----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
                                                Increased payroll for small entities in year 1 \a\
                                 -------------------------------------------------------------------------------
                                                       One affected employee          All employees affected
            Industry                   Total     ---------------------------------------------------------------
                                    (millions)                      Percent of                      Percent of
                                                    Per entity    annual payroll    Per entity    annual payroll
----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
    Total.......................          $482.2            $360           0.07%          $2,683           0.49%
----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------

[[Page 62232]]

 
                                                    Industry
----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Agriculture, forestry, fishing,              0.9             126            0.01           4,837            0.26
 and hunting....................
Mining..........................             1.7             330            0.02           4,918            0.31
Construction....................            30.0             321            0.07           2,391            0.47
Manufacturing--durable goods....            31.5             335            0.02           9,423            0.43
Manufacturing--non-durable goods            22.8             426            0.02          11,707            0.60
Wholesale trade.................            24.7             491            0.15           2,206            0.65
Retail trade....................            51.3             497            0.13           3,613            0.92
Transportation and warehousing..            20.0             687            0.14           5,907            1.13
Utilities.......................             3.1             524            0.01          20,888            0.57
Information.....................            12.0             353            0.05           2,622            0.36
Finance.........................            15.9             324            0.04           2,214            0.30
Insurance.......................            11.8             297            0.08           1,244            0.34
Real estate and rental and                  15.8             456            0.17           1,646            0.60
 leasing........................
Professional and technical                  77.5             326            0.05           1,975            0.30
 services.......................
Management, administrative and              24.4             580            0.21           3,407            1.21
 waste management services......
Educational services............             9.0             204            0.01           7,417            0.32
Hospitals.......................             2.9             515            0.00         103,871            0.69
Health care services, except                38.3             318            0.07           2,502            0.52
 hospitals......................
Social assistance...............            10.5             145            0.03           1,539            0.32
Arts, entertainment, and                    14.3             295            0.07           2,523            0.58
 recreation.....................
Accommodation...................             1.7             279            0.09           1,959            0.59
Food services and drinking                  34.2             808            0.28           7,345            2.51
 places.........................
Repair and maintenance..........             7.0             490            0.16           2,893            0.91
Personal and laundry services...             2.8             221            0.11           1,183            0.55
Membership associations and                 10.7             162            0.05             769            0.24
 organizations..................
Public administration...........             7.3             249            0.02           3,810            0.37
----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
                                                  Employer Type
----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Nonprofit, private..............            49.3             304            0.06           2,336            0.47
For profit, private.............           421.3             376            0.07           2,972            0.57
Government (state and local)....            11.6             194            0.01           9,816            0.30
----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Note: Pooled CPS data for 2020-2022 adjusted to reflect 2022.
\a\ Aggregate change in total annual payroll experienced by small entities under the updated salary levels after
  labor market adjustments. This amount represents the total amount of (wage) transfers from employers to
  employees.

    Table 37 presents estimated first year direct costs and payroll 
increases combined per entity and the costs and payroll increases as a 
percent of average entity payroll. The Department presents only the 
results for the upper bound scenario where all workers employed by the 
entity are affected. Combined costs and payroll increases per 
establishment range from $1,800 in membership associations to $146,800 
in hospitals. Combined costs and payroll increases compose more than 
two percent of average annual payroll in one sector, food services and 
drinking places (3.2 percent).
    However, comparing costs and payroll increases to payrolls 
overstates the effects on entities because payroll represents only a 
fraction of the financial resources available to an establishment. The 
Department approximated revenue per affected small establishment by 
calculating the ratio of small business revenues to payroll by industry 
from the 2017 SUSB data then multiplying that ratio by average small 
entity payroll.\455\ Using this approximation of annual revenues as a 
benchmark, only one sector would have costs and payroll increases 
amounting to close to one percent of revenues, food services and 
drinking places (1.0 percent).
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

    \455\ The Department used this estimate of revenue, instead of 
small business revenue reported directly from the 2017 SUSB so 
revenue aligned with payrolls in 2022.

[[Page 62233]]



 Table 37--Year 1 Small Establishment Direct Costs and Payroll Increases, Total and Per Entity, by Industry and
                          Employer Type, Using All Employees in Entity Affected Method
----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
                                                   Costs and payroll increases for small affected entities, all
                                                                        employees affected
                                                 ---------------------------------------------------------------
                    Industry                                                                        Percent of
                                                       Total      Per entity \a\    Percent of       estimated
                                                    (millions)                    annual payroll   revenues \b\
----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
    Total.......................................          $776.8          $4,323           0.79%           0.16%
----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
                                                    Industry
----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Agriculture, forestry, fishing, and hunting.....             2.3          13,058            0.71            0.14
Mining..........................................             2.8           8,136            0.51            0.07
Construction....................................            50.5           4,028            0.79            0.18
Manufacturing--durable goods....................            51.7          15,448            0.71            0.15
Manufacturing--non-durable goods................            34.3          17,601            0.90            0.12
Wholesale trade.................................            36.1           3,214            0.95            0.07
Retail trade....................................            73.9           5,210            1.33            0.13
Transportation and warehousing..................            26.4           7,786            1.48            0.35
Utilities.......................................             4.4          29,415            0.81            0.06
Information.....................................            19.4           4,252            0.59            0.17
Finance.........................................            26.7           3,721            0.51            0.15
Insurance.......................................            20.8           2,187            0.59            0.13
Real estate and rental and leasing..............            23.7           2,466            0.90            0.20
Professional and technical services.............           130.2           3,317            0.50            0.20
Management, administrative and waste management             33.7           4,710            1.68            0.68
 services.......................................
Educational services............................            18.5          15,194            0.66            0.27
Hospitals.......................................             4.1         146,781            0.97            0.41
Health care services, except hospitals..........            64.7           4,228            0.88            0.37
Social assistance...............................            26.2           3,850            0.81            0.38
Arts, entertainment, and recreation.............            24.9           4,397            1.02            0.33
Accommodation...................................             3.0           3,506            1.06            0.26
Food services and drinking places...............            43.5           9,332            3.19            1.00
Repair and maintenance..........................            10.1           4,200            1.32            0.37
Personal and laundry services...................             5.5           2,373            1.10            0.39
Membership associations and organizations.......            25.4           1,833            0.58            0.14
Public administration...........................            13.7           7,122            0.68            0.17
----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
                                                  Employer Type
----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Nonprofit, private..............................           94.40           3,570            1.00            0.30
For profit, private.............................          585.30           3,532            1.00            0.20
Government (state and local)....................           12.20           9,264            0.60            0.20
----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Note: Pooled CPS data for 2020-2022 adjusted to reflect 2022.
\a\ Total direct costs and transfers for small entities in which all employees are affected. Impacts to small
  entities in which one employee is affected will be a fraction of the impacts presented in this table.
\b\ Revenues estimated by calculating the ratio of estimated small business revenues to payroll from the 2017
  SUSB, and multiplying by payroll per small entity. For the public administration sector, the ratio was
  calculated using revenues and payroll from the 2017 Census of Governments.

5. Projected Effects to Affected Small Entities in Year 2 Through Year 
10
    To determine how small businesses would be affected in future 
years, the Department projected costs to small businesses for 9 years 
after Year 1 of the rule. Projected employment and earnings were 
calculated using the same methodology described in section VII.B.3. 
Affected employees in small firms follow a similar pattern to affected 
workers in all entities: the number decreases gradually between 
automatic update years, and then increases. There are 1.3 million 
affected workers in small entities in Year 1 and 1.9 million in Year 
10. Table 38 reports affected workers in these 2 years only.

  Table 38--Projected Number of Affected Workers in Small Entities, by
                                Industry
------------------------------------------------------------------------
                                             Affected workers in small
                                                 entities (1,000s)
                Industry                 -------------------------------
                                              Year 1          Year 10
------------------------------------------------------------------------
    Total...............................         1,341.1         1,872.1
------------------------------------------------------------------------
Agriculture, forestry, fishing, and                  6.8             7.6
 hunting................................
Mining..................................             5.1             7.1
Construction............................            93.4           127.3
Manufacturing--durable goods............            94.0           125.3
Manufacturing--non-durable goods........            53.6            78.5

[[Page 62234]]

 
Wholesale trade.........................            50.4            73.3
Retail trade............................           103.1           125.6
Transportation and warehousing..........            29.1            40.2
Utilities...............................             6.0             7.2
Information.............................            33.9            39.6
Finance.................................            49.1            59.2
Insurance...............................            39.9            60.2
Real estate and rental and leasing......            34.7            55.4
Professional and technical services.....           238.2           342.6
Management, administrative and waste                42.1            56.3
 management services....................
Educational services....................            44.2            62.1
Hospitals...............................             5.6             8.8
Health care services, except hospitals..           120.4           172.0
Social assistance.......................            72.3           118.6
Arts, entertainment, and recreation.....            48.6            78.9
Accommodation...........................             6.1            10.6
Food services and drinking places.......            42.4            56.4
Repair and maintenance..................            14.2            21.2
Personal and laundry services...........            12.5            15.1
Membership associations and                         66.0            80.8
 organizations..........................
Public administration...................            29.5            42.4
------------------------------------------------------------------------
Note: Worker data are from Pooled CPS data for 2020-2022 adjusted to
  reflect 2022.

    Direct costs and payroll increases for small entities vary by year 
but generally decrease between automatic updates as the real value of 
the salary and compensation levels decrease and the number of affected 
workers consequently decreases. In automatic updating years, costs 
would increase due to newly affected workers and some regulatory 
familiarization costs. Direct costs and payroll increases for small 
businesses would be fairly close in Year 10 (an automatic update year) 
and Year 1, $0.8 billion in Year 1 and $1.0 billion in Year 10 (Table 
39 and Figure 10).

   Table 39--Projected Direct Costs and Payroll Increases for Affected
   Small Entities, by Industry, Using All Employees in Entity Affected
                                 Method
------------------------------------------------------------------------
                                            Costs and payroll increases
                                           for small affected entities,
                                              all employees affected
                Industry                         (millions $2022)
                                         -------------------------------
                                              Year 1          Year 10
------------------------------------------------------------------------
    Total...............................          $776.8        $1,015.9
------------------------------------------------------------------------
Agriculture, forestry, fishing, and                  2.3             5.6
 hunting................................
Mining..................................             2.8             3.3
Construction............................            50.5            65.1
Manufacturing--durable goods............            51.7            64.3
Manufacturing--non-durable goods........            34.3            43.8
Wholesale trade.........................            36.1            62.7
Retail trade............................            73.9            74.6
Transportation and warehousing..........            26.4            70.4
Utilities...............................             4.4             3.7
Information.............................            19.4            15.9
Finance.................................            26.7            33.0
Insurance...............................            20.8            25.1
Real estate and rental and leasing......            23.7            29.7
Professional and technical services.....           130.2           166.8
Management, administrative and waste                33.7            29.0
 management services....................
Educational services....................            18.5            24.3
Hospitals...............................             4.1            15.7
Health care services, except hospitals..            64.7            70.4
Social assistance.......................            26.2            37.3
Arts, entertainment, and recreation.....            24.9            39.7
Accommodation...........................             3.0             5.0
Food services and drinking places.......            43.5            51.3
Repair and maintenance..................            10.1            17.4
Personal and laundry services...........             5.5             2.3

[[Page 62235]]

 
Membership associations and                         25.4            28.0
 organizations..........................
Public administration...................            13.7            31.4
------------------------------------------------------------------------
Note: Pooled CPS data for 2020-2022 adjusted to reflect 2022.

[GRAPHIC] [TIFF OMITTED] TP08SE23.013

C. Projected Reporting, Recordkeeping, and Other Compliance 
Requirements of the Proposed Rule

    The FLSA sets minimum wage, overtime pay, and recordkeeping 
requirements for employment subject to its provisions. Unless exempt, 
covered employees must be paid at least the minimum wage and not less 
than one and one-half times their regular rates of pay for overtime 
hours worked.
    Pursuant to section 11(c) of the FLSA, the Department's regulations 
at part 516 require covered employers to maintain certain records about 
their employees. Bona fide EAP workers are subject to some of these 
recordkeeping requirements but exempt from others related to pay and 
worktime.\456\ Thus, although this rulemaking would not introduce any 
new recordkeeping requirements, employers would need to keep some 
additional records for affected employees who become newly nonexempt if 
they do not presently record such information. As indicated in this 
analysis, this proposed rule expands minimum wage and overtime pay 
coverage to 3.6 million affected EAP workers, of which 1.3 million are 
employed by a small entity. This would result in an increase in 
employer burden and was estimated in the PRA portion (section VI) of 
this proposed rule. Note that the burdens reported for the PRA section 
of this proposed rule include the entire information collection and not 
merely the additional burden estimated as a result of this proposed 
rule.
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

    \456\ See 29 CFR 516.3 (providing that employers need not 
maintain the records required by 29 CFR 516.2(a)(6) through (10) for 
their EAP workers).
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

D. Steps the Agency Has Taken To Minimize the Significant Economic 
Impact on Small Entities

    This section describes the steps the agency has taken to minimize 
the economic impact on small entities, consistent with the stated 
objectives of the FLSA. It includes a statement of the factual, policy, 
and legal reasons for the selected standard and HCE levels adopted in 
the proposed rule and why alternatives were rejected.
    In this proposed rule, the Department sets the standard salary 
level equal to the 35th percentile of earnings of full-time salaried 
workers in the lowest-wage Census Region (currently the South). Based 
on 2022 data, this results in a salary level of $1,059 per week. By 
setting a salary level above the long test salary level, the proposal 
would ensure that fewer lower paid white-collar employees who perform 
significant amounts of nonexempt work are

[[Page 62236]]

included in the exemption. At the same time, by setting it below the 
short test salary level, the proposal would allow employers to continue 
to use the exemption for many lower paid white-collar employees who 
were made exempt under the 2004 standard duties test. Thus, the 
Department believes that the proposed salary level would also more 
reasonably distribute between employees and their employers the impact 
of the shift from a two-test to a one-test system on employees earning 
between the long and short test salary levels. As in prior rulemakings, 
the Department has not proposed to establish multiple salary levels 
based on region, industry, employer size, or any other factor, which 
stakeholders have generally agreed would significantly complicate the 
regulations.\457\ Instead, the Department has again proposed to set the 
standard salary level using earnings data from the lowest-income Census 
Region, in part to accommodate small employers and employers in low-
income industries.\458\
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

    \457\ See 84 FR 51239; 81 FR 32411; 69 FR 22171.
    \458\ See 84 FR 51238; 81 FR 32527; 69 FR 22237.
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

    The Department has proposed to set the HCE total annual 
compensation level equal to the 85th percentile of earnings of full-
time salaried workers nationally ($143,988 annually based on 2022 
data). The Department believes that this level avoids costs associated 
with evaluating, under the standard duties test, the exemption statuses 
of large numbers of highly-paid white-collar employees, many of whom 
would have remained exempt even under that test, while providing a 
meaningful and appropriate complement to the more lenient HCE duties 
test. While the proposed threshold is higher than the HCE level adopted 
in the 2019 rule (which was set equal to the 80th percentile of 
earnings for salaried workers nationwide), the proposed HCE threshold 
in this rule would be lower than the HCE percentile adopted in the 2004 
and 2016 rules, which covered 93.7 and 90 percent of salaried workers 
nationwide, respectively. The Department further believes that nearly 
all of the highly-paid white-collar workers earning above this 
threshold ``would satisfy any duties test.'' \459\
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

    \459\ 84 FR 51250 (internal citation omitted).
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

1. Differing Compliance and Reporting Requirements for Small Entities
    This proposed rule provides no differing compliance requirements 
and reporting requirements for small entities. The Department has 
strived to minimize respondent recordkeeping burden by requiring no 
specific form or order of records under the FLSA and its corresponding 
regulations. Moreover, employers would normally maintain the records 
under usual or customary business practices.
2. Least Burdensome Option or Explanation Required
    The Department believes it has chosen the most effective option 
that updates and clarifies the rule and results in the least burden. 
Among the options considered by the Department, the least restrictive 
option was using the 2004 methodology (the 20th percentile of weekly 
earnings of full-time nonhourly workers in the lowest-wage Census 
region, currently the South, and in retail nationally) to set the 
standard salary level, which was also the methodology used in the 2019 
rule. As noted above, however, the salary level produced by the 2004 
methodology is below the long test salary level, which the Department 
considers to be the lower boundary for an appropriate salary level in a 
one-test system using the current standard duties test. Using the 2004 
methodology thus does not address the Department's concerns discussed 
above under Objectives of, and Need for, the Proposed Rule.
    Pursuant to section 603(c) of the RFA, the following alternatives 
are to be addressed:
i. Differing Compliance or Reporting Requirements That Take Into 
Account the Resources Available to Small Entities
    The FLSA creates a level playing field for businesses by setting a 
floor below which employers may not pay their employees. To establish 
differing compliance or reporting requirements for small businesses 
would undermine this important purpose of the FLSA. The Department 
makes available a variety of resources to employers for understanding 
their obligations and achieving compliance. Therefore, the Department 
has not proposed differing compliance or reporting requirements for 
small businesses.
ii. The Clarification, Consolidation, or Simplification of Compliance 
and Reporting Requirements for Small Entities
    This proposed rule imposes no new reporting requirements. The 
Department makes available a variety of resources to employers for 
understanding their obligations and achieving compliance.
iii. The Use of Performance Rather Than Design Standards
    Under this proposed rule, employers may achieve compliance through 
a variety of means. Employers may elect to continue to claim the EAP 
exemption for affected employees by adjusting salary levels, hiring 
additional workers or spreading overtime hours to other employees, or 
compensating employees for overtime hours worked. The Department makes 
available a variety of resources to employers for understanding their 
obligations and achieving compliance.
iv. An Exemption From Coverage of the Rule, or Any Part Thereof, for 
Such Small Entities
    Creating an exemption from coverage of this rulemaking for 
businesses with as many as 500 employees, those defined as small 
businesses under SBA's size standards, is inconsistent with the FLSA, 
which applies to all employers that satisfy the enterprise coverage 
threshold or employ individually covered employees, regardless of 
employer size.\460\
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

    \460\ See 29 U.S.C. 203(s).
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

E. Identification, to the Extent Practicable, of All Relevant Federal 
Rules That May Duplicate, Overlap, or Conflict With the Proposed Rule

    The Department is not aware of any Federal rules that duplicate, 
overlap, or conflict with this proposed rule.

IX. Unfunded Mandates Reform Act Analysis

    The Unfunded Mandates Reform Act of 1995 (UMRA),\461\ requires 
agencies to prepare a written statement for proposed rulemaking that 
includes any Federal mandate that may result in increased expenditures 
by state, local, and tribal governments, in the aggregate, or by the 
private sector, of $192 million ($100 million in 1995 dollars adjusted 
for inflation to 2022) or more in at least one year. This statement 
must: (1) identify the authorizing legislation; (2) present the 
estimated costs and benefits of the rule and, to the extent that such 
estimates are feasible and relevant, present its estimated effects on 
the national economy; (3) summarize and evaluate state, local, and 
tribal government input; and (4) identify reasonable alternatives and 
select, or explain the non-selection, of the least costly, most cost-
effective, or least burdensome alternative.
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

    \461\ 2 U.S.C. 1501 et seq.
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

A. Authorizing Legislation

    This proposed rule is issued pursuant to section 13(a)(1) of the 
Fair Labor Standards Act (FLSA or Act), 29 U.S.C. 213(a)(1). The 
section exempts from the FLSA's minimum wage and overtime

[[Page 62237]]

pay requirements ``any employee employed in a bona fide executive, 
administrative, or professional capacity (including any employee 
employed in the capacity of academic administrative personnel or 
teacher in elementary or secondary schools), or in the capacity of 
outside salesman (as such terms are defined and delimited from time to 
time by regulations of the Secretary, subject to the provisions of [the 
Administrative Procedure Act] . . .).'' \462\ The requirements of the 
exemption are contained in part 541 of the Department's regulations. 
Section 3(e) of the FLSA \463\ defines ``employee'' to include most 
individuals employed by a state, political subdivision of a state, or 
interstate governmental agency. Section 3(x) of the FLSA \464\ also 
defines public agencies to include the government of a state or 
political subdivision thereof, or any interstate governmental agency.
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

    \462\ 29 U.S.C. 213(a)(1).
    \463\ 29 U.S.C. 203(e).
    \464\ 29 U.S.C. 203(x).
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

B. Costs and Benefits

    For purposes of the UMRA, this proposed rule includes a Federal 
mandate that is expected to result in increased expenditures by the 
private sector of more than $192 million in at least one year, but the 
rule will not result in increased expenditures by state, local and 
tribal governments, in the aggregate, of $192 million or more in any 
one year.
    Based on the economic impact analysis of this proposed rule, the 
Department determined that Year 1 costs for state and local governments 
would total $184.1 million, of which $74.0 million are direct employer 
costs and $110.1 million are payroll increases (Table 40). In 
subsequent years, state and local governments may experience payroll 
increases of as much as $192.5 million per year.
    The proposed rule would result in Year 1 costs to the private 
sector of approximately $2.2 billion, of which $1.1 billion are direct 
employer costs and $1.1 billion are payroll increases. In subsequent 
years, the Department estimated that the private sector may experience 
a payroll increase of as much as $1.8 billion per year.

                             Table 40--Summary of Year 1 Impacts by Type of Employer
----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
                             Impact                                    Total          Private     Government \a\
----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
                                          Affected EAP Workers (1,000s)
----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Number..........................................................           3,648           3,250             392
----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
                                        Direct Employer Costs (Millions)
----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Regulatory familiarization......................................          $427.2          $422.4            $4.8
Adjustment......................................................           240.8           214.5            25.9
Managerial......................................................           534.9           490.0            43.3
                                                                 -----------------------------------------------
    Total direct costs..........................................         1,202.8         1,126.8            74.0
----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
                                          Payroll Increases (Millions)
----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
From employers to workers.......................................        $1,234.2        $1,121.4          $110.1
----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
                              Direct Employer Costs & Payroll Increases (Millions)
----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
From employers..................................................        $2,437.0        $2,248.2          $184.1
----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
\a\ Includes only state, local, and tribal governments.

    UMRA requires agencies to estimate the effect of a regulation on 
the national economy if, at its discretion, such estimates are 
reasonably feasible and the effect is relevant and material.\465\ 
However, OMB guidance on this requirement notes that such macroeconomic 
effects tend to be measurable in nationwide econometric models only if 
the economic effect of the regulation reaches 0.25 percent to 0.5 
percent of GDP, or in the range of $63.7 billion to $127.3 billion 
(using 2022 GDP). A regulation with a smaller aggregate effect is not 
likely to have a measurable effect in macro-economic terms unless it is 
highly focused on a particular geographic region or economic sector, 
which is not the case with this proposed rule.
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

    \465\ 2 U.S.C. 1532(a)(4).
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

    The Department's RIA estimates that the total first-year costs 
(direct employer costs and payroll increases from employers to workers) 
of the proposed rule would be approximately $2.2 billion for private 
employers and $184.1 million for state and local governments. Given 
OMB's guidance, the Department has determined that a full macro-
economic analysis is not likely to show any measurable effect on the 
economy. Therefore, these costs are compared to payroll costs and 
revenue to demonstrate the feasibility of adapting to these new rules.
    Total first-year state and local government costs compose 0.02 
percent of state and local government payrolls.\466\ First-year state 
and local government costs compose 0.004 percent of state and local 
government revenues (projected 2022 revenues were estimated to be $4.8 
trillion).\467\ Effects of this magnitude will not result in 
significant disruptions to typical state and local governments. The 
$184.1 million in state and local government costs constitutes an 
average of approximately $2,000 for each of the approximately 90,126 
state and local entities. The Department considers these costs to be 
quite small both in absolute terms and in relation to payroll and 
revenue.
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

    \466\ 2020 state and local government payrolls were $1.1 
trillion, inflated to 2022 payroll costs of $1.2 trillion using the 
GDP deflator. State and Local Government Finances 2020. Available at 
https://www.census.gov/data/datasets/2020/econ/local/public-use-datasets.html.
    \467\ 2020 state and local revenues were $4.3 trillion, inflated 
to 2022 dollars using the GDP deflator. State and Local Government 
Finances 2020. Available at https://www.census.gov/data/datasets/2020/econ/local/public-use-datasets.html.
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

    Total first-year private sector costs compose 0.029 percent of 
private sector

[[Page 62238]]

payrolls nationwide.\468\ Total private sector first-year costs compose 
0.005 percent of national private sector revenues (revenues in 2022 are 
projected to be $43.7 trillion).\469\ The Department concludes that 
effects of this magnitude are affordable and will not result in 
significant disruptions to typical firms in any of the major industry 
categories.
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

    \468\ Private sector payroll costs are projected to be $7.8 
trillion in 2022 based on private sector payroll costs of $6.6 
trillion in 2017, inflated to 2022 dollars using the GDP deflator. 
2017 Economic Census of the United States.
    \469\ Private sector revenues in 2017 were $37.0 trillion using 
the 2017 Economic Census of the United States. This was inflated to 
2022 dollars using the GDP deflator.
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

C. Summary of State, Local, and Tribal Government Input

    The Department held a series of stakeholder listening sessions 
between March 8, 2022 and June 3, 2022 to gather input on its part 541 
regulations. Stakeholders invited to participate in these listening 
sessions included representatives from labor unions; worker advocate 
groups; industry associations; small business associations; state and 
local governments; tribal governments; non-profits; and representatives 
from specific industries such as K-12 education, higher education, 
healthcare, retail, restaurant, manufacturing, and wholesale. 
Stakeholders were invited to share their input on issues including the 
appropriate EAP salary level, the costs and benefits of increasing the 
salary level to employers and employees, the methodology for updating 
the salary level and frequency of updates, and whether changes to the 
duties test are warranted. A listening session was held specifically 
for state and local governments on April 1, 2022, and a session for 
tribal governments was held on May 12, 2022. The input received at 
these listening sessions aided the Department in drafting its proposed 
rule.

D. Least Burdensome Option or Explanation Required

    This proposed rule has described the Department's consideration of 
various options throughout the preamble (see section IV.A.5) and 
economic impact analysis (see section VII.C.8). The Department believes 
that it has chosen the least burdensome but still cost-effective 
methodology to update the salary level consistent with the Department's 
statutory obligation to define and delimit the scope of the EAP 
exemption. Although some alternative options considered would set the 
standard salary level at a rate lower than the proposed level, that 
outcome would not necessarily be the most cost-effective or least-
burdensome. A salary level equal to or below the long test level would 
result in the exemption of lower-salaried employees who traditionally 
were entitled to overtime protection under the long test either because 
of their low salary or because they perform large amounts of nonexempt 
work, effectively placing the impact of the move from a two-test system 
to a one-test system on employees.
    Selecting a standard salary level in a one-test system inevitably 
affects the risk and cost of providing overtime protection to employees 
paid between the long and short test salary levels. Too low of a salary 
level shifts the impact of the move to a one-test system to employees 
by exempting lower-salaried employees who perform large amounts of 
nonexempt work. However, too high a salary level shifts the impact of 
the move to a one-test system to employers by denying them the use of 
the exemption for lower-salaried employees who traditionally were 
exempt under the long duties test, thereby increasing their labor 
costs. The Department determined that setting the standard salary level 
equivalent to the earnings of the 35th percentile of full-time salaried 
workers in the lowest-wage Census region and automatically updating it 
every three years to reflect current earnings appropriately accounts 
for the shift from a two-test to a one-test system for determining 
exemption status, protecting lower-paid white-collar employees who 
traditionally have been entitled to overtime protection, while allowing 
employers to use the exemption for EAP employees earning less than the 
short test salary level.
    The Department believes that the proposed rule could reduce burden 
on employers of nonexempt workers who earn between the current and 
proposed standard salary level. Currently, employers must rely on the 
duties test to determine the exemption status of these workers. But if 
this proposal is finalized, the exemption status of these workers will 
be determined based on the simpler salary level test.

X. Executive Order 13132, Federalism

    The Department has reviewed this proposed rule in accordance with 
Executive Order 13132 regarding federalism and determined that it does 
not have federalism implications. The proposed rule would not have 
substantial direct effects on the States, on the relationship between 
the National Government and the States, or on the distribution of power 
and responsibilities among the various levels of government.

XI. Executive Order 13175, Indian Tribal Governments

    This proposed rule will not have tribal implications under 
Executive Order 13175 that would require a tribal summary impact 
statement. The proposed rule would not have substantial direct effects 
on one or more Indian tribes, on the relationship between the Federal 
Government and Indian tribes, or on the distribution of power and 
responsibilities between the Federal Government and Indian tribes.

List of Subjects in 29 CFR Part 541

    Labor, Minimum wages, Overtime pay, Salaries, Teachers, Wages.

    For the reasons set out in the preamble, the Wage and Hour 
Division, Department, of Labor proposes to amend 29 CFR part 541 as 
follows:

PART 541--DEFINING AND DELIMITING THE EXEMPTIONS FOR EXECUTIVE, 
ADMINISTRATIVE, PROFESSIONAL, COMPUTER, AND OUTSIDE SALES EMPLOYEES

0
1. The authority citation for part 541 is revised to read as follows:

    Authority: 29 U.S.C. 213; Pub. L. 101-583, 104 Stat. 2871; 
Reorganization Plan No. 6 of 1950 (3 CFR, 1945-53 Comp., p. 1004); 
Secretary's Order 01-2014 (Dec. 19, 2014), 79 FR 77527 (Dec. 24, 
2014).

0
2. Add Sec.  541.5 to read as follows:


Sec.  541.5  Severability.

    If any provision of this part is held to be invalid or 
unenforceable by its terms, or as applied to any person or 
circumstance, or stayed pending further agency action, the provision 
must be construed so as to continue to give the maximum effect to the 
provision permitted by law, unless such holding be one of utter 
invalidity or unenforceability, in which event the provision will be 
severable from part 541 and will not affect the remainder thereof.
0
3. Amend Sec.  541.100, by revising paragraph (a)(1) to read as 
follows:


Sec.  541.100  General rule for executive employees.

    (a) * * *
    (1) Compensated on a salary basis at not less than the level set 
forth in Sec.  541.600;
* * * * *
0
4. Amend Sec.  541.200, by revising paragraph (a)(1) to read as 
follows:

[[Page 62239]]

Sec.  541.200  General rule for administrative employees.

    (a) * * *
    (1) Compensated on a salary or fee basis at not less than the level 
set forth in Sec.  541.600;
* * * * *
0
5. Amend Sec.  541.204, by revising paragraph (a)(1) to read as 
follows:


Sec.  541.204  Educational establishments.

    (a) * * *
    (1) Compensated on a salary or fee basis at not less than the level 
set forth in Sec.  541.600; or on a salary basis which is at least 
equal to the entrance salary for teachers in the educational 
establishment by which employed; and
* * * * *
0
6. Amend Sec.  541.300, by revising paragraph (a)(1) to read as 
follows:


Sec.  541.300  General rule for professional employees.

    (a) * * *
    (1) Compensated on a salary or fee basis at not less than the level 
set forth in Sec.  541.600; and
* * * * *
0
7. Amend Sec.  541.400, by revising the first sentence of paragraph (b) 
to read as follows:


Sec.  541.400  General rule for computer employees.

* * * * *
    (b) The section 13(a)(1) exemption applies to any computer employee 
who is compensated on a salary or fee basis at not less than the level 
set forth in Sec.  541.600. * * *
* * * * *
0
8. Revise Sec.  541.600 to read as follows:


Sec.  541.600  Amount of salary required.

    (a) Standard salary level. (1) To qualify as an exempt executive, 
administrative, or professional employee under section 13(a)(1) of the 
Act, an employee must be compensated on a salary basis at a rate per 
week of not less than the standard salary level (the 35th percentile of 
weekly earnings of full-time nonhourly workers in the lowest-wage 
Census Region), unless employed in American Samoa as set forth in 
paragraph (b) of this section, exclusive of board, lodging, or other 
facilities. As of [EFFECTIVE DATE OF THE FINAL RULE], and until such 
time as the standard salary level is updated pursuant to Sec.  541.607, 
the standard salary level is $1,059 per week. Administrative and 
professional employees may also be paid on a fee basis, as defined in 
Sec.  541.605.
    (2) Beginning 3 years from the date the $1,059 per week salary 
level takes effect, and every 3 years thereafter, the Secretary will 
update the amount of the required standard salary level pursuant to 
Sec.  541.607.
    (b) American Samoa. To qualify as an exempt executive, 
administrative, or professional employee under section 13(a)(1) of the 
Act, an employee in American Samoa (except if employed by the Federal 
Government), must be compensated on a salary basis at a rate of not 
less than 84 percent of the standard salary level applicable under 
paragraph (a) of this section (e.g., $890 per week when the standard 
salary level is $1,059), exclusive of board, lodging, or other 
facilities. Provided that 90 days after the highest industry minimum 
wage for American Samoa equals the minimum wage under section 6(a)(1) 
of the Act, exempt employees employed in all industries in American 
Samoa must be paid the full standard salary level set forth in 
paragraph (a) of this section, subject to the exceptions provided in 
paragraphs (d) through (f) of this section. Administrative and 
professional employees may also be paid on a fee basis, as defined in 
Sec.  541.605.
    (c) Frequency of payment. The salary level requirement may be 
translated into equivalent amounts for periods longer than one week. 
For example, the $1,059 per week requirement described in paragraph (a) 
of this section would be met if the employee is compensated biweekly on 
a salary basis of not less than $2,118, semimonthly on a salary basis 
of not less than $2,295, or monthly on a salary basis of not less than 
$4,589. However, the shortest period of payment that will meet this 
compensation requirement is one week.
    (d) Alternative salary level for academic administrative employees. 
In the case of academic administrative employees, the salary level 
requirement also may be met by compensation on a salary basis at a rate 
at least equal to the entrance salary for teachers in the educational 
establishment by which the employee is employed, as provided in Sec.  
541.204(a)(1).
    (e) Hourly rate for computer employees. In the case of computer 
employees, the compensation requirement also may be met by compensation 
on an hourly basis at a rate not less than $27.63 an hour, as provided 
in Sec.  541.400(b).
    (f) Exceptions to the standard salary criteria. In the case of 
professional employees, the compensation requirements in this section 
shall not apply to employees engaged as teachers (see Sec.  541.303); 
employees who hold a valid license or certificate permitting the 
practice of law or medicine or any of their branches and are actually 
engaged in the practice thereof (see Sec.  541.304); or to employees 
who hold the requisite academic degree for the general practice of 
medicine and are engaged in an internship or resident program pursuant 
to the practice of the profession (see Sec.  541.304). In the case of 
medical occupations, the exception from the salary or fee requirement 
does not apply to pharmacists, nurses, therapists, technologists, 
sanitarians, dietitians, social workers, psychologists, psychometrists, 
or other professions which service the medical profession.
0
9. Amend Sec.  541.601 by:
0
a. Adding introductory text to paragraph (a);
0
b. Revising paragraph (a)(1);
0
c. Revising paragraph (a)(2);
0
d. Adding paragraph (a)(3);
0
e. Revising the first sentence of paragraph (b)(1); and
0
f. Revising the second, third, and fourth sentences of paragraph 
(b)(2).
    The revisions and additions read as follows:


Sec.  541.601  Highly compensated employees.

    (a) An employee shall be exempt under section 13(a)(1) of the Act 
if:
    (1) The employee receives not less than the total annual 
compensation level (the annualized earnings amount of the 85th 
percentile of full-time nonhourly workers nationally), and the employee 
customarily and regularly performs any one or more of the exempt duties 
or responsibilities of an executive, administrative, or professional 
employee identified in subpart B, C, or D of this part. As of 
[EFFECTIVE DATE OF THE FINAL RULE], and until such time as the total 
annual compensation level is updated pursuant to Sec.  541.607, such an 
employee must receive total annual compensation of at least $143,988.
    (2) Beginning 3 years from the date the $143,988 total annual 
compensation level takes effect, and every 3 years thereafter, the 
Secretary will update the required total annual compensation amount 
pursuant to Sec.  541.607.
    (3) Where the annual period covers periods both prior to and after 
the $143,988 total annual compensation level takes effect, or the 
effective date of any future change to the total annual compensation 
requirement made pursuant to Sec.  541.607, the amount of total annual 
compensation due will be determined on a proportional basis.
    (b)(1) Total annual compensation must include at least a weekly 
amount equal to that required by Sec.  541.600(a) paid on a salary or 
fee basis as set forth in Sec. Sec.  541.602 and 541.605, except that 
Sec.  541.602(a)(3) will not apply to highly compensated employees. * * 
*
    (2) * * * For example, for a 52-week period beginning [EFFECTIVE 
DATE OF

[[Page 62240]]

FINAL RULE], an employee may earn $120,000 in base salary, and the 
employer may anticipate based upon past sales that the employee also 
will earn $25,000 in commissions. However, due to poor sales in the 
final quarter of the year, the employee only earns $20,000 in 
commissions. In this situation, the employer may within one month after 
the end of the year make a payment of at least $3,988 to the employee. 
* * *
* * * * *
0
10. Amend Sec.  541.604 by:
0
a. Revising the second, third, and fourth sentences of paragraph (a); 
and
0
b. Revising the third sentence in paragraph (b).
    The revisions read as follows:


Sec.  541.604  Minimum guarantee plus extras.

    (a) * * * Thus, for example, an exempt employee guaranteed at least 
$1,059 each week paid on a salary basis may also receive additional 
compensation of a one percent commission on sales. An exempt employee 
also may receive a percentage of the sales or profits of the employer 
if the employment arrangement also includes a guarantee of at least 
$1,059 each week paid on a salary basis. Similarly, the exemption is 
not lost if an exempt employee who is guaranteed at least $1,059 each 
week paid on a salary basis also receives additional compensation based 
on hours worked for work beyond the normal workweek. * * *
    (b) * * * Thus, for example, an exempt employee guaranteed 
compensation of at least $1,125 for any week in which the employee 
performs any work, and who normally works four or five shifts each 
week, may be paid $325 per shift without violating the $1,059 per week 
salary basis requirement. * * *
0
11. Amend Sec.  541.605 by revising the second sentence of paragraph 
(b) to read as follows:


Sec.  541.605  Fee basis.

* * * * *
    (b) * * * Thus, for example, an artist paid $550 for a picture that 
took 20 hours to complete meets the $1,059 minimum salary requirement 
for exemption since earnings at this rate would yield the artist $1,100 
if 40 hours were worked. * * *
0
12. Add Sec.  541.607 to read as follows:


Sec.  541.607  Automatic updates to amounts of salary and compensation 
required.

    (a) Standard salary level. (1) Beginning 3 years from [EFFECTIVE 
DATE OF THE FINAL RULE], and every 3 years thereafter, the amount 
required to be paid to an exempt employee on a salary or fee basis, as 
applicable, pursuant to Sec.  541.600(a) will be updated to reflect 
current earnings data.
    (2) The Secretary will determine the lowest-wage Census Region for 
paragraph (a)(1) of this section using the 35th percentile of weekly 
earnings of full-time nonhourly workers in the Census Regions based on 
data from the Current Population Survey as published by the Bureau of 
Labor Statistics.
    (b) Highly compensated employees. (1) Beginning 3 years from 
[EFFECTIVE DATE OF THE FINAL RULE], and every 3 years thereafter, the 
amount required in total annual compensation for an exempt highly 
compensated employee pursuant to Sec.  541.601 will be updated to 
reflect current earnings data.
    (2) The Secretary will use the 85th percentile of weekly earnings 
of full-time nonhourly workers nationally based on data from the 
Current Population Survey as published by the Bureau of Labor 
Statistics for paragraph (b)(1) of this section.
    (c) Notice. (1) Not fewer than 150 days before each automatic 
update of earnings requirements under this section, the Secretary will 
publish a notice in the Federal Register stating the updated amounts 
required by paragraphs (a) and (b) of this section, which shall be 
determined by applying the methodologies set forth in those paragraphs 
to data from the four quarters preceding the notice as published by the 
Bureau of Labor Statistics.
    (2) No later than the effective date of the updated earnings 
requirements, the Wage and Hour Division will publish on its website 
the applicable earnings requirements for employees paid pursuant to 
this part.
    (d) Delay of updates. An automatic update to the earnings 
thresholds is delayed from taking effect for a period of 120 days if 
the Secretary has separately published a notice of proposed rulemaking 
in the Federal Register, not fewer than 150 days before the date the 
automatic update is set to take effect, proposing changes to the 
earnings threshold(s) and/or automatic updating mechanism. If the 
Secretary does not issue a final rule affecting the scheduled automatic 
update to the earnings thresholds by the end of the 120-day extension, 
the updated amounts published in accordance with paragraph (c)(1) of 
this section will take effect upon the expiration of the 120-day 
period. The 120-day delay of a scheduled update under this paragraph 
will not change the effective dates for future automatic updates of the 
earnings requirements under this section.
0
13. Revise Sec.  541.709 to read as follows:


Sec.  541.709  Motion picture producing industry.

    (a) Base rate. The requirement that the employee be paid ``on a 
salary basis'' does not apply to an employee in the motion picture 
producing industry who is compensated at a base rate of at least $1,617 
per week (exclusive of board, lodging, or other facilities), except as 
provided in paragraph (b) of this section. Thus, an employee in this 
industry who is otherwise exempt under subparts B, C, or D of this 
part, and who is employed at a base rate of at least the applicable 
current minimum amount a week is exempt if paid a proportionate amount 
(based on a week of not more than 6 days) for any week in which the 
employee does not work a full workweek for any reason. Moreover, an 
otherwise exempt employee in this industry qualifies for exemption if 
the employee is employed at a daily rate under the following 
circumstances:
    (1) The employee is in a job category for which a weekly base rate 
is not provided and the daily base rate would yield at least the 
minimum weekly amount if 6 days were worked; or
    (2) The employee is in a job category having the minimum weekly 
base rate and the daily base rate is at least one-sixth of such weekly 
base rate.
    (b) Updating the base rate. Upon the date of each increase to the 
standard salary level pursuant to Sec.  541.607, the base rate required 
to be paid to an exempt motion picture producing employee pursuant to 
this section will be updated from the previously applicable base rate, 
adjusted by the same percentage as the updated standard salary set by 
Sec.  541.607(a), and rounded to the nearest multiple of $1.00.

Julie A. Su,
Acting Secretary, Department of Labor.
[FR Doc. 2023-19032 Filed 9-7-23; 8:45 am]
BILLING CODE 4510-27-P