[Federal Register Volume 88, Number 118 (Wednesday, June 21, 2023)]
[Proposed Rules]
[Pages 40638-40675]
From the Federal Register Online via the Government Publishing Office [www.gpo.gov]
[FR Doc No: 2023-12187]



[[Page 40637]]

Vol. 88

Wednesday,

No. 118

June 21, 2023

Part VII





Department of the Treasury





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Office of the Comptroller of the Currency





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Federal Reserve System





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Federal Deposit Insurance Corporation





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National Credit Union Administration





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Consumer Financial Protection Bureau





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Federal Housing Finance Agency





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12 CFR Parts 34, 225, 323, et al.





Quality Control Standards for Automated Valuation Models; Proposed Rule

  Federal Register / Vol. 88, No. 118 / Wednesday, June 21, 2023 / 
Proposed Rules  

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DEPARTMENT OF THE TREASURY

Office of the Comptroller of the Currency

12 CFR Part 34

[Docket No. OCC-2023-0002]
RIN 1557-AD87

FEDERAL RESERVE SYSTEM

12 CFR Part 225

[Docket No. R-1807]
RIN 7100-AG60

FEDERAL DEPOSIT INSURANCE CORPORATION

12 CFR Part 323

RIN 3064-AE68

NATIONAL CREDIT UNION ADMINISTRATION

12 CFR Parts 722 and 741

[Docket No. NCUA-2023-0019]
RIN 3133-AE23

CONSUMER FINANCIAL PROTECTION BUREAU

12 CFR Part 1026

[Docket No. CFPB-2023-0025]
RIN 3170-AA57

FEDERAL HOUSING FINANCE AGENCY

12 CFR Part 1222

RIN 2590-AA62


Quality Control Standards for Automated Valuation Models

AGENCY: Office of the Comptroller of the Currency (OCC), Treasury; 
Board of Governors of the Federal Reserve System (Board); Federal 
Deposit Insurance Corporation (FDIC); National Credit Union 
Administration (NCUA); Consumer Financial Protection Bureau (CFPB); and 
Federal Housing Finance Agency (FHFA).

ACTION: Notice of proposed rulemaking and request for comment.

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SUMMARY: The OCC, Board, FDIC, NCUA, CFPB, and FHFA (collectively, the 
agencies) invite comment on a proposed rule to implement the quality 
control standards mandated by the Dodd-Frank Wall Street Reform and 
Consumer Protection Act (Dodd-Frank Act) for the use of automated 
valuation models (AVMs) by mortgage originators and secondary market 
issuers in determining the collateral worth of a mortgage secured by a 
consumer's principal dwelling. Under the proposal, the agencies would 
require institutions that engage in certain credit decisions or 
securitization determinations to adopt policies, practices, procedures, 
and control systems to ensure that AVMs used in these transactions to 
determine the value of mortgage collateral adhere to quality control 
standards designed to ensure a high level of confidence in the 
estimates produced by AVMs; protect against the manipulation of data; 
seek to avoid conflicts of interest; require random sample testing and 
reviews; and comply with applicable nondiscrimination laws.

DATES: Comments must be received by August 21, 2023.

ADDRESSES: Interested parties are encouraged to submit written comments 
jointly to all of the agencies. Commenters should use the title 
``Quality Control Standards for Automated Valuation Models'' to 
facilitate the organization and distribution of comments among the 
agencies. The agencies invite interested parties to submit written 
comments to:
    OCC: Commenters are encouraged to submit comments through the 
Federal eRulemaking Portal. Please use the title ``Quality Control 
Standards for Automated Valuation Models'' to facilitate the 
organization and distribution of the comments. You may submit comments 
by any of the following methods:
     Federal eRulemaking Portal--Regulations.gov: Go to https://regulations.gov/.
    Enter ``Docket ID OCC-2023-0002'' in the Search Box and click 
``Search.'' Public comments can be submitted via the ``Comment'' box 
below the displayed document information or by clicking on the document 
title and then clicking the ``Comment'' box on the top-left side of the 
screen. For help with submitting effective comments, please click on 
``Commenter's Checklist.'' For assistance with the Regulations.gov 
site, please call 1-866-498-2945 (toll free) Monday-Friday, 9 a.m.-5 
p.m. ET, or email [email protected].
     Mail: Chief Counsel's Office, Attention: Comment 
Processing, Office of the Comptroller of the Currency, 400 7th Street 
SW, Suite 3E-218, Washington, DC 20219.
     Hand Delivery/Courier: 400 7th Street SW, Suite 3E-218, 
Washington, DC 20219.
    Instructions: You must include ``OCC'' as the agency name and 
``Docket ID OCC-2023-0002'' in your comment. In general, the OCC will 
enter all comments received into the docket and publish the comments on 
the Regulations.gov website without change, including any business or 
personal information provided such as name and address information, 
email addresses, or phone numbers. Comments received, including 
attachments and other supporting materials, are part of the public 
record and subject to public disclosure. Do not include any information 
in your comment or supporting materials that you consider confidential 
or inappropriate for public disclosure.
    You may review comments and other related materials that pertain to 
this action by the following method:
     Viewing Comments Electronically--Regulations.gov: Go to 
https://regulations.gov/.
    Enter ``Docket ID OCC-2023-0002'' in the Search Box and click 
``Search.'' Click on the ``Dockets'' tab and then the document's title. 
After clicking the document's title, click the ``Browse All Comments'' 
tab. Comments can be viewed and filtered by clicking on the ``Sort By'' 
drop-down on the right side of the screen or the ``Refine Comments 
Results'' options on the left side of the screen. Supporting materials 
can be viewed by clicking on the ``Browse Documents'' tab. Click on the 
``Sort By'' drop-down on the right side of the screen or the ``Refine 
Results'' options on the left side of the screen checking the 
``Supporting & Related Material'' checkbox. For assistance with the 
Regulations.gov site, please call 1-866-498-2945 (toll free) Monday-
Friday, 9 a.m.-5 p.m. ET, or email [email protected].
    The docket may be viewed after the close of the comment period in 
the same manner as during the comment period.
    Board: You may submit comments, identified by Docket No. R-1807 and 
RIN No. 7100 AG60, by any of the following methods:
     Agency Website: http://www.federalreserve.gov. Follow the 
instructions for submitting comments at http://www.federalreserve.gov/generalinfo/foia/ProposedRegs.cfm.
     Email: [email protected]. Include the 
docket number in the subject line of the message.
     Fax: (202) 452-3819 or (202) 452-3102.
     Mail: Ann Misback, Secretary, Board of Governors of the 
Federal Reserve System, 20th Street and Constitution Avenue NW, 
Washington, DC 20551.

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    In general, all public comments will be made available on the 
Board's website at www.federalreserve.gov/generalinfo/foia/ProposedRegs.cfm as submitted, and will not be modified to remove 
confidential, contact or any identifiable information. Public comments 
may also be viewed electronically or in paper in Room M-4365A, 2001 C 
St. NW, Washington, DC 20551, between 9:00 a.m. and 5:00 p.m. during 
Federal business weekdays. Please call (202) 452-3684 to make an 
appointment to visit the Board and inspect comments.
    FDIC: The FDIC encourages interested parties to submit written 
comments. Please include your name, affiliation, address, email 
address, and telephone number(s) in your comment. You may submit 
comments to FDIC, identified by RIN 3064-AE68, by any of the following 
methods:
     FDIC Website: https://www.fdic.gov/resources/regulations/federal-register-publications/. Follow the instructions for submitting 
comments on the FDIC's website.
     Mail: James P. Sheesley, Assistant Executive Secretary, 
Attention: Comments/Legal OES (RIN 3064-AE68), Federal Deposit 
Insurance Corporation, 550 17th Street NW, Washington, DC 20429.
     Hand Delivery/Courier: Comments may be hand delivered to 
the guard station at the rear of the 550 17th Street NW building 
(located on F Street NW) on business days between 7:00 a.m. and 5:00 
p.m.
     Email: [email protected]. Comments submitted must include 
``RIN 3064-AE68'' in the subject line of the message.
    Public Inspection: Comments received, including any personal 
information provided, may be posted without change to https://www.fdic.gov/resources/regulations/federal-register-publications/. 
Commenters should submit only information that the commenter wishes to 
make available publicly. The FDIC may review, redact, or refrain from 
posting all or any portion of any comment that it may deem to be 
inappropriate for publication, such as irrelevant or obscene material. 
The FDIC may post only a single representative example of identical or 
substantially identical comments, and in such cases will generally 
identify the number of identical or substantially identical comments 
represented by the posted example. All comments that have been 
redacted, as well as those that have not been posted, that contain 
comments on the merits of this notice will be retained in the public 
comment file and will be considered as required under all applicable 
laws. All comments may be accessible under the Freedom of Information 
Act.
    NCUA: You may submit written comments, identified by RIN 3133-AE23, 
by any of the following methods (Please send comments by one method 
only):
     Federal eRulemaking Portal: http://www.regulations.gov. 
Follow the instructions for submitting comments for Docket Number NCUA-
2023-0019.
     Mail: Address to Melane Conyers-Ausbrooks, Secretary of 
the Board, National Credit Union Administration, 1775 Duke Street, 
Alexandria, Virginia 22314-3428.
    You may view all public comments on the Federal eRulemaking Portal 
at http://www.regulations.gov as submitted, except for those we cannot 
post for technical reasons. The NCUA will not edit or remove any 
identifying or contact information from the public comments submitted. 
If you are unable to access public comments on the internet, you may 
contact NCUA for alternative access by calling (703) 518-6540 or 
emailing [email protected].
    CFPB: You may submit comments, identified by Docket No. CFPB-2023-
0025 by any of the following methods:
     Federal eRulemaking Portal: https://www.regulations.gov. 
Follow the instructions for submitting comments.
     Email: [email protected]. Include Docket No. 
CFPB-2023-0025 in the subject line of the message.
     Mail/Hand Delivery/Courier: Comment Intake--CFPB-2023-
0025, Consumer Financial Protection Bureau, c/o Legal Division Docket 
Manager, 1700 G Street NW, Washington, DC 20552.
    Instructions: The CFPB encourages the early submission of comments. 
All submissions should include the agency name and docket number for 
this rulemaking. Because paper mail in the Washington, DC, area and at 
the CFPB is subject to delay commenters are encouraged to submit 
comments electronically. In general, the CFPB will post all comments 
received without change to https://www.regulations.gov.
    The CFPB will make all comments, including attachments and other 
supporting materials, part of the public record and subject to public 
disclosure. You should not include proprietary information or sensitive 
personal information, such as account numbers or Social Security 
numbers, or names of other individuals. The CFPB will not edit comments 
to remove any identifying or contact information.
    FHFA: You may submit your comments, identified by regulatory 
identification number (RIN) 2590-AA62, by any of the following methods:
     Agency website: www.fhfa.gov/open-for-comment-or-input.
     Federal eRulemaking Portal: http://www.regulations.gov. 
Follow the instructions for submitting comments. If you submit your 
comment to the Federal eRulemaking Portal, please also send it by email 
to FHFA at [email protected] to ensure timely receipt by the agency. 
Please include ``RIN 2590-AA62'' in the subject line of the message.
     Hand Delivered/Courier: The hand delivery address is: 
Clinton Jones, General Counsel, Attention: Comments/RIN 2590-AA62, 
Federal Housing Finance Agency, Fourth Floor, 400 Seventh Street SW, 
Washington, DC 20219. Deliver the package to the Seventh Street 
entrance Guard's Desk, First Floor, on business days between 9 a.m. and 
5 p.m.
     U.S. Mail, United Parcel Service, Federal Express, or 
Other Mail Service: The mailing address for comments is: Clinton Jones, 
General Counsel, Attention: Comments/RIN 2590-AA62, Federal Housing 
Finance Agency, Fourth Floor, 400 Seventh Street SW, Washington, DC 
20219. Please note that all mail sent to FHFA via U.S. Mail is routed 
through a national irradiation facility, a process that may delay 
delivery by approximately two weeks.
    FHFA invites comment on all aspects of the proposed amendments and 
will take all comments into consideration before adopting amendments 
through a final rule. FHFA will post copies of all comments received 
without change on the FHFA website at http://www.fhfa.gov, and will 
include any personal information you provide, such as your name, 
address, email address, and telephone number. In addition, the FHFA 
will make copies of all comments received available for examination by 
the public through the electronic rulemaking docket for this proposed 
rule also located on the FHFA website.

FOR FURTHER INFORMATION CONTACT: 
    OCC: G. Kevin Lawton, Appraiser (Real Estate Specialist), (202) 
649-7152; Mitchell Plave, Special Counsel, (202) 649-5490; or Joanne 
Phillips, Counsel; or Marta Stewart-Bates, Counsel, Chief Counsel's 
Office, (202) 649-5500; Office of the Comptroller of the Currency, 400 
7th Street SW, Washington, DC 20219. If you are deaf, hard of hearing, 
or have a speech disability, please dial 7-1-1 to access 
telecommunications relay services.
    Board: Anna Lee Hewko, Associate Director, (202) 530-6260; Andrew 
Willis, Manager, Policy Development

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Section, (202) 912-4323; Carmen Holly, Lead Financial Institution 
Policy Analyst, (202) 973-6122; Devyn Jeffereis, Senior Financial 
Institution Policy Analyst, (202) 365-2467, Division of Supervision and 
Regulation; Jay Schwarz, Assistant General Counsel, (202) 452-2970; 
Matthew Suntag, Senior Counsel, (202) 452-3694; Derald Seid, Senior 
Counsel, (202) 452-2246; Trevor Feigleson, Counsel, (202) 452-3274, 
David Imhoff, Attorney (202) 452-2249, Legal Division, Board of 
Governors of the Federal Reserve System, 20th and C Streets NW, 
Washington, DC 20551. For users of telephone systems via text telephone 
(TTY) or any TTY-based Telecommunications Relay Services, please call 
711 from any telephone, anywhere in the United States.
    FDIC: Patrick J. Mancoske, Senior Examination Specialist, Division 
of Risk Management Supervision, (202) 898-7032; Lauren A. Whitaker, 
Counsel, Legal Division, (202) 898-3872; Navid K. Choudhury, Counsel, 
Legal Division, (202) 898-6526, [email protected]; Mark Mellon, 
Counsel, Legal Division, (202) 898-3884; Mark T. Heil, Senior Financial 
Economist, Division of Insurance and Research, (202) 898-7232; or 
Stuart Hoff, Senior Policy Analyst, Division of Depositor and Consumer 
Protection, (202) 898-3852, Federal Deposit Insurance Corporation, 550 
17th Street NW, Washington, DC 20429. For the hearing impaired only, 
TDD users may contact (202) 925-4618.
    NCUA: Policy and Accounting: Victoria Nahrwold, Associate Director; 
Naghi H. Khaled, Director of Credit Markets; or Simon Hermann, Senior 
Credit Specialist; Office of Examination and Insurance at (703) 518-
6360; National Credit Union Administration, 1775 Duke Street, 
Alexandria, Virginia 22314, Legal: Ian Marenna, Associate General 
Counsel for Regulations and Legislation; John H. Brolin, Senior Staff 
Attorney; or Ariel Pereira, Senior Staff Attorney; Office of General 
Counsel, at (703) 518-6540; National Credit Union Administration, 1775 
Duke Street, Alexandria, Virginia 22314.
    CFPB: Shaakira Gold-Ramirez, Counsel; Pedro De Oliveira, Joseph 
Devlin, Thomas Dowell, Joan Kayagil, or Melissa Stegman, Senior 
Counsels, Office of Regulations, at 202-435-7700. If you require this 
document in an alternative electronic format, please contact 
[email protected].
    FHFA: Julie Giesbrecht, Senior Policy Analyst, Office of Housing 
and Regulatory Policy, (202) 557-9866, [email protected]; Karen 
Heidel, Assistant General Counsel, Office of General Counsel, (202) 
649-3073; or [email protected]. For TTY/TRS users with hearing and 
speech disabilities, dial 711 and ask to be connected to any of the 
contact numbers above.

SUPPLEMENTARY INFORMATION: 

I. Background

    Section 1473(q) of the Dodd-Frank Act amended title XI of the 
Financial Institutions Reform, Recovery, and Enforcement Act of 1989 
(title XI) \1\ to add a new section 1125 relating to the use of 
automated valuation models (AVMs) in valuing real estate collateral 
securing mortgage loans (section 1125).\2\ The term ``automated 
valuation model'' is commonly used to describe computerized real estate 
valuation models used for a variety of purposes, including loan 
underwriting and portfolio monitoring.\3\ Section 1125 defines an AVM 
as ``any computerized model used by mortgage originators and secondary 
market issuers to determine the collateral worth of a mortgage secured 
by a consumer's principal dwelling.'' \4\ The quality control standards 
proposed in this rule are applicable only to AVMs used in connection 
with making credit decisions or covered securitization determinations 
regarding a mortgage (covered AVMs), as defined in this proposed rule.
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    \1\ 12 U.S.C. 3331 et seq.
    \2\ Public Law 111-203, 124 Stat. 1376, 2198 (2010), codified at 
12 U.S.C. 3354.
    \3\ See Interagency Appraisal and Evaluation Guidelines, 75 FR 
77450, 77468 (Dec. 10, 2010).
    \4\ 12 U.S.C. 3354(d).
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    Section 1125 directs the agencies to promulgate regulations to 
implement quality control standards regarding AVMs.\5\ Section 1125 
requires that AVMs, as defined in the statute, adhere to quality 
control standards designed to ``(1) ensure a high level of confidence 
in the estimates produced by AVMs; (2) protect against the manipulation 
of data; (3) seek to avoid conflicts of interest; (4) require random 
sample testing and reviews; and (5) account for any other such factor 
that the agencies determine to be appropriate.'' \6\ As required by 
section 1125, the agencies consulted with the staff of the Appraisal 
Subcommittee (ASC) and the Appraisal Standards Board of the Appraisal 
Foundation (ASB) as part of promulgating this rule.
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    \5\ 12 U.S.C. 3354(b).
    \6\ 12 U.S.C. 3354(a).
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    Driven in part by advances in database and modeling technology and 
the availability of larger property datasets, the mortgage industry has 
begun to use AVMs with increasing frequency as part of the real estate 
valuation process. For example, the Federal National Mortgage 
Association (Fannie Mae) and the Federal Home Loan Mortgage Corporation 
(Freddie Mac) (collectively, the GSEs) may use proprietary AVMs in 
their collateral valuation processes. While advances in AVM technology 
and data availability have the potential to contribute to lower costs 
and shorter turnaround times in the performance of property valuations, 
it is important that institutions using such tools take appropriate 
steps to ensure the credibility and integrity of the valuations 
produced by AVMs.\7\
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    \7\ See, e.g., U.S. Department of the Treasury, A Financial 
System That Creates Economic Opportunities: Nonbank Financials, 
Fintech, and Innovation 103-107 (July 2018), available at https://home.treasury.gov/sites/default/files/2018-08/A-Financial-System-that-Creates-Economic-Opportunities---Nonbank-Financials-Fintech-and-Innovation.pdf.
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A. Existing Guidance Relating to the Use of AVMs

    Since 2010, the OCC, Board, FDIC, and NCUA have provided 
supervisory guidance on the use of AVMs by their regulated institutions 
in Appendix B to the Interagency Appraisal and Evaluation Guidelines 
(Guidelines).\8\ The Guidelines recognize that an institution may use a 
variety of analytical methods and technological tools in developing 
real estate valuations, provided the institution can demonstrate that 
the valuation method is consistent with safe and sound banking 
practices. The Guidelines recognize that the establishment of policies 
and procedures governing the selection, use, and validation of AVMs, 
including steps to ensure the accuracy, reliability, and independence 
of an AVM, is a sound banking practice.\9\ In addition to Appendix B of 
the Guidelines, the OCC, Board, and FDIC have issued guidance on model 
risk management practices (Model Risk Management Guidance) that 
provides supervisory guidance on validation and testing of models.\10\
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    \8\ See supra, note 3. The Guidelines were adopted after notice 
and comment.
    \9\ Id.
    \10\ See Supervisory Guidance on Model Risk Management, OCC 
Bulletin 2011-12 (Apr. 4, 2011); Federal Reserve Board SR Letter 11-
7 (Apr. 4, 2011); and Guidance on Model Risk Management, FDIC FIL-
22-2017 (June 7, 2017).
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    The NCUA is not a party to the Model Risk Management Guidance. The 
NCUA monitors the model risk efforts of federally insured credit unions 
through its supervisory approach by confirming that the governance and 
controls for an AVM are appropriate based on the size and complexity of 
the transaction; the risk the transaction poses to the credit union; 
and the capabilities and resources of the credit union.

[[Page 40641]]

    The CFPB and FHFA are not parties to the Guidelines or the Model 
Risk Management Guidance. The FHFA has separately issued model risk 
management guidance that provides the FHFA's supervisory expectations 
for its regulated entities in the development, validation, and use of 
models.\11\
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    \11\ See Model Risk Management Guidance, FHFA Advisory Bulletin 
2013-07 (Nov. 20, 2013).
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    The agencies have also provided guidance on managing the risk 
inherent in the use of third-party service providers, such as outside 
entities that provide AVMs and AVM services.\12\ Institutions that make 
use of third parties are reminded that they remain responsible for 
ensuring that third parties, in performing their activities, comply 
with applicable laws and regulations, including the safety and 
soundness requirements established by the OCC, Board, FDIC, and NCUA. 
These guidance documents address the characteristics, governance, and 
operational effectiveness of a financial institution's risk management 
program for outsourced activities.
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    \12\ See Third-Party Relationships: Risk Management Guidance, 
OCC Bulletin 2013-29 (Oct. 31, 2013); Third-Party Relationships: 
Frequently Asked Questions to Supplement OCC Bulletin 2013-29, OCC 
Bulletin 2020-10 (March 5, 2020); Guidance on Managing Outsourcing 
Risk, Federal Reserve Board SR Letter 13-9 (Dec. 3, 2013); Third-
Party Risk Guidance for Managing Third-Party Risk, FDIC FIL-44-2008 
(June 6, 2008); Evaluating Third Party Relationships, NCUA 
Supervisory Letter 07-01 (Oct. 2007); Oversight of Third-Party 
Provider Relationships, Advisory Bulletin 2018-08 (Sept. 28, 2018); 
and CFPB, Compliance Bulletin and Policy Guidance; 2016-02, Service 
Providers (Oct. 31, 2016).
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II. The Proposed Rule

    The agencies are inviting comment on a proposed rule to implement 
quality control standards for the use of AVMs that are covered by this 
proposal. The agencies' proposed rule would require that mortgage 
originators and secondary market issuers adopt policies, practices, 
procedures, and control systems to ensure that AVMs used in certain 
credit decisions or covered securitization determinations adhere to 
quality control standards designed to meet specific quality control 
factors. The proposed rule would not set specific requirements for how 
institutions are to structure these policies, practices, procedures, 
and control systems. This approach would provide institutions the 
flexibility to set quality controls for AVMs as appropriate based on 
the size of the institution and the risk and complexity of transactions 
for which they will use AVMs covered by this proposed rule. As modeling 
technology continues to evolve, this flexible approach would allow 
institutions to refine their policies, practices, procedures, and 
control systems as appropriate. The agencies' existing guidance related 
to AVMs would remain applicable.

A. Scope of the Proposed Rule

    The quality control standards in section 1125 of title XI apply to 
AVMs ``used by mortgage originators and secondary market issuers to 
determine the collateral worth of a mortgage secured by a consumer's 
principal dwelling.'' \13\ The proposed rule would implement the 
statute by applying the quality control standards when an AVM is being 
used to make a determination of collateral value, as opposed to other 
uses such as monitoring value over time or validating an already 
completed valuation. Determinations of collateral value are generally 
made in connection with credit decisions or covered securitization 
determinations as defined in this proposed rulemaking, for example when 
determining a new value before originating a purchase-money mortgage or 
placing a loan in a securitization pool.
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    \13\ 12 U.S.C. 3354(d).
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    Other uses of AVMs, such as for portfolio monitoring, do not 
involve making a determination of collateral value, and thus are not 
within the scope of the proposed rule. The agencies are further 
proposing that the rule would not cover the use of AVMs in the 
development of an appraisal by a certified or licensed appraiser, nor 
in the review of the quality of already completed determinations of 
collateral value (completed determinations). The proposed rule would 
cover the use of AVMs in preparing evaluations required for certain 
real estate transactions that are exempt from the appraisal 
requirements under the appraisal regulations issued by the OCC, Board, 
FDIC, and NCUA, such as transactions that have a value below the 
exemption thresholds in the appraisal regulations.\14\
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    \14\ See 12 CFR 34.43(b) (OCC); 12 CFR 225.62(c) (Board); 12 CFR 
323.3(b) (FDIC); and 12 CFR 722.3(d) (NCUA). Under the NCUA's rule, 
an ``evaluation'' is described as a ``written estimate.'' 12 CFR 
722.3(d).
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    Section 1125(c)(1) provides that compliance with regulations issued 
under section 1125 shall be enforced by, ``with respect to a financial 
institution, or subsidiary owned and controlled by a financial 
institution and regulated by a Federal financial institution regulatory 
agency, the Federal financial institution regulatory agency that acts 
as the primary Federal supervisor of such financial institution or 
subsidiary.'' \15\ Section 1125(c)(1) applies to a subsidiary of a 
financial institution only if the subsidiary is (1) owned and 
controlled by a financial institution, and (2) regulated by a Federal 
financial institution regulatory agency. Section 1125(c)(2) provides 
that compliance with regulations issued under section 1125 shall be 
enforced by, ``with respect to other participants in the market for 
appraisals of 1-to-4 unit single family residential real estate, the 
Federal Trade Commission, the Bureau of Consumer Financial Protection, 
and a State attorney general.'' \16\
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    \15\ 12 U.S.C. 3354(c)(1) (emphasis added). The term ``Federal 
financial institutions regulatory agencies'' means the Board, the 
FDIC, the OCC, the former OTS, and the NCUA. 12 U.S.C. 3350(6). 
Title III of the Dodd-Frank Act provides that the OCC is now the 
Federal financial institutions regulatory agency for Federal savings 
associations. Title III of the Dodd-Frank Act also provides that the 
FDIC is the Federal financial institutions regulatory agency for 
State savings associations. Finally, the Dodd-Frank Act provides 
that the Board is responsible for regulation of savings and loan 
holding companies. The term ``financial institution'' means an 
insured depository institution as defined in 12 U.S.C. 1813 or an 
insured credit union as defined in 12 U.S.C. 1752. See 12 U.S.C. 
3350(7).
    \16\ 12 U.S.C. 3354(c)(2).
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    The NCUA has long acknowledged that subsidiaries of federally 
insured credit unions--also referred to as credit union service 
organizations (CUSOs)--and their employees are not subject to 
regulation by the NCUA as contemplated by Congress under statutory 
provisions similar to section 1125(c).\17\ This proposal would not 
alter that position. The NCUA, unlike the Federal banking agencies that 
do have supervisory and regulatory authority over subsidiaries of their 
regulated institutions, does not have authority to supervise or examine 
subsidiaries owned and controlled by federally insured credit 
unions.\18\ Rather, the NCUA's regulations only indirectly affect 
CUSOs. For example, part 712 and Sec.  741.222 of the NCUA's 
regulations permit federally insured credit unions to invest only in 
CUSOs that conform to

[[Page 40642]]

certain specified requirements.\19\ Given that the authority under 
section 1125(c)(1), in the context of federally insured credit unions, 
applies to subsidiaries owned and controlled by a federally insured 
credit union \20\ and regulated by the NCUA,\21\ the NCUA would not 
take action to enforce the requirements of this rule under section 
1125(c)(1), if the rule is made final, with respect to CUSOs. Rather, 
under section 1125(c)(2), the Federal Trade Commission, the CFPB, and 
State attorneys general would have enforcement authority over CUSOs, 
whether owned by a State or federally chartered credit union, in 
connection with a final AVM rule.\22\ Accordingly, the second sentence 
in proposed Sec.  722.201(b)(1) would provide that subpart B of part 
722 of the NCUA's regulations applies to credit unions insured by the 
NCUA that are mortgage originators or secondary market issuers.
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    \17\ See Registration of Mortgage Loan Originators, 75 FR 51623, 
51626 (Aug. 23, 2010) (applying similar reasoning to the licensing 
of mortgage loan originators who were employees of CUSOs under the 
Secure and Fair Enforcement for Mortgage Licensing Act of 2008); and 
Minimum Requirements for Appraisal Management Companies, 80 FR 
32657, 32665 (Aug. 10, 2015) (applying similar reasoning to the 
registration and regulation of appraisal management company CUSOs 
under 12 U.S.C. 3353).
    \18\ See, e.g., Bank Service Company Act, 12 U.S.C. 1861-1867; 
NCUA, Third-Party Vendor Authority 7-10 (March 2022) available at 
https://ncua.gov/files/publications/regulation-supervision/third-party-vendor-authority.pdf; and Financial Stability Oversight 
Council, 2021 Annual Report 125 (2021) available at https://home.treasury.gov/system/files/261/FSOC2021AnnualReport.pdf.
    \19\ 12 CFR part 712.
    \20\ The term ``financial institution'' means an insured 
depository institution as defined in 12 U.S.C. 1813 or an insured 
credit union as defined in 12 U.S.C. 1752. See 12 U.S.C. 3350(7).
    \21\ 12 U.S.C. 3354(c)(1).
    \22\ 12 U.S.C. 3354(c)(2).
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    The NCUA is also proposing to amend Sec.  741.203(b) to clearly 
include the proposed AVM regulations in the NCUA's list of regulatory 
provisions applicable to federally insured, state-chartered credit 
unions. Accordingly, proposed Sec.  741.203(b) would provide that 
insured credit unions must adhere to the requirements stated in part 
722 of this chapter.
1. AVMs Used in Connection With Making Credit Decisions
    The proposed rule would apply to AVMs used in connection with 
making a credit decision. The proposed rule would define ``credit 
decision,'' in part, to include a decision regarding whether and under 
what terms to originate, modify, terminate, or make other changes to a 
mortgage. The scope provision of the proposed regulatory text would 
expressly exclude the use of AVMs in monitoring the quality or 
performance of mortgages or mortgage-backed securities. The use of AVMs 
solely to monitor a creditor's mortgage portfolio would not be a credit 
decision under the proposed rule because the lending institution has 
already made the credit decision. The scope of the proposed rule would 
include, for example, decisions regarding originating a mortgage, 
modifying the terms of an existing loan, or renewing, increasing, or 
terminating a line of credit. The proposed rule uses the term ``credit 
decision'' to help clarify that the proposed rule would cover these 
various types of decisions.
    The proposal to limit the scope of the rule to credit decisions and 
covered securitization determinations reflects the statutory definition 
of AVM, which focuses on the use of an AVM ``by mortgage originators 
and secondary market issuers to determine the collateral worth of a 
mortgage secured by a consumer's principal dwelling.'' \23\ The 
proposed rule would distinguish between using AVMs to determine the 
value of collateral securing a mortgage and using AVMs to monitor, 
verify, or validate a previous determination of value (e.g., the 
proposed rule would not cover a computerized tax assessment used to 
verify the valuation made during the origination process).\24\ The 
proposed rule focuses on those aspects of mortgage and securitization 
transactions where the value of collateral is typically determined.
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    \23\ 12 U.S.C. 3354(d) (emphasis added).
    \24\ Many secondary market transactions by regulated entities 
require an appraisal unless an appraisal consistent with regulatory 
standards was obtained at the time of origination. See 12 CFR 
43.43(a)(8) (OCC); 12 CFR 225.63(a)(8) (Board); 12 CFR 323.3(a)(8) 
(FDIC); 12 CFR 722.3(a)(5) (NCUA).
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    Loan modifications and other changes to existing loans. The 
proposed rule would cover the use of AVMs in deciding whether to change 
the terms of an existing mortgage even if the change does not result in 
a new mortgage origination, as long as a ``mortgage originator'' or 
``secondary market issuer,'' or servicers that work on the originator's 
or secondary market issuer's behalf, uses the AVM to determine the 
value of a mortgage secured by a consumer's principal dwelling. For 
example, the proposed rule would cover AVMs used in making decisions to 
deny a loan modification or to confirm collateral values, such as when 
there is a request to change or release collateral. In relevant part, 
section 1125 provides that an AVM is ``any computerized model used by 
mortgage originators and secondary market issuers to determine the 
collateral worth of a mortgage. . . . '' \25\ The agencies' view is 
that the phrase ``determine the collateral worth'' broadly covers 
instances where mortgage originators and secondary market issuers use 
AVMs in connection with making credit decisions. Under the proposal, 
the agencies consider mortgage originators and secondary market issuers 
or servicers that work on their behalf to be using AVMs in connection 
with making a credit decision when they use AVMs to modify or to change 
the terms of existing loans.
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    \25\ 12 U.S.C. 3354(d) (emphasis added).
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

    Question 1. How, if at all, could the agencies' proposal to cover 
loan modifications and other changes to existing loans be made clearer?
    Home equity line of credit (HELOC) reductions or suspensions. The 
proposed rule would cover AVMs used in deciding whether or to what 
extent to reduce or suspend a HELOC. The proposed rule would apply to 
AVMs used in connection with making credit decisions. The agencies 
consider mortgage originators and secondary market issuers to be using 
AVMs in connection with making a credit decision when they use AVMs to 
decide whether or to what extent to reduce or suspend a HELOC.
    Question 2. Part II.B of this SUPPLEMENTARY INFORMATION discusses 
the proposed definitions of mortgage originator and secondary market 
issuer. To what extent do financial institutions purchase or service 
HELOCs without engaging in mortgage originator or secondary market 
issuer activities as defined by the proposed rule?
    Question 3. How might a rule covering only AVM usage by mortgage 
originators and secondary market issuers disadvantage those entities 
vis-[agrave]-vis their competitors?
2. AVMs Used by Secondary Market Issuers
    The language of section 1125 includes not only mortgage 
originators, but also secondary market issuers. Given that the statute 
refers to secondary market issuers and the primary business of 
secondary market issuers is to securitize mortgage loans and to sell 
those mortgage-backed securities to investors, the proposed rule would 
cover AVMs used in securitization determinations. In addition, covering 
AVMs used in securitizations could potentially protect the safety and 
soundness of institutions and protect consumers and investors by 
reducing the risk that secondary market issuers will misvalue homes. 
For example, misvaluation by secondary market issuers could in turn 
incentivize mortgage originators to originate misvalued loans when 
making lending decisions.\26\ Such misvaluations could

[[Page 40643]]

pose a risk of insufficient collateral for financial institutions and 
secondary market participants and could limit consumers' refinancing 
and selling opportunities.\27\
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    \26\ For example, the 2008 financial crisis was precipitated in 
part by secondary market issuers that ``lowered the credit quality 
standards of the mortgages they securitized'' and mortgage 
originators that ``took advantage of these lower credit quality 
securitization standards . . . to relax the underwriting discipline 
in the loans they issued'' because, ``[a]s long as they could resell 
a mortgage to the secondary market, they didn't care about its 
quality.'' Financial Crisis Inquiry Commission, The Financial Crisis 
Inquiry Report, at 425 (2011), available at https://www.gpo.gov/fdsys/pkg/GPO-FCIC/pdf/GPO-FCIC.pdf.
    \27\ See, e.g., Appraisals for Higher-Priced Mortgage Loans, 78 
FR 10367, 10418 (Feb. 13, 2013).
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    Appraisal waivers. The proposed rule would define ``covered 
securitization determination'' to include determinations regarding, 
among other things, whether to waive an appraisal requirement for a 
mortgage origination (appraisal waiver decisions).\28\ Under the 
proposal, a secondary market issuer that uses AVMs in connection with 
making appraisal waiver decisions would be required to have policies, 
practices, procedures, and control systems in place to ensure that the 
AVM supporting those appraisal waiver decisions adheres to the rule's 
quality control standards. In contrast, a mortgage originator that 
requests an appraisal waiver decision from a secondary market issuer 
would not need to ensure that the AVM used to support the waiver meets 
the rule's quality control standards because the secondary market 
issuer would be using the AVM to make the appraisal waiver decision in 
this context, not the mortgage originator.
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    \28\ On March 1, 2023, Fannie Mae began a transition in 
terminology away from ``appraisal waivers'' and to ``value 
acceptance.'' As stated in the March 1 announcement, ``value 
acceptance is being used in conjunction with the term `appraisal 
waiver' to better reflect the actual process of using data and 
technology to accept the lender-provided value. We are moving away 
from implying that an appraisal is a default requirement.'' See 
Fannie Mae Provides Updates Regarding Valuation Modernization [bond] 
Fannie Mae.
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    For example, both GSEs have appraisal waiver programs and are the 
predominant issuers of appraisal waivers in the current mortgage 
market.\29\ To determine whether a loan qualifies for an appraisal 
waiver under either GSE program, a mortgage originator submits the loan 
casefile to the GSE's automated underwriting system with an estimated 
value of the property (for a refinance transaction) or the contract 
price (for a purchase transaction). The GSE then processes that 
information through its internal model, which may include use of an 
AVM, to determine the acceptability of the estimated value or the 
contract price for the property. If the GSE's analysis determines, 
among other eligibility parameters, that the estimated value or 
contract price meets its risk thresholds, the GSE offers the lender an 
appraisal waiver.\30\
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    \29\ See Fannie Mae, Appraisal Waivers, available at https://singlefamily.fanniemae.com/originating-underwriting/appraisal-waivers (last visited January 26, 2023); Freddie Mac, Automated 
Collateral Evaluation (ACE), available at https://sf.freddiemac.com/tools-learning/loan-advisor/our-solutions/ace-automated-collateral-evaluation.
    \30\ See Fannie Mae, Appraisal Waivers, available at https://singlefamily.fanniemae.com/originating-underwriting/appraisal-waivers; Freddie Mac, Automated Collateral Evaluation (ACE), 
available at https://sf.freddiemac.com/tools-learning/loan-advisor/our-solutions/ace-automated-collateral-evaluation.
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    In this example, when the GSEs use AVMs to determine whether the 
mortgage originator's estimated collateral value or the contract price 
meets acceptable thresholds for issuing an appraisal waiver offer, the 
GSEs would be making a ``covered securitization determination'' under 
the proposed rule. As a result, the proposed rule would require the 
GSEs, as secondary market issuers, to maintain policies, practices, 
procedures, and control systems designed to ensure that their use of 
such AVMs adheres to the rule's quality control standards. On the other 
hand, when a mortgage originator submits a loan to determine whether a 
GSE will offer an appraisal waiver, the mortgage originator would not 
be making a ``covered securitization determination'' under the proposed 
rule because the GSE would be using its AVM to make the appraisal 
waiver decision in this context. As a result, the mortgage originator 
would not be responsible for ensuring that the GSEs' AVMs comply with 
the proposed rule's quality control standards.
    Question 4. To what extent do secondary market issuers other than 
the GSEs issue appraisal waivers?
    Question 5. Please address the feasibility of mortgage originators 
performing quality control reviews of the AVMs that secondary market 
issuers use to evaluate appraisal waiver requests. What, if any, 
consequences would such an approach have for mortgage originators' use 
of appraisal waiver programs?
    Other uses by secondary market issuers. The proposed rule would 
define ``covered securitization determination'' to include 
determinations regarding, among other things, structuring, preparing 
disclosures for, or marketing initial offerings of mortgage-backed 
securitizations.\31\ Monitoring collateral value in mortgage-backed 
securitizations after the securities have already been issued would not 
be a covered securitization determination.
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

    \31\ See, e.g., Asset Backed Securities, 70 FR 1505, 1544 (Jan. 
7, 2005) (examples of asset characteristics that are ``material'' 
include LTV ratios); Appraisals for Higher-Priced Mortgage Loans, 78 
FR 78519, 78533 (Dec. 26, 2013) (``[t]he credit risk holder of the 
existing obligation might obtain a valuation . . . to estimate LTV 
for determining the appropriate securitization pool for the 
loan.'').
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

    The proposed rule would cover AVM usage if and when a secondary 
market issuer uses an AVM as part of a new or revised value 
determination in connection with covered securitization determinations. 
For example, the GSEs use the origination appraised value or the 
estimated value in appraisal waivers when issuing mortgage-backed 
securities. Hence, AVMs are not used by the GSEs to make a new or 
revised value determination in connection with MBS issuances. However, 
because the GSEs provide guarantees of timely payment of principal and 
interest on loans that are included in an MBS, they are obligated to 
purchase loans that are in default from MBS loan pools. The GSEs may 
modify such loans and subsequently re-securitize them as new MBS 
offerings. In these instances, the GSEs may use an AVM to estimate 
collateral value for investor transparency and disclosure. AVMs used in 
this manner by the GSEs would be considered covered securitization 
determinations because there are new or revised value determinations.
    As discussed in part II.A.3 of this SUPPLEMENTARY INFORMATION, the 
proposed rule distinguishes between secondary market issuers using AVMs 
to determine the value of collateral securing a mortgage versus using 
AVMs solely to review completed value determinations. For example, AVMs 
used solely to review appraisals obtained during mortgage origination 
would not be covered by the proposed rule.
    Question 6. The agencies are proposing to include securitizations 
within the scope of the proposed rule where the AVM is being used to 
determine collateral value for loans being considered for inclusion in 
pools collateralizing mortgage-backed securities. To what extent do 
secondary market issuers use AVMs to determine collateral value in 
securitizations?
    Question 7. Would covering uses of AVMs for securitizations hinder 
small entities' access to secondary market liquidity and, if so, how 
might such impacts be mitigated?
    Question 8. What would be the advantages and disadvantages of 
exempting federally backed securitizations from the AVM quality control 
standards?
    Question 9. Are the compliance obligations of lenders and 
securitizers clear under this proposed rule?
3. AVM Uses Not Covered by the Proposed Rule
    Uses of AVMs by appraisers. The proposed rule would not cover use 
of an AVM by a certified or licensed appraiser

[[Page 40644]]

in developing an appraisal.\32\ This approach reflects the fact that, 
while appraisers may use AVMs in preparing appraisals, they must 
achieve credible results in preparing an appraisal under the Uniform 
Standards of Professional Appraisal Practice (USPAP) and its 
interpreting opinions.\33\ As such, an appraiser must make a valuation 
conclusion that is supportable independently and does not rely on an 
AVM to determine the value of the underlying collateral. The agencies 
also note that it may be impractical for mortgage originators and 
secondary market issuers to adopt policies, procedures, practices, and 
control systems to ensure quality controls for AVMs used by the 
numerous independent appraisers with which they work.
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    \32\ The appraisal regulations issued by the OCC, Board, FDIC, 
and NCUA set forth, among other requirements, minimum standards for 
the performance of real estate appraisals in connection with 
federally related transactions. See 12 CFR part 34, subpart C (OCC); 
12 CFR part 208, subpart E, and 12 CFR part 225, subpart G (Board); 
12 CFR part 323 (FDIC); and 12 CFR part 722 (NCUA). The CFPB 
proposes to codify the AVM requirements in Regulation Z, 12 CFR part 
1026, and to cross-reference Regulation Z Sec.  1026.35(c)(1)(i), 
which defines ``certified or licensed appraiser'' as a person who is 
certified or licensed by the State agency in the State in which the 
property that secures the transaction is located, and who performs 
the appraisal in conformity with USPAP and the requirements 
applicable to appraisers in title XI, and any implementing 
regulations in effect at the time the appraiser signs the 
appraiser's certification.
    \33\ See USPAP STANDARDS RULE 1-1, GENERAL DEVELOPMENT 
REQUIREMENTS (``In developing a real property appraisal, an 
appraiser must . . . be aware of, understand, and correctly employ 
those recognized methods and techniques that are necessary to 
produce a credible appraisal''); see also Advisory Opinion 37 (AO-
37) on Computer Assisted Valuation Tools.
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    Question 10. How often are AVMs used by certified or licensed 
appraisers to develop appraisals?
    Question 11. What would be the advantages and disadvantages of 
excluding AVMs used by certified or licensed appraisers in developing 
appraisal valuations?
    Under the appraisal regulations issued by the OCC, FRB, and FDIC, 
lenders regulated by those agencies are required to obtain 
``evaluations'' for certain transactions that fall within exceptions in 
the appraisal regulations.\34\ Evaluations must be consistent with safe 
and sound banking practices.
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

    \34\ See 12 CFR 34.43(b) (OCC); 12 CFR 225.62(c) (Board); and 12 
CFR 323.3(b) (FDIC); see also Interagency Appraisal and Evaluation 
Guidelines, 75 FR at 77460 (discussing transactions that require 
evaluations under the appraisal rules and providing recommendations 
for evaluation development).
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

    The proposed rule would cover AVMs used in the process of preparing 
evaluations. This distinction between appraisals and evaluations 
reflects that USPAP standards and appraiser credentialing are not 
required for individuals who prepare evaluations. The proposed rule's 
coverage of AVMs used in the process of preparing evaluations also 
reflects the more extensive use of, and reliance on, AVMs within the 
evaluation function.
    Reviews of completed collateral valuation determinations. The 
proposed rule would not cover AVMs used in reviews of completed 
collateral value determinations, given that the underlying appraisal or 
evaluation determines the value of the collateral, rather than the 
review of the appraisal or evaluation. The appraisal or evaluation 
review serves as a separate and independent quality control 
function.\35\ The agencies note that the proposed rule does not make 
distinctions based on the amount of time between the completed 
collateral valuation determination and the subsequent review; if an AVM 
is solely being used to review the completed determination, such AVM 
use is not covered by the proposed rule regardless of how soon the AVM 
is used after that determination.
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    \35\ Appraisals are subject to appropriate review under the 
appraisal regulations. See 12 CFR 34.44(c); (OCC); 12 CFR 225.64(c) 
(Board); 12 CFR 323.4(c) (FDIC); 12 CFR 722.4(c) (NCUA). While these 
reviews are independent of, and subsequent to, the underlying 
appraisals and evaluations, the reviews generally take place before 
the final approval of a mortgage loan.
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

    Question 12. What would be the advantages and disadvantages of 
including AVMs that are used in reviews of completed determinations 
within the scope of the proposed rule? To what extent do institutions 
use AVMs in reviewing completed determinations?
    Question 13. What, if any, additional clarifications would be 
helpful for situations where an AVM would or would not be covered by 
the proposed rule?

B. Definitions

1. Automated Valuation Model
    The Dodd-Frank Act defines an AVM, for purposes of section 1125, as 
``any computerized model used by mortgage originators and secondary 
market issuers to determine the collateral worth of a mortgage secured 
by a consumer's principal dwelling.'' \36\ The proposed rule would 
define an AVM as any computerized model used by mortgage originators 
and secondary market issuers to determine the value of a consumer's 
principal dwelling collateralizing a mortgage. The proposed definition 
is substantively identical to the definition in section 1125 but 
reflects common terminology and clarifies that the determination of 
value relates to the dwelling.
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

    \36\ 12 U.S.C. 3354(d).
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

    Question 14. What, if any, other definitions of AVM would better 
reflect current practice with respect to the use of AVMs to determine 
the value of residential real estate securing a mortgage?
2. Control Systems
    The proposal would define control systems as the functions (such as 
internal and external audits, risk review, quality control, and quality 
assurance) and information systems that institutions use to measure 
performance, make decisions about risk, and assess the effectiveness of 
processes and personnel, including with respect to compliance with 
statutes and regulations. The agencies intend for institutions to use 
control systems that are appropriate for the size and complexity of 
their mortgage origination and securitization businesses.
    Question 15. What, if any, alternate definitions would be more 
suitable than the proposed definition of control systems? What 
challenges, if any, would be involved in integrating control systems 
for AVMs into existing control systems?
3. Covered Securitization Determination
    The proposed rule would define ``covered securitization 
determination'' to mean a determination regarding (1) whether to waive 
an appraisal requirement for a mortgage origination in connection with 
its potential sale or transfer to a secondary market issuer, or (2) 
structuring, preparing disclosures for, or marketing initial offerings 
of mortgage-backed securitizations. Monitoring collateral value in 
mortgage-backed securitizations after they have already been issued 
would not be covered securitization determinations.
    Question 16. Would the proposed definition of a covered 
securitization determination hinder small entities' access to secondary 
market liquidity and, if so, how might such impacts be mitigated?
    Question 17. Other than the uses discussed in the proposed rule, 
are there other ways that AVMs are used in the securitization process? 
Is the scope of the proposed definition of ``covered securitization 
determination'' appropriate and, if not, how should the agencies expand 
or narrow the definition?

[[Page 40645]]

4. Credit Decision
    The proposal would define credit decision to mean a decision 
regarding whether and under what terms to originate, modify, terminate, 
or make other changes to a mortgage. The proposed definition of credit 
decision would include a decision whether to extend new or additional 
credit or change the credit limit on a line of credit. Monitoring the 
value of the underlying real estate collateral in their mortgage 
originators' loan portfolios would not be a credit decision for the 
purposes of this proposed rule. This reflects the fact that the 
collateral worth of a mortgage is generally determined in connection 
with credit decisions or covered securitizations rather than when the 
value of the collateral supporting a mortgage is monitored or verified.
    Question 18. What, if any, clarifications are needed for the 
definition of the term ``credit decision''?
    Question 19. What, if any, other decisions should the agencies 
include within the definition of credit decision?
5. Dwelling
    The section 1125 definition of AVM refers to a mortgage secured by 
a ``consumer's principal dwelling.'' \37\ The OCC, Board, FDIC, NCUA, 
and FHFA would define dwelling to mean a residential structure that 
contains one to four units, whether or not that structure is attached 
to real property. The term would include an individual condominium 
unit, cooperative unit, factory-built housing, or manufactured home, if 
any of these are used as a residence. The proposed definition of 
dwelling also would provide that a consumer can have only one principal 
dwelling at a time. Thus, a vacation or other second home would not be 
a principal dwelling. However, if a consumer buys or builds a new 
dwelling that will become the consumer's principal dwelling within a 
year or upon the completion of construction, the new dwelling would be 
considered the principal dwelling.\38\
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

    \37\ 12 U.S.C. 3354(d).
    \38\ The NCUA notes that under its regulations, a Federal credit 
union may make a mortgage loan to a member for a maturity of up to 
40 years if the loan is secured by a one-to-four family dwelling 
that is or will be the principal residence of the member-borrower, 
among other requirements. 12 CFR 701.21(g). The use of the term 
``principal residence'' in Sec.  701.21(g) of the NCUA's regulations 
is distinct from the term ``principal dwelling'' used in this 
proposed rule. The proposed definition of ``dwelling'' and the 
condition that the dwelling is or will be a principal dwelling 
within one year for purposes of this proposed AVM rule would not 
change what type of dwelling is considered to be a principal 
residence under the NCUA's regulations, the parameters of which are 
drawn directly from the Federal Credit Union Act. 12 U.S.C. 
1757(5)(A)(i). If this proposed rule is adopted as a final rule, the 
NCUA would issue a clarifying statement to assist Federal credit 
unions in distinguishing the two requirements.
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    The CFPB proposes to codify the AVM requirements in Regulation Z, 
12 CFR part 1026, which generally implements the Truth in Lending Act 
(TILA). The definition of dwelling proposed by the other agencies is 
consistent with the CFPB's existing Regulation Z.\39\ Unlike TILA, 
title XI generally does not limit its coverage to credit transactions 
that are primarily for personal, family, or household purposes.\40\ 
Because this rulemaking is conducted pursuant to title XI rather than 
TILA, the CFPB proposes to revise Regulation Z Sec. Sec.  1026.1, .2, 
.3, and .42, and related commentary, to clarify that this rule would 
apply when a mortgage is secured by a consumer's principal dwelling, 
even if the mortgage is primarily for business, commercial, 
agricultural, or organizational purposes.\41\
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    \39\ See 12 CFR 1026.2(a)(19) (definition of ``dwelling'') and 
1026.2(a)(24) (definition of ``residential mortgage transaction''). 
The phrase ``consumer's principal dwelling'' is used in the 
Regulation Z provisions on valuation independence. 12 CFR 1026.42. 
Regulation Z generally defines ``consumer'' as a natural person to 
whom consumer credit is offered or extended. 12 CFR 1026.2(a)(11). 
The CFPB notes that pursuant to Regulation Z comments 2(a)(11)-3 and 
3(a)-10, consumer credit includes credit extended to trusts for tax 
or estate planning purposes and to land trusts.
    \40\ See 12 CFR 1026.2(a)(12) (definition of ``consumer 
credit'').
    \41\ Therefore, the exemptions in 12 CFR 1026.3 would not apply 
to the requirements established by the CFPB under this rule.
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    Question 20. What, if any, alternate definitions would be more 
suitable than the proposed definition of dwelling and the approach to 
what is a principal dwelling?
    Question 21. Should the rule define the meaning of ``consumer'' or 
is that term commonly understood?
    Question 22. Because the CFPB proposes to apply its existing 
Regulation Z definitions of ``dwelling'' and ``consumer,'' the CFPB 
invites comment on whether, for purposes of the AVM requirements, it 
should amend its definitions and associated commentary to address 
particular circumstances, consistent with the objectives of section 
1125. Should the rule exclude from coverage AVMs used only in making 
determinations of the worth of particular residential structures or 
AVMs used only in extending credit to a trust where a non-obligor 
individual uses the residence as their principal dwelling? Should the 
rule include language to address special circumstances, such as 
dwellings purchased by active-duty military personnel for their future 
permanent residence while assigned temporarily to a different duty 
station? Please provide any supporting explanation and data.
6. Mortgage
    Section 1125(d) defines an AVM with reference to determining ``the 
collateral worth of a mortgage secured by a consumer's principal 
dwelling.'' \42\ Section 1125 does not define ``mortgage.'' Because the 
statute does not refer to ``mortgage loans'' or ``mortgage credit,'' 
but rather uses the word ``mortgage,'' the proposal would define 
``mortgage'' to broadly cover the mortgage market as fully as the 
statute appears to envision, in the language of section 1125(d) and 
throughout section 1125. Consequently, for this purpose, the agencies 
would adopt in part the Regulation Z definition of ``residential 
mortgage transaction,'' \43\ which existed at the time the statute was 
passed. The proposal would define the term mortgage to mean a 
transaction in which a mortgage, deed of trust, purchase money security 
interest arising under an installment sales contract, or equivalent 
consensual security interest is created or retained in a consumer's 
principal dwelling.
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

    \42\ 12 U.S.C. 3354(d).
    \43\ 12 CFR 1026.2(a)(24).
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

    Question 23. What, if any, alternate definitions would be more 
suitable than the proposed definition of mortgage?
    Question 24. What are the benefits and disadvantages of including 
purchase money security interests arising under installment land 
contracts in the definition of mortgage? Please provide any data or 
information you have about the use of AVMs in this market segment.
7. Mortgage Originator
    For purposes of this proposal, the agencies would adopt the 
definition of mortgage originator contained in TILA.\44\ Although 
section 1125 of title XI does not define the term mortgage originator, 
a recent amendment to title XI (section 1127) adopted the TILA 
definition of mortgage originator by cross reference.\45\ The OCC, 
Board, and FDIC implemented the same definition in their appraisal 
regulations.\46\ Implementing the same definition in this proposal 
would maintain consistency in the usage of this term

[[Page 40646]]

with other sections of title XI and the agencies' appraisal 
regulations.
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    \44\ 15 U.S.C. 1602(dd)(2).
    \45\ 12 U.S.C. 3356(a)(1).
    \46\ See 12 CFR 34.43(a)(14) (OCC), 225.63(a)(15) (Board), and 
323.3(a)(14) (FDIC).
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    As proposed, the term mortgage originator generally would include 
creditors as defined by 15 U.S.C. 1602(g), notwithstanding that the 
definition of mortgage originator at 15 U.S.C. 1602(dd)(2) excludes 
creditors for certain other purposes.\47\ While the term mortgage 
originator is broad enough to include mortgage brokers, in practice, 
brokers generally would not be covered by the proposed rule when they 
do not engage in the type of credit or securitization decisions covered 
under the proposal.
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

    \47\ 15 U.S.C. 1602(dd)(2).
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

    Based on the exception provided at 15 U.S.C. 1602(dd)(2)(G), the 
term mortgage originator would generally exclude servicers as defined 
by 15 U.S.C. 1602(dd)(7) as well as their employees, agents, and 
contractors. Consistent with the interpretation published in the CFPB's 
2013 Loan Originator Compensation Rule, a person is a servicer with 
respect to a particular transaction only after it is consummated and 
that person retains or obtains its servicing rights.\48\ In addition, 
whether a person is a servicer under the mortgage originator definition 
depends on the type of activities the person performs.
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    \48\ Loan Originator Compensation Requirements Under the Truth 
in Lending Act (Regulation Z), 78 FR 11280, 11306 (Feb. 15, 2013).
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    An entity that otherwise meets the definition of servicer at 15 
U.S.C. 1602(dd)(7) is a ``mortgage originator'' for purposes of 15 
U.S.C. 1602(dd)(2) only if it performs any of the activities listed in 
15 U.S.C. 1602(dd)(2)(A) for a transaction that constitutes a new 
extension of credit, including a refinancing or an assumption. As a 
result, the proposed rule would apply to servicers and their employees, 
agents, and contractors if, in connection with new extensions of 
credit, they both use covered AVMs to engage in credit decisions and 
perform any of the activities listed in 15 U.S.C. 1602(dd)(2)(A). Once 
a servicer meets this definition of mortgage originator, the servicer 
would be required to comply with the requirements of this proposed rule 
any time it uses an AVM to determine the collateral worth of a mortgage 
secured by a consumer's principal dwelling, including those instances 
where the use of an AVM does not involve a new extension of credit such 
as a loan modification or a reduction of a home equity line of credit.
    Question 25. What, if any, alternate definitions would be more 
suitable than the definition of mortgage originator proposed?
    Question 26. Would the proposed definition of mortgage originator 
disadvantage any covered entities vis-[agrave]-vis their market 
competitors?
8. Secondary Market Issuer
    The agencies are proposing to define secondary market issuer as any 
party that creates, structures, or organizes a mortgage-backed 
securities transaction. The agencies propose to define secondary market 
issuer in this manner due to the statutory focus in section 1125 on 
``issuers'' and ``determin[ing] the collateral worth'' of a mortgage. 
This type of determination, as opposed to verification or monitoring of 
such determination, would typically take place in the secondary market 
in connection with the creation, structuring, and organization of a 
mortgage-backed security.
    A number of parties may be involved in the securitization process 
and this proposed definition is designed to ensure coverage of entities 
responsible for the core decisions required for the issuance of 
mortgage-backed securities, including making determinations of the 
value of collateral securing the loans in the securitization 
transaction.
    Question 27. What, if any, alternate definitions would be more 
suitable than the proposed definition of secondary market issuer? What, 
if any, additional types of entities should the agencies include in the 
definition? Should the definition cover fewer types of entities and, if 
so, which entities should not be covered?
    Question 28. Would the proposed definition of secondary market 
issuer hinder small entities' access to secondary market liquidity and, 
if so, how might the agencies mitigate such impacts?
    Question 29. What, if any, other terms should be defined in the 
proposed rule?

C. Quality Control Standards

1. Proposed Requirements for the First Four Quality Control Factors
    The proposed rule would require mortgage originators and secondary 
market issuers that engage in credit decisions or covered 
securitization determinations themselves, or through or in cooperation 
with a third party or affiliate, to adopt and maintain policies, 
practices, procedures, and control systems to ensure that AVMs used in 
these transactions adhere to quality control standards designed to 
ensure a high level of confidence in the estimates produced; protect 
against the manipulation of data; seek to avoid conflicts of interest; 
and require random sample testing and reviews. This approach would 
allow mortgage originators and secondary market issuers the flexibility 
to set their quality control standards for covered AVMs as appropriate 
based on the size of their institution and the risk and complexity of 
transactions for which they will use covered AVMs.
    These quality control factors are consistent with practices that 
many participants in the mortgage lending market already follow and 
with the guidance described in part I.A of this SUPPLEMENTARY 
INFORMATION that applies to many regulated institutions that would be 
subject to this rule. For example, Appendix B of the Guidelines 
contains detailed guidance for institutions seeking to establish 
policies, practices, procedures, and control systems to ensure the 
accuracy, reliability, and independence of AVMs. The requirement for 
quality control standards in the proposed rule is also consistent with 
model risk guidance, as discussed earlier. In line with the agencies' 
service provider guidance, regardless of whether mortgage originators 
and secondary market issuers use their own AVMs or make use of third-
party AVMs, the proposed rule would require the mortgage originators 
and secondary market issuers to adopt and maintain policies, practices, 
procedures, and control systems to ensure that AVMs adhere to the 
rule's requisite quality control standards.
    The agencies considered whether to propose more prescriptive 
requirements for the use of AVMs and decided not to do so. Different 
policies, practices, procedures, and control systems may be appropriate 
for institutions with different business models and risk profiles, and 
a more prescriptive rule could unduly restrict institutions' efforts to 
set their risk management practices accordingly. In addition, as noted 
earlier, guidance is already in place to assist regulated institutions 
in using AVMs in a safe and sound manner, and institutions that are not 
regulated by the agency or agencies providing the guidance may still 
look to the guidance for assistance with compliance. The agencies also 
considered that the statute does not require the agencies to set 
prescriptive standards for AVMs. For these reasons, a rule requiring 
institutions to develop policies, practices, procedures, and control 
systems designed to satisfy the requirement for quality control 
standards may more effectively carry

[[Page 40647]]

out the purposes of section 1125 than a more prescriptive rule.\49\
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    \49\ The agencies have, in other contexts, allowed institutions 
to adjust their compliance programs in a way that reflects 
institution-specific factors, such as an institution's size and 
complexity and the nature and scope of its lending activities. See, 
e.g., Interagency Guidelines Establishing Standards for Safety and 
Soundness, 12 CFR part 30, Appendix A (OCC); 12 CFR part 208, 
Appendix D-1 (Board); 12 CFR part 364, Appendix A (FDIC) (requiring 
institutions to have internal controls and information systems for 
implementing operational and managerial standards that are 
appropriate to their size and the nature, scope and risk of their 
activities); 12 CFR 34.62 (OCC); 12 CFR 208.51 (Board); 12 CFR 365.2 
(FDIC) (requiring institutions to adopt policies that establish 
appropriate limits and standards for extensions of credit that are 
secured by liens on or interests in real estate): Interagency 
Guidelines Establishing Information Security Standards,12 CFR part 
30, Appendix B, (OCC); 12 CFR part 208, Appendix D-2 (Board); 12 CFR 
part 364, Appendix B (FDIC); 12 CFR part 748, Appendix A (NCUA) 
(requiring institutions to implement a comprehensive written 
information security program that is appropriate to the size and 
complexity of the institution and the nature and scope of its 
activities); and 12 CFR 41.90 (OCC); 12 CFR 222.90 (Board); 12 CFR 
334.90 (FDIC) (requiring that banks establish policies and 
procedures for the detection, prevention, and mitigation of identity 
theft). See also Guidelines Establishing Standards for Residential 
Mortgage Lending Practices,12 CFR part 30, Appendix C (OCC) 
(providing that residential mortgage lending activities should 
reflect standards and practices appropriate for the size and 
complexity of the bank and the nature and scope of its lending 
activities); 12 CFR 1007.104 (CFPB) (requiring policies and 
procedures regarding the registration of mortgage loan originators 
that are appropriate to the nature, size, complexity, and scope of 
the financial institution's mortgage lending activities); and 12 CFR 
1026.36(j) (CFPB) (requiring policies and procedures regarding 
mortgage loan origination that are appropriate to the nature, size, 
complexity, and scope of the mortgage lending activities of the 
depository institution and its subsidiaries).
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    Question 30. Is additional guidance needed on how to implement the 
quality control standards to protect the safety and soundness of 
financial institutions and protect consumers beyond the existing 
supervisory guidance described in part I.A of this SUPPLEMENTARY 
INFORMATION? Should such additional guidance explain how a regulated 
entity would implement quality control for an AVM used or provided by a 
third party?
    Question 31. In what ways, if any, would a more prescriptive 
approach to quality control for AVMs be a more effective means of 
carrying out the purposes of section 1125 relative to allowing 
institutions to develop tailored policies, practices, procedures, and 
control systems designed to satisfy the requirement for quality control 
standards? If so, what would be the key elements of such an alternative 
approach?
2. Specifying a Nondiscrimination Quality Control Factor
    Section 1125 provides the agencies with the authority to ``account 
for any other such factor'' that the agencies ``determine to be 
appropriate.'' \50\ Based on this authority, the agencies propose to 
include a fifth factor that would require mortgage originators and 
secondary market issuers to adopt policies, practices, procedures, and 
control systems to ensure that AVMs used in connection with making 
credit decisions or covered securitization determinations adhere to 
quality control standards designed to comply with applicable 
nondiscrimination laws.
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    \50\ 12 U.S.C. 3354(a)(5).
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    Existing nondiscrimination laws apply to appraisals and AVMs and 
institutions have a preexisting obligation to comply with all Federal 
laws, including Federal nondiscrimination laws. For example, the Equal 
Credit Opportunity Act (ECOA) and its implementing Regulation B bar 
discrimination on a prohibited basis in any aspect of a credit 
transaction.\51\ The agencies have long recognized that this 
prohibition extends to using different standards to evaluate 
collateral,\52\ which would include the design or use of an AVM in any 
aspect of a credit transaction in a way that would treat an applicant 
differently on a prohibited basis or result in unlawful discrimination 
against an applicant on a prohibited basis. Similarly, the Fair Housing 
Act prohibits unlawful discrimination in all aspects of residential 
real estate-related transactions, including appraisals of residential 
real estate.\53\
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    \51\ 15 U.S.C. 1691(a) (prohibiting discrimination on the basis 
of race, color, religion, national origin, sex (including sexual 
orientation and gender identity) or marital status, age (provided 
the applicant has the capacity to contract), because all or part of 
the applicant's income derives from any public assistance program), 
or because the applicant has in good faith exercised any right under 
the Consumer Credit Protection Act); see also 12 CFR part 1002. This 
prohibition includes discrimination on the prohibited basis 
characteristics of ``the neighborhood where the property offered as 
collateral is located.'' 12 CFR part 1002, supp. I, para. 2(z)-1.
    \52\ See Interagency Task Force on Fair Lending, Policy 
Statement on Discrimination in Lending, 59 FR 18266, 18268 (Apr. 15, 
1994) (noting that under both ECOA and the Fair Housing Act, a 
lender may not, because of a prohibited factor, use different 
standards to evaluate collateral).
    \53\ 42 U.S.C. 3605 (prohibiting discrimination because of race, 
color, religion, national origin, sex, handicap, or familial status 
in residential real estate-related transactions); 42 U.S.C. 
3605(b)(2) (defining ``real estate-related transactions'' to include 
the ``selling, brokering, or appraising of residential real 
property.''); see also 24 CFR part 100; note 50, supra.
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    As with models more generally, there are increasing concerns about 
the potential for AVMs to produce property estimates that reflect 
discriminatory bias, such as by replicating systemic inaccuracies and 
historical patterns of discrimination. Models could discriminate 
because of the data used or other aspects of a model's development, 
design, implementation, or use.\54\ Attention to data is particularly 
important to ensure that AVMs do not rely on data that incorporate 
potential bias and create discrimination risks. Because AVMs arguably 
involve less human discretion than appraisals, AVMs have the potential 
to reduce human biases. Yet without adequate attention to ensuring 
compliance with Federal nondiscrimination laws, AVMs also have the 
potential to introduce discrimination risks. Moreover, if models such 
as AVMs are biased, the resulting harm could be widespread because of 
the high volume of valuations that even a single AVM can process. These 
concerns have led to an increased focus by the public and the agencies 
on the connection between nondiscrimination laws and AVMs.
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    \54\ In other contexts, models and data have the potential to be 
a source of bias and may cause consumer harm if not designed, 
implemented, and used properly. See generally, Federal Trade 
Commission, Big Data: A Tool for Inclusion or Exclusion? 
Understanding the Issues (Jan. 2016), available at https://www.ftc.gov/system/files/documents/reports/big-data-tool-inclusion-or-exclusion-understanding-issues/160106big-data-rpt.pdf; Reva 
Schwartz et al., A Proposal for Identifying and Managing Bias in 
Artificial Intelligence, Nat'l Inst. of Standards & Tech., U.S. 
Department of Commerce (June 2021), available at https://nvlpubs.nist.gov/nistpubs/SpecialPublications/NIST.SP.1270-draft.pdf. See also Andreas Fuster et al., Predictably Unequal? The 
Effects of Machine Learning on Credit Markets, 77 J. of Fin. 5 (Feb. 
2022), available at https://doi.org/10.1111/jofi.13090; Emily 
Bembeneck, et al., To Stop Algorithmic Bias, We First Have to Define 
It, Brookings Inst. (Oct. 21, 2021), available at http://brookings.edu/research/to-stop-algorithmic-bias-wefirst-have-to-define-it/.
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    While existing nondiscrimination law applies to an institution's 
use of AVMs, the agencies propose to include a fifth quality control 
factor relating to nondiscrimination to heighten awareness among 
lenders of the applicability of nondiscrimination laws to AVMs. 
Specifying a fifth factor on nondiscrimination would create an 
independent requirement for institutions to establish policies, 
practices, procedures, and control systems to specifically address 
nondiscrimination, thereby further mitigating discrimination risk in 
their use of AVMs. Specifying a nondiscrimination factor may also 
increase confidence in AVM estimates and support well-functioning AVMs. 
In addition, specifying a nondiscrimination factor could help protect 
against potential safety and soundness risks, such as operational, 
legal, and compliance risks, associated

[[Page 40648]]

with failure to comply with nondiscrimination laws.
    In proposing to add a fifth quality control factor on 
nondiscrimination, the agencies note that compliance with applicable 
nondiscrimination laws with respect to AVMs may be indirectly reflected 
within and related to three of the first four statutory quality control 
factors. For example, the first factor requires quality control 
standards designed to ensure a high level of confidence in the 
estimates produced by AVMs. AVMs that reflect discriminatory bias in 
the data or discriminatory assumptions could affect confidence in AVM 
outputs and may also result in a form of data manipulation, 
particularly with respect to model assumptions and in the interactions 
among variables in a model, which bears on the second quality control 
factor in section 1125. The fourth quality control factor requires 
random sample testing and reviews of AVMs. The proposed fifth factor on 
nondiscrimination may include an array of tests and reviews, including 
fair lending reviews, which would support the general requirement for 
random sampling testing and review in section 1125. The first four 
factors do not, however, expressly address quality control measures 
relating to compliance with nondiscrimination laws.
    Requiring institutions using AVMs covered by this proposed rule to 
adopt fair lending compliance policies and practices would be 
consistent not only with current law but also with well-established 
fair lending guidance. The OCC, Board, FDIC, NCUA, CFPB, and FHFA have 
issued statements and other materials setting forth principles the 
agencies will consider to identify discrimination.\55\ The OCC, Board, 
FDIC, NCUA, and CFPB have further underscored the importance of robust 
consumer compliance management to prevent consumer harm in the 
Interagency Policy Statement on the Use of Alternative Data in Credit 
Underwriting (Alternative Data Policy Statement). In the Alternative 
Data Policy Statement, the agencies emphasized that ``[r]obust 
compliance management includes appropriate testing, monitoring and 
controls to ensure consumer protection risks are understood and 
addressed.'' \56\ In addition, the CFPB has published procedures for 
CFPB examiners to assess an institution's fair lending related risks 
and controls related to the use of models--including, potentially, 
AVMs--in the credit decision process.\57\
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    \55\ See, e.g., Interagency Task Force on Fair Lending, Policy 
Statement on Discrimination in Lending, 59 FR 18266 (Apr. 15, 1994), 
available at https://www.govinfo.gov/content/pkg/FR-1994-04-15/html/94-9214.htm; Interagency Fair Lending Examination Procedures (Aug. 
2009), available at https://www.ffiec.gov/PDF/fairlend.pdf; CFPB, 
Examination Procedures--ECOA (Oct. 2015), available at https://files.consumerfinance.gov/f/documents/201510_cfpb_ecoa-narrative-and-procedures.pdf; Federal Housing Finance Agency, Policy Statement 
on Fair Lending, 86 FR 36199 (July 9, 2021), available at https://www.govinfo.gov/content/pkg/FR-2021-07-09/pdf/2021-14438.pdf.
    \56\ Id. Interagency Statement on the Use of Alternative Data in 
Credit Underwriting (Dec. 2019), available at https://files.consumerfinance.gov/f/documents/cfpb_interagency-statement_alternative-data.pdf; CFPB, Supervisory Highlights: Summer 
2013, 5-11 (Aug. 2013), available at https://files.consumerfinance.gov/f/201308_cfpb_supervisory-highlights_august.pdf (discussing the pillars of a well-functioning 
CMS). See also Federal Financial Institutions Examination Council 
(FFIEC), Notice and Final Guidance, Uniform Interagency Consumer 
Compliance Rating System, 81 FR 79473 (Nov. 14, 2016), available at 
https://www.ffiec.gov/press/PDF/FFIEC_CCR_SystemFR_Notice.pdf (``in 
developing the revised CC Rating System, the Agencies believed it 
was also important for the new rating system to establish incentives 
for institutions to promote consumer protection by preventing, self-
identifying, and addressing compliance issues in a proactive manner. 
Therefore, the revised rating system recognizes institutions that 
consistently adopt these compliance strategies.'').
    \57\ CFPB, ECOA Baseline Review Module 2, 6 (Apr. 2019), 
available at https://files.consumerfinance.gov/f/documents/cfpb_supervision-and-examination-manual_ecoa-baseline-exam-procedures_2019-04.pdf).
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    The agencies propose that institutions would have the flexibility 
to design fair lending policies, procedures, practices, and control 
systems that are in compliance with fair lending laws and take into 
account their business models, as discussed in part II.C.1 of this 
SUPPLEMENTARY INFORMATION regarding the first four quality control 
factors.
    The agencies seek comment on the proposal to specify a 
nondiscrimination quality control factor, including ways they could 
facilitate compliance for smaller financial institutions and whether 
additional clarity should be provided to assist institutions in 
complying with the proposed fifth factor.
    Question 32. What are the advantages and disadvantages of 
specifying a fifth quality control factor on nondiscrimination? What, 
if any, alternative approaches should the agencies consider?
    Question 33. To what extent is compliance with nondiscrimination 
laws with respect to covered AVMs already encompassed by the statutory 
quality control factors requiring a high level of confidence in the 
estimates produced by covered AVMs, protection against the manipulation 
of data, and random sampling and reviews? Should the agencies 
incorporate nondiscrimination into those factors rather than adopt the 
fifth factor as proposed? Would specifying a nondiscrimination quality 
control factor in the rule be useful in preventing market-distorting 
discrimination in the use of AVMs?
    Question 34. What are the advantages and disadvantages of a 
flexible versus prescriptive approach to the nondiscrimination quality 
control factor?
    Question 35. Are lenders' existing compliance management systems 
and fair lending monitoring programs able to assess whether a covered 
AVM, including the AVM's underlying artificial intelligence or machine 
learning, applies different standards or produces disparate valuations 
on a prohibited basis? If not, what additional guidance or resources 
would be useful or necessary for compliance?
    Question 36. What, if any, other approaches should the agencies 
consider for incorporating nondiscrimination requirements in this 
proposed rule?

D. Request for Comments

    The agencies invite comments on all other aspects of the proposed 
rulemaking.

E. Proposed Implementation Period

    The agencies propose an effective date of the first day of a 
calendar quarter following the 12 months after publication in the 
Federal Register of any final rule based on this proposal. This 
extended effective date would give institutions time to come into 
compliance with the rule. The agencies seek comment on this extended 
implementation period.
    Question 37. In addition to providing time for implementation, in 
what other ways should the agencies facilitate implementation for small 
entities?

III. CFPB Small Business Review Panel

    While Federal agencies generally must consider the impact that 
their proposed rules could have on small entities, the Regulatory 
Flexibility Act (RFA),\58\ as amended by the Small Business Regulatory 
Enforcement Fairness Act of 1996 (SBREFA) \59\ and the Dodd-Frank Act, 
imposes on the CFPB additional requirements with respect to small 
entities.
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

    \58\ 5 U.S.C. 601 et seq.
    \59\ Public Law 104-121, 110 Stat. 857 (1996) (5 U.S.C. 609) 
(amended by Dodd-Frank Act section 1100G).
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    Specifically, the CFPB must convene and chair a Small Business 
Review Panel (Panel) whenever it is considering a proposed rule that 
could have a significant economic impact on a substantial number of 
small entities.\60\

[[Page 40649]]

This Panel must consist of the Chief Counsel for Advocacy of the Small 
Business Administration (Advocacy) \61\ and full-time employees from 
both the CFPB and the Office of Information and Regulatory Affairs 
(OIRA) within the Office of Management and Budget (OMB).\62\ 
Additionally, the Panel must collect feedback regarding the proposed 
rule under consideration from a group of small entity representatives 
(SERs) that the rule likely would cover if it were implemented.\63\ 
Within 60 days of convening, the Panel must issue a report that 
documents the SERs' feedback and presents the Panel's 
recommendations.\64\
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    \60\ 5 U.S.C. 609(b).
    \61\ Advocacy is an independent office within the U.S. Small 
Business Administration (SBA), so the views expressed by Advocacy do 
not necessarily reflect the views of the SBA.
    \62\ 5 U.S.C. 609(b)(3).
    \63\ 5 U.S.C. 609(b)(4).
    \64\ 5 U.S.C. 609(b)(5).
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    In preparation for convening a Panel for this rulemaking and to 
help facilitate the Panel's outreach to SERs, the CFPB issued an 
Outline of Proposals and Alternatives under Consideration (SBREFA 
Outline) on February 23, 2022.\65\ The CFPB then convened a Panel for 
this rulemaking on March 14, 2022, and held two Panel outreach meetings 
during March 15-16, 2022, conducted online via video conference.\66\ 
Sixteen SERs participated in this process through written and/or oral 
feedback. The SERs included representatives from community banks, 
credit unions, non-depository mortgage lenders, and mortgage brokers.
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    \65\ CFPB, Small Business Advisory Review Panel For Automated 
Valuation Model (AVM) Rulemaking--Outline of Proposals and 
Alternatives Under Consideration (Feb. 23, 2022), available at 
https://files.consumerfinance.gov/f/documents/cfpb_avm_outline-of-proposals_2022-02.pdf.
    \66\ In advance of the Panel outreach meetings, the CFPB, 
Advocacy, and OIRA also held six online conferences with the SERs to 
describe the small business review process, obtain important 
background information about each SER's current business practices, 
and familiarize the SERs with selected portions of the SBREFA 
Outline.
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

    On May 13, 2022, the CFPB released the Final Report of the Panel on 
the CFPB's Proposals and Alternatives Under Consideration for the AVM 
Rulemaking (SBREFA Panel Report).\67\ The SBREFA Panel Report includes 
the following:
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    \67\ CFPB, Final Report of the Small Business Review Panel on 
the CFPB's Proposals and Alternatives Under Consideration for the 
Automated Valuation Model (AVM) Rulemaking (May 13, 2022), available 
at https://files.consumerfinance.gov/f/documents/cfpb_avm_final-report_2022-05.pdf. The CFPB's SBREFA Outline and related materials, 
as well as the CFPB's presentation slides framing the discussion 
during the Panel outreach meetings, are appended to the SBREFA Panel 
Report. See SBREFA Panel Report at app. D through F.
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

     A description of the proposals that are being considered 
by the CFPB and that were reviewed by the Panel;
     Background information on small entities that would likely 
be subject to those proposals and on the particular SERs selected to 
advise the Panel;
     A discussion of the feedback from and recommendations made 
by the SERs; \68\ and
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    \68\ In addition to oral feedback, ten of the 16 SERs provided 
written feedback, which is appended to the SBREFA Panel Report at 
Appendix B.
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

     A discussion of the findings and recommendations of the 
Panel.\69\
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

    \69\ As required by the RFA, the CFPB considers the Panel's 
findings in its initial regulatory flexibility analysis, as set out 
in part V of this SUPPLEMENTARY INFORMATION.
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

    The CFPB also invited other stakeholders to submit feedback on the 
SBREFA Outline. Feedback from these other stakeholders on the SBREFA 
Outline was not considered by the Panel and is not reflected in the 
SBREFA Panel Report but will be placed on the public docket for this 
notice. The CFPB received 11 submissions from a variety of other 
stakeholders, including trade associations, a coalition of consumer and 
civil rights groups, AVM developers and testers, a research center, and 
a not-for-profit corporation responsible for setting appraiser 
standards and qualifications.
    As it prepared this proposed rule with the other agencies, the CFPB 
considered the feedback it received from SERs and other stakeholders 
(collectively, SBREFA feedback) and the findings and recommendations of 
the Panel. The CFPB has summarized the feedback, findings, and 
recommendations that it received during the SBREFA process in part 
III.A of this SUPPLEMENTARY INFORMATION.\70\
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    \70\ The SBREFA Panel Report provides a more complete summary of 
feedback from the SERs and the findings and recommendations of the 
Panel. The CFPB's documents and content from its SBREFA process for 
this rulemaking should not be construed to represent the views or 
recommendations of the Board, OCC, FDIC, NCUA, or FHFA.
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A. Summary of SBREFA Feedback and Panel Findings and Recommendations

    In their feedback on the SBREFA Outline, SERs and other 
stakeholders (collectively, SBREFA commenters) generally expressed 
support for the rulemaking's goal of ensuring AVM accuracy. Many SBREFA 
commenters noted that AVMs potentially save time and money but also 
cautioned that they would need to have greater confidence in AVMs 
before broadly expanding their usage of them. While acknowledging that 
AVM developers are entitled to maintain trade secrets and protect their 
intellectual property rights, several SBREFA commenters expressed 
concern that AVM developers do not provide sufficient transparency 
regarding how they calculate AVM values.
    SBREFA commenters expressed some support for greater 
standardization of AVM testing and reporting but cautioned that 
prescriptive regulations could threaten innovation and increase costs. 
The SBREFA Panel recommended that the CFPB continue to explore ways to 
minimize the burden to small entities of the AVM rule in light of SERs' 
concerns about compliance costs generally and their feedback regarding 
the potential additional costs and delays that could result if the 
industry substituted current AVM usage with appraisals.
    While acknowledging that Congress has required the rulemaking 
agencies to issue a rule, SBREFA commenters generally expressed a 
preference for the less prescriptive, principles-based option presented 
in the SBREFA Outline, along with nonbinding guidance to aid in 
compliance with that rule. The not-for-profit corporation responsible 
for setting appraiser standards and qualifications recommended its 
USPAP as a starting point for flexible AVM regulations. A coalition of 
consumer and civil rights groups also provided various examples for a 
principles-based framework in an appendix to their submission.
    SBREFA commenters generally supported aligning definitions in the 
AVM rule with definitions in existing financial regulations to simplify 
compliance. Some SERs and a trade association recommended that the AVM 
rule incorporate a transaction-based exemption threshold, such as not 
covering portfolio loans under $400,000. Other SERs asked the CFPB to 
consider an asset-size threshold to exempt small entities from the 
rule. However, a coalition of consumer and civil rights groups 
advocated for the rule's coverage to be as broad as possible.
    Several SBREFA commenters stated that it would be beneficial to 
have a governmental or not-for-profit accrediting body for AVMs, so 
that AVM users could rely on such accreditation for complying with the 
AVM rule. Several SERs and other stakeholders also advocated for 
greater information sharing regarding the GSEs' AVMs.
1. Defining ``Consumer's Principal Dwelling''
    The section 1125 definition of AVM refers to a mortgage secured by 
a

[[Page 40650]]

consumer's principal dwelling. The terms ``consumer,'' ``dwelling,'' 
and ``principal dwelling'' are not defined in title XI, although the 
Dodd-Frank Act also added the phrase ``consumer's principal dwelling'' 
into provisions of title XI that address appraisal management company 
requirements and broker price opinions.\71\ During the SBREFA process, 
the CFPB presented to the SERs an approach that would base the scope of 
``consumer's principal dwelling'' on how that phrase is used in the 
Regulation Z Sec.  1026.42 provisions on valuation independence.\72\
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    \71\ See Dodd-Frank Act section 1473(f)(4), adding section 
1121(11) to title XI, codified at 12 U.S.C. 3350(11)): and Dodd-
Frank Act section 1473(r), adding section 1126(a) to title XI, 
codified at 12 U.S.C. 3355(a), respectively.
    \72\ The appraisal management company provisions in title XI 
include a requirement that appraisal management companies apply 
valuation independence standards established under TILA. 12 U.S.C. 
3353(a)(4). TILA is implemented in the CFPB's Regulation Z, 12 CFR 
part 1026 (Regulation Z). The CFPB implemented the valuation 
independence standards in Regulation Z Sec.  1026.42 and is 
proposing to also implement its AVM standards in Sec.  1026.42.
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    Coverage of ``consumers.'' For most purposes Regulation Z defines 
``consumer'' as a natural person to whom consumer credit is offered or 
extended.\73\ The SBREFA Outline noted that, for certain purposes, the 
scope of the Regulation Z term ``consumer'' may apply to additional 
persons.\74\ The SBREFA Outline noted further that, unlike TILA, 
section 1125 does not limit its coverage to credit transactions that 
are primarily for personal, family, or household purposes.\75\ 
Therefore, the SBREFA Outline advised the SERs that the CFPB was 
considering proposing language to clarify that its implementation of 
AVM standards in Regulation Z does not exclude from section 1125 
coverage any mortgage for which the proceeds are used for other 
purposes, as long as the mortgage is secured by a consumer's principal 
dwelling.\76\
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

    \73\ See 12 CFR 1026.2(a)(11).
    \74\ To see how the CFPB has interpreted and applied the 
definition of ``consumer'' in Regulation Z, see comments 2(a)(11)-1 
through 4 and comment 3(a)-10 in Regulation Z, Supplement I.
    \75\ See 12 CFR 1026.2(a)(12) (definition of ``consumer 
credit'').
    \76\ The terms ``dwelling'' and ``principal dwelling'' are 
discussed separately in this section.
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

    The SERs provided a variety of observations about extending the AVM 
requirements to business-purpose loans and defining the term 
``consumer'' to include persons other than a natural person. In 
addition to addressing the scope of coverage generally and consistency 
with existing definitions, the SERs discussed valuation costs, 
processing times, and business practices.\77\ The SBREFA Panel 
recommended that the CFPB leverage existing definitions in Regulation Z 
but consider whether adjustments should be made to apply the AVM 
standards to business-purpose loans and loans to trusts and limited 
liability companies.
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

    \77\ See SBREFA Panel Report at section 8.13.
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

    Coverage of ``dwelling'' and limiting coverage to ``principal'' 
dwelling. The section 1125 definition of AVM refers to determining the 
collateral worth of a mortgage secured by a consumer's principal 
dwelling. During the SBREFA process, the CFPB indicated it was 
considering definitions of dwelling and principal dwelling that are 
very similar to their treatment in the proposed rule, but the CFPB also 
addressed the possibility of limiting the definitions' scope to 
transactions in which the mortgage is secured by a lien on real 
property. The SBREFA Outline cited to the CFPB's appraisal independence 
requirements in Regulation Z Sec.  1026.42 as an approach under 
consideration for clarifying whether second and vacation homes and new 
construction would be considered principal dwellings.
    Regarding the definition of ``dwelling,'' SERs discussed 
considerations relevant to limiting application of the AVM quality 
control standards to mortgages secured by real property, including 
alternative valuation guides and sampling challenges.\78\ A coalition 
of consumer and civil rights groups urged adoption of a broad 
definition of dwelling and suggested considering adopting the Fair 
Housing Act definition of dwelling.\79\
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

    \78\ See SBREFA Panel Report at section 8.13.
    \79\ See 42 U.S.C. 3602(b) (`` `Dwelling' means any building, 
structure, or portion thereof which is occupied as, or designed or 
intended for occupancy as, a residence by one or more families, and 
any vacant land which is offered for sale or lease for the 
construction or location thereon of any such building, structure, or 
portion thereof.'').
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

    Regarding what would be a ``principal'' dwelling, the SERs 
discussed considerations for applying the AVM standards to second 
homes, vacation homes, and new construction.\80\ One SER commented on 
the importance of considering how coverage might apply to active 
military personnel who are purchasing a home for their future permanent 
residence while assigned temporarily to a different duty station. One 
trade association supported leveraging existing definitions for key 
terms in the AVM rule, including dwelling and consumer's principal 
dwelling. The SBREFA Panel recommended that the CFPB (i) consider 
whether limiting coverage to dwellings secured by liens on real 
property, and extending coverage to second homes and vacation homes, 
would be consistent with the purposes of section 1125; and (ii) clarify 
whether mortgages secured by undeveloped land, manufactured homes, and 
other structures used as dwellings would be covered by the quality 
control standards. The SBREFA Panel also recommended that the CFPB 
assess whether any adjustment or clarification of the AVM rule would be 
appropriate to accommodate the special circumstances of active-duty 
military personnel. Finally, the SBREFA Panel recommended that the CFPB 
seek comment on whether coverage of the AVM rule should vary from the 
definition of principal dwelling used in other statutes and CFPB 
regulations, including as applied to new construction.
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

    \80\ See SBREFA Panel Report at section 8.13.
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

2. Defining ``Mortgage''
    Section 1125 defines an AVM by reference to determining ``the 
collateral worth of a mortgage,'' \81\ but does not define the term 
``mortgage.'' In the SBREFA process, the CFPB was considering proposing 
two alternative definitions of ``mortgage.'' The first alternative 
would define ``mortgage'' as an extension of credit secured by a 
dwelling. The second alternative would define it as a transaction in 
which a mortgage, deed of trust, purchase money security interest 
arising under an installment sales contract, or equivalent consensual 
security interest is created or retained in a dwelling.
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

    \81\ 12 U.S.C. 3354(d). Section 1125 focuses on mortgages 
``secured by a consumer's principal dwelling.'' Id.
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

    Most SERs did not express a preference for one definition over the 
other, but some did request further clarity on what types of 
transactions would be covered, and others asked that the definition be 
coordinated with existing regulatory definitions. Two SERs preferred 
the first mortgage definition. One of those SERs suggested that the 
first definition of mortgage was easier to understand, and the other 
SER preferred the first definition because it did not appear to include 
installment sales contracts, which it said could be understood to 
include consumer purchases for improvements to a home (for example, 
financing an HVAC system).\82\
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

    \82\ The CFPB notes that the second definition, which the 
agencies are proposing today, limits the ``installment sales 
contract'' reference to ``purchase money'' transactions.
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

    A coalition of consumer and civil rights groups commenting on the 
definition of mortgage preferred the second definition because it was

[[Page 40651]]

broader and would protect consumers using installment sales contracts, 
who the stakeholder said are often Black homebuyers. A trade 
association did not think that installment land contracts should be 
included.
    The SBREFA Panel recommended that the CFPB attempt to coordinate a 
definition of ``mortgage'' with preexisting regulations, to the extent 
feasible.
3. Defining ``Mortgage Originator''
    Section 1125 covers AVMs used by ``mortgage originators,'' but does 
not define the term.\83\ In the SBREFA Outline, the CFPB indicated that 
it was considering a definition of ``mortgage originator'' that 
potentially could cover persons who are loan originators, creditors, 
and/or, under limited circumstances, servicers for purposes of 
Regulation Z.\84\ Four SERs, a trade association, and a coalition of 
consumer and civil right groups expressed support for a definition of 
``mortgage originator'' that relies on definitions from existing 
consumer financial laws because they believe that would simplify 
implementation of any future final rule and/or minimize the compliance 
burden on small businesses. The SBREFA Panel also endorsed this 
approach in its recommendations.\85\
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

    \83\ 12 U.S.C. 3354(d).
    \84\ Small Business Advisory Review Panel for Automated 
Valuation Model (AVM) Rulemaking, Outline of Proposals and 
Alternatives under Consideration 14-15 (Feb. 23, 2022), available at 
https://files.consumerfinance.gov/f/documents/cfpb_avm_outline-of-proposals_2022-02.pdf.
    \85\ Final Report of Small Business Review Panel on the CFPB's 
Proposals and Alternatives under Consideration for the Automated 
Valuation Model (AVM) Rulemaking 39 (May 13, 2022), available at 
https://files.consumerfinance.gov/f/documents/cfpb_avm_final-report_2022-05.pdf.
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

    Although there was support among SERs and other stakeholders for 
defining ``mortgage originator'' based on definitions in existing 
consumer financial laws, six SERs and a coalition of consumer and civil 
rights groups indicated that the CFPB should consider alternative 
existing definitions for the term. These alternative definitions 
included defining ``mortgage originator'' (i) by reference to the 
term's use in other consumer financial laws, such as SAFE Act, 
Regulation G, or Regulation X, (ii) by reference to a person's current 
licensure status, or (iii) by reference to a person's function, such as 
covering lenders but not mortgage brokers or servicers. One SER in 
particular expressed concern that the definition of ``mortgage 
originator'' should not apply to mortgage brokers because, even though 
mortgage brokers commonly are considered ``loan originators,'' they 
rarely use AVMs and have no control over the valuation methods or 
vendors used in mortgage transactions.
    In addition to receiving requests from SERs asking it to consider 
alternative definitions for the term ``mortgage originator,'' the CFPB 
also received comments from three SERs regarding the scope of the 
definition of the term ``mortgage originator.'' Two SERs asked the CFPB 
to consider applying a transaction-based or asset-based threshold that 
would exclude small entities from the scope of the definition of the 
term ``mortgage originator.'' Another SER asked the CFPB to ensure that 
any definition of the term ``mortgage originator'' it ultimately adopts 
will apply equally to both traditional market participants and 
financial technology firms.
4. Defining ``Secondary Market Issuer''
    Section 1125 uses, but does not define, the term ``secondary market 
issuers''; specifically, the statute defines an AVM by reference to 
computerized models ``used by mortgage originators and secondary market 
issuers to determine the collateral worth'' of certain mortgages.\86\ 
In the SBREFA Outline, the CFPB discussed two alternative definitions 
of the term ``secondary market issuer.'' The first alternative would 
define the term to include only entities that issue asset-backed 
securities collateralized by mortgages (mortgage securities). The 
second alternative would define the term more broadly to mean an 
issuer, guarantor, insurer, or underwriter of mortgage securities. Most 
SERs and other stakeholders providing feedback on the SBREFA Outline 
did not express specific views regarding these alternatives, but a 
coalition of consumer and civil rights groups as well as one SER 
supported the broader definition. The SBREFA Panel recommended that the 
CFPB continue to explore the extent to which a broader or narrower 
definition of ``secondary market issuer'' would further the statutory 
purposes of section 1125, along with the benefits and costs of such 
approach.
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

    \86\ 12 U.S.C. 3354(d). Section 1125 focuses on mortgages 
``secured by a consumer's principal dwelling.'' Id.
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

5. Types of AVM Uses
    Section 1125 defines an AVM as any computerized model ``used by 
mortgage originators and secondary market issuers to determine the 
collateral worth'' of certain mortgages.\87\ In the SBREFA Outline, the 
CFPB noted that, depending on how that phrase in the statute is 
implemented, the rule's quality control requirements might cover a 
variety of AVM uses by mortgage originators and secondary market 
issuers.
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

    \87\ 12 U.S.C. 3354(d). Section 1125 focuses on mortgages 
``secured by a consumer's principal dwelling.'' Id.
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

    Underwriting versus non-underwriting AVM uses. Section 1125 focuses 
on AVMs used to ``determine'' the collateral worth. In the SBREFA 
Outline, the CFPB discussed focusing the rule on AVMs used in making 
underwriting decisions. Some SERs and trade associations providing 
feedback on the SBREFA Outline supported that approach. However, a 
coalition of consumer and civil rights groups advocated for the rule to 
broadly cover uses of AVMs to produce any valuation estimate 
whatsoever. The SBREFA Panel recommended that the CFPB continue to 
explore the extent to which limiting the rule's coverage to uses of 
AVMs for underwriting decisions would sufficiently further the 
statutory purposes of section 1125, along with the benefits and costs 
of such an approach. The SBREFA Panel also recommended that the CFPB 
consider clarifying whether, and to what extent, the proposed rule 
distinguishes between AVMs used before and after the origination of a 
mortgage.
    Loan modifications and other changes to existing loans. Section 
1125 focuses on AVMs used to ``determine'' the collateral worth. Among 
specific types of AVM uses, the CFPB's SBREFA Outline explored whether 
the rule should apply in instances where a mortgage originator, 
secondary market issuer, or service provider for a mortgage originator 
or secondary market issuer uses an AVM to determine the value of 
collateral in order to support a decision to modify or to change the 
terms of an existing loan. Specifically, the SBREFA Outline presented 
two alternatives. Under the first alternative, the rule would cover 
AVMs used in transactions that result in a consumer receiving a new 
mortgage origination. Under this alternative, the rule would cover a 
transaction like a refinancing, but not a transaction like a loan 
modification that would not result in a new mortgage origination. Under 
the second alternative, the rule would cover any AVM used to decide 
whether to change the terms of an existing mortgage even if the change 
does not result in a new mortgage origination, so long as a ``mortgage 
originator'' or ``secondary market issuer,'' or a service provider 
acting on behalf of a mortgage originator or a secondary market issuer, 
uses the AVM to determine the collateral worth of a mortgage secured by 
a consumer's principal dwelling.

[[Page 40652]]

    With respect to the two alternatives, SERs generally expressed a 
preference for the CFPB's first alternative over the second. One SER 
stated that they preferred a rule that did not cover loan modifications 
and other changes to existing loans, even if it ultimately covered 
refinancing transactions, because such a rule would have lower 
implementation costs. That SER further explained that consolidating the 
AVM quality control processes in their institution's origination 
functions (including refinancings) would be less burdensome than 
building processes for multiple use cases. Several SERs expressed 
concern that the second alternative could negatively impact consumers 
who are pursuing loss mitigation options. Specifically, those SERs 
stated that AVMs are quicker and less costly than appraisals, but that 
the second alternative could discourage use of AVMs in favor of 
appraisals during the loss mitigation process, which, in turn, would 
harm consumers by increasing both property valuation costs and 
application processing times. One SER also asked the CFPB to clarify 
whether the first alternative would apply to transactions that are 
withdrawn or denied in addition to transactions that are consummated.
    The CFPB also received feedback on these alternatives from a trade 
association. That trade association stated that their members supported 
the first alternative because they wanted to exclude AVMs used in loan 
modifications from the scope of the rule. The trade association further 
stated that their members did not support the second alternative 
presented in the SBREFA Outline because, in their view, it both was 
inconsistent with title XI's directive to apply quality control 
standards to mortgage originators and would place additional burdens on 
the processing of loan workouts for distressed borrowers.
    Credit line reductions or suspensions. Section 1125 focuses on AVMs 
used to ``determine'' the collateral worth of a mortgage secured by a 
consumer's principal dwelling. Among specific types of AVM uses, in the 
SBREFA Outline, the CFPB was considering whether or not the rule would 
cover AVMs used in deciding whether or to what extent to reduce or 
suspend a home equity line of credit. SERs discussed balancing the 
consumer protections of covering credit line reductions or suspensions 
against the burdens of such regulation. One SER noted that AVMs used in 
determining credit line reductions or suspensions ought to be covered 
from a consumer protection standpoint. Another SER noted that such 
decisions occur only a couple times a year at their institution, and 
the burden of additional regulations could cause servicers like them to 
abandon the use of AVMs for such purposes. The SBREFA Panel recommended 
that the CFPB continue to explore the extent to which a rule not 
covering uses of AVMs for credit line reductions and suspensions would 
sufficiently further the statutory purposes of section 1125, along with 
the benefits and costs of such approach. The Panel also recommended 
that the CFPB consider whether covering such uses only for mortgage 
originators and secondary market issuers disadvantages entities vis-
[agrave]-vis competitors that acquire mortgages but are not mortgage 
originators or secondary market issuers.
    Uses of AVMs by appraisers. Section 1125 applies to AVMs used by 
``mortgage originators'' and ``secondary market issuers,'' 
respectively.\88\ Third-party appraisers generally would not be 
mortgage originators or secondary market issuers; thus, appraisers 
themselves generally would not be covered by the eventual rule. But, as 
discussed in part I.A of this SUPPLEMENTARY INFORMATION, regulated 
entities--including mortgage originators and secondary market issuers--
are responsible for managing risk inherent in the use of third-party 
service providers, such as appraisers.\89\
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

    \88\ 12 U.S.C. 3354(d).
    \89\ See supra note 12.
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

    In the SBREFA Outline, the CFPB indicated that it was considering 
whether or not the rule would cover an AVM when a mortgage originator 
(or secondary market issuer) relies on an appraisal developed by a 
certified or licensed appraiser (appraiser), notwithstanding that the 
appraiser used the AVM in developing an appraisal. Several SERs and a 
trade association advocated for not covering such AVMs uses; they 
explained that mortgage originators and secondary market issuers should 
not be responsible for appraisers' AVM usage because appraisers are 
already subject to other Federal and State regulation and supervision. 
The SERs further stated that, given other Federal laws requiring 
valuation independence,\90\ mortgage originators have limited ability 
to oversee appraisers' use of AVMs. A coalition of consumer and civil 
rights groups urged that the rule should cover AVMs used by appraisers 
and stated that there are gaps in the training and licensing of 
appraisers. The SBREFA Panel recommended that the CFPB continue to 
assess the extent to which a rule not covering appraisers' uses of AVMs 
would sufficiently further the statutory purposes of section 1125.
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

    \90\ For consumer credit transactions secured by a consumer's 
principal dwelling, TILA section 129E, 15 U.S.C. 1639e, and its 
implementing regulations require valuation independence by, for 
example, prohibiting material misrepresentation of property value 
and conflicts of interest for persons preparing valuations or 
performing valuation management functions. CFPB: 12 CFR 1026.42; 
Board: 12 CFR 226.42; see Truth in Lending, 75 FR 66554 (Oct. 28, 
2010) (interim final rule); see also Truth in Lending, 75 FR 80675 
(Dec. 23, 2010) (correction). TILA section 129E(g)(2) directed the 
Board to issue an interim final rule. 15 U.S.C. 1639e(g)(2).
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

    Securitization. Section 1125 focuses on AVMs used to ``determine'' 
the collateral worth of a mortgage secured by a consumer's principal 
dwelling. Among specific types of AVM uses, in the SBREFA Outline, the 
CFPB was considering whether or not the rule would cover a secondary 
market issuer's use of an AVM in the offer and sale of mortgage 
securities. Most SERs and other stakeholders providing feedback on the 
SBREFA Outline did not express specific views regarding whether to 
cover AVMs used in securitization, but one SER expressly advocated for 
not covering such uses because, otherwise, the rule would create a cost 
burden and hinder access to the secondary market, particularly for 
small mortgage originators. Another SER stated that most small entities 
do not securitize loans and that they would be discouraged from doing 
so if the eventual rule covered AVMs used in securitization. A 
coalition of consumer and civil rights groups advocated for the rule's 
coverage to be as broad as possible. The not-for-profit corporation 
responsible for setting appraiser standards and qualifications 
expressed concern regarding securitization creating moral hazard for 
mortgage origination because securitizers often provide funding to 
originators in exchange for loans with weak representations and 
warranties that may result in originators having little to no incentive 
for accurate valuations. The SBREFA Panel recommended that the CFPB 
continue to explore the extent to which a rule not covering uses of 
AVMs in securitizations would sufficiently further the statutory 
purposes of section 1125, along with the benefits and costs of such an 
approach.
    Reviews of completed determinations. Section 1125 focuses on AVMs 
used to ``determine'' the collateral worth of a mortgage secured by a 
consumer's principal dwelling. Among specific types of AVM uses, in the 
SBREFA Outline, the CFPB considered whether or not the rule would cover 
AVMs used in a subsequent review of a completed

[[Page 40653]]

appraisal or other completed determination of collateral value 
(completed determination). Several SERs and a trade association 
expressly advocated for not covering such AVM uses, including a SER 
that stated requiring quality control of AVMs when they are, in turn, 
being used to quality control already completed determinations would be 
an excessive amount of quality control and would not provide additional 
benefit--but would increase the cost of credit for consumers. A 
coalition of consumer and civil rights groups advocated for the rule's 
coverage to be as broad as possible.
    The SBREFA Panel recommended that the CFPB continue to explore the 
extent to which a rule not covering uses of AVMs for subsequent reviews 
of completed determinations would sufficiently further the statutory 
purposes of section 1125, along with the benefits and costs of such an 
approach. The SBREFA Panel also recommended that the CFPB consider 
clarifying in the proposed rule whether, and to what extent, the 
proposed rule makes distinctions based on the amount of time between 
the completed determination and the subsequent review.
    Appraisal waivers. Section 1125 focuses on AVMs used to 
``determine'' the collateral worth of certain mortgages. In the SBREFA 
Outline, the CFPB indicated that it was considering a rule that would 
exclude a mortgage originator's use of AVMs for appraisal waiver 
programs where the secondary market issuer's use of an AVM is covered 
instead. Specifically, the CFPB indicated that it was considering two 
potential options. One option was to exclude the mortgage originator's 
use of the secondary market issuer's AVM for appraisal waiver programs. 
The second option was to exclude the mortgage originator's use of any 
AVM used exclusively to determine whether a loan qualifies for an 
appraisal waiver program or to generate a value estimate exclusively 
for an appraisal waiver program. SERs were supportive of a proposed 
rule not covering a mortgage originator's use of AVMs for appraisal 
waiver programs where the secondary market issuer's use of an AVM is 
covered instead. One SER appreciated that such an approach did not 
increase compliance burden on mortgage originators, while another SER 
indicated that secondary market issuers, especially the GSEs, were in a 
better position to perform quality control reviews of their AVMs than 
the mortgage originators requesting the appraisal waiver evaluations.
6. Options for the First Four Quality Control Standards
    Section 1125 requires that AVMs adhere to quality control standards 
designed to: (1) ensure a high level of confidence in the estimates 
produced; (2) protect against the manipulation of data; (3) seek to 
avoid conflicts of interest; (4) require random sample testing and 
reviews; and (5) account for any other such factor that the agencies 
determine to be appropriate. Section 1125(b) requires the agencies to 
promulgate regulations to implement these quality control standards.
    In the SBREFA process, the CFPB was considering proposing two 
alternative methods for compliance in regard to the first four AVM 
quality control factors. In the first alternative (principles-based 
option), the CFPB was considering proposing to require regulated 
institutions to adopt and maintain their own policies, practices, 
procedures, and control systems to ensure that AVMs used for covered 
transactions adhere to quality control standards designed to meet those 
factors, but not proposing specific requirements for those policies, 
practices, procedures, and control systems. For the second alternative 
regarding the quality control factors (prescriptive option), the CFPB 
was considering proposing a prescriptive rule with more detailed and 
specific requirements in regard to the quality control factors.
    SERs overwhelmingly expressed support for the first option the CFPB 
presented, which would require covered entities to develop policies and 
procedures that would achieve the quality control standards but would 
not set specific requirements for those policies and procedures. For 
example, one SER explained that their institution focuses on the risk 
assessed, especially the dollar amount of the loan, and the first 
option would allow them to maintain that focus. That SER further stated 
that a more prescribed approach would increase their costs and affect 
their ability to offer services that utilize AVMs, and that the CFPB 
should allow AVM use to evolve rather than shut down useful innovation 
with specific controls. Another SER said that low-risk home equity 
loans for relatively small amounts should not have to meet the same 
requirements as half-million-dollar loans and that, otherwise, the 
small-dollar mortgages would become unaffordable. One SER stated that a 
prescriptive rule would result in a complex and expansive regulation 
because it would need to address risk factors across many aspects of 
the market, including product type, geographic area, loan purpose and 
loan size.\91\
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

    \91\ The SERs also discussed other topics besides the direct 
question of whether the CFPB should adopt the policies and 
procedures or the prescriptive rule options, such as their current 
policies and procedures and their concerns about lacking the 
expertise to effectively monitor AVM vendor compliance with the 
rule. See CFPB, Final Report of the Small Business Review Panel on 
the CFPB's Proposals and Alternatives Under Consideration for the 
Automated Valuation Model (AVM) Rulemaking 24-30 (May 13, 2022), 
available at https://files.consumerfinance.gov/f/documents/cfpb_avm_final-report_2022-05.pdf.
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

    Almost all other stakeholders who commented on the quality control 
options in the SBREFA Outline preferred the principles-based approach, 
largely for the same reasons that the SERs did. Some of these 
stakeholders, particularly those involved in the appraisal and 
valuation market, suggested that the CFPB should try to foster 
standardization in the market, while also allowing flexibility. Several 
of these commenters suggested that the market would benefit from some 
form of credential or certification for AVM providers.
    The SBREFA Panel recommended that the CFPB consider providing 
additional clarity in the notice of proposed rulemaking (NPRM) on what 
the rule would require of small entities in order to comply with the 
quality control standards and seek comment on improving that clarity. 
In addition, the Panel recommended that the CFPB consider seeking 
comment in the NPRM on potential methods to facilitate compliance 
targeted on small financial institutions. The Panel further suggested 
that such methods considered could include clear instruction on how a 
small entity can monitor compliance regarding use of third-party AVM 
vendors. The CFPB notes that the proposed rule requests comment on the 
possible use of additional guidance.
7. Specifying a Nondiscrimination Quality Control Standard
    Section 1125 provides the agencies the authority to account for any 
other such factor that the agencies determine to be appropriate.\92\ In 
the SBREFA process, the CFPB was considering proposing that it exercise 
its authority under section 1125 to specify a fifth quality control 
factor designed to ensure that AVMs used for covered transactions 
comply with applicable nondiscrimination laws. The CFPB was considering 
proposing two alternative methods--a principles-based option or a 
prescriptive option--for compliance with the nondiscrimination factor,

[[Page 40654]]

consistent with the first four quality control factors.
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

    \92\ 12 U.S.C. 3354(a)(5).
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

    During the SBREFA process, SERs uniformly voiced concern regarding 
how they can assess AVM compliance with applicable nondiscrimination 
law or know that they are in violation of the law. SERs stated that it 
is impractical for them to assess AVM fair lending performance because 
they are not equipped to validate the algorithms that AVM providers 
use. SERs commented that, as small institutions, they do not have the 
staff, the data, or the scale to assess AVM model results meaningfully. 
In addition, SERs stated that lenders do not have access to the data or 
methodology used by the AVM because the data is proprietary.
    SERs expressed that it is important to ensure fairness in AVM 
development and application, including ensuring that AVMs do not rely 
on data that results in inadvertent discrimination. However, SERs 
stated that the burden should be on AVM providers to comply with 
nondiscrimination requirements, and the providers should be regulated.
    In addition, SERs expressed that there is sufficient fair lending 
regulatory infrastructure already in place and that adding a fair 
lending requirement to the quality control standards for AVMs would be 
duplicative and, therefore, unnecessary. SERs further stated that the 
other four quality control standards required by statute already 
account for fair lending compliance.
    A number of other stakeholders, including several trade 
associations, echoed many of the SERs' concerns about specifying a 
nondiscrimination quality control standard. A coalition of consumer and 
civil rights groups stated that while they fully support the addition 
of nondiscrimination as a fifth quality control standard, the agencies 
should incorporate nondiscrimination into each of the quality control 
standards, asserting that fair lending risk should not be separated 
from safety and soundness risk.
    The SBREFA Panel recommended that the CFPB consider providing 
additional clarity in the NPRM on what the rule would require of 
institutions in order to comply with a nondiscrimination quality 
control factor and seek comment on improving that clarity. In addition, 
the Panel recommended that the CFPB consider seeking comment in the 
NPRM on potential methods to facilitate compliance targeted on small 
financial institutions, such as providing clear and simple 
instructions, allowing some form of safe harbor, or some other method 
or methods. Such methods considered could include clear instruction on 
how a small entity can monitor compliance regarding use of third-party 
AVM vendors.
8. Implementation Period
    Title XIV of the Dodd-Frank Act requires an implementation period 
within 12 months after issuance of the interagency final rule.\93\ Many 
SERs and an AVM testing company providing feedback on the SBREFA 
Outline stated that small entities would need more than the statutory 
12-month period to comply with the eventual rule. Those stakeholders 
highlighted the potential nondiscrimination quality control factor as 
an aspect of the potential rule that would be particularly time 
consuming to implement. One SER and a trade association stated that the 
implementation period should be at least 12 months while a research 
center estimated only six months would be necessary. The SBREFA Panel 
recommended that the CFPB continue to explore the appropriateness of an 
implementation period longer than 12 months.
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

    \93\ 12 U.S.C. 1400(c)(1)(B).
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

IV. Paperwork Reduction Act

    Certain provisions of the proposed rule contain ``collection of 
information'' requirements within the meaning of the Paperwork 
Reduction Act (PRA) of 1995.\94\ In accordance with the requirements of 
the PRA, the agencies may not conduct or sponsor, and the respondent is 
not required to respond to, an information collection unless it 
displays a current Office of Management and Budget (OMB) control 
number.
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

    \94\ 44 U.S.C. 3501-3521.
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

    The proposed rule would establish quality control standards 
mandated by the Dodd-Frank Act for the use of AVMs by mortgage 
originators and secondary market issuers in determining the collateral 
worth of a mortgage secured by a consumer's principal dwelling. Section 
1473(q) of the Dodd-Frank Act amended title XI to add section 1125 
relating to the use of AVMs in valuing real estate collateral securing 
mortgage loans. Section 1125 directs the agencies to promulgate 
regulations to implement quality control standards regarding AVMs.
    The proposed rule would require supervised mortgage originators and 
secondary market issuers that engage in credit decisions or covered 
securitization determinations themselves, or through or in cooperation 
with a third-party or affiliate, to adopt and maintain policies, 
practices, procedures, and control systems to ensure that AVMs used in 
these transactions adhere to quality control standards designed to:
    (a) Ensure a high level of confidence in the estimates produced;
    (b) Protect against the manipulation of data;
    (c) Avoid conflicts of interest;
    (d) Require random sample testing and reviews; and
    (e) Comply with applicable nondiscrimination laws.
    The quality control standards in the proposed rule are applicable 
only to covered AVMs, which are AVMs as defined in the proposed rule. 
The proposed rule would require the regulated mortgage originators and 
secondary market issuers to adopt policies, practices, procedures, and 
control systems to ensure that AVMs adhere to the specified quality 
control standards whenever they use covered AVMs while engaging in 
certain credit decisions or covered securitization determinations.
    As a result, the proposed rule creates new recordkeeping 
requirements. The agencies are revising their current information 
collections related to real estate appraisals and evaluations. The OMB 
control number for the OCC is 1557-0190, the Board is 7100-0250, the 
FDIC is 3064-0103, and the NCUA is 3133-0125. These information 
collections will be extended for three years, with revision. In 
addition to accounting for the PRA burden incurred as a result of this 
proposed rule, the agencies are also updating and aligning their 
information collections with respect to the hourly burden associated 
with the Guidelines.
    The information collection requirements contained in this proposed 
rule have been submitted by the OCC, the FDIC, and the NCUA to the OMB 
for review and approval under section 3507(d) of the PRA \95\ and 
section 1320.11 of the OMB's implementing regulations.\96\ The Board 
reviewed the proposed rule under the authority delegated to the Board 
by OMB.
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

    \95\ 44 U.S.C. 3507(d).
    \96\ 5 CFR 1320.
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

    Comments are invited on:
    (a) Whether the collections of information are necessary for the 
proper performance of the agencies' functions, including whether the 
information has practical utility;
    (b) The accuracy of the estimate of the burden of the information 
collections, including the validity of the methodology and assumptions 
used;
    (c) Ways to enhance the quality, utility, and clarity of the 
information to be collected;
    (d) Ways to minimize the burden of the information collections on

[[Page 40655]]

respondents, including through the use of automated collection 
techniques or other forms of information technology; and
    (e) Estimates of capital or start-up costs and costs of operation, 
maintenance, and purchase of services to provide information.
    All comments will become a matter of public record. Comments on the 
collections of information should be sent to the address listed in the 
ADDRESSES section of this document. A copy of the comments may also be 
submitted to the OMB desk officer by mail to U.S. Office of Management 
and Budget, 725 17th Street NW, #10235, Washington, DC 20503, or by 
facsimile to 202-395-6974; or email to [email protected], 
Attention, Federal Banking Agency Desk Officer.

Proposed Information Collection

    Title of Information Collection: Recordkeeping and Disclosure 
Requirements and Provisions Associated with Real Estate Appraisals and 
Evaluations.
    Frequency of Response: Annual and event generated.
    Affected Public: Businesses, other for-profit institutions, and 
other not-for-profit institutions.
    Respondents:
    OCC: National banks, Federal savings associations.
    Board: State member banks (SMBs), bank holding companies (BHCs), 
nonbank subsidiaries of BHCs, savings and loan holding companies 
(SLHCs), nondepository subsidiaries of SLHCs, Edge and agreement 
corporations, U.S. branches and agencies of foreign banks, and any 
nonbank financial company designated by FSOC to be supervised by the 
Board.
    FDIC: Insured state nonmember banks and state savings associations, 
insured state branches of foreign banks.
    NCUA: Private Sector: Not-for-profit institutions.
    General Description of Report:
    For federally related transactions, title XI requires regulated 
institutions \97\ to obtain appraisals prepared in accordance with 
USPAP promulgated by the Appraisal Standards Board of the Appraisal 
Foundation. Generally, these standards include the methods and 
techniques used to estimate the market value of a property as well as 
the requirements for reporting such analysis and a market value 
conclusion in the appraisal. Regulated institutions are expected to 
maintain records that demonstrate that appraisals used in their real 
estate-related lending activities comply with these regulatory 
requirements.
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

    \97\ National banks, Federal savings associations, SMBs and 
nonbank subsidiaries of BHCs, insured state nonmember banks and 
state savings associations, and insured state branches of foreign 
banks.
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

    The proposed rule would require supervised mortgage originators and 
secondary market issuers that engage in credit decisions or covered 
securitization determinations themselves, or through or in cooperation 
with a third-party or affiliate, to adopt and maintain policies, 
practices, procedures, and control systems to ensure that AVMs used in 
these transactions adhere to quality control standards designed to:
    (a) Ensure a high level of confidence in the estimates produced;
    (b) Protect against the manipulation of data;
    (c) Avoid conflicts of interest;
    (d) Require random sample testing and reviews; and
    (e) Comply with applicable nondiscrimination laws.
    Current Action: The proposed rule creates new recordkeeping 
requirements in connection with adopting and maintaining policies, 
practices, procedures, and control systems. The agencies estimate that 
the new recordkeeping burden associated with the proposed rule would 
result in an implementation burden of 13.33 hours per respondent and an 
annual ongoing burden of 5 hours per respondent. In addition to 
accounting for the PRA burden incurred as a result of this proposed 
rule, the agencies are also updating and aligning their information 
collections (IC) with respect to the hourly burden associated with the 
Guidelines. This would result in an annual ongoing burden of 10 hours 
per respondent for recordkeeping and an annual ongoing burden of 5 
hours per respondent for disclosure.

OCC Burden

                                   Table 1--Summary of Estimated Annual Burden
                                               [OMB No. 1557-0190]
----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
                                                                                                   Total number
            Requirement                   Citations           Number of       Burden hours per       of hours
                                                             respondents         respondent          annually
----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Recordkeeping: Resolution stating   Sec.   7.1024(d).....               6  5....................              30
 plans for use of property.
Recordkeeping: ARM loan             Sec.   34.22(a); Sec.             164  6....................             984
 documentation must specify            160.35(b).
 indices to which changes in the
 interest rate will be linked.
Recordkeeping: Appraisals must be   Sec.   34.44.........             976  1,465 responses per           119,072
 written and contain sufficient                                             respondent @5
 information and analysis to                                                minutes per response.
 support engaging in the
 transaction.
Recordkeeping: Written policies     Sec.   34.62;                   1,413  30...................          42,390
 (reviewed annually) for             appendix A to
 extensions of credit secured by     subpart D to part
 or used to improve real estate.     34; Sec.   160.101;
                                     appendix A to Sec.
                                     160.101.
Recordkeeping: Real estate          Sec.   34.85.........               9  5....................              45
 evaluation policy to monitor OREO.
Recordkeeping: New IC 1--AVM Rule-- Proposed Sec.                     342  13.33 hours (40 hours           4,559
 Policies and Procedures             34.222.                                divided by 3 years).
 (Implementation).
Recordkeeping: New IC 2--AVM Rule-- Proposed Sec.                     342  5....................           1,710
 Policies and Procedures (Ongoing).  34.222.
Recordkeeping: New IC 3--           N/A..................             976  10...................           9,760
 Interagency Appraisal and
 Evaluation Guidelines--Policies
 and Procedures.

[[Page 40656]]

 
Reporting: Procedure to be          Sec.   34.22(b); Sec.             249  6....................           1,494
 followed when seeking to use an       160.35(d)(3).
 alternative index.
Reporting: Prior notification of    Sec.   34.86.........               6  5....................              30
 making advances under development
 or improvement plan for OREO.
Disclosure: Default notice to       Sec.   190.4(h)......              42  2....................              84
 debtor at least 30 days before
 repossession, foreclosure, or
 acceleration of payments.
Disclosure: New IC 4--Interagency   N/A..................             976  5....................           4,880
 Appraisal and Evaluation
 Guidelines.
                                   -----------------------------------------------------------------------------
    Total Annual Burden Hours.....  .....................  ..............  .....................         185,038
----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------

Board Burden

                                   Table 2--Summary of Estimated Annual Burden
                                          [FR Y-30; OMB No. 7100-0250]
----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
                                         Estimated       Estimated                                   Estimated
               FR Y-30                   number of        annual        Estimated average hours    annual burden
                                        respondents      frequency           per response              hours
----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
                                                  Recordkeeping
----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Sections 225.61-225.67 for SMBs.....             701             519  5 minutes.................          30,318
Sections 225.61-225.67 for BHCs and            4,714              25  5 minutes.................           9,821
 nonbank subsidiaries of BHCs.
Guidelines..........................           5,415               1  10........................          54,150
Policies and Procedures AVM rule               2,088               1  13.3......................          27,770
 (Initial setup).
Policies and Procedures AVM rule               2,088               1  5.........................          10,440
 (Ongoing).
----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
                                                   Disclosure
----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Guidelines..........................           5,415               1  5.........................          27,075
                                     ---------------------------------------------------------------------------
    Total Annual Burden Hours.......  ..............  ..............  ..........................         159,574
----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------

FDIC Burden

                                                       Table 3--Summary of Estimated Annual Burden
                                                                   [OMB No. 3064-0103]
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
                                                                         Average annual     Number of
 Information collection (obligation to    Type of burden (frequency of      number of     responses per     Time per response (hours/      Annual burden
               respond)                            response)               respondents     respondent                minutes)                 (hours)
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Recordkeeping Requirements Associated   Recordkeeping (On Occasion)....           3,038             250  5 minutes (0.083)..............          63,039
 with Real Estate Appraisals and
 Evaluations (Mandatory).
New IC 1--AVM Rule--Policies and        Recordkeeping (Annual).........           1,042               1  13.33 hours (40 hours divided            13,890
 Procedures--Implementation                                                                               by 3 years).
 (Mandatory).
New IC 2--AVM Rule--Policies and        Recordkeeping (Annual).........           1,042               1  5 hours........................           5,210
 Procedures--Ongoing (Mandatory).
New IC 3--2010 Guidelines--Policies     Recordkeeping (Annual).........           3,038               1  10 hours.......................          30,380
 and Procedures--Ongoing (Mandatory).
New IC 4--2010 Guidelines--Disclosure-- Disclosure (Annual)............           3,038               1  5 hours........................          15,190
 Ongoing (Mandatory).
                                       -----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
    Total Annual Burden Hours.........  ...............................  ..............  ..............  ...............................         127,709
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------


[[Page 40657]]

NCUA Burden

                                   Table 4--Summary of Estimated Annual Burden
                                               [OMB No. 3133-0125]
----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
                                                  Average annual     Number of       Time per
    Information collection       Type of burden      number of     responses per     response      Annual burden
                                                    respondents     respondent        (hours)         (hours)
----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Recordkeeping Requirements      Recordkeeping               3648             618          0.0825         187,872
 Associated with Real Estate     (On Occasion).
 Appraisals and Evaluations.
New IC 1--AVM Rule--Policies    Recordkeeping                365               1           13.33           4,863
 and Procedures--                (Annual).
 Implementation.
New IC 2--AVM Rule--Policies    Recordkeeping                365               1               5           1,824
 and Procedures--Ongoing.        (Annual).
New IC 3--2010 Guidelines--     Recordkeeping               3648               1              10          36,480
 Policies and Procedures--       (Annual).
 Ongoing.
New IC 4--2010 Guidelines--     Disclosure                  3648               1               5          18,240
 Disclosure--Ongoing.            (Annual).
                                                 ---------------------------------------------------------------
    Total Annual Burden Hours.  ................  ..............  ..............  ..............         249,279
----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------

    The CFPB, in consultation with OMB, and the FHFA do not believe 
that they have any supervised entities that will incur burden as a 
result of this proposed rule and therefore will not be making a 
submission to OMB. Comments are invited on this determination by the 
CFPB and the FHFA.

V. Regulatory Flexibility Act Analysis

A. OCC

    The RFA requires an agency, in connection with a proposed rule, to 
prepare an Initial Regulatory Flexibility Analysis describing the 
impact of the rule on small entities (defined by the Small Business 
Administration (SBA) for purposes of the RFA to include commercial 
banks and savings institutions with total assets of $850 million or 
less and trust companies with total revenue of $47.5 million or less) 
or to certify that the proposed rule would not have a significant 
economic impact on a substantial number of small entities.
    The OCC has assessed the burden of the proposed rule and has 
determined that the costs associated with the proposed rule would be 
limited to reviewing the rule; ensuring that existing practices, 
procedures, and control systems adequately address the four statutory 
quality control standards; and adopting policies, practices, 
procedures, and control systems to ensure that AVMs adhere to quality 
control standards designed to comply with applicable nondiscrimination 
laws. To estimate expenditures, the OCC reviewed the costs associated 
with the activities necessary to comply with the proposed rule. These 
include an estimate of the total time required to implement the 
proposed rule and the estimated hourly wage of bank employees who may 
be responsible for the tasks associated with achieving compliance with 
the proposed rule. The OCC used a bank employee compensation rate of 
$120 per hour.\98\
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

    \98\ To estimate wages the OCC reviewed May 2021 data for wages 
(by industry and occupation) from the U.S. Bureau of Labor 
Statistics (BLS) for credit intermediation and related activities 
(NAICS 5220A1). To estimate compensation costs associated with the 
rule, the OCC uses $119.63 per hour, which is based on the average 
of the 90th percentile for six occupations adjusted for inflation 
(6.1 percent as of Q1 2022), plus an additional 32.8 percent for 
benefits (based on the percent of total compensation allocated to 
benefits as of Q4 2021 for NAICS 522: credit intermediation and 
related activities).
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

    The OCC currently supervises approximately 661 small entities.\99\ 
The proposed rule would impact approximately 614 of these small 
entities. The OCC estimates the annual cost for small entities to 
comply with the proposed rule would be approximately $21,600 per bank 
(180 hours x $120 per hour). In general, the OCC classifies the 
economic impact on a small entity as significant if the total estimated 
impact in one year is greater than 5 percent of the small entity's 
total annual salaries and benefits or greater than 2.5 percent of the 
small entity's total non-interest expense. Based on these thresholds, 
the OCC estimates that the proposed rule would have a significant 
economic impact on 26 small entities, which is not a substantial 
number. In general, for RFA purposes, the OCC classifies substantial as 
5 percent or more of OCC-supervised small entities. Therefore, the OCC 
concludes that the proposed rule would not have a significant economic 
impact on a substantial number of small entities.
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

    \99\ The OCC bases its estimate of the number of small entities 
on the SBA's size thresholds for commercial banks and savings 
institutions, and trust companies, which are $850 million and $47.5 
million, respectively. Consistent with the General Principles of 
Affiliation in 13 CFR 121.103(a), the OCC counts the assets of 
affiliated financial institutions when determining whether to 
classify an OCC-supervised institution as a small entity. The OCC 
uses December 31, 2022, to determine size because a ``financial 
institution's assets are determined by averaging the assets reported 
on its four quarterly financial statements for the preceding year.'' 
See footnote 8 of the SBA's Table of Size Standards.
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

B. Board

    The Board is providing an initial regulatory flexibility analysis 
with respect to this proposal. The RFA requires an agency to consider 
whether the rules it proposes will have a significant economic impact 
on a substantial number of small entities. In connection with a 
proposed rule, the RFA requires an agency to prepare an Initial 
Regulatory Flexibility Analysis describing the impact of the rule on 
small entities or to certify that the proposed rule would not have a 
significant economic impact on a substantial number of small entities. 
An initial regulatory flexibility analysis must contain (1) a 
description of the reasons why action by the agency is being 
considered; (2) a succinct statement of the objectives of, and legal 
basis for, the proposed rule; (3) a description of, and, where 
feasible, an estimate of the number of small entities to which the 
proposed rule will apply; (4) a description of the projected reporting, 
recordkeeping, and other compliance requirements of the proposed rule, 
including an estimate of the classes of small entities that will be 
subject to the requirement and the type of professional skills 
necessary for preparation of the report or record; (5) an 
identification, to the extent practicable, of all relevant Federal 
rules

[[Page 40658]]

which may duplicate, overlap with, or conflict with the proposed rule; 
and (6) a description of any significant alternatives to the proposed 
rule which accomplish its stated objectives.
    The Board has considered the potential impact of the proposal on 
small entities in accordance with the RFA. Based on its analysis and 
for the reasons stated below, the proposal is not expected to have a 
significant economic impact on a substantial number of small entities. 
Nevertheless, the Board is publishing and inviting comment on this 
initial regulatory flexibility analysis. The Board will consider 
whether to conduct a final regulatory flexibility analysis after any 
comments received during the public comment period have been 
considered.
1. Reasons Why Action Is Being Considered by the Board
    As discussed above, the Dodd-Frank Act amended title XI to add a 
new section governing the use of AVMs in mortgage lending and directing 
the agencies to promulgate regulations to implement specified quality 
control standards. The proposal serves to implement this statutory 
mandate.
2. The Objectives of, and Legal Basis for, the Proposal
    The proposed rule would implement statutorily mandated quality 
control standards for the use of AVMs. The Board would adopt the 
proposal pursuant to section 1125 of title XI of the Financial 
Institutions Reform, Recovery, and Enforcement Act of 1989.\100\
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

    \100\ 12 U.S.C. 3354.
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

3. Estimate of the Number of Small Entities
    The proposal would apply to Board-regulated small entities that are 
mortgage originators or secondary market issuers. There are 
approximately 472 state member banks and approximately 2,799 bank 
holding companies and savings and loan holding companies that qualify 
as small entities for purposes of the RFA.\101\
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

    \101\ Under regulations issued by the SBA, a small entity 
includes a depository institution, bank holding company, or savings 
and loan holding company with total assets of $850 million or less. 
See Small Business Size Standards: Adjustment of Monetary-Based Size 
Standards, Disadvantage Thresholds, and 8(a) Eligibility Thresholds 
for Inflation, 87 FR 69118 (Nov. 17, 2022). Consistent with the 
General Principles of Affiliation in 13 CFR 121.103, the Board 
counts the assets of all domestic and foreign affiliates when 
determining if the Board should classify a Board-supervised 
institution as a small entity. Small entity information for state 
member banks is based on Reports of Condition and Income average 
assets from September 30, 2022. Small entity information for bank 
holding companies and savings holding companies is based on average 
assets reflected in June 30, 2022 Parent Company Only Financial 
Statements for Small Holding Companies (FR Y-9SP) data.
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

4. Description of the Compliance Requirements of the Proposal
    The proposal would require Board-regulated small entities that are 
mortgage originators or secondary market issuers to adopt and maintain 
policies, practices, procedures, and control systems to ensure that 
AVMs used in credit decisions or covered securitization determinations 
adhere to specified quality control standards. These quality control 
standards must ensure a high level of confidence in the estimates 
produced, protect against the manipulation of data, avoid conflicts of 
interest, and require random sample testing and reviews and comply with 
applicable nondiscrimination laws. To the extent that small entities do 
not already maintain adequate policies, practices, procedures, and 
control systems, they could incur administrative costs to do so. It is 
likely that the majority of Board-regulated small entities that are 
mortgage originators or secondary market issuers either do not use AVMs 
in credit decisions or covered securitization determinations would 
already be in compliance with the proposed specified standards or could 
become compliant with relatively minor modifications to their current 
practices.\102\
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

    \102\ For example, the Board has provided guidance to most such 
entities on use of AVMs. See Interagency Appraisal and Evaluation 
Guidelines, 75 FR 77450, 77468 (Dec. 10, 2010).
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

    Board staff estimates that impacted Board-supervised small entities 
would spend 160 hours establishing or modifying policies, practices, 
procedures, and control systems, at an hourly cost of $99.32.\103\ The 
estimated aggregate initial administrative costs of the proposal to 
Board-supervised small entities amount to $7,500,646 or $15,891.00 per 
bank \104\ and ongoing costs are expected to be small when measured by 
small entities' annual expenses.
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

    \103\ To estimate wages, the Federal Reserve reviewed May 2021 
estimates for wages (by industry and occupation) from the BLS for 
credit intermediation and related activities (NAICS 5220A1). To 
estimate compensation costs associated with the rule. the Federal 
Reserve uses $99.32 per hour, which is based on the average of the 
90th percentile for six occupations adjusted for inflation (2 
percent as of Q1 2021), plus an additional 33.4 percent for benefits 
(based on the percent of total compensation allocated to benefits as 
of Q4 2020 for NAICS 522: credit intermediation and related 
activities). The number of hours, 160, to establish policies, 
procedures and control systems is an estimate based on supervisory 
experience.
    \104\ This analysis assumes that the majority of credit decision 
and securitization determinations are performed at depository 
institutions. Therefore, only the number of State member depository 
institutions that are small entities, 472, are included in the 
calculation of administrative costs. The impact on the majority of 
small bank holding companies and savings and loan holding companies 
is expected to be minimal.
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

5. Consideration of Duplicative, Overlapping, or Conflicting Rules and 
Significant Alternatives to the Proposal
    The Board has not identified any Federal statutes or regulations 
that would duplicate, overlap, or conflict with the proposal. The Board 
is required by statute to promulgate regulations to implement the 
quality control standards required under section 1125 of title XI, and 
thus no significant alternatives are available.\105\
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

    \105\ 12 U.S.C. 3354.
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

    Question 38. How frequently do bank holding companies and savings 
and loan holding companies that meet the definition of small entity use 
AVMs to engage in making credit decisions or securitization 
determinations?
    Question 39. Is the number of hours estimated to establish 
policies, procedures and control systems to comply with the rule 
realistic for small institutions. If not, what number is hours would be 
more appropriate?

C. FDIC

    The RFA generally requires an agency, in connection with a proposed 
rule, to prepare and make available for public comment an initial 
regulatory flexibility analysis that describes the impact of the 
proposed rule on small entities.\106\ However, an initial regulatory 
flexibility analysis is not required if the agency certifies that the 
proposed rule will not, if promulgated, have a significant economic 
impact on a substantial number of small entities. The SBA has defined 
``small entities'' to include banking organizations with total assets 
of less than or equal to $850 million.\107\ Generally, the FDIC 
considers a significant economic impact

[[Page 40659]]

to be a quantified effect in excess of 5 percent of total annual 
salaries and benefits or 2.5 percent of total noninterest expenses. The 
FDIC believes that effects in excess of one or more of these thresholds 
typically represents a significant economic impact for an FDIC-
supervised institution.
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

    \106\ 5 U.S.C. 601 et seq.
    \107\ The SBA defines a small banking organization as having 
$850 million or less in assets, where an organization's ``assets are 
determined by averaging the assets reported on its four quarterly 
financial statements for the preceding year.'' See 13 CFR 121.201 
(as amended by the SBA on Nov. 17, 2022, Small Business Size 
Standards: Adjustment of Monetary-Based Size Standards, Disadvantage 
Thresholds, and 8(a) Eligibility Thresholds for Inflation, published 
at 87 FR 69118, effective December 19, 2022). In its determination, 
the ``SBA counts the receipts, employees, or other measure of size 
of the concern whose size is at issue and all of its domestic and 
foreign affiliates.'' See 13 CFR 121.103. Following these 
regulations, the FDIC uses an insured depository institution's 
affiliated and acquired assets, averaged over the preceding four 
quarters, to determine whether the insured depository institution is 
``small'' for the purposes of RFA.
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

    The FDIC does not believe that the proposed rule, if adopted, would 
have a significant economic effect on a substantial number of small 
institutions. However, since some expected effects of the proposed rule 
are difficult to assess or accurately quantify given current 
information, the FDIC has included an Initial RFA Analysis in this 
section.
1. Why Action Is Being Considered
    This action would fulfill the statutory mandate in the Dodd-Frank 
Act that the agencies promulgate regulations to implement quality 
control standards for AVMs used by mortgage originators and secondary 
market issuers to determine the collateral worth of a mortgage secured 
by a consumer's principal dwelling.\108\
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

    \108\ The legal basis is described in item (2) below.
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

2. Policy Objectives of, and Legal Basis for, the Proposed Rule
    Policy objectives. The overarching policy objectives of this 
proposed rule are to promote credibility and integrity in the use of 
AVMs for the purpose of residential mortgage lending valuation, thereby 
supporting safe and sound banking practices as well as helping ensure 
compliance with applicable nondiscrimination laws. If adopted, the 
proposed rule would achieve these objectives by, among other things, 
incorporating the principles stated in existing guidance \109\ through 
requiring regulated financial institutions to adopt and maintain 
policies, practices, procedures, and control systems to ensure that 
AVMs adhere to a set of quality control standards, and by directly 
linking nondiscrimination law to institutions' AVM policies, practices, 
procedures, and controls. Further, as discussed above in Section II of 
the SUPPLEMENTARY INFORMATION, the proposal provides institutions the 
flexibility to tailor their quality control standards for AVMs as 
appropriate based on the size of the institutions and the risk and 
complexity of transactions for which they will use covered AVMs.
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

    \109\ The guidance is discussed below. It consists of FDIC 
guidance on appraisals and evaluation and FDIC guidance on model 
risk.
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

    Legal basis. The Dodd-Frank Act amended title XI of the Financial 
Institutions Reform, Recovery, and Enforcement Act of 1989 by adding a 
new section 1125 requiring AVMs to adhere to certain quality control 
standards. Section 1125 directs the FDIC, OCC, FRB, NCUA, CFPB, and 
FHFA in consultation with the staff of the Appraisal Subcommittee and 
the Appraisal Standards Board of the Appraisal Foundation, to 
promulgate regulations to implement quality control standards regarding 
covered AVMs.\110\ The proposed rule would require institutions that 
engage in certain credit decisions or securitization determinations to 
adopt policies, practices, procedures, and control systems designed to 
ensure that AVMs used in determining the value of mortgage collateral 
secured by a consumer's principal dwelling to adhere to quality control 
standards designed to: ensure a high level of confidence in the 
estimates produced by AVMs; protect against the manipulation of data; 
seek to avoid conflicts of interest; require random sample testing and 
reviews; and account for any other such factor that the agencies 
determine to be appropriate. The agencies exercised their statutory 
authority to propose a fifth quality control standard that would 
require institutions to adopt policies, practices, procedures, and 
control systems to ensure that AVMs adhere to quality control standards 
designed to assure compliance with applicable nondiscrimination laws.
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

    \110\ 12 U.S.C. 3354(a) through (b).
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

3. Initial Regulatory Flexibility Act Analysis
    A description and an estimate of the number of small institutions 
to which the proposed rule will apply. As of December 31, 2022, there 
were 3,038 FDIC-supervised institutions, and 2,356 of them were small 
institutions for the purposes of the RFA.\111\ Of these, 2,284 FDIC-
supervised small institutions reported a non-zero value for mortgagees 
on their books.\112\ Therefore, the FDIC estimates that 2,284 small 
institutions could be subject to the proposed rule. The FDIC lacks data 
on the number of small FDIC-supervised institutions that use AVMs for 
their mortgage originations. Subject matter experts believe that up to 
approximately 10 percent of all FDIC-supervised institutions currently 
use an AVM for mortgage origination decisions, loan modification 
decisions, and securitization decisions covered by the proposed rule. 
However, based on supervisory experience, these experts believe a 
smaller percentage of small FDIC-supervised institutions use AVMs 
because they believe AVM use is strongly positively correlated with 
institution size.
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

    \111\ Based on Call Reports data as of December 31, 2022.
    \112\ Based on Call Reports data as of December 31, 2022. The 
variable LNRERES represents balances for 1-4 family residential real 
estate loans.
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

    Expected Effects. The costs and benefits discussed in this section 
apply to any small FDIC-supervised institution that would be directly 
subject to the proposed rule, in particular the 2,284 FDIC-supervised 
small institutions estimated to be affected by the proposed rule.
    Costs. The proposed rule would, if adopted, generally reflect 
existing Guidelines, supervisory expectations, and statutory 
obligations regarding the use of AVMs by supervised institutions. As 
mentioned, since 2010, the FDIC has provided supervisory Guidelines on 
the use of AVMs by its regulated institutions.\113\ The FDIC believes 
the covered institutions \114\ using AVMs, including small 
institutions, have considered the Guidelines in developing policies, 
procedures, practices, and control systems, and therefore should also 
be consistent with the proposed rule's quality control standards 1 
through 4. This belief is supported by a review of ten years of FDIC 
bank examination reports, which revealed that just 0.2 percent of the 
examinations flagged shortcomings in AVM management practices.\115\ 
This suggests that the labor hours required to implement the four 
quality control standards would be relatively modest.
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

    \113\ The FDIC provides guidance on the use of AVMs by their 
regulated institutions in Appendix B to the Interagency Appraisal 
and Evaluation Guidelines (``Guidelines'') (75 FR 77450, Dec. 10, 
2010). The Guidelines advise that institutions should establish 
policies, practices, and procedures governing the selection, use, 
and validation of AVMs, including steps to ensure the accuracy, 
reliability, and independence of an AVM. In addition, the FDIC has 
issued guidance on model risk management practices (Model Risk 
Guidance) that provides supervisory guidance on validation and 
testing of computer-based financial models (FDIC FIL-22-2017, dated 
June 7, 2017). See generally Section I.A. of SUPPLEMENTARY 
INFORMATION.
    \114\ The term ``covered institutions'' refers to financial 
institutions that would be subject to the proposed rule.
    \115\ The search of nearly 22,000 FDIC Reports of Examination 
from June 2011 to June 2021 revealed just 44 instances of a flag 
indicating an institution's AVM use or management practices needed 
to improve. Therefore, 99.8 percent of the examination reports do 
not mention AVM practices and imply satisfactory practices (or no 
AVM use).
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    The fifth quality control standard is consistent with existing 
applicable nondiscrimination laws. For example, the ECOA and its 
implementing Regulation B, bar discrimination on a prohibited basis in 
any aspect of a credit

[[Page 40660]]

transaction.\116\ Similarly, the Fair Housing Act \117\ prohibits 
unlawful discrimination in all aspects of residential real estate-
related transactions, including valuations of residential real estate. 
However, the FDIC has not previously issued guidance or regulations 
that directly address nondiscrimination laws as it relates to expected 
or required AVM policies, procedures, practices, and controls. As a 
result, some covered institutions may not have fully integrated 
nondiscrimination laws directly into their AVM policies and risk 
management practices.
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    \116\ 15 U.S.C. 1691(a) (prohibiting discrimination on the basis 
of race, color, religion, national origin, sex or marital status, 
age (provided the applicant has the capacity to contract), because 
all or part of the applicant's income derives from any public 
assistance program, or because the applicant has in good faith 
exercised any right under the Consumer Credit Protection Act); see 
also 12 CFR part 1002.
    \117\ 42 U.S.C. 3605 (prohibiting discrimination because of 
race, color, religion, national origin, sex, handicap, or familial 
status in residential real estate-related transactions); 42 U.S.C. 
3605(b)(2) (defining ``real estate-related transactions'' to include 
the ``selling, brokering, or appraising of residential real 
property''); see also 24 CFR part 100.
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    As mentioned, the FDIC lacks information on the labor hours and 
costs that would be incurred by covered institutions to comply with the 
proposed rule. Therefore, it assumes that small FDIC-supervised 
institutions would expend 120 labor hours, on average, to comply with 
the proposed rule during the first year of implementation, and 40 labor 
hours, on average, in each successive year. This estimate assumes that 
in the first year, institutions would need to review and understand the 
implications of the newly enacted rule, conduct a review of their own 
policies, practices, procedures, and controls for their consistency 
with the rule, identify any deficiencies, and take corrective actions 
as needed. In the second year, the institutions' expected costs would 
be lower on average, as they limit their actions to primarily reviewing 
and maintaining their compliance.
    This analysis subdivides the assumed compliance-related average 
labor hours spent by covered institutions into two types: (1) burdens 
under the Paperwork Reduction Act (PRA), and (2) those for non-PRA 
compliance activities. For PRA burdens, based on supervisory experience 
the agency assumes that on average, covered FDIC-supervised small 
institutions using AVMs for originations or modifications would spend 
40 hours in the first year and 5 hours in each subsequent year to meet 
the recordkeeping requirements.
    The FDIC believes non-PRA requirements may impose additional 
burdens on small institutions. For the first four quality control 
standards, these requirements may include, for example, back-testing of 
AVM outputs relative to property sale prices to understand the degree 
of confidence they merit, and the development and implementation of 
safeguards against data manipulation. The agency believes covered small 
institutions' additional non-PRA compliance activities that are 
attributable to the proposed rule would be relatively modest for the 
first four quality control standards, largely because the 2010 
Guidelines already encourage them to conduct such activities. Covered 
small institutions may initially expend greater levels of effort to 
comply with the fifth quality control standard. The FDIC lacks data on 
the time required by the institutions to develop and implement the 
nondiscrimination quality control standard.
    Based on supervisory experience and subject matter expertise, the 
FDIC assumes that all non-PRA compliance activities would average 80 
hours per institution in the first year of the proposed rule's adoption 
and 35 hours in subsequent years. Summing assumed burden hours for both 
PRA (recordkeeping) activities and non-PRA activities associated with 
the proposed rule, the FDIC estimates that average first year 
compliance labor hours per covered institution would equal 120 (40 PRA 
+ 80 non-PRA), and second year compliance labor hours would equal 40 (5 
PRA + 35 non-PRA). These combined compliance labor hours represent 
total estimated regulatory burden hours attributable to the proposed 
rule.
    This method multiplies the assumed average number of hours per year 
required to comply with the proposed rule by the weighted average 
estimated total compensation rate for each labor category expected to 
be involved in associated activities.\118\ The resulting product 
represents the cost estimate.
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    \118\ The assumed distribution of occupation groups involved in 
the actions taken by institutions in response to the proposed rule 
in year 1 include Financial Analysts (40 percent of hours), 
Compliance Officers (40 percent), Lawyers (15 percent), and 
Executives and Managers (5 percent). In year 2 and beyond, the 
assumed distribution is Financial Analysts (50 percent of hours), 
Compliance Officers (40 percent), Lawyers (5 percent), and 
Executives and Managers (5 percent). These combinations of 
occupations results in an overall estimated hourly total 
compensation rate of $96.57. This average rate is derived from the 
BLS' Specific Occupational Employment and Wage Estimates, and BLS' 
Cost of Employee Compensation data.
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    The FDIC lacks access to data on the number of small FDIC-
supervised institutions that use AVMs for mortgage originations or loan 
modifications for owner-occupied residential real estate, making it 
difficult to estimate reliably the AVM use rates by covered small 
institutions. Therefore, this illustrative exercise presents three sets 
of potential cost figures. An upper-bound estimate assumes that all 
small FDIC-supervised institutions that have residential real estate 
loan balances use an AVM. A second estimate assumes that 10 percent of 
small FDIC-supervised institutions with mortgage balances use an AVM 
(an intermediate estimate is also presented). These assumed AVM use 
rates exceed the expected rates for small institutions, according to 
subject matter experts who suggest that only a small fraction use them 
in practice. Therefore, the FDIC believes that the resulting range of 
cost estimates likely tends to overestimate potential compliance costs.
    The analysis assumes the current number of FDIC-supervised small 
institutions with residential mortgage lending activity (2,284) is 
representative of the number of covered institutions in the year of 
implementation and in successive years. The aggregate estimated 
compliance costs would span the range from (assuming a 10 percent AVM 
use rate) $2.6 million in the first year and $0.9 million \119\ in the 
second, to $26.4 million in the first year and $8.8 million \120\ in 
successive years (assuming 100 percent AVM adoption). An intermediate 
assumed 35 percent AVM use rate would generate estimated first-year 
costs of $9.2 million and subsequent year costs of $3.0 million.\121\
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    \119\ Calculations are as follows. Lower estimate: Year 1: $2.6 
million = 274,080 hours x $96.57 per hour x 10% AVM use rate. Year 
2: $0.9 million = 91,360 hours x $96.57 per hour x 10% use rate.
    \120\ Upper-bound estimate: Year 1: $26.4 million = 274,080 
hours x $96.57 per hour x 100% AVM use rate. Year 2: $8.8 million = 
91,360 hours x $96.57 per hour x 100% use rate.
    \121\ Year 1: $9.2 million = 274,080 hours x $96.57 x 35% use 
rate. Year 2: $3.0 million = 91,360 hours x $96.57 x 35% use rate. 
The 35 percent assumed AVM use rate is based on internal analysis of 
2021-22 Y-14M data by the FRB and applies to large institutions not 
regulated by the FDIC. Under the assumption that AVM use rates are 
strongly positively correlated with institution size, this analysis 
expects this use figure substantially exceeds the actual rate 
applicable to FDIC-supervised small institutions.
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    Further analysis shows that the estimated costs described above 
would not impose a significant economic impact on a substantial number 
of small institutions. The method estimates the average cost per 
institution by multiplying the assumed number of labor hours in each 
year by the estimated weighted average hourly labor cost rate. This 
yields the average costs per institution in year 1 (approximately

[[Page 40661]]

$11,600) and year 2 (approximately $3,900).\122\ The method compares 
these average costs to each covered institution's annual labor costs 
and annual non-interest expenses to ascertain whether they may face 
substantial economic impacts. Year 1 estimated average costs exceed the 
5 percent threshold of annual salaries and benefits for 11 (0.48 
percent) of the institutions, and year 2 average costs do not surpass 
the threshold for any of the institutions. Similarly, year 1 estimated 
average costs top the 2.5 percent threshold of annual noninterest 
expenses for 11 (0.48 percent) of the institutions, and year 2 average 
costs do not exceed the threshold for any of the institutions.
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    \122\ The estimated average cost per institution is the same for 
all assumed AVM use rates.
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    The compliance costs incurred by any one covered institution is 
likely to vary with the volume of covered AVM activity, the degree to 
which current AVM compliance activities differ from the robust quality 
control standards in the proposed rule, or the usage of in-house or 
third-party AVM service providers.
    Benefits. If adopted, the proposed rule would confer public 
benefits by promoting the credibility and integrity of residential real 
estate valuations used by covered institutions, thereby supporting 
their safe and sound operations, and helping ensure that the use of 
AVMs by institutions is consistent with nondiscrimination laws. These 
benefits cannot be reliably quantified by the FDIC.
    These benefits are predicated on the premise that some institutions 
would enhance their AVM policies, practices, procedures, and controls 
in response to the proposal's first four quality control standards, 
despite most institutions already generally following the principles in 
existing Guidelines. At the same time, the fifth standard may be more 
likely to generate changes in institutions' policies and procedures and 
potential associated benefits, than their responses to the first four 
standards. Generally, to the extent the proposal drives actions that 
result in more accurate and credible AVM valuations of residential real 
estate, it may contribute to more efficient underwriting, lending 
decisions, and risk management among covered institutions. Such effects 
may be derived through multiple channels, for example:

--Improved risk information and its impacts: Improved valuation 
accuracy would be expected to result in more precise residential 
property credit risk assessment and pricing. Generally, valuation 
error, whether generated by an AVM or appraiser, may reduce the 
precision of risk measurement and pricing, for instance, by distorting 
loan-to-value (LTV) ratios. This misvaluation affects both the 
immediate transaction and the downstream users of valuation data to 
inform loan decisions, valuations of comparable properties, and default 
risk estimation.\123\ More accurate risk information would be expected 
to enhance loan performance \124\ and reduce loss-given-default \125\ 
by more tightly matching loan decisions and terms to actual risk 
exposures. In the aggregate, more accurate risk information may promote 
the safety and soundness of the financial system by reducing the 
likelihood of large negative asset valuation shocks and by enhancing 
economy-wide mortgage default estimates.\126\ For example, research 
identifies flawed home appraisals as a contributor to the 2008 
financial crisis.\127\
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    \123\ See Calem et al. (2021). Calem, Paul S., Lauren Lambie-
Hanson, Leonard I. Nakamura, and Jeanna H. Kenney, 2021, 
``Appraising Home Purchase Appraisals.'' Real Estate Economics 49: 
134-168.
    \124\ Agarwal et al. (2015) and Lacour-Little and Malpezzi 
(2003) find evidence that inaccurate collateral valuations are 
associated with increased loan default rates. Agarwal, Sumit, Itzhak 
Ben-David, and Vincent Yao, 2015, ``Collateral Valuation and 
Borrower Financial Constraints: Evidence from the Residential Real 
Estate Market.'' Management Science 61: 2220-2240. Lacour-Little, 
Michael and Stephen Malpezzi, 2003, ``Appraisal Quality and 
Residential Mortgage Default: Evidence from Alaska.'' Journal of 
Real Estate Finance and Economics 27: 211-233.
    \125\ Carillo et al. (2022) find evidence that larger markups in 
home purchase transactions are associated with greater losses to 
lenders, conditional on loan default. Carillo, Paul E., William M. 
Doerner, and William D. Larson, 2022, ``House Price Markups and 
Mortgage Defaults.'' Journal of Money, Credit, and Banking (online 
early view).
    \126\ Carillo et al. (2022) argue that LTV miscalculation can 
reduce the reliability of aggregate default estimates.
    \127\ See Ben-David (2011), Nakamura (2010), Eriksen (2019). 
Ben-David, Itzhak, 2011, ``Financial Constraints and Inflated Home 
Prices during the Real Estate Boom.'' American Economic Journal: 
Applied Economics 3: 55-87. Eriksen, Michael D., Hamilton B. Fout, 
Mark Palim, and Eric Rosenblatt, 2019, ``The Influence of Contract 
Prices and Relationships on Appraisal Bias.'' Journal of Urban 
Economics 111: 132-143.
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--Potentially more equitable mortgage lending outcomes. Despite 
statutory obligations requiring nondiscrimination in all aspects of 
residential real estate transactions, including property valuations, 
preliminary research continues to find evidence of disparities in 
residential property values along racial and ethnic lines,\128\ 
mortgage approval rates, and lending terms.\129\ Additionally, research 
suggests that appraised values that more frequently result in 
valuations below sales contract prices in minority neighborhoods may 
play a role in disparities for housing-related outcomes.\130\
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    \128\ The average value of single-family homes in majority White 
communities ($424,810) in the U.S. was more than double that of 
single-family homes in majority Black ones ($169,855) in 2018. Neal, 
Michael, Sarah Strochak, Linna Zhu, and Caitlin Young, 2020, ``How 
Automated Valuation Models Can Disproportionately Affect Majority 
Black Neighborhoods.'' Urban Institute Housing Finance Policy 
Center.
    \129\ Analysis of data from the Federal Housing Administration 
and from the GSEs shows that mortgage loan interest rates for home 
purchases charged by lenders to equivalent-risk minority borrowers 
have been persistently elevated relative to rates for non-minority 
borrowers, especially in high minority share neighborhoods. 
Bartlett, Robert, Adair Morse, Richard Stanton, and Nancy Wallace, 
2022, ``Consumer Lending Discrimination in the Fintech Era.'' 
Journal of Financial Economics 143: 30-56. Research suggests that 
elevated loan denial rates among Black borrowers is largely 
explained by differences in applicant risk characteristics and other 
underwriting factors but still estimates a 2 percentage point 
greater denial rate for Black applicants after controlling for them. 
Bhutta, Neil, Aurel Hizmo, and Daniel Ringo, 2022, ``How Much Does 
Racial Bias Affect Mortgage Lending? Evidence from Human and 
Algorithmic Credit Decisions.'' Finance and Economics Discussion 
Series 2022-067. Federal Reserve Board.
    \130\ Research by Freddie Mac found that 7 percent of appraisals 
in majority White census tracts had appraisal values below sales 
contract prices, while majority Black tracts had 12 percent, and 
majority Latino tracts had 15 percent of appraisal values below 
contract prices. At the individual borrower level, it showed that 6 
percent of White applicants' appraisal values fell below their sales 
contract prices, while this occurred for 8 percent of Black 
applicants, and 9 percent of Latino applicants. Freddie Mac, 2021, 
``Racial and Ethnic Valuation Gaps in Home Purchase Appraisals.'' 
Economic and Housing Research Note. Studies of appraisal valuation 
differences by race for home refinancing find smaller gaps. 
Controlling for unobserved factors across groups, Pinto and Peter 
(2022) estimate that appraised values for refinancing for Black 
homeowners is 0.5 percent lower than for Whites for comparable 
properties within the same Census tract. Using their preferred 
valuation metric, Ambrose, et al. (2023) find that appraisals for 
refinancings discount the value of Black-owned homes by 4 percent 
and the value of Hispanic-owned homes by 2 percent, relative to the 
valuations of White-owned homes. Pinto, Edward and Tobias Peter, 
2022, ``How Common is Appraiser Racial Bias--An Update.'' American 
Enterprise Institute Housing Center. Ambrose, Brent, James Conklin, 
N. Edward Coulson, Moussa Diop, and Luis Lopez, 2023, ``Do Appraiser 
and Borrower Race Affect Mortgage Collateral Valuation?'' SSRN 
working paper. Research by Fout and Yao (2016) shows that low 
appraisals substantially increase the likelihood of lower sales 
prices (from 8 percent for all other appraisals to 51 percent for 
significantly low appraisals) and delayed/cancelled home sales (from 
25 percent to 32 percent). Fout, Hamilton and Vincent Yao, 2016, 
``Housing Market Effects of Appraising Below Contract.'' Fannie Mae 
white paper.
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    Imprecision in AVM results may contribute to the propagation of 
racial and ethnic disparities through two channels. First, AVMs using 
comparable sales as inputs may include sale prices

[[Page 40662]]

that were below original contract prices due in part to prior 
appraisals that more commonly undervalue homes in minority communities. 
Second, less precise AVM valuations in these communities may influence 
institutions' credit decisions and lending terms to account for the 
associated risk, potentially making it more difficult for borrowers to 
obtain financing. Publicly available research on AVM valuation results 
in minority communities is limited. This preliminary research 
demonstrates that AVM home valuations in predominantly Black 
neighborhoods have persistently exhibited substantially greater 
percentage error rates than AVM valuations in predominantly White 
neighborhoods.\131\ To the extent that the proposed rule fosters 
actions by covered small institutions that result in more accurate AVM 
home valuations, this may help to mitigate the potential role of AVMs 
in persistent disparities in home valuations and their associated 
impacts.
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    \131\ Neal, et al. (2020) and Zhu, Linna, Michael Neal, and 
Caitlyn Young, 2022, ``Revisiting Automated Valuation Model 
Disparities in Majority-Black Neighborhoods, New Evidence Using 
Property Condition and Artificial Intelligence.'' Urban Institute 
Housing Finance Policy Center. However, the studies find the 
absolute error magnitudes are generally similar across neighborhoods 
of different racial and ethnic makeups.
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    Overall, the FDIC expects the benefits outlined above, if realized, 
to contribute to the safety and soundness of the financial system, the 
institutions, and to the well-being of their customers.
4. An Identification, to the Extent Practicable, of all Relevant 
Federal Rules Which May Duplicate, Overlap With, or Conflict With the 
Proposed Rule
    The FDIC has not identified any likely duplication, overlap, and/or 
potential conflict with this proposed rule and any other Federal rule.
5. A Description of Any Significant Alternatives to the Proposed Rule 
That Accomplish its Stated Objectives.
    The FDIC considered the alternative of not including the 
nondiscrimination element of the proposed rule. However, the FDIC 
considers the proposed rule to be a more appropriate alternative 
because research continues to find evidence of disparities in 
residential property values along racial and ethnic lines, mortgage 
approval rates and lending terms, despite existing statutory 
obligations that prohibit discrimination.\132\ The ECOA and its 
implementing Regulation B, bar discrimination on a prohibited basis in 
any aspect of a credit transaction. Similarly, the Fair Housing Act 
prohibits unlawful discrimination in all aspects of residential real 
estate-related transactions, including appraisals of residential real 
estate. However, preliminary research has demonstrated that AVM home 
valuations in predominantly Black neighborhoods have persistently 
exhibited substantially greater percentage error rates than those in 
predominantly White neighborhoods.\133\ Therefore, the FDIC considers 
the proposed rule to be an appropriate alternative because it 
establishes a required quality control standard that may foster ongoing 
and consistent review of AVMs and their output for imprecision or bias.
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    \132\ See Neal, et al. (2020), Ambrose, et al. (2023), Bartlett, 
et al. (2022), and Bhutta, et al. (2022).
    \133\ Neal, et al. (2020) and Zhu, et al. (2022).
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    The FDIC invites comments on all aspects of the supporting 
information provided in this RFA section. In particular, would this 
proposed rule have any significant effects on small institutions that 
the FDIC has not identified?

D. NCUA

    The RFA generally requires an agency to conduct a regulatory 
flexibility analysis of any rule subject to notice and comment, unless 
the agency certifies it will not have a significant economic impact on 
a substantial number of small entities.\134\
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

    \134\ 5 U.S.C. 601 et seq.
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

    The RFA establishes terms for various subgroups that potentially 
qualify as a ``small entity''--including ``small business,'' ``small 
organization,'' and ``small governmental jurisdiction.'' \135\ 
Federally insured credit unions (FICUs), as not-for-profit enterprises, 
are ``small organizations,'' within the broader meaning of ``small 
entity.'' Moreover, the RFA permits a regulator (such as the NCUA) to 
sharpen the definition of ``small organization'' as appropriate for 
agency activities--provided that definition is subjected to public 
comment and published in the Federal Register.\136\ The NCUA's 
Interpretive Ruling and Policy Statement (IRPS) 15-1 defined ``small 
entity'' as any FICU with less than $100 million in assets.\137\ IRPS 
15-1 (with this definition) was published in the Federal Register, and 
the NCUA solicited and reviewed public comments on this 
definition.\138\
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    \135\ 5 U.S.C. 601.
    \136\ 5 U.S.C. 601(4).
    \137\ 80 FR 57512 (Sept. 24, 2015).
    \138\ IRPS 15-1 was preceded by IRPS 81-4, which defined ``small 
entity'' as any FICU with fewer than $1 million in assets (46 FR 
29248 (June 1, 1981)). The NCUA Board updated the definition in 2003 
to include FICUs holding fewer than $10 million in assets with IRPS 
03-2 (68 FR 31949 (May 29, 2003)). In 2013, IRPS 13-1 increased the 
threshold to under $50 million in assets (78 FR 4032 (Jan. 18, 
2013)). In addition, the Board pledged to review the RFA threshold 
after two years and thereafter on a three-year cycle, as part of its 
routine cycle of regulatory review.
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    As of December 31, 2022, there were 4,760 FICUs, of which 2,981 
(62.6 percent) qualified as ``small entities'' by holding fewer than 
$100 million in assets.\139\ For reasons noted below, the NCUA does not 
believe the proposed regulatory amendments will have a significant 
economic impact on a substantial number of small entities. That said, 
because most FICUs are small entities and some rule effects are 
difficult to assess ex ante, the NCUA opted to conduct an Initial 
Regulatory Flexibility Act Analysis.
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    \139\ These figures come from the Quarterly Credit Union Data 
Summary 2022 Q4, pages i-iii, available at: https://ncua.gov/files/publications/analysis/quarterly-data-summary-2022-Q4.pdf. The Data 
Summary, in turn, is compiled using mandatory quarterly 5300 (i.e., 
call report) and Profile submissions from supervised credit unions.
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1. Why Action Is Being Considered
    The proposed rule would fulfill the statutory mandate in the Dodd-
Frank Act requiring agencies to promulgate quality-control standards 
for AVMs used by mortgage originators and secondary-market issuers to 
value principal dwellings used as collateral.
2. Policy Objectives of, and Legal Basis for, the Proposed Rule
    The NCUA is proposing the rulemaking to: (1) promote credit union 
safety and soundness by enhancing the integrity of collateral valuation 
for residential mortgage lending; and (2) help ensure credit unions 
comply with all applicable nondiscrimination laws. The legal basis for 
this rule is section 1125 of Title XI of the Financial Institutions 
Reform, Recovery, and Enforcement Act of 1989, as added by the Dodd-
Frank Act--which directs covered agencies (in consultation with the 
staff of the Appraisal Subcommittee and Appraisal Standards Board of 
the Appraisal Foundation) to promulgate regulations with AVM quality-
control standards.\140\ The statute charges the NCUA with enforcing the 
regulations with respect to financial institutions, defined in Title XI 
to include Federally
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

    \140\ 12 U.S.C. 3354.

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[[Page 40663]]

insured credit unions, for which the NCUA is the primary Federal 
supervisor.\141\
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    \141\ See 12 U.S.C. 3350(7).
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3. Description and Estimate of the Number of Small Institutions Subject 
to Proposed Rule
    The proposed rule would apply to FICUs relying on AVMs in their 
residential mortgage-lending decisions. Year-end 2022 data indicate 
1,876 small-entity FICUs held residential real estate loans (1st or 
junior liens).\142\
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    \142\ At year-end 2022, median asset size for commercial banks 
was $324.7 million--compared with $53.6 million for credit unions. 
Moreover, as noted, 62.6 percent of credit unions held fewer than 
$100 million in assets; the comparable year-end 2022 figure for 
commercial banks was 16.2 percent.
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

    The NCUA does not currently require supervised credit unions to 
note in their quarterly data submissions whether AVMs are used in 
mortgage originations/modifications for owner-occupied residential real 
estate. In its Initial Regulatory Flexibility Analysis elsewhere in 
this SUPPLEMENTARY INFORMATION, the FDIC notes ``subject matter experts 
believe that up to approximately 10 percent of all FDIC-supervised 
institutions currently use an AVM for mortgage origination decisions, 
loan modification decisions, and securitization decisions covered by 
the proposed rule.'' Applying this 10-percent estimate suggests the 
proposed rule could apply to up to 188 ``small entity'' credit unions. 
The FDIC notes that AVM use is likely strongly positively correlated 
with institution size. Given the small size of most FICUs, it is likely 
far fewer than 10 percent use AVMs in residential-mortgage 
underwriting.\143\ To be conservative, the 10-percent is used as an 
upper bound in the following analysis.
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    \143\ Discussions with NCUA examiners and supervisors supported 
the notion 10 percent is an extreme upper bound.
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4. Projected Reporting, Recordkeeping and Other Compliance Requirements 
of the Proposed Rule, Including an Estimate of the Classes of Small 
Entities Which Will Be Subject to the Requirement and the Type of 
Professional Skills Necessary for Preparation of the Report or Record
    As noted, since 2010, the OCC, Board, FDIC, and NCUA have provided 
supervisory guidance on AVM use to regulated institutions in Appendix B 
to the Interagency Appraisal and Evaluation Guidelines 
(Guidelines).\144\ The Guidelines recommend that institutions establish 
policies, practices, and procedures governing the selection, use, and 
validation of AVMs--including steps to ensure accuracy, reliability, 
and independence.\145\ The quality-control standards in the proposed 
rule are consistent with those in the Guidelines, existing supervisory 
expectations, and statutory nondiscrimination requirements. The NCUA 
believes the proposed rule would largely serve to make explicit 
standards that have been communicated through less formal, more varied 
means for over ten years. Accordingly, the NCUA anticipates compliance 
costs for ``small'' credit unions would likely be minimal.
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    \144\ See supra, note 3. The Guidelines were adopted after 
notice and comment.
    \145\ Because such a small percentage of credit unions actively 
relied on AVMs at the time, written NCUA guidance was not as 
detailed as that provided by the banking agencies. Nonetheless, 
expectations for safe-and-sound use have been conveyed through the 
supervisory process to FICUs employing AVMs in residential mortgage 
lending.
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    Based on interviews with examiners and supervisors (about 
experience with rules largely codifying existing practice as well as 
the specifics of the AVM rule), the NCUA estimates the upper-bound for 
compliance burden is 33 labor hours annually. The upper-bound estimate 
for AVM usage of 188 credit unions implies the aggregate compliance 
burden should not exceed 6,204 hours. To put this figure in context, 
the 1,876 credit unions under $100 million with residential mortgages 
on their books paid their employees an average of $32.56 per hours in 
salary and benefits.\146\ The upper-bound compliance estimate of 6,204 
hours, therefore, implies an upper bound on aggregate cost of 
$202,002.\147\ Viewed another way, this aggregate cost is only 0.008 
percent of total 2022 non-interest expense for ``small'' credit 
unions.\148\ These figures suggest the compliance cost of the proposed 
rule would not impose a significant burden on a substantial number of 
``small entities.'' \149\
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    \146\ This figure was obtained by dividing 2022 total 
compensation expense for the 1,876 credit unions by the product of 
full-time equivalent employees (17,115), 52 weeks per years, and 40 
hours per week.
    \147\ There are other good reasons to believe 6,204 hours in an 
upper bound. The proposed rule should, for example, ease compliance 
with existing supervisory guidance/expectations by making the exact 
``rules of the game'' more explicit. In theory, this applies to all 
covered institutions. But, given the small size of credit unions--
the median number full-time equivalent employees for the 1,876 
``small entities'' with residential mortgages at year-end 2022 was 
seven--time savings from any reduction in supervisory ambiguity are 
particularly valuable. Moreover, following the now explicit guidance 
should result in fewer safety-and-soundness and fair-lending issues 
(which are particularly burdensome for small credit unions to 
address because of thin staff).
    \148\ Viewed still another way, $202,002 is less than one-third 
of the standard deviation of total non-interest expense for the 
1,876 small credit unions.
    \149\ Of course, estimates of a modest impact based on central 
tendency do not exclude the possibility the compliance costs will 
prove meaningful for some small credit unions. The NCUA believes, 
however, additional costs in these cases will mostly reflect the 
need to correct safety-and-soundness or compliance deficiencies now 
in sharper relief because of increased supervisory focus on AVMs--
not the rule per se.
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5. An Identification, to the Extent Practicable, of All Relevant 
Federal Rules Which May Duplicate, Overlap With, or Conflict With the 
Proposed Rule
    The NCUA has not identified any likely duplication, overlap, or 
potential conflict with this proposed rule and any other Federal rule.
6. Any Significant Alternatives to the Proposed Rule That Accomplish 
its Stated Objectives
    As noted, the proposed rule implements a statutory mandate, thereby 
limiting the ability of covered agencies to consider alternatives. That 
said, agencies did exercise authority provided by section 1125 to 
include the nondiscrimination quality-control factor (given continued 
evidence of disparities in residential property lending terms along 
racial and ethnic lines). Further, covered agencies determined this 
factor should impose little additional burden, given that institutions 
have a preexisting obligation to comply with all Federal law, including 
Federal nondiscrimination laws.\150\
    The NCUA invites comments on all aspects of the supporting 
information provided in this RFA section. The NCUA is particularly 
interested in comments on any significant effects on small entities 
that the agency has not identified.
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

    \151\ 5 U.S.C. 601 et seq.
    \152\ 5 U.S.C. 603(a). For purposes of assessing the impacts of 
the proposed rule on small entities, ``small entities'' is defined 
in the RFA to include small businesses, small not-for-profit 
organizations, and small government jurisdictions. 5 U.S.C. 601(6). 
A ``small business'' is determined by application of SBA regulations 
and reference to the NAICS classifications and size standards. 5 
U.S.C. 601(3). A ``small organization'' is any ``not-for-profit 
enterprise which is independently owned and operated and is not 
dominant in its field.'' 5 U.S.C. 601(4). A ``small governmental 
jurisdiction'' is the government of a city, county, town, township, 
village, school district, or special district with a population of 
less than 50,000. 5 U.S.C. 601(5).
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

E. CFPB

    The RFA \151\ generally requires an agency to conduct an initial 
regulatory flexibility analysis (IRFA) and a final regulatory 
flexibility analysis (FRFA) of any rule subject to notice-and-comment 
rulemaking requirements. These analyses must ``describe the impact of

[[Page 40664]]

the proposed rule on small entities.'' \152\ An IRFA or FRFA is not 
required if the agency certifies that the rule will not have a 
significant economic impact on a substantial number of small 
entities.\153\ If it will have such an impact, the CFPB is subject to 
certain additional procedures under the RFA involving the convening of 
a panel to consult with small business representatives prior to 
proposing a rule for which an IRFA is required.\154\ The CFPB has not 
certified that the proposed rule would not have a significant economic 
impact on a substantial number of small entities within the meaning of 
the RFA. Accordingly, the CFPB convened and chaired a SBREFA Panel to 
consider the impact of the proposed rule on small entities that would 
be subject to that rule and to obtain feedback from representatives of 
such small entities. The SBREFA Panel for this rulemaking is discussed 
in part III of the SUPPLEMENTARY INFORMATION. The CFPB is also 
publishing an IRFA. Among other things, the IRFA estimates the number 
of small entities that will be subject to the proposed rule and 
describes the impact and regulatory burden of that rule on those 
entities. The IRFA for this rulemaking follows this discussion.
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

    \153\ 5 U.S.C. 605(b).
    \154\ 5 U.S.C. 609.
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

    Section 603(b) of the RFA sets forth the required elements of the 
IRFA. Section 603(b)(1) requires the IRFA to contain a description of 
the reasons that the agency is considering action.\155\ Section 
603(b)(2) requires a succinct statement of the objectives of, and the 
legal basis for, the proposed rule.\156\ The IRFA further must contain 
a description of and, where feasible, an estimate of the number of 
small entities to which the proposed rule will apply.\157\ Section 
603(b)(4) requires a description of the projected reporting, 
recordkeeping, and other compliance requirements of the proposed rule, 
including an estimate of the classes of small entities that will be 
subject to the requirement and the types of professional skills 
necessary for the preparation of the report or record.\158\ In 
addition, the CFPB must identify, to the extent practicable, all 
relevant Federal rules which may duplicate, overlap, or conflict with 
the proposed rule.\159\ Furthermore, the CFPB must describe any 
significant alternatives to the proposed rule which accomplish the 
stated objectives of applicable statutes and which minimize any 
significant economic impact of the proposed rule on small 
entities.\160\ Finally, as amended by the Dodd-Frank Act, RFA section 
603(d) requires that the IRFA include a description of any projected 
increase in the cost of credit for small entities, a description of any 
significant alternatives to the proposed rule which accomplish the 
stated objectives of applicable statutes and which minimize any 
increase in the cost of credit for small entities (if such an increase 
in the cost of credit is projected), and a description of the advice 
and recommendations of representatives of small entities relating to 
the cost of credit issues.\161\
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    \155\ 5 U.S.C. 603(b)(1).
    \156\ 5 U.S.C. 603(b)(2).
    \157\ 5 U.S.C. 603(b)(3).
    \158\ 5 U.S.C. 603(b)(4).
    \159\ 5 U.S.C. 603(b)(5).
    \160\ 5 U.S.C. 603(c).
    \161\ 5 U.S.C. 603(d)(1); Dodd-Frank Act section 1100G(d)(1), 
124 Stat. 2112.
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

1. Description of the Reasons Agency Action Is Being Considered
    As discussed in part I of the SUPPLEMENTARY INFORMATION, section 
1473(q) of the Dodd-Frank Act amended title XI of the Financial 
Institutions Reform, Recovery, and Enforcement Act of 1989 to add a new 
section 1125. Section 1125 directs the agencies to promulgate 
regulations for quality control standards for AVMs, which are ``any 
computerized model used by mortgage originators and secondary market 
issuers to determine the collateral worth of a mortgage secured by a 
consumer's principal dwelling.'' \162\ Specifically, section 1125 
requires that AVMs meet quality control standards designed to ensure a 
high level of confidence in the estimates produced by AVMs; protect 
against the manipulation of data; seek to avoid conflicts of interest; 
require random sample testing and reviews; and account for any other 
such factor that the agencies determine to be appropriate.
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

    \162\ 12 U.S.C. 3354(d).
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

    The proposed rule effectuates Congress's mandate to the agencies to 
adopt rules to implement quality control standards for AVMs. For a 
further description of the reasons agency action is being considered, 
see the background discussion for the proposed rule in part I of the 
SUPPLEMENTARY INFORMATION.
2. Succinct Statement of the Objectives of, and Legal Basis for, the 
Proposed Rule
    The objectives of the proposed rule include protecting consumers 
and protecting Federal financial and public policy interests in real 
estate related transactions. To achieve these objectives, the proposed 
rule would require mortgage originators and secondary market issuers to 
adopt policies, practices, procedures, and control systems to ensure 
that covered AVMs adhere to quality control standards designed to meet 
specific quality control factors. The legal basis for the proposed rule 
is section 1125 of title XI; section 1125 was established by section 
1473(q) of the Dodd-Frank Act.\163\
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    \163\ Public Law 111-203, 124 Stat. 1376, 2198 (2010) (codified 
at 12 U.S.C. 3354).
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

    In addition to the first four statutory factors, section 1125 
provides the agencies with the authority to account for any other such 
factor that the agencies determine to be appropriate.\164\ Based on 
this authority, the agencies propose to include a fifth factor that 
would require mortgage originators and secondary market issuers to 
adopt policies, practices, procedures, and control systems to ensure 
that covered AVMs adhere to quality control standards designed to 
comply with applicable nondiscrimination laws.
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

    \164\ 12 U.S.C. 3354(b).
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

    The objectives of, and legal basis for, the proposed rule are 
further discussed in parts I and II of the SUPPLEMENTARY INFORMATION.
3. Description of and, Where Feasible, Provision of an Estimate of the 
Number of Small Entities to Which the Proposed Rule Will Apply
    A ``small business'' is determined by application of SBA 
regulations in reference to the North American Industry Classification 
System (NAICS) classification and size standards.\165\ Under such 
standards, the CFPB identified three categories of small nondepository 
entities that may be subject to the proposed provisions: (1) real 
estate credit companies; (2) secondary market financing companies; and 
(3) other activities related to credit intermediation (which includes 
mortgage loan servicers).
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

    \165\ The current SBA size standards are found on SBA's website, 
Small Bus. Admin., Table of size standards (Dec. 19, 2022), https://www.sba.gov/document/support-table-size-standards.
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

    The following table summarizes the CFPB's estimate of the number 
and industry of entities that may be affected by the proposed rule:

[[Page 40665]]



                             Table A--Estimated Number of Small Entities by Industry
----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
                                                                                     Estimate        Estimate
                                                     SBA small    Estimate total     number of       number of
           NAICS                   Industry           entity        entities in   small entities  small entities
                                                     threshold         2017           in 2017         in 2022
----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
522292.....................  Real Estate Credit.          $41.5m           3,289           2,904           3,672
522294.....................  Secondary Market              41.5m             115             106             134
                              Financing.
522390.....................  Other Activities              22.0m             566             566             716
                              Related to Credit
                              Intermediation.
                                                 ---------------------------------------------------------------
    Column Total...........  ...................  ..............           3,970           3,576           4,521
----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Note: See footnote 148 for methodology to extrapolate 2017 numbers to 2022.
Source: 2017 County Business Patterns and Economic Census (Release Date: 5/28/2021).

    In developing these estimates, the CFPB chose assumptions that 
would likely overcount the number of small entities and explains this 
reasoning in detail herein. Thus, the true number of small entities is 
likely to be less than the estimates reported. The following paragraphs 
describe the categories of entities that the CFPB expects would be 
affected by the proposed rule.
    Real Estate Credit companies (NAICS 522292). This industry 
encompasses establishments primarily engaged in lending funds with real 
estate as collateral, including mortgage companies and real estate 
credit lenders. Economic Census data states that there were 3,289 
nondepository institutions (nondepositories) in 2017 that engaged in 
real estate credit and whose use of AVMs might be covered by the 
proposed rule. The SBA established a revenue threshold for small 
entities of average annual receipts of less than $41.5 million. The 
Economic Census provides data for the number of small entities with 
less than $40 million and less than $50 million in revenue, but not 
less than $41.5 million in revenue. Using the conservative threshold of 
$50 million, the CFPB estimates that about 2,904 of these 3,289 
institutions were small entities in 2017. This estimate is most likely 
an overcount because this NAICS industry also includes firms involved 
in construction lending, farm mortgages, and Federal land banks, which 
might not be covered by the proposed rule. Lastly, due to a lack of 
more recent data in the Economic Census, the CFPB scales up the 2017 
estimate by a factor of 1.2643 to obtain a 2022 estimate of 3,672 small 
entities.\166\
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

    \166\ According to U.S. Bureau of Economic Analysis, ''Gross 
Output by Industry'' (https://apps.bea.gov/iTable/?reqid=150&step=2&isuri=1&categories=gdpxind, accessed 3/8/2023), 
from 2017Q3 to 2022Q3 (the latest available data at the time of 
writing), the finance sector (NAICS 52) gross output expanded from 
$2,836.7 billion to $ 3,586.5 billion, a 26.43 percent increase. 
Thus, the CFPB scales up the number of entities in 2017 by a factor 
of 1.2643 and rounds to the nearest whole number.
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

    Secondary market financing companies (NAICS 522294). This industry 
encompasses establishments primarily engaged in buying, pooling, and 
repackaging loans for sale to others on the secondary market, including 
collateralized mortgage obligation issuers and real estate mortgage 
investment conduits. Economic Census data states that there were 115 
nondepository secondary market financing companies in 2017 whose use of 
AVMs might be covered by the proposed rule. This industry has a size 
standard threshold of less than $41.5 million in average annual 
receipts. However, the Economic Census only reports breakdowns in 
number of firms with less than $15 million and less than $100 million 
in revenue. Using the more conservative threshold of less than $100 
million, the CFPB estimates that 106 secondary market financing 
companies were small entities in 2017. This estimate is most likely an 
overcount because this NAICS industry also includes firms involved in 
secondary market financing of student loans and other debt products, 
which might not be covered by the AVM rule. Lastly, due to a lack of 
more recent data in the Economic Census, the CFPB scales up the 2017 
estimate by a factor of 1.2643 (same as before) to obtain a 2022 
estimate of 134 small entities.
    Other Activities Related to Credit Intermediation (NAICS 522390). 
This industry encompasses establishments primarily engaged in 
facilitating credit intermediation (except mortgage and loan brokerage; 
and financial transactions processing, reserve, and clearinghouse 
activities), and includes loan servicing firms. NAICS 522390 is a 
broader category than the previous two categories discussed in this 
section. Some examples of business activity in this NAICS industry are 
check cashing services, loan servicing, money transmission services, 
payday lending services, and traveler's check issuance services, but 
only loan servicing would fall under the proposed rule. To account for 
this broader categorization, using Economic Census data on number of 
establishments in this NAICS industry broken down by the North American 
Product Classification System (NAPCS), the CFPB filtered NAICS 522390 
by the relevant NAPCS collection codes: (a) Residential Mortgage Loans 
and (b) Other Secured or Guaranteed Home Loans to Consumers. The 
filtered count of the number of establishments is 566. However, these 
data do not provide the number of firms, each of which may consist of 
one or more establishments. Thus, the CFPB uses the most conservative 
assumption--that each firm has only one establishment--to estimate the 
number of firms covered by the proposed rule to be (at most) 566 in 
2017. Furthermore, data broken down by firm/establishment size are 
unavailable, so the CFPB assumes the most conservative extreme that all 
566 of these firms are small entities. Lastly, due to a lack of more 
recent data in the Economic Census, the CFPB scales up the 2017 
estimate by a factor of 1.2643 (same as before) to obtain a 2022 
estimate of 716 small entities.
    Finally, only small entities that themselves, or through or in 
cooperation with a third-party or affiliate, utilize AVMs in credit 
decisions or covered securitization determinations would be covered by 
the rule if finalized as proposed. The remaining small entities might 
opt for alternative valuation methods not involving AVMs. Due to the 
lack of data on the usage of AVMs by small entities in credit decisions 
or covered securitization determinations, the CFPB follows the FDIC and 
makes the following assumption: the range of AVM usage lies between 10% 
(lower bound) and 100% (upper bound). Applying this assumption to the 
estimated total number of small entities results in the estimated range 
of covered

[[Page 40666]]

small entities shown in the following table:

 Table B--Estimated Lower and Upper Bounds of Covered Small Entities in
                                  2022
------------------------------------------------------------------------
                                            Lower bound     Upper bound
------------------------------------------------------------------------
Est. Number of Covered Small Entities...             452           4,521
Assumed Proportion of Small Entities                 10%            100%
 Using AVMs.............................
------------------------------------------------------------------------

    In summary, the CFPB estimates that between 452 and 4,521 small 
entities would be covered by the rule if finalized as proposed.
    In this analysis, the CFPB also considered including other NAICS 
categories, most notably ``Mortgage and Nonmortgage Loan Brokers'' 
(NAICS 522310). This industry includes establishments primarily engaged 
in arranging loans by bringing borrowers and lenders together on a 
commission or fee basis. Based on this definition, the CFPB believes 
that this industry is generally not involved in credit decisions or 
covered securitization determinations and would not likely be covered 
by the rule if finalized as proposed.
4. Projected Reporting, Recordkeeping, and Other Compliance 
Requirements of the Proposed Rule, Including an Estimate of the Classes 
of Small Entities Which Would Be Subject to the Requirement and the 
Type of Professional Skills Necessary for the Preparation of the Report
    The proposed rule would not impose new reporting or recordkeeping 
requirements for CFPB respondents but would impose new compliance 
requirements on small entities subject to the proposal. The proposed 
requirements and the costs associated with them are discussed herein.
    Entities will likely have to spend time and resources reading and 
understanding the regulation and developing the required policies, 
practices, procedures, and control systems for their employees to 
follow to ensure compliance, in addition to engaging a legal team to 
review their draft policies, practices, procedures, and control 
systems. Costs associated with drafting compliance policies, practices, 
procedures, and control systems are likely to be higher for 
institutions who use AVMs for a more diverse set of circumstances. Such 
entities would likely need to tailor guidance for each specific use 
case. Small entities would also likely have to implement training of 
staff that utilize AVM output for covered purposes.
    Costs to small entities. The CFPB expects that if finalized as 
proposed, the rule might impose one-time and ongoing costs on small 
nondepository entities who use AVMs in valuing real estate collateral 
securing mortgage loans. The CFPB has preliminarily identified three 
categories of costs that make up the components necessary for a 
nondepository institution to comply with the proposed rule. Those 
categories are drafting and developing policies, practices, procedures, 
and control systems; verifying compliance; and training staff and third 
parties. Nondepositories would incur the bulk of these costs in the 
first year. However, the CFPB anticipates that nondepositories would 
incur some ongoing costs in subsequent years, such as updating 
policies, practices, procedures, and control systems, continuing review 
for compliance, and training new staff. Following the FDIC, the CFPB 
assumes that the ongoing annual costs would be one-third of the one-
time first-year costs.
    Using the cost methodology outlined in the SBREFA Panel Report, the 
CFPB estimates that the one-time costs in the first year for each 
covered small nondepository entity would be the following: $7000 for 
drafting and developing policies, practices, procedures, and control 
systems, $10,000 for verifying compliance, and $6000 for training. 
Thus, the total costs per entity would be $23,000 in the first year and 
$7667 for each subsequent year.
    The CFPB calculates the overall market impact of the proposed rule 
on small entities by multiplying the costs per entity by the estimated 
number of covered small entities. The CFPB estimates that the overall 
market impact of one-time costs in the first year for covered small 
nondepositories would be between $10,396,000 and $103,983,000. The CFPB 
estimates that the overall market impact of ongoing costs in each 
subsequent year for covered small nondepositories would be between 
$3,465,333 and $34,661,000 per year. The ranges in estimated impact are 
wide due to uncertainty surrounding the percentage of small entities 
using AVMs in credit decisions or covered securitization 
determinations.
5. Identification, to the Extent Practicable, of All Relevant Federal 
Rules Which May Duplicate, Overlap, or Conflict With the Proposed Rule
    As discussed in the SBREFA Panel Report, the CFPB as well as SERs 
identified other title XI, TILA, and ECOA laws and implementing 
regulations related to determining the collateral worth of a mortgage 
that have potentially duplicative, overlapping, or conflicting 
requirements with section 1125.\167\ Title XI and the prudential 
agencies' implementing regulations require a licensed or certified 
appraiser for certain transactions.\168\ TILA section 129H \169\ and 
its implementing regulations require lenders to obtain an appraisal by 
a certified or licensed appraiser--and in some cases two appraisals--
for certain higher-risk transactions (termed ``higher-priced mortgage 
loans'' or ``HPMLs'' in the regulations).\170\
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

    \167\ CFPB, Final Report of Small Business Review Panel on the 
CFPB's Proposals and Alternatives under Consideration for the 
Automated Valuation Model (AVM) Rulemaking 37 (May 13, 2022), 
available at https://files.consumerfinance.gov/f/documents/cfpb_avm_final-report_2022-05.pdf.
    \168\ See, e.g., 12 U.S.C. 3331; 75 FR 77450, 77465 (Dec. 10, 
2010); 12 CFR 34.43(a)(1) through (14) (OCC); 12 CFR 225.63(a)(1) 
through (15) (Board); 12 CFR 323.3(a)(1) through (14) (FDIC); 12 CFR 
722.3(a)(1) through (6) (NCUA).
    \169\ 15 U.S.C. 1639h (added by Dodd-Frank Act section 1471).
    \170\ CFPB: 12 CFR 1026.35(a) and (c); OCC: 12 CFR part 34, 
subpart G and 12 CFR part 164, subpart B; Board: 12 CFR 226.43; 
NCUA: 12 CFR 722.3(a); FHFA: 12 CFR part 1222, subpart A. The FDIC 
adopted the CFPB's version of the regulations. See 78 FR 10368, 
10370 (Feb. 13, 2013).
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

    In addition to these Federal laws and regulations requiring a 
licensed or certified appraiser for various transactions, other Federal 
laws and regulations broadly address determining the collateral worth 
of a mortgage, whether using an appraisal, AVM, or other method. For 
consumer credit transactions secured by a consumer's principal 
dwelling, TILA section 129E \171\ and its implementing regulations 
require valuation independence by, for example, prohibiting material 
misrepresentation of property value and conflicts of

[[Page 40667]]

interest for persons preparing valuations or performing valuation 
management functions.\172\ Title XI, as amended by the Dodd-Frank Act, 
provides in part that, ``[i]n conjunction with the purchase of a 
consumer's principal dwelling, broker price opinions may not be used as 
the primary basis to determine the value of a piece of property for the 
purpose of a loan origination of a residential mortgage loan secured by 
such piece of property.'' \173\ ECOA section 701(e) \174\ and its 
implementing regulation, Regulation B, generally require creditors to 
provide applicants for first-lien loans on a dwelling with copies of 
written valuations developed in connection with an application.\175\
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

    \171\ 15 U.S.C. 1639e (added by Dodd-Frank Act section 1472).
    \172\ CFPB: 12 CFR 1026.42; Board: 12 CFR 226.42; see 75 FR 
66554 (Oct. 28, 2010) (interim final rule); 75 FR 80675 (Dec. 23, 
2010) (correction). TILA section 129E(g)(2) directed the Board to 
issue an interim final rule. 15 U.S.C. 1639e(g)(2).
    \173\ Dodd-Frank Act section 1473(r), 124 Stat. 2198-99 
(codified at 12 U.S.C. 3355) (adding section 1126 to FIRREA). Under 
FIRREA section 1126, a ``broker price opinion'' means ``an estimate 
prepared by a real estate broker, agent, or sales person that 
details the probable selling price of a particular piece of real 
estate property and provides a varying level of detail about the 
property's condition, market, and neighborhood, and information on 
comparable sales, but does not include an automated valuation 
model.'' 12 U.S.C. 3355(b).
    \174\ 15 U.S.C. 1691(e) (amended by Dodd-Frank Act section 
1474).
    \175\ 12 CFR 1002.14.
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

    Moreover, in the SBREFA Outline the CFPB discussed how valuations 
are subject to other provisions of ECOA and other Federal 
nondiscrimination laws.\176\ For example, ECOA and Regulation B bar 
discrimination on a prohibited basis in any aspect of a credit 
transaction.\177\ This prohibition extends to using different standards 
to evaluate collateral,\178\ which would include the design or use of 
an AVM in any aspect of a credit transaction in a way that would treat 
an applicant differently on a prohibited basis or result in unlawful 
discrimination against an applicant on a prohibited basis. Similarly, 
the Fair Housing Act prohibits unlawful discrimination in all aspects 
of residential real estate-related transactions, including appraisals 
of residential real estate.\179\
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

    \176\ CFPB, Small Business Advisory Review Panel for Automated 
Valuation Model Rulemaking Outline of Proposals under Consideration 
23-25 (2022), available at https://files.consumerfinance.gov/f/documents/cfpb_avm_outline-of-proposals_2022-02.pdf.
    \177\ 15 U.S.C. 1691(a) (prohibiting discrimination on the basis 
of race, color, religion, national origin, sex or marital status, 
age (provided the applicant has the capacity to contract), because 
all or part of the applicant's income derives from any public 
assistance program, or because the applicant has in good faith 
exercised any right under the Consumer Credit Protection Act); see 
also 12 CFR part 1002.
    \178\ See Interagency Task Force on Fair Lending, Policy 
Statement on Discrimination in Lending, 59 FR 18266, 18268 (Apr. 15, 
1994) (noting that under both ECOA and the Fair Housing Act, a 
lender may not, because of a prohibited factor, use different 
standards to evaluate collateral).
    \179\ 42 U.S.C. 3605 (prohibiting discrimination because of 
race, color, religion, national origin, sex, handicap, or familial 
status in residential real estate-related transactions); 42 U.S.C. 
3605(b)(2) (defining ``real estate-related transactions'' to include 
the ``selling, brokering, or appraising of residential real 
property.''); see also 24 CFR part 100.
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

    SERs also provided suggestions of other potentially related Federal 
statutes and regulations. A SER expressly highlighted that the 
prudential agencies' title XI regulations for residential mortgages set 
a dollar-based threshold for requiring an appraisal. Another SER stated 
that many of the prudential agencies' safety and soundness regulations, 
including liquidity and interest rate risk management regulations, have 
potential intersections with section 1125. Some SERs also identified 
other statutes they believe have some potential intersections with 
section 1125, including the Fair Credit Reporting Act (FCRA),\180\ the 
Gramm-Leach-Bliley Act (GLBA),\181\ and HMDA.\182\
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

    \180\ 15 U.S.C. 1681 et seq.
    \181\ Public Law 106-102, 113 Stat. 1338 (1999).
    \182\ 12 U.S.C. 2801 et seq.
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

    The CFPB is evaluating these suggestions and requests comment on 
them and the extent to which other Federal statutes or regulations 
might impose duplicative, overlapping, or conflicting requirements with 
this proposed rule implementing section 1125. The CFPB further requests 
comment on methods to minimize such conflicts to the extent they might 
exist.
6. Description of Any Significant Alternatives to the Proposed Rule 
That Accomplish the Stated Objectives of Applicable Statutes and 
Minimize Any Significant Economic Impact of the Proposed Rule on Small 
Entities
    In drafting this proposed rule, the CFPB considered a number of 
alternatives, including those considered as part of the SBREFA process. 
Many of the alternatives considered would result in greater costs to 
small entities than would the proposal. For example, the CFPB 
considered proposing a prescriptive rule with more detailed and 
specific requirements, and the CFPB considered proposing a rule that 
would also cover the use of AVMs solely to review completed value 
determinations (e.g., to review appraisals). Since such alternatives 
would result in a greater economic impact on small entities than the 
proposal, they are not discussed here.
    The CFPB also considered alternatives that might have resulted in a 
smaller economic impact on small entities than does the proposal. Some 
of these alternatives are briefly described and their impacts relative 
to the proposed provisions are discussed herein.
    Coverage of loan modifications and other changes to existing loans. 
The CFPB considered proposing a rule that would exclude AVMs used in 
loan modifications not resulting in new mortgage originations. As 
discussed in part III of the SUPPLEMENTARY INFORMATION, during the 
SBREFA process SERs generally favored that approach. The CFPB 
understands that the proposed rule's coverage of loan modifications and 
other changes to existing loans would introduce additional burden to 
small entities. However, the CFPB has preliminarily determined that 
this coverage would aid in fulfilling the consumer protection objective 
of section 1125. For consumers seeking loss mitigation, obtaining an 
AVM valuation that adheres to the quality control standards in the 
proposed rule during the loan modification process would be 
particularly important for their financial decision-making and 
outcomes, given they are already in financial distress. The CFPB seeks 
comment on the likely impact of this coverage aspect of the proposed 
rule on the compliance costs of small entities.
    Coverage of credit line reductions or suspensions. The CFPB 
considered proposing a rule that would not cover AVMs used solely in 
deciding whether or to what extent to reduce or suspend a home equity 
line of credit. As discussed in part III of the SUPPLEMENTARY 
INFORMATION, during the SBREFA process SERs discussed balancing the 
consumer protections of covering credit line reductions or suspensions 
against the burdens of such regulation. The CFPB understands that the 
proposed rule's coverage of credit line reductions and suspensions 
would introduce additional burden to small entities. However, the CFPB 
has preliminarily determined that this coverage would aid in fulfilling 
the consumer protection objective of section 1125. Credit line 
reductions and suspensions impose hardship on consumers, who now face 
greater credit constraints and reduced financial options. Obtaining an 
AVM valuation that adheres to the quality control standards in the 
proposed rule during the credit decision process is particularly 
important for these consumers, given the potential for improving 
consumer financial outcomes. The CFPB seeks comment on

[[Page 40668]]

the likely impact of this coverage aspect of the proposed rule on the 
compliance costs of small entities.
    Nondiscrimination quality control factor. The CFPB considered 
proposing a rule that would not specify a nondiscrimination quality 
control factor. As discussed in part III of the SUPPLEMENTARY 
INFORMATION, during the SBREFA process, SERs expressed concern 
regarding the nondiscrimination quality control factor. In particular, 
SERs noted the impracticality of having small entities assess fair 
lending performance of AVMs provided by third parties, as well as 
noting concerns that this nondiscrimination quality control factor 
potentially duplicates other fair lending regulatory infrastructure. 
The CFPB understands that the proposed rule's nondiscrimination quality 
control factor would introduce additional burden to small entities. 
However, the CFPB has preliminarily determined that this factor would 
aid in fulfilling the consumer protection objective of section 1125. 
There is a long history of housing market discrimination in the United 
States, including misvaluation of property owned by minority consumers, 
as observed in biases in the appraisal process.\183\ Misvaluations 
limit credit access for minority consumers, potentially leading to 
worse financial outcomes by hampering home ownership and wealth 
accumulation among minority consumers.
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

    \183\ Interagency Task Force on Property Appraisal and Valuation 
Equity (PAVE), Action Plan to Advance Property Appraisal and 
Valuation Equity: Closing the Racial Wealth Gap by Addressing Mis-
valuations for Families and Communities of Color 2-4 (Mar. 2022), 
available at https://pave.hud.gov/sites/pave.hud.gov/files/documents/PAVEActionPlan.pdf.
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

    The CFPB acknowledges that for small entities with a limited volume 
of AVM valuation observations, detecting discrimination in AVMs may not 
be feasible. Nevertheless, there are other steps small entities could 
take towards satisfying the nondiscrimination quality control factor. 
For example, the SBREFA process described various points in the 
valuation process where humans interact with AVMs and make decisions 
regarding AVM usage and application of AVM outputs; having policies, 
practices, procedures, and control systems in place that ensure such 
human interactions and decision-making comply with applicable 
nondiscrimination laws would be feasible for small entities. As another 
example, in choosing third-party AVM providers, small entities can do 
research into how providers assess and account for discrimination in 
their AVMs and opt for providers who have taken such factors into 
consideration.
    The CFPB seeks comment on the likely impact of the 
nondiscrimination quality control factor of the rule if finalized as 
proposed on the compliance costs of small entities.
7. Discussion of Impact on Cost of Credit for Small Entities
    The CFPB believes that there will be little to no impact on the 
cost of credit incurred by small entities covered by the proposed rule. 
Should a covered small entity apply for a business loan, the lender is 
unlikely to consider that covered small entity's use of AVMs or their 
compliance with the proposed rule in their credit pricing or credit 
extension decisions.
    During the SBREFA process, the CFPB asked SERs about this possible 
impact, but they did not provide feedback on how their credit or their 
lending to small businesses would be affected by the rule. This lack of 
feedback is consistent with the above assertions.

F. FHFA

    The RFA requires that a regulation that has a significant economic 
impact on a substantial number of small entities, small businesses, or 
small organizations must include an initial regulatory flexibility 
analysis describing the regulation's impact on small entities. FHFA 
need not undertake such an analysis if the Agency has certified that 
the regulation will not have a significant economic impact on a 
substantial number of small entities (5 U.S.C 605(b)). FHFA has 
considered the impact of the proposed rule under the RFA and FHFA 
certifies that the proposed rule, if adopted as a final rule, will not 
have a significant economic impact on a substantial number of small 
entities because the regulation only applies to Fannie Mae and Freddie 
Mac, which are not small entities for purposes of the RFA.

VI. Use of Plain Language

    Section 722 of the Gramm-Leach-Bliley Act requires the Federal 
banking agencies to use plain language in all proposed and final rules 
published after January 1, 2000. The agencies have sought to present 
the proposed rule in a simple and straightforward manner and invite 
comment on the use of plain language. For example:
     Have the agencies organized the material to suit your 
needs? If not, how could they present the rule more clearly?
     Are the requirements in the rule clearly stated? If not, 
how could the rule be more clearly stated?
     Do the regulations contain technical language or jargon 
that is not clear? If so, which language requires clarification?
     Would a different format (grouping and order of sections, 
use of headings, paragraphing) make the regulation easier to 
understand? If so, what changes would achieve that?
     Is this section format adequate? If not, which of the 
sections should be changed and how?
     What other changes can the agencies incorporate to make 
the regulation easier to understand?

VII. Riegle Community Development and Regulatory Improvement Act of 
1994

    Pursuant to section 302(a) of the Riegle Community Development and 
Regulatory Improvement Act (RCDRIA),\184\ in determining the effective 
date and administrative compliance requirements for new regulations 
that impose additional reporting, disclosure, or other requirements on 
insured depository institutions (IDIs), each Federal banking agency 
must consider, consistent with principles of safety and soundness and 
the public interest, any administrative burdens that such regulations 
would place on depository institutions, including small depository 
institutions, and customers of depository institutions, as well as the 
benefits of such regulations. In addition, section 302(b) of RCDRIA 
requires new regulations and amendments to regulations that impose 
additional reporting, disclosures, or other new requirements on IDIs 
generally to take effect on the first day of a calendar quarter that 
begins on or after the date on which the regulations are published in 
final form.\185\
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

    \184\ 12 U.S.C. 4802(a).
    \185\ 12 U.S.C. 4802.
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

    The Federal banking agencies note that comment on these matters has 
been solicited in other sections of this SUPPLEMENTARY INFORMATION 
section and that the requirements of RCDRIA will be considered as part 
of the overall rulemaking process. The Federal banking agencies invite 
comments that will further inform the Federal banking agencies' 
consideration of RCDRIA.

VIII. OCC Unfunded Mandates Reform Act of 1995 Determination

    The OCC analyzed the proposed rule under the factors set forth in 
the Unfunded Mandates Reform Act of 1995 (UMRA) (2 U.S.C. 1532). Under 
this analysis, the OCC considered whether the proposed rule includes a 
Federal

[[Page 40669]]

mandate that may result in the expenditure by State, local, and Tribal 
governments, in the aggregate, or by the private sector, of $182 
million or more in any one year.\186\
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

    \186\ The OCC estimates the UMRA inflation adjustment using the 
change in the annual U.S. GDP Implicit Price Deflator between 1995 
and 2022, which are the most recent annual data available. The 
deflator was 71.300 in 1995 and 129.511 in 2022, resulting in an 
inflation adjustment factor of 1.82 (129.511/71.300 = 1.816 and $100 
million x 1.82 = $182 million).
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

    The burden associated with the proposed rule would be limited to 
reviewing the rule, ensuring that existing practices, procedures, and 
control systems adequately address the four statutory quality control 
standards, and adopting policies, practices, procedures, and control 
systems to ensure that AVMs adhere to quality control standards 
designed to comply with applicable nondiscrimination laws. The OCC 
estimates that expenditures to comply with the proposed rule's mandates 
would be approximately $20.1 million (180 hours x $120 per hour x 931 
banks = $20.1 million). For this reason, the OCC has determined that 
this proposed rule would not result in expenditures by State, local, 
and Tribal governments, or the private sector, of $182 million or more 
in any one year. Accordingly, the OCC has not prepared a written 
statement to accompany this proposal.

IX. NCUA Executive Order 13132 on Federalism

    Executive Order 13132 encourages independent regulatory agencies to 
consider the impact of their actions on State and local interests. The 
NCUA, an independent regulatory agency as defined in 44 U.S.C. 3502(5), 
voluntarily complies with the executive order to adhere to fundamental 
federalism principles. This proposed rule would not have substantial 
direct effects on the states, on the relationship between the National 
Government and the states, or on the distribution of power and 
responsibilities among the various levels of government. Although the 
AVM statute and the proposed rule apply to federally insured, state-
chartered credit unions, the NCUA does not believe that the rule would 
change the relationship between the NCUA and State regulatory agencies. 
The NCUA would anticipate coordinating with State regulatory agencies 
to implement and enforce the rule after it is adopted as part of its 
ongoing coordination with these agencies. Accordingly, the NCUA 
believes that the effect of this change on the states would be limited. 
The NCUA has therefore determined that this rule does not constitute a 
policy that has federalism implications for purposes of the executive 
order.

X. NCUA Assessment of Federal Regulations and Policies on Families

    The NCUA has determined that this proposed rule would not affect 
family well-being within the meaning of section 654 of the Treasury and 
General Government Appropriations Act, 1999.\187\
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

    \187\ Public Law 105-277, 112 Stat. 2681 (1998).
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

XI. Severability

    Each of the agencies preliminarily intend that, if any provision of 
the proposed rule, if adopted as final, or any application of a 
provision, is stayed or determined to be invalid, the remaining 
provisions or applications are severable and shall continue in effect.

List of Subjects

12 CFR Part 34

    Appraisal, Appraiser, Banking, Banks, Consumer protection, Credit, 
Mortgages, National banks, Reporting and recordkeeping requirements, 
Savings associations, Truth in lending.

12 CFR Part 225

    Administrative practice and procedure, Banks, banking, Federal 
Reserve System, Holding companies, Investments, Reporting and 
recordkeeping requirements, Securities.

12 CFR Part 323

    Banks, banking, Mortgages, Reporting and recordkeeping 
requirements, Savings associations.

12 CFR Part 722

    Appraisal, Appraiser, Credit unions, Mortgages, Reporting and 
recordkeeping requirements, Truth in lending.

12 CFR Part 741

    Credit, Credit Unions.

12 CFR Part 1026

    Advertising, Banks, Banking, Consumer protection, Credit, Credit 
unions, Mortgages, National banks, Reporting and recordkeeping 
requirements, Savings associations, Truth in lending.

12 CFR Part 1222

    Appraisals, Government sponsored enterprises, Mortgages.

DEPARTMENT OF THE TREASURY

Office of the Comptroller of the Currency

12 CFR Chapter I

Authority and Issuance

    For reasons set out in the joint preamble, the Office of the 
Comptroller of the Currency proposes to amend part 34 of chapter I of 
title 12 of the Code of Federal Regulations to read as follows:

PART 34--REAL ESTATE LENDING AND APPRAISALS

0
1. The authority citation for part 34 is revised to read as follows:

    Authority:  12 U.S.C. 1 et seq., 25b, 29, 93a, 371, 1465, 1701j-
3, 1828(o), 3331 et seq., 5101 et seq., and 5412(b)(2)(B).

0
2. Subpart I is added to part 34 to read as follows:

Subpart I--Quality Control Standards for Automated Valuation Models 
Used for Mortgage Lending Purposes

Sec.
34.220 Authority, purpose, and scope.
34.221 Definitions.
34.222 Quality control standards.


Sec.  34.220  Authority, purpose, and scope.

    (a) Authority. This subpart is issued pursuant to section 1125 of 
the Financial Institutions Reform, Recovery, and Enforcement Act of 
1989, 12 U.S.C. 3354, as added by section 1473(q) of the Dodd-Frank 
Wall Street Reform and Consumer Protection Act (Pub. L. 111-203, 124 
Stat. 1376, 2198 (2010)).
    (b) Purpose and scope. (1) The purpose of this subpart is to 
implement the quality control standards in section 3354 of title 12 for 
the use of automated valuation models in determining the value of 
collateral in connection with making a credit decision or covered 
securitization determination regarding a mortgage or mortgage-backed 
security. This subpart applies to entities regulated by the OCC that 
are mortgage originators or secondary market issuers.
    (2) This subpart does not apply to the use of automated valuation 
models in:
    (i) Monitoring of the quality or performance of mortgages or 
mortgage-backed securities;
    (ii) Reviews of the quality of already completed determinations of 
the value of collateral; or
    (iii) The development of an appraisal by a certified or licensed 
appraiser.


Sec.  34.221  Definitions.

    As used in this subpart:
    (a) Automated valuation model means any computerized model used by

[[Page 40670]]

mortgage originators and secondary market issuers to determine the 
value of a consumer's principal dwelling collateralizing a mortgage.
    (b) Control systems means the functions (such as internal and 
external audits, risk review, quality control, and quality assurance) 
and information systems that are used to measure performance, make 
decisions about risk, and assess the effectiveness of processes and 
personnel, including with respect to compliance with statutes and 
regulations.
    (c) Covered securitization determination means a determination 
regarding:
    (1) Whether to waive an appraisal requirement for a mortgage 
origination in connection with its potential sale or transfer to a 
secondary market issuer; or
    (2) Structuring, preparing disclosures for, or marketing initial 
offerings of mortgage-backed securitizations.
    (d) Credit decision means a decision regarding whether and under 
what terms to originate, modify, terminate, or make other changes to a 
mortgage, including a decision whether to extend new or additional 
credit or change the credit limit on a line of credit.
    (e) Dwelling means a residential structure that contains one to 
four units, whether or not that structure is attached to real property. 
The term includes an individual condominium unit, cooperative unit, 
factory-built housing, or manufactured home, if it is used as a 
residence. A consumer can have only one ``principal'' dwelling at a 
time. Thus, a vacation or other second home would not be a principal 
dwelling. However, if a consumer buys or builds a new dwelling that 
will become the consumer's principal dwelling within a year or upon the 
completion of construction, the new dwelling is considered the 
principal dwelling for purposes of this subpart.
    (f) Mortgage means a transaction in which a mortgage, deed of 
trust, purchase money security interest arising under an installment 
sales contract, or equivalent consensual security interest is created 
or retained in a consumer's principal dwelling.
    (g) Mortgage originator has the meaning given in section 103 of the 
Truth in Lending Act (15 U.S.C. 1602).
    (h) Secondary market issuer means any party that creates, 
structures, or organizes a mortgage-backed securities transaction.


Sec.  34.222  Quality control standards.

    Mortgage originators and secondary market issuers that engage in 
credit decisions or covered securitization determinations themselves, 
or through or in cooperation with a third-party or affiliate, must 
adopt and maintain policies, practices, procedures, and control systems 
to ensure that automated valuation models used in these transactions 
adhere to quality control standards designed to:
    (a) Ensure a high level of confidence in the estimates produced;
    (b) Protect against the manipulation of data;
    (c) Avoid conflicts of interest;
    (d) Require random sample testing and reviews; and
    (e) Comply with applicable nondiscrimination laws.

FEDERAL RESERVE SYSTEM

12 CFR Chapter II

Authority and Issuance

    For the reasons set forth in the joint preamble, the Board proposes 
to amend part 225 of chapter II of title 12 of the Code of Federal 
Regulations, as follows:

PART 225--BANK HOLDING COMPANIES AND CHANGE IN BANK CONTROL 
(REGULATION Y)

0
3. The authority citation for part 225 is revised to read as follows:

    Authority:  12 U.S.C. 1817(j)(13), 1818, 1828(o), 1831i, 1831p-
1, 1843(c)(8), 1844(b), 1972(1), 3106, 3108, 3310, 3331-3351, 3354, 
3906, 3907, and 3909; 15 U.S.C. 1681s, 1681w, 6801 and 6805.

0
4. Add subpart O to part 225 as follows:
Subpart O--Quality Control Standards for Automated Valuation Models 
Used for Mortgage Lending Purposes
Sec.
225.350 Authority, purpose and scope.
225.351 Definitions.
225.352 Quality control standards.

Subpart O--Quality Control Standards for Automated Valuation Models 
Used for Mortgage Lending Purposes


Sec.  225.350  Authority, purpose and scope.

    (a) Authority. (1) In general. This subpart is issued pursuant to 
section 1125 of the Financial Institutions Reform, Recovery, and 
Enforcement Act of 1989, 12 U.S.C. 3354, as added by section 1473(q) of 
the Dodd-Frank Wall Street Reform and Consumer Protection Act (Pub. L. 
111-203, 124 Stat. 1376, 2198 (2010)), as well as under the Federal 
Reserve Act, as amended (12 U.S.C. 221 et seq.); the Bank Holding 
Company Act of 1956, as amended (12 U.S.C. 1841 et seq.); the Home 
Owners' Loan Act of 1933 (12 U.S.C. 1461 et seq.); section 165 of the 
Dodd-Frank Wall Street Reform and Consumer Protection Act (12 U.S.C. 
5365); and the International Banking Act of 1978, as amended (12 U.S.C. 
3101 et seq.).
    (2) Nothing in this part shall be read to limit the authority of 
the Board to take action under provisions of law other than 12 U.S.C. 
3354, including but not limited to action to address unsafe or unsound 
practices or conditions, or violations of law or regulation, under 
section 8 of the Federal Deposit Insurance Act, as amended (12 U.S.C. 
1818).
    (b) Purpose and scope. (1) The purpose of this subpart is to 
implement the quality control standards in section 3354 of title 12 for 
the use of automated valuation models in determining the value of 
collateral in connection with making a credit decision or covered 
securitization determination regarding a mortgage or a mortgage-backed 
security. This subpart applies to entities and institutions regulated 
by the Board (Board-regulated institutions) that are mortgage 
originators or secondary market issuers.
    (2) This subpart does not apply to the use of automated valuation 
models in:
    (i) Monitoring of the quality or performance of mortgages or 
mortgage-backed securities;
    (ii) Reviews of the quality of already completed determinations of 
the value of collateral; or
    (iii) The development of an appraisal by a certified or licensed 
appraiser.


Sec.  225.351  Definitions.

    As used in this subpart:
    Automated valuation model means any computerized model used by 
mortgage originators and secondary market issuers to determine the 
value of a consumer's principal dwelling collateralizing a mortgage.
    Control systems means the functions (such as internal and external 
audits, risk review, quality control, and quality assurance) and 
information systems that are used to measure performance, make 
decisions about risk, and assess the effectiveness of processes and 
personnel, including with respect to compliance with statutes and 
regulations.
    Covered securitization determination means a determination 
regarding:
    (1) Whether to waive an appraisal requirement for a mortgage 
origination in connection with its potential sale or transfer to a 
secondary market issuer; or
    (2) Structuring, preparing disclosures for, or marketing initial 
offerings of mortgage-backed securitizations.
    Credit decision means a decision regarding whether and under what 
terms to originate, modify, terminate, or make other changes to a 
mortgage, including a decision whether to extend

[[Page 40671]]

new or additional credit or change the credit limit on a line of 
credit.
    Dwelling means a residential structure that contains one to four 
units, whether or not that structure is attached to real property. The 
term includes an individual condominium unit, cooperative unit, 
factory-built housing, or manufactured home, if it is used as a 
residence. A consumer can have only one ``principal'' dwelling at a 
time. Thus, a vacation or other second home would not be a principal 
dwelling. However, if a consumer buys or builds a new dwelling that 
will become the consumer's principal dwelling within a year or upon the 
completion of construction, the new dwelling is considered the 
principal dwelling for purposes of this subpart.
    Mortgage means a transaction in which a mortgage, deed of trust, 
purchase money security interest arising under an installment sales 
contract, or equivalent consensual security interest is created or 
retained in a consumer's principal dwelling.
    Mortgage originator has the meaning given in section 103 of the 
Truth in Lending Act (15 U.S.C. 1602).
    Secondary market issuer means any party that creates, structures, 
or organizes a mortgage-backed securities transaction.


Sec.  225.352  Quality control standards.

    Mortgage originators and secondary market issuers that engage in 
credit decisions or covered securitization determinations themselves, 
or through or in cooperation with a third-party or affiliate, must 
adopt and maintain policies, practices, procedures, and control systems 
to ensure that automated valuation models used in these transactions 
adhere to quality control standards designed to:
    (a) Ensure a high level of confidence in the estimates produced;
    (b) Protect against the manipulation of data;
    (c) Avoid conflicts of interest;
    (d) Require random sample testing and reviews; and
    (e) Comply with applicable nondiscrimination laws.

Federal Deposit Insurance Corporation

12 CFR Chapter III

Authority and Issuance

    For the reasons set forth in the joint preamble, the FDIC proposes 
to amend part 323 of chapter III of title 12 of the Code of Federal 
Regulations as follows:

PART 323--APPRAISALS

0
5. The authority citation for part 323 continues to read as follows:

    Authority:  12 U.S.C. 1818, 1819(a) (``Seventh'' and ``Tenth''), 
1831p-1 and 3331 et seq.

0
6. Add subpart C to part 323 to read as follows:

Subpart C--Quality Control Standards for Automated Valuation Models 
Used for Mortgage Lending Purposes

Sec.
Sec.  323.15 Authority, purpose, and scope.
Sec.  323.16 Definitions.
Sec.  323.17 Quality control standards.


Sec.  323.15  Authority, purpose, and scope.

    (a) Authority. This subpart is issued pursuant to section 1125 of 
the Financial Institutions Reform, Recovery, and Enforcement Act of 
1989, 12 U.S.C. 3354, as added by section 1473(q) of the Dodd-Frank 
Wall Street Reform and Consumer Protection Act (Pub. L. 111-203, 124 
Stat. 1376, 2198 (2010)).
    (b) Purpose and scope. (1) The purpose of this subpart is to 
implement the quality control standards in section 3354 of title 12 for 
the use of automated valuation models in determining the value of 
collateral in connection with making a credit decision or covered 
securitization determination regarding a mortgage or mortgage-backed 
security. This subpart applies to entities regulated by the FDIC that 
are mortgage originators or secondary market issuers.
    (2) This subpart does not apply to the use of automated valuation 
models in:
    (i) Monitoring of the quality or performance of mortgages- or 
mortgage-backed securities;
    (ii) Reviews of the quality of already completed determinations of 
the value of collateral; or
    (iii) The development of an appraisal by a certified or licensed 
appraiser.


Sec.  323.16  Definitions.

    As used in this subpart:
    Automated valuation model means any computerized model used by 
mortgage originators and secondary market issuers to determine the 
value of a consumer's principal dwelling collateralizing a mortgage.
    Control systems means the functions (such as internal and external 
audits, risk review, quality control, and quality assurance) and 
information systems that are used to measure performance, make 
decisions about risk, and assess the effectiveness of processes and 
personnel, including with respect to compliance with statutes and 
regulations.
    Covered securitization determination means a determination 
regarding:
    (1) Whether to waive an appraisal requirement for a mortgage 
origination in connection with its potential sale or transfer to a 
secondary market issuer; or
    (2) Structuring, preparing disclosures for, or marketing initial 
offerings of mortgage-backed securitizations.
    Credit decision means a decision regarding whether and under what 
terms to originate, modify, terminate, or make other changes to a 
mortgage, including a decision whether to extend new or additional 
credit or change the credit limit on a line of credit.
    Dwelling means a residential structure that contains one to four 
units, whether or not that structure is attached to real property. The 
term includes an individual condominium unit, cooperative unit, 
factory-built housing, or manufactured home, if it is used as a 
residence. A consumer can have only one ``principal'' dwelling at a 
time. Thus, a vacation or other second home would not be a principal 
dwelling. However, if a consumer buys or builds a new dwelling that 
will become the consumer's principal dwelling within a year or upon the 
completion of construction, the new dwelling is considered the 
principal dwelling for purposes of this subpart.
    Mortgage means a transaction in which a mortgage, deed of trust, 
purchase money security interest arising under an installment sales 
contract, or equivalent consensual security interest is created or 
retained in a consumer's principal dwelling.
    Mortgage originator has the meaning given in section 103 of the 
Truth in Lending Act (15 U.S.C. 1602).
    Secondary market issuer means any party that creates, structures, 
or organizes a mortgage-backed securities transaction.


Sec.  323.17  Quality control standards.

    Mortgage originators and secondary market issuers that engage in 
credit decisions or covered securitization determinations themselves, 
or through or in cooperation with a third-party or affiliate, must 
adopt and maintain policies, practices, procedures, and control systems 
to ensure that automated valuation models used in these transactions 
adhere to quality control standards designed to:
    (a) Ensure a high level of confidence in the estimates produced;
    (b) Protect against the manipulation of data;
    (c) Avoid conflicts of interest;
    (d) Require random sample testing and reviews; and
    (e) Comply with applicable nondiscrimination laws.

[[Page 40672]]

NATIONAL CREDIT UNION ADMINISTRATION

12 CFR Part 722 and Part 741

Authority and Issuance

    For the reasons discussed above in the joint preamble, the NCUA 
Board proposes to amend 12 CFR parts 722 and 741 as follows:

PART 722--APPRAISALS

0
7. The authority citation for part 722 continues to read as follows:

    Authority:  12 U.S.C. 1766, 1789, and 3331 et seq. Section 
722.3(a) is also issued under 15 U.S.C. 1639h.

0
8. Redesignate Sec. Sec.  722.1 through 722.7 as Sec. Sec.  722.101 
through 722.107 under the following subpart A heading:

Subpart A--Appraisals Generally

Sec.
Sec.  722.101 Authority, purpose, and scope.
Sec.  722.102 Definitions.
Sec.  722.103 Appraisals and written estimates of market value 
requirements for real estate-related financial transactions.
Sec.  722.104 Minimum appraisal standards.
Sec.  722.105 Appraiser independence.
Sec.  722.106 Professional association membership; competency.
Sec.  722.107 Enforcement.
0
9. Add subpart B to read as follows:
Subpart B--Quality Control Standards for Automated Valuation Models 
Used for Mortgage Lending Purposes
Sec.
Sec.  722.201 Authority, purpose, and scope.
Sec.  722.202 Definitions.
Sec.  722.203 Quality control standards.

Subpart B--Quality Control Standards for Automated Valuation Models 
Used for Mortgage Lending Purposes


Sec.  722.201  Authority, purpose, and scope.

    (a) Authority. This subpart is issued pursuant to section 1125 of 
the Financial Institutions Reform, Recovery, and Enforcement Act of 
1989, 12 U.S.C. 3354, as added by section 1473(q) of the Dodd-Frank 
Wall Street Reform and Consumer Protection Act (Pub. L. 111-203, 124 
Stat. 1375, 2198 (2010)).
    (b) Purpose and scope. (1) The purpose of this subpart is to 
implement the quality control standards in section 3354 of title 12 for 
the use of automated valuation models in determining the value of 
collateral in connection with making a credit decision or covered 
securitization determination regarding a mortgage or mortgage-backed 
security. This subpart applies to credit unions insured by the NCUA 
that are mortgage originators or secondary market issuers.
    (2) This subpart does not apply to the use of automated valuation 
models in:
    (i) Monitoring of the quality or performance of mortgages or 
mortgage-backed securities;
    (ii) Reviews of the quality of already completed determinations of 
the value of collateral; or
    (iii) The development of an appraisal by a certified or licensed 
appraiser.


Sec.  722.202  Definitions.

    As used in this subpart:
    Automated valuation model means any computerized model used by 
mortgage originators and secondary market issuers to determine the 
value of a consumer's principal dwelling collateralizing a mortgage.
    Control systems means the functions (such as internal and external 
audits, risk review, quality control, and quality assurance) and 
information systems that are used to measure performance, make 
decisions about risk, and assess the effectiveness of processes and 
personnel, including with respect to compliance with statutes and 
regulations.
    Covered securitization determination means a determination 
regarding:
    (1) Whether to waive an appraisal requirement for a mortgage 
origination in connection with its potential sale or transfer to a 
secondary market issuer; or
    (2) Structuring, preparing disclosures for, or marketing initial 
offerings of mortgage-backed securitizations.
    Credit decision means a decision regarding whether and under what 
terms to originate, modify, terminate, or make other changes to a 
mortgage, including a decision whether to extend new or additional 
credit or change the credit limit on a line of credit.
    Dwelling means a residential structure that contains one to four 
units, whether or not that structure is attached to real property. The 
term includes an individual condominium unit, cooperative unit, 
factory-built housing, or manufactured home, if it is used as a 
residence. A consumer can have only one ``principal'' dwelling at a 
time. Thus, a vacation or other second home would not be a principal 
dwelling. However, if a consumer buys or builds a new dwelling that 
will become the consumer's principal dwelling within a year or upon the 
completion of construction, the new dwelling is considered the 
principal dwelling for purposes of this subpart.
    Mortgage means a transaction in which a mortgage, deed of trust, 
purchase money security interest arising under an installment sales 
contract, or equivalent consensual security interest is created or 
retained in a consumer's principal dwelling.
    Mortgage originator has the meaning given in section 103 of the 
Truth in Lending Act (15 U.S.C. 1602).
    Secondary market issuer means any party that creates, structures, 
or organizes a mortgage-backed securities transaction.


Sec.  722.203  Quality control standards.

    Mortgage originators and secondary market issuers that engage in 
credit decisions or covered securitization determinations themselves, 
or through or in cooperation with a third-party or affiliate, must 
adopt and maintain policies, practices, procedures, and control systems 
to ensure that automated valuation models used in these transactions 
adhere to quality control standards designed to:
    (a) Ensure a high level of confidence in the estimates produced;
    (b) Protect against the manipulation of data;
    (c) Avoid conflicts of interest;
    (d) Require random sample testing and reviews; and
    (e) Comply with applicable nondiscrimination laws.

PART 741--Requirements for Insurance

0
10. The authority citation for part 741 is revised to read as follows:

    Authority:  12 U.S.C. 1757, 1766(a), 1781-1790, 1790d, 3331 et 
seq; 31 U.S.C. 3717.

0
11. Revise Sec.  741.203(b) to read as follows:


Sec.  741.203  Minimum loan policy requirements.

* * * * *
    (b) Adhere to the requirements stated in part 722 of this chapter.
* * * * *

CONSUMER FINANCIAL PROTECTION BUREAU

Authority and Issuance

    For reasons set out in the joint preamble, the CFPB proposes to 
amend Regulation Z, 12 CFR part 1026, as follows:

PART 1026--TRUTH IN LENDING (REGULATION Z)

0
12. The authority citation for part 1026 is revised to read as follows:

    Authority: 12 U.S.C. 2601, 2603-2605, 2607, 2609, 2617, 3353, 
3354, 5511, 5512, 5532, 5581; 15 U.S.C. 1601 et seq.

Subpart A--General

0
13. Amend Sec.  1026.1 by adding paragraph (c)(6) to read as follows:

[[Page 40673]]

Sec.  1026.1  Authority, purpose, coverage, organization, enforcement, 
and liability.

* * * * *
    (c) * * *
    (6) The requirements of Sec.  1026.42(i) apply to certain persons 
regardless of whether they are creditors and even if the mortgage, as 
defined in Sec.  1026.42(i)(2)(v), is primarily for business, 
commercial, agricultural, or organizational purposes.
* * * * *
0
14. Amend Sec.  1026.2 by revising paragraph (a)(11) to read as 
follows:


Sec.  1026.2  Definitions and rules of construction.

    (a) * * *
    (11) Consumer means a cardholder or natural person to whom consumer 
credit is offered or extended. However, for purposes of rescission 
under Sec. Sec.  1026.15 and 1026.23, the term also includes a natural 
person in whose principal dwelling a security interest is or will be 
retained or acquired, if that person's ownership interest in the 
dwelling is or will be subject to the security interest. For purposes 
of Sec.  1026.42(i), the term means a natural person to whom credit is 
offered or extended, even if the credit is primarily for business, 
commercial, agricultural, or organizational purposes. For purposes of 
Sec. Sec.  1026.20(c) through (e), 1026.36(c), 1026.39, and 1026.41, 
the term includes a confirmed successor in interest.
* * * * *
0
15. Amend Sec.  1026.3 by adding paragraph (i) to read as follows:


Sec.  1026.3  Exempt transactions.

* * * * *
    (i) The exemptions in this section are not applicable to Sec.  
1026.42(i) (Quality Control Standards for Automated Valuation Models).

Subpart E--Special Rules for Certain Home Mortgage Transactions

0
16. Amend Sec.  1026.42 by revising paragraph (a) and adding paragraph 
(i) to read as follows:


Sec.  1026.42  Valuation independence.

    (a) Scope. Except for paragraph (i) of this section, this section 
applies to any consumer credit transaction secured by the consumer's 
principal dwelling. Paragraph (i) of this section applies to any 
mortgage, as defined in paragraph (i)(2)(v), secured by the consumer's 
principal dwelling, even if the mortgage is primarily for business, 
commercial, agricultural, or organizational purposes.
* * * * *
    (i) Quality Control Standards for Automated Valuation Models--(1) 
Scope. The purpose of this paragraph (i) is to implement quality 
control standards for the use of automated valuation models in 
determining the value of collateral in connection with making a credit 
decision or covered securitization determination regarding a mortgage 
or mortgage-backed security. This paragraph (i) applies to the use of 
automated valuation models by any mortgage originator or secondary 
market issuer, other than either a financial institution as defined in 
12 U.S.C. 3350(7), or a subsidiary owned and controlled by such a 
financial institution and regulated by one of the Federal financial 
institutions regulatory agencies as defined in 12 U.S.C. 3350(6). This 
paragraph (i) does not apply to the use of automated valuation models 
in:
    (i) Monitoring of the quality or performance of mortgages or 
mortgage-backed securities;
    (ii) Reviews of the quality of already completed determinations of 
the value of collateral; or
    (iii) The development of an appraisal by a certified or licensed 
appraiser as defined in Sec.  1026.35(c)(1)(i).
    (2) Definitions. As used in this paragraph (i):
    (i) Automated valuation model means any computerized model used by 
mortgage originators and secondary market issuers to determine the 
value of a consumer's principal dwelling collateralizing a mortgage.
    (ii) Control systems means the functions (such as internal and 
external audits, risk review, quality control, and quality assurance) 
and information systems that are used to measure performance, make 
decisions about risk, and assess the effectiveness of processes and 
personnel, including with respect to compliance with statutes and 
regulations.
    (iii) Covered securitization determination means a determination 
regarding:
    (A) Whether to waive an appraisal requirement for a mortgage 
origination in connection with its potential sale or transfer to a 
secondary market issuer; or
    (B) Structuring, preparing disclosures for, or marketing initial 
offerings of mortgage-backed securitizations.
    (iv) Credit decision means a decision regarding whether and under 
what terms to originate, modify, terminate, or make other changes to a 
mortgage, including a decision whether to extend new or additional 
credit or change the credit limit on a line of credit.
    (v) Mortgage means a transaction in which a mortgage, deed of 
trust, purchase money security interest arising under an installment 
sales contract, or equivalent consensual security interest is created 
or retained in a consumer's principal dwelling.
    (vi) Mortgage originator has the meaning given in section 103 of 
the Truth in Lending Act (15 U.S.C. 1602).
    (vii) Secondary market issuer means any party that creates, 
structures, or organizes a mortgage-backed securities transaction.
    (3) Quality control standards. Mortgage originators and secondary 
market issuers that engage in credit decisions or covered 
securitization determinations themselves, or through or in cooperation 
with a third-party or affiliate, must adopt and maintain policies, 
practices, procedures, and control systems to ensure that automated 
valuation models used in these transactions adhere to quality control 
standards designed to:
    (i) Ensure a high level of confidence in the estimates produced;
    (ii) Protect against the manipulation of data;
    (iii) Avoid conflicts of interest;
    (iv) Require random sample testing and reviews; and
    (v) Comply with applicable nondiscrimination laws.
0
17. Amend Supplement I to Part 1026 by:
0
a. Under Section 1026.2--Definitions and Rules of Construction, in 
2(a)(19)--Dwelling, revise paragraph 1 and add paragraph 4;
0
b. Under Section 1026.3--Exempt Transactions, add paragraph 2; and
0
c. Under Section 1026.42--Valuation Independence:
0
i. Under 42(a) Scope, revise paragraph 2;
0
ii. Under Paragraph 42(b)(2), revise paragraph 1.
0
iii. Add heading section 42(i) Quality Control Standards for Automated 
Valuation Models.
    The revisions and additions read as follows:

Supplement I to Part 1026--Official Interpretations

* * * * *
    Section 1026.2--Definitions and Rules of Construction
* * * * *
    2(a)(19) Dwelling
    1. Scope. A dwelling need not be the consumer's principal 
residence to fit the definition, and thus a vacation or second home 
could be a dwelling. However, for purposes of the definition of 
residential mortgage transaction, the right to rescind, and the 
application of automated valuation model requirements, a dwelling 
must be the principal residence of the consumer. (See the commentary 
to Sec. Sec.  1026.2(a)(24), 1026.15, 1026.23, and 1026.42).
* * * * *
    4. Automated valuation models. For purposes of the application 
of the automated

[[Page 40674]]

valuation model requirements in Sec.  1026.42(i), a consumer can 
have only one principal dwelling at a time. Thus, a vacation or 
other second home would not be a principal dwelling. However, if a 
consumer buys or builds a new dwelling that will become the 
consumer's principal dwelling within a year or upon the completion 
of construction, the new dwelling is considered the principal 
dwelling for purposes of applying this definition to a particular 
transaction. (See the commentary to Sec.  1026.2(a)(24)).
* * * * *
    Section 1026.3--Exempt Transactions
* * * * *
    2. Relationship to Sec.  1026.42(i). As provided in Sec.  
1026.3(i), the provisions in Sec.  1026.42(i) governing the use of 
automated valuation models apply even if the transactions in which 
automated valuation models are used would otherwise be exempt under 
this section.
* * * * *
    Section 1026.42--Valuation Independence
    42(a) Scope
* * * * *
    2. Consumer's principal dwelling. Except for section 1026.42(i), 
section 1026.42 applies only if the dwelling that will secure a 
consumer credit transaction is the principal dwelling of the 
consumer who obtains credit. Section 1026.42(i) applies if the 
dwelling that will secure a mortgage, as defined in Sec.  
1026.42(i)(2)(v), is the principal dwelling of the consumer who 
obtains credit, even if the mortgage is primarily for business, 
commercial, agricultural, or organizational purposes. The term 
``dwelling'' is defined in Sec.  1026.2(a)(19). Comments 2(a)(19)-4 
and 42(b)(2)-1 discuss the term ``principal dwelling.''
    42(b) Definitions
* * * * *
    Paragraph 42(b)(2)
    1. Principal dwelling. The term ``principal dwelling'' has the 
same meaning under Sec.  1026.42(b) and (i) as under Sec. Sec.  
1026.2(a)(24), 1026.15(a), and 1026.23(a). See comments 2(a)(19)-4, 
2(a)(24)-3, 15(a)(1)-5, and 23(a)-3. The term ``dwelling'' is 
defined in Sec.  1026.2(a)(19).
* * * * *
    42(i) Quality Control Standards for Automated Valuation Models
    Paragraph 42(i)(2)(vi)
    1. Creditors. The term mortgage originator includes creditors, 
notwithstanding that the definition of mortgage originator at 15 
U.S.C. 1602(dd)(2) excludes creditors for certain other purposes.
    2. Servicers. The term mortgage originator generally excludes 
servicers and their employees, agents, and contractors. However, a 
person is a servicer with respect to a particular transaction only 
after it is consummated, and that person retains or obtains its 
servicing rights. Therefore, the term mortgage originator includes a 
servicer and its employees, agents, or contractors when they perform 
mortgage originator activities for purposes of 15 U.S.C. 1602(dd)(2) 
with respect to any transaction that constitutes a new extension of 
credit, including a refinancing or a transaction that obligates a 
different consumer on an existing debt.
* * * * *

CHAPTER XII--FEDERAL HOUSING FINANCE AGENCY

Authority and Issuance

    For the reasons discussed in the joint preamble, the Federal 
Housing Finance Agency proposes to amend 12 CFR part 1222 as set forth 
below:

PART 1222--APPRAISALS

0
18. The authority citation for part 1222 is revised to read as follows:

    Authority: 12 U.S.C. 3354(b); 12 U.S.C. 4501 et seq.; 12 U.S.C. 
4526; and 15 U.S.C. 1639h.

0
19. Add subpart C to part 1222 to read as follows:

Subpart C--Quality Control Standards For Automated Valuation Models

Sec.
Sec.  1222.27 Authority, purpose, and scope.
Sec.  1222.28 Definitions.
Sec.  1222.29 Quality control standards.


Sec.  1222. 27  Authority, purpose, and scope.

    (a) Authority. This subpart is issued by the Federal Housing 
Finance Agency pursuant to 12 U.S.C. 4501 et seq., 12 U.S.C. 4526, 
section 1125 of FIRREA, 12 U.S.C. 3354, as added by section 1473(q) of 
the Dodd-Frank Act.
    (b) Purpose and scope. (1) The purpose of this subpart is to 
implement the quality control standards in section 3354 of title 12 for 
the use of automated valuation models in determining the value of 
collateral in connection with making a credit decision or covered 
securitization determination regarding a mortgage or mortgage-backed 
security. This subpart applies to entities regulated by the Federal 
Housing Finance Agency.
    (2) This subpart does not apply to the use of automated valuation 
models in:
    (i) Monitoring of the quality or performance of mortgages or 
mortgage-backed securities;
    (ii) Reviews of the quality of already completed determinations of 
the value of collateral; or
    (iii) The development of an appraisal by a certified or licensed 
appraiser.


Sec.  1222.28  Definitions.

    As used in this subpart:
    Automated valuation model means any computerized model used by 
mortgage originators and secondary market issuers to determine the 
value of a consumer's principal dwelling collateralizing a mortgage.
    Control systems means the functions (such as internal and external 
audits, risk review, quality control, and quality assurance) and 
information systems that are used to measure performance, make 
decisions about risk, and assess the effectiveness of processes and 
personnel, including with respect to compliance with statutes and 
regulations.
    Covered securitization determination means a determination 
regarding:
    (1) Whether to waive an appraisal requirement for a mortgage 
origination in connection with its potential sale or transfer to a 
secondary market issuer, or
    (2) Structuring, preparing disclosures for, or marketing initial 
offerings of mortgage-backed securitizations.
    Credit decision means a decision regarding whether and under what 
terms to originate, modify, terminate, or make other changes to a 
mortgage, including a decision whether to extend new or additional 
credit or change the credit limit on a line of credit.
    Dwelling means a residential structure that contains one to four 
units, whether or not that structure is attached to real property. The 
term includes an individual condominium unit, cooperative unit, 
factory-built housing, or manufactured home, if it is used as a 
residence. A consumer can have only one ``principal'' dwelling at a 
time. Thus, a vacation or other second home would not be a principal 
dwelling. However, if a consumer buys or builds a new dwelling that 
will become the consumer's principal dwelling within a year or upon the 
completion of construction, the new dwelling is considered the 
principal dwelling for purposes of this subpart.
    Mortgage means a transaction in which a mortgage, deed of trust, 
purchase money security interest arising under an installment sales 
contract, or equivalent consensual security interest is created or 
retained in a consumer's principal dwelling.
    Mortgage originator has the meaning given in section 103 of the 
Truth in Lending Act (15 U.S.C. 1602).
    Secondary market issuer means any party that creates, structures, 
or organizes a mortgage-backed securities transaction.


Sec.  1222.29  Quality control standards.

    Mortgage originators and secondary market issuers that engage in 
credit decisions or covered securitization determinations themselves, 
or through or in cooperation with a third-party or affiliate, must 
adopt and maintain policies, practices, procedures, and control systems 
to ensure that automated valuation models used in these transactions 
adhere to quality control standards designed to:

[[Page 40675]]

    (a) Ensure a high level of confidence in the estimates produced;
    (b) Protect against the manipulation of data;
    (c) Avoid conflicts of interest;
    (d) Require random sample testing and reviews; and
    (e) Comply with applicable nondiscrimination laws.

Michael J. Hsu,
Acting Comptroller of the Currency.

    By order of the Board Governors of the Federal Reserve System.
Michele Taylor Fennell,
Deputy Associate Secretary of the Board.

Federal Deposit Insurance Corporation.

    By order of the Board of Directors.

    Dated at Washington, DC, on May 31, 2023.
James P. Sheesley,
Assistant Executive Secretary.

Rohit Chopra,
Director, Consumer Financial Protection Bureau.

Sandra L. Thompson,
Director, Federal Housing Finance Agency.

Melane Conyers-Ausbrooks,
Secretary of the Board, National Credit Union Administration.
[FR Doc. 2023-12187 Filed 6-20-23; 8:45 am]
BILLING CODE 4810-33-P; 6210-01-P; 6714-01-P; 7535-01-P; 8070-01-P; 
4810-AM-P