[Federal Register Volume 88, Number 100 (Wednesday, May 24, 2023)]
[Rules and Regulations]
[Pages 33533-33545]
From the Federal Register Online via the Government Publishing Office [www.gpo.gov]
[FR Doc No: 2023-10847]



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 Rules and Regulations
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  Federal Register / Vol. 88, No. 100 / Wednesday, May 24, 2023 / Rules 
and Regulations  

[[Page 33533]]



DEPARTMENT OF ENERGY

10 CFR Part 430

[EERE-2019-BT-TP-0021]
RIN 1904-AE75


Energy Conservation Program: Test Procedures for Faucets and 
Showerheads

AGENCY: Office of Energy Efficiency and Renewable Energy, Department of 
Energy.

ACTION: Final rule.

-----------------------------------------------------------------------

SUMMARY: This final rule amends the test procedures for faucets and 
showerheads to incorporate the current version of the referenced 
industry standard, American Society of Mechanical Engineers Standard 
A112.18.1-2018/CSA B125.1-18, ``Plumbing supply fittings.'' This final 
rule also adds definitions for low-pressure water dispensers and pot 
fillers and excludes them from the faucet definition. Finally, this 
final rule provides further detail for conducting the flow rate 
measurement.

DATES: The effective date of this rule is June 23, 2023. The amendments 
will be mandatory for product testing starting November 20, 2023.
    The incorporation by reference of certain material listed in the 
rule is approved by the Director of the Federal Register on June 23, 
2023.

ADDRESSES: The docket, which includes Federal Register notices, public 
meeting attendee lists and transcripts, comments, and other supporting 
documents/materials, is available for review at www.regulations.gov. 
All documents in the docket are listed in the www.regulations.gov 
index. However, not all documents listed in the index may be publicly 
available, such as those containing information that is exempt from 
public disclosure.
    A link to the docket web page can be found at www.regulations.gov/docket/EERE-2019-BT-TP-0021. The docket web page contains instructions 
on how to access all documents, including public comments, in the 
docket.
    For further information on how to review the docket, contact the 
Appliance and Equipment Standards Program staff at (202) 287-1445 or by 
email: [email protected].

FOR FURTHER INFORMATION CONTACT: 
    Mr. Bryan Berringer, U.S. Department of Energy, Office of Energy 
Efficiency and Renewable Energy, Building Technologies Office, EE-5B, 
1000 Independence Avenue SW, Washington, DC 20585-0121. Telephone: 
(202) 586-0371. Email [email protected].
    Ms. Amelia Whiting, U.S. Department of Energy, Office of the 
General Counsel, GC-33, 1000 Independence Avenue SW, Washington, DC 
20585-0121. Telephone: (202) 586-2588. Email: 
[email protected].

SUPPLEMENTARY INFORMATION: DOE incorporates by reference the following 
industry standard into title 10 of the Code of Federal Regulations 
(``CFR'') part 430:
    ASME A112.18.1-2018/CSA B125.1-2018, ``Plumbing supply fittings,'' 
CSA-published July 2018 (``ASME A112.18.1-2018'').
    Copies of ASME A112.18.1-2018 can be obtained from the American 
Society of Mechanical Engineers (``ASME'') at 2 Park Avenue, New York, 
NY 10016-5990, or by visiting www.asme.org.
    For a further discussion of this standard, see section IV.N of this 
document.

Table of Contents

I. Authority and Background
    A. Authority
    B. Background
II. Synopsis of the Final Rule
III. Discussion
    A. Scope of Applicability
    1. Faucets
    2. Showerheads
    B. Updates to Industry Standards
    C. Additional Direction in Conducting ASME A112.18.1-2018
    D. Flow Restrictor Retention Test Method
    E. Clarification to 10 CFR 430.23 and Appendix S
    F. Test Procedure Costs
    G. Effective and Compliance Dates
IV. Procedural Issues and Regulatory Review
    A. Review Under Executive Orders 12866, 13563, and 14094
    B. Review Under the Regulatory Flexibility Act
    C. Review Under the Paperwork Reduction Act of 1995
    D. Review Under the National Environmental Policy Act of 1969
    E. Review Under Executive Order 13132
    F. Review Under Executive Order 12988
    G. Review Under the Unfunded Mandates Reform Act of 1995
    H. Review Under the Treasury and General Government 
Appropriations Act, 1999
    I. Review Under Executive Order 12630
    J. Review Under Treasury and General Government Appropriations 
Act, 2001
    K. Review Under Executive Order 13211
    L. Review Under Section 32 of the Federal Energy Administration 
Act of 1974
    M. Congressional Notification
    N. Description of Materials Incorporated by Reference
V. Approval of the Office of the Secretary

I. Authority and Background

    Faucets and showerheads are included in the list of ``covered 
products'' for which the U.S. Department of Energy (``DOE'') is 
authorized to establish and amend energy conservation standards and 
test procedures. (42 U.S.C. 6292(a)(15) and (16)) DOE's test procedures 
for faucets and showerheads are currently prescribed at 10 CFR 
430.23(s) and (t); 10 CFR subpart B of part 430, appendix S. The 
following sections discuss DOE's authority to establish test procedures 
for faucets and showerheads and relevant background information 
regarding DOE's consideration of test procedures for this equipment.

A. Authority

    The Energy Policy and Conservation Act, Public Law 94-163, as 
amended (``EPCA''),\1\ authorizes DOE to regulate the energy efficiency 
of a number of consumer products and certain industrial equipment. (42 
U.S.C. 6291-6317) Title III, Part B of EPCA \2\ established the Energy 
Conservation Program for Consumer Products Other Than Automobiles, 
which sets forth a variety of provisions designed to improve energy 
efficiency. These products include faucets and showerheads, the subject 
of this

[[Page 33534]]

document. (42 U.S.C. 6292(a)(15) and (16))
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

    \1\ All references to EPCA in this document refer to the statute 
as amended through the Energy Act of 2020, Public Law 116-260 (Dec. 
27, 2020), which reflect the last statutory amendments that impact 
Parts A and A-1 of EPCA.
    \2\ For editorial reasons, upon codification in the U.S. Code, 
Part B was redesignated Part A.
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

    The energy conservation program under EPCA consists essentially of 
four parts: (1) testing, (2) labeling, (3) Federal energy conservation 
standards, and (4) certification and enforcement procedures. Relevant 
provisions of EPCA specifically include definitions (42 U.S.C. 6291), 
test procedures (42 U.S.C. 6293), labeling provisions (42 U.S.C. 6294), 
energy conservation standards (42 U.S.C. 6295), and the authority to 
require information and reports from manufacturers (42 U.S.C. 6296).
    The testing requirements consist of test procedures that 
manufacturers of covered products must use as the basis for (1) 
certifying to DOE that their products comply with the applicable energy 
conservation standards adopted under EPCA (42 U.S.C. 6295(s)), and (2) 
making other representations about the efficiency of those products (42 
U.S.C. 6293(c)). Similarly, DOE must use these test procedures to 
determine whether the products comply with any relevant standards 
promulgated under EPCA. (42 U.S.C. 6295(s))
    Federal energy efficiency requirements for covered products 
established under EPCA generally supersede State laws and regulations 
concerning energy conservation testing, labeling, and standards. (42 
U.S.C. 6297) DOE may, however, grant waivers of Federal preemption for 
particular State laws or regulations, in accordance with the procedures 
and other provisions of EPCA. (42 U.S.C. 6297(d))
    Under 42 U.S.C. 6293, EPCA sets forth the criteria and procedures 
DOE must follow when prescribing or amending test procedures for 
covered products. EPCA requires that any test procedures prescribed or 
amended under this section shall be reasonably designed to produce test 
results which measure energy efficiency, energy use, water use (in the 
case of showerheads, faucets, water closets, and urinals), or estimated 
annual operating cost of a covered product during a representative 
average use cycle (as determined by the Secretary) or period of use and 
shall not be unduly burdensome to conduct. (42 U.S.C. 6293(b)(3))
    EPCA directs that the test procedures for faucets and showerheads 
are to be the test procedures specified in American Society of 
Mechanical Engineers (``ASME'') Standard A112.18.1M-1989, ``Plumbing 
Fixture Fittings.'' (42 U.S.C. 6293(b)(7)(A)) EPCA further directs 
that, if the test procedure requirements of ASME A112.18.1M-1989 are 
revised at any time and approved by the American National Standards 
Institute (``ANSI''), DOE must amend the Federal test procedures to 
conform to the revised ASME standard, unless DOE determines by rule 
that to do so would not meet the requirements of EPCA that the test 
procedures be reasonably designed to produce test results which measure 
water use during a representative average use cycle as determined by 
DOE, and not be unduly burdensome to conduct. (42 U.S.C. 6293(b)(7)(B); 
42 U.S.C. 6293(b)(3))
    EPCA also requires that, at least once every 7 years, DOE evaluate 
test procedures for each type of covered product, including faucets and 
showerheads, to determine whether amended test procedures would more 
accurately or fully comply with the requirements for the test 
procedures to not be unduly burdensome to conduct and be reasonably 
designed to produce test results that reflect energy efficiency, energy 
use, water use, or estimated operating costs during a representative 
average use cycle or period of use. (42 U.S.C. 6293(b)(1)(A))
    If the Secretary determines, on her own behalf or in response to a 
petition by any interested person, that a test procedure should be 
prescribed or amended, the Secretary shall promptly publish in the 
Federal Register proposed test procedures and afford interested persons 
an opportunity to present oral and written data, views, and arguments 
with respect to such procedures. The comment period on a proposed rule 
to amend a test procedure shall be at least 60 days and may not exceed 
270 days. In prescribing or amending a test procedure, the Secretary 
shall take into account such information as the Secretary determines 
relevant to such procedure, including technological developments 
relating to energy use or energy efficiency of the type (or class) of 
covered products involved. (42 U.S.C. 6293(b)(2)). If DOE determines 
that test procedure revisions are not appropriate, DOE must publish its 
determination not to amend the test procedures. (42 U.S.C. 
6293(b)(1)(A)(ii))
    DOE is publishing this final rule in satisfaction of its statutory 
obligations. (42 U.S.C. 6293(b)(1)(A) and (7)(B))

B. Background

    DOE's existing test procedures for faucets and showerheads appear 
at 10 CFR part 430, subpart B, appendix S (``appendix S'') and 10 CFR 
430.23 (s) and (t).
    DOE last amended the test procedures for faucets and showerheads on 
October 23, 2013 (``October 2013 Final Rule''). 78 FR 62970. In that 
final rule, DOE adopted through reference certain provisions of the 
2012 version of ASME A112.18.1 as part of the test procedures for 
faucets and showerheads. 78 FR 62970, 62980. Since then, the 2012 
version of the ASME standard was re-affirmed in 2017, and then updated 
in 2018 to ASME A112.18.1-2018, which is the current version of the 
industry standard.
    On May 31, 2022, DOE published a notice of proposed rulemaking 
(``NOPR'') presenting DOE's proposals to amend the test procedures for 
faucets and showerheads. 87 FR 32351 (``May 2022 NOPR''). DOE held a 
public meeting related to this NOPR on June 22, 2022.
    DOE received comments in response to the May 2022 NOPR from the 
interested parties listed in Table I.1.

             Table I.1--List of Commenters With Written Submissions in Response to the May 2022 NOPR
----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
                                      Reference in this   Comment number
           Commenter(s)                  final rule        in the docket              Commenter type
----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
American Supply Association.......  ASA.................              13  Trade Association.
Appliance Standards Awareness       Joint Advocates.....              14  Efficiency Organizations.
 Project, Natural Resources
 Defense Council, American Council
 for an Energy-Efficient Economy,
 New York State Energy Research
 and Development Authority,
 Northwest Energy Efficiency
 Alliance, Washington State
 Department of Commerce.
Pacific Gas and Electric Company,   CA IOUs.............              15  Utility Companies.
 San Diego Gas and Electric, and
 Southern California Edison
 (collectively, the California
 Investor-Owned Utilities).
Plumbing Manufacturers              PMI.................              16  Trade Association.
 International.
Regulosity LLC, on behalf of        Neoperl.............              12  Manufacturer.
 Neoperl, Inc.
----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------


[[Page 33535]]

    A parenthetical reference at the end of a comment quotation or 
paraphrase provides the location of the item in the public record.\3\ 
To the extent that interested parties have provided written comments 
that are substantively consistent with any oral comments provided 
during the June 22, 2022 public meeting, DOE cites the written comments 
throughout this final rule.
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    \3\ The parenthetical reference provides a reference for 
information located in the docket of DOE's rulemaking to develop 
test procedures for faucets and showerheads. (Docket No. EERE-2019-
BT-TP-0021, which is maintained at www.regulations.gov). The 
references are arranged as follows: (commenter name, comment docket 
ID number, page of that document).
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

II. Synopsis of the Final Rule

    In this final rule, DOE amends 10 CFR 430.2, 10 CFR 430.3, and 
appendix S as follows:
     Include definitions for low-pressure water dispensers and 
pot fillers;
     Update the faucet definition by explicitly excluding low-
pressure water dispensers and pot fillers;
     Incorporate by reference the latest revision to the 
applicable industry standard--ASME A112.18.1-2018, ``Plumbing Supply 
Fittings,'' as it pertains to flow rate measurement; and
     Add further direction for conducting the flow rate 
measurements.
    The adopted amendments are summarized in Table II.1 compared to the 
test procedure provision prior to the amendment, as well as the reason 
for the adopted change.

      Table II.1--Summary of Changes in the Amended Test Procedure
------------------------------------------------------------------------
   DOE test procedure prior to       Amended test
            amendment                  procedure          Attribution
------------------------------------------------------------------------
Does not define low-pressure      Defines the terms   Clarifies scope of
 water dispensers or pot fillers.  low-pressure        coverage.
                                   water dispensers
                                   and pot fillers.
Does not explicitly exclude low-  Explicitly          Clarifies scope of
 pressure water dispensers or      excludes low-       coverage.
 pot fillers from the faucet       pressure water
 definition.                       dispensers and
                                   pot fillers from
                                   the faucet
                                   definition.
Incorporates the 2012 version of  Incorporates the    Harmonize with
 ASME Standard A112.18.1 for       2018 version of     updated industry
 measurement of flow rate.         ASME Standard       standard.
                                   A112.18.1.
Aside from referencing ASME       Adds additional     Response to
 Standard A112.18.1, includes      guidance, in        stakeholder
 limited guidance as to how to     accordance with     comment; improve
 conduct the flow measurement      current industry    repeatability of
 test procedure.                   practices, to       test results.
                                   ensure
                                   appropriate
                                   equipment is
                                   being used and to
                                   ensure
                                   repeatability of
                                   the industry
                                   standards in both
                                   the fluid meter
                                   and time/volume
                                   flow rate test
                                   methods.
------------------------------------------------------------------------

    DOE has determined that the amendments described in section III and 
adopted in this document will not alter the measured flow rate of 
faucets and showerheads or require retesting or recertification solely 
as a result of DOE's adoption of the amendments to the test procedures. 
Additionally, DOE has determined that the amendments will not increase 
the cost of testing. Discussion of DOE's actions are addressed in 
detail in section III of this document.
    The effective date for the amended test procedures adopted in this 
final rule is 30 days after publication of this document in the Federal 
Register. Representations of water use must be based on testing in 
accordance with the amended test procedures beginning 180 days after 
the publication of this final rule.

III. Discussion

A. Scope of Applicability

    This rulemaking applies to faucets and showerheads, which are 
discussed in the following sections.
1. Faucets
    EPCA and DOE define ``faucet'' as a lavatory faucet, kitchen 
faucet, metering faucet, or replacement aerator for a lavatory or 
kitchen faucet. (42 U.S.C. 6291(31)(E); 10 CFR 430.2). In the May 2022 
NOPR, DOE discussed that it had identified products characterized in 
the market as ``low-pressure water dispensers'' and ``pot fillers,'' 
which appear to be within the scope of the statutory term ``faucet.'' 
87 FR 32351, 32354 (see 86 FR 49261, 49263). DOE noted that it did not 
consider low-pressure water dispensers or pot fillers when establishing 
the current test procedure and standards for faucets. Id.
    In the May 2022 NOPR, DOE also stated that the purpose of low-
pressure water dispensers (``LPWDs'') and pot fillers is to fill a 
vessel with water (e.g., a glass or a cooking vessel), and given this 
function, the amount of water provided by such products during consumer 
use would be dependent on the volume of the vessel and independent of 
the flow rate of the product. 87 FR 32351, 32354. Accordingly, DOE 
noted that establishing conservation standards would not result in any 
water savings and could diminish the usefulness of such products by 
increasing the amount of time required to fill a vessel with a 
particular volume of water. 87 FR 32351, 32355.
    As such, DOE tentatively determined that that low-pressure water 
dispensers and pot fillers are not within the definition of ``faucet'' 
for the purpose of Part A of EPCA, and DOE proposed to amend the 
definition of ``faucet'' at 10 CFR 430.2 to explicitly exclude low-
pressure water dispensers and pot fillers. Id. at 87 FR 32355. 
Therefore, in the May 2022 NOPR, DOE proposed to define a faucet as ``a 
lavatory faucet, kitchen faucet, metering faucet, or replacement 
aerator, excluding low-pressure water dispensers and pot fillers.'' Id.
    ASA commented that it did not see any issue with incorporating text 
that clarifies that LPWDs are excluded from the faucet definition. 
(ASA, No. 13 at p. 1)
    PMI agreed with DOE that LPWDs and pot fillers are not within the 
definition of faucet. Accordingly, PMI recommended that DOE retain the 
current definition with the addition of the new text ``excluding low-
pressure water dispensers and pot fillers'', but without removing the 
existing text ``for a lavatory or kitchen faucet.'' (PMI, No. 16 at p. 
2)
    ASA noted that the proposed definition of the term faucet in the 
May 2022 NOPR removed the text ``for a lavatory or kitchen faucet'' \4\ 
as it relates to replacement aerators and recommended that DOE not 
remove this text, asserting that its removal would lead to confusion 
and uncertainty as to whether replacement aerators for other purposes 
are covered. (ASA, No. 13 at p. 2) Relatedly, Neoperl noted the impacts 
of the proposed removal of the type of replacement aerator from the

[[Page 33536]]

faucet definition. Specifically, Neoperl explained that ``replacement 
aerator'' is a generic term used for components of many products and 
that there are numerous products that use replacement aerators which 
are not covered products. Neoperl also stated that clarification of the 
type of replacement aerator ensures that only replacement aerators for 
covered products meet the definition of faucet and the removal of the 
clarification will result in regulation of non-covered products, such 
as replacement aerators for bidets and bidet seats.'' (Neoperl, No. 12 
at pp. 1-2)
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

    \4\ As discussed, EPCA defined the term faucet as a lavatory 
faucet, kitchen faucet, metering faucet, or replacement aerator for 
a lavatory or kitchen faucet [emphasis added].
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

    The proposed change to the definition of faucet in the May 2022 
NOPR was intended only to exclude LPWDs and pot fillers from the faucet 
definition. DOE did not intend for the proposed definition to change 
the wording or intent of the portion of the definition that relates to 
replacement aerators and is therefore reinstating the phrase ``for a 
lavatory or kitchen faucet'' as suggested by commenters.
    For the reasons discussed in the May 2022 NOPR, and in 
consideration of comments received on the proposal, DOE is amending the 
definition for faucet at 10 CFR 430.2 to read ``a lavatory faucet, 
kitchen faucet, metering faucet, or replacement aerator for a lavatory 
or kitchen faucet, excluding low-pressure water dispensers and pot 
fillers.''
a. Low-Pressure Water Dispenser Definition
    In conjunction with the proposed amendment to the definition of the 
term faucet, DOE proposed, in the May 2022 NOPR, to add a definition 
for the term ``low pressure water dispenser'' to mean a terminal 
fitting that dispenses drinking water at a pressure of 105 kPA (15 psi) 
or less. 87 FR 32351, 32355. DOE noted in the May 2022 NOPR that ASME 
A112.18.1-2018 defines a low-pressure water dispenser as ``a terminal 
fitting located downstream of a pressure reducing valve that dispenses 
drinking hot water above 71 [deg]C (160[thinsp][deg]F) or cold water or 
both at a pressure of 105 kPA (15 psi) or less.'' Id. DOE noted in the 
May 2022 NOPR that its authority generally applies to products as 
manufactured, not to the installation of products. (See generally 42 
U.S.C. 6302) Id. DOE further noted that the proposed definition was a 
modification of the ASME A112.18.1-2018 definition to reference a 
product as manufactured, as opposed to its installation location. 
Additionally, DOE noted in the May 2022 NOPR that the proposed 
definition would exclude the drinking water temperature reference in 
the ASME A112.18.1-2018 definition. DOE tentatively determined in the 
May 2022 NOPR that the specified pressure was the relevant 
characteristic that would distinguish a low-pressure water dispenser 
from a faucet as defined for the purpose of applicability of the test 
procedure. Id.
    DOE also discussed in the May 2022 NOPR that DOE generally tries to 
identify physical features in its definitions that would allow a third-
party to easily distinguish between products. Id. DOE has previously 
stated that relying on a manufacturer's intent can reduce regulatory 
transparency and creates challenges for enforcement. Id. (see 87 FR 
13901, 13904). Due to these concerns with trying to interpret whether a 
product is designed to operate downstream of a pressure reducing valve 
or not, DOE stated in the May 2022 NOPR that it was also considering 
including other physical features in the definition that would allow 
low-pressure water dispensers to be easily identified, absent any 
information from the manufacturer. Based on research of these products, 
DOE understands that low-pressure water dispensers tend to have smaller 
diameter fittings for water connections. DOE has observed that LPWDs 
typically have \1/4\'' compression fittings, which is slightly smaller 
than the typical \3/8\'' compression fitting of a faucet. DOE requested 
comment as to whether a \1/4\'' compression fitting could be 
universally identified as a universal characteristic of a LPWD that 
distinguishes it from faucets. Id. DOE also requested comment as to any 
additional physical features that distinguish a low-pressure water 
dispenser from a faucet. Id.
    ASA commented that while they generally recommend DOE to be 
consistent with the LPWD definition in the industry standard, they were 
not opposed to DOE's definition as proposed. ASA noted that placing 
prescriptive requirements, such as physical features, into a product 
definition could lead to restricting innovation in design. However, ASA 
commented that the key element in defining the term LPWD is the design 
pressure. (ASA, No. 13 at pp. 1-2)
    PMI recommended that the definition of LPWD be aligned with the 
definition of the same term in ASME A112.18.1-2018 because plumbing 
manufacturers are already testing LPWDs to the ASME standard. (PMI, No. 
16 at p. 3) Accordingly, PMI recommended the following definition: Low-
pressure water dispenser means a terminal fitting that dispenses hot 
water above 71 [deg]C (160 [deg]F) or cold water or both at a pressure 
of 105 kPa (15 psi) or less. Id. Further, PMI commented that a \1/4\'' 
compression fitting can be used for other products, and so it is not 
universally used in LPWDs, which could also be supplied with \1/4\'', 
\3/8\'', or push fit connections. (PMI, No. 16 at p. 3)
    While DOE observed that many LPWDs use a \1/4\'' compression 
fitting, the comment from PMI suggests that a \1/4\'' compression 
fitting may not be a universal characteristic of a LPWD that 
distinguishes it from faucets. Accordingly, DOE has determined not to 
incorporate a compression fitting size into the definition of LPWD.
    Regarding PMI's recommendation to more closely align the LPWD 
definition with the industry standard by including the temperature 
references in the definition, DOE notes that PMI did not identify how 
the temperature is a relevant characteristic to distinguish LPWDs from 
faucets. Both LPWDs and faucets can dispense ``hot water above 71 
[deg]C (160 [deg]F) or cold water or both.'' As such, DOE has 
determined that water temperature is not a universal characteristic 
that distinguishes LPWDs from faucets. DOE further notes that by 
excluding LPWDs from the scope of the DOE test procedure, manufacturers 
that are currently voluntarily measuring LPWD flow rate per ASME 
A112.18.1-2018 will not be impacted by the DOE definition of LPWD 
established in this final rule.
    For the reasons discussed in the May 2022 NOPR, and in 
consideration of comments received, DOE is finalizing the definition 
for LPWD as ``a terminal fitting that dispenses drinking water at a 
pressure of 105 kPA (15 psi) or less,'' consistent with the definition 
proposed in the May 2022 NOPR.
b. Pot Filler Definition
    In the May 2022 NOPR, DOE proposed to include a definition for 
``pot fillers''. DOE discussed concerns that had been raised through 
stakeholder comment that pot fillers could be installed over a kitchen 
sink. 87 FR 32351, 32355. DOE noted that ASME A112.18.1-2018 does not 
define the term ``pot filler.'' DOE stated in the May 2022 NOPR that it 
had assessed products marketed as residential pot fillers and observed 
several characteristics that make it unlikely for a pot filler to be 
installed for regular discharge into a kitchen sink. Specifically, DOE 
discussed in the May 2022 NOPR that all the residential pot fillers 
that DOE observed have an

[[Page 33537]]

articulated arm,\5\ two shut-off valves,\6\ and are designed for a 
single supply line (e.g., cold water).\7\ 87 FR 32351, 32355. Based on 
these identifying characteristics, DOE proposed to define pot filler in 
10 CFR 430.2 as ``a terminal fitting with an articulated arm and two or 
more shut-off valves that can accommodate only a single supply water 
inlet.'' Id. DOE requested comment as to whether other characteristics 
appropriately distinguished pot fillers from faucets or if there were 
other characteristics that were more appropriate. Id.
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

    \5\ As discussed in the May 2022 NOPR, the reason pot fillers 
have an articulated arm is because it allows the pot filler to 
extend over a cooking surface, such as burners on a range, to fill 
pots. When not in use, the articulation allows the pot filler to be 
pushed flat against the wall and out of the way of the cooking 
surface. 87 FR 32351, 32355.
    \6\ As discussed in the May 2022 NOPR, one shut-off valve is 
located at or near the wall and the other is located at or near the 
output of the pot filler. Given that pot-fillers are typically 
installed over locations that do not have a drain (e.g., over a 
stove), the two shut-off valves minimize the chance of accidentally 
turning on the pot filler when there is not a vessel underneath 
because an accidental bumping of one shut-off valve from the off to 
the on position does not turn on the pot filler. 87 FR 32351, 32355.
    \7\ DOE noted in the May 2022 NOPR that having a single supply 
line limits the suitability of a pot filler for use as a kitchen 
faucet, which are generally supplied with both hot and cold water. 
87 FR 32351, 32355.
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

    ASA commented that it was aware of pot fillers that have only one 
shut-off valve, and therefore the proposed term ``and two or more shut-
off valves'' should not be included as part of the definition. (ASA, 
No. 13 at p. 2)
    PMI stated that it concurs with DOE that products marketed as 
residential pot fillers make it unlikely for a pot filler to be 
installed for regular discharge into a kitchen sink. PMI commented that 
there are pot fillers available for sale that have a single shut-off 
valve as well as those that do not have an articulated arm. PMI 
provided a website link to a product marketed as a pot filler with a 
single shut-off valve. (PMI, No. 16 at p. 4) PMI suggested that DOE 
define a pot filler as a terminal fitting with only one outlet intended 
to discharge into a drinking, cooking, or other type of vessel without 
a drain. Id.
    The examples provided by PMI in its comment indicate that not all 
pot fillers have two or more shut-off valves. Therefore, DOE has 
determined that pot fillers cannot be universally defined as having two 
or more shut-off valves and, as such, is removing this feature from the 
definition finalized in this final rule.
    In addition, DOE conducted additional market research and 
identified a small number of products sold as residential pot fillers 
that use a ``swivel spout'' design, rather than an articulated arm. DOE 
has added PDF copies of web pages for two such products to the docket 
for this rulemaking.
    As discussed in the May 2022 NOPR, the reason pot fillers typically 
have an articulated arm is because it allows the pot filler to extend 
(i.e., reach) over a cooking surface, such as burners on a range, to 
fill pots. When not in use, the articulation allows the pot filler to 
be pushed flat against the wall and out of the way of the cooking 
surface. 87 FR 32351, 32355. For products with this ``swivel spout'' 
design, an identical functionality is provided in that the product can 
reach out over a cooking surface and be pushed flat (i.e., retracted) 
when not in use.
    Based on this review of the market, DOE has determined that, while 
most pot fillers use an articulated arm, some pot fillers may use an 
equivalent feature, which allows the pot filler to reach or extend over 
a cooking surface, such as burners on a range, to fill vessels. When 
not in use, this feature allows the pot filler to be retracted out of 
the way of the cooking surface. As such, in this final rule, DOE is 
clarifying the pot filler definition proposed in the May 2022 NOPR to 
specify that a pot filler has ``an articulated arm or the equivalent 
that allows the product to reach to fill vessels when in use and allows 
the product to be retracted when not in use.''
    With regard to PMI's proposed definition, DOE notes that pot 
fillers are characterized by having only a single supply water inlet, 
as opposed to a single outlet. Additionally, a number of products, 
faucets, LPWDs, and pot fillers, all only have a single water outlet. 
In the May 2022 NOPR, DOE noted that pot fillers are designed for a 
single supply line (e.g., cold water), limiting their suitability for 
use as a kitchen faucet, which are supplied with both hot and cold 
water. 87 FR 32351, 32355. DOE did not receive any comments suggesting 
that pot fillers are sold with more than one water supply inlet and has 
not identified any residential pot fillers on the market designed for 
multiple water supply inlets. Therefore, DOE has determined that 
accommodating only a single supply inlet is a suitable characteristic 
for distinguishing pot fillers from faucets.
    As discussed in the May 2022 NOPR, a key difference between 
residential pot fillers and faucets is that the intended purpose of pot 
fillers is to fill a vessel and, as such, the water usage associated 
with pot fillers is directly related to the size of the vessel. 87 FR 
32351, 32354. Regarding PMI's comment that pot fillers are designed to 
discharge into vessels without a drain, although the intended use of a 
pot filler is to discharge into vessels without a drain, nothing about 
the design of a pot filler makes it suitable only for this purpose 
(i.e., pot fillers are also capable of discharging into a sink with a 
drain). As discussed previously, DOE generally strives to identify 
physical features in its definitions that would allow a third party to 
easily distinguish between products, rather than relying on the 
intended use of a product--which can reduce regulatory transparency and 
create challenges for enforcement. As such, DOE has determined that the 
intended purpose of discharging into a vessel without a drain is not a 
suitable characteristic for distinguishing pot fillers from faucets.
    In consideration of comments received in response to the proposed 
definition in the May 2022 NOPR, as well as additional market research 
conducted by DOE as described in the preceding paragraphs, in this 
final rule DOE is adopting a definition for pot filler as follows: a 
terminal fitting that can accommodate only a single supply water inlet, 
with an articulated arm or the equivalent that allows the product to 
reach to fill vessels when in use and allows the product to be 
retracted when not in use.
2. Showerheads
    EPCA defines ``showerhead'' as ``any showerhead (including a 
handheld showerhead), except a safety shower showerhead.'' (42 U.S.C. 
6291(31)(D))
    DOE further defines the term ``showerhead'' as a component or set 
of components distributed in commerce for attachment to a single supply 
fitting, for spraying water onto a bather, typically from an overhead 
position, excluding safety shower showerheads. 10 CFR 430.2. DOE 
defines ``hand-held showerhead'' to mean a showerhead that can be held 
or fixed in place for the purpose of spraying water onto a bather and 
that is connected to a flexible hose. Id. DOE defines ``safety shower 
showerhead'' as a showerhead designed to meet the requirements of 
International Safety Equipment Association (``ISEA'') Standard ISEA 
Z358.1, American National Standard for Emergency Eyewash and Shower 
Equipment. Id.
    In the May 2022 NOPR, DOE discussed comments it had previously 
received regarding body sprays. 87 FR 32351, 32356. In a final rule 
published December 20, 2021 (``December 2021 Final Rule''), DOE 
withdrew its

[[Page 33538]]

previous definition for body spray.\8\ DOE stated that the definition 
was inconsistent with the express purpose of EPCA to conserve water and 
does not best address the relationship between body sprays and 
showerheads. Id. at 86 FR 71799. Further, DOE stated that industry 
standards and the marketplace treat ``showerheads'' and ``body sprays'' 
similarly, with the only difference being in the installation location. 
Id. In the May 2022 NOPR, DOE noted that its regulatory definition of 
showerhead at 10 CFR 430.2 includes the provision ``typically from an 
overhead position.'' 87 FR 32728, 32356. DOE stated that given the 
``typically from an overhead position'' language in the showerhead 
definition, DOE cannot make a general statement that all body sprays 
are showerheads, as some body sprays are installed exclusively at body 
height and exclusively spray horizontally (i.e., are not overhead). Id. 
Further, DOE noted in the May 2022 NOPR that it had previously stated 
that when testing shower tower (also known as ``shower panel'') 
assemblies, which include body sprays, the components that are 
typically overhead (i.e., the main showerhead and hand-held 
showerheads) are to be tested with the full flow diverted to those 
components only. Id. In addition, where it is not possible to isolate 
the covered portion of the shower tower, DOE has previously stated that 
all components are to be flowing at the maximum rate and the showerhead 
(which encompasses the component or set of components that are 
``typically from an overhead position'') measured separately. 78 FR 
62970, 62975. Accordingly, DOE stated in the May 2022 NOPR that to the 
extent to which a body spray meets the definition of ``showerhead,'' 
such product is subject to the 2.5 gallon per minute (``gpm'') standard 
regardless of the consumer installation orientation. Id. DOE did not 
propose any amendments in the May 2022 NOPR with respect to the 
definition of showerhead.
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

    \8\ On December 16, 2020, DOE published a final rule that 
adopted a definition for ``body spray'' as ``a shower device for 
spraying water onto a bather from other than the overhead position. 
A body spray is not a showerhead.'' 85 FR 81341, 81359.
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

    In response to the May 2022 NOPR, the Joint Advocates commented 
that there is no technical or market distinction that differentiates 
body sprays from showerheads aside from the position of installation. 
Further, the Joint Advocates commented that ``typically from an 
overhead position'' is not grounded in statute and that they do not 
believe that this phrase excludes certain body sprays because they 
spray horizontally simply due to their manner of installation. The 
Joint Advocates commented that if certain body sprays are excluded 
based on installation location, DOE should either explicitly include 
body sprays in the showerhead definition, or amend the definition to 
remove ``typically from an overhead position.'' (Joint Advocates, No. 
14 at p. 2)
    The CA IOUs commented that DOE should clarify that body sprays are 
subject to regulatory coverage. The CA IOUs stated that given the 
``typically from an overhead position'' language in the definition, DOE 
cannot make a general statement that all body sprays are showerheads as 
some body sprays are installed at exclusively body height and 
exclusively spray horizontally (i.e. are not overhead). The CA IOUs 
stated that this statement seems to indicate a change since July 2021 
in DOE's position on body sprays. Specifically, the CA IOUs stated that 
the discussion in the May 2022 NOPR suggests that if a body spray were 
developed that could not operate from an overhead position, it would be 
exempt from regulatory coverage. The CA IOUs recommended that to avoid 
market confusion, DOE should change the definition to clarify that all 
showerheads, regardless of orientation, are subject to regulatory 
coverage. (CA IOUs, No. 15 at pp. 1-2)
    In response to these comments from the Joint Advocates and the CA 
IOUs regarding the distinction between ``body sprays'' and 
``showerheads,'' DOE reiterates that the December 2021 Final Rule 
withdrew the prior definition for the term ``body spray.'' 86 FR 71797. 
As such, DOE does not currently distinguish between products marketed 
as ``body sprays'' and products marketed as ``showerheads.'' Whether a 
particular product is subject to DOE's test procedure for showerheads 
is determined by whether that product meets the current definition of 
``showerhead,'' as established by the December 2021 Final Rule.\9\ As 
an example, a particular product that sprays water onto a bather 
exclusively from a body height or horizontal position (i.e., not from 
an overhead position) would not meet the definition of ``showerhead'' 
and would not be subject to DOE's test procedure for showerheads. 
Noting that such products are available on the market, DOE reiterates 
that it cannot make a general statement that all products marketed as 
``body sprays'' are showerheads, as the term showerhead is defined in 
the CFR. DOE further notes, however, that the definition of showerhead 
does not necessarily exclude all products marketed as ``body sprays,'' 
to the extent that such products meet the criteria of the showerhead 
definition.
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

    \9\ See 86 FR 71797, 71810.
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

    Accordingly, for the reasons discussed in the May 2022 NOPR and 
summarized in preceding paragraphs, in this final rule, DOE maintains 
its definition of the term showerhead. To the extent that a product 
meets the definition of ``showerhead,'' such product is subject to 
DOE's test procedure for showerheads.

B. Updates to Industry Standards

    Appendix S currently references ASME A112.18.1-2012 for the flow 
rate test method. In the May 2022 NOPR, DOE proposed to update the 
faucets and showerheads test procedure to reference the latest version 
of the industry standard, which is ASME A112.18.1-2018. DOE discussed 
in the May 2022 NOPR that the updated standard does not include any 
amendments to the test procedures for faucets or showerheads. Further, 
DOE tentatively determined that referencing the most recent version of 
ASME A112.18.1-2018 would not impact: (1) the measured values of water 
use for faucets or showerheads under appendix S, (2) the 
representativeness of the results, or (3) the test burden. 87 FR 32351, 
32357.
    In response to the May 2022 NOPR, ASA supported the incorporation 
of ASME A112.18.1-2018. (ASA, No. 13 at p. 2) PMI agreed with DOE's 
tentative determination that updating the reference to ASME A112.18.1-
2018 would not affect testing of faucets or showerheads or the measured 
flow rates, as manufacturers are already testing and certifying to this 
edition of the standard. (PMI, No. 16 at p. 4)
    Accordingly, for the reasons discussed, DOE incorporates by 
reference ASME A112.18.1-2018 in this final rule.

C. Additional Direction in Conducting ASME A112.18.1-2018

    DOE's current test procedure for evaluating the flow rate of 
faucets and showerheads is at appendix S and references ASME A112.18.1-
2012. Specifically, DOE adopts through reference sections 5.4 and 
5.4.2.2 of ASME A112.18.1-2012, which specify two alternate methods for 
measuring the flow rate of showerhead and faucets. One method, 
described as the fluid meter test in section 5.4.2.2(c) of ASME 
A112.18.1-2012, relies on a fluid meter installed upstream of the 
showerhead or faucet for measuring the flow rate. The second method, 
described as the time/volume method in section 5.4.2.2(d) of

[[Page 33539]]

ASME A112.18.1-2012, relies on a container placed downstream of the 
showerhead or faucet that collects the water output during a measured 
period of time. The flow rate calculation divides the volume of water 
collected by the duration of time.
    As discussed in section III.B of this document, DOE is 
incorporating by reference ASME A112.18.1-2018. The two methods for 
measuring flow rate in ASME A112.18.1-2018 are identical to those in 
ASME A112.18.1-2012.
    In the May 2022 NOPR, in response to feedback provided by 
stakeholders, DOE proposed several additional specifications to the 
test procedure. 87 FR 32351, 32357. To develop these additional 
specifications, DOE conducted a thorough review of ASME A112.18.1-2018 
and consulted two testing laboratories to identify common testing 
practices. DOE also reviewed other similar test procedures, including 
ASTM International (``ASTM'') F2324 ``Standard Test Method for Prerinse 
Spray Valves'' (``ASTM F2324''), which is currently incorporated by 
reference at 10 CFR 431.263 and referenced in the test procedure for 
commercial prerinse spray valves in 10 CFR 431.264.
    In the May 2022 NOPR, DOE proposed that if the fluid meter test 
method is used: (1) the fluid meter must be rated for the flow rate 
range of the product being tested, (2) the fluid meter must be 
calibrated in accordance with manufacturer printed instructions and at 
the frequency specified in the manufacturer printed instructions, and 
(3) the fluid meter must be capable of reporting flow to a resolution 
of no less than two significant figures. 87 FR 32351, 32357-32358.
    The Joint Advocates supported DOE's proposal to add additional 
directions to the industry test method. The Joint Advocates commented 
that implementing additional detail in line with current testing 
practices would better ensure accurate and repeatable testing. (Joint 
Advocates, No. 14 at p. 1)
    ASA commented that it was not opposed to the additional 
specifications proposed by DOE. (ASA, No. 13 at p. 3)
    PMI requested clarification regarding DOE's proposed requirement 
for a fluid meter to have a resolution of no less than two significant 
figures for non-metering faucets and showerheads. PMI noted that the 
reporting requirements in 10 CFR 429.28(b)(2) and 10 CFR 429.29(b)(2) 
for non-metering faucets and showerheads are rounded to the nearest 0.1 
gallons instead. PMI further commented that it agreed that fluid meters 
used for metering faucets should have a resolution of no less than two 
significant figures, rounded to the nearest 0.01 gallons, in accordance 
with 10 CFR 429.28(b)(2). PMI recommended that DOE update the 
requirements for the fluid meter to be rated, and have a flow rate 
resolution, for the flow rate range of the product being tested ``to 
meet the reporting requirements of 10 CFR 429.28(b)(2) and 10 CFR 
429.29(b)(2).'' (PMI, No. 16 at p. 5)
    DOE agrees with PMI that the resolution requirements for the fluid 
meter test should align with the reporting requirements established in 
10 CFR 429.28(b)(2) and 10 CFR 429.29(b)(2). DOE notes that ASTM F2324 
specifies both the unit and decimal place to which the measurement 
should be conducted, rather than specifying significant figures, as 
proposed by DOE. DOE has determined that the approach used by ASTM 
F2324 more clearly specifies the required resolution and would avoid 
any potential confusion regarding resolution requirements when 
conducting measurements in different units (i.e., measuring in liters 
versus gallons). The comments from PMI suggest that this convention is 
consistent with the current industry practices.
    Accordingly, in this final rule, DOE is amending the requirements 
for fluid meter resolution to the following: When testing showerheads 
or non-metering faucets, ensure that the fluid meter has a resolution 
for flow rate of at least 0.1 gallons (0.4 liters) per minute. When 
testing a metering faucet, ensure that the fluid meter has a resolution 
for flow rate of at least 0.01 gallons (0.04 liters) per minute.
    DOE notes that this language update only clarifies the intended 
resolution requirements from the May 2022 NOPR and is not a more 
stringent resolution than is currently required for certification. For 
example, a resolution requirement of two significant figures, as 
proposed in the May 2022 NOPR, would require flow rate to be measured 
to a resolution of 0.01 gpm, consistent with the resolution of at least 
0.01 gallons (0.04 liters) per minute specified in this final rule.
    In the May 2022 NOPR, DOE also proposed general instructions for 
measuring flow rate using the time/volume test method in ASME 
A112.18.1-2018. 87 FR 32351, 32358. DOE proposed that if the time/
volume test is used: (1) the receiving container must be of sufficient 
size to contain all of the water for a single test and must have an 
opening size and/or partial cover, such that loss of water from 
splashing is minimized; and (2) the test must be conducted for a 
minimum of 1 minute and the time must be measured using a stopwatch 
with a minimum resolution of 0.1 seconds. DOE further proposed to 
clarify that measuring and recording the temperature of the water in 
this type of test requires a thermocouple or similar device and only 
the following two approaches are permissible: (1) At the receiving 
container immediately after recording the mass of water, or (2) at the 
water in the supply line any time during the duration of the time/
volume test. In addition, DOE proposed to require measuring the mass of 
water to at least two significant figures and converting the mass to 
volume based on the specific gravity of water at the recorded 
temperature. Id. DOE tentatively determined that these proposed 
amendments would provide an accurate method for measuring flow rate and 
would reflect current testing practice, and therefore would not affect 
testing burden.
    In response to DOE's proposal to require measuring the mass of 
water to at least two significant features, PMI commented that 
resolution of the measurement is the more meaningful specification. PMI 
commented that the density of water is 8.34 lbs./gal at 32 [deg]F and 
that if 2.5 gallons of water is collected, it would weigh 20.85 lbs. 
PMI added that a measurement of 20.85 lbs is considered as four 
significant figures; when rounded to two significant figures the 
measurement would be 21 lbs. (PMI, No. 16 at p. 6)
    Similar to previous discussion of resolution for fluid meters, DOE 
agrees with PMI's comment that resolution is a more meaningful 
specification for measuring the mass of water than the number of 
significant figures, as proposed by DOE. DOE notes that ASTM F2324 
states that, when performing a test with the time/volume method, the 
analytical balance scale or equivalent device used when measuring the 
weight of the water carboy ``shall have a resolution of 0.01 lb. 
(5g).'' DOE has determined that the approach used by ASTM F2324 avoids 
potential ambiguity regarding the required resolution. For these 
reasons, in this final rule, DOE is amending the requirement for 
measuring the mass of water to the following: measure the mass of water 
to a resolution of at least 0.01 lb. (0.005 kg).
    In the May 2022 NOPR, DOE proposed adding a new section 2.1 
(renumbered as section 3.0 in this final rule) to appendix S titled 
``General Instruction.'' 87 FR 32351, 23365. Within this section, DOE 
proposed to specify general instructions for the fluid meter test in a 
new subsection 2.1.1 (renumbered as section 3.1 in this final

[[Page 33540]]

rule), titled ``Fluid Meter Test Method,'' and for the time/volume test 
method in a new subsection 2.1.2 (renumbered as section 3.2 in this 
final rule), titled ``Time/Volume Test Method.'' Id.
    In response to the May 2022 NOPR, DOE received several comments on 
the proposed title for subsection 2.1.1 (``Fluid Meter Test Method''; 
renumbered as section 3.1 in this final rule). Neoperl commented that 
it disagreed with DOE's proposed title because a fluid meter is a type 
of laboratory equipment and can be known by many different common 
names, such as flow gauge, flow indicator, liquid meter, or flow rate 
sensor. Neoperl recommended that the name of the test method should 
describe the purpose of the test, instead of the laboratory equipment. 
(Neoperl, No. 12 at p. 2)
    ASA recommended that the term ``flow rate test'' be used instead of 
``fluid meter test'' to be consistent with the ASME standard and to 
represent the purpose of the test rather than the device used. (ASA, 
No. 13 at p. 3)
    PMI suggested revising the title of proposed section 2.1.1 
(renumbered as section 3.1 in this final rule) from ``fluid meter test 
method'' to one of the following options that PMI asserted would more 
clearly express the intent of the instructions: ``Flow Test Method,'' 
``Flow Rate Test Method,'' or ``Fluid Flow Indicator Test Method.'' PMI 
noted that several devices are capable of measuring the flow of water 
in a pipe at the necessary resolution and that in some cases, it may 
not be clear to the reader that the term flow meter as it is used in 
the title of the section is a general phrase intended to describe a 
device that measures the flow of water. (PMI, No. 16 at p. 5)
    Having considered this feedback from stakeholders regarding the 
proposed section titles, in this final rule DOE is adopting updated 
titles to clarify, in the title, the purpose of the test: section 3.0 
``General Instruction for Measuring Flow Rate''; section 3.1 ``Using 
the Fluid Meter Method to Measure Flow Rate''; and section 3.2 ``Using 
the Time/Volume Method to Measure Flow Rate.''
    DOE is also adding language to sections 3.1 and 3.2 to make more 
explicit that, although the term ``Fluid Meter Method'' is used in the 
title of section 3.1, the method provided in section 3.1 is relevant to 
all equipment and measures flow rate upstream of a showerhead or 
faucet. Similarly, the method provided in section 3.2 is relevant to 
all equipment used to measure flow rate downstream of a showerhead or 
faucet. Specifically, DOE is adding language within section 3.1 to 
specify that the section applies when measuring flow rate upstream of a 
showerhead or faucet using a fluid meter (or equivalent device) as 
described in section 5.4.2.2(c) of ASME A112.18.1. DOE is adding 
similar language within section 3.2 to specify that the method 
described in this subsection is relevant when measuring flow rate 
downstream of the showerhead or faucet as described in section 
5.4.2.2(d) of ASME A112.18.1.
    DOE did not receive any comments related to any of the other 
amendments to appendix S proposed in the May 2022 NOPR not specifically 
discussed in the preceding sections of this document. For the reasons 
discussed in the May 2022 NOPR, DOE is adopting those amendments as 
proposed.

D. Flow Restrictor Retention Test Method

    The current standards for showerheads include a requirement that 
when used as a component of a showerhead, a flow-restricting insert 
must be mechanically retained at the point of manufacture such that a 
force of 8.0 pounds force (``lbf'') (36 Newtons) or more is required to 
remove the flow-restricting insert, except that this requirement does 
not apply to showerheads for which removal of the flow-restricting 
insert would cause water to leak significantly from areas other than 
the spray face. 10 CFR 430.32(p).
    In the October 2013 Final Rule, DOE explained that it had 
considered establishing a test procedure for measuring the force 
required to remove a flow-restricting insert, but stated that further 
investigation of the issue was necessary and did not adopt a test 
procedure for flow-restrictor retention. 78 FR 62970, 62974. In the May 
2022 NOPR, addressed comments received from stakeholders recommending 
that DOE propose a test method for flow restrictor retention to verify 
compliance with the flow restricting insert requirement. DOE noted in 
the May 2022 NOPR that ASME A112.18.1-2018 does not include any test 
method for showerhead flow retention. 87 FR 32351, 32359. DOE stated 
that a challenge in developing a test procedure is that there are 
numerous flow-restrictor configurations and there may not be one test 
method to suit all possible flow restrictors. Id. Given the variation 
in design, DOE tentatively concluded that such a test method may hinder 
product design. Id. Further, DOE stated that it did not have any 
indication that there is an issue in practice with customers removing 
flow-restriction devices. Id. For these reasons, DOE did not propose a 
test method for flow restrictor retention in the May 2022 NOPR.
    In response to the May 2022 NOPR, the Joint Advocates recommended 
that DOE develop a test method for flow-restrictor retention for 
showerheads. The Joint Advocates stated that EPCA includes a 
requirement for the retention of flow restricting devices in the energy 
conservation standard for showerheads, noting that this requirement is 
as much a part of the standard as the maximum flow rate but that it had 
not been address in the test procedure or ASME A112.18.1-2018. The 
Joint Advocates commented that although DOE stated in the NOPR that it 
has no indication that customers are removing flow restricting devices, 
numerous online articles provide detailed instructions on easily 
removing flow restrictors. The Joint Advocates also commented that 
restrictors may be removed by installers in misguided attempts to 
satisfy customers. Further, the Joint Advocates stated that a lack of a 
test method is a particular concern for States that have adopted 
showerhead standards that are more stringent than the Federal standard. 
The Joint Advocates referenced showerhead manufacturers who provide 1.8 
or 2.0 gpm showerheads with an optional 2.5 gpm flow restrictor in the 
box, stating that this creates a loophole in which compliance with 
State standards becomes the choice of the installer. Additionally, the 
Joint Advocates commented that flow restrictors serve a critical 
function, and their casual removal or replacement jeopardizes the 
effectiveness of the standard and its intended savings of energy and 
water. Finally, to accommodate the variety of showerhead designs, the 
Joint Advocates urged DOE to develop a typology of showerhead designs 
and removable flow-restriction devices and investigate one or more 
methods for measuring the force required for removal of flow 
restrictors. (Joint Advocates, No. 14 at pp. 2-3)
    PMI agreed with DOE's tentative determination that a test method 
for flow restrictors should not be proposed, commenting that 
manufacturers of showerheads invest in research and development, 
prototypes, production, third-party certification, marketing, and 
distribution to produce a wide variety of showerheads that perform well 
to meet consumer needs and consumer satisfaction. Further, PMI 
commented that in many cases, flow restrictors are difficult to remove 
because the designs of the showerheads do not provide easy access for a 
tool to remove the flow restrictor. (PMI, No. 16 at p. 7)

[[Page 33541]]

    Neoperl stated that it agrees with DOE that consumers do not remove 
flow restrictors from showerheads. Neoperl commented that consumers 
report satisfaction with showerhead performance. In addition, Neoperl 
commented that due to the numerous showerhead designs on the market, 
identification of the flow restrictor is often too difficult for a 
consumer. Neoperl stated that flow restrictors are difficult to remove 
because the flow restrictor designs lack sufficient surface area or 
protrusions onto which a tool can be fastened to facilitate removal of 
the flow restrictor. (Neoperl, No. 12 at p. 3)
    ASA commented that it was not aware of any data supporting the 
removal of flow restrictors from showerheads. ASA stated that it would 
be opposed to DOE taking any action on this issue without field data to 
indicate there is a problem. (ASA, No. 13 at p. 3)
    DOE notes that the Joint Advocates did not provide any data or 
other information that would inform the prevalence of flow restrictors 
being removed from a showerhead by consumers. DOE notes that the 
availability or prevalence of website articles that provide 
instructions on removing flow restrictors does not indicate the 
prevalence of such actions by consumers. Other stakeholder comments 
summarized in the preceding paragraphs indicate that removal of flow-
restricting devices by consumers is uncommon in practice. Further, DOE 
has not received any comment or information to indicate that a test 
method for flow-restrictor retention could be implemented without 
impacting design flexibility. As such, DOE does not have sufficient 
reason to believe that establishing a test procedure for retention of 
flow-restricting devices is necessary to maintain the effectiveness of 
the applicable standard. Accordingly, in this final rule, DOE is not 
adopting a test procedure for flow-restrictor retention.

E. Clarification to 10 CFR 430.23 and Appendix S

    10 CFR 430.23(s) and (t) provide the test procedures for the 
measurement of water consumption of faucets and showerheads, 
respectively. 10 CFR 430.23(s) requires that ``the maximum permissible 
water use allowed for lavatory faucets, lavatory replacement aerators, 
kitchen faucets, and kitchen replacement aerators, expressed in gallons 
and liters per minute (gpm and L/min), shall be measured in accordance 
to section 2(a) of appendix S of this subpart. The maximum permissible 
water use allowed for metering faucets, expressed in gallons and liters 
per cycle (gal/cycle and L/cycle), shall be measured in accordance to 
section 2(a) of appendix S of this subpart.'' Similarly, 10 CFR 
430.23(t) requires that ``the maximum permissible water use allowed for 
showerheads, expressed in gallons and liters per minute (gpm and L/
min), shall be measured in accordance to section 2(b) of appendix S of 
this subpart.'' \10\
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

    \10\ DOE notes that section 2(a) and section 2(b) have been 
renumbered as sections 2.1 and 2.2, respectively, in this final 
rule.
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

    In the May 2022 NOPR, DOE noted that the language ``maximum 
permissible water use'' [emphasis added] in the aforementioned sections 
is incorrect, as the test procedures measure water use [emphasis 
added]. The term ``maximum permissible water use'' is instead 
descriptive of a conservation standard. 87 FR 32351, 32359. 
Accordingly, DOE proposed to replace the language ``the maximum 
permissible water use allowed'' in 10 CFR 430.23(s) and 10 CFR 
430.23(t) with ``the water use.'' Id. DOE explained that this amendment 
would clarify that the DOE test procedures measure water use, whereas 
the standards in 10 CFR 430.32(o) and (p) establish the maximum 
allowable water use for faucets and showerheads, respectively. Id.
    Additionally, 10 CFR 430.23(s), 10 CFR 430.23(t), and appendix S 
state that water use should be expressed in ``gallons and liters per 
minute (gpm and L/min).'' In the May 2022 NOPR, DOE noted that this 
wording is unclear and could imply that manufacturers need to express 
results in both gpm and L/min, whereas manufacturers should instead 
express results in either gpm or L/min. 87 FR 32351, 32359. 
Accordingly, DOE proposed to replace the language ``gallons and liters 
per minute'' with ``gallons or liters per minute.'' Id.
    ASA did not oppose replacing ``maximum permissible water use 
allowed'' with ``water use'' in 10 CFR 430.23(s) and (t) and replacing 
``gallons and liters per minute'' with ``gallons or liters per minute'' 
in 10 CFR 430.23(s) and (t). (ASA, No. 13 at p. 3)
    PMI commented that it agreed with DOE's determination to update 
language for faucets and showerheads to state that water use is 
expressed in gallons or liters per minute. PMI also supported the 
language updates for faucets and showerheads to replace ``maximum 
permissible water use allowed'' with ``water use.'' (PMI, No. 16 at p. 
8)
    For the reasons discussed in the May 2022 NOPR and summarized in 
the preceding paragraphs, DOE is incorporating these edits into 10 CFR 
430.23(s), 10 CFR 430.23(t), and appendix S as proposed in the May 2022 
NOPR.

F. Test Procedure Costs

    EPCA requires that test procedures proposed by DOE not be unduly 
burdensome to conduct. (42 U.S.C. 6293(b)(3)) In the May 2022 NOPR, DOE 
tentatively determined that the proposed amendments would not impact 
testing costs and requested comment on this proposed determination. 87 
FR 32351, 32359.
    In response, ASA commented that it was not aware of potential costs 
to industry and small business based on the information provided by 
DOE, on the assumption that DOE accepts the comments expressed by ASA. 
(ASA, No. 13 at p. 3)
    PMI commented that manufacturers are already testing products using 
ASME A112.18.1-2018 and therefore updating the reference in DOE's test 
procedure would not affect testing. (PMI, No. 16 at p. 4) PMI expressed 
caution regarding the development of additional requirements outside of 
existing standards because they are typically not developed under the 
ANSI essential requirements, which are generally reviewed, discussed, 
and approved by a balanced committee of stakeholders. (PMI, No. 16 at 
p. 8)
    In this final rule, DOE amends the test procedures for faucets and 
showerheads to reference the most recent update to the relevant 
industry standard, ASME 112.18.1-2018. In addition, DOE is also 
amending certain definitions to clarify the scope of the test procedure 
and adding additional specifications on equipment and instrumentation, 
measurement precision, and calculation of flow rate consistent with 
current industry practice. The adopted amendments are consistent with 
current industry standards and would not impact the measured values of 
water use for faucets and showerheads under appendix S. As supported by 
stakeholder comments summarized in the preceding paragraphs, DOE has 
determined that these adopted amendments will not impact testing costs 
already experienced by manufacturers or be unduly burdensome for 
manufacturers to conduct.

G. Effective and Compliance Dates

    The effective date for the adopted test procedure amendment will be 
30 days after publication of this final rule in the Federal Register. 
EPCA prescribes that all representations of energy efficiency

[[Page 33542]]

and energy use, or in the case of faucets and showerheads, water use, 
including those made on marketing materials and product labels, must be 
made in accordance with an amended test procedure, beginning 180 days 
after publication of the final rule in the Federal Register. (42 U.S.C. 
6293(c)(2)) EPCA provides an allowance for individual manufacturers to 
petition DOE for an extension of the 180-day period if the manufacturer 
may experience undue hardship in meeting the deadline. (42 U.S.C. 
6293(c)(3)) To receive such an extension, petitions must be filed with 
DOE no later than 60 days before the end of the 180-day period and must 
detail how the manufacturer will experience undue hardship. (Id.)

IV. Procedural Issues and Regulatory Review

A. Review Under Executive Orders 12866, 13563, and 14094

    Executive Order (``E.O.'')12866, ``Regulatory Planning and 
Review,'' as supplemented and reaffirmed by E.O. 13563, ``Improving 
Regulation and Regulatory Review,'' 76 FR 3821 (Jan. 21, 2011) and 
amended by E.O. 14094, ``Modernizing Regulatory Review,'' 88 FR 21879 
(April 11, 2023), requires agencies, to the extent permitted by law, to 
(1) propose or adopt a regulation only upon a reasoned determination 
that its benefits justify its costs (recognizing that some benefits and 
costs are difficult to quantify); (2) tailor regulations to impose the 
least burden on society, consistent with obtaining regulatory 
objectives, taking into account, among other things, and to the extent 
practicable, the costs of cumulative regulations; (3) select, in 
choosing among alternative regulatory approaches, those approaches that 
maximize net benefits (including potential economic, environmental, 
public health and safety, and other advantages; distributive impacts; 
and equity); (4) to the extent feasible, specify performance 
objectives, rather than specifying the behavior or manner of compliance 
that regulated entities must adopt; and (5) identify and assess 
available alternatives to direct regulation, including providing 
economic incentives to encourage the desired behavior, such as user 
fees or marketable permits, or providing information upon which choices 
can be made by the public. DOE emphasizes as well that E.O. 13563 
requires agencies to use the best available techniques to quantify 
anticipated present and future benefits and costs as accurately as 
possible. In its guidance, the Office of Information and Regulatory 
Affairs (``OIRA'') in the Office of Management and Budget (``OMB'') has 
emphasized that such techniques may include identifying changing future 
compliance costs that might result from technological innovation or 
anticipated behavioral changes. For the reasons stated in the preamble, 
this final regulatory action is consistent with these principles.
    Section 6(a) of E.O. 12866 also requires agencies to submit 
``significant regulatory actions'' to OIRA for review. OIRA has 
determined that this final regulatory action does not constitute a 
``significant regulatory action'' under section 3(f) of E.O. 12866. 
Accordingly, this action was not submitted to OIRA for review under 
E.O. 12866.

B. Review Under the Regulatory Flexibility Act

    The Regulatory Flexibility Act (5 U.S.C. 601 et seq.) requires 
preparation of a final regulatory flexibility analysis (``FRFA'') for 
any final rule where the agency was first required by law to publish a 
proposed rule for public comment, unless the agency certifies that the 
rule, if promulgated, will not have a significant economic impact on a 
substantial number of small entities. As required by Executive Order 
13272, ``Proper Consideration of Small Entities in Agency Rulemaking,'' 
67 FR 53461 (August 16, 2002), DOE published procedures and policies on 
February 19, 2003 to ensure that the potential impacts of its rules on 
small entities are properly considered during the DOE rulemaking 
process. 68 FR 7990. DOE has made its procedures and policies available 
on the Office of the General Counsel's website: www.energy.gov/gc/office-general-counsel. DOE reviewed this final rule under the 
provisions of the Regulatory Flexibility Act and the procedures and 
policies published on February 19, 2003.
    In the May 2022 NOPR, DOE tentatively concluded that the impacts of 
the test procedure amendments contained in the NOPR would not have a 
``significant economic impact on a substantial number of small 
entities,'' and that the preparation of an initial regulatory 
flexibility analysis (``IRFA'') was not warranted, and that DOE would 
transmit the certification and supporting statement of actual basis to 
the Chief Counsel for Advocacy of the small Business Administration for 
review. 87 FR 32351, 32361.
    As stated, the amendments adopted in this final rule amend the test 
procedures for faucets and showerheads to reference the latest version 
of the industry standard, ASME A112.18.1-2018. In addition, DOE amends 
certain definitions to clarify the scope of the test procedure and add 
additional specifications on equipment and instrumentation, measurement 
precision, and calculation of flow rate consistent with current 
industry practice. DOE has determined that the adopted test procedure 
amendments would not impact testing costs already experienced by any 
manufacturers, including small business manufacturers.
    The amendments adopted in this final rule would not have 
significant economic impact on small businesses. The Small Business 
Administration (``SBA'') considers a business entity to be a small 
business if, together with its affiliates, it employs less than a 
threshold number of workers or earns less than the average annual 
receipts specified in 13 CFR part 121. The threshold values set forth 
in these regulation use size standards codes established by the North 
American Industry Classification System (``NAICS'') that are available 
at: www.sba.gov/document/support--table-size-standards. Plumbing 
equipment manufacturers are classified under NAICS 332913 ``Plumbing 
Fixture Fitting and Trim Manufacturing,'' and NAICS 327110 ``Pottery, 
Ceramics, and Plumbing Fixture Manufacturing.'' The SBA sets a 
threshold of 1,000 employees or fewer for an entity to be considered a 
small business within these categories.
    For the same reasons discussed in the May 2022 NOPR, DOE concludes 
that the cost effects accruing from the final rule would not have a 
``significant economic impact on a substantial number of small 
entities,'' and that the preparation of a FRFA is not warranted. DOE 
has submitted a certification and supporting statement of factual basis 
to the Chief Counsel for Advocacy of the Small Business Administration 
for review under 5 U.S.C. 605(b).

C. Review Under the Paperwork Reduction Act of 1995

    Manufacturers of faucets and showerheads must certify to DOE that 
their products comply with any applicable energy conservation 
standards. To certify compliance, manufacturers must first obtain test 
data for their products according to the DOE test procedures, including 
any amendments adopted for those test procedures. DOE has established 
regulations for the certification and recordkeeping requirements for 
all covered consumer products and commercial equipment, including 
faucets and showerheads. (See generally 10 CFR part 429.) The 
collection-of-information requirement for the

[[Page 33543]]

certification and recordkeeping is subject to review and approval by 
OMB under the Paperwork Reduction Act (``PRA''). This requirement has 
been approved by OMB under OMB control number 1910-1400. Public 
reporting burden for the certification is estimated to average 35 hours 
per response, including the time for reviewing instructions, searching 
existing data sources, gathering and maintaining the data needed, and 
completing and reviewing the collection of information.
    DOE is not amending the certification or reporting requirements for 
faucets and showerheads in this final rule. Instead, DOE may consider 
proposals to amend the certification requirements and reporting for 
faucets and showerheads under a separate rulemaking regarding appliance 
and equipment certification. DOE will address changes to OMB Control 
Number 1910-1400 at that time, as necessary.
    Notwithstanding any other provision of the law, no person is 
required to respond to, nor shall any person be subject to a penalty 
for failure to comply with, a collection of information subject to the 
requirements of the PRA, unless that collection of information displays 
a currently valid OMB Control Number.

D. Review Under the National Environmental Policy Act of 1969

    In this final rule, DOE establishes test procedure amendments that 
it expects will be used to develop and implement future energy 
conservation standards for faucets and showerheads. DOE has determined 
that this rule falls into a class of actions that are categorically 
excluded from review under the National Environmental Policy Act of 
1969 (42 U.S.C. 4321 et seq.) and DOE's implementing regulations at 10 
CFR part 1021. Specifically, DOE has determined that adopting test 
procedures for measuring energy efficiency of consumer products and 
industrial equipment is consistent with activities identified in 10 CFR 
part 1021, appendix A to subpart D, A5 and A6. Accordingly, neither an 
environmental assessment nor an environmental impact statement is 
required.

E. Review Under Executive Order 13132

    Executive Order 13132, ``Federalism,'' 64 FR 43255 (August 4, 
1999), imposes certain requirements on agencies formulating and 
implementing policies or regulations that preempt State law or that 
have federalism implications. The Executive order requires agencies to 
examine the constitutional and statutory authority supporting any 
action that would limit the policymaking discretion of the States and 
to carefully assess the necessity for such actions. The Executive order 
also requires agencies to have an accountable process to ensure 
meaningful and timely input by State and local officials in the 
development of regulatory policies that have federalism implications. 
On March 14, 2000, DOE published a statement of policy describing the 
intergovernmental consultation process it will follow in the 
development of such regulations. 65 FR 13735. DOE examined this final 
rule and determined that it will not have a substantial direct effect 
on the States, on the relationship between the national government and 
the States, or on the distribution of power and responsibilities among 
the various levels of government. EPCA governs and prescribes Federal 
preemption of State regulations as to energy conservation for the 
products that are the subject of this final rule. States can petition 
DOE for exemption from such preemption to the extent, and based on 
criteria, set forth in EPCA. (42 U.S.C. 6297(d)) No further action is 
required by Executive Order 13132.

F. Review Under Executive Order 12988

    Regarding the review of existing regulations and the promulgation 
of new regulations, section 3(a) of Executive Order 12988, ``Civil 
Justice Reform,'' 61 FR 4729 (Feb. 7, 1996), imposes on Federal 
agencies the general duty to adhere to the following requirements: (1) 
eliminate drafting errors and ambiguity; (2) write regulations to 
minimize litigation; (3) provide a clear legal standard for affected 
conduct rather than a general standard; and (4) promote simplification 
and burden reduction. Section 3(b) of Executive Order 12988 
specifically requires that Executive agencies make every reasonable 
effort to ensure that the regulation (1) clearly specifies the 
preemptive effect, if any; (2) clearly specifies any effect on existing 
Federal law or regulation; (3) provides a clear legal standard for 
affected conduct while promoting simplification and burden reduction; 
(4) specifies the retroactive effect, if any; (5) adequately defines 
key terms; and (6) addresses other important issues affecting clarity 
and general draftsmanship under any guidelines issued by the Attorney 
General. Section 3(c) of Executive Order 12988 requires Executive 
agencies to review regulations in light of applicable standards in 
sections 3(a) and 3(b) to determine whether they are met or it is 
unreasonable to meet one or more of them. DOE has completed the 
required review and determined that, to the extent permitted by law, 
this final rule meets the relevant standards of Executive Order 12988.

G. Review Under the Unfunded Mandates Reform Act of 1995

    Title II of the Unfunded Mandates Reform Act of 1995 (``UMRA'') 
requires each Federal agency to assess the effects of Federal 
regulatory actions on State, local, and Tribal governments and the 
private sector. Public Law 104-4, sec. 201 (codified at 2 U.S.C. 1531). 
For a regulatory action resulting in a rule that may cause the 
expenditure by State, local, and Tribal governments, in the aggregate, 
or by the private sector of $100 million or more in any one year 
(adjusted annually for inflation), section 202 of UMRA requires a 
Federal agency to publish a written statement that estimates the 
resulting costs, benefits, and other effects on the national economy. 
(2 U.S.C. 1532(a), (b)) The UMRA also requires a Federal agency to 
develop an effective process to permit timely input by elected officers 
of State, local, and Tribal governments on a proposed ``significant 
intergovernmental mandate,'' and requires an agency plan for giving 
notice and opportunity for timely input to potentially affected small 
governments before establishing any requirements that might 
significantly or uniquely affect small governments. On March 18, 1997, 
DOE published a statement of policy on its process for 
intergovernmental consultation under UMRA. 62 FR 12820; also available 
at www.energy.gov/gc/office-general-counsel. DOE examined this final 
rule according to UMRA and its statement of policy and determined that 
the rule contains neither an intergovernmental mandate, nor a mandate 
that may result in the expenditure of $100 million or more in any year, 
so these requirements do not apply.

H. Review Under the Treasury and General Government Appropriations Act, 
1999

    Section 654 of the Treasury and General Government Appropriations 
Act, 1999 (Pub. L. 105-277) requires Federal agencies to issue a Family 
Policymaking Assessment for any rule that may affect family well-being. 
This final rule will not have any impact on the autonomy or integrity 
of the family as an institution. Accordingly, DOE has concluded that it 
is not necessary to prepare a Family Policymaking Assessment.

I. Review Under Executive Order 12630

    DOE has determined, under Executive Order 12630, ``Governmental 
Actions and Interference with Constitutionally

[[Page 33544]]

Protected Property Rights,'' 53 FR 8859 (March 18, 1988), that this 
regulation will not result in any takings that might require 
compensation under the Fifth Amendment to the U.S. Constitution.

J. Review Under Treasury and General Government Appropriations Act, 
2001

    Section 515 of the Treasury and General Government Appropriations 
Act, 2001 (44 U.S.C. 3516 note) provides for agencies to review most 
disseminations of information to the public under guidelines 
established by each agency pursuant to general guidelines issued by 
OMB. OMB's guidelines were published at 67 FR 8452 (Feb. 22, 2002), and 
DOE's guidelines were published at 67 FR 62446 (Oct. 7, 2002). Pursuant 
to OMB Memorandum M-19-15, Improving Implementation of the Information 
Quality Act (April 24, 2019), DOE published updated guidelines which 
are available at www.energy.gov/sites/prod/files/2019/12/f70/DOE%20Final%20Updated%20IQA%20Guidelines%20Dec%202019.pdf. DOE has 
reviewed this final rule under the OMB and DOE guidelines and has 
concluded that it is consistent with applicable policies in those 
guidelines.

K. Review Under Executive Order 13211

    Executive Order 13211, ``Actions Concerning Regulations That 
Significantly Affect Energy Supply, Distribution, or Use,'' 66 FR 28355 
(May 22, 2001), requires Federal agencies to prepare and submit to OMB, 
a Statement of Energy Effects for any significant energy action. A 
``significant energy action'' is defined as any action by an agency 
that promulgated or is expected to lead to promulgation of a final 
rule, and that (1) is a significant regulatory action under Executive 
Order 12866, or any successor order; and (2) is likely to have a 
significant adverse effect on the supply, distribution, or use of 
energy; or (3) is designated by the Administrator of OIRA as a 
significant energy action. For any significant energy action, the 
agency must give a detailed statement of any adverse effects on energy 
supply, distribution, or use if the regulation is implemented, and of 
reasonable alternatives to the action and their expected benefits on 
energy supply, distribution, and use.
    This regulatory action is not a significant regulatory action under 
Executive Order 12866. Moreover, it would not have a significant 
adverse effect on the supply, distribution, or use of energy, nor has 
it been designated as a significant energy action by the Administrator 
of OIRA. Therefore, it is not a significant energy action, and, 
accordingly, DOE has not prepared a Statement of Energy Effects.

L. Review Under Section 32 of the Federal Energy Administration Act of 
1974

    Under section 301 of the Department of Energy Organization Act 
(Pub. L. 95-91; 42 U.S.C. 7101), DOE must comply with section 32 of the 
Federal Energy Administration Act of 1974, as amended by the Federal 
Energy Administration Authorization Act of 1977. (15 U.S.C. 788; 
``FEAA'') Section 32 essentially provides in relevant part that, where 
a proposed rule authorizes or requires use of commercial standards, the 
notice of proposed rulemaking must inform the public of the use and 
background of such standards. In addition, section 32(c) requires DOE 
to consult with the Attorney General and the Chairman of the Federal 
Trade Commission (``FTC'') concerning the impact of the commercial or 
industry standards on competition.
    The modifications to the test procedure for faucets and showerheads 
adopted in this final rule incorporates testing methods contained in 
certain sections of the following commercial standards: ASME A112.18.1-
2018. DOE has evaluated these standards and is unable to conclude 
whether it fully complies with the requirements of section 32(b) of the 
FEAA (i.e., whether it was developed in a manner that fully provides 
for public participation, comment, and review). DOE has consulted with 
both the Attorney General and the Chairman of the FTC about the impact 
on competition of using the methods contained in these standards and 
has received no comments objecting to their use.

M. Congressional Notification

    As required by 5 U.S.C. 801, DOE will report to Congress on the 
promulgation of this rule before its effective date. The report will 
state that it has been determined that the rule is not a ``major rule'' 
as defined by 5 U.S.C. 804(2).

N. Description of Materials Incorporated by Reference

    ASME A112.18.1-2018 is an industry-accepted test standard that 
measures water consumption for faucets and showerheads, and is 
applicable to products sold in North America. Specifically, the test 
procedure codified by this final rule references section 5.4 ``Flow 
rate,'' which includes section 5.4.1 ``Supply fittings'' and section 
5.4.2 ``Test procedure,'' which outline the procedures for testing and 
measuring water consumption, specifications for test apparatus, and 
other general requirements.
    ASME A112.18.1-2018 is reasonably available from American Society 
of Mechanical Engineers at 2 Park Avenue, New York, NY 10016-5990, or 
by visiting www.asme.org.

V. Approval of the Office of the Secretary

    The Secretary of Energy has approved publication of this final 
rule.

List of Subjects in 10 CFR Part 430

    Administrative practice and procedure, Confidential business 
information, Energy conservation, Household appliances, Imports, 
Incorporation by reference, Intergovernmental relations, Small 
businesses.

Signing Authority

    This document of the Department of Energy was signed on May 16, 
2023, by Francisco Alejandro Moreno, Acting Assistant Secretary for 
Energy Efficiency and Renewable Energy pursuant to delegated authority 
from the Secretary of Energy. That document with the original signature 
and date is maintained by DOE. For administrative purposes only, and in 
compliance with requirements of the Office of the Federal Register, the 
undersigned DOE Federal Register Liaison Officer has been authorized to 
sign and submit the document in electronic format for publication, as 
an official document of the Department of Energy. This administrative 
process in no way alters the legal effect of this document upon 
publication in the Federal Register.

    Signed in Washington, DC, on May 17, 2023.
Treena V. Garrett,
Federal Register Liaison Officer, U.S. Department of Energy.

    For the reasons stated in the preamble, DOE amends part 430 of 
chapter II of title 10, Code of Federal Regulations as set forth below:

PART 430--ENERGY CONSERVATION PROGRAM FOR CONSUMER PRODUCTS

0
1. The authority citation for part 430 continues to read as follows:

    Authority:  42 U.S.C. 6291-6309; 28 U.S.C. 2461 note.


0
2. Section 430.2 is amended by revising the definition for ``Faucet'' 
and adding in alphabetical order definitions for ``Low-pressure water 
dispenser'' and ``Pot filler'' to read as follows:

[[Page 33545]]

Sec.  430.2  Definitions.

* * * * *
    Faucet means a lavatory faucet, kitchen faucet, metering faucet, or 
replacement aerator for a lavatory or kitchen faucet, excluding low-
pressure water dispensers and pot fillers.
* * * * *
    Low-pressure water dispenser means a terminal fitting that 
dispenses drinking water at a pressure of 105 kPA (15 psi) or less.
* * * * *
    Pot filler means a terminal fitting that can accommodate only a 
single supply water inlet, with an articulated arm or the equivalent 
that allows the product to reach to fill vessels when in use and allows 
the product to be retracted when not in use.
* * * * *

0
3. Section 430.3 is amended by revising paragraph (h)(1) to read as 
follows:


Sec.  430.3  Materials incorporated by reference.

* * * * *
    (h) * * *
    (1) ASME A112.18.1-2018/CSA B125.1-2018, (``ASME A112.18.1''), 
Plumbing supply fittings, CSA-published July 2018; IBR approved for 
appendix S to subpart B.
* * * * *

0
 4. Section 430.23 is amended by revising paragraphs (s) and (t) to 
read as follows:


Sec.  430.23  Test procedures for the measurement of energy and water 
consumption.

* * * * *
    (s) Faucets. Measure the water use for lavatory faucets, lavatory 
replacement aerators, kitchen faucets, and kitchen replacement 
aerators, in gallons or liters per minute (gpm or L/min), in accordance 
to section 2.1 of appendix S of this subpart. Measure the water use for 
metering faucets, in gallons or liters per cycle (gal/cycle or L/
cycle), in accordance to section 2.1 of appendix S of this subpart.
    (t) Showerheads. Measure the water use for showerheads, in gallons 
or liters per minute (gpm or L/min), in accordance to section 2.2 of 
appendix S of this subpart.
* * * * *

0
5. Appendix S to subpart B of part 430 is revised to read as follows:

Appendix S to Subpart B of Part 430--Uniform Test Method for Measuring 
the Water Consumption of Faucets and Showerheads

    Note:  Manufacturers must use the results of testing under this 
appendix to determine compliance with the relevant standards for 
faucets and showerheads at Sec.  430.32(g)(o) and (p) as those 
standards appeared in January 1, 2023 edition of 10 CFR parts 200-
499. Specifically, before November 20, 2023 representations must be 
based upon results generated either under this appendix as codified 
on June 23, 2023 or under this appendix as it appeared in the 10 CFR 
parts 200-499 edition revised as of January 1, 2023. Any 
representations made on or after November 20, 2023 must be made 
based upon results generated using this appendix as codified on June 
23, 2023.

0. Incorporation by Reference

    In Sec.  430.3, DOE incorporated by reference the entire 
standard for ASME A112.18.1; however, only enumerated provisions of 
ASME A112.18.1 apply to this appendix, as follows. In cases in which 
there is a conflict, the language of the test procedure in this 
appendix takes precedence over the referenced test standard. Treat 
precatory language in ASME A112.18.1 as mandatory.
    0.1 ASME A112.18.1:
    (a) Section 5.4 ``Flow rate,'' including Figure 3 but excluding 
Table 1 and excluding sections 5.4.2.3.1(a) and (c), 5.4.2.3.2(b) 
and (c), and 5.4.3, as specified in section 2.1 and 2.2 of this 
appendix;
    (b) Section 5.4.2.2(c), as specified in section 3.1 of this 
appendix.
    (c) Section 5.4.2.2(d), as specified in sections 2.2 and 3.2 of 
this appendix.
    0.2 [Reserved]

1. Scope

    This appendix covers the test requirements to measure the 
hydraulic performance of faucets and showerheads.

2. Flow Capacity Requirements

    2.1. Faucets--Measure the water flow rate for faucets, in 
gallons per minute (gpm) or liters per minute (L/min), or gallons 
per cycle (gal/cycle) or liters per cycle (L/cycle), in accordance 
with the test requirements specified in section 5.4, Flow Rate, of 
ASME A112.18.1. Record measurements at the resolution of the test 
instrumentation. Round each calculation to the same number of 
significant digits as the previous step. Round the final water 
consumption value to one decimal place for non-metered faucets, or 
two decimal places for metered faucets.
    2.2. Showerheads--Measure the water flow rate for showerheads, 
in gallons per minute (gpm) or liters per minute (L/min), in 
accordance with the test requirements specified in section 5.4, Flow 
Rate, of ASME A112.18.1. Record measurements at the resolution of 
the test instrumentation. Round each calculation to the same number 
of significant digits as the previous step. Round the final water 
consumption value to one decimal place. If using the time/volume 
method of section 5.4.2.2(d), position the container to ensure it 
collects all water flowing from the showerhead, including any 
leakage from the ball joint.

3. General Instruction for Measuring Flow Rate

3.1. Using the Fluid Meter Method To Measure Flow Rate

    When measuring flow rate upstream of a showerhead or faucet 
using a fluid meter (or equivalent device) as described in section 
5.4.2.2(c) of ASME A112.18.1, ensure the fluid meter (or equivalent 
device) meets the following additional requirements. First, ensure 
the fluid meter is rated for the flow rate range of the product 
being tested. Second, when testing showerheads or non-metering 
faucets, ensure that the fluid meter has a resolution for flow rate 
of at least 0.1 gallons (0.4 liters) per minute. When testing a 
metering faucet, ensure that the fluid meter has a resolution for 
flow rate of at least 0.01 gallons (0.04 liters) per minute. Third, 
verify the fluid meter is calibrated in accordance with the 
manufacturer printed instructions.

3.2. Using the Time/Volume Method To Measure Flow Rate

    There are several additional requirements when measuring flow 
rate downstream of a showerhead or faucet as described in section 
5.4.2.2(d) of ASME A112.18.1 to measure flow rate. First, ensure the 
receiving container is large enough to contain all the water for a 
single test and has an opening size and/or a partial cover such that 
loss of water from splashing is minimized. Second, conduct the time/
volume test for at least one minute, with the time recorded via a 
stopwatch with at least 0.1-second resolution. Third, measure and 
record the temperature of the water using a thermocouple or other 
similar device either at the receiving container immediately after 
recording the mass of water, or at the water in the supply line 
anytime during the duration of the time/volume test. Fourth, measure 
the mass of water to a resolution of at least 0.01 lb. (0.005 kg) 
and normalize it to gallons based on the specific gravity of water 
at the recorded temperature.

[FR Doc. 2023-10847 Filed 5-23-23; 8:45 am]
 BILLING CODE 6450-01-P