[Federal Register Volume 88, Number 77 (Friday, April 21, 2023)]
[Proposed Rules]
[Pages 24522-24526]
From the Federal Register Online via the Government Publishing Office [www.gpo.gov]
[FR Doc No: 2023-08498]


-----------------------------------------------------------------------

ENVIRONMENTAL PROTECTION AGENCY

40 CFR Part 52

[EPA-R06-OAR-2022-0309; FRL-10903-01-R6]


Air Plan Disapproval; Texas; Contingency Measures for the Dallas-
Fort Worth and Houston-Galveston-Brazoria Ozone Nonattainment Areas

AGENCY: Environmental Protection Agency (EPA).

ACTION: Proposed rule.

-----------------------------------------------------------------------

SUMMARY: Pursuant to the Federal Clean Air Act (CAA or the Act), the 
Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) is proposing to disapprove 
revisions to the Texas State Implementation Plan (SIP) for the Dallas-
Fort Worth (DFW) and Houston-Galveston-Brazoria (HGB) serious ozone 
nonattainment areas for the 2008 ozone National Ambient Air Quality 
Standard (NAAQS). Specifically, EPA is proposing to disapprove the 
portion of these SIP revisions that the state intended to address 
contingency measure requirements. Contingency measures are control 
requirements in a nonattainment area SIP that would take effect should 
the area fail to meet Reasonable Further Progress (RFP) emissions 
reductions requirements or fail to attain the NAAQS by the applicable 
attainment date.

DATES: Written comments on this proposal must be received on or before 
May 22, 2023.

ADDRESSES: Submit your comments, identified by Docket No. EPA-R06-OAR-
2022-0309, at https://www.regulations.gov or via email to 
[email protected]. Follow the online instructions for submitting 
comments. Once submitted, comments cannot be edited or removed from 
Regulations.gov. The EPA may publish any comment received to its public 
docket. Do not submit electronically any information you consider to be 
Confidential Business Information (CBI) or other information whose 
disclosure is restricted by statute. Multimedia submissions (audio, 
video, etc.) must be accompanied by a written comment. The written 
comment is considered the official comment and should include 
discussion of all points you wish to make. The EPA will generally not 
consider comments or comment contents located outside of the primary 
submission (i.e., on the web, cloud, or other file sharing system). For 
additional submission methods, please contact Jeff Riley, 214-665-8542, 
[email protected]. For the full EPA public comment policy, 
information about CBI or multimedia submissions, and general guidance 
on making effective comments, please visit https://www.epa.gov/dockets/commenting-epa-dockets.
    Docket: The index to the docket for this action is available 
electronically at www.regulations.gov. While all documents in the 
docket are listed in the index, some information may not be publicly 
available due to docket file size restrictions or content (e.g., CBI).

FOR FURTHER INFORMATION CONTACT: Jeff Riley, EPA Region 6 Office, 
Infrastructure & Ozone Section, 214-665-8542, [email protected]. 
Out of an abundance of caution for members of the public and our staff, 
the EPA Region 6 office may be closed to the public to reduce the risk 
of transmitting COVID-19. The EPA Region 6 office encourages the public 
to submit comments via https://www.regulations.gov. Please call or 
email the contact listed above if you need alternative access to 
material indexed but not provided in the docket.

SUPPLEMENTARY INFORMATION: Throughout this document, ``we,'' ``us,'' 
and ``our'' refers to the EPA.

I. Background

    On May 13, 2020, the Texas Commission on Environmental Quality 
(TCEQ or State) submitted to EPA SIP

[[Page 24523]]

revisions addressing requirements for the 2008 8-hour ozone NAAQS for 
the two Serious ozone nonattainment areas in Texas--the DFW and HGB 
areas. As Serious ozone nonattainment areas, the DFW Area (Collin, 
Dallas, Denton, Ellis, Johnson, Kaufman, Parker, Rockwall, Tarrant, and 
Wise counties) and the HGB Area (Brazoria, Chambers, Fort Bend, 
Galveston, Harris, Liberty, Montgomery, and Waller counties) were both 
subject to the CAA section 182 Serious ozone nonattainment area 
requirements, one of which was that the state must adopt and submit 
contingency measures for implementation should the area fail to meet 
RFP emissions reductions or fail to attain the 2008 ozone NAAQS by the 
applicable attainment date.\1\ The May 13, 2020, SIP revision 
submissions also included such provisions intended to satisfy the 
contingency measures requirement for both the DFW and HGB areas.
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

    \1\ Note EPA's recent final determination that the HGB and DFW 
Serious nonattainment areas failed to attain the 2008 ozone NAAQS by 
the areas' attainment date. 87 FR 60926 (October 7, 2022).
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

    On September 29, 2020 (85 FR 60928), we published a proposed rule 
to approve those portions of the May 13, 2020, Texas SIP revision 
addressing the HGB RFP requirements and the contingency measures 
requirement. On October 9, 2020 (85 FR 64084), we published a proposed 
rule to approve those portions of the May 13, 2020, Texas SIP revision 
addressing the DFW RFP requirements and the contingency measures 
requirement. In this proposal, we refer to the RFP element of the May 
13, 2020, Texas SIP revisions as ``the RFP demonstration,'' and to the 
contingency measures element of the May 13, 2020, Texas SIP revisions 
as ``the contingency measures.'' We also refer to our September 29, 
2020, proposed action and Technical Support Document (TSD) as ``the HGB 
proposal,'' and to the October 9, 2020, proposed action and TSD as 
``the DFW proposal.'' \2\
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

    \2\ The May 13, 2020, SIP submissions, our September 2020 
proposal, and our October 2020 proposal are provided in the docket 
for this action.
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

    In our DFW and HGB proposals, we provided information on ozone 
formation, the ozone standards, area designations, related ozone 
nonattainment plan requirements under the CAA, and the EPA's 
implementing regulations for the 2008 ozone standards, referred to as 
the 2008 Ozone SIP Requirements Rule (``2008 Ozone SRR'').\3\ EPA 
received no comments on the HGB proposal by the October 29, 2020 close 
of the public comment period. EPA did receive adverse comments on the 
DFW proposal by the November 9, 2020 close of the public comment 
period.\4\
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

    \3\ See 80 FR 12264 (March 6, 2015).
    \4\ Comments received on this action from Air Law for All on 
behalf of the Center for Biological Diversity and the Sierra Club 
are provided in the docket at https://www.regulations.gov under 
docket ID: EPA-R06-OAR-2020-0161.
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

    Among other issues, the commenters on the DFW proposal asserted 
that our proposed approval of the DFW area contingency measures would 
be inconsistent with a September 12, 2016 decision issued by the U.S. 
Court of Appeals for the Ninth Circuit (``Ninth Circuit'') in a case 
referred to as Bahr v. EPA. In Bahr, the Ninth Circuit concluded that 
contingency measures must be measures that would only take effect at 
the time the area fails to meet RFP or to attain by the applicable 
attainment date, not before.\5\ After the Bahr decision, EPA recognized 
that within the geographic jurisdiction of the Ninth Circuit (which 
does not include Texas), the language of CAA sections 172(c)(9) and 
182(c)(9) require contingency measures to be both prospective (i.e., 
that they be undertaken in the future), and conditional (i.e., that 
implementation is conditional upon the area's failure to meet RFP or to 
attain by the applicable attainment date).\6\
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

    \5\ Bahr v. EPA, 836 F.3d 1218, at 1235-1237 (9th Cir. 2016).
    \6\ The Bahr v. EPA decision involved a challenge to an EPA 
approval of contingency measures under the general nonattainment 
area plan provisions for contingency measures in CAA section 
172(c)(9), but, given the similarity between the statutory language 
in section 172(c)(9) and the additional ozone-specific contingency 
measure provision in section 182(c)(9), EPA found that the decision 
affected how it should interpret both sections of the Act in the 
Ninth Circuit.
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

    On January 29, 2021, the U.S. Court of Appeals for the District of 
Columbia Circuit (``D.C. Circuit'') issued a decision in response to 
challenges to EPA's rule implementing the 2015 ozone NAAQS, (83 FR 
62998 (December 6, 2018)). Sierra Club, et al. v. EPA, 985 F.3d 1055 
(D.C. Cir. 2021). Among the rulings in this decision, the D.C. Circuit 
endorsed the holding of Bahr and vacated EPA's interpretation of the 
CAA that allowed states to rely on already-implemented control measures 
to meet the statutory requirements of section 172(c)(9) or 182(c)(9) 
for contingency measures in nonattainment plans for the ozone NAAQS 
(see 83 FR 62998, 63026-27). The effect of this decision is that the 
CAA interpretation that contingency measures must be prospective and 
conditional applies across the U.S.\7\ EPA notes that the court issued 
the Sierra Club decision after the close of the comment period on both 
of the prior HGB and DFW proposals concerning contingency measures 
required by sections 172(c)(9) and 182(c)(9).
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

    \7\ Contingency measures that are to take effect upon failure to 
satisfy standards are likewise not measures that have been 
implemented before such failure occurs. Sierra Club, et al. v. EPA, 
985 F.3d 1055, 1067-68 (D.C. Cir. 2021).
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

    On May 10, 2021 (86 FR 24717), EPA finalized its approval of the 
HGB area RFP demonstration and associated motor vehicle emissions 
budgets (MVEBs), and a revised 2011 base year emissions inventory. In 
that final rulemaking, we did not take final action on our October 29, 
2020 proposed approval of the contingency measures submitted as part of 
the State's May 13, 2020, SIP revision submission for the HGB area. EPA 
explained that it was reexamining the contingency measures element of 
the TCEQ submission for the HGB area in light of the D.C. Circuit 
decision, and that it would address those contingency measures in a 
separate future action. Similarly, we are proposing to take action here 
on the DFW contingency measures and we will address the DFW RFP 
demonstration in a separate action.

II. The EPA's Evaluation

1. Statutory and Regulatory Requirements

    Under the CAA, states with ozone nonattainment areas classified 
under subpart 2 as Moderate or above must adopt and submit 
nonattainment plans that include contingency measures consistent with 
section 172(c)(9). Similarly, states with ozone nonattainment areas 
classified as Serious or above must include contingency measures 
consistent with section 182(c)(9). Contingency measures are additional 
controls or measures to be implemented in the event the area fails to 
meet RFP or to attain the NAAQS by the applicable attainment date. The 
SIP submission should identify such controls or measures, specify a 
schedule for implementation, and indicate that the measures will be 
implemented without significant further action by the state or the 
EPA.\8\
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

    \8\ See 70 FR 71612 (November 29, 2005). See also 80 FR 12264, 
12285 (March 6, 2015).
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

    As of the dates of our September 2020 and October 2020 proposals to 
approve the HGB and DFW contingency measures submitted as part of the 
State's May 13, 2020, SIP revision submissions, it had been the EPA's 
long-standing interpretation of section 172(c)(9) that states could 
rely on emission reductions from already-implemented measures to meet 
the contingency measures requirements. Thus, states could rely on

[[Page 24524]]

emissions reductions from existing federal measures (e.g., federal 
mobile source measures based on the incremental turnover of the motor 
vehicle fleet each year) or emission reductions from already-
implemented state or local measures in the SIP, or the excess emissions 
reductions from already-implemented measures that provide emissions 
reductions in excess of those needed to meet any other nonattainment 
plan requirements, such as meeting Reasonably Available Control Measure 
(RACM)/Reasonably Available Control Technology (RACT), RFP, or modeled 
attainment demonstration requirements.
    The EPA has previously approved nonattainment area plan submissions 
under the now invalidated interpretation that already-implemented 
measures were permissible as contingency measures, i.e., contingency 
measures that consisted of one or more federal or state control 
measures that are already in place and provide reductions that are in 
excess of the reductions needed to meet other requirements or relied 
upon in the modeled attainment demonstration.\9\ However, after Bahr, 
and especially after Sierra Club, EPA can no longer interpret the CAA 
to allow approval of already-implemented measures as meeting the 
contingency measures requirements of CAA sections 172(c)(9) or 
182(c)(9). Contingency measures must be prospective and conditional, 
i.e., measures that would take effect in the event the area fails to 
make RFP or attain by the applicable attainment date, not before.
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

    \9\ See, e.g., 62 FR 15844 (April 3, 1997) (direct final rule 
approving an Indiana ozone SIP revision); 62 FR 66279 (December 18, 
1997) (final rule approving an Illinois ozone SIP revision); 66 FR 
30811 (June 8, 2001) (direct final rule approving a Rhode Island 
ozone SIP revision); 66 FR 586 (January 3, 2001) (final rule 
approving District of Columbia, Maryland, and Virginia ozone SIP 
revisions); and 66 FR 634 (January 3, 2001) (final rule approving a 
Connecticut ozone SIP revision).
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

2. Summary of the State's Submission

    For both the DFW and HGB 2008 ozone NAAQS Serious nonattainment 
areas, the contingency measures the state submitted as part of the May 
13, 2020, SIP revision submissions consist of surplus emissions 
reductions from already-implemented control measures. The state relied 
on the excess emissions from such already-implemented measures to 
demonstrate compliance with the contingency measure requirements of CAA 
sections 172(c)(9) and 182(c)(9).\10\ The State determined the 
emissions reductions from these measures to be surplus, in that the 
state did not rely upon them in the nonattainment plan for 
demonstrating RFP or attainment. The May 13, 2020, SIP submissions 
explained that these surplus emission reductions will continue to take 
place during calendar year 2021, and thus the state identified them as 
contingency measures for the DFW and HGB areas. These measures consist 
of projected emission reductions from federal vehicle and engine 
emissions certification programs and from fuel control programs for 
both on-road and non-road vehicles (see Table 1) which were already 
adopted by EPA and the implementation of which does not depend on 
whether a nonattainment area attains or meets its reasonable further 
progress requirements. The State claimed that the projected combined 
VOC and NOX emissions reductions of 3 percent for the DFW 
area and NOX emissions reductions of 3 percent for the HGB 
area to be achieved between January 1, 2021 through December 31, 2021 
(from the 2011 baseline) satisfies the CAA requirements for contingency 
measures.\11\
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

    \10\ May 13, 2020 RFP plan submission, Chapter 3, Tables 3-4 and 
3-5.
    \11\ May 13, 2020 RFP demonstration submission, Chapter 4, 
Tables 4-17 and 4-18.
    \12\ I/M is not implemented in Wise County. See 82 FR 27122 
(June 14, 2017).
    \13\ The Dallas-Fort Worth nonattainment area voluntarily opted 
into the RFG program. The 10-county DFW area includes counties with 
federal RFG and counties with Texas Regional Low RVP. The four 
counties with RFG are: Collin, Dallas, Denton, and Tarrant. The six 
counties with Texas Regional Low RVP are: Ellis, Johnson, Kaufman, 
Parker, Rockwall and Wise.

    Table 1--DFW & HGB Area Control Measures Identified for Contingency Emission Reductions, January 1, 2021-
                                                December 31, 2021
----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
    Control strategy description           Year control program started              Additional information
----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
DFW Area I/M Program \12\..........  1990....................................  1990--Dallas, Tarrant Counties
                                                                                only.
                                                                               2002--I/M & Anti-Tampering
                                                                                Program (ATP) expanded to
                                                                                Collin, Denton Counties.
                                                                               2003--I/M & ATP expanded to
                                                                                Ellis, Johnson, Kaufman, Parker,
                                                                                Rockwall Counties.
Tier I, Federal Motor Vehicle        1994....................................  Phased-in 1994-1997.
 Control Program (FMVCP).
HGB Area On-road & Non-road          1995 (Phase I), 2000 (Phase II).........  Brazoria, Chambers, Fort Bend,
 Reformulated Gasoline (RFG).                                                   Galveston, Harris, Liberty,
                                                                                Montgomery, Waller Counties.
DFW Area On-road & Non-road RFG....  1995 (Phase I), 2000 (Phase II).........  Collin, Dallas, Denton, Tarrant
                                                                                Counties.
East Texas Regional use of gasoline  2000....................................  Ellis, Johnson, Kaufman, Parker,
 with low Reid Vapor Pressure (RVP)                                             Rockwall, & Wise Counties.
 \13\.
HGB Area Inspection and Maintenance  1997....................................  Brazoria, Fort Bend, Galveston,
 (I/M) Program.                                                                 Harris, Montgomery Counties.
National Low Emission Vehicle        2001....................................
 Program.
Tier II, FMVCP.....................  2004....................................  Phased-in from 2004-2009.
On-road & Non-road Texas Low         2006....................................
 Emission Diesel (TxLED).
Ultra-Low Sulfur Diesel (ULSD).....  2006....................................  Phased-in for on-road diesel fuel
                                                                                2006-2010, non-road diesel fuel
                                                                                2007-2014.
2007 Heavy-Duty FMVCP..............  2007....................................  Phased-in from 2007-2010.
Tier III, FMVCP (including Low       2017....................................  Phased-in from 2017-2025.
 Sulfur Gasoline).
----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------

3. The EPA's Review of the State's Submission

    As previously stated, pursuant to the D.C. Circuit decision, we 
must evaluate whether the May 13, 2020, contingency measures identified 
for the DFW and HGB areas are both prospective and conditional, i.e., 
measures that would take effect only upon the area's failure to make 
RFP or attain by the applicable attainment date, not before.
    Because the contingency measures that the state identified in the 
May 13, 2020, SIP submissions consist entirely of emission reductions 
from measures that will occur regardless of whether the nonattainment 
area fails to meet RFP or to attain by the applicable attainment date, 
these measures do not satisfy the requirements of CAA sections 
172(c)(9) and 182(c)(9) that contingency measures

[[Page 24525]]

be both prospective and conditional. Thus, we must propose to 
disapprove the contingency measure element of the May 13, 2020, SIP 
submissions with respect to the contingency measures requirement for 
the HBG and DWF areas for purposes of the 2008 ozone NAAQS. EPA notes 
that this proposed action concerning contingency measures will have no 
impact upon EPA's prior determinations with respect to RFP or other 
nonattainment plan requirements for these areas and this NAAQS.

III. Proposed Action

    In light of the decision in Sierra Club, et al. v. EPA, we are 
proposing to disapprove the contingency measure element of the May 13, 
2020, Texas SIP revisions for Serious nonattainment areas under the 
2008 8-hour ozone NAAQS. EPA proposes this disapproval with respect to 
the contingency measure requirements under CAA section 172(c)(9) and 
182(c)(9) for the reasons discussed above.
    Under section 179(a) of the CAA, final disapproval of a submittal 
that addresses a requirement of part D, title I of the CAA starts 
sanctions clocks. The May 13, 2020, SIP revision submissions, including 
the contingency measures element for the DFW and HGB 2008 ozone NAAQS 
serious nonattainment areas, do address requirements of part D, and 
thus if the EPA finalizes this proposed disapproval, sanction clocks 
would start on the effective date of the final action.\14\ The state 
would be eligible for a protective finding for the DFW and HGB areas 
under the transportation conformity rule because the EPA has separately 
approved or will approve each area's RFP demonstration element of the 
May 13, 2020, SIP submission, which reflects adopted control measures 
and contains enforceable commitments that fully satisfy the emissions 
reductions requirements for RFP for the 2008 ozone NAAQS for each 
area.\15\
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

    \14\ Under 40 CFR 52.35, the offset sanction in CAA section 
179(b)(2) would be imposed 18 months after the effective date of 
that final disapproval action, and the highway funding sanction in 
CAA section 179(b)(1) would be imposed six months after the offset 
sanction. Sanction would not be imposed if the EPA determined that a 
subsequent SIP submission corrected the identified deficiencies 
before the applicable deadlines.
    \15\ 40 CFR 93.120(a)(3). Without a protective finding, the 
final disapproval would result in a conformity freeze, under which 
only projects in the first four years of the most recent conforming 
Regional Transportation Plan (RTP) and Transportation Improvement 
Programs (TIP) can proceed. Generally, during a freeze, no new RTPs, 
TIPs, or RTP/TIP amendments can be found to conform until another 
control strategy implementation plan revision fulfilling the same 
CAA requirements is submitted, the EPA finds its motor vehicle 
emissions budget(s) adequate pursuant to Sec.  93.118 or approves 
the submission, and conformity to the implementation plan revision 
is determined. Under a protective finding, the final disapproval of 
the contingency measures element would not result in a 
transportation conformity freeze in the DFW and HGB ozone 
nonattainment areas and the metropolitan planning organizations may 
continue to make transportation conformity determinations.
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

    Additionally, finalizing the proposed disapproval of the 
contingency measure element would require that the EPA promulgate a 
Federal implementation plan under section 110(c) unless we approve a 
subsequent SIP submission or submissions from the state that correct 
the deficiencies that are the basis for the disapproval within 24 
months.
    The EPA is soliciting public comments on the proposed disapproval 
discussed in this document. We will accept comments from the public on 
this proposal for the next 30 days and will consider comments before 
taking final action.

IV. Environmental Justice Considerations

    For this proposed action, the EPA conducted screening analyses of 
the 10-county DFW and 8-county HGB Serious ozone nonattainment areas 
using EPA's EJScreen (Version 2.1) environmental justice (EJ) screening 
and mapping tool.\16\ The results of these analyses are being provided 
for informational and transparency purposes, and the EJScreen analysis 
reports are available in the docket for this rulemaking.
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

    \16\ See https://www.epa.gov/ejscreen.
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

    This proposed action identifies deficiencies in the contingency 
measure element of the May 13, 2020, Texas SIP revisions for the DFW 
and HGB Serious nonattainment areas under the 2008 8-hour ozone NAAQS. 
EPA's disapproval of these contingency measures, if finalized, would 
require that Texas submit plans for the DFW and HGB areas containing 
prospective and conditional contingency measures consistent with the 
D.C. Circuit decision, which would help to improve air quality in the 
entire affected nonattainment area through ongoing reductions of ozone 
precursor emissions should those measures be triggered. Information on 
ozone and its relationship to negative health impacts can be found at 
https://www.epa.gov/ground-level-ozone-pollution.\17\
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

    \17\ See, also, 80 FR 65292 (October 26, 2015).
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

    As a result of EPA's full disapproval action, if finalized, TCEQ 
will be required to undertake additional actions to ensure that the DFW 
and HGB 2008 8-hour ozone NAAQS nonattainment areas meet CAA 
nonattainment area planning requirements. These corrective actions are 
within the state's discretion and therefore are not currently known, 
but would be expected to contribute to improved air quality in these 
areas and there is no information in the record indicating that this 
action is expected to have disproportionately high or adverse human 
health or environmental effects on a particular group of people.

V. Statutory and Executive Order Reviews

    Additional information about these statutes and Executive Orders 
can be found at https://www2.epa.gov/laws-regulations/laws-and-executive-orders.

A. Executive Order 12866: Regulatory Planning and Review and Executive 
Order 13563: Improving Regulation and Regulatory Review

    This proposed action is not a significant regulatory action and was 
therefore not submitted to the Office of Management and Budget (OMB) 
for review.

B. Paperwork Reduction Act (PRA)

    This action does not impose an information collection burden under 
the PRA, because this proposed SIP disapproval, if finalized, will not 
in-and-of itself create any new information collection burdens, but 
will simply disapprove certain State requirements for inclusion in the 
SIP.

C. Regulatory Flexibility Act (RFA)

    I certify that this action will not have a significant economic 
impact on a substantial number of small entities under the RFA. This 
action will not impose any requirements on small entities. This 
proposed SIP disapproval, if finalized, will not in-and-of itself 
create any new requirements but will simply disapprove certain State 
requirements for inclusion in the SIP.

D. Unfunded Mandates Reform Act (UMRA)

    This action does not contain any unfunded mandate as described in 
UMRA, 2 U.S.C. 1531-1538, and does not significantly or uniquely affect 
small governments. This action proposes to disapprove certain pre-
existing requirements under State or local law, and imposes no new 
requirements. Accordingly, no additional costs to State, local, or 
tribal governments, or to the private sector, result from this action.

E. Executive Order 13132: Federalism

    This action does not have federalism implications. It will not have 
substantial direct effects on the states, on the relationship between 
the national government and the states, or on the

[[Page 24526]]

distribution of power and responsibilities among the various levels of 
government.

F. Executive Order 13175: Consultation and Coordination With Indian 
Tribal Governments

    This action does not have tribal implications, as specified in 
Executive Order 13175, because the SIP revision that EPA is proposing 
to disapprove would not apply on any Indian reservation land or in any 
other area where EPA or an Indian tribe has demonstrated that a tribe 
has jurisdiction and will not impose substantial direct costs on tribal 
governments or preempt tribal law. Thus, Executive Order 13175 does not 
apply to this action.

G. Executive Order 13045: Protection of Children From Environmental 
Health Risks and Safety Risks

    EPA interprets Executive Order 13045 as applying only to those 
regulatory actions that concern environmental health or safety risks 
that EPA has reason to believe may disproportionately affect children, 
per the definition of ``covered regulatory action'' in section 2-202 of 
the Executive Order. This action is not subject to Executive Order 
13045 because this proposed SIP disapproval, if finalized, will not in-
and-of itself create any new regulations, but will simply disapprove 
certain State requirements for inclusion in the SIP.

H. Executive Order 13211, Actions That Significantly Affect Energy 
Supply, Distribution or Use

    This action is not subject to Executive Order 13211, because it is 
not a significant regulatory action under Executive Order 12866.

I. National Technology Transfer and Advancement Act (NTTAA)

    Section 12(d) of the NTTAA directs EPA to use voluntary consensus 
standards in its regulatory activities unless to do so would be 
inconsistent with applicable law or otherwise impractical. EPA believes 
that this action is not subject to the requirements of section 12(d) of 
the NTTAA because application of those requirements would be 
inconsistent with the CAA.

J. Executive Order 12898: Federal Actions To Address Environmental 
Justice in Minority Populations and Low-Income Populations

    Executive Order 12898 (Federal Actions to Address Environmental 
Justice in Minority Populations and Low-Income Populations, 59 FR 7629, 
February 16, 1994) directs Federal agencies to identify and address 
``disproportionately high and adverse human health or environmental 
effects'' of their actions on minority populations and low-income 
populations to the greatest extent practicable and permitted by law. 
EPA defines environmental justice (EJ) as the ``fair treatment and 
meaningful involvement of all people regardless of race, color, 
national origin, or income with respect to the development, 
implementation, and enforcement of environmental laws, regulations, and 
policies.'' EPA further defines the term fair treatment to mean that 
``no group of people should bear a disproportionate burden of 
environmental harms and risks, including those resulting from the 
negative environmental consequences of industrial, governmental, and 
commercial operations or programs and policies.''
    The TCEQ did not evaluate EJ considerations as part of its SIP 
submittal; the CAA and applicable implementing regulations neither 
prohibit nor require such an evaluation. EPA performed an EJ analysis, 
as is described above in the section titled, ``Environmental Justice 
Considerations.'' The analysis was done for the purpose of providing 
additional context and information about this rulemaking to the public, 
not as a basis of the action. Due to the nature of the action being 
taken here, this action is expected to have a positive impact on the 
air quality of the affected area. In addition, there is no information 
in the record upon which this decision is based inconsistent with the 
stated goal of E.O. 12898 of achieving environmental justice for people 
of color, low-income populations, and Indigenous peoples.

List of Subjects in 40 CFR Part 52

    Environmental protection, Air pollution control, Incorporation by 
reference, Nitrogen dioxide, Ozone, Volatile organic compounds.

    Authority: 42 U.S.C. 7401 et seq.

    Dated: April 17, 2023.
Earthea Nance,
Regional Administrator, Region 6.
[FR Doc. 2023-08498 Filed 4-20-23; 8:45 am]
BILLING CODE 6560-50-P