[Federal Register Volume 88, Number 61 (Thursday, March 30, 2023)]
[Presidential Documents]
[Pages 18957-18963]
From the Federal Register Online via the Government Publishing Office [www.gpo.gov]
[FR Doc No: 2023-06730]


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                         Presidential Documents 
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  Federal Register / Vol. 88, No. 61 / Thursday, March 30, 2023 / 
Presidential Documents  

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 Title 3--
 The President

[[Page 18957]]

                Executive Order 14093 of March 27, 2023

                
Prohibition on Use by the United States 
                Government of Commercial Spyware That Poses Risks to 
                National Security

                By the authority vested in me as President by the 
                Constitution and the laws of the United States of 
                America, it is hereby ordered as follows:

                Section 1. Policy. Technology is central to the future 
                of our national security, economy, and democracy. The 
                United States has fundamental national security and 
                foreign policy interests in (1) ensuring that 
                technology is developed, deployed, and governed in 
                accordance with universal human rights; the rule of 
                law; and appropriate legal authorization, safeguards, 
                and oversight, such that it supports, and does not 
                undermine, democracy, civil rights and civil liberties, 
                and public safety; and (2) mitigating, to the greatest 
                extent possible, the risk emerging technologies may 
                pose to United States Government institutions, 
                personnel, information, and information systems.

                To advance these interests, the United States supports 
                the development of an international technology 
                ecosystem that protects the integrity of international 
                standards development; enables and promotes the free 
                flow of data and ideas with trust; protects our 
                security, privacy, and human rights; and enhances our 
                economic competitiveness. The growing exploitation of 
                Americans' sensitive data and improper use of 
                surveillance technology, including commercial spyware, 
                threatens the development of this ecosystem. Foreign 
                governments and persons have deployed commercial 
                spyware against United States Government institutions, 
                personnel, information, and information systems, 
                presenting significant counterintelligence and security 
                risks to the United States Government. Foreign 
                governments and persons have also used commercial 
                spyware for improper purposes, such as to target and 
                intimidate perceived opponents; curb dissent; limit 
                freedoms of expression, peaceful assembly, or 
                association; enable other human rights abuses or 
                suppression of civil liberties; and track or target 
                United States persons without proper legal 
                authorization, safeguards, or oversight.

                The United States has a fundamental national security 
                and foreign policy interest in countering and 
                preventing the proliferation of commercial spyware that 
                has been or risks being misused for such purposes, in 
                light of the core interests of the United States in 
                protecting United States Government personnel and 
                United States citizens around the world; upholding and 
                advancing democracy; promoting respect for human 
                rights; and defending activists, dissidents, and 
                journalists against threats to their freedom and 
                dignity. To advance these interests and promote 
                responsible use of commercial spyware, the United 
                States must establish robust protections and procedures 
                to ensure that any United States Government use of 
                commercial spyware helps protect its information 
                systems and intelligence and law enforcement activities 
                against significant counterintelligence or security 
                risks; aligns with its core interests in promoting 
                democracy and democratic values around the world; and 
                ensures that the United States Government does not 
                contribute, directly or indirectly, to the 
                proliferation of commercial spyware that has been 
                misused by foreign governments or facilitate such 
                misuse.

                Therefore, I hereby establish as the policy of the 
                United States Government that it shall not make 
                operational use of commercial spyware that poses 
                significant counterintelligence or security risks to 
                the United States Government or significant risks of 
                improper use by a foreign government or foreign person. 
                In furtherance of the national security and foreign 
                policy interests

[[Page 18958]]

                of the United States, this order accordingly directs 
                steps to implement that policy and protect the safety 
                and security of United States Government institutions, 
                personnel, information, and information systems; 
                discourage the improper use of commercial spyware; and 
                encourage the development and implementation of 
                responsible norms regarding the use of commercial 
                spyware that are consistent with respect for the rule 
                of law, human rights, and democratic norms and values. 
                The actions directed in this order are consistent with 
                the policy objectives set forth in section 6318 of the 
                James M. Inhofe National Defense Authorization Act for 
                Fiscal Year 2023 (NDAA FY 2023) (Public Law 117-263) 
                and section 5502 of the National Defense Authorization 
                Act for Fiscal Year 2022 (NDAA FY 2022) (Public Law 
                117-81).

                Sec. 2. Prohibition on Operational Use. (a) Executive 
                departments and agencies (agencies) shall not make 
                operational use of commercial spyware where they 
                determine, based on credible information, that such use 
                poses significant counterintelligence or security risks 
                to the United States Government or that the commercial 
                spyware poses significant risks of improper use by a 
                foreign government or foreign person. For the purposes 
                of this use prohibition:

(i) Commercial spyware may pose counterintelligence or security risks to 
the United States Government when:

  (A) a foreign government or foreign person has used or acquired the 
commercial spyware to gain or attempt to gain access to United States 
Government computers or the computers of United States Government personnel 
without authorization from the United States Government; or

  (B) the commercial spyware was or is furnished by an entity that:

(1) maintains, transfers, or uses data obtained from the commercial spyware 
without authorization from the licensed end-user or the United States 
Government;

(2) has disclosed or intends to disclose non-public United States 
Government information or non-public information about the activities of 
the United States Government without authorization from the United States 
Government; or

(3) is under the direct or effective control of a foreign government or 
foreign person engaged in intelligence activities, including surveillance 
or espionage, directed against the United States.

(ii) Commercial spyware may pose risks of improper use by a foreign 
government or foreign person when:

  (A) the commercial spyware, or other commercial spyware furnished by the 
same vendor, has been used by a foreign government or foreign person for 
any of the following purposes:

(1) to collect information on activists, academics, journalists, 
dissidents, political figures, or members of non-governmental organizations 
or marginalized communities in order to intimidate such persons; curb 
dissent or political opposition; otherwise limit freedoms of expression, 
peaceful assembly, or association; or enable other forms of human rights 
abuses or suppression of civil liberties; or

(2) to monitor a United States person, without such person's consent, in 
order to facilitate the tracking or targeting of the person without proper 
legal authorization, safeguards, and oversight; or

  (B) the commercial spyware was furnished by an entity that provides 
commercial spyware to governments for which there are credible reports in 
the annual country reports on human rights practices of the Department of 
State that they engage in systematic acts of political repression, 
including arbitrary arrest or detention, torture, extrajudicial or 
politically motivated killing, or other gross violations of human rights, 
consistent with any findings by the Department of State pursuant to section 
5502 of the NDAA FY 2022 or other similar findings.

(iii) In determining whether the operational use of commercial spyware 
poses significant counterintelligence or security risks to the United 
States

[[Page 18959]]

Government or poses significant risks of improper use by a foreign 
government or foreign person, such that operational use should be 
prohibited, agencies shall consider, among other relevant considerations, 
whether the entity furnishing the commercial spyware knew or reasonably 
should have known that the spyware posed risks described in subsections 
(a)(i) or (ii) of this section, and whether the entity has taken 
appropriate measures to remove such risks, such as canceling relevant 
licensing agreements or contracts that present such risks; taking other 
verifiable action to prevent continuing uses that present such risks; or 
cooperating in United States Government efforts to counter improper use of 
the spyware.

                    (b) An agency shall not request or directly enable 
                a third party to make operational use of commercial 
                spyware where the agency has determined that such use 
                poses significant counterintelligence or security risks 
                to the United States Government or that the commercial 
                spyware poses significant risks of improper use by a 
                foreign government or foreign person, as described in 
                subsection (a) of this section. For purposes of this 
                order, the term ``operational use'' includes such 
                indirect use.
                    (c) To facilitate effective interagency 
                coordination of information relevant to the factors set 
                forth in subsection (a) of this section and to promote 
                consistency of application of this order across the 
                United States Government, the Director of National 
                Intelligence (DNI) shall, within 90 days of the date of 
                this order, and on a semiannual basis thereafter, issue 
                a classified intelligence assessment that integrates 
                relevant information--including intelligence, open 
                source, financial, sanctions-related, and export 
                controls-related information--on foreign commercial 
                spyware or foreign government or foreign person use of 
                commercial spyware relevant to the factors set forth in 
                subsection (a) of this section. The intelligence 
                assessment shall incorporate, but not be limited to, 
                the report and assessment required by section 1102A(b) 
                of the National Security Act of 1947, 50 U.S.C. 3001 et 
                seq., as amended by section 6318(c) of the NDAA FY 
                2023. In order to facilitate the production of the 
                intelligence assessment, the head of each agency shall, 
                on an ongoing basis, provide the DNI all new credible 
                information obtained by the agency on foreign 
                commercial spyware vendors or foreign government or 
                foreign person use of commercial spyware relevant to 
                the factors set forth in subsection (a) of this 
                section. Such information shall include intelligence, 
                open source, financial, sanctions-related, export 
                controls-related, and due diligence information, as 
                well as information relevant to the development of the 
                list of covered contractors developed or maintained 
                pursuant to section 5502 of the NDAA FY 2022 or other 
                similar information.
                    (d) Any agency that makes a determination of 
                whether operational use of a commercial spyware product 
                is prohibited under subsection (a) of this section 
                shall provide the results of that determination and key 
                elements of the underlying analysis to the DNI. After 
                consulting with the submitting agency to protect 
                operational sensitivities, the DNI shall incorporate 
                this information into the intelligence assessment 
                described in subsection (c) of this section and, as 
                needed, shall make this information available to other 
                agencies consistent with section 3(b) of this order.
                    (e) The Assistant to the President for National 
                Security Affairs (APNSA), or a designee, shall, within 
                30 days of the issuance of the intelligence assessment 
                described in subsection (c) of this section, and 
                additionally as the APNSA or designee deems necessary, 
                convene agencies to discuss the intelligence 
                assessment, as well as any other information about 
                commercial spyware relevant to the factors set forth in 
                subsection (a) of this section, in order to ensure 
                effective interagency awareness and sharing of such 
                information.
                    (f) For any commercial spyware intended by an 
                agency for operational use, a relevant official, as 
                provided in section 5(k) of this order, shall certify 
                the determination that the commercial spyware does not 
                pose significant counterintelligence or security risks 
                to the United States Government or significant risks of 
                improper use by a foreign government or foreign

[[Page 18960]]

                person based on the factors set forth in subsection (a) 
                of this section. The obligation to certify such a 
                determination shall not be delegated, except as 
                provided in section 5(k) of this order.
                    (g) If an agency decides to make operational use of 
                commercial spyware, the head of the agency shall notify 
                the APNSA of such decision, describing the due 
                diligence completed before the decision was made, 
                providing relevant information on the agency's 
                consideration of the factors set forth in subsection 
                (a) of this section, and providing the reasons for the 
                agency's determination. The agency may not make 
                operational use of the commercial spyware until at 
                least 7 days after providing this information or until 
                the APNSA has notified the agency that no further 
                process is required.
                    (h) Within 90 days of the issuance of the 
                intelligence assessment described in subsection (c) of 
                this section, each agency shall review all existing 
                operational uses of commercial spyware and discontinue, 
                as soon as the head of the agency determines is 
                reasonably possible without compromising ongoing 
                operations, operational use of any commercial spyware 
                that the agency determines poses significant 
                counterintelligence or security risks to the United 
                States Government or significant risks of improper use 
                by a foreign government or foreign person, pursuant to 
                subsection (a) of this section.
                    (i) Within 180 days of the date of this order, each 
                agency that may make operational use of commercial 
                spyware shall develop appropriate internal controls and 
                oversight procedures for conducting determinations 
                under subsection (a) of this section, as appropriate 
                and consistent with applicable law.
                    (j) At any time after procuring commercial spyware 
                for operational use, if the agency obtains relevant 
                information with respect to the factors set forth in 
                subsection (a) of this section, the agency shall 
                determine whether the commercial spyware poses 
                significant counterintelligence or security risks to 
                the United States Government or significant risks of 
                improper use by a foreign government or foreign person, 
                and, if so, shall terminate such operational use as 
                soon as the head of the agency determines is reasonably 
                possible without compromising ongoing operations, and 
                shall notify the DNI and the APNSA.
                    (k) The Federal Acquisition Security Council shall 
                consider the intelligence assessment described in 
                subsection (c) of this section in evaluating whether 
                commercial spyware poses a supply chain risk, as 
                appropriate and consistent with applicable law, 
                including 41 CFR Part 201-1 and 41 U.S.C. 1323.
                    (l) The prohibitions contained in this section 
                shall not apply to the use of commercial spyware for 
                purposes of testing, research, analysis, cybersecurity, 
                or the development of countermeasures for 
                counterintelligence or security risks, or for purposes 
                of a criminal investigation arising out of the criminal 
                sale or use of the spyware.
                    (m) A relevant official, as provided in section 
                5(k) of this order, may issue a waiver, for a period 
                not to exceed 1 year, of an operational use prohibition 
                determined pursuant to subsection (a) of this section 
                if the relevant official determines that such waiver is 
                necessary due to extraordinary circumstances and that 
                no feasible alternative is available to address such 
                circumstances. This authority shall not be delegated, 
                except as provided in section 5(k) of this order. A 
                relevant official may, at any time, revoke any waiver 
                previously granted. Within 72 hours of making a 
                determination to issue or revoke a waiver pursuant to 
                this subsection, the relevant official who has issued 
                or revoked the waiver shall notify the President, 
                through the APNSA, of this determination, including the 
                justification for the determination. The relevant 
                official shall provide this information concurrently to 
                the DNI.

                Sec. 3. Application to Procurement. An agency seeking 
                to procure commercial spyware for any purpose other 
                than for a criminal investigation arising out of the 
                criminal sale or use of the spyware shall, prior to 
                making such

[[Page 18961]]

                procurement and consistent with its existing statutory 
                and regulatory authorities:

                    (a) review the intelligence assessment issued by 
                the DNI pursuant to section 2(c) of this order;
                    (b) request from the DNI any additional information 
                regarding the commercial spyware that is relevant to 
                the factors set forth in section 2(a) of this order;
                    (c) consider the factors set forth in section 2(a) 
                of this order in light of the information provided by 
                the DNI; and
                    (d) consider whether any entity furnishing the 
                commercial spyware being considered for procurement has 
                implemented reasonable due diligence procedures and 
                standards--such as the industry-wide norms reflected in 
                relevant Department of State guidance on business and 
                human rights and on transactions linked to foreign 
                government end-users for products or services with 
                surveillance capabilities--and controls that would 
                enable the entity to identify and prevent uses of the 
                commercial spyware that pose significant 
                counterintelligence or security risks to the United 
                States Government or significant risks of improper use 
                by a foreign government or foreign person.

                Sec. 4. Reporting Requirements. (a) The head of each 
                agency that has procured commercial spyware, upon 
                completing the review described in section 2(h) of this 
                order, shall submit to the APNSA a report describing 
                the review's findings. If the review identifies any 
                existing operational use of commercial spyware, as 
                defined in this order, the agency report shall include:

(i) a description of such existing operational use;

(ii) a determination of whether the commercial spyware poses significant 
counterintelligence or security risks to the United States Government or 
significant risks of improper use by a foreign government or foreign 
person, along with key elements of the underlying analysis, pursuant to 
section 2(a) of this order; and

(iii) in the event the agency determines that the commercial spyware poses 
significant risks pursuant to section 2(a) of this order, what steps have 
been taken to terminate its operational use.

                    (b) Within 45 days of an agency's procurement of 
                any commercial spyware for any use described in section 
                2(l) of this order except for use in a criminal 
                investigation arising out of the criminal sale or use 
                of the spyware, the head of the agency shall notify the 
                APNSA of such procurement and shall include in the 
                notification a description of the purpose and 
                authorized uses of the commercial spyware.
                    (c) Within 6 months of the date of this order, the 
                head of each agency that has made operational use of 
                commercial spyware or has procured commercial spyware 
                for operational use shall submit to the APNSA a report 
                on the actions that the agency has taken to implement 
                this order, including the internal controls and 
                oversight procedures the agency has developed pursuant 
                to section 2(i) of this order.
                    (d) Within 1 year of the date of this order, and on 
                an annual basis thereafter, the head of each agency 
                that has procured commercial spyware for operational 
                use shall provide the APNSA a report that identifies:

(i) any existing operational use of commercial spyware and the reasons why 
it does not pose significant counterintelligence or security risks to the 
United States Government or significant risks of improper use by a foreign 
government or foreign person, pursuant to section 2(a) of this order;

(ii) any operational use of commercial spyware that was terminated during 
the preceding year because it was determined to pose significant risks 
pursuant to section 2(a) of this order, the circumstances under which this 
determination was made, and the steps taken to terminate such use; and

[[Page 18962]]

(iii) any purchases made of commercial spyware, and whether they were made 
for operational use, during the preceding year.

                Sec. 5. Definitions. For purposes of this order:

                    (a) The term ``agency'' means any authority of the 
                United States that is an ``agency'' under 44 U.S.C. 
                3502(1), other than those considered to be independent 
                regulatory agencies, as defined in 44 U.S.C. 3502(5).
                    (b) The term ``commercial spyware'' means any end-
                to-end software suite that is furnished for commercial 
                purposes, either directly or indirectly through a third 
                party or subsidiary, that provides the user of the 
                software suite the capability to gain remote access to 
                a computer, without the consent of the user, 
                administrator, or owner of the computer, in order to:

(i) access, collect, exploit, extract, intercept, retrieve, or transmit 
content, including information stored on or transmitted through a computer 
connected to the Internet;

(ii) record the computer's audio calls or video calls or use the computer 
to record audio or video; or

(iii) track the location of the computer.

                    (c) The term ``computer'' shall have the same 
                meaning as it has in 18 U.S.C. 1030(e)(1).
                    (d) The term ``entity'' means a partnership, 
                association, trust, joint venture, corporation, group, 
                subgroup, or other organization.
                    (e) The term ``foreign entity'' means an entity 
                that is not a United States entity.
                    (f) The term ``foreign government'' means any 
                national, state, provincial, or other governing 
                authority, any political party, or any official of any 
                governing authority or political party, in each case of 
                a country other than the United States.
                    (g) The term ``foreign person'' means a person that 
                is not a United States person.
                    (h) The term ``furnish,'' when used in connection 
                with commercial spyware, means to develop, maintain, 
                own, operate, manufacture, market, sell, resell, 
                broker, lease, license, repackage, rebrand, or 
                otherwise make available commercial spyware.
                    (i) The term ``operational use'' means use to gain 
                remote access to a computer, without the consent of the 
                user, administrator, or owner of the computer, in order 
                to:

(i) access, collect, exploit, extract, intercept, retrieve, or transmit the 
computer's content, including information stored on or transmitted through 
a computer connected to the Internet;

(ii) record the computer's audio calls or video calls or use the computer 
to otherwise record audio or video; or

(iii) track the location of the computer.

                The term ``operational use'' does not include those 
                uses described in section 2(l) of this order.

                    (j) The term ``person'' means an individual or 
                entity.
                    (k) The term ``relevant official,'' for purposes of 
                sections 2(f) and 2(m) of this order, refers to any of 
                the following: the Secretary of Defense, the Attorney 
                General, the Secretary of Homeland Security, the DNI, 
                the Director of the Central Intelligence Agency, or the 
                Director of the National Security Agency. The Attorney 
                General's obligation under section 2(f) of this order 
                and authority under section 2(m) of this order may be 
                delegated only to the Deputy Attorney General.
                    (l) The term ``remote access,'' when used in 
                connection with commercial spyware, means access to a 
                computer, the computer's content, or the computer's 
                components by using an external network (e.g., the 
                Internet) when

[[Page 18963]]

                the computer is not in the physical possession of the 
                actor seeking access to that computer.
                    (m) The term ``United States entity'' means any 
                entity organized under the laws of the United States or 
                any jurisdiction within the United States (including 
                foreign branches).
                    (n) The term ``United States person'' shall have 
                the same meaning as it has in Executive Order 12333 of 
                December 4, 1981 (United States Intelligence 
                Activities), as amended.
                    (o) The term ``United States Government personnel'' 
                means all United States Government employees as defined 
                by 5 U.S.C. 2105.

                Sec. 6. General Provisions. (a) Nothing in this order 
                shall be construed to impair or otherwise affect:

(i) the authority granted by law to an executive department or agency, or 
the head thereof; or

(ii) the functions of the Director of the Office of Management and Budget 
relating to budgetary, administrative, or legislative proposals.

                    (b) Nothing in this order shall be construed to 
                limit the use of any remedies available to the head of 
                an agency or any other official of the United States 
                Government.
                    (c) This order shall be implemented consistent with 
                applicable law, including section 6318 of the NDAA FY 
                2023, as well as applicable procurement laws, and 
                subject to the availability of appropriations.
                    (d) This order is not intended to, and does not, 
                create any right or benefit, substantive or procedural, 
                enforceable at law or in equity by any party against 
                the United States, its departments, agencies, or 
                entities, its officers, employees, or agents, or any 
                other person.
                
                
                    (Presidential Sig.)

                THE WHITE HOUSE,

                    March 27, 2023.

[FR Doc. 2023-06730
Filed 3-29-23; 8:45 am]
Billing code 3395-F3-P