Federal Register, Volume 88 Issue 48 (Monday, March 13, 2023)

[Federal Register Volume 88, Number 48 (Monday, March 13, 2023)]
[Proposed Rules]
[Pages 15290-15306]
From the Federal Register Online via the Government Publishing Office [www.gpo.gov]
[FR Doc No: 2023-04815]

========================================================================
Proposed Rules
Federal Register
________________________________________________________________________

This section of the FEDERAL REGISTER contains notices to the public of
the proposed issuance of rules and regulations. The purpose of these
notices is to give interested persons an opportunity to participate in
the rule making prior to the adoption of the final rules.

========================================================================

Federal Register / Vol. 88, No. 48 / Monday, March 13, 2023 /
Proposed Rules

[[Page 15290]]

DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE

Food Safety and Inspection Service

9 CFR Part 412

[Docket No. FSIS 2022-0015]
RIN 0583-AD87

Voluntary Labeling of FSIS-Regulated Products With U.S.-Origin
Claims

AGENCY: Food Safety and Inspection Service (FSIS), U.S. Department of
Agriculture (USDA).

ACTION: Proposed rule.

-----------------------------------------------------------------------

SUMMARY: FSIS is proposing to amend its regulations to define the
conditions under which the labeling of meat, poultry, and egg products,
as well as voluntarily-inspected products, may bear voluntary label
claims indicating that the product is of United States origin. The
Agency is taking this action to resolve consumer confusion surrounding
current voluntary label claims related to the origin of FSIS-regulated
products in the U.S. marketplace. Under this proposal, establishments
would not need to include these claims on the label, but if they chose
to include them, they would need to meet the requirements in this rule.

DATES: Comments must be received on or before May 12, 2023.

ADDRESSES: FSIS invites interested persons to submit comments on this
proposed rule. Comments may be submitted by one of the following
methods:
Federal eRulemaking Portal: This website provides the
ability to type short comments directly into the comment field on this
web page or attach a file for lengthier comments. Go to https://www.regulations.gov. Follow the on-line instructions at that site for
submitting comments.
Mail: Send to Docket Clerk, U.S. Department of
Agriculture, Food Safety and Inspection Service, 1400 Independence
Avenue SW, Mailstop 3758, Washington, DC 20250-3700.
Hand- or Courier-Delivered Submittals: Deliver to 1400
Independence Avenue SW, Jamie L. Whitten Building, Room 350-E,
Washington, DC 20250-3700.
Instructions: All items submitted by mail or electronic mail must
include the Agency name and docket number FSIS-2022-0015. Comments
received in response to this docket will be made available for public
inspection and posted without change, including any personal
information, to https://www.regulations.gov.
Docket: For access to background documents or comments received,
call (202) 937-4272 to schedule a time to visit the FSIS Docket Room at
1400 Independence Avenue SW, Washington, DC 20250-3700.

FOR FURTHER INFORMATION CONTACT: Rachel Edelstein, Assistant
Administrator, Office of Policy and Program Development, Food Safety
and Inspection Service, U.S. Department of Agriculture; Telephone:
(202) 937-4272.

SUPPLEMENTARY INFORMATION:

Table of Contents

I. Executive Summary
II. Background
A. Statutory and Regulatory Requirements for the Labeling of
FSIS-Regulated Products
B. Current FSIS Policy on ``Product of USA'' and Similar Label
Claims
C. Petitions for Rulemaking
D. Consumer Survey
III. Proposed Rule
IV. Executive Orders 12866 and 13563
A. Economic Impact Analysis
B. Regulatory Flexibility Act Assessment
V. Paperwork Reduction Act
VI. E-Government Act
VII. Executive Order 12988, Civil Justice Reform
VIII. Executive Order 13175
IX. USDA Non-Discrimination Statement
X. Environmental Impact
XI. Additional Public Notification
XII. Proposed Rule Text

I. Executive Summary

To prevent the introduction of adulterated or misbranded products
into commerce, FSIS implements a prior approval program for labels
intended to be used on FSIS-regulated products (9 CFR part 412).
Without approved labels, these products may not be sold, offered for
sale, or otherwise distributed in commerce.
Certain categories of labels must be submitted to FSIS for review
and approval before use on products in commerce. However, FSIS
considers certain labels that comply with the Agency's labeling rules
to be ``generically'' approved (9 CFR 412.2). Such labels are not
submitted to FSIS, because they are deemed approved if they bear all
applicable mandatory labeling features and are not false or misleading,
and may be applied to product in commerce, provided that supporting
documentation for any information on the label is part of the labeling
record. One category of labels currently eligible for generic approval
is labels bearing U.S.-origin claims, like ``Product of USA.''
FSIS recently conducted a comprehensive review of the Agency's
current voluntary ``Product of USA'' labeling policy to help determine
what the ``Product of USA'' label claim means to consumers. FSIS
started this review after receiving several petitions stating that the
voluntary label claim ``Product of USA'' is confusing to consumers. By
law, no product may bear any false or misleading label, such as
labeling which conveys any false impression or gives any false
indication of origin. FSIS' review of the policy included a consumer
survey on ``Product of USA'' labeling on beef and pork products. Based
on the consumer survey results, reviews of consumer research, and
comments received on the petitions, FSIS is proposing to amend its
regulations to define the conditions under which voluntary claims may
be used on the labels of meat, poultry, and egg products, as well as
voluntarily-inspected products, to indicate that the products are of
U.S. origin.
Under this proposed rule, two specific voluntary U.S.-origin label
claims, ``Product of USA'' and ``Made in the USA'' (the ``authorized
claims''), would be generically approved for use on single ingredient,
FSIS-regulated products derived from animals born, raised, slaughtered,
and processed in the United States. The two voluntary authorized label
claims ``Product of USA'' and ``Made in the USA'' would also be
generically approved for use on multi-ingredient FSIS-regulated
products if: (1) All FSIS-regulated components of the product are
derived from animals born, raised, slaughtered, and processed in the
United States; and (2) All additional ingredients, other than spices
and flavorings, are of domestic

[[Page 15291]]

origin (i.e., all preparation and processing steps of the ingredients
are completed in the United States).
This proposed rule would also allow for U.S.-origin label claims
other than the two authorized claims ``Product of USA'' and ``Made in
the USA.'' All U.S.-origin label claims that are not authorized claims
are known as ``qualified claims.'' These qualified claims would need to
include a description on the package of all preparation and processing
steps (including slaughter) that occurred in the United States upon
which the claim is made.\1\ These would need to be positioned near the
qualified claim and explain how the product compares to the regulatory
criteria for use of the two authorized claims ``Product of USA'' and
``Made in the USA.'' For example, ``Sliced and packaged in the United
States using imported pork'' could be a qualified claim. As with the
two authorized claims ``Product of USA'' and ``Made in the USA,'' all
qualified claims that meet the proposed regulatory requirements would
be eligible for generic approval. The proposed rule would apply to
domestic products.\2\ For product exported from the United States, FSIS
would continue to verify that labeling requirements for the applicable
country are met, as shown in the FSIS Export Library.\3\
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

\1\ In this proposed rule, the Agency is using both terms
``preparation'' and ``processing'' for clarity and completeness. The
term ``prepared'' is defined in the meat regulations as
``slaughtered, canned, salted, rendered, boned, cut up, or otherwise
manufactured or processed'' (See 9 CFR 301.2). The term ``process''
is defined in the poultry regulations as ``a means to conduct any
operation or combination of operations, whereby poultry is
slaughtered, eviscerated, canned, salted, stuffed, rendered, boned,
cut up, or otherwise manufactured or processed'' (See 9 CFR 381.1).
The term ``processing'' is defined in the egg products regulations
as ``manufacturing of egg products, including breaking eggs or
filtering, mixing, blending, pasteurizing, stabilizing, cooling,
freezing or drying, or packaging or repackaging egg products at
official plants''(See 9 CFR 590.5).
\2\ As discussed below, currently, when products imported into
the U.S. are repackaged or otherwise reprocessed in a FSIS-inspected
facility, they are deemed and treated as domestic product for
labeling purposes. Therefore, such imported products would be
subject to the proposed regulatory requirements.
\3\ All federally inspected and passed products are eligible to
receive export certification by FSIS if all FSIS and foreign country
requirements listed in the FSIS Export Library have been met.
Certain deviations from domestic product requirements or label
policies are allowed, in accordance with 9 CFR 312.8, 322.1 through
322.5, 350.3(b), 362.2(b), 381.104 through 381.111, and 590.402.
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

Establishments producing products covered by USDA's Agricultural
Marketing Service's (AMS) Country of Origin (COOL) mandatory labeling
regulations (see 7 CFR parts 60 and 65) would still need to comply with
COOL requirements (see 9 CFR 317.8(b)(40)). AMS' COOL requires
retailers, such as full-line grocery stores, supermarkets and club
warehouse stores, to notify their customers with information regarding
the source of certain foods.\4\ Should this rule become final, any
FSIS-regulated product that is also a commodity subject to COOL
requirements must continue to comply with those requirements.
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

\4\ The FSIS-regulated products that are also COOL covered
commodities are ground and muscle cuts of lamb, chicken and goat (7
CFR 65.135) and Siluriformes fish (7 CFR 60.106). COOL covered
commodities meeting the regulatory definition of ``processed food
item(s)'' are exempted from mandatory country of origin labeling (7
CFR 60.119 and 7 CFR 65.220).
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

Section IV below contains an analysis of the proposed rule's
expected costs and benefits, an explanation of the assumptions,
alternative scenarios, and the expected impact on small businesses. The
requirements in this proposed rule, if finalized, are estimated to
result in a one-time relabeling cost for industry, annual recordkeeping
costs, and one-time market testing costs. Combined and annualized
assuming a 7-percent discount rate over 10 years, the total estimated
industry cost would be $3 million. The proposed regulatory definitions
of voluntary U.S.-origin claims align the meaning of those claims with
consumers' understandings of the information conveyed by those claims,
information that is valued by consumers. The proposed changes to the
``Product of USA'' voluntary labeling policy are intended to prevent
false or misleading U.S.-origin labeling (see 9 CFR 317.8(a),
381.129(b), 590.411(f)(1)).\5\ This would reduce the market failures
associated with incorrect and asymmetric information. The proposed
changes would benefit consumers by matching the voluntary authorized
``Product of USA'' and ``Made in the USA'' label claims with the
definition that consumers likely expected (i.e., product derived from
animals born, raised, slaughtered, and processed in the United States).
If finalized, the proposed changes would allow consumers to make
informed purchasing decisions, resulting in an increase in consumer
benefits and preventing market failures as shoppers will be better able
to choose products according to their preferences.
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

\5\ FSIS has similar authority under the AMA concerning products
receiving voluntary inspection services, as the statute grants the
Secretary authority to ``inspect, certify, and identify the class,
quality, quantity, and condition of agricultural products when
shipped or received in interstate commerce, under such rules and
regulations as the Secretary of Agriculture may prescribe, including
assessment and collection of such fees as will be reasonable and as
nearly as may be to cover the cost of the service rendered, to the
end that agricultural products may be marketed to the best
advantage, that trading may be facilitated, and that consumers may
be able to obtain the quality product which they desire, except that
no person shall be required to use the service authorized by this
subsection'' (7 U.S.C. 1622(h)(1)).
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

II. Background

FSIS is responsible for ensuring that meat, poultry, and egg
products are safe, wholesome, and properly labeled and packaged. The
Agency administers a regulatory program for meat products under the
Federal Meat Inspection Act (FMIA) (21 U.S.C. 601 et seq.), for poultry
products under the Poultry Products Inspection Act (PPIA) (21 U.S.C.
451 et seq.), and for egg products under the Egg Products Inspection
Act (EPIA) (21 U.S.C. 1031 et seq.). FSIS also provides voluntary
reimbursable inspection services under the Agricultural Marketing Act
(AMA) (7 U.S.C. 1622 and 1624) for eligible products not requiring
mandatory inspection under the FMIA, PPIA, and EPIA. These voluntary
reimbursable inspection services include activities related to export
certification (9 CFR 350.3(b), 362.2(b), and 592.20(d)); products
containing meat and poultry that are not under mandatory FSIS
inspection (9 CFR 350.3(c) and 362.2(a)); voluntary inspection of
certain non-amenable species (9 CFR part 352, subpart A and 9 CFR part
362); and voluntary inspection of rabbits (9 CFR part 354). The
requirements proposed under this rule for the two voluntary authorized
claims ``Product of USA'' and ``Made in the USA'' and voluntary
qualified U.S.-origin claims would apply to all products subject to
FSIS' mandatory inspection or that are inspected under the voluntary
inspection services provided by FSIS.\6\ Establishments would not need
to include these claims on the label, but if they chose to include
them, they would need to meet the requirements in this proposed rule.
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

\6\ On January 18, 2023, FSIS finalized a rule to allow generic
approval of the labels of voluntarily-inspected products (88 FR
2798). In 2020, FSIS finalized a rule to allow generic approval for
egg product labels (85 FR 68640, October 29, 2020; see 9 CFR
590.412).
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

Under the mandates of the FMIA, PPIA, and EPIA, any meat, poultry,
or egg product is misbranded if its labeling is false or misleading in
any particular (21 U.S.C. 601(n)(1); 21 U.S.C. 453(h)(1); 21 U.S.C.
1036(b)). In particular, no product or any of its wrappers, packaging,
or other containers shall bear any false or misleading marking, label,
or other labeling and no statement, word, picture, design, or device
which conveys any false impression or gives

[[Page 15292]]

any false indication of origin or quality or is otherwise false or
misleading shall appear in any marking or other labeling (9 CFR
317.8(a)), 381.129(b), 590.411(f)(1)).\7\
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

\7\ FSIS has similar authority under the AMA concerning products
receiving voluntary inspection services, as the statute grants the
Secretary authority to ``inspect, certify, and identify the class,
quality, quantity, and condition of agricultural products when
shipped or received in interstate commerce, under such rules and
regulations as the Secretary of Agriculture may prescribe, including
assessment and collection of such fees as will be reasonable and as
nearly as may be to cover the cost of the service rendered, to the
end that agricultural products may be marketed to the best
advantage, that trading may be facilitated, and that consumers may
be able to obtain the quality product which they desire, except that
no person shall be required to use the service authorized by this
subsection'' (7 U.S.C. 1622(h)(1)).
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

As discussed below, and as explained in the FSIS Food Standards and
Labeling Policy Book (``Food Standards and Labeling Policy Book''),\8\
FSIS-regulated products that are derived from animals that may have
been born, raised, and slaughtered in another country but are minimally
processed in the United States may currently be labeled as ``Product of
USA.'' The United States imports live animals, carcasses, and other
products that are incorporated into U.S. preparation and marketing of
meat products.
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

\8\ Available at: https://www.fsis.usda.gov/guidelines/2005-0003.
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

However, this policy may be causing false impressions about the
origin of FSIS-regulated products in the U.S. marketplace. In July
2021, Secretary Vilsack announced that USDA would comprehensively
review the current ``Product of USA'' labeling policy for products that
FSIS regulates.\9\ The review was intended to help the Agency determine
what the ``Product of USA'' label means to consumers. To make sure that
customers had access to accurate and clear labels, Executive Order
14036, Promoting Competition in the American Economy (86 FR 36987,
July, 14, 2021) called for a rulemaking on voluntary ``Product of USA''
labeling for meat products.
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

\9\ USDA Release No. 0151.21, ``USDA Announces Efforts to
Promote Transparency in Product of the USA Labeling,'' available at:
https://www.usda.gov/media/press-releases/2021/07/01/usda-announces-efforts-promote-transparency-product-usa-labeling.
In his announcement, Secretary Vilsack cited the U.S. Federal
Trade Commission (FTC) final rule, thereafter published on July 14,
2021, related to ``Made in USA'' and other unqualified U.S.-origin
claims on products sold in the United States (86 FR 37022). In the
final rule preamble, the FTC noted FSIS' authority to regulate
labels on meat products sold at retail pursuant to the FMIA, as well
as the Agency's plans to initiate rulemaking to address potential
marketplace confusion concerning products of purported U.S. origin.
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

A. Statutory and Regulatory Requirements for the Labeling of FSIS-
Regulated Products

Labeling of Products Generally
As discussed above, under certain circumstances, FSIS regulations
allow product labels that bear all required labeling features and
comply with the Agency's labeling regulations to be ``generically
approved'' (9 CFR 412.2(a)(1)). Labels that are generically approved
may be used in commerce without prior submission to the Agency for
approval. FSIS inspection program personnel (IPP) perform inspection
tasks at establishments to verify that generically approved labels
comply with labeling requirements.\10\ Official establishments,
therefore, do not need to submit generically approved labels to FSIS
for evaluation. Current FSIS regulations allow all geographic and
country of origin claims on labels of FSIS-regulated products,
including ``Product of USA'' and similar U.S.-origin claims (9 CFR
412.2(b)), to be generically approved.
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

\10\ For example, under FSIS Directive 7221.1, Rev. 3 (January
31, 2023), IPP are directed to routinely include generic labels as
part of the general labeling inspection tasks. These tasks, which
include factual statement verification, take place approximately
five to six times monthly in each inspected establishment or
facility.
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

Labeling of Imported Products
FSIS' regulations require that the immediate container of imported
meat, poultry, and eggs products to bear the name of the country of
origin, preceded by the words ``Product of'' (9 CFR 327.14, 381.205,
590.950). If such imported products are intended to be sold at retail,
the original packaging with the ``product of country'' labeling must
remain with the product. However, if these products are repackaged or
otherwise reprocessed in a federally inspected facility, they are
currently deemed and treated as domestic product for both mandatory and
voluntary labeling purposes.\11\ Therefore, because such products are
treated as domestic products for labeling purposes, under current FSIS
labeling policy for U.S.-origin claims, they no longer are required to
meet FSIS' mandatory origin labeling requirements for imported products
(see Food Standards and Labeling Policy Book).
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

\11\ In a 1989 final rule clarifying these provisions, FSIS
stated that ``[o]nce product offered for entry has been reinspected
by FSIS inspectors and the official mark of inspection has been
applied, FSIS considers that such product has been `entered' into
the United State and, therefore, is the regulatory equivalent of
domestic product.'' (54 FR 41045, October 5, 1989).
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

B. Current FSIS Policy on ``Product of USA'' and Similar Label Claims

The Food Standards and Labeling Policy Book provides guidance
addressed to how manufacturers may prepare meat and poultry product
labels that are truthful and not misleading. The Food Standards and
Labeling Policy Book guidance for labeling products with ``Product of
USA'' or similar claims currently states that labeling of a meat or
poultry product may bear the phrase under one of two conditions, (1) if
the country to which the product is exported requires this phrase, and
the product is processed in the United States, or (2) the product is
processed in the United States.\12\ This U.S.-origin labeling guidance
applies to ``Product of USA'' claims made with respect to multi-
ingredient FSIS-regulated products, as well as single ingredient FSIS-
regulated products. Thus, currently, a product may bear the ``Product
of USA'' claim if the product is processed in the United States, or if
the country to which the product is exported requires it and the
product is processed in the United States.
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

\12\ The FSIS poultry regulations at 9 CFR 381.1 define
``process'' as ``a means to conduct any operation or combination of
operations, whereby poultry is slaughtered, eviscerated, canned,
salted, stuffed, rendered, boned, cut up, or otherwise manufactured
or processed.'' The FSIS meat regulations at 9 CFR 301.2 include
``processed'' in the definition of ``prepared'' (i.e.,
``slaughtered, canned, salted, rendered, boned, cut up, or otherwise
manufactured or processed.'') The FSIS egg products regulations at 9
CFR 590.5 define ``processing'' as the means of ``manufacturing of
egg products, including breaking eggs or filtering, mixing,
blending, pasteurizing, stabilizing, cooling, freezing or drying, or
packaging or repackaging egg products at official plants.''
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

In May 2003, a revision to the Food Standards and Labeling Policy
Book cancelled an April 1985 FSIS policy memorandum that advised that a
label of a FSIS product could include the ``Product of USA'' claim if
it could be demonstrated that all ingredients having a bearing on
consumer preference, such as meat, vegetables, fruits, and dairy
products, were of domestic origin.

C. Petitions for Rulemaking

USDA has received three petitions from industry associations
regarding the origin of meat products bearing the ``Product of USA''
label claim, each requesting that FSIS formally revise its Food
Standards and Labeling Policy Book guidance for such claims.
Organization for Competitive Markets (OCM) and the American Grassfed
Association (AGA) Petition
In June 2018, FSIS received a petition, submitted on behalf of OCM
and AGA, requesting that FSIS amend the Food

[[Page 15293]]

Standards and Labeling Policy Book to state that meat products may be
labeled as ``Product of USA'' only if ingredients having a bearing on
consumer preference, such as meat, vegetables, fruits, and dairy
products, are of domestic origin.\13\ The petition asserted that the
Agency's current policy has resulted in labeling that is misleading to
consumers because it allows imported meat that is reprocessed in the
United States to be labeled as ``Product of USA.'' The petition further
asserted that when imported meat products that have been further
processed in an official U.S. establishment are labeled as ``Product of
USA,'' consumers that prefer domestic meat cannot make an informed
choice because the labeling disguises the true origin of the product.
Finally, the petition asserted that the current policy also caused
financial harm to U.S. family farmers and independent ranchers by
giving an unfair market advantage to companies that further process
imported meat.
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

\13\ FSIS Petition 18-05, Petition for Change to the FSIS
Standards and Labeling Policy Book on ``Product of U.S.A.'' (June
12, 2018), available at: https://www.fsis.usda.gov/federal-register/petitions/petition-change-fsis-standards-and-labeling-policy-book-product-usa.
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

FSIS received 2,593 public comments on the OCM/AGA petition.\14\ A
majority of the comments expressed support for the petition, stating
that the use of ``Product of USA'' labeling should be limited to
products from livestock that were born, raised, and slaughtered in the
United States. Most were comments submitted by individual consumers,
farmers, and ranchers, as well as trade associations representing these
groups, labor unions, and animal welfare advocacy organizations.
Several comments stated that the term ``Product of USA'' implies that
the product was derived from livestock that were born, raised, and
slaughtered in the United States and, therefore, is misleading when
applied to imported products that have been further processed in an
official U.S. establishment. Many of the comments stated that the
current policy gives certain companies that import foreign grass-fed
beef an unfair economic advantage.
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

\14\ Comments submitted on Petition 18-05 available at: https://www.regulations.gov/document/FSIS-2018-0024-0001/comment.
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

Comments from other cattle producer trade associations, meat
processor trade associations, Canadian and Mexican livestock producer
trade associations, and the Canadian and Mexican governments did not
support the petition. These comments stated that FSIS' ``Product of
USA'' labeling policy has never been limited to livestock born, raised,
and slaughtered in the United States. Comments from the Canadian and
Mexican governments noted that the Canadian and U.S. livestock
industries, and the Mexican and U.S. cattle industries, are highly
integrated, and that both Canada and Mexico export a significant number
of live cattle into the United States each year for feeding, slaughter,
and processing. The comments expressed concerns about changes in
labeling that could potentially disrupt these integrated livestock
supply chains. No other foreign entities submitted comments.
On March 26, 2020, FSIS responded to the OCM/AGA petition, stating
that the Agency had decided to initiate rulemaking to define the
conditions under which the labeling of meat products would be permitted
to bear voluntary claims that indicate that the product is of U.S.
origin, such as ``Product of USA'' or ``Made in the USA.'' \15\ FSIS
stated that, after considering the petition and the public comments
received on the petition, the Agency concluded that its current
labeling policy, which permits meat and poultry products that were
derived from animals that may have been born, raised, and slaughtered
in another country but processed in the United States to be labeled as
``Product of USA,'' may be causing confusion in the marketplace,
particularly with respect to certain imported meat products, and that
the Agency intended to propose that such labeling be limited to meat
products derived from livestock that were slaughtered and processed in
the United States.
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

\15\ Response to Petition 18-05 available at: https://www.fsis.usda.gov/sites/default/files/media_file/2020-07/18-05-fsis-final-response-032620.pdf.
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

United States Cattlemen's Association (USCA) Petition
In October 2019, USCA submitted a petition requesting that FSIS
amend the Food Standards and Labeling Policy Book to provide that any
beef product voluntarily-labeled as ``Made in the USA,'' ``Product of
the USA,'' ``USA Beef'' or in any other manner that suggests that the
origin is the United States, be derived from cattle that have been
born, raised, and slaughtered in the United States.\16\ As with the
OCM/AGA petition, the USCA petition asserted that FSIS' current policy
is misleading because it allows imported meat products processed in the
United States to be labeled as ``Product of USA.'' The petition further
asserted that consumers expect beef products labeled as ``Product of
USA'' to be from cattle that were born, raised, and slaughtered in the
United States. Finally, the petition referenced several studies that,
according to the petition, demonstrated that U.S. consumers are
interested in knowing the country of origin of beef products and are
willing to pay a premium for meat from animals born, raised, and
slaughtered in the United States.
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

\16\ FSIS Petition 19-05, Petition for the Imposition of Beef
Labeling Requirements to Address ``Made in USA'' Claims (October 23,
2019), available at: https://www.fsis.usda.gov/federal-register/petitions/petition-imposition-beef-labeling-requirements-address-made-usa-claims.
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

FSIS received 111 public comments on the USCA petition.\17\ A
majority of the comments expressed support for the petition, stating
that the use of ``Product of USA'' labeling should be limited to
products from livestock that were born, raised, and slaughtered in the
United States. Most were comments submitted by individual consumers,
farmers, and ranchers, as well as trade associations representing these
groups. Several comments stated that the term ``Product of USA''
implies that the product was derived from livestock that were born,
raised, and slaughtered in the United States and, therefore, is
misleading when applied to imported products that have been further
processed in the United States. Comments from some cattle producer
trade associations, meat processor trade associations, Canadian and
Mexican livestock producer trade associations, and the Canadian and
Mexican governments did not support the petition. Similar to the
comments on the OCM/AGA petition, these comments stated that FSIS'
``Product of USA'' labeling policy has never been limited to livestock
born, raised, and slaughtered in the United States. Comments from the
Canadian and Mexican governments noted again that the Canadian and U.S.
livestock industries, and the Mexican and U.S. cattle industries, are
highly integrated, and that both Canada and Mexico export a significant
number of live cattle into the United States each year for feeding,
slaughter, and processing. The comments expressed concerns about
measures that could potentially disrupt these integrated livestock
supply chains. No other foreign entities submitted comments.
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

\17\ Comments submitted on Petition 19-05 available at: https://www.regulations.gov/document/FSIS-2019-0024-0001/comment.
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

As with FSIS' response to the OCM/ACA petition, on March 26, 2020,
FSIS responded to the USCA petition to state that the Agency had
decided to initiate rulemaking to define the conditions under which the
labeling of meat products would be permitted to bear

[[Page 15294]]

voluntary claims that indicate that the product is of U.S. origin, such
as ``Product of USA'' or ``Made in the USA.'' \18\ Also, similar to the
response to the OCM/ACA petition, FSIS stated the Agency's conclusion
that its current labeling policy may be causing confusion in the
marketplace, particularly with respect to certain imported meat
products, and that the Agency intended to propose that such labeling be
limited to meat products derived from livestock that were slaughtered
and processed in the United States.
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

\18\ Response to Petition 19-05 available at: https://www.fsis.usda.gov/sites/default/files/media_file/2021-04/19-05-fsis-final-response-032620.pdf.
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

National Cattlemen's Beef Association (NCBA) Petition
After FSIS considered and responded to the OCM/AGA and USCA
petitions in March 2020, NCBA submitted a petition in June 2021
requesting that FSIS initiate rulemaking to amend the Agency's labeling
regulations to eliminate the broadly applicable ``Product of USA''
label claim but to allow for other label claims.\19\ Specifically, the
petition requested that FSIS initiate rulemaking to amend its
regulations to state that single ingredient beef products or ground
beef may be labeled as ``Processed in the USA,'' provided that the
label displays all mandatory features and is not otherwise false or
misleading. Further, the petition requested that FSIS amend its
regulations to state that other claims relating to U.S. origin,
production, or processing of meat products are not eligible for generic
approval. Similar to the AGA/OCM and USCA petitions, the NCBA petition
generally asserted that the Agency's current policy on U.S.-origin
labeling furthers consumer confusion as to whether products with U.S.-
origin label claims are derived from animals born, raised, and
slaughtered in the United States.
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

\19\ FSIS Petition 21-02, Petition for Notice and Comment
Rulemaking on ``Product of USA'' Labels (June 10, 2021), available
at: https://www.fsis.usda.gov/sites/default/files/media_file/2021-06/21-02-NCBA-06102021.pdf.
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

FSIS received 261 public comments on the NCBA petition.\20\ Most
comments did not support the petition, stating that replacing the
current ``Product of USA'' labeling policy with a ``Processed in the
USA'' label would not resolve the issue of consumer confusion about the
origin of beef products. Many comments instead suggested that changing
the definition of ``Product of USA'' to require that the beef product
be derived from cattle born, raised, and slaughtered in the United
States would better resolve consumer confusion. Other comments
supported adding a specific ``born in the United States'' requirement
to the Agency's current ``Product of USA'' labeling requirements for
beef products. These comments were mostly submitted by individual
consumers, ranchers, and those in communities supported by the cattle
industry. Comments expressed concern about consumer choice and some
stated an interest in supporting American cattle ranchers. Other
comments submitted by trade associations and advocacy groups related to
the cattle industry stated that a change to the definition of ``Product
of USA'' would better address the issues raised in the petition.
Additionally, the Canadian and Mexican governments each provided public
comments that did not support the petition and focused on maintaining
integrated livestock supply chains between the United States and their
respective cattle markets. Each government specifically noted their
interest in cooperation with any change to U.S. labeling practices as
to avoid disruptions in the supply chain. No other foreign entities
submitted comments.
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

\20\ Comments submitted for Petition 21-02 available at: https://www.regulations.gov/document/FSIS-2021-0018-0001/comment.
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

The publication of this proposed rule serves as the Agency's
response to the issues raised by all three related petitions.

D. Consumer Survey

To gather additional information as part of FSIS' comprehensive
review of the current voluntary ``Product of USA'' label claim, on
February 1, 2022, FSIS requested approval for a new information
collection to conduct a consumer web-based survey on ``Product of USA''
labeling on beef and pork products (87 FR 5455). On June 13, 2022, the
U.S. Office of Management and Budget (OMB) approved the survey, and on
August 14, 2022, RTI International completed administration of the
survey (``RTI survey''). The final report \21\ and a copy of the survey
itself can be found on FSIS' website at: https://www.fsis.usda.gov/sites/default/files/media_file/documents/Product_of_USA_Consumer_Survey_Final_Report.pdf.
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

\21\ Cates, S. et al. 2022. Analyzing Consumers' Value of
``Product of USA'' Label Claims. Contract No. GS-00F-354CA. Order
No. 123-A94-21F-0188. Prepared for Andrew Pugliese.
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

The target population for the survey was the U.S. general
population of adults (18 years or older) who speak English or Spanish,
were primarily responsible for the grocery shopping in their household,
and had purchased beef or pork in the last six months. The survey was
administered over the web,\22\ using a probability-based panel designed
to be representative of the U.S. adult population and whose panel
members were recruited using address-based sampling and weighting
procedures to provide nationally representative estimates. The use of
web-based data collection expedited the timeliness of data collection
and allowed the study to reach a more diverse study population.
Approximately 4,842 individuals took the survey, including 311 who
completed the survey in the Spanish language.
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

\22\ Selected panelists without internet access were provided
with free internet access and a tablet computer, if needed.
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

The study used beef and pork products. In addition, the study
considered high-cost beef products (i.e., steak) and lower-cost beef
products (i.e., ground beef) to capture any potential differences in
responses for higher- and lower-cost products.
The survey addressed three primary research questions: (1) Do
consumers notice the ``Product of USA'' label claim?; (2) Do consumers
understand the current ``Product of USA'' definition and other ``USDA''
labeling (e.g., ``USDA Choice'') as it relates to country of origin?;
and (3) How much are consumers willing to pay for meat products bearing
the ``Product of USA'' label claim for the current definition and
potential revised definitions (e.g., if the meat were from an animal
that was born, raised, slaughtered, and processed in the United
States)?
To investigate the first question, respondents completed a limited
time exposure (LTE) task to determine whether consumers notice the
``Product of USA'' label claim (i.e., to indicate saliency).
Respondents were randomly assigned to view one of four mock products
and were exposed to a mock product for a limited time (20 seconds),
then asked to list what labeling features they recalled (unaided), and
then asked to answer a series of recognition questions to indicate
whether they saw specific images and phrases, including the ``Product
of USA'' claim (i.e., aided recognition questions). Results from the
LTE's unaided recall questions show that 9 to 31 percent of
participants correctly recalled seeing the ``Product of USA'' claim.
Results from aided recognition questions show that 70 to 80 percent of
participants correctly recalled seeing the ``Product of USA'' claim.
The range in responses was dependent on the format of the claim.
Results from the aided recognition questions also show

[[Page 15295]]

that participants correctly recalled seeing the ``Product of USA''
label claim more often than other claims mentioned in the survey (i.e.,
``no antibiotics and no added hormones,'' an image of the USDA mark of
inspection, ``100% grass fed,'' ``sustainably raised,'' ``eco-
friendly,'' an image of the USDA organic seal, and ``certified humane
raised and handled'').
To investigate the second question, respondents answered questions
that surveyed their understanding of the meaning of ``Product of USA''
label claim as it relates to product country of origin (e.g., born,
raised, slaughtered, and processed). The survey asked the question,
``To your knowledge, what does the `Product of USA' label claim on meat
products mean?'' Four options with various combinations of ``born,''
``raised,'' ``slaughtered,'' and ``processed'' in the United States
were presented to participants. Of the responses, 47 percent of
participants believed that the label indicates that the animal was
born, raised, slaughtered, and the meat then processed, in the United
States. Only 16 percent of participants selected the current meaning of
the label claim (i.e., the meat was processed in the United States.)
To investigate the third question, respondents were asked questions
to measure their intrinsic value or willingness to pay (WTP) for
products bearing the ``Product of USA'' label claim for the current
definition and potential revised definitions. This approach captures
the strength of preference (i.e., potential price premium) for changes
in attributes. Specifically, this approach helps FSIS determine which
U.S. preparation and processing steps, if any, are valued by the
average consumer. The results suggest that participants were willing to
pay more for a product derived from animals when all preparation and
processing steps occurred in the United States--born, raised,
slaughtered, and processed--than for product when fewer steps occurred
in the United States. FSIS has interpreted these results to access the
value the average consumer derives from different definitions of
``Product of USA.''
The combined survey results suggest that consumers value ``Product
of USA'' label claims, as understood by consumers as indicating U.S.
born, raised, slaughtered, and processed, but that the current FSIS
``Product of USA'' label claim is misleading to a majority of consumers
as to the actual origin of FSIS-regulated products. Based on the survey
results, adopting the proposed definition of the ``Product of USA''
claim to mean the product was derived from an animal born, raised,
slaughtered, and processed in the United States would enhance consumer
purchasing decisions, result in truthful, less misleading ``Product of
USA'' labels, and decrease false impressions about the origin of FSIS-
regulated products in the marketplace. In particular, it would allow
consumers to better comparison shop between products based on the value
that consumers place on products fully raised and processed in the
United States. Further discussion of survey results can be found in the
benefits section of the Economic Impact Analysis of the proposed rule
in Section IV.

III. Proposed Rule

In consideration of the petitions, the public comments submitted in
response to the petitions, and the results of the Agency's 2022
consumer survey, FSIS has concluded that adherence to the current
``Product of USA'' labeling policy guidance may be leading to
misleading labeling and causing confusion in the marketplace. The
evidence reviewed by FSIS demonstrates that the current FSIS ``Product
of USA'' labeling guidance does not conform to consumers' conception of
what ``Product of USA'' claims mean on FSIS-regulated products.
Therefore, the Agency is proposing regulatory requirements for when the
labeling of FSIS-regulated products may bear voluntary claims
indicating that the product, or a component of the product's
preparation and processing, is of U.S. origin to ensure such labels do
not mislead or confuse consumers. If finalized, the proposed
requirements could affect the labeling of products that currently claim
to be of U.S. origin but are prepared and processed from imported
products shipped to the United States. For example, meat products
derived from live animals that are imported into the United States for
feeding or for immediate slaughter would no longer be allowed to bear
the authorized claims ``Product of USA'' or ``Made in the USA.''
Similarly, imported meat products reprocessed in the United States
would no longer be allowed to bear the authorized claims ``Product of
USA'' or ``Made in the USA'', as currently allowed under the Food
Standards and Labeling Policy Book. The proposed requirements would not
affect the labeling of products exported to foreign countries. However,
these products could still bear a qualified origin label claim, as
discussed below, if all FSIS requirements, and foreign country
requirements listed in the FSIS Export Library, have been met.
FSIS is proposing to amend its labeling regulations at 9 CFR part
412, Label Approval. Under the proposed provisions, the two authorized
claims ``Product of USA'' and ``Made in the USA'' may be displayed on
labels of FSIS-regulated products only if the product is derived from
animals born, raised, slaughtered, and processed in the United States.
FSIS is also proposing that claims other than the two authorized claims
``Product of USA'' and ``Made in the USA'' may be displayed on labels
to indicate the U.S.-origin component of a product's preparation and
processing. All U.S.-origin label claims that are not authorized claims
are known as ``qualified claims.'' Qualified claims would need to
include a description on the package of how the product compares to the
regulatory criteria for the two authorized claims, ``Product of USA''
and ``Made in the USA,'' including all preparation and processing steps
that occurred in the United States upon which the claim is made. For
example, ``Sliced and packaged in the United States using imported
pork'' could be a U.S.-origin qualified claim. FSIS is proposing that
companies using a voluntary claim of U.S. origin on labels of FSIS-
regulated products must, as with the use of all origin claims, maintain
documentation to demonstrate that the product complies with criteria of
the proposed regulatory requirements.
Scope of Allowed Claims
FSIS is proposing to allow two authorized voluntary label claims to
indicate that a FSIS-regulated product is of U.S. origin: ``Product of
USA'' and ``Made in the USA.'' The Agency is proposing to allow the use
of these two authorized claims only if the labeled FSIS-regulated
product is derived from animals born, raised, slaughtered, and
processed in the United States, or, in the case of a multi-ingredient
product, if: (1) All FSIS-regulated components of the product are
derived from animals born, raised, slaughtered, and processed in the
United States; and (2) All additional ingredients of the product, other
than spices and flavorings, are of domestic origin (i.e., all
preparation and processing steps of the ingredients are completed in
the United States).
Label claims other than ``Product of USA'' or ``Made in the USA''
that indicate that a preparation and processing component of a FSIS-
regulated product is of U.S. origin would be allowed (``qualified''
label claims), but such claims would need to

[[Page 15296]]

be positioned near a description on the package of how the product
compares to the regulatory criteria for the two authorized claims,
``Product of USA'' and ``Made in the USA,'' including all preparation
and processing steps that occurred in the United States upon which the
claim is made. For example, a FSIS-regulated cured pork product package
could include the qualified claim ``Sliced and packaged in the United
States using imported pork.'' FSIS notes that in the case of the FSIS-
regulated products that are also COOL covered commodities,\23\ U.S.-
origin label claims must comply with COOL requirements for the
identification of country of origin, including production steps
occurring in each country for commodities of multiple origins.\24\
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

\23\ The FSIS-regulated products that are also COOL covered
commodities are ground and muscle cuts of lamb, chicken and goat (7
CFR 65.135) and Siluriformes fish (7 CFR 60.106). COOL covered
commodities meeting the regulatory definition of ``processed food
item(s)'' are exempted from mandatory country of origin labeling (7
CFR 60.119 and 7 CFR 65.220).
\24\ 7 CFR 60.200 and 7 CFR 65.300.
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

FSIS requests comments on what criteria the Agency should establish
for the use of qualified claims--claims that do not include ``Product
of USA'' and ``Made in the USA''--to indicate that a preparation and
processing component of a FSIS-regulated product is of U.S. origin.
U.S. State and Region Claims
Under the proposed rule, products labeled with voluntary authorized
claims referring to the origin of a U.S. state or region (e.g., ``Made
in North Carolina'') would need to meet the proposed regulatory
criteria for the two voluntary authorized claims ``Product of USA'' and
``Made in the USA'' (i.e., born, raised, slaughtered, and processed in
the state or region). Voluntary qualified claims referring to the state
or region origin of a component of a FSIS-regulated product would need
to include a description on the package of all preparation and
processing steps that occurred in the state or region upon which the
claim is made (e.g., ``Packaged in Michigan.'') Currently, state and
region claims may be generically approved for use on FSIS-regulated
product labels if they are not misleading and they comply with the
requirement under 9 CFR 317.8(b)(1) to properly identify the state in
which the product was prepared on the product label. Should the
proposed rule become final, FSIS will issue revised labeling guidance
on the use of voluntary authorized and qualified state and region
claims.
Generic Approval of U.S.-Origin Claims
Under the proposed rule, both the two authorized claims ``Product
of USA'' and ``Made in the USA'' and qualified claims of U.S. origin
would continue to be eligible for generic approval under 9 CFR
412.2(a)(1). As with all generically approved labels, labels bearing
U.S.-origin claims would be subject to routine IPP inspection tasks to
verify that the labels comply with the regulatory criteria.
Scope of Products: Single Ingredient and Multi-Ingredient
The proposed rule would apply to all products subject to FSIS
mandatory inspection or eligible for voluntary inspection services
provided by the Agency. FSIS has proposed criteria for both single and
multi-ingredient products to ensure that the claim is consistent for
all FSIS-regulated products that use the ``Product of USA'' or ``Made
in the USA'' claims. Single ingredient products bearing the authorized
label claims ``Product of USA'' or ``Made in the USA'' would need to be
derived from animals born, raised, slaughtered, and processed in the
United States. Multi-ingredient products would be allowed to bear the
authorized label claims ``Product of USA'' or ``Made in the USA'' if:
(1) All FSIS-regulated components of the product are derived from
animals born, raised, slaughtered, and processed in the United States;
and (2) All additional ingredients, other than spices and flavorings,
are of domestic origin (i.e., all preparation and processing steps of
the ingredients are completed in the United States). This proposed
requirement for multi-ingredient products would align with the April
1985 FSIS policy memorandum, discussed above, that ``Product of USA''
labeling of a product would be misleading unless all the product's
ingredients having a bearing on consumer preference are of domestic
origin.
FSIS requests comments on whether the Agency should adopt an
alternative requirement for multi-ingredient products that bear the
authorized claims ``Product of USA'' or ``Made in the USA.''
FSIS Labeling and AMS Mandatory COOL
As discussed above, this proposed rule concerning voluntary U.S.-
origin labeling for FSIS-regulated products does not conflict with AMS
COOL requirements. Further, the proposed rule would not alter or affect
any other federal statute or regulation relating to country of origin
labeling requirements. FSIS' current labeling regulations require that
a country of origin statement on the label of any meat ``covered
commodity'' as defined in 7 CFR part 65, subpart A, that is to be sold
by a ``retailer,'' as defined in 7 CFR 65.240, must comply with the
COOL requirements in 7 CFR 65.300 and 65.400.\25\ Should this rule
become final, any commodity that is subject to COOL mandatory country
of origin labeling must continue to comply with those requirements.
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

\25\ 9 CFR 317.8(b)(40). FSIS notes that the Agency's proposed
regulatory requirements would concern voluntary label claims
displayed on FSIS-regulated products, while COOL requires mandatory
country of origin disclosure in the form of a placard, sign, label,
sticker, band, twist tie, pin tag, or other format to consumers of
covered commodities (See 7 CFR 60.300(a) and 65.400(a)).
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

Required Documentation To Support Claims
Official establishments and facilities choosing to use an
authorized or qualified U.S.-origin claim on labels of FSIS-regulated
products would need to maintain documentation to demonstrate that the
product complies with criteria of the proposed regulatory requirements,
and that the claim is not false or misleading, as the regulations
require for the use of all generically approved labels (9 CFR
412.2(a)(1)). FSIS would accept existing documentation to demonstrate
compliance with one or more of the proposed regulatory requirements.
For example, an establishment or facility seeking to use a voluntary
claim of U.S. origin may already maintain supplier sheets from the farm
that raised a source animal as part of its labeling recordkeeping
pursuant to existing FSIS regulations or participation in another
federal program (e.g., AMS COOL). An establishment or facility may
maintain one or more of the following documentation types to support a
claim that the product, or a component of the product, is of U.S.
origin.
Labels that bear the voluntary authorized claims ``Product
of USA'' or ``Made in the USA'' under the proposed new regulatory 9 CFR
412.3(a) and (b) may have:
[cir] A written description of the controls used in the birthing,
raising, slaughter, and processing of the source animals, and for
multi-ingredient products the preparation and processing of all
additional ingredients other than spices and flavorings, to ensure that
each step complies with the proposed regulatory criteria;
[cir] A written description of the controls used to trace and
segregate,

[[Page 15297]]

from the time of birth or processing through packaging and wholesale or
retail distribution, source animals, all additional ingredients other
than spices and flavorings, and resulting products that comply with the
proposed regulatory criteria from those that do not comply; or
[cir] A signed and dated document describing how the product is
prepared and processed to support that the claim is not false or
misleading.
Labels that bear voluntary, qualified U.S.-origin claims
under the proposed new regulatory 9 CFR 412.3(c) may have:
[cir] A written description of the controls used in each applicable
preparation and processing step of source animals, all additional
ingredients other than spices and flavorings, and resulting products to
ensure that the U.S.-origin claim complies with the proposed regulatory
criteria. The described controls may include those used to trace and
segregate, during each applicable preparation or processing step,
source animals, all additional ingredients other than spices and
flavorings, and resulting products that comply with the U.S.-origin
claim from those that do not comply; or
[cir] A signed and dated document describing how the qualified
U.S.-origin claim regarding the source of the preparation and
processing component is not false or misleading.
The proposed rule does not specify the types of documentation that
must be maintained to demonstrate compliance with the proposed
regulatory criteria (e.g., bills of lading, shipping manifests, load
sheets, grower records). Should the rule become final, FSIS would issue
guidance, as needed, on recommended documentation to maintain
compliance with U.S.-origin labeling requirements.\26\ FSIS requests
comments on whether the Agency should require, or provide guidance on,
specific types of documentation that companies using a voluntary label
claim of U.S. origin would need to maintain to demonstrate that the
product complies with criteria of the proposed regulatory requirements.
Further, FSIS requests comments on whether the Agency should allow or
require third party certification for the use of authorized and
qualified voluntary U.S.-origin label claims.
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

\26\ For an example of current FSIS guidance on documentation
typically needed to support label claims, see Food Safety and
Inspection Service Labeling Guideline on Documentation Needed to
Substantiate Animal Raising Claims for Label Submission (December
2019), available at: https://www.fsis.usda.gov/guidelines/2019-0009.
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

Compliance Date and Transition Period
Generally, FSIS uses a uniform compliance date for new labeling
regulations.\27\ Should the proposed rule become final, on the
applicable compliance date, FSIS would consider as compliant only
labels bearing the two authorized claims ``Product of USA'' and ``Made
in the USA'' for FSIS-regulated products that comply with the proposed
codified definition for this claim. Also on the applicable compliance
date, FSIS would consider as compliant only labels bearing qualified
claims of U.S. origin for FSIS-regulated products that comply with the
proposed codified requirements for the use of such claims.
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

\27\ See FSIS Uniform Date for Food Labeling Regulations Final
Rule (69 FR 74405, December 14, 2004).
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

IV. Executive Orders 12866 and 13563

Executive Orders (E.O.) 12866 and 13563 direct agencies to assess
all costs and benefits of available regulatory alternatives and, if
regulation is necessary, to select regulatory approaches that maximize
net benefits (including potential economic, environmental, public
health and safety effects, distributive impacts, and equity). E.O.
13563 emphasizes the importance of quantifying both costs and benefits,
of reducing costs, of harmonizing rules, and of promoting flexibility.
This proposed rule has been designated an ``economically significant''
regulatory action by the Office of Information and Regulatory Affairs
under section 3(f)(1) of E.O. 12866. Accordingly, the proposed rule has
been reviewed by the Office of Management and Budget under E.O. 12866.

A. Economic Impact Analysis

Need for the Rule
Under current FSIS policy, products with a ``Product of USA'' or
similar claim must, at a minimum, have been processed in the United
States.\28\ For instance, currently, the beef in a package of ground
beef can come from the U.S., from another country or countries, or from
both depending on where each step of the preparation of the beef takes
place, and still bear the claim ``Product of USA'' even if the ground
beef is merely processed in the United States. Similarly, currently,
cattle born, raised, slaughtered, and processed in another country may
be labeled ``Product of USA'' if the meat was merely further processed
in the United States.
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

\28\ U.S. Department of Agriculture, Food Safety and Inspection
Service. Food Standards and Labeling Policy Book. 2005. https://www.fsis.usda.gov/guidelines/2005-0003 (Accessed on January 31,
2023).
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

This policy may cause false impressions about the origin of FSIS-
regulated products in the U.S. marketplace, potentially causing market
failures. FSIS has received three petitions from industry associations,
each requesting that USDA address this confusion by revising this
policy.
The Agency received almost 3,000 public comments in response to
these petitions, the majority of which supported altering this policy.
FSIS also conducted a consumer web-based survey \29\ to gather
information on the American consumers' understanding of the meaning of
the ``Product of USA'' claim. Based on the evidence reviewed by FSIS,
FSIS has concluded that the current ``Product of USA'' labeling policy
guidance may not reflect consumers' common understanding of what
``Product of USA'' claims mean on FSIS-regulated products. Therefore,
the Agency is proposing regulatory requirements for when the labeling
of FSIS-regulated products may bear voluntary claims indicating that
the product, or a component of the product's preparation or processing,
is of U.S. origin in order to ensure such labels do not mislead or
confuse consumers as to the actual origin of FSIS-regulated products.
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

\29\ Cates, S. et al. 2022. Analyzing Consumers' Value of
``Product of USA'' Labeling Claims. Contract No. GS-00F-354CA. Order
No. 123-A94-21F-0188. Prepared for Andrew Pugliese.
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

Baseline for Evaluation of Costs and Benefits
If finalized, the proposed changes may require businesses
voluntarily using U.S.-origin claims on meat, poultry, and egg product
labels to update their labels and conduct increased recordkeeping. FSIS
requests comments on how such a change may impact an establishment's
cost. FSIS used Label Insight \30\ to estimate the number of single and
multi-ingredient meat, poultry, and egg product retail labels and the
number with an associated U.S.-origin claim.\31\
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

\30\ Label Insight, accessed July 2022. Label Insight is a
market research firm that collects data on over 80 percent of food,
pet, and personal care products in the U.S. retail market. Data are
collected mostly from public web sources and company submissions.
See https://www.labelinsight.com/our-difference/ for more
information.
\31\ Based on FSIS' labeling expertise, foodservice labels of
products sold to hotels, restaurants, and institutions generally do
not have a U.S.-origin claim. Therefore, the cost analysis did not
include foodservice labels.

---------------------------------------------------------------------------

[[Page 15298]]

This analysis identified two types of U.S.-origin claims: (1)
Authorized claims, e.g., ``Product of USA'' or ``Made in USA''; and (2)
Qualified claims, e.g., ``Raised and Slaughtered in the USA.'' Some of
these labels with claims described above are also subject to COOL
regulations regarding mandatory labeling depending on the commodity
type.\32\ To avoid double counting labels, packages with multiple U.S.-
origin claims, e.g., ``Product of USA'' on the back display and ``Born
and Raised in America'' on the front display, were put into the
``Qualified'' category.
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

\32\ As of 2016, the FSIS-regulated species and products which
are covered commodities under the COOL regulations include muscle
cuts of lamb, chicken, and goat; ground lamb, chicken, and goat; and
wild and farmed Siluriformes fish.
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

Based on Label Insight data, FSIS identified approximately 98,374
meat, poultry, and egg product retail labels. FSIS then searched the
list of 98,374 labels and identified approximately 11,469 with a U.S.-
origin type claim, or approximately 12 percent. To account for the
possibility of over- or under-estimating the number of relevant labels,
this analysis included a lower and upper bound by adjusting the mid-
point label estimate minus or plus 10 percent, respectively. As such,
FSIS estimates the number of meat, poultry, and egg product retail
labels ranges from 88,537 to 108,211 labels and the number of labels
with a U.S.-origin claim ranges from 10,322 to 12,616, table 1.\33\
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

\33\ To find the meat, poultry, and egg product labels, we first
queried the Label Insight data for labels that Label Insight
identified as not being in FDA's jurisdiction. We also searched for
the terms ``beef'', ``pork,'' and ``chicken'' in the database of
labels that Label Insight identified as products under FDA
jurisdiction and noted the labels that were in FSIS' jurisdiction.
We also examined lamb, mutton, and goat labels but found the number
of unique labels were de minimis compared to the number of labels
found in the other commodity groups with larger domestic
consumption. The label counts include multi- and single ingredient
meat, poultry, and egg products.

Table 1--Meat, Poultry and Egg Product Labels \3\
----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
U.S.-Origin claims
FSIS labels -----------------------------------------------
Authorized \1\ Qualified \2\ Total
----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Low bound....................................... 88,537 9,035 1,287 10,322
Mid-point....................................... 98,374 10,039 1,430 11,469
Upper bound..................................... 108,211 11,043 1,573 12,616
----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
\1\ Includes ``Product of USA'' or ``Made in USA.''
\2\ Includes detailed U.S.-origin claims, such as ``Born and raised in USA'', and U.S. State and region claims.
\3\ The lower and upper bound label estimates are minus or plus 10 percent of the mid-point label estimates.

Expected Costs of the Proposed Action
The proposed rule is expected to result in quantified industry
relabeling, recordkeeping, and market testing costs, which combined are
estimated to cost $3 million, annualized at a 7 percent discount rate
over 10 years. Details of these cost estimates are provided below.
There is the potential that this analysis has not captured all of the
relevant costs associated with this proposed rule, such as costs from
voluntary changes in production practices. The Agency is seeking
comment on any such omitted costs.
Relabeling Costs
Under this proposed rule, FSIS-regulated single ingredient and
multi-ingredient products that are not derived from animals born,
raised, slaughtered, and processed in the United States would no longer
be able to bear the authorized claims of ``Product of USA'' or ``Made
in the USA.'' These products would have to be relabeled by either
removing the authorized voluntary claim or using another claim, such as
a qualified claim. For example, a FSIS-regulated cured meat product
package from an animal not born and raised in the U.S. might replace an
authorized claim of ``Product of USA'' with a qualified claim, ``Sliced
and packaged in the United States using imported pork.'' Products with
a qualified claim might also have to be relabeled to remove or modify
the claim, depending on the facts and circumstances of the particular
situation.
To estimate the costs associated with relabeling products that
would no longer meet the proposed requirements for using their existing
labels, this analysis utilized the 2014 Food and Drug Administration
(FDA) Label Cost Model (FDA Label Cost Model) \34\ and 2022 Label
Insight data. The relabeling costs depend on the number of labels
required to change, whether the change can be coordinated with a
planned label update, and the type of label change (extensive, major,
or minor).
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

\34\ Muth, M., Bradley, S., Brophy, J., Capogrossi, K.,
Coglaiti, M., & Karns, S. (2015). 2014 FDA labeling cost model. U.S.
Food and Drug Administration.
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

As described in the Baseline for Evaluation of Costs and Benefits
section, FSIS estimated the number of labels with a U.S.-origin claim.
FSIS estimated that a portion of the labels with U.S.-origin claims
would modify or remove the claim in response to this proposed rule as
some labels already meet the proposed and current labeling criteria.
However, it is difficult to estimate the number of claims that would
change if the proposed rule is finalized, due to data limitations. To
account for this uncertainty, FSIS chose a conservative and broad
range, with low, mid, and upper bound estimates, to approximate the
percentage of product labels that may be relabeled, table 2. The low,
mid, and upper bound estimates were calculated by multiplying the low,
mid, and upper bound estimated number of labels with a U.S.-origin
claim by 25, 50, and 75 percent, respectively. FSIS requests comments
on these assumptions, including whether the prevalence of label change
would differ depending on whether existing label claims are Authorized
or Qualified.

Table 2--Number of FSIS Labels That Would Be Relabeled
----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Labels with U.S.- Count of labels
Estimate origin claims with changes
----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Low bound.............................................................. 10,322 2,581
Mid-point.............................................................. 11,469 5,735

[[Page 15299]]

Upper bound............................................................ 12,616 9,462
----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------

The number of label changes that can be coordinated with a planned
change depends on the compliance time industry has to update labels
after a final rule. FSIS anticipates the compliance period would be
somewhere between 12 and 36 months. Assuming a 24-month compliance
period, 100 percent of branded products label updates would be
coordinated with a planned label change. However, for private (store
brand) labels, only 26 percent would have a coordinated label change,
and 74 percent would be uncoordinated.\35\ This is because private
labels change less frequently than branded labels. This analysis
assumed approximately 25 percent of labels are private and 75 percent
are branded.\36\ Therefore, an estimated 81.5 percent of the labels
requiring an update as a result of the rule would have a coordinated
change and 18.5 percent would have an uncoordinated change.\37\ Based
on the FDA Label Cost Model, the label changes that would result from
the rule are considered minor. We are asking for comment on whether
some of these changes should be major label changes. The FDA Label Cost
Model defines a minor label change as one where only one color is
affected and the label does not need to be redesigned, such as changing
an ingredient list or adding a toll-free number.\38\
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

\35\ Muth, M., Bradley, S., Brophy, J., Capogrossi, K.,
Coglaiti, M., & Karns, S. (2015). 2014 FDA Labeling Cost Model. U.S.
Food and Drug Administration. Table 3-1. Assumed Percentages of
Changes to Branded and Private-Label UPCs that Cannot be Coordinated
with a Planned Change.
\36\ Based on private and branded label estimates for all FSIS
labels in the FSIS' Proposed rule, ``Revision of Nutrition Facts
Labels for Meat and Poultry Products and Updating Certain Reference
Amounts Customarily Consumed'', Published January 19, 2017. https://www.regulations.gov/document/FSIS-2014-0024-0041.
\37\ For coordinated changes: (75% branded labels x 100%
coordinated given 24-month compliance period) + (25% private labels
x 26% coordinated given a 24-month compliance period) = 81.5% of
FSIS labels can be coordinated with a planned change.
\38\ Muth, M., Bradley, S., Brophy, J., Capogrossi, K.,
Coglaiti, M., & Karns, S. (2015). 2014 FDA Labeling Cost Model. U.S.
Food and Drug Administration. Page 2-9. A major change requires
multiple color changes and label redesign, such as adding a facts
panel or modifying the front of the package.

Table 3--Total Number of FSIS Labels That Would Be Relabeled and the Type of Change
----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Total Minor Minor
Estimate labels \1\ Private Branded coordinated uncoordinated
----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Low bound.................................. 2,581 645 1,936 2,103 477
Mid-point.................................. 5,735 1,434 4,301 4,673 1,061
Upper bound................................ 9,462 2,365 7,097 7,712 1,750
----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
\1\ Totals may not sum due to rounding.

The estimates in the FDA Label Cost Model were updated to account
for inflation using 2021 producer price indices for the material and
consultation costs and 2021 wage rates \39\ for the labor hours. The
cost estimates in 2021 U.S. dollars are: $848 per label for a minor
coordinated change (with a range of $205 to $1,797), and $4,829 per
label for a minor uncoordinated change (with a range of $2,142 to
$8,738). Combined, the mean estimated relabeling cost is $1.2 million,
annualized at a 7 percent discount rate over 10 years, table 4.
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

\39\ Muth, M., Bradley, S., Brophy, J., Capogrossi, K.,
Coglaiti, M., & Karns, S. (2015). 2014 FDA Labeling Cost Model. U.S.
Food and Drug Administration. Table 4-7. Hourly Wage Rates for
Activities Conducted in Changing Product Labels, 2014.

Table 4--Labeling Costs With a 24-Month Compliance Period in Millions of Dollars
----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Type Lower Mean Upper
----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Coordinated............................... Minor........................ $0.4 $4 $13.9
Uncoordinated............................. Minor........................ 1.0 5.1 15.3
--------------------------------------
Total Cost[caret]\1\.................. ............................. 1.5 9.1 29.2
--------------------------------------
Annualized Cost (3% DR, 10 Year)...... ............................. 0.2 1.0 3.3
--------------------------------------
Annualized Cost (7% DR, 10 Year)...... ............................. 0.2 1.2 3.9
----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
\1\ Totals may not sum due to rounding.

Recordkeeping Costs
Currently, businesses using labels to designate the U.S.-origin
production or preparation component of a product must maintain records
to support the U.S.-origin claim.\40\ Currently, U.S.-origin claims are
approved under a generic label approval system. Under the generic
approval system, businesses that make products with a U.S.-origin claim
are currently estimated to take 15 minutes on average to gather their
records, 20 times per year.\41\ FSIS estimated that the provisions in
this proposed rule, if finalized, would require businesses to spend an
additional 20 minutes to gather their

[[Page 15300]]

records, 20 times per year, per respondent. FSIS acknowledges that it
would take substantially more time to document some U.S. origin claims,
such as description of preparation or processing steps, or for U.S.-
origin claims on multi-ingredient products. In some cases,
establishments could elect to either remove the U.S. origin claim from
the label or make an alternative claim. FSIS requests comments on how
such a change may impact an establishment's cost and benefits. Due to
data limitations, FSIS used brand names associated with a U.S.-origin
claim found in Label Insight data to estimate the number of businesses.
FSIS estimated that approximately 1,575 brands or businesses have
products with U.S.-origin claims and would have additional
recordkeeping costs if the proposed rule were finalized. This analysis
assumed this recordkeeping would be completed by an operations manager
with an hourly estimated cost of $98.50 at the median and a range of
wages from ($71.84 to $154.78).\42\ As such, the estimated annual cost
per business is approximately $656. The estimated annual cost to all
1,575 businesses is approximately $1 million, table 5.
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

\40\ Businesses with complicated supply lines are not expected
to use an authorized claim.
\41\ Generic proposed rule: 85 FR 56544, September 14, 2020.
\42\ The hourly cost includes a wage rate of $49.25 and a
benefits and overhead factor of 2. Estimates obtained from the
Bureau of Labor Statistics May 2021, National Industry-Specific
Occupational Employment and Wage Estimates, for Management
Occupations 50th (25th-75th percentile) (Occupational Code 11-0000),
Management Occupations (bls.gov).

Table 5--Recordkeeping Annual Costs in Millions of Dollars
----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Annual number Minutes per
Businesses of responses response Lower Mid Upper
----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
1,575 20 20 $0.8 $1.0 $1.6
----------------------------------------------------------------------
Annualized Cost (3% DR, 10 Year)..... .............. .............. 0.8 1.0 1.6
----------------------------------------------------------------------
Annualized Cost (7% DR, 10 Year)..... .............. .............. 0.8 1.0 1.6
----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------

Market Testing
To assess the marketability of potential label changes, the FDA
Label Cost Model includes information on five types of market tests:
\43\ focus group, discrimination test, central location test,
descriptive test, and in-home test. The mean cost for these market
tests ranges from $7,211 to $36,570 per formula.\44\ The FDA Label Cost
Model reports that minor label changes are unlikely to incur any market
testing costs.\45\ However, if this proposed rule were to finalize,
some businesses may still want to conduct market testing to assess how
consumers would respond to a label change. FSIS estimates that 25 to 75
percent of businesses that have products with U.S.-origin claims would
conduct a focus group test on one product formula. FSIS assumed that
not every brand would conduct market testing because not every brand
would make a change, and such testing is expensive. Additionally, the
label changes are expected to be minor, and typically, brands do not
conduct market research for minor changes. The estimated cost for a
focus group test is $7,440 per formula (with a range of $7,048 to
$7,831) in 2021 dollars.\46\ Combined, the mean estimated market
testing cost is $0.8 million, annualized at a 7 percent discount rate
over 10 years, table 6. The Agency is seeking comment on the
assumptions used for the market testing costs.
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

\43\ Mean estimates from the 2014 FDA Label Cost Model were
updated to 2021 dollars for inflation. Muth, M., Bradley, S.,
Brophy, J., Capogrossi, K., Coglaiti, M., & Karns, S. (2015). 2014
FDA Labeling Cost Model. U.S. Food and Drug Administration. Page 4-
43. Table 4-10. Estimated Market Testing Costs in the Labeling Cost
Model, 2014 ($/Formula).
\44\ Note, a single formula may be represented by more than one
UPC because of multiple package sizes or types of packaging. Based
Table 4-3 in the FDA Label Cost model, on average, there are
approximately 1.17 UPCS per formula for food in NAICS categories
311612, 311615, and 311613.
\45\ Muth, M., Bradley, S., Brophy, J., Capogrossi, K.,
Coglaiti, M., & Karns, S. (2015). 2014 FDA Labeling Cost Model. U.S.
Food and Drug Administration. Page 4-32. For minor labeling changes,
ATC [analytical testing costs] and MTC [market testing costs] are
likely to be 0.
\46\ Muth, M., Bradley, S., Brophy, J., Capogrossi, K.,
Coglaiti, M., & Karns, S. (2015). 2014 FDA labeling cost model. U.S.
Food and Drug Administration. Page 4-43.

Table 6--Market Testing Costs in Millions of Dollars
----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Lower Mean Upper
----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Total Businesses with Market Testing..................................... 394 788 1,181
--------------------------------------
Total Cost \1\....................................................... $2.8 $5.9 $9.2
--------------------------------------
Annualized Cost (3% DR, 10 Year)..................................... $0.3 $0.7 $1.0
--------------------------------------
Annualized Cost (7% DR, 10 Year)..................................... $0.4 $0.8 $1.2
----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
\1\ Totals may not sum due to rounding.

Cost Summary
Under the provisions in this proposed rule, if finalized, industry
would likely incur a one-time relabeling cost and annual recordkeeping
costs. Combined and annualized assuming a 7 percent discount rate over
10 years, total industry cost is $3.0 million, table 7.

[[Page 15301]]

Table 7--Total Costs in Millions of Dollars
----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Cost type Lower Mean Upper
----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Relabeling............................................................... $1.5 $9.1 $29.2
Recordkeeping............................................................ 0.8 1.0 1.6
Market Testing........................................................... 2.8 5.9 9.2
--------------------------------------
Annualized Cost (3% DR, 10 Year)..................................... 1.3 2.7 5.9
--------------------------------------
Annualized Cost (7% DR, 10 Year)..................................... 1.4 3.0 6.7
----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Totals may not sum due to rounding.

Expected Benefit of the Proposed Rule
The RTI survey results suggest that the current ``Product of USA''
label claim is misleading to a majority of consumers, and consumers
believe the ``Product of USA'' claim means the product was made from
animals born, raised, and slaughtered, and the meat then processed, in
the United States.
From the RTI survey, about 56 percent of survey participants
answering the multiple choice question ``To your knowledge, what does
the Product of USA label claim on meat products mean?'' thought a
``Product of USA'' claim meant the animal was at least raised and
slaughtered and the meat then processed in the United States. Of these
participants, 47 percent also believed that the ``Product of USA''
claim indicates that the animal must also be born in the United States,
Table 8. Just 16 percent of participants selected the current FSIS
policy definition, which only requires that the product be processed in
the United States; the animals can be born, raised, and slaughtered in
another country. Based on the survey results, the current FSIS
``Product of USA'' labeling guidance does not appear to provide
consumers with accurate origin information. These findings suggests
that the current ``Product of USA'' label claim is misleading to a
majority of consumers. This proposed rule would adopt a requirement for
the ``Product of USA'' claim that would convey more accurate U.S.
origin information and thus reduce consumer confusion in the
marketplace.

Table 8--Product of USA Label Claim Meaning
------------------------------------------------------------------------
Survey Question: To your knowledge, what does the Product of USA label
claim on meat products mean?
-------------------------------------------------------------------------
Percent of
responses
------------------------------------------------------------------------
(A) Must be made from animals born, raised, and slaughtered 47
and the meat then processed in the USA....................
(B) Must be made from animals raised and slaughtered and 9
the meat then processed in the USA; the animals can be
born in another country...................................
(C) Must be made from animals slaughtered in the USA; the 8
animals can be born and raised in another country.........
(D) Must be processed in the USA; the animals can be born, 16
raised, and slaughtered in another country................
(E) Not sure/don't know.................................... 21
------------------------------------------------------------------------
Numbers may not sum due to rounding.

The results from the RTI survey also reveal that ``Product of USA''
claims are noticeable and important to consumers. Results from the
survey's aided recognition questions show that 70 to 80 percent of
eligible consumers correctly recalled seeing the ``Product of USA''
claim. Results from the aided recognition questions also showed that
participants correctly recalled the ``Product of USA'' label claim more
often than other claims. Results from the survey's unaided recall
questions show that about 1 in 3 eligible consumers reported seeing a
``Product of USA'' claim when it was with a U.S. flag icon, while about
1 in 10 eligible consumers reported seeing a ``Product of USA'' claim
when it was in plain text included in a list of other claims. These
results suggest that consumers frequently notice the ``Product of USA''
label claim. Based on these results, FSIS assumes consumers are
interested in ``Product of USA'' claims.
Finally, the RTI study also includes estimates of consumers'
willingness to pay (WTP) for different U.S.-origin claims using two
discrete choice experiments (DCEs). The first DCE asked survey
respondents if they were willing to pay more for products with a
``Product of USA'' claim compared to the same product, but with no
origin claim. The second DCE asked survey respondents if they were
willing to pay different amounts for different definitions on the
spectrum of born, raised, slaughtered, and processed in the United
States. Each DCE had three product-subgroups: ground beef, NY strip
steak, and pork tenderloin. The results from the first DCE show that
consumers are willing to pay more for products with a ``Product of
USA'' claim, in comparison to similar products without this claim,
table 9. Specifically, results comparing products with a ``Product of
USA'' claim to ones without such a claim reveal an increase in WTP per
pound of $1.69 for ground beef; $1.71 for pork tenderloin; and $3.21
for NY strip steak, table 9. These results were found to be consistent
across income groups.
The results from the second DCE show that in comparison to products
that were processed in the United States, consumers have the highest
marginal WTP for products that were born, raised, slaughtered, and
processed in the United States, table 9. Specifically, results show a
marginal WTP per pound of $1.15 for ground beef; $1.65 for pork
tenderloin; and $3.67 for NY strip steak, for products that were born,
raised, slaughtered, and processed in the United States, table 9.

[[Page 15302]]

Table 9--Marginal WTP for Product of U.S.-Origin Claims, per Pound
----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Pork NY strip
Ground beef tenderloin steak
----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
DCE 1: *
Product of USA....................................................... $1.69 $1.71 $3.21
DCE 2: **
Slaughtered and Processed in the USA................................. 0.30 0.50 1.24
Raised, Slaughtered, and Processed in the USA........................ 0.86 1.24 2.86
Born, Raised, Slaughtered, and Processed in the USA.................. 1.15 1.65 3.67
----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
* Comparing products with a Product of USA claim versus products without this claim (when no definition was
provided).
** Compared to product with a ``Processed in the USA'' claim.

Consumer WTP estimates, such as those obtained by the RTI survey,
rely on stated preferences and may not reflect actual purchasing
references in real life situations as the survey respondents do not
have their own money on the line. To complement the survey study, FSIS
also used a hedonic price model to estimate implicit price premiums of
U.S.-origin claims on uniform-weight ground beef products. See Appendix
A \47\ for the detailed analysis on this hedonic price model. The
hedonic price model compared a variable for origin claims linked to the
U.S. only and a variable for multi-country origin claims linked to the
U.S. plus other countries, to similar products without any U.S.-origin
claims \48\ on ground beef products. The model found a price premium of
2.5 percent or 10 cents per pound for claims exclusive to U.S. origin.
The model found an even higher price premium of 4.2 percent or 16 cents
per pound for multi-country origin claims referring to the U.S. and
other countries. These implicit price premiums suggest consumers may
currently pay more for ground beef products with origin information,
including origin claims linked to the U.S. plus other countries,
compared to products without any U.S. origin claims. Based on these
results, the estimated price premium for a ground beef product with a
U.S.-only origin claim would not decline if the origin claim is
modified to include the U.S. and other countries. For context, it
should be noted that the estimated price premiums were less than the
premiums for other common marketing claims on ground beef products,
such as organic, grass-fed, pasture raised, and no antibiotic and no
hormone. These marketing claims yielded higher price premiums, ranging
from $0.66 to $0.83 per pound, which could suggest that some producers
may opt for these types of marketing claims rather than an origin
claim. FSIS assumes this relationship holds across other FSIS regulated
product types and is seeking comment on this assumption.
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

\47\ A copy of Appendix A can be found on FSIS' website at:
https://www.fsis.usda.gov/sites/default/files/media_file/documents/Product_of_USA_Appendix.pdf.
\48\ Products without any U.S.-origin claims includes products
with no country of origin claim or other country origin claim such
as ``Product of Australia.''
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

This data from the RTI survey and implicit price premium analysis
suggests that a false or misleading ``Product of USA'' claim would
economically harm consumers, who look to such labeling to convey
accurate information about the U.S. origin of the production and
preparation of the labeled product consistent with consumers'
understanding of what that label means to them. Without more accurate
labeling, consumers may be paying more for products that do not
actually conform to their expectations, thus distorting the market.
Benefits Summary
The proposed ``Product of USA'' regulatory definitions of voluntary
U.S.-origin claims align the meaning of those claims with consumers'
understandings of the information conveyed by those claims, information
that is valued by consumers. The proposed changes to the ``Product of
USA'' voluntary labeling policy are intended to reduce false or
misleading U.S. origin labeling (See 9 CFR 317.8(a)), 381.129(b),
590.411(f)(1)).\49\ This would reduce the market failures associated
with incorrect and imperfect information. The proposed changes would
benefit consumers by matching the voluntary authorized ``Product of
USA'' and ``Made in the USA'' label claims with the definition that
consumers' likely expected, i.e., as product being derived from animals
born, raised, slaughtered, and processed in the United States.
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

\49\ FSIS has similar authority under the AMA concerning
products receiving voluntary inspection services, as the statute
grants the Secretary authority to ``inspect, certify, and identify
the class, quality, quantity, and condition of agricultural products
when shipped or received in interstate commerce, under such rules
and regulations as the Secretary of Agriculture may prescribe,
including assessment and collection of such fees as will be
reasonable and as nearly as may be to cover the cost of the service
rendered, to the end that agricultural products may be marketed to
the best advantage, that trading may be facilitated, and that
consumers may be able to obtain the quality product which they
desire, except that no person shall be required to use the service
authorized by this subsection'' (21 U.S.C. 1622(h)(1)).
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

The benefits for this proposed rule have not been quantified due to
data, including the divergence between estimated values and what would
be changed by the proposed rule, and the limitations (some of which are
discussed in Appendix A) associated with the associated surveys, LTE
experiments, DCEs, and hedonic price modeling. However, if finalized,
the proposed changes would allow consumers to make informed purchasing
decisions, resulting in an increase in consumer benefit and preventing
market distortions. We request comments on the potential consumer and
industry benefits of the proposed rule.
Alternative Regulatory Approaches
We considered the following three alternatives in the analysis for
this proposed rule:
Alternative 1: Taking no regulatory action by continuing
with the existing labeling requirements.
Alternative 2: The proposed rule.
Alternative 3: The proposed rule, extended compliance
period.

[[Page 15303]]

Table 10--Comparison of the Considered Alternatives
------------------------------------------------------------------------
Alternative Benefits Cost
------------------------------------------------------------------------
1--No Action................ No benefit. No relabeling costs
Misinformation or increase in
remains. recordkeeping
costs.
2--The Proposed Rule........ More accurate $3 million total
information costs. Relabeling
conveyed on labels cost $1.2 million.
with U.S-origin Recordkeeping cost
claims. $1.0 million.
Market testing cost
$0.8 million.
3--Extended Compliance Reduced benefits $2.5 million total
Period. because labels with costs. Relabeling
U.S.-origin claims cost $0.6 million.
would change at a Recordkeeping cost
slower rate and $1.0 million.
potentially include Market testing cost
information that $0.8 million.
may mislead
consumers for an
extended period.
------------------------------------------------------------------------
Note: Costs are in millions of dollars and annualized at the 7 percent
discount rate over 10 years. Numbers may not sum due to rounding.

Alternative 1--Take No Regulatory Action (Baseline)
FSIS considered keeping the current regulations and taking no
action. Consumers will be worse off absent the proposed action. While
``no action'' means the manufacturers currently labeling their products
with U.S.-origin claims do not have to relabel or increase record-
keeping activities, and therefore would not incur additional costs; the
Agency would fail to address the false impression regarding U.S. origin
conveyed by the current ``Product of USA'' labeling requirement. The
current claim does not align with consumers' interpretations of what
the ``Product of USA'' label claim means.
Therefore, the Agency rejects this alternative.
Alternative 2--The Proposed Rule
Under this proposed rule, the authorized claims, ``Product of USA''
and ``Made in the USA'', would only be permitted on the labels of FSIS-
regulated products derived from animals born, raised, slaughtered, and
processed in the United States. U.S.-origin label claims other than
``Product of USA'' or ``Made in the USA'' would need to include a
description on the package of how the product compares to the
regulatory ``Product of USA'' and ``Made in the USA'' definition,
including all preparation and processing steps that occurred in the
United States upon which the claim is made (as described above).
Consumers would benefit from the proposed changes to the regulations to
address the false impression and asymmetric information associated with
current U.S.-origin claims.
This is the Agency's preferred alternative.
Alternative 3--The Proposed Rule, Extended Compliance Period
Alternative 3 would extend the compliance period to 42 months. This
alternative reduces both costs and benefits. As shown in Table 11,
assuming an extended compliance period of 42-months would provide
industry sufficient time to coordinate all required label changes,
subsequently reducing annualized relabeling costs by about $0.5
million, as compared to assuming a 24-month compliance period.
Recordkeeping and market testing costs would remain the same as
alternative 2.
However, during this 42-month period, there would be labels with
U.S.-origin claims that conform to the current requirements as well as
labels that conform to the proposed new requirements for an extended
period. Having U.S.-origin labels that have different, with a mix of
old and new, definitions in the marketplace for a prolonged period
would increase consumer confusion and market failures. Benefits to
consumers would be delayed as labels with U.S.-origin claims would
change at a slower rate. Therefore, the Agency rejects this
alternative.

Table 11--Total Costs 42-Month Compliance, in Millions
----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Cost type Lower Mean Upper
----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Relabeling, One-time..................................................... $0.5 $4.9 $17.0
Recordkeeping, Recurring................................................. 0.8 1.0 1.6
Market Testing, One-time................................................. 2.8 5.9 9.2
--------------------------------------
Annualized Cost (3% DR, 10 Year)..................................... 1.1 2.3 4.6
--------------------------------------
Annualized Cost (7% DR, 10 Year)..................................... 1.2 2.5 5.1
----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------

Regulatory Flexibility Act Assessment
The FSIS Administrator has made a preliminary determination that
this proposed rule, if finalized, would not have a significant economic
impact on a substantial number of small entities in the U.S., as
defined by the Regulatory Flexibility Act (5 U.S.C. 601 et seq.).\50\
FSIS used brand names found in Label Insight data as a proxy for
businesses. Although Label Insight does not have company or size
information associated with the Universal Product Codes (UPCs), Label
Insight does include brand names for labels. FSIS assumed brands with
fewer than 50 UPCs associated with FSIS-regulated products were small
businesses.
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

\50\ Small Businesses are based on the United States Small
Business Administration (SBA) size standards. The SBA defines a
small business in NAICS code 311611--Animal (except Poultry)
Slaughter and NAICS code 311612-Meat Processed from Carcasses as
having less than 1,000 employees. A business in NAICS code 311615--
Poultry Processing has a small business standard of less than 1,250
employees and NAICS code Seafood Product Preparation and Packaging
has a less than 750-employee standard.
United States Small Business Administration (SBA), Table of
Small Business Standards Matched to North American Industry
Classification System Codes. Effective February 26, 2016. Available
at https://www.sba.gov/sites/default/files/files/Size_Standards_Table.pdf.
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

FSIS estimated that the proposed rule would impact 1,349 brands or
small businesses. Combined, these 1,349 small businesses have roughly
4,000 labels with U.S.-origin claims. As described above, only a
percentage of these labels may need to change as a result of the rule.
FSIS requests comments on the

[[Page 15304]]

number of small businesses affected and potential impact.
FSIS estimated that between 1,000 and 3,000 labels from small
business may need changes if the proposed rule is finalized, assuming
25, 50, and 75 percent of labels would need to be changed. The average
one-time cost estimate for minor label changes is between $848 and
$4,829 per label. The expected one-time relabeling cost for 81.5
percent of labels are for minor coordinated changes and are
approximately $848 per label. The expected one-time relabeling cost for
18.5 percent of labels are for minor uncoordinated changes, at
approximately $4,829 per label.\51\
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

\51\ Mean estimates from the 2014 FDA Label Cost Model were
updated to 2021 dollars for inflation. Muth, M., Bradley, S.,
Brophy, J., Capogrossi, K., Coglaiti, M., & Karns, S. (2015). 2014
FDA labeling cost model. U.S. Food and Drug Administration.
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

In addition, businesses would have increased recordkeeping costs.
This analysis assumed this recordkeeping would be completed by an
operations manager with an estimated hourly cost of $98.50 at the
median and a range of wages from ($71.84 to $154.78) for 20 minutes, 20
times per year (please see recordkeeping section above for more
information).\52\
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

\52\ The hourly cost includes a wage rate of $49.25 and a
benefits and overhead factor of 2. Estimates obtained from the
Bureau of Labor Statistics May 2021, National Industry-Specific
Occupational Employment and Wage Estimates, for Management
Occupations 50th (25th-75th percentile) (Occupational Code 11-0000),
Management Occupations (bls.gov).
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

Small businesses may also incur market testing costs. FSIS
estimated that 674, with a range between 337 to 1,012, small businesses
may conduct market testing if the proposed rule is finalized, assuming
25, 50, and 75 percent of the 1,349 small businesses conduct market
testing. The expected mid-point one-time market testing costs for those
small businesses that choose to conduct market testing is $7,440 in
2021 dollars.
The total mid-point cost estimate is $1.9 million, which is roughly
$1,408 per small business ($1.9M/1,349 businesses), annualized over 10
years assuming a 7 percent discount rate. Table 12 provides a summary
of the estimated total costs to small businesses.

Table 12--Total Small Business Costs, in Millions of Dollars
----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Cost type Lower Mean Upper
----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Relabeling, One-time..................................................... $0.6 $3.2 $9.2
Recordkeeping, Recurring................................................. 0.6 0.9 1.4
Market Testing, One-time................................................. 2.0 4.3 6.8
--------------------------------------
Annualized Cost (3% DR, 10 Year)..................................... 0.9 1.8 3.3
--------------------------------------
Annualized Cost (7% DR, 10 Year)..................................... 1.0 1.9 3.5
----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------

V. Paperwork Reduction Act

In accordance with section 3507(d) of the Paperwork Reduction Act
of 1995, the information collection or recordkeeping requirements
included in this proposed rule have been submitted for approval to OMB.
Title: Product of USA.
OMB Number: 0583-NEW.
Type of Request: Request for a new information collection.
Abstract: FSIS has been delegated the authority to exercise the
functions of the Secretary (7 CFR 2.18, 2.53) as specified in the
Federal Meat Inspection Act (FMIA) (21 U.S.C. 601, et seq.), the
Poultry Products Inspection Act (PPIA) (21 U.S.C. 451, et seq.), and
the Egg Products Inspection Act (EPIA) (21 U.S.C. 1031, et seq.). These
statutes mandate that FSIS protect the public by verifying that meat,
poultry, and egg products are safe, wholesome, and properly labeled and
packaged.
FSIS is proposing to amend its regulations to define the conditions
under which the labeling of FSIS-regulated products may bear voluntary
claims indicating that the product is of United States origin. Under
the recordkeeping requirements associated with generically approved
labeling, records must be maintained to demonstrate compliance with
proposed regulatory requirements for labels bearing U.S.-origin
claims.\53\
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

\53\ As discussed above (see Section III. Proposed Rule,
Required Documentation to Support Claims), under the proposed rule,
labels that bear the voluntary authorized claims ``Product of USA''
or ``Made in the USA'' may have: (1) A written description of the
controls used in the birthing, raising, slaughter, and processing of
the source animals, and for multi-ingredient products the
preparation and processing of all additional ingredients other than
spices and flavorings, to ensure that each step complies with the
proposed regulatory criteria; (2) A written description of the
controls used to trace and segregate source animals, all additional
ingredients other than spices and flavorings, and resulting products
that comply with the proposed regulatory criteria from those that do
not comply; or (3) A signed and dated document describing how the
product is prepared and processed to support that the claim is not
false or misleading. Under the proposed rule, labels that bear
voluntary qualified U.S.-origin claims may have: (1) A written
description of the controls used in each applicable step of source
animals, all additional ingredients other than spices and
flavorings, and resulting products to ensure that the U.S.-origin
claim complies with the proposed regulatory criteria; or (2) A
signed and dated document describing how the qualified U.S.-origin
claim regarding the source of the preparation and processing
component is not false or misleading.
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

At the final rule stage, FSIS intends to merge this information
collection with the existing information collection titled Marking,
Labeling, and Packaging of Meat, Poultry, and Egg Products (0583-0092).
Under the recordkeeping requirements associated with generically
approved labeling, FSIS estimates that it will take an additional 20
minutes to comply with ``Product of USA'' label recordkeeping
requirements, 20 times annually. FSIS has made the following estimates
based upon an information collection assessment:
Respondents: Official domestic establishments.
Estimated total number of respondents: 1,575.
Estimated annual number of responses per respondent: 20.
Estimated total annual burden on respondents: 10,500 hours.
All responses to this notice will be summarized and included in the
request for OMB approval. All comments will also become a matter of
public record. Copies of this information collection assessment can be
obtained from Gina Kouba, Office of Policy and Program Development,
Food Safety and Inspection Service, USDA, 1400 Independence Avenue SW,
Mailstop 3758, South Building, Washington, DC 20250-3700; (202) 937-
4272.
Comments are invited on: (a) whether the proposed collection of
information is necessary for the proper performance of FSIS' functions,
including whether the information will have practical utility; (b) the
accuracy of FSIS' estimate of the burden of the proposed collection of
information, including the validity of

[[Page 15305]]

the method and assumptions used; (c) ways to enhance the quality,
utility, and clarity of the information to be collected; and (d) ways
to minimize the burden of the collection of information, including
through the use of appropriate automated, electronic, mechanical, or
other technological collection techniques, or other forms of
information technology. Comments may be sent to both FSIS, at the
addresses provided above, and the Desk Officer for Agriculture, Office
of Information and Regulatory Affairs, Office of Management and Budget
(OMB), Washington, DC 20253.

VI. E-Government Act

FSIS and USDA are committed to achieving the purposes of the E-
Government Act (44 U.S.C. 3601, et seq.) by, among other things,
promoting the use of the internet and other information technologies
and providing increased opportunities for citizen access to Government
information and services, and for other purposes.

VII. Executive Order 12988, Civil Justice Reform

This proposed rule has been reviewed under E.O. 12988, Civil
Justice Reform. Under this proposed rule: (1) All State and local laws
and regulations that are inconsistent with this proposed rule will be
preempted; (2) no retroactive effect will be given to this proposed
rule; and (3) no administrative proceedings will be required before
parties may file suit in court challenging this proposed rule.

VIII. Executive Order 13175

This proposed rule has been reviewed in accordance with the
requirements of E.O. 13175, ``Consultation and Coordination with Indian
Tribal Governments.'' E.O. 13175 requires Federal agencies to consult
and coordinate with tribes on a government-to-government basis on
policies that have tribal implications, including regulations,
legislative comments or proposed legislation, and other policy
statements or actions that have substantial direct effects on one or
more Indian tribes, on the relationship between the Federal Government
and Indian tribes or on the distribution of power and responsibilities
between the Federal Government and Indian tribes.
FSIS has assessed the impact of this proposed rule on Indian tribes
and determined that this proposed rule does not, to our knowledge, have
tribal implications that require tribal consultation under E.O. 13175.
If a tribe requests consultation, FSIS will work with the Office of
Tribal Relations to ensure meaningful consultation is provided where
changes, additions, and modifications identified herein are not
expressly mandated by Congress.

IX. USDA Non-Discrimination Statement

In accordance with Federal civil rights law and USDA civil rights
regulations and policies, USDA, its Mission Areas, agencies, staff
offices, employees, and institutions participating in or administering
USDA programs are prohibited from discriminating based on race, color,
national origin, religion, sex, gender identity (including gender
expression), sexual orientation, disability, age, marital status,
family/parental status, income derived from a public assistance
program, political beliefs, or reprisal or retaliation for prior civil
rights activity, in any program or activity conducted or funded by USDA
(not all bases apply to all programs). Remedies and complaint filing
deadlines vary by program or incident.
Program information may be made available in languages other than
English. Persons with disabilities who require alternative means of
communication to obtain program information (e.g., Braille, large
print, audiotape, American Sign Language) should contact the
responsible Mission Area, agency, or staff office; the USDA TARGET
Center at (202) 720-2600 (voice and TTY); or the Federal Relay Service
at (800) 877-8339.
To file a program discrimination complaint, a complainant should
complete a Form, AD-3027, USDA Program Discrimination Complaint Form,
which can be obtained online at https://www.usda.gov/forms/electronic-forms, from any USDA office, by calling (866) 632-9992, or by writing a
letter addressed to USDA. The letter must contain the complainant's
name, address, telephone number, and a written description of the
alleged discriminatory action in sufficient detail to inform the
Assistant Secretary for Civil Rights about the nature and date of an
alleged civil rights violation. The completed AD-3027 form or letter
must be submitted to USDA by: (1) Mail: U.S. Department of Agriculture,
Office of the Assistant Secretary for Civil Rights, 1400 Independence
Avenue SW, Washington, DC 20250-9410; or (2) Fax: (833) 256-1665 or
(202) 690-7442; or (3) Email: [email protected].
USDA is an equal opportunity provider, employer, and lender.

X. Environmental Impact

Each USDA agency is required to comply with 7 CFR part 1b of the
Departmental regulations, which supplements the National Environmental
Policy Act regulations published by the Council on Environmental
Quality. Under these regulations, actions of certain USDA agencies and
agency units are categorically excluded from the preparation of an
Environmental Assessment (EA) or an Environmental Impact Statement
(EIS) unless the agency head determines that an action may have a
significant environmental effect (7 CFR 1b.4(b)). FSIS is among the
agencies categorically excluded from the preparation of an EA or EIS (7
CFR 1b.4(b)(6)).
FSIS has determined that this proposed rule, which would establish
voluntary labeling requirements for FSIS-regulated products with
``Product of USA,'' ``Made in the USA,'' and similar claims, will not
create any extraordinary circumstances that would result in this
normally excluded action having a significant individual or cumulative
effect on the human environment. Therefore, this action is
appropriately subject to the categorical exclusion from the preparation
of an environmental assessment or environmental impact statement
provided under 7 CFR 1b.4(b)(6) of the U.S. Department of Agriculture
regulations.

XI. Additional Public Notification

Public awareness of all segments of rulemaking and policy
development is important. Consequently, FSIS will announce this Federal
Register publication on-line through the FSIS web page located at:
https://www.fsis.usda.gov/federal-register.
FSIS will also announce and provide a link through the FSIS
Constituent Update, which is used to provide information regarding FSIS
policies, procedures, regulations, Federal Register notices, FSIS
public meetings, and other types of information that could affect or
would be of interest to our constituents and stakeholders. The
Constituent Update is available on the FSIS web page. Through the web
page, FSIS is able to provide information to a much broader, more
diverse audience. In addition, FSIS offers an email subscription
service which provides automatic and customized access to selected food
safety news and information. This service is available at: https://www.fsis.usda.gov/subscribe. Options range from recalls to export
information, regulations, directives, and notices. Customers can add or
delete subscriptions themselves and have the option to password protect
their accounts.

[[Page 15306]]

XII. Proposed Rule Text

List of Subjects in 9 CFR Part 412

Food labeling, Food packaging, Meat and meat products, Meat
inspection, Poultry and poultry products, Reporting and recordkeeping
requirements.

For the reasons set forth in the preamble, FSIS is proposing to
amend 9 CFR part 412 as follows:

PART 412--LABEL APPROVAL

0
1. The authority citation for part 412 continues to read as follows:

Authority: 21 U.S.C. 451-470, 601-695; 7 CFR 2.18, 2.53.

0
2. Add Sec. 412.3 to read as follows:

Sec. 412.3 Approval of U.S.-origin generic label claims.

(a) The authorized claims ``Product of USA'' and ``Made in the
USA'' may be used under generic approval on labels to designate single
ingredient products derived from animals born, raised, slaughtered, and
processed in the United States.
(b) The authorized claims ``Product of USA'' and ``Made in the
USA'' may be used under generic approval on labels to designate multi-
ingredient products if all FSIS-regulated components of the product are
derived from animals born, raised, slaughtered, and processed in the
United States, and all other ingredients in the product are of domestic
origin. For purposes of this paragraph (b), spices and flavorings need
not be of domestic origin for claim use, but all other ingredients of
the product must be of domestic origin.
(c) Claims other than ``Product of USA'' and ``Made in the USA''
may be used under generic approval on labels to designate the U.S.-
origin component of single ingredient and multi-ingredient products
only if the product also includes a description on the package as to
how the claim compares to the definitions for the authorized claims,
``Product of USA'' and ``Made in the USA'' as set forth in paragraphs
(a) and (b) of this section. The product must include a description on
the package of all preparation and processing steps that occurred in
the United States upon which the claim is being made. Such labels must
be truthful and not misleading.
(1) The wording of the package description must be shown in print
no smaller than one third the size of the largest letter in the U.S.-
origin claim, and positioned near the U.S.-origin claim.
(d) In addition to the requirements in Sec. 412.2, official
establishments using and facilities choosing to use labels that bear
the authorized claims ``Product of USA'' or ``Made in the USA'' to
designate products of U.S. origin must maintain records to support the
U.S.-origin claim. Examples of the types of documentation that may be
maintained to support the authorized U.S.-origin claims ``Product of
USA'' or ``Made in the USA'' include:
(1) A written description of the controls used in the birthing,
raising, slaughter, and processing of the source animals, and for
multi-ingredient products the preparation and processing of all
additional ingredients other than spices and flavorings, to ensure that
each step complies with paragraphs (a) and (b) of this section.
(2) A written description of the controls used to trace and
segregate, from the time of birth or processing through packaging and
wholesale or retail distribution, source animals, all additional
ingredients other than spices and flavorings, and resulting products
that comply with paragraphs (a) and (b) of this section from those that
do not comply.
(3) A signed and dated document describing how the product is
prepared and processed to support that the authorized claim is not
false or misleading.
(e) In addition to the requirements in Sec. 412.2, official
establishments using and facilities choosing to use a qualified U.S.-
origin label claim to designate the U.S.-origin preparation and
processing component of a product must maintain records to support the
qualified U.S.-origin claim. Examples of the types of documentation
that may be maintained to support the qualified U.S.-origin claim
include:
(1) A written description of the controls used in each applicable
preparation and processing step of source animals, all additional
ingredients other than spices and flavorings, and resulting products to
demonstrate that the qualified U.S.-origin claim complies with
paragraph (c) of this section. The described controls may include those
used to trace and segregate, during each applicable step, source
animals, all additional ingredients other than spices and flavorings,
and resulting products that comply with the U.S.-origin claim from
those that do not comply.
(2) A signed and dated document describing how the qualified U.S.-
origin claim regarding the preparation and processing component is not
false or misleading.

Done in Washington, DC.
Paul Kiecker,
Administrator.
[FR Doc. 2023-04815 Filed 3-10-23; 8:45 am]
BILLING CODE 3410-DM-P