[Federal Register Volume 88, Number 34 (Tuesday, February 21, 2023)]
[Proposed Rules]
[Pages 10774-10817]
From the Federal Register Online via the Government Publishing Office [www.gpo.gov]
[FR Doc No: 2023-02440]



[[Page 10773]]

Vol. 88

Tuesday,

No. 34

February 21, 2023

Part IV





Office of Government Ethics





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5 CFR Part 2635





Modernization Updates to Standards of Ethical Conduct for Employees of 
the Executive Branch; Proposed Rule

  Federal Register / Vol. 88, No. 34 / Tuesday, February 21, 2023 / 
Proposed Rules  

[[Page 10774]]


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OFFICE OF GOVERNMENT ETHICS

5 CFR Part 2635

RIN 3209-AA43


Modernization Updates to Standards of Ethical Conduct for 
Employees of the Executive Branch

AGENCY: Office of Government Ethics.

ACTION: Proposed rule.

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SUMMARY: The U.S. Office of Government Ethics (OGE) requests comments 
on proposed changes to the Standards of Ethical Conduct for Employees 
of the Executive Branch (Standards). The proposed amendments seek to 
update the Standards based on OGE's experience gained from application 
of the regulation since its inception. The proposed amendments also 
would incorporate past interpretive guidance, add and update regulatory 
examples, improve clarity, update citations, and make technical 
corrections.

DATES: Written comments are invited and must be received on or before 
April 24, 2023.

ADDRESSES: You may submit comments in writing to OGE on this proposed 
rule, identified by RIN 3209-AA43, by any of the following methods:
    Email: [email protected]. Include the reference ``Proposed 
Amendments to Standards of Conduct'' in the subject line of the 
message.
    Mail: Office of Government Ethics, Suite 500, 1201 New York Avenue 
NW, Washington, DC 20005-3917, Attention: ``Proposed Amendments to 
Standards of Conduct.''
    Instructions: All submissions must include OGE's agency name and 
the Regulation Identifier Number (RIN), 3209-AA43, for this proposed 
rulemaking. All comments, including attachments and other supporting 
materials, will become part of the public record and subject to public 
disclosure. Comments may be posted on OGE's website, www.oge.gov. 
Sensitive personal information, such as account numbers or Social 
Security numbers, should not be included. Comments generally will not 
be edited to remove any identifying or contact information.

FOR FURTHER INFORMATION CONTACT: Kimberly L. Sikora Panza, Associate 
Counsel, or Christie Chung, Assistant Counsel, U.S. Office of 
Government Ethics, 1201 New York Avenue NW, Suite 500, Washington, DC 
20005-3917; Telephone: 202-482-9300; TTY: 800-877-8339; Fax: 202-482-
9237.

SUPPLEMENTARY INFORMATION: 

I. Rulemaking History

    On August 7, 1992, the U.S. Office of Government Ethics (OGE) 
published the Standards of Ethical Conduct for Employees of the 
Executive Branch (Standards), which are codified at 5 CFR part 2635. 
See 57 FR 35006 (Aug. 7, 1992), as amended. The Standards serve as the 
primary regulatory guidance on the standards of ethical conduct for 
officers and employees of the executive branch of the Federal 
Government (Government).
    Pursuant to a provision of the Ethics in Government Act of 1978, 5 
U.S.C. 13122, the Director of OGE is responsible for periodically 
reviewing, evaluating, and updating the rules and regulations that 
pertain to ethics in the executive branch. Most recently, in 2016, OGE 
issued updated regulations in subpart B and subpart F of part 2635 
relating to gifts from outside sources and seeking employment. See 81 
FR 48687 (July 26, 2016); see also 81 FR 81641 (Nov. 18, 2016). In 
accordance with 5 U.S.C. 13122, OGE has reviewed the regulations found 
in subparts A, C, D, E, G, H, and I of part 2635, and is proposing 
changes to these provisions in light of OGE's experience gained from 
application of the Standards since they became effective in February 
1993.
    In formulating this proposed rule, OGE has consulted with the 
Department of Justice and the Office of Personnel Management pursuant 
to section 201(a) of Executive Order 12674, as modified by Executive 
Order 12731, and the authorities contained in 5 U.S.C. chapter 131, 
subchapter II. Additionally, OGE has solicited and considered the views 
of executive branch agency ethics officials.

II. Analysis of Proposed Amendments

    In addition to the specific changes discussed below, OGE is 
proposing a number of global technical changes to all subparts of the 
Standards. Among other things, OGE proposes to add appropriate 
punctuation and modernize language by using consistent capitalization 
of ``Government,'' removing gendered language and language that 
unnecessarily focuses on marital status, and updating the words 
``shall'' and ``where.'' OGE also is replacing the terms 
``disqualification'' and ``disqualify'' with ``recusal'' and ``recuse'' 
to modernize language throughout all subparts of the Standards, 
consistent with language OGE modernized in subpart F in 2016. As 
highlighted in further detail below, OGE also proposes to update 
citations and change agency names throughout this part as appropriate.

A. General Provisions (Subpart A)

    In Sec.  2635.101(b)(13), OGE proposes to clarify that the 
enumerated list of equal opportunity laws and regulations is not 
exhaustive, and also proposes to add the words ``(including pregnancy, 
gender identity, and sexual orientation)'' after ``sex,'' to change 
``handicap'' to ``disability,'' and to add ``genetic information,'' to 
incorporate more contemporary terminology and reflect categories 
covered by the Equal Employment Opportunity Commission. OGE also 
proposes to incorporate this more contemporary terminology in Sec.  
2635.106.
    In Sec.  2635.102(a), OGE proposes to replace the words ``Postal 
Rate Commission'' with the words ``Postal Regulatory Commission,'' and 
the words ``General Accounting Office'' with the words ``Government 
Accountability Office'' to reflect the change in the names of these 
agencies. OGE also proposes to update paragraph Sec.  2635.102(b) to 
use language more consistent with the defined term ``head of an 
agency'' in paragraph (i); a similar language change is made in Sec.  
2635.503(c). Former Sec.  2635.102(j) has been removed because OGE 
modified the language of each subpart to make the regulation gender 
neutral. As a result, subsequent paragraphs in Sec.  2635.102 have been 
relabeled.
    OGE proposes to revise the title of Sec.  2635.103 to more 
accurately reflect the contents of the provision by adding ``enlisted'' 
before ``members of the uniformed services.'' Section 2635.103 states 
that the provisions of this part are not applicable to enlisted members 
of the uniformed services, and OGE proposes to make only minor 
technical edits to the language of this section for clarity.
    In Sec.  2635.105(c)(3), OGE proposes to delete the reference to 
supplemental regulations issued prior to the Standards and Executive 
Order 11222 (May 8, 1965), which was revoked by Executive Order 12674 
(April 12, 1989).
    Finally, OGE proposes to update Sec.  2635.102(c) and (f), as well 
as Sec.  2635.107 to reference updated citations and language of part 
2638 of this chapter, which was most recently revised in 2016.

B. Gifts From Outside Sources (Subpart B)

    In subpart B, OGE proposes a minor revision to Example 1 following 
Sec.  2635.201(b) to better illustrate the operation of the paragraph. 
Similarly, OGE also proposes to make minor changes to Example 4 
following Sec.  2635.204(a) to clarify the interplay

[[Page 10775]]

between 31 U.S.C. 1353 and subpart B. No substantive change is 
intended.
    For the remainder of the subpart, OGE proposes to make only global 
technical changes that are suggested throughout the Standards. 
Specifically, OGE proposes to modernize the regulatory text by adding 
appropriate punctuation and capitalization, updating changed agency 
names, removing gendered language and language that unnecessarily 
focuses on marital status, and updating the words ``where'' and 
``disqualification/disqualify.''

C. Gifts Between Employees (Subpart C)

    Throughout subpart C, OGE proposes to replace the terms 
``donating'' and ``donation'' with ``contributing'' and 
``contribution'' respectively to modernize language and ensure 
consistency in language in this section. No substantive change is 
intended.
Proposed Sec.  2635.301--Overview
    In Sec.  2635.301, OGE proposes to update the overview in 
recognition of the updates being made to the regulatory restrictions on 
gifts to superiors, as discussed below. OGE also proposes to add 
language clarifying that subpart B is the appropriate subpart for 
analyzing gifts from outside sources. In subpart B, there is a similar 
reminder pointing to subpart C in the note that follows Sec.  
2635.203(e). OGE believes that a parallel note in subpart C would be a 
helpful clarification, and the proposed language is phrased in a way 
that tracks the reminder in subpart B.
Proposed Sec.  2635.302--General Standards
    In this section, OGE proposes tailored revisions aimed at making 
the restriction and exceptions regarding gifts to superiors and gifts 
from employees receiving less pay more logical. OGE believes that the 
proposed changes are consistent with the underlying statute restricting 
certain gifts between employees, 5 U.S.C. 7351, as well as OGE's 
authority in that law to issue regulations that exempt voluntary gifts 
in appropriate circumstances.
    First, OGE has received input over the years that the restriction 
on gifts to superiors is incongruous with other restrictions on 
employees accepting gifts because it does not restrict an official 
superior from accepting a gift from a subordinate, and instead is 
framed in terms of what a subordinate employee may not do with respect 
to giving gifts to a superior. The current language is based on the 
statutory text of 5 U.S.C. 7351, which also articulates the restriction 
in terms of what a subordinate employee may not do, as opposed to what 
an official superior may not do. OGE believes that the regulation 
should emphasize a superior's responsibility to not accept improper 
gifts from a subordinate, consistent with how the Standards otherwise 
focus on an employee's responsibility to not accept other improper 
gifts. See, e.g., subpart B (restricting employees' ability to accept 
certain gifts from outside sources); Sec.  2635.302(b) (restricting 
employees' ability to accept certain gifts from individuals receiving 
less pay). Therefore, OGE proposes to update the language in Sec.  
2635.302(a)(1) to clarify that not only may an employee not directly or 
indirectly give a gift to an official superior, but also that ``an 
official superior may not knowingly accept such a gift.''
    OGE also seeks to resolve a peculiarity in the current regulatory 
language in Sec.  2635.302(b)(1) relating to the circumstances in which 
an employee may accept a gift from another employee ``receiving less 
pay.'' The current regulatory text permits an employee to accept a gift 
from another employee who receives less pay if there is a personal 
relationship to justify the gift and the two employees are not in a 
``subordinate-official superior relationship.'' The quoted language 
refers expansively to any subordinate-official superior relationship, 
regardless of whether the intended recipient of the gift is the 
subordinate or the official superior. OGE believes that the current 
language is worded more broadly than necessary to address the key 
concern with gift giving between employees at different pay levels--
gift giving from a subordinate to a superior. Accordingly, OGE proposes 
to replace the requirement in the exception that the employees not be 
in a subordinate-official superior relationship with a more precise 
requirement that the employee receiving the gift not be the official 
superior of the employee giving the gift (proposed Sec.  
2635.302(b)(1)). This addition does not modify the existing condition 
in the exception that there be a personal relationship between the 
employees that would justify the gift.
    Finally, OGE seeks to modernize the exception in Sec.  2635.302(b) 
in response to changes in the Federal pay system since the rule was 
first promulgated in 1992. Although at one time it may have been the 
case that superiors categorically received more pay than their 
subordinates, under current Federal pay systems, there are situations 
in which a subordinate may earn more than their official superior. OGE 
does not believe that 5 U.S.C. 7351, the statute underlying the 
restriction articulated in Sec.  2635.302(b), either contemplated or 
intended that subordinate employees would be restricted from accepting 
a gift from an official superior who, because of the nature of modern 
compensation systems, receives less pay. OGE believes that the purpose 
of 5 U.S.C. 7351, notably titled ``Gifts to Superiors,'' was to prevent 
an official superior from accepting a gift from a subordinate, not to 
prevent a gift flowing the other way. OGE therefore proposes to 
categorically exclude from the restriction in Sec.  2635.302(b) gift-
giving situations where the lower-paid employee giving the gift is the 
official superior of the employee receiving the gift (proposed Sec.  
2635.302(b)(2)). The proposed language categorically excludes such 
gifts from the prohibition without the additional ``personal 
relationship'' requirement contained in Sec.  2635.302(b)(1).
    In addition to those changes, OGE also recommends a new example to 
Sec.  2635.302 to clarify that even if individuals had a gift-giving 
relationship prior to being in a subordinate-superior relationship, 
while there is a subordinate-supervisor relationship, their gift giving 
must be restricted. The proposed example seeks to highlight that a 
change in circumstances does not obviate the subpart C restrictions, 
and that even gift giving between employees with a preexisting 
relationship still must fit within the exceptions of this subpart.
Proposed Sec.  2635.303--Definitions
    OGE proposes to modernize Example 1 after Sec.  2635.303(f) by 
removing unnecessarily specific geographical language. No substantive 
change is intended.
Proposed Sec.  2635.304--Exceptions
    In paragraph (a), OGE proposes to change ``other'' to ``an'' in the 
first sentence; the current phrasing in Sec.  2635.304(a) presupposes 
that a subordinate always receives less pay than an official superior, 
which is not always the case, as discussed above. The word replacement 
proposed by OGE removes this assumption. OGE also proposes to make a 
slight modification to the phrasing of the exception in Sec.  
2635.304(a)(5), by making the final phrase the beginning phrase of the 
exception. No substantive change is intended; OGE simply wishes to 
clarify that this gift exception can be used unless the transferred 
leave was obtained in violation of 5 CFR 630.912. In addition, OGE 
proposes to update the language of Example 4 to paragraph (a)

[[Page 10776]]

to generally refer to the holidays, instead of a specific religious 
holiday.
    OGE proposes to revise paragraph (b)(1) to add ``bereavement'' to 
the non-exhaustive list of special, infrequent occasions covered by 
this exception. As highlighted by several agencies, questions as to 
whether such instances constitute a special, infrequent occasion arise 
at a difficult time when employees are grieving. OGE views such 
occasions as being appropriately covered by this exception, and 
explicit reference to them will provide clarity and eliminate 
uncertainty. In addition, OGE proposes to add Example 4 to paragraph 
(b) to illustrate that a milestone birthday, such as a 50th birthday, 
is not an ``infrequently occurring occasion of personal significance.'' 
The new example would respond to recurring questions regarding whether 
birthdays ending in zero are an ``infrequently occurring occasion of 
personal significance'' under Sec.  2635.304(b), and would reflect 
OGE's consistent advice that they are not.
    OGE also proposes to fix the issue of having an undesignated 
paragraph in Sec.  2635.304(c) by reorganizing this section and 
designating the undesignated paragraph. No substantive change is 
intended.
    Finally, OGE proposes to make various ministerial changes to this 
section. Among other changes, OGE proposes to replace the word 
``secretary'' with the word ``assistant'' in Example 4 following 
paragraph (a) and Example 5 to paragraph (c) to modernize these 
examples. OGE also proposes to replace the word ``fee'' in Example 1 to 
paragraph (c) with the words ``suggested voluntary contribution,'' in 
order to more accurately reflect that the collection for a gift is a 
voluntary contribution and not a fee. In addition, OGE proposes to 
replace ``The General Counsel'' with ``An employee'' in Example 2 to 
paragraph (c) to improve the application of the example. Finally, OGE 
proposes to replace ``$3'' in Example 3 to paragraph (c) with ``a 
nominal amount,'' to prevent $3 from being interpreted as a universal 
definition of ``nominal amount'' as used in paragraph (c) and to make 
the example more consistent with Example 1. These modifications are not 
intended to make any substantive changes.

D. Conflicting Financial Interests (Subpart D)

    In this subpart and subpart E, OGE has added the modifier 
``particular'' before ``matter'' when the change would provide further 
clarity regarding the type of matter being discussed. Although in 
context the word ``particular'' had previously been implied, OGE made 
these adjustments to achieve more precise language.
Proposed Sec.  2635.401--Overview
    OGE proposes a minor change to the phrasing of Sec.  2635.401 to 
clarify the relationship of subpart D and 5 CFR part 2640. Part 2640 
interprets and is the implementing regulation for 18 U.S.C. 208, and 
with this change, OGE seeks to guide ethics officials to part 2640 for 
complete guidance on that law.
Proposed Sec.  2635.402--Disqualifying Financial Interests
    In this section, OGE proposes to revise various examples. In 
Example 2 following paragraph (b)(2), OGE proposes to streamline the 
characterization of the spouse's interest in their employing company by 
simply stating that the spouse has no stock or other direct or indirect 
ownership interest in the company. OGE also proposes to modify the 
language at the conclusion of the example to reference ``covered 
relationship'' and otherwise align the text with Sec.  2635.502. No 
substantive change is intended with this adjustment, which is made to 
improve the clarity and readability of this example. Finally, in 
Example 2 following paragraph (b)(3), OGE proposes to replace the words 
``Interstate Commerce Commission'' with the words ``Surface 
Transportation Board'' to reflect the change in the name of this 
agency.
    In addition, OGE proposes to update the notification and recusal 
language in Sec.  2635.402(c)(1) and (2) to align with updated phrasing 
in subpart F, and also reflect that written notification and recusal 
statements are required for certain employees under the Representative 
Louise McIntosh Slaughter Stop Trading on Congressional Knowledge Act 
(STOCK Act). Finally, OGE proposes to delete the final phrase from 
Sec.  2635.402(d)(1), which discusses 18 U.S.C. 208(b)(2) regulatory 
exemptions, and notes that the regulations in subpart B of part 2640 
``supersede any preexisting agency regulatory exemptions''; this 
language may have been relevant when the Standards were first 
promulgated, but it is superfluous today.
Proposed Sec.  2635.403--Prohibited Financial Interests
    OGE proposes to delete ``issued after February 3, 1993,'' which 
currently modifies ``agency supplemental regulations'' in Sec.  
2635.403(a). This language was relevant when the rule was first drafted 
because there were some pre-existing agency ethics rules, but at this 
time, there are no agency supplemental regulations that were issued 
before February 1993.
    In Example 1 following paragraph (b)(2), OGE proposes to add a 
dollar figure to the amount of stock owned, to make clear that the de 
minimis regulatory exemption in 5 CFR 2640.202 does not apply in this 
scenario. OGE also proposes to correct the language in paragraph 
(c)(1), which appears to incorrectly refer to the employee's 
``dependent child,'' not ``minor child,'' which is the relevant term 
for purposes of the restrictions of 18 U.S.C. 208.

E. Impartiality in Performing Official Duties (Subpart E)

Proposed Sec.  2635.501--Overview
    OGE proposes to restructure Sec.  2635.501 to organize the current 
text and the text of the current Note into new paragraphs. New 
paragraph (a) explains more fully the scope of subpart E and the 
distinction between relationships that implicate 18 U.S.C. 208 and 
those that implicate this subpart. New paragraph (b) explains more 
fully the distinction between waivers under 18 U.S.C. 208 and 
authorizations and waivers under subpart E. No substantive change is 
intended.
    OGE also proposes to add a new note following Sec.  2635.501 to 
remind employees and ethics officials that even though a particular 
situation may not raise concerns under subpart E, a supervisor or 
person responsible for assigning work may decide not to assign certain 
work to an employee for other reasons. The note is not itself a source 
of authority to either issue or withhold assignments; it merely 
highlights that agencies have various options relating to work 
assignments irrespective of subpart E. OGE intends that this note, read 
together with the other provisions of subpart E, will identify options 
available to an agency relating to potential concerns regarding 
impartiality, appearances, and employee work assignments.
Proposed Sec.  2635.502--Personal and Business Relationships
    OGE proposes to reorganize Sec.  2635.502(a) by redesignating the 
two substantive provisions currently found in the main body of 
paragraph (a) and the substantive provision currently found in 
paragraph (a)(2) as paragraphs (a)(1), (2), and (3), respectively. In 
these redesignations, current paragraph (a)(1), which encourages 
employees to seek assistance from relevant officials when considering 
whether a reasonable person would question their

[[Page 10777]]

impartiality, will no longer be designated, and instead will be 
included at the beginning of Sec.  2635.502(a). As currently written, 
the two primary prohibitions of Sec.  2635.502 (working on a particular 
matter involving specific parties in which a member of one's household 
has a financial interest and working on a particular matter involving 
specific parties in which someone with whom one has a covered 
relationship is or represents a party) appear in a single paragraph in 
Sec.  2635.502(a). Because these two prohibitions are very different, 
the current textual organization can be confusing, and OGE seeks to 
make this section clearer through the reorganization. Additionally, 
under the current regulation, the substantive ``catch-all'' provision 
of current Sec.  2635.502(a)(2), which covers ``circumstances other 
than those specifically described'' in Sec.  2635.502(a), is not 
immediately adjacent to the discussion of the two primary substantive 
provisions of Sec.  2635.502. To more clearly present the various 
concepts of Sec.  2635.502(a) and highlight that an appearance of 
impartiality may be triggered in different ways, the proposed revision 
lists the three potential impartiality scenarios in separate 
paragraphs, and begins with the text currently found in Sec.  
2635.502(a)(1), which reminds employees that they may seek the 
assistance of a supervisor, ethics official, or agency designee in 
considering whether any of those scenarios would raise impartiality 
concerns. No substantive change is intended.
    In Sec.  2635.502(b), the current regulation provides that an 
employee has a covered relationship with ``[a] person for whom the 
employee's spouse, parent or dependent child is, to the employee's 
knowledge, serving or seeking to serve as an officer, director, 
trustee, general partner, agent, attorney, consultant, contractor or 
employee.'' OGE proposes to remove the qualifier ``dependent'' before 
``child'' in this paragraph, which will mean that an employee will have 
a covered relationship with a person for whom any child is, to the 
employee's knowledge, serving or seeking to serve as an officer, 
director, trustee, general partner, agent, attorney, consultant, 
contractor, or employee. Removing the ``dependent'' qualifier 
acknowledges that there may be impartiality concerns relating to 
certain business relations of an employee's child regardless of whether 
that child is a dependent, just as the subpart presently acknowledges 
that there could be impartiality concerns relating to certain business 
relations of an employee's parent, without any dependency predicate.
    OGE proposes to update the definition of ``particular matter 
involving specific parties'' found at Sec.  2635.502(b)(3) to cross-
reference the definition at 5 CFR 2640.102(l); the current cross-
reference is obsolete, as it refers to part 2637, which is no longer in 
effect. Like part 2635, the part 2640 regulation applies to current 
employees; it simply was not in effect at the time the Standards were 
first published and thus could not serve as the relevant cross-
reference.
    In addition, OGE proposes to replace current Example 3 following 
paragraph (b)(3) with a new example. The purpose of changing the 
example is to illustrate the covered relationship described in 
paragraph (b)(1)(iii), and to describe a situation in which an employee 
could justifiably conclude that a reasonable person would be likely to 
question their impartiality. OGE also proposes to add two new examples 
following paragraph (b)(3), Examples 6 and 7. The purpose of Example 6 
is to illustrate a situation where a covered relationship described in 
(b)(1)(iii) exists, but the employee could justifiably conclude that a 
reasonable person would not be likely to question their impartiality. 
The purpose of Example 7 is to illustrate a situation in which there is 
no covered relationship under Sec.  2635.502(b)(1), but the employee 
applies the catch-all provision of proposed Sec.  2635.502(a)(3) 
because the employee is concerned about appearances, and could 
justifiably conclude that a reasonable person would be likely to 
question their impartiality.
    In Sec.  2635.502(c), OGE proposes to more clearly state an agency 
designee's determination authority. To more clearly highlight the 
situations in which an agency designee may make an independent 
determination regarding a potential appearance problem, OGE has 
reorganized the text currently at Sec.  2635.502(c) into new Sec.  
2635.502(c)(1), and separated the different potential determination 
scenarios into new Sec.  2635.502(c)(1)(i) and (ii). As a result of 
this reorganization, current Sec.  2635.502(c)(1) and (2) have been 
renumbered as Sec.  2635.502(c)(2) and (3). This reorganization does 
not substantively change the two situations set forth in the regulation 
in which an agency designee may make an independent determination as to 
whether a reasonable person would question an employee's impartiality--
appearance problems arising from the financial interests of a member of 
the employee's household in a particular matter involving specific 
parties, or from a particular matter involving specific parties in 
which a person with whom the employee has a covered relationship is or 
represents a party.
    Finally, OGE proposes minor changes to Sec.  2635.502(d), (e), and 
(f). In Example 2 to Sec.  2635.502(d), OGE proposes to make a minor 
revision to resolve potential ambiguity in the final sentence of the 
example. No substantive change is intended. In Sec.  2635.502(e), OGE 
proposes to add a sentence explicitly stating that when the covered 
relationship is with a former employer, the relevant recusal period is 
for one year after the date of the employee's resignation from the 
position with the former employer. Currently, the length of the 
cooling-off period with respect to former employers is embedded in the 
definition of ``covered relationship''; this sentence does not make any 
substantive change, but is designed to provide greater clarity for 
employees. Additionally, in Sec.  2635.502(e)(1) and (e)(2), OGE 
proposes to update the language regarding notification and 
documentation procedures to align with updated phrasing in Sec.  
2635.402(c)(2) and subpart F. Finally, OGE proposes to make the title 
of Sec.  2635.502(f) more accurate and read ``Irrelevant 
considerations'' instead of ``Relevant considerations,'' because that 
paragraph describes what considerations are not relevant for purposes 
of determinations under Sec.  2635.502. The actual language of Sec.  
2635.502(f) remains unchanged.
Proposed Sec.  2635.503--Covered Payments From Former Employers
    OGE proposes various updates to Sec.  2635.503. First, OGE proposes 
to replace the defined term of ``extraordinary payment'' in Sec.  
2635.503(b)(1) (and throughout the regulation) with the term ``covered 
payment.'' This adjustment brings the terminology in this section in 
line with the terminology used elsewhere in this subpart, namely the 
term ``covered relationship'' in Sec.  2635.502. OGE does not intend 
any substantive change in replacing the word ``extraordinary'' with 
``covered.''
    OGE also proposes to update Sec.  2635.503(a) to remove the 
limitation in the current regulation that a relevant payment under this 
section must be received ``prior to entering Government service.'' In 
OGE's experience, the potential ethics concerns and issues relating to 
covered payments from former employers can arise regardless of whether 
a payment is received before or after an individual begins Government 
service. A payment received the day after an employee assumes the 
duties of a Government position is not different

[[Page 10778]]

in kind from such a payment received two days prior; in both cases, the 
payment ``raises a legitimate concern, and thus an appearance, that the 
employee may not act impartially in particular matters to which the 
former employer is a party or represents a party.'' See 56 FR 33778, 
33786 (July 23, 1991). A recusal requirement equally applicable to both 
scenarios addresses such appearance issues. Of course, any payment 
received by a current Government employee could raise potential 
supplementation of salary concerns. Therefore, the new example that OGE 
proposes to add to Sec.  2635.503(a) to illustrate a covered payment 
received during Government service makes clear that ethics officials 
are also required to analyze the payment to determine whether it 
constituted a supplementation of salary under 18 U.S.C. 209.
    To help make the ``covered payment'' definition easier to 
understand, OGE also proposes to move the concept of a ``qualifying 
program,'' which is currently embedded in Sec.  2635.503(b)(1), into a 
standalone definition. The ``qualifying program'' definition proposed 
at Sec.  2635.503(b)(2) retains salient concepts from the current 
regulatory language--which contemplates that such a program could be 
contained in written form, or demonstrated by a history of similar 
payments to others not entering Government service--and also includes 
two new clarifications regarding what OGE considers to be such a 
program. First, to be a qualifying written program, the program cannot 
treat individuals departing for Government service more favorably than 
other individuals. When OGE first promulgated Sec.  2635.503, OGE 
thought it was unlikely that employers would offer employment plans or 
contracts that provided for targeted payments for employees who later 
serve in Government positions. See 57 FR 35006, 35028. However, since 
1992, OGE has seen numerous benefit plans where employers have written 
plans or programs that treat individuals departing for Government 
service more favorably than other individuals. Because such plans raise 
the same potential concerns regarding an employee's impartiality to the 
payor, OGE has determined that it is appropriate to clarify that a 
written program will not be considered to be a ``qualifying program'' 
if individuals entering Government service are treated more favorably 
than other former employees. This change also brings OGE's treatment of 
written and non-written plans into alignment. In the current 
definition, a qualifying program based on actual practice has to be 
shown by a history of similar payments made to persons not entering 
Government service, which underscores the importance of the payor not 
treating employees entering Government more favorably.
    Second, OGE proposes to clarify when it is appropriate to consider 
a history of similar payments made to others not entering Government 
service. Specifically, OGE proposes to update paragraph (b) to 
enumerate OGE's longstanding view that when there is a written plan, 
historical payments contrary to a provision of such a plan should not 
be considered in determining whether there is a ``qualifying program.''
    Finally, OGE proposes to update the ``former employer'' definition 
to make explicit certain details that are implicit in the current 
definition. First, consistent with the definition of ``person'' in 
Sec.  2635.102, OGE proposes to explicitly state that payments from an 
officer, employee, or agent of a former employer will be considered 
payments from the former employer. Second, to explicitly indicate that 
clients are encompassed by the ``former employer'' definition--e.g., as 
persons for whom an employee may have served as an agent, attorney, 
consultant, or contractor--OGE proposes to add a note following Sec.  
2635.503(b)(3) to highlight that this defined term encompasses former 
clients.

F. Seeking Other Employment (Subpart F)

    In subpart F, OGE proposes to make only global technical changes 
that are suggested throughout the Standards. Among other things, OGE 
proposes to modernize the regulatory text by removing gendered language 
and replacing the word ``where'' with the word ``when.''

G. Misuse of Position (Subpart G)

Proposed Sec.  2635.702--Use of Public Office for Private Gain
    OGE proposes to add a parenthetical to Sec.  2635.702 to clarify 
the scope of this section and to indicate that some endorsement may be 
permitted by this subpart or other applicable laws or regulations. 
Endorsement may be permitted in certain circumstances, and OGE has 
received questions indicating that there may be confusion about the 
current phrasing. No substantive change is intended by this addition.
    OGE proposes to amend paragraph (b) of Sec.  2635.702 to clarify 
the limited circumstances in which an employee may use their official 
title when making a recommendation. In the current regulation, an 
employee ``may sign a letter of recommendation using [their] official 
title only in response to a request for an employment recommendation or 
character reference based upon personal knowledge of the ability or 
character of an individual with whom [the employee] has dealt in the 
course of Federal employment or whom [the employee] is recommending for 
Federal employment.'' OGE proposes to update Sec.  2635.702(b) to 
recognize that an official letter is not the only medium through which 
recommendations are made. The updated language will provide that an 
employee may use their official title when making a verbal or written 
recommendation described in that paragraph. In addition, OGE proposes 
to amend this paragraph to clarify that recommendations permitted under 
Sec.  2635.702(b) are not limited to employment recommendations. Over 
the years, questions have arisen as to the permissibility of an 
employee using their title when signing other types of recommendations, 
such as character references to accompany graduate school applications. 
Removing the word ``employment'' from this phrase will make clear that 
an employee may use their official title when they have been asked to 
provide other types of recommendations. These proposed changes would 
not ease the other constraints on an employee using their title when 
providing a requested recommendation for an individual: that the 
employee has ``personal knowledge of the ability or character of [the] 
individual,'' and the individual must be someone ``with whom the 
employee has dealt in the course of Federal employment or whom the 
employee is recommending for Federal employment.'' The proposed changes 
also would not expand an employee's ability to endorse a business or 
other kind of entity.
    In addition, to provide greater clarity regarding the phrase ``with 
whom [the employee] has dealt in the course of Federal employment,'' 
OGE proposes to update Example 1 following Sec.  2635.702(b) to add 
language indicating that an employee who is asked to provide a letter 
of recommendation for an individual who worked with the employee under 
a Government contract may provide the recommendation using official 
stationery and may sign the letter using their official title. Such a 
relationship falls within the scope of the phrase ``with whom the 
employee has dealt in the course of Federal employment.'' The proposed 
change

[[Page 10779]]

should not be read to suggest an expanded ability of the employee to 
endorse the contracting entity or any other business.
    OGE also proposes to add a new example of appearance of 
governmental sanction that involves the use of social media. The new 
example is consistent with OGE's Legal Advisory on social media. See 
OGE Legal Advisory LA-15-03 (Apr. 9, 2015).
    Finally, although it is non-exhaustive as currently written, OGE 
proposes to add ``Judge'' to the list of terms of address and ranks 
highlighted in paragraph (e) in order to provide additional clarity 
regarding the use of certain terms of address.
Proposed Sec.  2635.703--Use of Nonpublic Information
    In Examples 2 and 3 following Sec.  2635.703(b), OGE proposes to 
change ``41 U.S.C. 423'' to ``41 U.S.C. 2102'' to reflect the change to 
the citation to this statute.
Proposed Sec.  2635.704--Use of Government Property
    OGE proposes to amend Sec.  2635.704(b)(1) by replacing the term 
``automated data processing capabilities'' with the term ``computers 
and other electronic devices'' and by adding the words ``Government 
email and social media accounts'' to the list of items included in the 
term ``Government property.'' In updating the list of ``Government 
property'' to include more modern types of Government property, OGE 
does not intend to suggest that older forms of technology and equipment 
are not also Government property; to avoid such misapprehension, new 
language has been added to clarify that the term ``Government 
property'' is not limited to only those items enumerated in paragraph 
(b)(1).
    OGE proposes to update Sec.  2635.704(b)(2) to clarify that use of 
Government property in accordance with an agency's limited de minimis 
personal use policy is an ``authorized purpose'' for which Government 
property may be used.
    Finally, OGE also proposes to make certain changes to some of the 
examples in Sec.  2635.704. OGE proposes to rewrite Example 1 following 
Sec.  2635.704(b) because the General Services Administration 
regulation to which the example refers, 41 CFR 101-35.201, no longer 
exists and has not been superseded by a different Governmentwide 
regulation. OGE proposes substituting an example that references an 
agency's de minimis policy relating to the personal use of a Government 
email account. Additionally, OGE proposes to amend Example 3 following 
Sec.  2635.704(b)(2) by replacing the term ``word processor'' with the 
word ``computer.'' The reason for the change is to modernize the 
example; no substantive change is intended.
Proposed Sec.  2635.705--Use of Official Time
    OGE proposes to amend Example 1 following Sec.  2635.705(a) by 
replacing ``employee'' with ``disability claims examiner'' in order to 
make the example clearer. OGE also proposes to revise Example 2 
following Sec.  2635.705(a) to remove the reference to the Federal 
Personnel Manual, which has been abolished, and update the example to 
more generally refer to such Governmentwide personnel guidance as may 
be applicable.
    OGE proposes to update Example 1 following Sec.  2635.705(b) to 
remove outdated language referring to the subordinate as a secretary, 
and also modernize the description of the activities involved. No 
substantive change is intended.

H. Outside Activities (Subpart H)

Proposed Sec.  2635.801--Overview
    OGE proposes to delete reference to ``the limitations on 
participation in professional organizations'' as one of the provisions 
of this subpart with which the employee must comply. This language 
refers to the current title of reserved Sec.  2635.806, which OGE 
proposes to delete (with Sec.  2635.806 remaining reserved), as 
discussed below.
    OGE also proposes to move Example 2 that is currently found in 
Sec.  2635.802 to Sec.  2635.801(c), because that example is more 
appropriate as an illustration of the concept that an employee should 
avoid creating an appearance of violating ethical standards or using 
their official position for private gain. No changes were made to the 
existing example other than relocating it to this paragraph.
    Finally, OGE proposes to make more precise the description of 
certain ``other laws'' that may apply to employee outside activities, 
as set forth in Sec.  2635.801(d). Specifically, OGE proposes to 
explicitly note the application and timing of 18 U.S.C. 203 in Sec.  
2635.801(d)(3), and to reference the 15% outside earned income 
limitation when discussing limitations on outside employment in the 
Ethics in Government Act in Sec.  2635.801(d)(8).
Proposed Sec.  2635.802--Conflicting Outside Employment and Activities
    OGE also proposes a new Example 1 to more accurately reflect a 
situation where an employee's outside activities would conflict with 
the employee's job duties, as well as to substitute a new Example 2 in 
Sec.  2635.802 because current Example 2 has been relocated to Sec.  
2635.801(c), as discussed above. The purpose of the substitution is to 
provide a more appropriate example of when a recusal obligation exists 
under subpart E, but there is no issue under Sec.  2635.802. OGE 
proposes no other substantive changes to these examples.
Proposed Sec.  2635.803--Prior Approval for Outside Employment and 
Activities
    In the first paragraph of this section, OGE proposes to add 
language reminding employees of their responsibility to ensure that 
outside activities do not conflict with their official duties, 
regardless of the existence of any agency supplemental regulations 
regarding prior approval.
    Consistent with the goal of removing obsolete references, OGE also 
proposes to delete the words ``issued after February 3, 1993'' 
modifying ``agency supplemental regulation'' in the current phrasing of 
this provision. This language was relevant when the rule was first 
drafted because there were some pre-existing agency rules, but at this 
time there are no agency supplemental regulations that were issued 
before February 1993.
Proposed Sec.  2635.804--Outside Earned Income Limitations Applicable 
to Certain Presidential Appointees
    For the reasons explained below, OGE proposes to rename this 
section by removing the reference to ``other noncareer employees'' from 
the title; to add an introductory paragraph explaining that this 
paragraph implements outside earned income limitations applicable to 
certain Presidential appointees and that the outside earned income 
limitation applicable to covered noncareer employees remains at 5 CFR 
2636.304; and to remove the discussion of covered noncareer employees 
at Sec.  2635.804(b) and renumber the remaining paragraphs accordingly.
    Currently, the 15% outside earned income limitation for covered 
noncareer employees is stated in both Sec.  2635.804(b) and 5 CFR 
2636.304, and the limitation for Presidential appointees is stated only 
in Sec.  2635.804(a). To eliminate redundancy and allow each section to 
focus on a specific category of employees, OGE

[[Page 10780]]

proposes to remove the discussion of covered noncareer employees from 
Sec.  2635.804(b) to allow this section to focus only on the outside 
earned income limitations applicable to certain Presidential 
appointees. The reference to 5 CFR 2636.304 for the guidance on the 
outside earned income limitation applicable to covered noncareer 
employees will ensure that Sec.  2635.804 still refers to all relevant 
outside earned income limitations, and that the limitation applicable 
to covered noncareer employees is not overlooked.
    As a ministerial matter, OGE also proposes to revise Sec.  
2635.804(a) to remove the reference to outside activities ``carried out 
in satisfaction of the employee's obligation under a contract entered 
into prior to April 12, 1989'' as any contracts before that date, more 
than 30 years ago, are very unlikely to still be in effect.
Proposed Sec.  2635.806--[Reserved]
    OGE proposes to delete the title of reserved Sec.  2635.806, 
``Participation in professional associations.'' OGE does not plan to 
promulgate a Governmentwide rule on participation in professional 
associations at this time. Accordingly, Sec.  2635.806 will continue to 
be ``Reserved,'' but its current title would be deleted.
Proposed Sec.  2635.807--Teaching, Speaking, and Writing
    OGE is aware that Sec.  2635.807 is one of the most complicated 
provisions in the Standards. In the course of reviewing potential 
changes to the Standards, therefore, OGE considered various potential 
changes, including restructuring Sec.  2635.807 or moving it into Sec.  
2635.802; ultimately, however, OGE decided to leave the existing 
structure of this paragraph. Agencies can obtain additional guidance on 
rules relating to teaching, speaking, and writing on OGE's website.
    Although OGE decided against a comprehensive revision of Sec.  
2635.807 at this time, it proposes some minor amendments to this 
section. First, OGE proposes to amend Sec.  2635.807(a) to: (1) clearly 
state what activity is permitted under paragraph (a)(3); and (2) 
emphasize that the prohibition on receiving compensation for teaching, 
speaking, or writing that relates to the employee's official duties 
applies only to teaching, speaking, or writing that occurs while the 
person is a Government employee. Regarding the first change, OGE 
proposes to explicitly note that paragraph (a)(3) is an exception for 
teaching certain courses. Regarding the second change, proposed Sec.  
2635.807(a) specifies that compensation is restricted only for 
teaching, speaking, or writing ``that occurs while the person is a 
Government employee and that relates to the employee's official 
duties''; this language emphasizes that the prohibition does not apply 
to teaching, speaking, or writing done either before or after 
Government service.
    Second, OGE proposes to amend the definition of the term 
``compensation'' at Sec.  2635.807(a)(2)(iii) to streamline the 
definition and clarify that ``compensation'' includes travel expenses 
only with respect to a very small group of employees--covered noncareer 
employees as defined in 5 CFR 2636.303(a). The new structure of this 
section defines ``compensation'' in paragraph (A), identifies the 
applicable exclusions from the definition of ``compensation'' in a new 
designated paragraph (B), and in a new designated paragraph (C) 
describes whether travel expenses are considered ``compensation'' for 
different categories of employees. This restructuring is intended to 
make the compensation definition more logically organized, and makes no 
substantive changes. Finally, in the existing Note following this 
discussion, OGE proposes to delete the reference to 18 U.S.C. 209 in 
the reminder that other authorities in some circumstances may limit or 
preclude an employee's acceptance of travel expenses; the purpose of 
this deletion is to avoid unnecessary focus on a single statute to the 
potential exclusion of other applicable authorities. No substantive 
change is intended.
    Third, OGE proposes to make a slight modification to Example 2 to 
paragraph (a)(2)(iii) to clarify that the official attended the meeting 
described in the example in their personal capacity. This modification 
is meant to make explicit information that OGE believes was implicit in 
the example as originally written.
    Fourth, OGE proposes to amend the definition of the term 
``receive'' at Sec.  2635.807(a)(2)(iv) to clarify that receipt of 
compensation is attributable to the time that the teaching, speaking, 
or writing occurs, and to clarify how OGE views the timing of receipt 
when there is an enforceable agreement to receive compensation for 
writing. The current definition of ``receive'' does not directly 
address the timing of the compensation. The revised language addresses 
timing and is consistent with OGE's guidance discussing teaching, 
speaking, and writing as an outside activity.
    Fifth, OGE proposes to update the definition of ``particular matter 
involving specific parties'' found at Sec.  2635.807(a)(2)(v) to cross-
reference the definition at 5 CFR 2640.102(l); the current cross-
reference is obsolete, as it refers to part 2637, which is no longer in 
effect. Like part 2635, the part 2640 regulation applies to current 
employees; it simply was not in effect at the time the Standards were 
first published and thus could not serve as the relevant cross-
reference.
    Sixth, OGE's revisions to subpart B of the Standards, which were 
finalized in 2016, expanded the term ``institution of higher 
education'' to include ``similar foreign institutions of higher 
education.'' 80 FR 74004, 74007 (Nov. 27, 2015). OGE proposes a 
parallel change to Sec.  2635.807(a)(3)(i)(A), along with a 
corresponding note following Sec.  2635.807(a) reminding agency ethics 
officials to consider the potential applicability of the Emoluments 
Clause of the U.S. Constitution when an employee teaches a course for 
compensation at a foreign institution of higher education. OGE also 
proposes to update the relevant citations found at Sec.  
2635.807(a)(3)(i)(B) and (C).
    Seventh, OGE proposes to make a slight modification to Example 2 to 
paragraph (a)(3) in order to make clear that the content being taught 
at the state college and the continuing education program is the same. 
No substantive change is intended.
    Eighth, although it is non-exhaustive as currently written, OGE 
proposes to add ``Judge'' to the list of terms of address and ranks 
highlighted in paragraph (b)(3) in order to provide additional clarity 
regarding the use of certain terms of address in connection with 
teaching, speaking, or writing.
    Finally, OGE proposes to update the note to Sec.  2635.807(b) to 
cross-reference subpart G to provide a reminder that reference to 
official title and position other than in a teaching, speaking, or 
writing capacity can be made only as permitted by Sec.  2635.702(b). 
This note is parallel to and consistent with the language in Sec.  
2635.702 reminding employees that reference to official title and 
position in connection with teaching, speaking, or writing covered by 
Sec.  2635.807 must be done consistent with the requirements of Sec.  
2635.807.
Proposed Sec.  2635.808--Fundraising Activities
    OGE proposes to add language at the beginning of this section 
designed to resolve continuing confusion about what type of 
``fundraising'' is covered by Sec.  2635.808. OGE frequently receives 
questions that confuse the restrictions on gifts between employees with 
the fundraising restrictions. This new language seeks to clarify that 
Sec.  2635.808

[[Page 10781]]

only covers certain specifically-defined fundraising activities and 
includes a reference to subpart C, which covers other situations where 
monies might be collected by and between employees. OGE also proposes 
to move the Note currently located in Sec.  2635.808(a) to Sec.  
2635.808(c), for better organizational placement; no changes have been 
made to the substance of this Note.
    OGE proposes to update Example 2 to Sec.  2635.808(a)(3) to update 
certain citations and make certain ministerial adjustments. No 
substantive change is intended.
    OGE also proposes to amend Sec.  2635.808(c)(1)(i) and (ii) and the 
restriction imposed on employees fundraising in their personal 
capacities. Specifically, OGE proposes to add a ``personal 
relationship'' exception to the restriction that is similar to the 
exception for accepting gifts under subparts B and C. Section 
2635.808(c) presently prohibits an employee from personally soliciting 
contributions from anyone the employee knows to be a ``prohibited 
source.'' For regular Government employees, this encompasses any 
employee of a company regulated by or who seeks to do business with the 
employee's agency as defined at Sec.  2635.203(d). For special 
Government employees, this only covers specific types of prohibited 
sources, those that would be substantially affected by the performance 
or nonperformance of the employee's duties, as defined at Sec.  
2635.203(d)(4). Because of the definition of ``person'' in Sec.  
2635.102, the result is that an employee can technically run afoul of 
Sec.  2635.808(c) if the employee asks a relative, neighbor, or someone 
else with whom they have a personal relationship to make a donation and 
the employee knows that the person happens to work for a prohibited 
source. OGE believes that such a result extends beyond the fundamental 
purpose of this restriction, and therefore proposes to add a personal 
relationship exception to avoid situations like those described above, 
and to bring the fundraising rules more in line with other provisions 
in the Standards. The proposed text tracks other language in the 
Standards regarding personal relationships, and requires that the 
circumstances make clear that the solicitation is motivated by a family 
relationship or personal relationship that would justify the 
solicitation. A new Example 4 has been added to illustrate this 
exception.
    OGE also proposes to add new Examples 5 and 6, to illustrate 
fundraising that involves the use of social media; these examples are 
consistent with OGE's Legal Advisory on social media. See OGE Legal 
Advisory LA-15-03 (Apr. 9, 2015).
I. Subpart I--Related Statutory Authorities
Proposed Sec.  2635.902--Related Statutes
    OGE proposes several technical amendments to Sec.  2635.902 by 
updating citations and streamlining language.

III. Matters of Regulatory Procedure

Regulatory Flexibility Act

    As Director of the Office of Government Ethics, I certify under the 
Regulatory Flexibility Act (5 U.S.C. chapter 6) that this proposed rule 
will not have a significant economic impact on a substantial number of 
small entities because it primarily affects current Federal executive 
branch employees.

Paperwork Reduction Act

    The Paperwork Reduction Act (44 U.S.C. chapter 35) does not apply 
because this regulation does not contain information collection 
requirements that require approval of the Office of Management and 
Budget.

Unfunded Mandates Reform Act

    For purposes of the Unfunded Mandates Reform Act of 1995 (2 U.S.C. 
chapter 5, subchapter II), this proposed rule will not significantly or 
uniquely affect small governments and will not result in increased 
expenditures by State, local, and tribal governments, in the aggregate, 
or by the private sector, of $100 million or more (as adjusted for 
inflation) in any one year.

Executive Order 13563 and Executive Order 12866

    Executive Orders 13563 and 12866 direct agencies to assess all 
costs and benefits of available regulatory alternatives and, if 
regulation is necessary, to select the regulatory approaches that 
maximize net benefits (including economic, environmental, public health 
and safety effects, distributive impacts, and equity). Executive Order 
13563 emphasizes the importance of quantifying both costs and benefits, 
of reducing costs, of harmonizing rules, and of promoting flexibility.
    Although the number of substantive proposed changes to the 
regulation is not extensive, the benefits of implementing these changes 
are significant. The existing regulations are not insufficient, but 
they have not been significantly updated since their issuance in 1992. 
OGE's proposed revisions address common questions received from ethics 
officials, incorporate OGE's experience gained from applying the 
regulation since its inception, modernize existing examples and add new 
examples for more useful reference, provide updated citations where 
regulatory provisions or statutes have changed, and make technical 
corrections. These revisions will provide greater clarity for executive 
branch employees and ethics officials. Further, OGE anticipates that 
this additional clarity will increase compliance and reduce the number 
of inadvertent violations.
    OGE does not anticipate any significant increased costs associated 
with these changes. However, OGE notes that there may be an increase in 
the time burden during the first year in which the regulations become 
effective, particularly for ethics officials, due to necessary updates 
to training materials and other related ethics briefings, questions 
regarding the interpretation of revised regulatory provisions, and 
review of additional OGE guidance.
    This proposed rule has been designated as a ``significant 
regulatory action'' although not economically significant, under 
section 3(f) of Executive Order 12866. Accordingly, this rule has been 
reviewed by the Office of Management and Budget.

Executive Order 12988

    As Director of the Office of Government Ethics, I have reviewed 
this proposed rule in light of section 3 of Executive Order 12988, 
Civil Justice Reform, and certify that it meets the applicable 
standards provided therein.

Executive Order 13715

    The Office of Government Ethics has evaluated this proposed rule 
under the criteria set forth in Executive Order 13175 and determined 
that tribal consultation is not required as this proposed rule has no 
substantial direct effect on one or more Indian tribes, on the 
relationship between the Federal Government and Indian tribes, or on 
the distribution of power and responsibilities between the Federal 
Government and Indian tribes.

List of Subjects in 5 CFR Part 2635

    Conflict of interests, Executive Branch standards of ethical 
conduct, Government employees.

    Approved: February 1, 2023.
Emory Rounds,
Director, U.S. Office of Government Ethics.


0
For the reasons set forth in the preamble, the U.S. Office of 
Government Ethics proposes to revise 5 CFR part 2635 to read as 
follows:

[[Page 10782]]

PART 2635--STANDARDS OF ETHICAL CONDUCT FOR EMPLOYEES OF THE 
EXECUTIVE BRANCH

Subpart A--General Provisions
Sec.
2635.101 Basic obligation of public service.
2635.102 Definitions.
2635.103 Applicability to enlisted members of the uniformed 
services.
2635.104 Applicability to employees on detail.
2635.105 Supplemental agency regulations.
2635.106 Disciplinary and corrective action.
2635.107 Ethics advice.
Subpart B--Gifts From Outside Sources
2635.201 Overview and considerations for declining otherwise 
permissible gifts.
2635.202 General prohibition on solicitation or acceptance of gifts.
2635.203 Definitions.
2635.204 Exceptions to the prohibition for acceptance of certain 
gifts.
2635.205 Limitations on use of exceptions.
2635.206 Proper disposition of prohibited gifts.
Subpart C--Gifts Between Employees
2635.301 Overview.
2635.302 General standards.
2635.303 Definitions.
2635.304 Exceptions.
Subpart D--Conflicting Financial Interests
2635.401 Overview.
2635.402 Disqualifying financial interests.
2635.403 Prohibited financial interests.
Subpart E--Impartiality in Performing Official Duties
2635.501 Overview.
2635.502 Personal and business relationships.
2635.503 Covered payments from former employers.
Subpart F--Seeking Other Employment
2635.601 Overview.
2635.602 Applicability and related considerations.
2635.603 Definitions.
2635.604 Recusal while seeking employment.
2635.605 Waiver or authorization permitting participation while 
seeking employment.
2635.606 Recusal based on an arrangement concerning prospective 
employment or otherwise after negotiations.
2635.607 Notification requirements for public financial disclosure 
report filers regarding negotiations for or agreement of future 
employment or compensation.
Subpart G--Misuse of Position
2635.701 Overview.
2635.702 Use of public office for private gain.
2635.703 Use of nonpublic information.
2635.704 Use of Government property.
2635.705 Use of official time.
Subpart H--Outside Activities
2635.801 Overview.
2635.802 Conflicting outside employment and activities.
2635.803 Prior approval for outside employment and activities.
2635.804 Outside earned income limitations applicable to certain 
Presidential appointees.
2635.805 Service as an expert witness.
2635.806 [Reserved]
2635.807 Teaching, speaking and writing.
2635.808 Fundraising activities.
2635.809 Just financial obligations.
Subpart I--Related Statutory Authorities
2635.901 General.
2635.902 Related statutes.

    Authority:  5 U.S.C. 7301, 7351, 7353; 5 U.S.C. ch. 131; E.O. 
12674, 54 FR 15159, 3 CFR, 1989 Comp., p. 215, as modified by E.O. 
12731, 55 FR 42547, 3 CFR, 1990 Comp., p. 306.

Subpart A--General Provisions


Sec.  2635.101   Basic obligation of public service.

    (a) Public service is a public trust. Each employee has a 
responsibility to the United States Government and its citizens to 
place loyalty to the Constitution, laws, and ethical principles above 
private gain. To ensure that every citizen can have complete confidence 
in the integrity of the Federal Government, each employee must respect 
and adhere to the principles of ethical conduct set forth in this 
section, as well as the implementing standards contained in this part 
and in supplemental agency regulations.
    (b) General principles. The following general principles apply to 
every employee and may form the basis for the standards contained in 
this part. When a situation is not covered by the standards set forth 
in this part, employees must apply the principles set forth in this 
section in determining whether their conduct is proper.
    (1) Public service is a public trust, requiring employees to place 
loyalty to the Constitution, the laws, and ethical principles above 
private gain.
    (2) Employees shall not hold financial interests that conflict with 
the conscientious performance of duty.
    (3) Employees shall not engage in financial transactions using 
nonpublic Government information or allow the improper use of such 
information to further any private interest.
    (4) An employee shall not, except as permitted by subpart B of this 
part, solicit or accept any gift or other item of monetary value from 
any person or entity seeking official action from, doing business with, 
or conducting activities regulated by the employee's agency, or whose 
interests may be substantially affected by the performance or 
nonperformance of the employee's duties.
    (5) Employees shall put forth honest effort in the performance of 
their duties.
    (6) Employees shall not knowingly make unauthorized commitments or 
promises of any kind purporting to bind the Government.
    (7) Employees shall not use public office for private gain.
    (8) Employees shall act impartially and not give preferential 
treatment to any private organization or individual.
    (9) Employees shall protect and conserve Federal property and shall 
not use it for other than authorized activities.
    (10) Employees shall not engage in outside employment or 
activities, including seeking or negotiating for employment, that 
conflict with official Government duties and responsibilities.
    (11) Employees shall disclose waste, fraud, abuse, and corruption 
to appropriate authorities.
    (12) Employees shall satisfy in good faith their obligations as 
citizens, including all just financial obligations, especially those--
such as Federal, State, or local taxes--that are imposed by law.
    (13) Employees shall adhere to all laws and regulations that 
provide equal opportunity for all Americans regardless of, for example, 
race, color, religion, sex (including pregnancy, gender identity, and 
sexual orientation), national origin, age, genetic information, or 
disability.
    (14) Employees shall endeavor to avoid any actions creating the 
appearance that they are violating the law or the ethical standards set 
forth in this part. Whether particular circumstances create an 
appearance that the law or these standards have been violated shall be 
determined from the perspective of a reasonable person with knowledge 
of the relevant facts.
    (c) Related statutes. In addition to the standards of ethical 
conduct set forth in this part, there are conflict of interest statutes 
that prohibit certain conduct. Criminal conflict of interest statutes 
of general applicability to all employees, 18 U.S.C. 201, 203, 205, 
208, and 209, are summarized in the appropriate subparts of this part 
and must be taken into consideration in determining whether conduct is 
proper. Citations to other generally applicable statutes relating to 
employee conduct are set forth in subpart I of this part, and employees 
are further cautioned that there may be additional statutory and 
regulatory restrictions applicable to them generally or as employees of 
their specific agencies. Because an employee is considered to be on 
notice of the requirements of any statute, an employee should not rely 
upon any

[[Page 10783]]

description or synopsis of a statutory restriction, but should refer to 
the statute itself and obtain the advice of an agency ethics official 
as needed.


Sec.  2635.102  Definitions.

    The definitions listed below are used throughout this part. 
Additional definitions appear in the subparts or sections of subparts 
to which they apply. For purposes of this part:
    (a) Agency means an executive agency as defined in 5 U.S.C. 105 and 
the Postal Service and the Postal Regulatory Commission. It does not 
include the Government Accountability Office or the government of the 
District of Columbia.
    (b) Agency designee refers to any employee who, by agency 
regulation, instruction, or other issuance, has been delegated 
authority to make any determination, give any approval, or take any 
other action required or permitted by this part with respect to another 
employee. An agency may delegate these authorities to any number of 
agency designees necessary to ensure that determinations are made, 
approvals are given, and other actions are taken in a timely and 
responsible manner. Any provision that requires a determination, 
approval, or other action by the agency designee will, when the conduct 
in issue is that of the head of the agency, be deemed to require that 
such determination, approval, or action be made or taken by the head of 
the agency in consultation with the designated agency ethics official.
    (c) Agency ethics official refers to the designated agency ethics 
official, the alternate designated agency ethics official, any deputy 
ethics official, and any additional ethics official who has been 
delegated authority to assist in carrying out the responsibilities of 
an agency's ethics program. The responsibilities of agency ethics 
officials are described in Sec.  2638.104 of this chapter.
    (d) Agency programs or operations refers to any program or function 
carried out or performed by an agency, whether pursuant to statute, 
Executive order, or regulation.
    (e) Corrective action includes any action necessary to remedy a 
past violation or prevent a continuing violation of this part, 
including but not limited to restitution, change of assignment, 
recusal, divestiture, termination of an activity, waiver, the creation 
of a qualified diversified or blind trust, or counseling.
    (f) Designated agency ethics official refers to the official 
designated under Sec.  2638.104(a) of this chapter.
    (g) Disciplinary action includes those disciplinary actions 
referred to in Office of Personnel Management regulations and 
instructions implementing provisions of title 5 of the United States 
Code or provided for in comparable provisions applicable to employees 
not subject to title 5, including but not limited to reprimand, 
suspension, demotion, and removal. In the case of a military officer, 
comparable provisions may include those in the Uniform Code of Military 
Justice.
    (h) Employee means any officer or employee of an agency, including 
a special Government employee. It includes officers but not enlisted 
members of the uniformed services. It includes employees of a State or 
local government or other organization who are serving on detail to an 
agency, pursuant to 5 U.S.C. 3371, et seq. For purposes other than 
subparts B and C of this part, it does not include the President or 
Vice President. Status as an employee is unaffected by pay or leave 
status or, in the case of a special Government employee, by the fact 
that the individual does not perform official duties on a given day.
    (i) Head of an agency means, in the case of an agency headed by 
more than one person, the chair or comparable member of such agency.
    (j) Person means an individual, corporation and subsidiaries it 
controls, company, association, firm, partnership, society, joint stock 
company, or any other organization or institution, including any 
officer, employee, or agent of such person or entity. For purposes of 
this part, a corporation will be deemed to control a subsidiary if it 
owns 50 percent or more of the subsidiary's voting securities. The term 
is all-inclusive and applies to commercial ventures and nonprofit 
organizations as well as to foreign, State, and local governments, 
including the government of the District of Columbia. It does not 
include any agency or other entity of the Federal Government or any 
officer or employee thereof when acting in an official capacity on 
behalf of that agency or entity.
    (k) Special Government employee means those executive branch 
officers or employees specified in 18 U.S.C. 202(a). A special 
Government employee is retained, designated, appointed, or employed to 
perform temporary duties either on a full-time or intermittent basis, 
with or without compensation, for a period not to exceed 130 days 
during any consecutive 365-day period.
    (l) Supplemental agency regulation means a regulation issued 
pursuant to Sec.  2635.105.


Sec.  2635.103  Applicability to enlisted members of the uniformed 
services.

    The provisions of this part are not applicable to enlisted members 
of the uniformed services. However, each agency with jurisdiction over 
enlisted members of the uniformed services may issue regulations 
defining the ethical conduct obligations of enlisted members under its 
jurisdiction. Such regulations or policies, if issued, should be 
consistent with Executive Order 12674, April 12, 1989, as modified, and 
may prescribe the full range of statutory and regulatory sanctions, 
including those available under the Uniform Code of Military Justice, 
for failure to comply with such regulations.


Sec.  2635.104   Applicability to employees on detail.

    (a) Details to other agencies. Except as provided in paragraph (d) 
of this section, employees on detail, including uniformed officers on 
assignment, from their employing agencies to another agency for a 
period in excess of 30 calendar days will be subject to any 
supplemental agency regulations of the agency to which they are 
detailed rather than to any supplemental agency regulations of their 
employing agencies.
    (b) Details to the legislative or judicial branch. Employees on 
detail, including uniformed officers on assignment, from their 
employing agencies to the legislative or judicial branch for a period 
in excess of 30 calendar days will be subject to the ethical standards 
of the branch or entity to which detailed. For the duration of any such 
detail or assignment, employees will not be subject to the provisions 
of this part, except this section, or, except as provided in paragraph 
(d) of this section, to any supplemental agency regulations of their 
employing agencies, but will remain subject to the conflict of interest 
prohibitions in title 18 of the United States Code.
    (c) Details to non-Federal entities. Except to the extent exempted 
in writing pursuant to this paragraph, an employee detailed to a non-
Federal entity remains subject to this part and to any supplemental 
agency regulation of their employing agency. When an employee is 
detailed pursuant to statutory authority to an international 
organization or to a State or local government for a period in excess 
of six months, the designated agency ethics official may grant a 
written exemption from subpart B of this part based on their 
determination that the entity has adopted written ethical standards 
covering solicitation and acceptance of gifts which will apply to the 
employee during the detail and which will be

[[Page 10784]]

appropriate given the purpose of the detail.
    (d) Applicability of special agency statutes. Notwithstanding 
paragraphs (a) and (b) of this section, employees who are subject to an 
agency statute which restricts their activities or financial holdings 
specifically because of their status as an employee of that agency will 
continue to be subject to any provisions in the supplemental agency 
regulations of the employing agency that implement that statute.


Sec.  2635.105  Supplemental agency regulations.

    In addition to the regulations set forth in this part, employees 
must comply with any supplemental agency regulations issued by their 
employing agencies under this section.
    (a) An agency that wishes to supplement this part must prepare and 
submit to the Office of Government Ethics, for its concurrence and 
joint issuance, any agency regulations that supplement the regulations 
contained in this part. Supplemental agency regulations which the 
agency determines are necessary and appropriate, in view of its 
programs and operations, to fulfill the purposes of this part must be:
    (1) In the form of a supplement to the regulations in this part; 
and
    (2) In addition to the substantive provisions of this part.
    (b) After concurrence and co-signature by the Office of Government 
Ethics, the agency must submit its supplemental agency regulations to 
the Federal Register for publication and codification at the expense of 
the agency in title 5 of the Code of Federal Regulations. Supplemental 
agency regulations issued under this section are effective only after 
concurrence and co-signature by the Office of Government Ethics and 
publication in the Federal Register.
    (c) This section applies to any supplemental agency regulations or 
amendments thereof issued under this part. It does not apply to:
    (1) A handbook or other issuance intended merely as an explanation 
of the standards contained in this part or in supplemental agency 
regulations;
    (2) An instruction or other issuance the purpose of which is to:
    (i) Delegate to an agency designee authority to make any 
determination, give any approval or take any other action required or 
permitted by this part or by supplemental agency regulations; or
    (ii) Establish internal agency procedures for documenting or 
processing any determination, approval or other action required or 
permitted by this part or by supplemental agency regulations, or for 
retaining any such documentation; or
    (3) Regulations or instructions that an agency has authority, 
independent of this part, to issue, such as regulations implementing an 
agency's gift acceptance statute, protecting categories of nonpublic 
information, or establishing standards for use of Government vehicles.
    (d) Employees of a State or local government or other organization 
who are serving on detail to an agency, pursuant to 5 U.S.C. 3371, et 
seq., are subject to any requirements, in addition to those in this 
part, established by a supplemental agency regulation issued under this 
section to the extent that such regulation expressly provides.


Sec.  2635.106   Disciplinary and corrective action.

    (a) Except as provided in Sec.  2635.107, a violation of this part 
or of supplemental agency regulations may be cause for appropriate 
corrective or disciplinary action to be taken under applicable 
Governmentwide regulations or agency procedures. Such action may be in 
addition to any action or penalty prescribed by law.
    (b) It is the responsibility of the employing agency to initiate 
appropriate disciplinary or corrective action in individual cases. 
However, corrective action may be ordered or disciplinary action 
recommended by the Director of the Office of Government Ethics under 
the procedures at part 2638 of this chapter.
    (c) A violation of this part or of supplemental agency regulations, 
as such, does not create any right or benefit, substantive or 
procedural, enforceable at law by any person against the United States, 
its agencies, its officers or employees, or any other person. Thus, for 
example, an individual who alleges that an employee has failed to 
adhere to laws and regulations that provide equal opportunity 
regardless of race, color, religion, sex (including pregnancy, gender 
identity, and sexual orientation), national origin, age, genetic 
information, or disability is required to follow applicable statutory 
and regulatory procedures, including those of the Equal Employment 
Opportunity Commission.


Sec.  2635.107  Ethics advice.

    (a) As required by Sec. Sec.  2638.104(a) and 2638.104(d) of this 
chapter, each agency has a designated agency ethics official and an 
alternate designated agency ethics official; these are the employees 
who have the primary responsibility for directing the daily activities 
of an agency's ethics program. Acting directly or through other 
officials, the designated agency ethics official is responsible for 
providing ethics advice and counseling regarding the application of 
this part.
    (b) Employees who have questions about the application of this part 
or any supplemental agency regulations to particular situations should 
seek advice from an agency ethics official. Disciplinary action for 
violating this part or any supplemental agency regulations will not be 
taken against an employee who has engaged in conduct in good faith 
reliance upon the advice of an agency ethics official, provided that 
the employee, in seeking such advice, has made full disclosure of all 
relevant circumstances. When the employee's conduct violates a criminal 
statute, reliance on the advice of an agency ethics official cannot 
ensure that the employee will not be prosecuted under that statute. 
However, good faith reliance on the advice of an agency ethics official 
is a factor that may be taken into account by the Department of Justice 
in the selection of cases for prosecution. Disclosures made by an 
employee to an agency ethics official are not protected by an attorney-
client privilege. Agency ethics officials are required by 28 U.S.C. 535 
to report any information they receive relating to a violation of the 
criminal code, title 18 of the United States Code.

Subpart B--Gifts From Outside Sources


Sec.  2635.201   Overview and considerations for declining otherwise 
permissible gifts.

    (a) Overview. This subpart contains standards that prohibit an 
employee from soliciting or accepting any gift from a prohibited source 
or any gift given because of the employee's official position, unless 
the item is excluded from the definition of a gift or falls within one 
of the exceptions set forth in this subpart.
    (b) Considerations for declining otherwise permissible gifts. (1) 
Every employee has a fundamental responsibility to the United States 
and its citizens to place loyalty to the Constitution, laws, and 
ethical principles above private gain. An employee's actions should 
promote the public's trust that this responsibility is being met. For 
this reason, employees should consider declining otherwise permissible 
gifts if they believe that a reasonable person with knowledge of the 
relevant facts would question the employee's integrity or impartiality 
as a result of accepting the gift.
    (2) Employees who are considering whether acceptance of a gift 
would lead

[[Page 10785]]

a reasonable person with knowledge of the relevant facts to question 
their integrity or impartiality may consider, among other relevant 
factors, whether:
    (i) The gift has a high market value;
    (ii) The timing of the gift creates the appearance that the donor 
is seeking to influence an official action;
    (iii) The gift was provided by a person who has interests that may 
be substantially affected by the performance or nonperformance of the 
employee's official duties; and
    (iv) Acceptance of the gift would provide the donor with 
significantly disproportionate access.
    (3) Notwithstanding paragraph (b)(1) of this section, an employee 
who accepts a gift that qualifies for an exception under Sec.  2635.204 
does not violate this subpart or the Principles of Ethical Conduct set 
forth in Sec.  2635.101(b).
    (4) Employees who have questions regarding this subpart, including 
whether the employee should decline a gift that would otherwise be 
permitted under an exception found in Sec.  2635.204, should seek 
advice from an agency ethics official.
    Example 1 to paragraph (b): An employee of the Peace Corps is in 
charge of making routine purchases of office supplies. After a 
promotional presentation to highlight several new products, a vendor 
offers to buy the employee lunch, which costs less than $20. The 
employee is concerned that a reasonable person may question their 
impartiality by accepting the free lunch, as the timing of the offer 
indicates that the donor may be seeking to influence an official action 
and the company has interests that may be substantially affected by the 
performance or nonperformance of the employee's duties. The employee 
concludes that appearance considerations weigh against accepting the 
gift.


Sec.  2635.202   General prohibition on solicitation or acceptance of 
gifts.

    (a) Prohibition on soliciting gifts. Except as provided in this 
subpart, an employee may not, directly or indirectly:
    (1) Solicit a gift from a prohibited source; or
    (2) Solicit a gift to be given because of the employee's official 
position.
    (b) Prohibition on accepting gifts. Except as provided in this 
subpart, an employee may not, directly or indirectly:
    (1) Accept a gift from a prohibited source; or
    (2) Accept a gift given because of the employee's official 
position.
    (c) Relationship to illegal gratuities statute. A gift accepted 
pursuant to an exception found in this subpart will not constitute an 
illegal gratuity otherwise prohibited by 18 U.S.C. 201(c)(1)(B), unless 
it is accepted in return for being influenced in the performance of an 
official act. As more fully described in Sec.  2635.205(d)(1), an 
employee may not solicit or accept a gift if to do so would be 
prohibited by the Federal bribery statute, 18 U.S.C. 201(b).
    Example 1 to paragraph (c): A Government contractor who specializes 
in information technology software has offered an employee of the 
Department of Energy's information technology acquisition division a 
$15 gift card to a local restaurant if the employee will recommend to 
the agency's contracting officer that the agency select the 
contractor's products during the next acquisition. Even though the gift 
card is less than $20, the employee may not accept the gift under Sec.  
2635.204(a) because it is conditional upon official action by the 
employee. Pursuant to Sec. Sec.  2635.202(c) and 2635.205(a), 
notwithstanding any exception to the rule, an employee may not accept a 
gift in return for being influenced in the performance of an official 
act.


Sec.  2635.203  Definitions.

    For purposes of this subpart, the following definitions apply:
    (a) Agency has the meaning set forth in Sec.  2635.102(a). However, 
for purposes of this subpart, an executive department, as defined in 5 
U.S.C. 101, may, by supplemental agency regulation, designate as a 
separate agency any component of that department which the department 
determines exercises distinct and separate functions.
    (b) Gift includes any gratuity, favor, discount, entertainment, 
hospitality, loan, forbearance, or other item having monetary value. It 
includes services as well as gifts of training, transportation, local 
travel, lodgings, and meals, whether provided in-kind, by purchase of a 
ticket, payment in advance, or reimbursement after the expense has been 
incurred. The term excludes the following:
    (1) Modest items of food and non-alcoholic refreshments, such as 
soft drinks, coffee, and donuts, offered other than as part of a meal;
    (2) Greeting cards and items with little intrinsic value, such as 
plaques, certificates, and trophies, which are intended primarily for 
presentation;
    Example 1 to paragraph (b)(2): After giving a speech at the 
facility of a pharmaceutical company, a Government employee is 
presented with a glass paperweight in the shape of a pill capsule with 
the name of the company's latest drug and the date of the speech 
imprinted on the side. The employee may accept the paperweight because 
it is an item with little intrinsic value which is intended primarily 
for presentation.
    Example 2 to paragraph (b)(2): After participating in a panel 
discussion hosted by an international media company, a Government 
employee is presented with an inexpensive portable music player 
emblazoned with the media company's logo. The portable music player has 
a market value of $25. The employee may not accept the portable music 
player as it has a significant independent use as a music player rather 
than being intended primarily for presentation.
    Example 3 to paragraph (b)(2): After giving a speech at a 
conference held by a national association of miners, a Department of 
Commerce employee is presented with a block of granite that is engraved 
with the association's logo, a picture of the Appalachian Mountains, 
the date of the speech, and the employee's name. The employee may 
accept this item because it is similar to a plaque, is designed 
primarily for presentation, and has little intrinsic value.
    (3) Loans from banks and other financial institutions on terms 
generally available to the public;
    (4) Opportunities and benefits, including favorable rates and 
commercial discounts, available to the public or to a class consisting 
of all Government employees or all uniformed military personnel, 
whether or not restricted on the basis of geographic considerations;
    (5) Rewards and prizes given to competitors in contests or events, 
including random drawings, open to the public unless the employee's 
entry into the contest or event is required as part of the employee's 
official duties;
    Example 1 to paragraph (b)(5): A Government employee is attending a 
free trade show on official time. The trade show is held in a public 
shopping area adjacent to the employee's office building. The employee 
voluntarily enters a drawing at an individual vendor's booth, which is 
open to the public, by filling in an entry form on the vendor's display 
table and dropping it into the contest box. The employee may accept the 
resulting prize because entry into the contest was not required by or 
related to their official duties.
    Example 2 to paragraph (b)(5): Attendees at a conference, which is 
not open to the public, are entered in a drawing for a weekend getaway 
to Bermuda as a result of being registered for the conference. A 
Government

[[Page 10786]]

employee who attends the conference in an official capacity could not 
accept the prize under paragraph (b)(5) of this section, as the event 
is not open to the public.
    (6) Pension and other benefits resulting from continued 
participation in an employee welfare and benefits plan maintained by a 
current or former employer;
    (7) Anything which is paid for by the Government or secured by the 
Government under Government contract;
    Example 1 to paragraph (b)(7): An employee at the Occupational 
Safety and Health Administration is assigned to travel away from their 
duty station to conduct an investigation of a collapse at a 
construction site. The employee's agency is paying for relevant travel 
expenses, including airfare. The employee may accept and retain travel 
promotional items, such as frequent flyer miles, received as a result 
of this official travel, to the extent permitted by 5 U.S.C. 5702, 
note, and 41 CFR part 301-53.
    (8) Free attendance to an event provided by the sponsor of the 
event to:
    (i) An employee who is assigned to present information on behalf of 
the agency at the event on any day when the employee is presenting;
    (ii) An employee whose presence on any day of the event is deemed 
to be essential by the agency to the presenting employee's 
participation in the event, provided that the employee is accompanying 
the presenting employee; and
    (iii) One guest of the presenting employee on any day when the 
employee is presenting, provided that others in attendance will 
generally be accompanied by a guest, the offer of free attendance for 
the guest is unsolicited, and the agency designee, orally or in 
writing, has authorized the presenting employee to accept;
    Example 1 to paragraph (b)(8): An employee of the Department of the 
Treasury who is assigned to participate in a panel discussion of 
economic issues as part of a one-day conference may accept the 
sponsor's waiver of the conference fee. Under the separate authority of 
Sec.  2635.204(a), the employee may accept a token of appreciation that 
has a market value of $20 or less.
    Example 2 to paragraph (b)(8): An employee of the Securities and 
Exchange Commission is assigned to present the agency's views at a 
roundtable discussion of an ongoing working group. The employee may 
accept free attendance to the meeting under paragraph (b)(8) of this 
section because the employee has been assigned to present information 
at the meeting on behalf of the agency. If it is determined by the 
agency that it is essential that another employee accompany the 
presenting employee to the roundtable discussion, the accompanying 
employee may also accept free attendance to the meeting under paragraph 
(b)(8)(ii) of this section.
    Example 3 to paragraph (b)(8): An employee of the United States 
Trade and Development Agency is invited to attend a cocktail party 
hosted by a prohibited source. The employee believes that there will be 
an opportunity to discuss official matters with other attendees while 
at the event. Although the employee may voluntarily discuss official 
matters with other attendees, the employee has not been assigned to 
present information on behalf of the agency. The employee may not 
accept free attendance to the event under paragraph (b)(8) of this 
section.
    (9) Any gift accepted by the Government under specific statutory 
authority, including:
    (i) Travel, subsistence, and related expenses accepted by an agency 
under the authority of 31 U.S.C. 1353 in connection with an employee's 
attendance at a meeting or similar function relating to the employee's 
official duties which take place away from the employee's duty station, 
provided that the agency's acceptance is in accordance with the 
implementing regulations at 41 CFR chapter 304; and
    (ii) Other gifts provided in-kind which have been accepted by an 
agency under its agency gift acceptance statute; and
    (10) Anything for which market value is paid by the employee.
    (c) Market value means the cost that a member of the general public 
would reasonably expect to incur to purchase the gift. An employee who 
cannot ascertain the market value of a gift may estimate its market 
value by reference to the retail cost of similar items of like quality. 
The market value of a gift of a ticket entitling the holder to food, 
refreshments, entertainment, or any other benefit is deemed to be the 
face value of the ticket.
    Example 1 to paragraph (c): An employee who has been given a watch 
inscribed with the corporate logo of a prohibited source may determine 
its market value based on the observation that a comparable watch, not 
inscribed with a logo, generally sells for about $50.
    Example 2 to paragraph (c): During an official visit to a factory 
operated by a well-known athletic footwear manufacturer, an employee of 
the Department of Labor is offered a commemorative pair of athletic 
shoes manufactured at the factory. Although the cost incurred by the 
donor to manufacture the shoes was $17, the market value of the shoes 
would be the $100 that the employee would have to pay for the shoes on 
the open market.
    Example 3 to paragraph (c): A prohibited source has offered a 
Government employee a ticket to a charitable event consisting of a 
cocktail reception to be followed by an evening of chamber music. Even 
though the food, refreshments, and entertainment provided at the event 
may be worth only $20, the market value of the ticket is its $250 face 
value.
    Example 4 to paragraph (c): A company offers an employee of the 
Federal Communication Commission (FCC) free attendance for two to a 
private skybox at a ballpark to watch a major league baseball game. The 
skybox is leased annually by the company, which has business pending 
before the FCC. The skybox tickets provided to the employee do not have 
a face value. To determine the market value of the tickets, the 
employee must add the face value of two of the most expensive publicly 
available tickets to the game and the market value of any food, 
parking, or other tangible benefits provided in connection with the 
gift of attendance that are not already included in the cost of the 
most expensive publicly available tickets.
    Example 5 to paragraph (c): An employee of the Department of 
Agriculture is invited to a reception held by a prohibited source. 
There is no entrance fee to the reception event or to the venue. To 
determine the market value of the gift, the employee must add the 
market value of any entertainment, food, beverages, or other tangible 
benefit provided to attendees in connection with the reception, but 
need not consider the cost incurred by the sponsor to rent or maintain 
the venue where the event is held. The employee may rely on a per-
person cost estimate provided by the sponsor of the event, unless the 
employee or an agency designee has determined that a reasonable person 
would find that the estimate is clearly implausible.
    (d) Prohibited source means any person who:
    (1) Is seeking official action by the employee's agency;
    (2) Does business or seeks to do business with the employee's 
agency;
    (3) Conducts activities regulated by the employee's agency;
    (4) Has interests that may be substantially affected by the 
performance or nonperformance of the employee's official duties; or

[[Page 10787]]

    (5) Is an organization a majority of whose members are described in 
paragraphs (d)(1) through (4) of this section.
    (e) Given because of the employee's official position. A gift is 
given because of the employee's official position if the gift is from a 
person other than an employee and would not have been given had the 
employee not held the status, authority, or duties associated with the 
employee's Federal position.

    Note 1 to paragraph (e): Gifts between employees are subject to 
the limitations set forth in subpart C of this part.

    Example 1 to paragraph (e): When free season tickets are offered by 
an opera guild to all members of the Cabinet, the gift is offered 
because of their official positions.
    Example 2 to paragraph (e): Employees at a regional office of the 
Department of Justice (DOJ) work in Government-leased space at a 
private office building, along with various private business tenants. A 
major fire in the building during normal office hours causes a 
traumatic experience for all occupants of the building in making their 
escape, and it is the subject of widespread news coverage. A corporate 
hotel chain, which does not meet the definition of a prohibited source 
for DOJ, seizes the moment and announces that it will give a free 
night's lodging to all building occupants and their families, as a 
public goodwill gesture. Employees of DOJ may accept, as this gift is 
not being given because of their Government positions. The donor's 
motivation for offering this gift is unrelated to the DOJ employees' 
status, authority, or duties associated with their Federal positions, 
but instead is based on their mere presence in the building as 
occupants at the time of the fire.
    (f) Indirectly solicited or accepted. A gift which is solicited or 
accepted indirectly includes a gift:
    (1) Given with the employee's knowledge and acquiescence to the 
employee's parent, sibling, spouse, child, dependent relative, or a 
member of the employee's household because of that person's 
relationship to the employee; or
    (2) Given to any other person, including any charitable 
organization, on the basis of designation, recommendation, or other 
specification by the employee, except the employee has not indirectly 
solicited or accepted a gift by the raising of funds or other support 
for a charitable organization if done in accordance with Sec.  
2635.808.
    Example 1 to paragraph (f)(2): An employee who must decline a gift 
of a personal computer pursuant to this subpart may not suggest that 
the gift be given instead to one of five charitable organizations whose 
names are provided by the employee.
    (g) Free attendance includes waiver of all or part of the fee for 
an event or the provision of food, refreshments, entertainment, 
instruction, or materials furnished to all attendees as an integral 
part of the event. It does not include travel expenses, lodgings, or 
entertainment collateral to the event. It does not include meals taken 
other than in a group setting with all other attendees, unless the 
employee is a presenter at the event and is invited to a separate meal 
for participating presenters that is hosted by the sponsor of the 
event. When the offer of free attendance has been extended to an 
accompanying guest, the market value of the gift of free attendance 
includes the market value of free attendance by both the employee and 
the guest.


Sec.  2635.204   Exceptions to the prohibition for acceptance of 
certain gifts.

    Subject to the limitations in Sec.  2635.205, this section 
establishes exceptions to the prohibitions set forth in Sec.  
2635.202(a) and (b). Even though acceptance of a gift may be permitted 
by one of the exceptions contained in this section, it is never 
inappropriate and frequently prudent for an employee to decline a gift 
if acceptance would cause a reasonable person to question the 
employee's integrity or impartiality. Section 2635.201(b) identifies 
considerations for declining otherwise permissible gifts.
    (a) Gifts of $20 or less. An employee may accept unsolicited gifts 
having an aggregate market value of $20 or less per source per 
occasion, provided that the aggregate market value of individual gifts 
received from any one person under the authority of this paragraph (a) 
does not exceed $50 in a calendar year. This exception does not apply 
to gifts of cash or of investment interests such as stock, bonds, or 
certificates of deposit. When the market value of a gift or the 
aggregate market value of gifts offered on any single occasion exceeds 
$20, the employee may not pay the excess value over $20 in order to 
accept that portion of the gift or those gifts worth $20. When the 
aggregate value of tangible items offered on a single occasion exceeds 
$20, the employee may decline any distinct and separate item in order 
to accept those items aggregating $20 or less.
    Example 1 to paragraph (a): An employee of the Securities and 
Exchange Commission and their spouse have been invited by a 
representative of a regulated entity to a community theater production, 
tickets to which have a face value of $30 each. The aggregate market 
value of the gifts offered on this single occasion is $60, $40 more 
than the $20 amount that may be accepted for a single event or 
presentation. The employee may not accept the gift of the evening of 
entertainment. The couple may attend the play only if the employee pays 
the full $60 value of the two tickets.
    Example 2 to paragraph (a): An employee of the National Geospatial-
Intelligence Agency has been invited by an association of cartographers 
to speak about the agency's role in the evolution of missile 
technology. At the conclusion of the speech, the association presents 
the employee a framed map with a market value of $18 and a ceramic mug 
that has a market value of $15. The employee may accept the map or the 
mug, but not both, because the aggregate value of these two tangible 
items exceeds $20.
    Example 3 to paragraph (a): On four occasions during the calendar 
year, an employee of the Defense Logistics Agency (DLA) was given gifts 
worth $10 each by four employees of a corporation that is a DLA 
contractor. For purposes of applying the yearly $50 limitation on gifts 
of $20 or less from any one person, the four gifts must be aggregated 
because a person is defined at Sec.  2635.102(k) to mean not only the 
corporate entity, but its officers and employees as well. However, for 
purposes of applying the $50 aggregate limitation, the employee would 
not have to include the value of a birthday present received from a 
cousin, who is employed by the same corporation, if the cousin's 
birthday present can be accepted under the exception at paragraph (b) 
of this section for gifts based on a personal relationship.
    Example 4 to paragraph (a): Under the authority of 31 U.S.C. 1353 
for agencies to accept payments from non-Federal sources in connection 
with attendance at certain meetings or similar functions, the 
Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) has accepted an association's 
gift of travel expenses and conference fees for an employee to attend a 
conference on the long-term effect of radon exposure. While at the 
conference, the employee may accept a gift basket of $20 or less from 
one of the companies underwriting the event even though it was not 
approved in advance by the EPA. Although 31 U.S.C. 1353 is the 
authority under which the EPA accepted the gift to the agency of travel 
expenses and conference fees, the gift basket is a gift to the employee 
rather than to the EPA.

[[Page 10788]]

    Example 5 to paragraph (a): During off-duty time, an employee of 
the Department of Defense (DoD) attends a trade show involving 
companies that are DoD contractors. The employee is offered software 
worth $15 at X Company's booth, a calendar worth $12 at Y Company's 
booth, and a deli lunch worth $8 from Z Company. The employee may 
accept all three of these items because they do not exceed $20 per 
source, even though they total more than $20 at this single occasion.
    Example 6 to paragraph (a): An employee of the Department of 
Defense (DoD) is being promoted to a higher level position in another 
DoD office. Six individuals, each employed by a different defense 
contractor, who have worked with the DoD employee over the years, 
decide to act in concert to pool their resources to buy the employee a 
nicer gift than each could buy separately. Each defense contractor 
employee contributes $20 to buy a desk clock for the DoD employee that 
has a market value of $120. Although each of the contributions does not 
exceed the $20 limit, the employee may not accept the $120 gift because 
it is a single gift that has a market value in excess of $20.
    Example 7 to paragraph (a): During a holiday party, an employee of 
the Department of State is given a $15 store gift card to a national 
coffee chain by an agency contractor. The employee may accept the card 
as the market value is less than $20. The employee could not, however, 
accept a gift card that is issued by a credit card company or other 
financial institution, because such a card is equivalent to a gift of 
cash.
    (b) Gifts based on a personal relationship. An employee may accept 
a gift given by an individual under circumstances which make it clear 
that the gift is motivated by a family relationship or personal 
friendship rather than the position of the employee. Relevant factors 
in making such a determination include the history and nature of the 
relationship and whether the family member or friend personally pays 
for the gift.
    Example 1 to paragraph (b): An employee of the Federal Deposit 
Insurance Corporation (FDIC) has been dating an accountant employed by 
a member bank. As part of its ``Work-Life Balance'' program, the bank 
has given each employee in the accountant's division two tickets to a 
professional basketball game and has urged each to invite a family 
member or friend to share the evening of entertainment. Under the 
circumstances, the FDIC employee may accept the invitation to attend 
the game. Even though the tickets were initially purchased by the 
member bank, they were given without reservation to the accountant to 
use as desired, and the invitation to the employee was motivated by 
their personal friendship.
    Example 2 to paragraph (b): Three partners in a law firm that 
handles corporate mergers have invited an employee of the Federal Trade 
Commission (FTC) to join them in a golf tournament at a private club at 
the firm's expense. The entry fee is $500 per foursome. The employee 
cannot accept the gift of one-quarter of the entry fee even though the 
employee has developed an amicable relationship with the three partners 
as a result of the firm's dealings with the FTC. As evidenced in part 
by the fact that the fees are to be paid by the firm, it is not a 
personal friendship but a business relationship that is the motivation 
behind the partners' gift.
    Example 3 to paragraph (b): A Peace Corps employee enjoys using a 
social media site on the internet in a personal capacity outside of 
work. The employee has used the site to keep in touch with friends, 
neighbors, coworkers, professional contacts, and other individuals they 
have met over the years through both work and personal activities. One 
of these individuals works for a contractor that provides language 
services to the Peace Corps. The employee was acting in an official 
capacity when they met the individual at a meeting to discuss a matter 
related to the contract between their respective employers. Thereafter, 
the two communicated occasionally regarding contract matters, and later 
also granted one another access to join their social media networks 
through their respective social media accounts. However, the pair did 
not communicate further in their personal capacities, carry on 
extensive personal interactions, or meet socially outside of work. One 
day, the individual, whose employer continues to serve as a Peace Corps 
contractor, contacts the employee to offer a pair of concert tickets 
worth $30 apiece. Although the employee and the individual are 
connected through social media, the circumstances do not demonstrate 
that the gift was clearly motivated by a personal relationship, rather 
than the position of the employee, and therefore the employee may not 
accept the gift pursuant to paragraph (b) of this section.
    (c) Discounts and similar benefits. In addition to those 
opportunities and benefits excluded from the definition of a gift by 
Sec.  2635.203(b)(4), an employee may accept:
    (1) A reduction or waiver of the fees for membership or other fees 
for participation in organization activities offered to all Government 
employees or all uniformed military personnel by professional 
organizations if the only restrictions on membership relate to 
professional qualifications; and
    (2) Opportunities and benefits, including favorable rates, 
commercial discounts, and free attendance or participation not 
precluded by paragraph (c)(3) of this section:
    (i) Offered to members of a group or class in which membership is 
unrelated to Government employment;
    (ii) Offered to members of an organization, such as an employees' 
association or agency credit union, in which membership is related to 
Government employment if the same offer is broadly available to large 
segments of the public through organizations of similar size; or
    (iii) Offered by a person who is not a prohibited source to any 
group or class that is not defined in a manner that specifically 
discriminates among Government employees on the basis of type of 
official responsibility or on a basis that favors those of higher rank 
or rate of pay.
    Example 1 to paragraph (c)(2): A computer company offers a discount 
on the purchase of computer equipment to all public and private sector 
computer procurement officials who work in organizations with over 300 
employees. An employee who works as the computer procurement official 
for a Government agency could not accept the discount to purchase the 
personal computer under the exception in paragraph (c)(2)(i) of this 
section. The employee's membership in the group to which the discount 
is offered is related to Government employment because membership is 
based on the employee's status as a procurement official with the 
Government.
    Example 2 to paragraph (c)(2): An employee of the Consumer Product 
Safety Commission (CPSC) may accept a discount of $50 on a microwave 
oven offered by the manufacturer to all members of the CPSC employees' 
association. Even though the CPSC is currently conducting studies on 
the safety of microwave ovens, the $50 discount is a standard offer 
that the manufacturer has made broadly available through a number of 
employee associations and similar organizations to large segments of 
the public.
    Example 3 to paragraph (c)(2): An Assistant Secretary may not 
accept a local country club's offer of membership to all members of 
Department Secretariats which includes a waiver of its $5,000 
membership initiation fee. Even though the country club is not a

[[Page 10789]]

prohibited source, the offer discriminates in favor of higher ranking 
officials.
    (3) An employee may not accept for personal use any benefit to 
which the Government is entitled as the result of an expenditure of 
Government funds, unless authorized by statute or regulation (e.g., 5 
U.S.C. 5702, note, regarding frequent flyer miles).
    Example 1 to paragraph (c)(3): The administrative officer for a 
field office of U.S. Immigration and Customs Enforcement (ICE) has 
signed an order to purchase 50 boxes of photocopy paper from a supplier 
whose literature advertises that it will give a free briefcase to 
anyone who purchases 50 or more boxes. Because the paper was purchased 
with ICE funds, the administrative officer cannot keep the briefcase 
which, if claimed and received, is Government property.
    (d) Awards and honorary degrees--(1) Awards. An employee may accept 
a bona fide award for meritorious public service or achievement and any 
item incident to the award, provided that:
    (i) The award and any item incident to the award are not from a 
person who has interests that may be substantially affected by the 
performance or nonperformance of the employee's official duties, or 
from an association or other organization if a majority of its members 
have such interests; and
    (ii) If the award or any item incident to the award is in the form 
of cash or an investment interest, or if the aggregate value of the 
award and any item incident to the award, other than free attendance to 
the event provided to the employee and to members of the employee's 
family by the sponsor of the event, exceeds $200, the agency ethics 
official has made a written determination that the award is made as 
part of an established program of recognition.
    Example 1 to paragraph (d)(1): Based on a written determination by 
an agency ethics official that the prize meets the criteria set forth 
in paragraph (d)(2) of this section, an employee of the National 
Institutes of Health (NIH) may accept the Nobel Prize for Medicine, 
including the cash award which accompanies the prize, even though the 
prize was conferred on the basis of laboratory work performed at NIH.
    Example 2 to paragraph (d)(1): A defense contractor, ABC Systems, 
has an annual award program for the outstanding public employee of the 
year. The award includes a cash payment of $1,000. The award program is 
wholly funded to ensure its continuation on a regular basis for the 
next twenty years and selection of award recipients is made pursuant to 
written standards. An employee of the Department of the Air Force, who 
has duties that include overseeing contract performance by ABC Systems, 
is selected to receive the award. The employee may not accept the cash 
award because ABC Systems has interests that may be substantially 
affected by the performance or nonperformance of the employee's 
official duties.
    Example 3 to paragraph (d)(1): An ambassador selected by a 
nonprofit organization as a recipient of its annual award for 
distinguished service in the interest of world peace may, together with 
their spouse and children, attend the awards ceremony dinner and accept 
a crystal bowl worth $200 presented during the ceremony. However, if 
the organization has also offered airline tickets for the ambassador 
and the family to travel to the city where the awards ceremony is to be 
held, the aggregate value of the tickets and the crystal bowl exceeds 
$200, and the ambassador may accept only upon a written determination 
by the agency ethics official that the award is made as part of an 
established program of recognition.
    (2) Established program of recognition. An award and an item 
incident to the award are made pursuant to an established program of 
recognition if:
    (i) Awards have been made on a regular basis or, if the program is 
new, there is a reasonable basis for concluding that awards will be 
made on a regular basis based on funding or funding commitments; and
    (ii) Selection of award recipients is made pursuant to written 
standards.
    (3) Honorary degrees. An employee may accept an honorary degree 
from an institution of higher education, as defined at 20 U.S.C. 1001, 
or from a similar foreign institution of higher education, based on a 
written determination by an agency ethics official that the timing of 
the award of the degree would not cause a reasonable person to question 
the employee's impartiality in a matter affecting the institution.

    Note 1 to paragraph (d)(3): When the honorary degree is offered 
by a foreign institution of higher education, the agency may need to 
make a separate determination as to whether the institution of 
higher education is a foreign government for purposes of the 
Emoluments Clause of the U.S. Constitution (U.S. Const., art. I, 
sec. 9, cl. 8), which forbids employees from accepting emoluments, 
presents, offices, or titles from foreign governments, without the 
consent of Congress. The Foreign Gifts and Decorations Act, 5 U.S.C. 
7342, however, may permit the acceptance of honorary degrees in some 
circumstances.

    Example 1 to paragraph (d)(3): A well-known university located in 
the United States wishes to give an honorary degree to the Secretary of 
Labor. The Secretary may accept the honorary degree only if an agency 
ethics official determines in writing that the timing of the award of 
the degree would not cause a reasonable person to question the 
Secretary's impartiality in a matter affecting the university.
    (4) Presentation events. An employee who may accept an award or 
honorary degree pursuant to paragraph (d)(1) or (3) of this section may 
also accept free attendance to the event provided to the employee and 
to members of the employee's family by the sponsor of an event. In 
addition, the employee may also accept unsolicited offers of travel to 
and from the event provided to the employee and to members of the 
employee's family by the sponsor of the event. Travel expenses accepted 
under this paragraph (d)(4) must be added to the value of the award for 
purposes of determining whether the aggregate value of the award 
exceeds $200.
    (e) Gifts based on outside business or employment relationships. An 
employee may accept meals, lodgings, transportation, and other 
benefits:
    (1) Resulting from the business or employment activities of an 
employee's spouse when it is clear that such benefits have not been 
offered or enhanced because of the employee's official position;
    Example 1 to paragraph (e)(1): A Department of Agriculture employee 
whose spouse is a computer programmer employed by a Department of 
Agriculture contractor may attend the company's annual retreat for all 
of its employees and their families held at a resort facility. However, 
under Sec.  2635.502, the employee may need to recuse from performing 
official duties affecting the spouse's employer.
    Example 2 to paragraph (e)(1): When the spouses of other clerical 
personnel have not been invited, an employee of the Defense Contract 
Audit Agency whose spouse is a clerical worker at a defense contractor 
may not attend the contractor's annual retreat in Hawaii for corporate 
officers and members of the board of directors, even though the spouse 
received a special invitation from the company for them to attend as a 
couple.
    (2) Resulting from the employee's outside business or employment 
activities when it is clear that such benefits are based on the outside 
business or employment activities and

[[Page 10790]]

have not been offered or enhanced because of the employee's official 
status;
    Example 1 to paragraph (e)(2): The members of an Army Corps of 
Engineers environmental advisory committee that meets six times per 
year are special Government employees. A member who has a consulting 
business may accept an invitation to a $50 dinner from a corporate 
client, an Army construction contractor, unless, for example, the 
invitation was extended in order to discuss the activities of the 
advisory committee.
    (3) Customarily provided by a prospective employer in connection 
with bona fide employment discussions. If the prospective employer has 
interests that could be affected by performance or nonperformance of 
the employee's duties, acceptance is permitted only if the employee 
first has complied with the recusal requirements of subpart F of this 
part applicable when seeking employment; or
    Example 1 to paragraph (e)(3): An employee of the Federal 
Communications Commission with responsibility for drafting regulations 
affecting all cable television companies wishes to apply for a job 
opening with a cable television holding company. Once the employee has 
properly recused from further work on the regulations as required by 
subpart F of this part, the employee may enter into employment 
discussions with the company and may accept the company's offer to pay 
for airfare, hotel, and meals in connection with an interview trip.
    (4) Provided by a former employer to attend a reception or similar 
event when other former employees have been invited to attend, the 
invitation and benefits are based on the former employment 
relationship, and it is clear that such benefits have not been offered 
or enhanced because of the employee's official position.
    Example 1 to paragraph (e)(4): An employee of the Department of the 
Army is invited by a former employer, an Army contractor, to attend its 
annual holiday dinner party. The former employer traditionally invites 
both its current and former employees to the holiday dinner regardless 
of their current employment activities. Under these circumstances, the 
employee may attend the dinner because the dinner invitation is a 
result of the employee's former outside employment activities, other 
former employees have been asked to attend, and the gift is not offered 
because of the employee's official position.
    (5) For purposes of paragraphs (e)(1) through (4) of this section, 
``employment'' means any form of non-Federal employment or business 
relationship involving the provision of personal services.
    (f) Gifts in connection with political activities permitted by the 
Hatch Act Reform Amendments. An employee who, in accordance with the 
Hatch Act Reform Amendments of 1993, at 5 U.S.C. 7323, may take an 
active part in political management or in political campaigns, may 
accept meals, lodgings, transportation, and other benefits, including 
free attendance at events, for the employee and an accompanying guest, 
when provided, in connection with such active participation, by a 
political organization described in 26 U.S.C. 527(e). Any other 
employees, such as a security officers, whose official duties require 
them to accompany an employee to a political event, may accept meals, 
free attendance, and entertainment provided at the event by such an 
organization.
    Example 1 to paragraph (f): The Secretary of the Department of 
Health and Human Services may accept an airline ticket and hotel 
accommodations furnished by the campaign committee of a candidate for 
the United States Senate in order to give a speech in support of the 
candidate.
    (g) Gifts of free attendance at widely attended gatherings--(1) 
Authorization. When authorized in writing by the agency designee 
pursuant to paragraph (g)(3) of this section, an employee may accept an 
unsolicited gift of free attendance at all or appropriate parts of a 
widely attended gathering. For an employee who is subject to a leave 
system, attendance at the event will be on the employee's own time or, 
if authorized by the employee's agency, on excused absence pursuant to 
applicable guidelines for granting such absence, or otherwise without 
charge to the employee's leave account.
    (2) Widely attended gatherings. A gathering is widely attended if 
it is expected that a large number of persons will attend, that persons 
with a diversity of views or interests will be present, for example, if 
it is open to members from throughout the interested industry or 
profession or if those in attendance represent a range of persons 
interested in a given matter, and that there will be an opportunity to 
exchange ideas and views among invited persons.
    (3) Written authorization by the agency designee. The agency 
designee may authorize an employee or employees to accept a gift of 
free attendance at all or appropriate parts of a widely attended 
gathering only if the agency designee issues a written determination 
after finding that:
    (i) The event is a widely attended gathering, as set forth in 
paragraph (g)(2) of this section;
    (ii) The employee's attendance at the event is in the agency's 
interest because it will further agency programs or operations;
    (iii) The agency's interest in the employee's attendance outweighs 
the concern that the employee may be, or may appear to be, improperly 
influenced in the performance of official duties; and
    (iv) If a person other than the sponsor of the event invites or 
designates the employee as the recipient of the gift of free attendance 
and bears the cost of that gift, the event is expected to be attended 
by more than 100 persons, and the value of the gift of free attendance 
does not exceed $415.
    (4) Determination of agency interest. In determining whether the 
agency's interest in the employee's attendance outweighs the concern 
that the employee may be, or may appear to be, improperly influenced in 
the performance of official duties, the agency designee may consider 
relevant factors including:
    (i) The importance of the event to the agency;
    (ii) The nature and sensitivity of any pending matter affecting the 
interests of the person who extended the invitation and the 
significance of the employee's role in any such matter;
    (iii) The purpose of the event;
    (iv) The identity of other expected participants;
    (v) Whether acceptance would reasonably create the appearance that 
the donor is receiving preferential treatment;
    (vi) Whether the Government is also providing persons with views or 
interests that differ from those of the donor with access to the 
Government; and
    (vii) The market value of the gift of free attendance.
    (5) Cost provided by person other than the sponsor of the event. 
The cost of the employee's attendance will be considered to be provided 
by a person other than the sponsor of the event when such person 
designates the employee to be invited and bears the cost of the 
employee's attendance through a contribution or other payment intended 
to facilitate the employee's attendance. Payment of dues or a similar 
assessment to a sponsoring organization does not constitute a payment 
intended to facilitate a particular employee's attendance.
    (6) Accompanying guest. When others in attendance will generally be 
accompanied by a guest of their choice,

[[Page 10791]]

and when the invitation is from the same person who has invited the 
employee, the agency designee may authorize an employee to accept an 
unsolicited invitation of free attendance to one accompanying guest to 
participate in all or a portion of the event at which the employee's 
free attendance is permitted under paragraph (g)(1) this section. The 
authorization required by this paragraph (g)(6) must be provided in 
writing.
    Example 1 to paragraph (g): An aerospace industry association that 
is a prohibited source sponsors an industry-wide, two-day seminar for 
which it charges a fee of $800 and anticipates attendance of 
approximately 400. An Air Force contractor pays $4,000 to the 
association so that the association can extend free invitations to five 
Air Force officials designated by the contractor. The Air Force 
officials may not accept the gifts of free attendance because (a) the 
contractor, rather than the association, provided the cost of their 
attendance; (b) the contractor designated the specific employees to 
receive the gift of free attendance; and (c) the value of the gift 
exceeds $415 per employee.
    Example 2 to paragraph (g): An aerospace industry association that 
is a prohibited source sponsors an industry-wide, two-day seminar for 
which it charges a fee of $25 and anticipates attendance of 
approximately 50. An Air Force contractor pays $125 to the association 
so that the association can extend free invitations to five Air Force 
officials designated by the contractor. The Air Force officials may not 
accept the gifts of free attendance because (a) the contractor, rather 
than the association, provided the cost of their attendance; (b) the 
contractor designated the specific employees to receive the gift of 
free attendance; and (c) the event was not expected to be attended by 
more than 100 persons.
    Example 3 to paragraph (g): An aerospace industry association that 
is a prohibited source sponsors an industry-wide, two-day seminar for 
which it charges a fee of $800 and anticipates attendance of 
approximately 400. An Air Force contractor pays $4,000 in order that 
the association might invite any five Federal employees. An Air Force 
official to whom the sponsoring association, rather than the 
contractor, extended one of the five invitations could attend if the 
employee's participation were determined to be in the interest of the 
agency and the employee received a written authorization.
    Example 4 to paragraph (g): An employee of the Department of 
Transportation is invited by a news organization to an annual press 
dinner sponsored by an association of press organizations. Tickets for 
the event cost $415 per person and attendance is limited to 400 
representatives of press organizations and their guests. If the 
employee's attendance is determined to be in the interest of the agency 
and the agency designee provides a written authorization, the employee 
may accept the invitation from the news organization because more than 
100 persons will attend and the cost of the ticket does not exceed 
$415. However, if the invitation were extended to the employee and an 
accompanying guest, the employee's guest could not be authorized to 
attend for free because the market value of the gift of free attendance 
would exceed $415.
    Example 5 to paragraph (g): An employee of the Department of Energy 
(DOE) and their spouse have been invited by a major utility executive 
to a small dinner party. A few other officials of the utility and their 
spouses or other guests are also invited, as is a representative of a 
consumer group concerned with utility rates and their spouse. The DOE 
official believes the dinner party will provide an opportunity to 
socialize with and get to know those in attendance. The employee may 
not accept the free invitation under this exception, even if attendance 
could be determined to be in the interest of the agency. The small 
dinner party is not a widely attended gathering. Nor could the employee 
be authorized to accept even if the event were instead a corporate 
banquet to which forty company officials and their spouses or other 
guests were invited. In this second case, notwithstanding the larger 
number of persons expected (as opposed to the small dinner party just 
noted) and despite the presence of the consumer group representative 
and spouse who are not officials of the utility, those in attendance 
would still not represent a diversity of views or interests. Thus, the 
company banquet would not qualify as a widely attended gathering under 
those circumstances either.
    Example 6 to paragraph (g): An Assistant U.S. Attorney is invited 
to attend a luncheon meeting of a local bar association to hear a 
distinguished judge lecture on cross-examining expert witnesses. 
Although members of the bar association are assessed a $15 fee for the 
meeting, the Assistant U.S. Attorney may accept the bar association's 
offer to attend for free, even without a determination of agency 
interest. The gift can be accepted under the $20 gift exception at 
paragraph (a) of this section.
    Example 7 to paragraph (g): An employee of the Department of the 
Interior authorized to speak on the first day of a four-day conference 
on endangered species may accept the sponsor's waiver of the conference 
fee for the first day of the conference under Sec.  2635.203(b)(8). If 
the conference is widely attended, the employee may be authorized to 
accept the sponsor's offer to waive the attendance fee for the 
remainder of the conference if the agency designee has made a written 
determination that attendance is in the agency's interest.
    Example 8 to paragraph (g): A military officer has been approved to 
attend a widely attended gathering, pursuant to paragraph (g) of this 
section, that will be held in the same city as the officer's duty 
station. The defense contractor sponsoring the event has offered to 
transport the officer in a limousine to the event. The officer may not 
accept the offer of transportation because the definition of ``free 
attendance'' set forth in Sec.  2635.203(g) excludes travel, and the 
market value of the transportation would exceed $20.
    (h) Social invitations. An employee may accept food, refreshments, 
and entertainment, not including travel or lodgings, for the employee 
and an accompanying guest, at a social event attended by several 
persons if:
    (1) The invitation is unsolicited and is from a person who is not a 
prohibited source;
    (2) No fee is charged to any person in attendance; and
    (3) If either the sponsor of the event or the person extending the 
invitation to the employee is not an individual, the agency designee 
has made a written determination after finding that the employee's 
attendance would not cause a reasonable person with knowledge of the 
relevant facts to question the employee's integrity or impartiality, 
consistent with Sec.  2635.201(b).
    Example 1 to paragraph (h): An employee of the White House Press 
Office has been invited to a social dinner for current and former White 
House Press Officers at the home of an individual who is not a 
prohibited source. The employee may attend even if the invitation is 
because of the employee's official position.
    (i) Meals, refreshments, and entertainment in foreign areas. An 
employee assigned to duty in, or on official travel to, a foreign area 
as defined in 41 CFR 300-3.1 may accept unsolicited food, refreshments, 
or entertainment in the course of a breakfast, luncheon, dinner, or 
other meeting or event provided:

[[Page 10792]]

    (1) The market value in the foreign area of the food, refreshments, 
or entertainment provided at the meeting or event, as converted to U.S. 
dollars, does not exceed the per diem rate for the foreign area 
specified in the U.S. Department of State's Maximum Per Diem Allowances 
for Foreign Areas, Per Diem Supplement Section 925 to the Standardized 
Regulations (GC-FA), available on the internet at www.state.gov;
    (2) There is participation in the meeting or event by non-U.S. 
citizens or by representatives of foreign governments or other foreign 
entities;
    (3) Attendance at the meeting or event is part of the employee's 
official duties to obtain information, disseminate information, promote 
the export of U.S. goods and services, represent the United States, or 
otherwise further programs or operations of the agency or the U.S. 
mission in the foreign area; and
    (4) The gift of meals, refreshments, or entertainment is from a 
person other than a foreign government as defined in 5 U.S.C. 
7342(a)(2).
    Example 1 to paragraph (i): A number of local business owners in a 
developing country are eager for a U.S. company to locate a 
manufacturing facility in their province. An official of the U.S. 
International Development Finance Corporation may accompany the 
visiting vice president of the U.S. company to a dinner meeting hosted 
by the business owners at a province restaurant when the market value 
of the food and refreshments does not exceed the per diem rate for that 
country.
    (j) Gifts to the President or Vice President. Because of 
considerations relating to the conduct of their offices, including 
those of protocol and etiquette, the President or the Vice President 
may accept any gift on their own behalf or on behalf of any family 
member, provided that such acceptance does not violate Sec.  
2635.205(a) or (b), 18 U.S.C. 201(b) or 201(c)(3), or the Constitution 
of the United States.
    (k) Gifts authorized by supplemental agency regulation. An employee 
may accept any gift when acceptance of the gift is specifically 
authorized by a supplemental agency regulation issued with the 
concurrence of the Office of Government Ethics, pursuant to Sec.  
2635.105.
    (l) Gifts accepted under specific statutory authority. The 
prohibitions on acceptance of gifts from outside sources contained in 
this subpart do not apply to any item which a statute specifically 
authorizes an employee to accept. Gifts which may be accepted by an 
employee under the authority of specific statutes include, but are not 
limited to:
    (1) Free attendance, course or meeting materials, transportation, 
lodgings, food and refreshments, or reimbursements therefor incident to 
training or meetings when accepted by the employee under the authority 
of 5 U.S.C. 4111. The employee's acceptance must be approved by the 
agency in accordance with part 410 of this title; or
    (2) Gifts from a foreign government or international or 
multinational organization, or its representative, when accepted by the 
employee under the authority of the Foreign Gifts and Decorations Act, 
5 U.S.C. 7342. As a condition of acceptance, an employee must comply 
with requirements imposed by the agency's regulations or procedures 
implementing that Act.
    (m) Gifts of informational materials. (1) An employee may accept 
unsolicited gifts of informational materials, provided that:
    (i) The aggregate market value of all informational materials 
received from any one person does not exceed $100 in a calendar year; 
or
    (ii) If the aggregate market value of all informational materials 
from the same person exceeds $100 in a calendar year, an agency 
designee has made a written determination after finding that acceptance 
by the employee would not be inconsistent with the standard set forth 
in Sec.  2635.201(b).
    (2) Informational materials are writings, recordings, documents, 
records, or other items that:
    (i) Are educational or instructive in nature;
    (ii) Are not primarily created for entertainment, display, or 
decoration; and
    (iii) Contain information that relates in whole or in part to the 
following categories:
    (A) The employee's official duties or position, profession, or 
field of study;
    (B) A general subject matter area, industry, or economic sector 
affected by or involved in the programs or operations of the agency; or
    (C) Another topic of interest to the agency or its mission.
    Example 1 to paragraph (m): An analyst at the Agricultural Research 
Service receives an edition of an agricultural research journal in the 
mail from a consortium of private farming operations concerned with 
soil toxicity. The journal edition has a market value of $75. The 
analyst may accept the gift.
    Example 2 to paragraph (m): An inspector at the Mine Safety and 
Health Administration receives a popular novel with a market value of 
$25 from a mine operator. Because the novel is primarily for 
entertainment purposes, the inspector may not accept the gift.
    Example 3 to paragraph (m): An employee at the Department of the 
Army is offered an encyclopedia on cyberwarfare from a prohibited 
source. The cost of the encyclopedia is far in excess of $100. The 
agency designee determines that acceptance of the gift would be 
inconsistent with the standard set out in Sec.  2635.201(b). The 
employee may not accept the gift under paragraph (m) of this section.


Sec.  2635.205  Limitations on use of exceptions.

    Notwithstanding any exception provided in this subpart, other than 
Sec.  2635.204(j), an employee may not:
    (a) Accept a gift in return for being influenced in the performance 
of an official act;
    (b) Use, or permit the use of, the employee's Government position, 
or any authority associated with public office, to solicit or coerce 
the offering of a gift;
    (c) Accept gifts from the same or different sources on a basis so 
frequent that a reasonable person would be led to believe the employee 
is using the employee's public office for private gain;
    Example 1 to paragraph (c): A purchasing agent for a Department of 
Veterans Affairs medical center routinely deals with representatives of 
pharmaceutical manufacturers who provide information about new company 
products. Because of a crowded calendar, the purchasing agent has 
offered to meet with manufacturer representatives during lunch hours 
Tuesdays through Thursdays, and the representatives routinely arrive at 
the employee's office bringing a sandwich and a soft drink for the 
employee. Even though the market value of each of the lunches is less 
than $6 and the aggregate value from any one manufacturer does not 
exceed the $50 aggregate limitation in Sec.  2635.204(a) on gifts of 
$20 or less, the practice of accepting even these modest gifts on a 
recurring basis is improper.
    (d) Accept a gift in violation of any statute; relevant statutes 
applicable to all employees include, but are not limited to:
    (1) 18 U.S.C. 201(b), which prohibits public officials from, 
directly or indirectly, corruptly demanding, seeking, receiving, 
accepting, or agreeing to receive or accept anything of value 
personally or for any other person or entity in return for being 
influenced in the performance of an official act; being influenced to 
commit or aid in committing, or to collude in, or allow, any fraud, or 
make opportunity for the commission of any fraud, on the United States; 
or for being induced to do or

[[Page 10793]]

omit to do any action in violation of their official duties. As used in 
18 U.S.C. 201(b), the term ``public official'' is broadly construed and 
includes regular and special Government employees as well as all other 
Government officials; and
    (2) 18 U.S.C. 209, which prohibits employees, other than special 
Government employees, from receiving any salary or any contribution to 
or supplementation of salary from any source other than the United 
States as compensation for services as a Government employee. The 
statute contains several specific exceptions to this general 
prohibition, including an exception for contributions made from the 
treasury of a State, county, or municipality;
    (e) Accept a gift in violation of any Executive order; or
    (f) Accept any gift when acceptance of the gift is specifically 
prohibited by a supplemental agency regulation issued with the 
concurrence of the Office of Government Ethics, pursuant to Sec.  
2635.105.


Sec.  2635.206  Proper disposition of prohibited gifts.

    (a) Unless a gift is accepted by an agency acting under specific 
statutory authority, an employee who has received a gift that cannot be 
accepted under this subpart must dispose of the gift in accordance with 
the procedures set forth in this section. The employee must promptly 
complete the authorized disposition of the gift. The obligation to 
dispose of a gift that cannot be accepted under this subpart is 
independent of an agency's decision regarding corrective or 
disciplinary action under Sec.  2635.106.
    (1) Gifts of tangible items. The employee must promptly return any 
tangible item to the donor or pay the donor its market value; or, in 
the case of a tangible item with a market value of $100 or less, the 
employee may destroy the item. An employee who cannot ascertain the 
actual market value of an item may estimate its market value by 
reference to the retail cost of similar items of like quality.
    Example 1 to paragraph (a)(1): A Department of Commerce employee 
received a $25 T-shirt from a prohibited source after providing 
training at a conference. Because the gift would not be permissible 
under an exception to this subpart, the employee must either return or 
destroy the T-shirt or promptly reimburse the donor $25. Destruction 
may be carried out by physical destruction or by permanently discarding 
the T-shirt by placing it in the trash.
    Example 2 to paragraph (a)(1): To avoid public embarrassment to the 
seminar sponsor, an employee of the National Park Service did not 
decline a barometer worth $200 given at the conclusion of a speech on 
Federal lands policy. To comply with this section, the employee must 
either promptly return the barometer or pay the donor the market value 
of the gift. Alternatively, the National Park Service may choose to 
accept the gift if permitted under specific statutory gift acceptance 
authority. The employee may not destroy this gift, as the market value 
is in excess of $100.
    (2) Gifts of perishable items. When it is not practical to return a 
tangible item in accordance with paragraph (a)(1) of this section 
because the item is perishable, the employee may, at the discretion of 
the employee's supervisor or the agency designee, give the item to an 
appropriate charity, share the item within the recipient's office, or 
destroy the item.
    Example 1 to paragraph (a)(2): With approval by the recipient's 
supervisor, a floral arrangement sent by a disability claimant to a 
helpful employee of the Social Security Administration may be placed in 
the office's reception area.
    (3) Gifts of intangibles. The employee must promptly reimburse the 
donor the market value for any entertainment, favor, service, benefit, 
or other intangible. Subsequent reciprocation by the employee does not 
constitute reimbursement.
    Example 1 to paragraph (a)(3): A Department of Defense employee 
wishes to attend a charitable event for which they were offered a $300 
ticket by a prohibited source. Although attendance is not in the 
interest of the agency under Sec.  2635.204(g), the employee may attend 
if they reimburse the donor the $300 face value of the ticket.
    (4) Gifts from foreign governments or international organizations. 
The employee must dispose of gifts from foreign governments or 
international organizations in accordance with 41 CFR part 102-42.
    (b) An agency may authorize disposition or return of gifts at 
Government expense. Employees may use penalty mail to forward 
reimbursements required or permitted by this section.
    (c) Employees who, on their own initiative, promptly comply with 
the requirements of this section will not be deemed to have improperly 
accepted an unsolicited gift. Employees who promptly consult their 
agency ethics official to determine whether acceptance of an 
unsolicited gift is proper and who, upon the advice of the ethics 
official, return the gift or otherwise dispose of the gift in 
accordance with this section, will be considered to have complied with 
the requirements of this section on the employee's own initiative.
    (d) Employees are encouraged to record any actions they have taken 
to properly dispose of gifts that cannot be accepted under this 
subpart, such as by sending an electronic mail message to the 
appropriate agency ethics official or the employee's supervisor.

Subpart C--Gifts Between Employees


Sec.  2635.301   Overview.

    This subpart contains standards that prohibit an employee from 
giving or contributing to a gift to an official superior, and official 
superiors are prohibited from knowingly accepting such a gift. 
Employees also are prohibited from soliciting a contribution from 
another employee for a gift to an official superior. In addition, 
employees are prohibited from accepting a gift from an employee who 
receives less pay. These prohibitions apply unless the item is excluded 
from the definition of a gift or falls within one of the exceptions set 
forth in this subpart. Gifts from outside sources are subject to the 
limitations set forth in subpart B of this part.


Sec.  2635.302   General standards.

    (a) Gifts to superiors. Except as provided in this subpart, 
employees may not:
    (1) Directly or indirectly, give a gift to or make a contribution 
toward a gift for an official superior, and an official superior may 
not knowingly accept such a gift; or
    (2) Solicit a contribution from another employee for a gift to 
either their own or the other employee's official superior.
    (b) Gifts from employees receiving less pay. Except as provided in 
this subpart, employees may not, directly or indirectly, accept a gift 
from an employee who receives less pay unless:
    (1) There is a personal relationship between the two employees that 
would justify the gift and the employee receiving the gift is not the 
official superior of the employee giving the gift; or
    (2) The employee giving the gift is the official superior of the 
employee receiving the gift.
    Example 1 to paragraph (b): A GS-13 Department of Homeland Security 
(DHS) employee has been close personal friends with a neighbor, a GS-15 
employee in another government agency, for many years. During their 
friendship, the GS-13 employee has

[[Page 10794]]

often allowed the neighbor's family to use their vacation house rent-
free. The GS-15 employee recently accepted a position at DHS, and in 
the new position will be the direct supervisor of the GS-13 employee. 
Although the personal relationship between the two employees justified 
the gift of rent-free use of the vacation home before they were both 
employed at DHS, for the duration of their supervisor-subordinate 
relationship the GS-13 employee may not allow the GS-15 neighbor to use 
the vacation house rent-free or give other gifts, except as permitted 
by the exceptions contained in this subpart.
    (c) Limitation on use of exceptions. Notwithstanding any exception 
provided in this subpart, an official superior may not coerce the 
offering of a gift from a subordinate.


Sec.  2635.303  Definitions.

    For purposes of this subpart, the following definitions apply:
    (a) Gift has the meaning set forth in Sec.  2635.203(b). For 
purposes of that definition an employee will be deemed to have paid 
market value for any benefit received as a result of participating in a 
carpool or other such mutual arrangement between employees if the 
employee bears a fair proportion of the expense or effort involved.
    (b) Indirectly, for purposes of Sec.  2635.302(b), has the meaning 
set forth in Sec.  2635.203(f). For purposes of Sec.  2635.302(a), it 
includes a gift:
    (1) Given with the employee's knowledge and acquiescence by the 
employee's parent, sibling, spouse, child, or dependent relative; or
    (2) Given by a person other than the employee when circumstances 
indicate that the employee has promised or agreed to reimburse that 
person or to give that person something of value in exchange for giving 
the gift.
    (c) Market value has the meaning set forth in Sec.  2635.203(c), 
subject to paragraph (a) of this section.
    (d) Official superior means any other employee, other than the 
President and the Vice President, including but not limited to an 
immediate supervisor, whose official responsibilities include directing 
or evaluating the performance of the employee's official duties or 
those of any other official superior of the employee. For purposes of 
this subpart, employees are considered to be the subordinates of any of 
their official superiors.
    (e) Solicit means to request contributions by personal 
communication or by general announcement.
    (f) Voluntary contribution means a contribution given freely, 
without pressure or coercion. A contribution is not voluntary unless it 
is made in an amount determined by the contributing employee, except 
that when an amount for a gift is included in the cost for a luncheon, 
reception, or similar event, an employee who freely chooses to pay a 
proportionate share of the total cost in order to attend will be deemed 
to have made a voluntary contribution. Except in the case of 
contributions for a gift included in the cost of a luncheon, reception, 
or similar event, a statement that an employee may choose to contribute 
less or not at all must accompany any recommendation of an amount to be 
contributed for a gift to an official superior.
    Example 1 to paragraph (f): A supervisory employee of the Agency 
for International Development has just been reassigned from Washington, 
DC, to a foreign duty location. As a farewell party, 12 subordinates 
have decided to take the supervisory employee out to lunch at a 
restaurant. It is understood that the employees will pay for their own 
meals and that the cost of the supervisor's lunch will be divided 
equally among the 12. Even though the amount they will contribute is 
not determined until the supervisor orders lunch, the contribution made 
by those who choose to participate in the farewell lunch is voluntary.


Sec.  2635.304  Exceptions.

    The prohibitions set forth in Sec.  2635.302(a) and (b) do not 
apply to a gift given or accepted under the circumstances described in 
paragraph (a) or (b) of this section. A contribution or the 
solicitation of a contribution that would otherwise violate the 
prohibitions set forth in Sec.  2635.302(a) and (b) may only be made in 
accordance with paragraph (c) of this section.
    (a) General exceptions. On an occasional basis, including any 
occasion on which gifts are traditionally given or exchanged, the 
following may be given to an official superior or accepted from a 
subordinate or an employee receiving less pay:
    (1) Items, other than cash, with an aggregate market value of $10 
or less per occasion;
    (2) Items such as food and refreshments to be shared in the office 
among several employees;
    (3) Personal hospitality provided at a residence which is of a type 
and value customarily provided by the employee to personal friends;
    (4) Items given in connection with the receipt of personal 
hospitality if of a type and value customarily given on such occasions; 
and
    (5) Unless obtained in violation of Sec.  630.912 of this title, 
leave transferred under subpart I of part 630 of this title to an 
employee who is not an immediate supervisor.
    Example 1 to paragraph (a): Upon returning to work following a 
vacation at the beach, a claims examiner with the Department of 
Veterans Affairs may give their supervisor, and the supervisor may 
accept, a bag of saltwater taffy purchased on the boardwalk for $8.
    Example 2 to paragraph (a): An employee of the Federal Deposit 
Insurance Corporation whose bank examination responsibilities require 
frequent travel may not bring their supervisor, and the supervisor may 
not accept, souvenir coffee mugs from each of the cities the employee 
visits in the course of performing examination duties, even though each 
of the mugs costs less than $5. Gifts given on this basis are not 
occasional.
    Example 3 to paragraph (a): The Secretary of Labor has invited the 
agency's General Counsel to a home dinner party. The General Counsel 
may bring a $15 bottle of wine to the dinner party and the Secretary 
may accept this customary gift from the subordinate, even though its 
cost is in excess of $10.
    Example 4 to paragraph (a): For the holidays, an assistant may give 
their supervisor, and the supervisor may accept, a small succulent 
plant purchased for $10 or less. The assistant may also invite the 
supervisor to a New Year's Eve party in their home and the supervisor 
may attend.
    (b) Special, infrequent occasions. A gift appropriate to the 
occasion may be given to an official superior or accepted from a 
subordinate or other employee receiving less pay:
    (1) In recognition of infrequently occurring occasions of personal 
significance such as marriage, illness, bereavement, or the birth or 
adoption of a child; or
    (2) Upon occasions that terminate a subordinate-official superior 
relationship, such as retirement, resignation, or transfer.
    Example 1 to paragraph (b): The administrative assistant to the 
personnel director of the Tennessee Valley Authority may send a $30 
floral arrangement to the personnel director who is in the hospital 
recovering from surgery. The personnel director may accept the gift.
    Example 2 to paragraph (b): A chemist employed by the Food and Drug 
Administration has been invited to the wedding of the lab director who 
is an official superior. The chemist may give the lab director and the 
lab director's spouse, and the couple may accept, a

[[Page 10795]]

place setting in the couple's selected china pattern purchased for $70.
    Example 3 to paragraph (b): Upon the occasion of the supervisor's 
retirement from Federal service, an employee of the Fish and Wildlife 
Service may give the supervisor a book of wildlife photographs 
purchased for $19. The retiring supervisor may accept the book.
    Example 4 to paragraph (b): An economist at the Consumer Financial 
Protection Bureau overhears their supervisor talking about their 
upcoming 50th birthday. Although a 50th birthday may be conventionally 
seen as a unique ``milestone'' worthy of additional celebration, the 
employee may not give their supervisor a $25 bottle of wine as a 
present because a birthday is not an infrequently occurring occasion.
    (c) Voluntary contributions. (1) An employee may solicit voluntary 
contributions of nominal amounts from fellow employees for an 
appropriate gift to an official superior and an employee may make a 
voluntary contribution of a nominal amount to an appropriate gift to an 
official superior:
    (i) On a special, infrequent occasion as described in paragraph (b) 
of this section; or
    (ii) On an occasional basis, for items such as food and 
refreshments to be shared in the office among several employees.
    (2) An employee may accept such gifts to which a subordinate or an 
employee receiving less pay has voluntarily contributed pursuant to 
paragraph (c)(1) of this section.
    Example 1 to paragraph (c): To mark the occasion of retirement, 
members of the immediate staff of the Under Secretary of the Army would 
like to throw a party and provide the Under Secretary with a gift 
certificate. They may distribute an announcement of the party and list 
a nominal amount for a retirement gift as a suggested voluntary 
contribution for the party.
    Example 2 to paragraph (c): An employee of the National Endowment 
for the Arts may not collect contributions for a Christmas gift for the 
Chairman. Christmas occurs annually and is not an occasion of personal 
significance.
    Example 3 to paragraph (c): Subordinates may not take up a 
collection for a gift to an official superior on the occasion of the 
superior's swearing in or promotion to a higher grade position within 
the supervisory chain of that organization. These are not events that 
mark the termination of the subordinate-official superior relationship, 
nor are they events of personal significance within the meaning of 
Sec.  2635.304(b). However, subordinates may take up a collection and 
employees may contribute a nominal amount to buy refreshments to be 
consumed by everyone in the immediate office to mark either such 
occasion.
    Example 4 to paragraph (c): Subordinates may each contribute a 
nominal amount to a fund to give a gift to an official superior upon 
the occasion of that superior's transfer or promotion to a position 
outside the organization.
    Example 5 to paragraph (c): An Assistant Secretary at the 
Department of the Interior is getting married. The Assistant 
Secretary's assistant has decided that a microwave oven would be a nice 
gift from the staff and has informed each of the Assistant Secretary's 
subordinates that they should contribute $5 for the gift. The 
assistant's method of collection is improper. Although it is 
permissible to recommend a $5 contribution, the recommendation must be 
coupled with a statement that the employee whose contribution is 
solicited is free to contribute less or nothing at all.

Subpart D--Conflicting Financial Interests


Sec.  2635.401  Overview.

    Part 2640 of this chapter interprets and is the implementing 
regulation for 18 U.S.C. 208. This subpart summarizes the relevant 
statutory restrictions and some of the regulatory guidance found there. 
Specifically, this subpart contains two provisions relating to 
financial interests. One is a recusal requirement and the other is a 
prohibition on acquiring or continuing to hold specific financial 
interests. An employee may acquire or hold any financial interest not 
prohibited by Sec.  2635.403. Notwithstanding that the acquisition or 
holding of a particular interest is proper, an employee is prohibited 
in accordance with Sec.  2635.402 from participating in an official 
capacity in any particular matter in which, to the employee's 
knowledge, the employee or any person whose interests are imputed to 
the employee has a financial interest, if the particular matter will 
have a direct and predictable effect on that interest.


Sec.  2635.402  Disqualifying financial interests.

    (a) Statutory prohibition. An employee is prohibited by criminal 
statute, 18 U.S.C. 208(a), from participating personally and 
substantially in an official capacity in any particular matter in 
which, to the employee's knowledge, the employee or any person whose 
interests are imputed to the employee under this statute has a 
financial interest, if the particular matter will have a direct and 
predictable effect on that interest.

    Note 1 to paragraph (a): Standards applicable when seeking non-
Federal employment are contained in subpart F of this part and, if 
followed, will ensure that an employee does not violate 18 U.S.C. 
208(a) or this section when the employee is negotiating for or has 
an arrangement concerning future employment. In all other cases when 
the employee's participation would violate 18 U.S.C. 208(a), an 
employee must recuse from participating in the particular matter in 
accordance with paragraph (c) of this section or obtain a waiver or 
determine that an exemption applies, as described in paragraph (d) 
of this section.

    (b) Definitions. For purposes of this section, the following 
definitions apply:
    (1) Direct and predictable effect. (i) A particular matter will 
have a direct effect on a financial interest if there is a close causal 
link between any decision or action to be taken in the matter and any 
expected effect of the matter on the financial interest. An effect may 
be direct even though it does not occur immediately. A particular 
matter will not have a direct effect on a financial interest, however, 
if the chain of causation is attenuated or is contingent upon the 
occurrence of events that are speculative or that are independent of, 
and unrelated to, the matter. A particular matter that has an effect on 
a financial interest only as a consequence of its effects on the 
general economy does not have a direct effect within the meaning of 
this subpart.
    (ii) A particular matter will have a predictable effect if there is 
a real, as opposed to a speculative possibility that the matter will 
affect the financial interest. It is not necessary, however, that the 
magnitude of the gain or loss be known, and the dollar amount of the 
gain or loss is immaterial.

    Note 2 to paragraph (b)(1): If a particular matter involves a 
specific party or parties, generally the matter will at most only 
have a direct and predictable effect, for purposes of this subpart, 
on a financial interest of the employee in or with a party, such as 
the employee's interest by virtue of owning stock. There may, 
however, be some situations in which, under the above standards, a 
particular matter will have a direct and predictable effect on an 
employee's financial interests in or with a nonparty. For example, 
if a party is a corporation, a particular matter may also have a 
direct and predictable effect on an employee's financial interests 
through ownership of stock in an affiliate, parent, or subsidiary of 
that party. Similarly, the disposition of a protest against the 
award of a contract to a particular company may also have a direct 
and predictable effect on an employee's financial interest in 
another company listed as a subcontractor in the proposal of one of 
the competing offerors.


[[Page 10796]]


    Example 1 to paragraph (b)(1): An employee of the National Library 
of Medicine at the National Institutes of Health has just been asked to 
serve on the technical evaluation panel to review proposals for a new 
library computer search system. DEF Computer Corporation, a closely 
held company in which the employee and their spouse own a majority of 
the stock, has submitted a proposal. Because award of the systems 
contract to DEF or to any other offeror will have a direct and 
predictable effect on the financial interests of both the employee and 
the spouse, the employee cannot participate on the technical evaluation 
team unless this disqualification has been waived.
    Example 2 to paragraph (b)(1): Upon assignment to the technical 
evaluation panel, the employee in the preceding example finds that DEF 
Computer Corporation has not submitted a proposal. Rather, LMN Corp., 
with which DEF competes for private sector business, is one of the six 
offerors. The employee need not recuse from serving on the technical 
evaluation panel. Any effect on the employee's financial interests as a 
result of the agency's decision to award or not award the systems 
contract to LMN would be at most indirect and speculative.
    (2) Imputed interests. For purposes of 18 U.S.C. 208(a) and this 
subpart, the financial interests of the following persons will require 
the recusal of an employee to the same extent as if they were the 
employee's own interests:
    (i) The employee's spouse;
    (ii) The employee's minor child;
    (iii) The employee's general partner;
    (iv) An organization or entity which the employee serves as 
officer, director, trustee, general partner, or employee; and
    (v) A person with whom the employee is negotiating for or has an 
arrangement concerning prospective employment. (Employees who are 
seeking other employment should refer to and comply with the standards 
in subpart F of this part.)
    Example 1 to paragraph (b)(2): An employee of the Department of 
Education serves without compensation on the board of directors of 
Kinder World, Inc., a nonprofit corporation that engages in good works. 
Even though the employee's personal financial interests will not be 
affected, the employee must recuse from participating in the review of 
a grant application submitted by Kinder World. Award or denial of the 
grant will affect the financial interests of Kinder World and its 
financial interests are imputed to the employee as a member of its 
board of directors.
    Example 2 to paragraph (b)(2): The spouse of an employee of the 
Food and Drug Administration has obtained a position with a well-
established biomedical research company. The company has developed an 
artificial limb for which it is seeking FDA approval and the employee 
would ordinarily be asked to participate in the FDA's review and 
approval process. The spouse is a salaried employee of the company and 
has no stock or other direct or indirect ownership interest in the 
company. The spouse's position with the company is such that the 
granting or withholding of FDA approval will not have a direct and 
predictable effect on their salary or continued employment with the 
company. Because the FDA approval process will not affect the spouse's 
financial interests, Sec.  2635.402 does not require the employee to 
recuse from participating in that process. Nevertheless, because the 
impartiality principle is implicated as a result of the employee's 
covered relationship with the spouse's employer, as identified at Sec.  
2635.502(b)(1)(iii), the employee must follow the procedures 
established in Sec.  2635.502 before participating in the FDA's review 
and approval process.
    (3) Particular matter. The term particular matter encompasses only 
matters that involve deliberation, decision, or action that is focused 
upon the interests of specific persons, or a discrete and identifiable 
class of persons. Such a matter is covered by this subpart even if it 
does not involve formal parties and may include governmental action 
such as legislation or policy-making that is narrowly focused on the 
interests of such a discrete and identifiable class of persons. The 
term particular matter, however, does not extend to the consideration 
or adoption of broad policy options that are directed to the interests 
of a large and diverse group of persons. The particular matters covered 
by this subpart include a judicial or other proceeding, application, 
request for a ruling or other determination, contract, claim, 
controversy, charge, accusation, or arrest.
    Example 1 to paragraph (b)(3): The Internal Revenue Service's 
amendment of its regulations to change the manner in which depreciation 
is calculated is not a particular matter, nor is the Social Security 
Administration's consideration of changes to its appeal procedures for 
disability claimants.
    Example 2 to paragraph (b)(3): Consideration by the Surface 
Transportation Board of regulations establishing safety standards for 
trucks on interstate highways involves a particular matter.
    (4) Personal and substantial. To participate personally means to 
participate directly. It includes the direct and active supervision of 
the participation of a subordinate in the matter. To participate 
substantially means that the employee's involvement is of significance 
to the matter. Participation may be substantial even though it is not 
determinative of the outcome of a particular matter. However, it 
requires more than official responsibility, knowledge, perfunctory 
involvement, or involvement on an administrative or peripheral issue. A 
finding of substantiality should be based not only on the effort 
devoted to a matter, but also on the importance of the effort. While a 
series of peripheral involvements may be insubstantial, the single act 
of approving or participating in a critical step may be substantial. 
Personal and substantial participation may occur when, for example, an 
employee participates through decision, approval, disapproval, 
recommendation, investigation, or the rendering of advice in a 
particular matter.
    (c) Recusal. Unless the employee is authorized to participate in 
the particular matter by virtue of a waiver or exemption described in 
paragraph (d) of this section or because the interest has been divested 
in accordance with paragraph (e) of this section, an employee must 
recuse from participating in a particular matter in which, to the 
employee's knowledge, the employee or a person whose interests are 
imputed to the employee has a financial interest, if the particular 
matter will have a direct and predictable effect on that interest. 
Recusal is accomplished by not participating in the particular matter.
    (1) Notification. Employees who become aware of the need to recuse 
from participating in a particular matter to which they have been 
assigned must take whatever steps are necessary to ensure that they do 
not participate in the matter. Appropriate oral or written notification 
of their recusal may be made to an agency ethics official, coworkers, 
or a supervisor to document and help effectuate the recusal. Public 
filers as defined in subpart F of this part must comply with additional 
notification requirements set forth in Sec.  2635.607 regarding 
negotiations for or agreement of future employment or compensation.
    (2) Documentation. Employees need not file written recusal 
statements unless they are required by part 2634 of this chapter to 
file written evidence of compliance with an ethics agreement

[[Page 10797]]

with the Office of Government Ethics or a designated agency ethics 
official, or are specifically directed by an agency ethics official or 
the person responsible for their assignments to file written recusal 
statements. However, it is often prudent for employees to create a 
record of their actions by providing written notice to an agency ethics 
official, a supervisor, or other appropriate official. In addition, 
public filers as defined in subpart F of this part must comply with the 
documentation requirements set forth in Sec.  2635.607 regarding 
negotiations for or agreement of future employment or compensation.
    Example 1 to paragraph (c): An Assistant Secretary of the 
Department of the Interior owns recreational property that borders on 
land which is being considered for annexation to a national park. 
Annexation would directly and predictably increase the value of the 
Assistant Secretary's vacation property and, thus, the Assistant 
Secretary must recuse from participating in any way in the Department's 
deliberations or decisions regarding the annexation. Because the 
Assistant Secretary is responsible for determining their own work 
assignments, they may accomplish their recusal merely by ensuring that 
they do not participate in the particular matter. Because of the level 
of their position, however, the Assistant Secretary might be wise to 
establish a record that they have acted properly by providing a written 
recusal statement to an official superior and by providing written 
notification of the recusal to subordinates to ensure that they do not 
raise or discuss any issues related to the annexation with the 
Assistant Secretary.
    (d) Waiver of or exemptions from recusal requirement. An employee 
who would otherwise be required to recuse under 18 U.S.C. 208(a) may be 
permitted to participate in a particular matter if the financial 
interest that would otherwise require recusal is the subject of a 
regulatory exemption or individual waiver described in this paragraph, 
or results from certain Indian birthrights as described in 18 U.S.C. 
208(b)(4).
    (1) Regulatory exemptions. Under 18 U.S.C. 208(b)(2), regulatory 
exemptions of general applicability have been issued by the Office of 
Government Ethics, based on its determination that particular interests 
are too remote or too inconsequential to affect the integrity of the 
services of employees to whom those exemptions apply. See part 2640, 
subpart B of this chapter.
    (2) Individual waivers. An individual waiver enabling the employee 
to participate in one or more particular matters may be issued under 18 
U.S.C. 208(b)(1) if, in advance of the employee's participation:
    (i) The employee:
    (A) Advises the Government official responsible for the employee's 
appointment (or other Government official to whom authority to issue 
such a waiver for the employee has been delegated) about the nature and 
circumstances of the particular matter or matters; and
    (B) Makes full disclosure to such official of the nature and extent 
of the relevant financial interest; and
    (ii) Such official determines, in writing, that the employee's 
financial interest in the particular matter or matters is not so 
substantial as to be deemed likely to affect the integrity of the 
services which the Government may expect from such employee. See part 
2640, subpart C of this chapter (providing additional guidance).
    (3) Federal advisory committee member waivers. An individual waiver 
may be issued under 18 U.S.C. 208(b)(3) to a special Government 
employee serving on, or under consideration for appointment to, an 
advisory committee within the meaning of the Federal Advisory Committee 
Act if the Government official responsible for the employee's 
appointment (or other Government official to whom authority to issue 
such a waiver for the employee has been delegated):
    (i) Reviews the financial disclosure report filed by the special 
Government employee pursuant to 5 U.S.C. chapter 131; and
    (ii) Certifies in writing that the need for the individual's 
services outweighs the potential for a conflict of interest created by 
the relevant financial interest. See part 2640, subpart C of this 
chapter (providing additional guidance).
    (4) Consultation and notification regarding waivers. When 
practicable, an official is required to consult formally or informally 
with the Office of Government Ethics prior to granting a waiver 
referred to in paragraph (d)(2) or (3) of this section. A copy of each 
such waiver is to be forwarded to the Director of the Office of 
Government Ethics.
    (e) Divestiture of a disqualifying financial interest. Upon sale or 
other divestiture of the asset or other interest that would otherwise 
require the employee to recuse from participating in a particular 
matter, 18 U.S.C. 208(a) and paragraph (c) of this section will no 
longer prohibit the employee's participation in the matter.
    (1) Voluntary divestiture. An employee who would otherwise be 
required to recuse from participating in a particular matter may 
voluntarily sell or otherwise divest the interest that create the 
recusal requirement.
    (2) Directed divestiture. An employee may be required to sell or 
otherwise divest the disqualifying financial interest if the continued 
holding of that interest is prohibited by statute or by agency 
supplemental regulation issued in accordance with Sec.  2635.403(a), or 
if the agency determines in accordance with Sec.  2635.403(b) that a 
substantial conflict exists between the financial interest and the 
employee's duties or accomplishment of the agency's mission.
    (3) Eligibility for special tax treatment. An employee who is 
directed to divest an interest may be eligible to defer the tax 
consequences of divestiture under part 2634, subpart J of this chapter. 
An employee who divests before obtaining a certificate of divestiture 
will not be eligible for this special tax treatment.
    (f) Official duties that give rise to potential conflicts. When 
their official duties create a substantial likelihood that they may be 
assigned to a particular matter from which they would be required to 
recuse, employees should advise their supervisors or other persons 
responsible for their assignments of that potential so that conflicting 
assignments can be avoided, consistent with the agency's needs.


Sec.  2635.403  Prohibited financial interests.

    An employee may not acquire or hold any financial interest that 
agency employees are prohibited from acquiring or holding by statute, 
by agency regulation issued in accordance with paragraph (a) of this 
section, or by reason of an agency determination of substantial 
conflict under paragraph (b) of this section.

    Note 1 to Sec.  2635.403: There is no statute of Governmentwide 
applicability prohibiting employees from holding or acquiring any 
financial interest. Statutory restrictions, if any, are contained in 
agency statutes which, in some cases, may be implemented by agency 
regulations issued independent of this part.

    (a) Agency regulation prohibiting certain financial interests. An 
agency may, by supplemental agency regulation, prohibit or restrict the 
acquisition or holding of a financial interest or a class of financial 
interests by agency employees, or any category of agency employees, and 
the spouses and minor children of those employees, based on the 
agency's determination that the acquisition or holding of such 
financial interests would cause a reasonable person to question the 
impartiality and objectivity with which agency programs are 
administered.

[[Page 10798]]

When the agency restricts or prohibits the holding of certain financial 
interests by its employees' spouses or minor children, any such 
prohibition or restriction must be based on a determination that there 
is a direct and appropriate nexus between the prohibition or 
restriction as applied to spouses and minor children and the efficiency 
of the service.
    (b) Agency determination of substantial conflict. An agency may 
prohibit or restrict an individual employee from acquiring or holding a 
financial interest or a class of financial interests based upon the 
agency designee's determination that the holding of such interest or 
interests will:
    (1) Require the employee to recuse from particular matters so 
central or critical to the performance of the employee's official 
duties that their ability to perform the duties of their position would 
be materially impaired; or
    (2) Adversely affect the efficient accomplishment of the agency's 
mission because another employee cannot be readily assigned to perform 
work from which the employee would be recused by reason of the 
financial interest.
    Example 1 to paragraph (b): An Air Force employee who owns $33,778 
of stock in a major aircraft engine manufacturer is being considered 
for promotion to a position that involves responsibility for 
development of a new fighter airplane. If the agency determined that 
engineering and other decisions about the Air Force's requirements for 
the fighter would directly and predictably affect the employee's 
financial interests, the employee could not, by virtue of 18 U.S.C. 
208(a), perform these significant duties of the position while 
retaining stock in the company. The agency can require the employee to 
sell the stock as a condition of being selected for the position rather 
than allowing the employee to recuse from particular matters.
    (c) Definition of financial interest. For purposes of this section:
    (1) Except as provided in paragraph (c)(2) of this section, the 
term financial interest is limited to financial interests that are 
owned by the employee or by the employee's spouse or minor children. 
However, the term is not limited to only those financial interests that 
would require the employee to recuse under 18 U.S.C. 208(a) and Sec.  
2635.402. The term includes any current or contingent ownership, 
equity, or security interest in real or personal property or a 
business, and may include an indebtedness or compensated employment 
relationship. It thus includes, for example, interests in the nature of 
stocks, bonds, partnership interests, fee and leasehold interests, 
mineral and other property rights, deeds of trust, and liens, and 
extends to any right to purchase or acquire any such interest, such as 
a stock option or commodity future. It does not include a future 
interest created by someone other than the employee, the employee's 
spouse, or minor child, or any right as a beneficiary of an estate that 
has not been settled.
    Example 1 to paragraph (c)(1): A regulatory agency has concluded 
that ownership by its employees of stock in entities regulated by the 
agency would significantly diminish public confidence in the agency's 
performance of its regulatory functions and thereby interfere with the 
accomplishment of its mission. In its supplemental agency regulations, 
the agency may prohibit its employees from acquiring or continuing to 
hold stock in regulated entities.
    Example 2 to paragraph (c)(1): An agency that insures bank deposits 
may, by supplemental agency regulation, prohibit its employees who are 
bank examiners from obtaining loans from banks they examine. 
Examination of a member bank could have no effect on an employee's 
fixed obligation to repay a loan from that bank and, thus, would not 
affect an employee's financial interests so as to require recusal under 
Sec.  2635.402. Nevertheless, a loan from a member bank is a discrete 
financial interest within the meaning of Sec.  2635.403(c) that may, 
when appropriate, be prohibited by supplemental agency regulation.
    (2) The term financial interest includes service, with or without 
compensation, as an officer, director, trustee, general partner, or 
employee of any person, including a nonprofit entity, whose financial 
interests are imputed to the employee under Sec.  2635.402(b)(2) (iii) 
or (iv).
    Example 1 to paragraph (c)(2): The Foundation for the Preservation 
of Wild Horses maintains herds of horses that graze on public and 
private lands. Because its costs are affected by Federal policies 
regarding grazing permits, the Foundation routinely comments on all 
proposed rules governing use of Federal grasslands issued by the Bureau 
of Land Management (BLM). BLM may require an employee to resign from 
their uncompensated position as Vice President of the Foundation as a 
condition of a promotion to a policy-level position within the Bureau 
rather than allowing the employee to rely on recusal in particular 
cases.
    (d) Reasonable period to divest or terminate. Whenever an agency 
directs divestiture of a financial interest under paragraph (a) or (b) 
of this section, the employee will be given a reasonable period of 
time, considering the nature of their particular duties and the nature 
and marketability of the interest, within which to comply with the 
agency's direction. Except in cases of unusual hardship, as determined 
by the agency, a reasonable period must not exceed 90 days from the 
date divestiture is first directed. However, as long as the employee 
continues to hold the financial interest, all restrictions imposed by 
this subpart remain applicable.
    (e) Eligibility for special tax treatment. Employees required to 
sell or otherwise divest a financial interest may be eligible to defer 
the tax consequences of divestiture under part 2634, subpart J of this 
chapter.

Subpart E--Impartiality in Performing Official Duties


Sec.  2635.501  Overview.

    (a) Scope. This subpart is intended to ensure that employees take 
appropriate steps to avoid an appearance of loss of impartiality in the 
performance of their official duties in circumstances other than those 
covered by the criminal conflict of interest statute, 18 U.S.C. 208(a).
    (1) The provisions of Sec.  2635.502 are designed to help employees 
identify and take appropriate steps regarding their participation in 
particular matters involving specific parties that may cause a 
reasonable person with knowledge of the relevant facts to question 
their impartiality. Employees and agencies should analyze such 
appearance issues, and employees may receive authorization to 
participate in such matters, using the procedures in this subpart.
    (2) Under Sec.  2635.503, an employee who has received a covered 
payment from a former employer is subject, in the absence of a waiver 
pursuant to Sec.  2635.503(c), to a two-year period of recusal from 
participating in particular matters in which that former employer is or 
represents a party.
    (3) An employee is prohibited by 18 U.S.C. 208(a) from 
participating personally and substantially in an official capacity in 
any particular matter in which, to the employee's knowledge, the 
employee has a personal or imputed financial interest, if the 
particular matter will have a direct and predictable effect on that 
interest. Section 208(a), its interpreting and implementing regulations 
under part 2640 of this chapter, and the regulations at subparts D and 
F of this part, apply when the

[[Page 10799]]

particular matter would affect the financial interests of one of these 
persons.
    (b) Distinction between authorizations under this subpart and 
waivers and exemptions under 18 U.S.C. 208.
    (1) When an employee's participation in a particular matter 
involving specific parties would raise a question in the mind of a 
reasonable person about the employee's impartiality, but would not 
violate 18 U.S.C. 208(a), the agency designee may make a determination, 
as explained in Sec.  2635.502(d), and authorize the employee to 
participate in the matter.
    (2) When the employee's participation in a particular matter would 
affect any one of the financial interests described in 18 U.S.C. 
208(a), only a statutory waiver or exemption, as described in 
Sec. Sec.  2635.402(d) and 2635.605(a), will enable the employee to 
participate in that matter. The specific requirements for regulatory 
exemptions and statutory waivers are contained in subparts B and C of 
part 2640 of this chapter.
    (3) An applicable waiver or exemption under part 2640 of this 
chapter also authorizes an employee's participation in particular 
matters that would otherwise be restricted by Sec.  2635.502. 
Specifically, if an employee meets all prerequisites for the 
application of one of the regulatory exemptions set forth in part 2640, 
subpart B of this chapter, that constitutes a determination that the 
interest of the Government in the employee's participation in a 
particular matter outweighs the concern that a reasonable person may 
question the integrity of agency programs and operations. Similarly, if 
the employee complies with all terms of a statutory waiver granted 
pursuant to part 2640, subpart C of this chapter, that also constitutes 
a determination that the interest of the Government in the employee's 
participation in a particular matter outweighs the concern that a 
reasonable person may question the integrity of agency programs and 
operations. In such cases, the employee is not required to recuse under 
Sec.  2635.502(e) or request authorization to participate under Sec.  
2635.502(d).

    Note 1 to Sec.  2635.501: Even if the employee or agency 
designee determines that this subpart is not applicable, the 
employee's supervisor or other individuals responsible for assigning 
work to the employee may decide not to assign certain work to the 
employee for other reasons, including to address appearance and 
impartiality concerns not covered by this subpart.

Sec.  2635.502   Personal and business relationships.

    (a) Consideration of appearances by the employee. In considering 
whether any of the following would cause a reasonable person to 
question their impartiality, employees may seek the assistance of their 
supervisor, an agency ethics official, or the agency designee.
    (1) When an employee knows that a particular matter involving 
specific parties is likely to have a direct and predictable effect on 
the financial interest of a member of the employee's household, and the 
employee determines that the circumstances would cause a reasonable 
person with knowledge of the relevant facts to question the employee's 
impartiality in the matter, the employee should not participate in the 
matter unless the employee has received a determination from the agency 
designee regarding the appearance problem in accordance with paragraph 
(c) of this section or received an authorization from the agency 
designee in accordance with paragraph (d) of this section.
    (2) When an employee knows that a person with whom the employee has 
a covered relationship is or represents a party to a particular matter 
involving specific parties, and the employee determines that the 
circumstances would cause a reasonable person with knowledge of the 
relevant facts to question their impartiality in the matter, the 
employee should not participate in the matter unless the employee has 
received a determination from the agency designee regarding the 
appearance problem in accordance with paragraph (c) of this section or 
received an authorization from the agency designee in accordance with 
paragraph (d) of this section.
    (3) Employees who are concerned that circumstances other than those 
specifically described in paragraphs (a)(1) and (2) of this section 
would raise a question regarding their impartiality should use the 
process described in this section to determine whether they should not 
participate in a particular matter.
    (b) Definitions. For purposes of this section:
    (1) An employee has a covered relationship with:
    (i) A person, other than a prospective employer described in Sec.  
2635.603(c), with whom the employee has or seeks a business, 
contractual, or other financial relationship that involves other than a 
routine consumer transaction;

    Note 1 to paragraph (b)(1)(i):  An employee who is seeking 
employment within the meaning of Sec.  2635.603 must comply with 
subpart F of this part rather than with this section.

    (ii) A person who is a member of the employee's household, or who 
is a relative with whom the employee has a close personal relationship;
    (iii) A person for whom the employee's spouse, parent, or child is, 
to the employee's knowledge, serving or seeking to serve as an officer, 
director, trustee, general partner, agent, attorney, consultant, 
contractor, or employee;
    (iv) Any person for whom the employee has, within the last year, 
served as officer, director, trustee, general partner, agent, attorney, 
consultant, contractor, or employee; or
    (v) An organization, other than a political party described in 26 
U.S.C. 527(e), in which the employee is an active participant. 
Participation is active if, for example, it involves service as an 
official of the organization or in a capacity similar to that of a 
committee or subcommittee chairperson or spokesperson, or participation 
in directing the activities of the organization. In other cases, 
significant time devoted to promoting specific programs of the 
organization, including coordination of fundraising efforts, is an 
indication of active participation. Payment of dues or the donation or 
solicitation of financial support does not, in itself, constitute 
active participation.

    Note 2 to Sec.  2635.502:  Nothing in this section should be 
construed to suggest that employees should not participate in a 
matter because of their political, religious, or moral views.

    (2) Direct and predictable effect has the meaning set forth in 
Sec.  2635.402(b)(1).
    (3) Particular matter involving specific parties has the meaning 
set forth in Sec.  2640.102(l) of this chapter.
    Example 1 to paragraph (b): An employee of the General Services 
Administration (GSA) has made an offer to purchase a restaurant owned 
by a local developer. The developer has submitted an offer in response 
to a GSA solicitation for the lease of office space. Under the 
circumstances, the GSA employee would be correct in concluding that a 
reasonable person would be likely to question their impartiality if 
they were to participate in evaluating that developer's or its 
competitor's lease proposal.
    Example 2 to paragraph (b): An employee of the Department of Labor 
is providing technical assistance in drafting occupational safety and 
health legislation that will affect all employers of five or more 
persons. The employee's

[[Page 10800]]

spouse is employed as an administrative assistant by a large 
corporation that will incur additional costs if the proposed 
legislation is enacted. Because the legislation is not a particular 
matter involving specific parties, the employee may continue to work on 
the legislation and need not be concerned that the spouse's employment 
with an affected corporation would raise a question concerning the 
employee's impartiality.
    Example 3 paragraph (b): An employee of the Bureau of Land 
Management (BLM) is studying environmental problems created by the use 
of hazardous substances on a particular section of public land. BLM has 
a contract with an environmental services company to produce a water 
quality study of the groundwater under this section of land along with 
a recommendation about how to remediate any problems that are found. 
The BLM employee will use the study to help determine the extent of the 
damage and to recommend a solution to any problems that are revealed. 
The employee's parent has accepted a job with this environmental 
services company, and will be signing and submitting the report of the 
company's findings. Under these circumstances, the employee would be 
correct in concluding that a reasonable person would be likely to 
question their impartiality if they were to continue participating in 
the study related to this parcel of public land.
    Example 4 to paragraph (b): An engineer has just resigned from a 
position as vice president of an electronics company in order to accept 
employment with the Federal Aviation Administration (FAA) in a position 
involving procurement responsibilities. Although the employee did not 
receive a covered payment in connection with the resignation and has 
severed all financial ties with the firm, under the circumstances the 
employee would be correct in concluding that this former service as an 
officer of the company would be likely to cause a reasonable person to 
question their impartiality if they were to participate in the 
administration of an FAA contract for which the firm is a first-tier 
subcontractor.
    Example 5 to paragraph (b): An employee of the Internal Revenue 
Service (IRS) is a member of a private organization whose purpose is to 
restore a Victorian-era railroad station, and chairs its annual 
fundraising drive. Under the circumstances, the employee would be 
correct in concluding that this active membership in the organization 
would be likely to cause a reasonable person to question their 
impartiality if they were to participate in an IRS determination 
regarding the tax-exempt status of the organization.
    Example 6 to paragraph (b): An employee of the Department of 
Defense (DoD) has responsibility for testing avionics produced by a 
large Air Force contractor. The employee just learned that their parent 
accepted a staff position in the human resources division of that 
contractor. Although the DoD employee has a covered relationship with 
the contractor that employs their parent, the employee could 
justifiably conclude that a reasonable person would not be likely to 
question their impartiality because the parent's work is unrelated to 
the avionics contract.
    Example 7 to paragraph (b): An employee of the Department of 
Defense (DoD) leads the office that is testing a new type of jet engine 
produced by a multinational conglomerate's aviation division. The 
employee's lifelong best friend is the head of the conglomerate's 
aviation division, and is responsible for presenting and promoting the 
new jet engine. Although the DoD employee does not have a covered 
relationship under Sec.  2635.502(b)(1), the employee is concerned 
that, under Sec.  2635.502(a)(3), questions regarding their 
impartiality could be raised. Here, the employee could justifiably 
conclude that a reasonable person would be likely to question their 
impartiality if they were to continue performing duties related to this 
jet engine.
    (c) Determination by agency designee. (1) When the agency designee 
has information concerning a potential appearance problem arising from: 
(i) the financial interest of a member of the employee's household in a 
particular matter involving specific parties or (ii) a particular 
matter involving specific parties in which a person with whom the 
employee has a covered relationship is a party or represents a party, 
the agency designee may make an independent determination as to whether 
a reasonable person with knowledge of the relevant facts would be 
likely to question the employee's impartiality in the matter. 
Ordinarily, the agency designee's determination will be initiated by 
information provided by the employee pursuant to paragraph (a) of this 
section. However, at any time, including after an employee has recused 
from participating in a particular matter pursuant to paragraph (e) of 
this section, agency designees may make this determination on their own 
initiative or when requested by the employee's supervisor or any other 
person responsible for the employee's assignment.
    (2) If the agency designee determines that the employee's 
impartiality is likely to be questioned, the agency designee must then 
determine, in accordance with paragraph (d) of this section, whether 
the employee should be authorized to participate in the matter. If the 
agency designee determines that the employee's participation should not 
be authorized, the employee must recuse from participating in the 
particular matter in accordance with paragraph (e) of this section.
    (3) If the agency designee determines that the employee's 
impartiality is not likely to be questioned, the agency designee may 
advise the employee, including an employee who has reached a contrary 
conclusion under paragraph (a) of this section, that the employee's 
participation in the matter would be proper.
    (d) Authorization by agency designee. When an employee's 
participation in a particular matter involving specific parties would 
not violate 18 U.S.C. 208(a), but would raise a question in the mind of 
a reasonable person about the employee's impartiality, the agency 
designee may authorize the employee to participate in the matter based 
on a determination, made in light of all relevant circumstances, that 
the interest of the Government in the employee's participation 
outweighs the concern that a reasonable person may question the 
integrity of the agency's programs and operations.
    (1) Factors which may be taken into consideration include:
    (i) The nature of the relationship involved;
    (ii) The effect that resolution of the matter would have upon the 
financial interests of the person involved in the relationship;
    (iii) The nature and importance of the employee's role in the 
matter, including the extent to which the employee is called upon to 
exercise discretion in the matter;
    (iv) The sensitivity of the matter;
    (v) The difficulty of reassigning the matter to another employee; 
and
    (vi) Adjustments that may be made in the employee's duties that 
would reduce or eliminate the likelihood that a reasonable person would 
question the employee's impartiality.
    (2) Authorization by the agency designee will be documented in 
writing at the agency designee's discretion or when requested by the 
employee. An employee who has been authorized to participate in a 
particular matter involving specific parties may not thereafter recuse 
from participating in the matter on the basis of an appearance problem 
involving the same

[[Page 10801]]

circumstances that have been considered by the agency designee.
    Example 1 to paragraph (d): The Deputy Director of Personnel for 
the Department of the Treasury and an attorney with the Department's 
Office of General Counsel are general partners in a real estate 
partnership. The Deputy Director advises their supervisor, the Director 
of Personnel, of the relationship upon being assigned to a selection 
panel for a position for which the partner has applied. If selected, 
the partner would receive a substantial increase in salary. The agency 
designee cannot authorize the Deputy Director to participate on the 
panel under the authority of this section because the Deputy Director 
is prohibited by criminal statute, 18 U.S.C. 208(a), from participating 
in a particular matter affecting the financial interest of a person who 
is their general partner. See Sec.  2635.402.
    Example 2 paragraph (d): A new employee of the Securities and 
Exchange Commission is assigned to an investigation of insider trading 
by the brokerage house where they have recently been employed. Because 
of the sensitivity of the investigation, the agency designee may be 
unable to conclude that the Government's interest in the employee's 
participation in the investigation outweighs the concern that a 
reasonable person may question the integrity of the investigation, even 
though the employee has severed all financial ties with the company. 
Based on consideration of all relevant circumstances, the agency 
designee might determine, however, that it is in the interest of the 
Government for the employee to participate in the review of a routine 
filing by the particular brokerage house.
    Example 3 paragraph (d): An Internal Revenue Service employee 
involved in a long and complex tax audit learns that their child has 
just accepted an entry-level management position with a corporation 
whose taxes are the subject of the audit. Because the audit is 
essentially complete and because the employee is the only one with an 
intimate knowledge of the case, the agency designee might determine, 
after considering all relevant circumstances, that it is in the 
Government's interest for the employee to complete the audit, which is 
subject to additional levels of review.
    (e) Recusal. Unless the employee is authorized to participate in 
the matter under paragraph (d) of this section, an employee may not 
participate in a particular matter involving specific parties when the 
employee or the agency designee has concluded, in accordance with 
paragraph (a) or (c) of this section, that the financial interest of a 
member of the employee's household, or the role of a person with whom 
the employee has a covered relationship, is likely to raise a question 
in the mind of a reasonable person about the employee's impartiality. 
Recusal is accomplished by not participating in the matter. When the 
covered relationship is with a former employer, this recusal 
requirement is for a period of one year after the date of the 
employee's resignation from the position with the former employer.
    (1) Notification. Employees who become aware of the need to recuse 
from participating in a particular matter involving specific parties to 
which they have been assigned must take whatever steps are necessary to 
ensure that they do not participate in the matter. Appropriate oral or 
written notification of their recusal may be made to an agency ethics 
official, coworkers, or a supervisor to document and help effectuate 
the recusal.
    (2) Documentation. Employees need not file written recusal 
statements unless they are required by part 2634 of this chapter to 
file written evidence of compliance with an ethics agreement with the 
Office of Government Ethics or a designated agency ethics official, or 
are specifically directed by an agency ethics official or the person 
responsible for their assignments to file written recusal statements. 
However, it is often prudent for employees to create a record of their 
actions by providing written notice to an agency ethics official, a 
supervisor, or other appropriate official.
    (f) Irrelevant considerations. An employee's reputation for honesty 
and integrity is not a relevant consideration for purposes of any 
determination required by this section.


Sec.  2635.503   Covered payments from former employers.

    (a) Recusal requirement. Except as provided in paragraph (c) of 
this section, an employee must recuse for two years from participating 
in any particular matter involving specific parties in which the 
employee's former employer is a party or represents a party if the 
employee received a covered payment from that person. The two-year 
period of recusal begins to run on the date that the covered payment is 
received.
    Example 1 to paragraph (a): Following confirmation hearings and one 
month before their scheduled swearing in, a nominee to the position of 
Assistant Secretary of a department received a covered payment from 
their employer. For one year and 11 months after their swearing in, the 
Assistant Secretary may not participate in any particular matter to 
which the former employer is a party.
    Example 2 paragraph (a): An employee received a covered payment 
from their former employer, a coal mine operator, prior to entering on 
duty with the Department of the Interior. For two years thereafter, the 
employee may not participate in a determination regarding the former 
employer's obligation to reclaim a particular mining site, because the 
former employer is a party to the matter. However, the employee may 
help to draft reclamation legislation affecting all coal mining 
operations because this legislation does not involve any parties.
    Example 3 to paragraph (a): An architect accepts a position with 
the Army Corps of Engineers and resigns from a private architecture 
partnership. One month after beginning this new position, the architect 
receives a covered payment from the partnership. The architect may not 
participate in any particular matter involving specific parties in 
which the former partnership is a party until two years after receipt 
of the covered payment, which will be 25 months after beginning service 
with the Corps. Because the payment was not received before the 
architect became an Executive Branch employee, agency ethics officials 
must also review the payment to determine whether it constituted a 
supplementation of salary under 18 U.S.C. 209.
    (b) Definitions. For purposes of this section, the following 
definitions apply:
    (1) Covered payment means any item, including cash or an investment 
interest, with a value in excess of $10,000, which is paid:
    (i) On the basis of a determination made after it became known to 
the former employer that the individual was being considered for or had 
accepted a Government position; and
    (ii) Other than pursuant to a qualifying program.
    (2) Qualifying program.
    (i) A qualifying program is:
    (A) A compensation, partnership, or benefits program that is 
contained in bylaws, a contract, or other written form, and does not 
treat individuals entering Government service more favorably than other 
individuals; or
    (B) A program that is not contained in written form, but is 
demonstrated by a history of similar payments made to others not 
entering Government service.
    (ii)When a program is established in written form, any history of 
making similar payments to others not entering Government service that 
is contrary to an express provision of the written plan

[[Page 10802]]

is not relevant to the evaluation of whether it is a qualifying 
program.
    Example 1 to paragraph (b)(2): The vice president of a small 
corporation is nominated to be an ambassador. In recognition of service 
to the corporation, the board of directors votes to pay the departing 
vice president $50,000 upon confirmation in addition to the regular 
severance payment provided for by the corporate bylaws. The regular 
severance payment is not a covered payment. The gratuitous payment of 
$50,000 is a covered payment, because the corporation had not made 
similar payments to other departing officers.
    (3) Former employer includes any person which the employee served 
as an officer, director, trustee, general partner, agent, attorney, 
consultant, contractor, or employee. Payments from an officer, 
employee, or agent of a former employer will be considered to be 
payments from the former employer.

    Note 1 to paragraph (b)(3):  The definition of former employer 
includes former clients for whom an employee may have served as an 
agent, attorney, consultant, or contractor.

    (c) Waiver of recusal. The recusal requirement of this section may 
be waived based on a finding that the amount of the payment was not so 
substantial as to cause a reasonable person to question the employee's 
ability to act impartially in a matter in which the former employer is 
or represents a party. The waiver must be in writing and may be given 
only by the head of the agency or, when the recipient of the payment is 
the head of the agency, by the President or the President's designee. 
Waiver authority may be delegated by the head of an agency to any 
person who has been delegated authority to issue individual waivers 
under 18 U.S.C. 208(b) for the employee who is the recipient of the 
covered payment.

Subpart F--Seeking Other Employment


Sec.  2635.601  Overview.

    This subpart contains a recusal requirement that applies to 
employees when seeking non-Federal employment with persons whose 
financial interests would be directly and predictably affected by 
particular matters in which the employees participate personally and 
substantially. Specifically, it addresses the requirement of 18 U.S.C. 
208(a) that an employee not participate personally and substantially in 
any particular matter that, to the employee's knowledge, will have a 
direct and predictable effect on the financial interests of a person 
``with whom the employee is negotiating or has any arrangement 
concerning prospective employment.'' See Sec. Sec.  2635.402 and 
2640.103 of this chapter. Beyond this statutory requirement, this 
subpart also addresses issues of lack of impartiality that require 
recusal from particular matters affecting the financial interests of a 
prospective employer when an employee's actions in seeking employment 
fall short of actual employment negotiations. In addition, this subpart 
contains the statutory notification requirements that apply to public 
filers when they negotiate for or have agreements of future employment 
or compensation. Specifically, it addresses the requirements of section 
17 of the Representative Louise McIntosh Slaughter Stop Trading on 
Congressional Knowledge Act (STOCK Act), Public Law 112-105, 126 Stat. 
303, that a public filer must submit a written statement identifying 
the entity involved in the negotiations or agreement within three 
business days after commencement of such negotiations or agreement and 
must submit a notification of recusal whenever there is a conflict of 
interest or an appearance of a conflict of interest.


Sec.  2635.602  Applicability and related considerations.

    (a) Applicability. (1) To ensure that an employee does not violate 
18 U.S.C. 208(a), section 17 of the STOCK Act, or the principles of 
ethical conduct contained in Sec.  2635.101(b), an employee who is 
seeking employment or who has an arrangement concerning prospective 
employment must comply with the applicable recusal requirements of 
Sec. Sec.  2635.604 and 2635.606 if particular matters in which the 
employee will be participating personally and substantially would, to 
the employee's knowledge, directly and predictably affect the financial 
interests of a prospective employer or of a person with whom the 
employee has an arrangement concerning prospective employment. 
Compliance with this subpart also will ensure that the employee does 
not violate subpart D or E of this part. In addition, a public filer 
who negotiates for or has an agreement of future employment or 
compensation must comply with the requirements of Sec.  2635.607.
    (2) An employee who is seeking employment with a person whose 
financial interests are not, to the employee's knowledge, affected 
directly and predictably by particular matters in which the employee 
participates personally and substantially has no obligation to recuse 
under this subpart. In addition, nothing in this subpart requires an 
employee, other than a public filer, to notify anyone that the employee 
is seeking employment unless a notification is necessary to implement a 
recusal pursuant to Sec.  2635.604(b). A public filer who negotiates 
for or has an agreement of future employment or compensation must 
comply with the notification requirements in Sec.  2635.607. An 
employee may, however, be subject to other statutes that impose 
requirements on employment contacts or discussions, such as 41 U.S.C. 
2103, which is applicable to agency officials involved in certain 
procurement matters. Employees are encouraged to consult with their 
ethics officials if they have any questions about how this subpart may 
apply to them. Ethics officials are not obligated by this subpart to 
inform supervisors that employees are seeking employment.
    Example 1 to paragraph (a): Recently, an employee of the Department 
of Education submitted a resume to the University of Delaware for a job 
opening. The employee has begun seeking employment. However, because 
the employee is not participating in any particular matters affecting 
the University of Delaware, there is no requirement that anyone be 
notified that the employee has begun seeking employment.
    Example 2 to paragraph (a): The employee in the preceding example 
has been approached about an employment opportunity at the University 
of Maryland. Because the University of Maryland has applied for grants 
on which the employee has been assigned to work in the past, the 
employee wants to make certain that they do not violate the ethics 
rules. The employee contacts an ethics official to discuss the matter. 
The employee informs the ethics official that they are not currently 
participating in any particular matters affecting the University of 
Maryland. As a result, the ethics official advises the employee that 
they will have no notification obligations under this subpart. However, 
the ethics official cautions the employee that, if the employee is 
assigned to participate in a particular matter affecting the University 
of Maryland while they are seeking employment with the University, they 
must take whatever steps are necessary to avoid working on the grant, 
in accordance with Sec.  2635.604.
    (b) Related restrictions--(1) Outside employment while a Federal 
employee. An employee who is contemplating outside employment to be 
undertaken concurrently with the employee's Federal employment must 
abide by any limitations applicable to the employee's outside 
activities under subparts G and

[[Page 10803]]

H of this part, including any requirements under supplemental agency 
regulations to obtain prior approval before engaging in outside 
employment or activities and any prohibitions under supplemental agency 
regulations related to outside employment or activities. The employee 
must also comply with any applicable recusal requirement of this 
subpart, as well as any applicable recusal requirements under subpart D 
or E of this part as a result of the employee's outside employment 
activities.
    (2) Post-employment restrictions. An employee who is contemplating 
employment to be undertaken following the termination of the employee's 
Federal employment should consult an agency ethics official to obtain 
advice regarding any post-employment restrictions that may be 
applicable. The regulation implementing the Governmentwide post-
employment statute, 18 U.S.C. 207, is contained in part 2641 of this 
chapter. Employees are cautioned that they may be subject to additional 
statutory prohibitions on post-employment acceptance of compensation 
from contractors, such as 41 U.S.C. 2104.
    (3) Interview trips and entertainment. When a prospective employer 
who is a prohibited source as defined in Sec.  2635.203(d) offers to 
reimburse an employee's travel expenses, or provide other reasonable 
amenities incident to employment discussions, the employee may accept 
such amenities in accordance with Sec.  2635.204(e)(3). When a 
prospective employer is a foreign government or international 
organization, the employee must also comply with the Foreign Gifts and 
Decorations Act, 5 U.S.C. 7342.


Sec.  2635.603  Definitions.

    For purposes of this subpart:
    (a) Employment means any form of non-Federal employment or business 
relationship involving the provision of personal services by the 
employee, whether to be undertaken at the same time as or subsequent to 
Federal employment. It includes but is not limited to personal services 
as an officer, director, employee, agent, attorney, consultant, 
contractor, general partner, or trustee.
    Example 1 to paragraph (a): An employee of the Bureau of Indian 
Affairs who has announced their intention to retire is approached by 
tribal representatives concerning a possible consulting contract with 
the tribe. The contractual relationship the tribe wishes to negotiate 
is employment for purposes of this subpart.
    Example 2 to paragraph (a): An employee of the Department of Health 
and Human Services is invited to a meeting with officials of a 
nonprofit corporation to discuss the possibility of serving as a member 
of the corporation's board of directors. Service, with or without 
compensation, as a member of the board of directors constitutes 
employment for purposes of this subpart.
    Example 3 to paragraph (a): An employee at the Department of Energy 
volunteers without compensation to serve dinners at a homeless shelter 
each month. The employee's uncompensated volunteer services in this 
case are not considered an employment or business relationship for 
purposes of this subpart.
    (b) An employee is seeking employment once the employee has begun 
seeking employment within the meaning of paragraph (b)(1) of this 
section and until the employee is no longer seeking employment within 
the meaning of paragraph (b)(2) of this section.
    (1) An employee has begun seeking employment if the employee has 
directly or indirectly:
    (i) Engaged in negotiations for employment with any person. For 
these purposes, as for 18 U.S.C. 208(a) and section 17 of the STOCK 
Act, the term negotiations means discussion or communication with 
another person, or such person's agent or intermediary, mutually 
conducted with a view toward reaching an agreement regarding possible 
employment with that person. The term is not limited to discussions of 
specific terms and conditions of employment in a specific position;
    (ii) Made an unsolicited communication to any person, or such 
person's agent or intermediary, regarding possible employment with that 
person. However, the employee has not begun seeking employment if that 
communication was for the sole purpose of requesting a job application; 
or
    (iii) Made a response, other than rejection, to an unsolicited 
communication from any person, or such person's agent or intermediary, 
regarding possible employment with that person.
    (2) An employee is no longer seeking employment when:
    (i) The employee or the prospective employer rejects the 
possibility of employment and all discussions of possible employment 
have terminated; or
    (ii) Two months have transpired after the employee's dispatch of an 
unsolicited resume or employment proposal, provided the employee has 
received no indication of interest in employment discussions from the 
prospective employer.
    (3) For purposes of this definition, a response that defers 
discussions until the foreseeable future does not constitute rejection 
of an unsolicited employment overture, proposal, or resume nor 
rejection of a prospective employment possibility.
    Example 1 to paragraph (b): A paralegal at the Department of the 
Army is in the third year of law school. The paralegal's neighbor, a 
partner in a large law firm in the community, invited the paralegal to 
the law firm for a visit. The paralegal accepted the offer and met with 
an associate at the firm. The associate shared with the paralegal their 
experiences looking for a legal position, discussed what they do in 
their position at the law firm, and explained why they chose that law 
firm. There was no discussion of possible employment with the firm. The 
Army paralegal is not seeking employment at this time. The purpose of 
the visit was informational only.
    Example 2 to paragraph (b): An employee of the Defense Contract 
Audit Agency (DCAA) is auditing the overhead accounts of an Army 
contractor. While at the contractor's headquarters, the head of the 
contractor's accounting division tells the employee that the division 
is thinking about hiring another accountant and asks whether the 
employee might be interested in leaving DCAA. The DCAA employee asks 
what kind of work would be involved. The DCAA employee has begun 
seeking employment because they made a response other than a rejection 
to the communication regarding possible employment with the Army 
contractor, although they have not yet begun negotiating for 
employment.
    Example 3 to paragraph (b): The DCAA employee and the head of the 
contractor's accounting division in the previous example have a meeting 
to discuss the duties of the position that the accounting division 
would like to fill and the DCAA employee's qualifications for the 
position. They also discuss ways the DCAA employee could remedy one of 
the missing qualifications, and the employee indicates a willingness to 
obtain the proper qualifications. They do not discuss salary. The 
employee has engaged in negotiations regarding possible employment with 
the contractor.
    Example 4 to paragraph (b): An employee at the Department of Energy 
(DOE) lists their job duties and employment experience in a profile on

[[Page 10804]]

an online, business-oriented social networking service. The employee's 
profile is not targeted at a specific prospective employer. The 
employee has not begun seeking employment because the posting of a 
profile or resume is not an unsolicited communication with any 
prospective employer.
    Example 5 to paragraph (b): The DOE employee in the previous 
example was recently notified that a representative of a university has 
viewed their profile. The employee still has not begun seeking 
employment with the university. Subsequently, a representative of the 
university contacts the employee through the online forum to inquire 
whether the employee would be interested in working for the university, 
to which the employee makes a response other than rejection. At this 
point, the employee has begun seeking employment with the university 
until they reject the possibility of employment and all discussions of 
possible employment have terminated.
    Example 6 to paragraph (b): The DOE employee in the previous two 
examples receives emails from various companies in response to the 
online profile. The employee does not respond. The employee has not 
begun seeking employment with the companies because they have not made 
a response.
    Example 7 to paragraph (b): An official of a State Health 
Department compliments the work of an employee of the Centers for 
Medicare & Medicaid Services (CMS), and asks the CMS employee to reach 
out if they are ever interested in leaving Federal service. The 
employee explains to the State official that they are very happy with 
their job at CMS and is not interested in another job. The employee 
thanks the official for the professional compliment, and adds that 
they'll remember the official's interest if they ever decide to leave 
the Government. The employee has rejected the unsolicited employment 
overture and has not begun seeking employment.
    Example 8 to paragraph (b): The employee in the preceding example 
responds by stating that they cannot discuss future employment while 
they are working on a project affecting the State's health care funding 
but would like to discuss employment with the State when the project is 
completed. Because the employee has merely deferred employment 
discussions until the foreseeable future, they have begun seeking 
employment with the State Health Department.
    Example 9 to paragraph (b): Three months prior to the end of the 
current administration, a political appointee at a large department 
receives a telephone call from the managing partner of an international 
law firm. The managing partner asks if the official would be interested 
in joining the law firm. The official says, ``I am not talking to 
anyone about employment until I leave the Government.'' The official 
has rejected the unsolicited employment overture and has not begun 
seeking employment.
    Example 10 to paragraph (b): A geologist employed by the U.S. 
Geological Survey sends a resume to an oil company. The geologist has 
begun seeking employment with that oil company and will be seeking 
employment for two months from the date the resume was mailed, provided 
the geologist does not receive a response indicating an interest in 
employment discussions. A letter merely acknowledging receipt of the 
resume is not an indication of interest in employment discussions. 
However, if the geologist withdraws the application or is notified 
within the two-month period that the resume has been rejected, they 
will no longer be seeking employment with the oil company as of the 
date they make such withdrawal or receives such notification.
    (c) Prospective employer means any person with whom the employee is 
seeking employment. When contacts that constitute seeking employment 
are made by or with an agent or other intermediary, the term 
prospective employer means:
    (1) A person who uses that agent or other intermediary for the 
purpose of seeking to establish an employment relationship with the 
employee if the agent identifies the prospective employer to the 
employee; and
    (2) A person contacted by the employee's agent or other 
intermediary for the purpose of seeking to establish an employment 
relationship if the agent identifies the prospective employer to the 
employee.
    Example 1 to paragraph (c): An employee of the Federal Aviation 
Administration (FAA) has retained an employment search firm to help 
them find another job. The search firm has just reported to the FAA 
employee that it has given their resume to and had promising 
discussions with two airport authorities, which the search firm 
identifies to the employee. Even though the employee has not personally 
had employment discussions with either airport authority, each airport 
authority is their prospective employer. The employee began seeking 
employment with each airport authority upon learning its identity and 
that it has been given their resume.
    Example 2 to paragraph (c): An employee pays for an online resume 
distribution service, which sends their resume to recruiters that 
specialize in their field. The online service has just notified the 
employee that it sent their resume to Software Company A and Software 
Company B. Even though the employee has not personally had employment 
discussions with either company, each software company is their 
prospective employer. The employee began seeking employment with each 
company upon learning from the online service that Software Company A 
and Software Company B had been given their resume by the intermediary.
    (d) Direct and predictable effect, particular matter, and personal 
and substantial have the respective meanings set forth in Sec.  
2635.402(b)(1), (3), and (4).
    (e) Public filer means a person required to file a public financial 
disclosure report as set forth in Sec.  2634.202 of this chapter.


Sec.  2635.604  Recusal while seeking employment.

    (a) Obligation to recuse. (1) Except as provided in paragraph 
(a)(2) of this section or when the employee's participation has been 
authorized in accordance with Sec.  2635.605, the employee may not 
participate personally and substantially in a particular matter that, 
to the employee's knowledge, has a direct and predictable effect on the 
financial interests of a prospective employer with whom the employee is 
seeking employment within the meaning of Sec.  2635.603(b). Recusal is 
accomplished by not participating in the particular matter.
    (2) The employee may participate in a particular matter under 
paragraph (a)(1) of this section when:
    (i) The employee's only communication with the prospective employer 
in connection with the search for employment is the submission of an 
unsolicited resume or other employment proposal;
    (ii) The prospective employer has not responded to the employee's 
unsolicited communication with a response indicating an interest in 
employment discussions; and
    (iii) The matter is not a particular matter involving specific 
parties.
    Example 1 to paragraph (a): A scientist is employed by the National 
Science Foundation (NSF) as a special Government employee to serve on a 
panel that reviews grant applications to fund research relating to 
deterioration of the ozone layer. The scientist is discussing possible 
employment with a

[[Page 10805]]

university that received an NSF grant several years ago to study the 
effect of fluorocarbons but has no current grant applications pending 
before NSF. The employee is seeking employment, but does not need to 
recuse because there is no particular matter that would have a direct 
and predictable effect on the financial interests of the prospective 
employer. Recusal would be required if the university submits a new 
application for the panel's review.
    Example 2 to paragraph (a): An employee of the Food and Drug 
Administration is developing a regulation on research criteria for 
approving prescription drugs. They begin discussing possible employment 
with a pharmaceutical company. The employee may not participate 
personally and substantially in the development of the regulation 
because they have begun employment discussions with the pharmaceutical 
company and the regulation is a particular matter of general 
applicability which would have a direct and predictable effect on the 
financial interests of the pharmaceutical company.
    Example 3 to paragraph (a): A special Government employee of the 
Federal Deposit Insurance Corporation (FDIC) is assigned to advise the 
FDIC on rules applicable to all member banks. The employee mails an 
unsolicited letter to a member bank offering services as a contract 
consultant. Although the employee is seeking employment, the employee 
may participate in this particular matter of general applicability 
until receipt of some response indicating an interest in discussing the 
employment proposal. A letter merely acknowledging receipt of the 
proposal is not an indication of interest in employment discussions.
    Example 4 to paragraph (a): An employee of the Occupational Safety 
and Health Administration is conducting an inspection of one of several 
textile companies to which they sent an unsolicited resume. The 
employee may not participate personally and substantially in the 
inspection because they are seeking employment and the inspection is a 
particular matter involving specific parties that will affect the 
textile company.
    (b) Notification. Employees who become aware of the need to recuse 
from participating in a particular matter to which they have been 
assigned must take whatever steps are necessary to ensure that they do 
not participate in the matter. Appropriate oral or written notification 
of their recusal may be made to an agency ethics official, coworkers, 
or a supervisor to document and help effectuate the recusal. Public 
filers must comply with additional notification requirements set forth 
in Sec.  2635.607.
    Example 1 to paragraph (b): An employee of the Department of 
Veterans Affairs (VA) is participating in the audit of a contract for 
laboratory support services. Before sending a resume to a lab which is 
a subcontractor under the VA contract, the employee should recuse from 
participating in the audit. Because the employee cannot withdraw from 
participating in the contract audit without supervisor approval, the 
employee should notify the supervisor of the need to recuse for ethics 
reasons so that appropriate adjustments in work assignments can be 
made.
    Example 2 to paragraph (b): An employee of the Food and Drug 
Administration (FDA) is contacted in writing by a pharmaceutical 
company concerning possible employment with the company. The employee 
is reviewing an application from the same pharmaceutical company, which 
is seeking FDA approval for a new drug product. Once the employee makes 
a response that is not a rejection to the company's communication 
concerning possible employment, the employee must recuse from further 
participation in the review of the application. When the employee has 
authority to ask a colleague to assume reviewing responsibilities, they 
may accomplish recusal by transferring the work to the colleague. 
However, to ensure that the colleague and others with whom they had 
been working on the review do not seek their advice regarding the 
review of the application or otherwise involve them in the matter, it 
may be necessary for the employee to advise those individuals of the 
recusal.
    (c) Documentation. Employees, other than public filers, need not 
file written recusal statements unless they are required by part 2634 
of this chapter to file written evidence of compliance with an ethics 
agreement with the Office of Government Ethics or a designated agency 
ethics official, or are specifically directed by an agency ethics 
official or the person responsible for their assignments to file 
written recusal statements. However, it is often prudent for employees 
to create a record of their actions by providing written notice to an 
agency ethics official, a supervisor, or other appropriate official. 
Public filers must comply with the documentation requirements set forth 
in Sec.  2635.607.
    Example 1 to paragraph (c): The General Counsel of a regulatory 
agency will be engaging in discussions regarding possible employment as 
corporate counsel of a regulated entity. Matters directly affecting the 
financial interests of the regulated entity are pending within the 
Office of General Counsel, but the General Counsel will not be called 
upon to act in any such matter because signature authority for that 
particular class of matters has been delegated to an Assistant General 
Counsel. Because the General Counsel is responsible for assigning work 
within the Office of General Counsel, they can, in fact, accomplish 
recusal by simply avoiding any involvement in matters affecting the 
regulated entity. However, because it is likely to be assumed by others 
that the General Counsel is involved in all matters within the 
cognizance of the Office of General Counsel, they would benefit from 
filing a written recusal statement with an agency ethics official or 
the Commissioners of the regulatory agency and providing their 
subordinates with written notification of the recusal. The General 
Counsel may also be specifically directed by an agency ethics official 
or the Commissioners to file a written recusal statement. If the 
General Counsel is a public filer, they must comply with the 
documentation requirements set forth in Sec.  2635.607.
    (d) Agency determination of substantial conflict. When the agency 
determines that the employee's action in seeking employment with a 
particular person will require the employee to recuse from matters so 
central or critical to the performance of the employee's official 
duties that the employee's ability to perform the duties of the 
employee's position would be materially impaired, the agency may allow 
the employee to take annual leave or leave without pay while seeking 
employment, or may take other appropriate action.


Sec.  2635.605   Waiver or authorization permitting participation while 
seeking employment.

    (a) Waiver. When, as defined in Sec.  2635.603(b)(1)(i), an 
employee is engaged in employment negotiations for purposes of 18 
U.S.C. 208(a), the employee may not participate personally and 
substantially in a particular matter that, to the employee's knowledge, 
has a direct and predictable effect on the financial interests of a 
prospective employer. The employee may participate in such matters only 
when the employee has received a written waiver issued under the 
authority of 18 U.S.C. 208(b)(1) or (3). These waivers are described in 
Sec.  2635.402(d) and part 2640, subpart C of this chapter. For certain 
employees,

[[Page 10806]]

a regulatory exemption under the authority of 18 U.S.C. 208(b)(2) may 
also apply (see part 2640, subpart B of this chapter), including Sec.  
2640.203(g) and (i).
    Example 1 to paragraph (a): An employee of the Department of 
Agriculture is negotiating for employment within the meaning of 18 
U.S.C. 208(a) and Sec.  2635.603(b)(1)(i) with an orange grower. In the 
absence of a written waiver issued under 18 U.S.C. 208(b)(1), the 
employee may not take official action on a complaint filed by a 
competitor alleging that the grower has shipped oranges in violation of 
applicable quotas.
    (b) Authorization by agency designee. When an employee is seeking 
employment within the meaning of Sec.  2635.603(b)(1)(ii) or (iii) and 
is not negotiating for employment, a reasonable person would be likely 
to question the employee's impartiality if the employee were to 
participate personally and substantially in a particular matter that, 
to the employee's knowledge, has a direct and predictable effect on the 
financial interests of any such prospective employer. The employee may 
participate in such matters only when the agency designee has 
authorized in writing the employee's participation in accordance with 
the standards set forth in Sec.  2635.502(d).
    Example 1 to paragraph (b): Within the past month, an employee of 
the Department of Education mailed a resume to a university. The 
employee is thus seeking employment with the university within the 
meaning of Sec.  2635.603(b)(1)(ii). In the absence of specific 
authorization by the agency designee in accordance with Sec.  
2635.502(d), the employee may not participate personally and 
substantially in an assignment to review a grant application submitted 
by the university.


Sec.  2635.606   Recusal based on an arrangement concerning prospective 
employment or otherwise after negotiations.

    (a) Employment or arrangement concerning employment. An employee 
may not participate personally and substantially in a particular matter 
that, to the employee's knowledge, has a direct and predictable effect 
on the financial interests of the person by whom the employee is 
employed or with whom the employee has an arrangement concerning future 
employment, unless authorized to participate in the matter by a written 
waiver issued under the authority of 18 U.S.C. 208(b)(1) or (3), or by 
a regulatory exemption under the authority of 18 U.S.C. 208(b)(2). 
These waivers and exemptions are described in Sec.  2635.402(d) and 
part 2640, subparts B and C of this chapter.
    Example 1 to paragraph (a): A military officer has accepted a job 
with a defense contractor that will begin six months after retirement 
from military service. During the remainder of Government employment, 
the officer may not participate personally and substantially in the 
administration of a contract with that particular defense contractor 
unless a written waiver is issued under the authority of 18 U.S.C. 
208(b)(1).
    Example 2 to paragraph (a): An accountant has just been offered a 
job with the Office of the Comptroller of the Currency (OCC) which 
involves a two-year limited appointment. The accountant's private 
employer, a large corporation, believes the job will enhance their 
skills and has agreed to give them a two-year unpaid leave of absence 
at the end of which they have agreed to return to work for the 
corporation. During the two-year period that the accountant is to be an 
OCC employee, they will have an arrangement concerning future 
employment with the corporation that will require recusal from 
participating personally and substantially in any particular matter 
that, to their knowledge, will have a direct and predictable effect on 
the corporation's financial interests.
    (b) Offer rejected or not made. The agency designee for the purpose 
of Sec.  2635.502(c) may, in an appropriate case, determine that an 
employee not covered by the preceding paragraph who has sought but is 
no longer seeking employment nevertheless will be subject to a period 
of recusal upon the conclusion of employment negotiations. Any such 
determination will be based on a consideration of all the relevant 
factors, including those listed in Sec.  2635.502(d), and a 
determination that the concern that a reasonable person may question 
the integrity of the agency's decision-making process outweighs the 
Government's interest in the employee's participation in the particular 
matter.
    Example 1 to paragraph (b): An employee of the Securities and 
Exchange Commission was relieved of responsibility for an investigation 
of a broker-dealer while seeking employment with the law firm 
representing the broker-dealer in that matter. The firm did not offer 
the partnership position the employee sought. Even though the employee 
is no longer seeking employment with the firm, they may continue to be 
recused from participating in the investigation based on a 
determination by the agency designee that the concern that a reasonable 
person might question whether, in view of the history of the employment 
negotiations, they could act impartially in the matter outweighs the 
Government's interest in their participation.


Sec.  2635.607   Notification requirements for public financial 
disclosure report filers regarding negotiations for or agreement of 
future employment or compensation.

    (a) Notification regarding negotiations for or agreement of future 
employment or compensation. A public filer who is negotiating for or 
has an agreement of future employment or compensation with a non-
Federal entity must file a statement notifying an agency ethics 
official of such negotiation or agreement within three business days 
after commencement of the negotiation or agreement. This notification 
statement must be in writing, must be signed by the public filer, and 
must include the name of the non-Federal entity involved in such 
negotiation or agreement and the date on which the negotiation or 
agreement commenced. When a public filer has previously complied with 
the notification requirement in this section regarding the commencement 
of negotiations, the filer need not file a separate notification 
statement when an agreement of future employment or compensation is 
reached with the previously identified non-Federal entity. There is 
also no requirement to file another notification when negotiations have 
been unsuccessful. However, employees may want to do so to facilitate 
the resumption of their duties.
    Example 1 to paragraph (a): An employee of the Merit Systems 
Protection Board who is a public filer was in private practice prior to 
Government service. The employee receives a telephone call from a 
partner in a law firm who inquires as to whether they would be 
interested in returning to private practice. During this initial 
telephone call with the law firm partner, the employee indicates that 
they are interested in resuming private practice. The partner and 
employee discuss generally the types of issues that would need to be 
agreed upon if the employee were to consider a possible offer to serve 
as ``of counsel'' with the firm, such as salary, benefits, and type of 
work the employee would perform. The employee has begun negotiating for 
future employment with the law firm. Within three business days after 
this initial telephone call, the employee must file written 
notification of the negotiations with the agency ethics official.

[[Page 10807]]

    Example 2 to paragraph (a): The employee in the previous example 
also negotiates a possible contract with a publisher to begin writing a 
textbook after leaving Government service. Within three business days 
after commencing negotiations, the employee must file written 
notification with the agency ethics official documenting this 
engagement in negotiations for future compensation with the book 
publisher.
    (b) Notification of recusal. A public filer who files a 
notification statement pursuant to paragraph (a) of this section must 
file with an agency ethics official a notification of recusal whenever 
there is a conflict of interest or appearance of a conflict of interest 
with the non-Federal entity identified in the notification statement. 
The notification statement and the recusal statement may be contained 
in a single document or in separate documents.
    (c) Advance filing of notification and recusal statements. When a 
public filer is seeking employment within the meaning of Sec.  
2635.603(b)(1)(ii) or (iii) or is considering seeking employment, the 
public filer may elect to file the notification statement pursuant to 
paragraph (a) of this section before negotiations have commenced and 
before an agreement of future employment or compensation is reached. A 
public filer may also elect to file the recusal statement pursuant to 
paragraph (b) of this section before the public filer has a conflict of 
interest or appearance of a conflict of interest with the non-Federal 
entity identified in the notification statement. The public filer need 
not file the document again upon commencing negotiations or reaching an 
agreement of future employment or compensation. The advance filing of 
any such document is not construed as a statement that negotiations 
have or have not commenced or that a conflict of interest does or does 
not exist. Although the Office of Government Ethics encourages advance 
filing when a public filer anticipates a realistic possibility of 
negotiations or an agreement, the failure to make an advance filing 
does not violate this subpart or the principles of ethical conduct 
contained in Sec.  2635.101(b).
    Example 1 to paragraph (c): An employee of the Federal Labor 
Relations Authority who is a public filer began negotiating for future 
employment with a law firm. At the time the employee began negotiating 
for future employment with the law firm, they were not participating 
personally and substantially in a particular matter that, to their 
knowledge, had a direct and predictable effect on the financial 
interest of the law firm. Although the employee was not required to 
file a recusal statement because they did not have a conflict of 
interest or appearance of a conflict of interest with the law firm 
identified in the notification statement, the Office of Government 
Ethics encourages the employee to submit a notification of recusal at 
the same time that they file the notification statement regarding the 
negotiations for future employment in order to ensure that the 
requirement of paragraph (b) of this section is satisfied if a conflict 
of interest or an appearance of a conflict of interest later arises. 
The agency ethics official should counsel the employee on applicable 
requirements but is under no obligation to notify the employee's 
supervisor that the employee is negotiating for employment.
    Example 2 to paragraph (c): An employee of the General Services 
Administration is contacted by a prospective employer regarding 
scheduling an interview for the following week to begin discussing the 
possibility of future employment. The employee discusses the matter 
with the ethics official and chooses to file a notification and recusal 
statement prior to the interview. The notification and recusal 
statement contain the identity of the prospective employer and an 
estimated date of when the interview will occur. The employee has 
complied with the notification requirement of section 17 of the STOCK 
Act.
    (d) Agreement of future employment or compensation for the purposes 
of Sec.  2635.607 means any arrangement concerning employment that will 
commence after the termination of Government service. The term also 
means any arrangement to compensate in exchange for services that will 
commence after the termination of Government service. The term 
includes, among other things, an arrangement to compensate for 
teaching, speaking, or writing that will commence after the termination 
of Government service.

Subpart G--Misuse of Position


Sec.  2635.701   Overview.

    This subpart contains provisions relating to the proper use of 
official time and authority, and of information and resources to which 
employees have access because of their Federal employment. This subpart 
sets forth standards relating to:
    (a) Use of public office for private gain;
    (b) Use of nonpublic information;
    (c) Use of Government property; and
    (d) Use of official time.


Sec.  2635.702   Use of public office for private gain.

    An employee may not use their public office for their own private 
gain; for the endorsement of any product, service, or enterprise 
(except as otherwise permitted by this part or other applicable law or 
regulation); or for the private gain of friends, relatives, or persons 
with whom the employee is affiliated in a nongovernmental capacity, 
including nonprofit organizations of which the employee is an officer 
or member, and persons with whom the employee has or seeks employment 
or business relations. The specific prohibitions set forth in 
paragraphs (a) through (d) of this section apply this general standard, 
but are not intended to be exclusive or to limit the application of 
this section.
    (a) Inducement or coercion of benefits. Employees may not use or 
permit the use of their Government position or title or any authority 
associated with their public office in a manner that is intended to 
coerce or induce another person, including a subordinate, to provide 
any benefit, financial or otherwise, to the employee or to friends, 
relatives, or persons with whom the employee is affiliated in a 
nongovernmental capacity.
    Example 1 to paragraph (a): Offering to pursue a relative's 
consumer complaint over a household appliance, an employee of the 
Securities and Exchange Commission called the general counsel of the 
manufacturer and, in the course of discussing the problem, stated that 
they worked at the SEC and were responsible for reviewing the company's 
filings. The employee violated the prohibition against use of public 
office for private gain by invoking their official authority in an 
attempt to influence action to benefit the relative.
    Example 2 to paragraph (a): An employee of the Department of 
Commerce was asked by a friend to determine why another office within 
the Department of Commerce had not yet granted an export license to the 
friend's firm. At a department-level staff meeting, the employee raised 
as a matter for official inquiry the delay in approval of the 
particular license and asked that the particular license be expedited. 
The official used their public office in an attempt to benefit the 
friend and, in acting as the friend's agent for the purpose of pursuing 
the export license with the Department of Commerce, may also have 
violated 18 U.S.C. 205.
    (b) Appearance of governmental sanction. Except as otherwise 
provided in this part, employees may not use or permit the use of their 
Government

[[Page 10808]]

position or title or any authority associated with their public office 
in a manner that could reasonably be construed to imply that their 
agency or the Government sanctions or endorses their personal 
activities or those of another. When teaching, speaking, or writing in 
a personal capacity, employees may refer to their official title or 
position only as permitted by Sec.  2635.807(b). When providing a 
verbal or written recommendation, employees may only use their official 
title in response to a request for a recommendation or character 
reference based upon personal knowledge of the ability or character of 
an individual with whom they have dealt in the course of Federal 
employment or whom they are recommending for Federal employment.
    Example 1 to paragraph (b): An employee of the Department of the 
Treasury who is asked to provide a letter of recommendation for a 
former subordinate or for an individual who worked for their team under 
a Government contract may provide the recommendation using official 
stationery and may sign the letter using their official title. If, 
however, the request is for the recommendation of a personal friend 
with whom they have not dealt in the Government, the employee should 
not use official stationery or sign the letter of recommendation using 
their official title, unless the recommendation is for Federal 
employment. In writing the letter of recommendation for the personal 
friend, it may be appropriate for the employee to make a reference to 
their official position in the body of the letter.
    Example 2 to paragraph (b): An employee of the Environmental 
Protection Agency (EPA) has a personal social media account. Under 
``occupation,'' the employee writes ``Analyst at the Environmental 
Protection Agency.'' On the same social media account, the EPA employee 
occasionally discusses topics related to the environment, such as 
recycling, biking to work, and organic gardening. Even though the 
employee is discussing matters related to the EPA's mission and lists 
their position in the area designated for occupation, these facts alone 
would not reasonably be construed as implying Governmental sanction or 
endorsement. The same employee may not, for example, redesign the 
social media account so that it prominently features the official EPA 
seal and make statements that either assert or imply that their 
opinions on environmental topics are sanctioned or endorsed by the 
Government.
    (c) Endorsements. Employees may not use or permit the use of their 
Government position or title or any authority associated with their 
public office to endorse any product, service, or enterprise except:
    (1) In furtherance of statutory authority to promote products, 
services, or enterprises; or
    (2) As a result of documentation of compliance with agency 
requirements or standards or as the result of recognition for 
achievement given under an agency program of recognition for 
accomplishment in support of the agency's mission.
    Example 1 to paragraph (c): A Commissioner of the Consumer Product 
Safety Commission (CPSC) may not appear in a television commercial and 
endorse an electrical appliance produced by a former employer, stating 
that it has been found by the CPSC to be safe for residential use.
    Example 2 to paragraph (c): A Foreign Commercial Service officer 
from the Department of Commerce is asked by a United States 
telecommunications company to meet with representatives of the 
government of Spain, which is in the process of procuring 
telecommunications services and equipment. The company is bidding 
against five European companies, and the statutory mission of the 
Department of Commerce includes assisting the export activities of U.S. 
companies. As part of official duty activities, the Foreign Commercial 
Service officer may meet with Spanish officials and explain the 
advantages of procurement from the United States company.
    Example 3 to paragraph (c): The Administrator of the Environmental 
Protection Agency may sign a letter to an oil company indicating that 
its refining operations are in compliance with Federal air quality 
standards even though the Administrator knows that the company has 
routinely displayed letters of this type in television commercials 
portraying it as a ``trustee of the environment for future 
generations.''
    Example 4 to paragraph (c): An Assistant Attorney General may not 
use their official title or refer to their Government position in a 
book jacket endorsement of a novel about organized crime written by an 
author whose work they admire. Nor may they do so in a book review 
published in a newspaper.
    (d) Performance of official duties affecting a private interest. To 
ensure that the performance of their official duties does not give rise 
to an appearance of use of public office for private gain or of giving 
preferential treatment, employees whose duties would affect the 
financial interests of a friend, relative, or person with whom they are 
affiliated in a nongovernmental capacity must comply with any 
applicable requirements of Sec.  2635.502.
    (e) Use of terms of address and ranks. Nothing in this section 
prohibits an employee who is ordinarily addressed using a general term 
of address, such as ``The Honorable'' or ``Judge,'' or a rank, such as 
a military or ambassadorial rank, from using that term of address or 
rank in connection with a personal activity.


Sec.  2635.703   Use of nonpublic information.

    (a) Prohibition. Employees may not engage in financial transactions 
using nonpublic information, nor allow the improper use of nonpublic 
information to further their own private interests or those of another, 
whether through advice or recommendation, or by knowing unauthorized 
disclosure.
    (b) Definition of nonpublic information. For purposes of this 
section, nonpublic information is information that the employee gains 
by reason of Federal employment and that the employee knows or 
reasonably should know has not been made available to the general 
public. It includes information that the employee knows or reasonably 
should know:
    (1) Is routinely exempt from disclosure under 5 U.S.C. 552 or 
otherwise protected from disclosure by statute, Executive order, or 
regulation;
    (2) Is designated as confidential by an agency; or
    (3) Has not actually been disseminated to the general public and is 
not authorized to be made available to the public on request.
    Example 1 to paragraph (b): A Navy employee learns in the course of 
official duties that a small corporation will be awarded a Navy 
contract for electrical test equipment. The employee may not take any 
action to purchase stock in the corporation or its suppliers, and may 
not advise friends or relatives to do so until after public 
announcement of the award. Such actions could violate Federal 
securities statutes as well as this section.
    Example 2 to paragraph (b): A General Services Administration 
employee involved in evaluating proposals for a construction contract 
cannot disclose the terms of a competing proposal to a friend employed 
by a company bidding on the work. Prior to award of the contract, bid 
or proposal information is nonpublic information specifically protected 
by 41 U.S.C. 2102.
    Example 3 to paragraph (b): An employee is a member of a source

[[Page 10809]]

selection team assigned to review the proposals submitted by several 
companies in response to an Army solicitation for spare parts. As a 
member of the evaluation team, the employee has access to proprietary 
information regarding the production methods of Alpha Corporation, one 
of the competitors. The employee may not use that information to assist 
Beta Company in drafting a proposal to compete for a Navy spare parts 
contract. The Federal Acquisition Regulation in 48 CFR parts 3, 14, and 
15 restricts the release of information related to procurements and 
other contractor information that must be protected under 18 U.S.C. 
1905 and 41 U.S.C. 2102.
    Example 4 to paragraph (b): An employee of the Nuclear Regulatory 
Commission inadvertently includes a document that is exempt from 
disclosure with a group of documents released in response to a Freedom 
of Information Act request. Regardless of whether the document is used 
improperly, the employee's disclosure does not violate this section 
because it was not a knowing unauthorized disclosure made for the 
purpose of furthering a private interest.
    Example 5 to paragraph (b): An employee of the Army Corps of 
Engineers is actively involved in the activities of an organization 
whose goals relate to protection of the environment. The employee may 
not, other than as permitted by agency procedures, give the 
organization or a newspaper reporter nonpublic information about long-
range plans to build a particular dam.


Sec.  2635.704   Use of Government property.

    (a) Standard. Employees have a duty to protect and conserve 
Government property and may not use such property, or allow its use, 
for other than authorized purposes.
    (b) Definitions. For purposes of this section:
    (1) Government property includes any form of real or personal 
property in which the Government has an ownership, leasehold, or other 
property interest as well as any right or other intangible interest 
that is purchased with Government funds, including the services of 
contractor personnel. The term includes but is not limited to office 
supplies, telephone and other telecommunications equipment and 
services, Government mail, computers and other electronic devices, 
printing and reproduction facilities, Government records, Government 
email and social media accounts, and Government vehicles.
    (2) Authorized purposes are those purposes for which Government 
property is made available to members of the public or those purposes 
authorized in accordance with law or regulation. Authorized purposes 
include but are not limited to those uses of Government property that 
are in accordance with an agency's limited or de minimis personal use 
policy.
    Example 1 to paragraph (b): As permitted under their agency's de 
minimis personal use policy, an employee may send an email from a 
Government email account to a former college roommate to schedule lunch 
for the following day.
    Example 2 to paragraph (b): An employee of the Commodity Futures 
Trading Commission whose office computer provides access to a 
commercial service providing information for investors may not use that 
service for personal investment research.
    Example 3 to paragraph (b): In accordance with Office of Personnel 
Management regulations at part 251 of this title, an attorney employed 
by the Department of Justice may be permitted to use their office 
computer and agency photocopy equipment to prepare a paper to be 
presented at a conference sponsored by a professional association of 
which they are a member.


Sec.  2635.705  Use of official time.

    (a) Use of an employee's own time. Unless authorized in accordance 
with law or regulations to use such time for other purposes, employees 
must use official time in an honest effort to perform official duties. 
Employees not under a leave system, including Presidential appointees 
exempted under 5 U.S.C. 6301(2), have an obligation to expend an honest 
effort and a reasonable proportion of their time in the performance of 
official duties.
    Example 1 to paragraph (a): A disability claims examiner of the 
Social Security Administration may use official time to engage in 
certain representational activities on behalf of the employee union of 
which they are a member. Under 5 U.S.C. 7131, this is a proper use of 
official time even though it does not involve performance of assigned 
duties as a disability claims examiner.
    Example 2 to paragraph (a): A pharmacist employed by the Department 
of Veterans Affairs has been granted an excused absence to participate 
as a speaker in a conference on drug abuse sponsored by the 
professional association to which they belong. Even if an excused 
absence granted by an agency in accordance with Governmentwide 
personnel guidance would allow employees to be absent from their 
official duties without charge to their annual leave accounts, such 
absence would not be on official time.
    (b) Use of a subordinate's time. Employees may not encourage, 
direct, coerce, or request a subordinate to use official time to 
perform activities other than those required in the performance of 
official duties or authorized in accordance with law or regulation.
    Example 1 to paragraph (b): A supervisory employee of the 
Department of Housing and Urban Development may not ask an assistant to 
run personal errands for the employee during duty hours. Further, 
directing or coercing a subordinate to perform such activities during 
nonduty hours constitutes an improper use of public office for private 
gain in violation of Sec.  2635.702(a). However, when an arrangement is 
entirely voluntary and appropriate compensation is paid, a subordinate 
may provide services to the superior during nonduty hours. For example, 
a subordinate who enjoys calligraphy may prepare invitations for an 
upcoming party that the superior is organizing with friends and family 
at home on personal time for appropriate compensation. When the 
compensation is not adequate, however, the arrangement would involve a 
gift to the superior in violation of the standards in subpart C of this 
part.

Subpart H--Outside Activities


Sec.  2635.801   Overview.

    (a) This subpart contains provisions relating to outside 
employment, outside activities, and personal financial obligations of 
employees that are in addition to the principles and standards set 
forth in other subparts of this part. Several of these provisions apply 
to uncompensated as well as to compensated outside activities.
    (b) Employees who wish to engage in outside employment or other 
outside activities must comply with all relevant provisions of this 
subpart, including, when applicable:
    (1) The prohibition on outside employment or any other outside 
activity that conflicts with the employee's official duties;
    (2) Any agency-specific requirement for prior approval of outside 
employment or activities;
    (3) The limitations on receipt of outside earned income by certain 
Presidential appointees and other noncareer employees;
    (4) The limitations on paid and unpaid service as an expert 
witness;

[[Page 10810]]

    (5) The limitations on paid and unpaid teaching, speaking, and 
writing; and
    (6) The limitations on fundraising activities.
    (c) Outside employment and other outside activities of an employee 
must also comply with applicable provisions set forth in other subparts 
of this part and in supplemental agency regulations. These include the 
principle that an employee must endeavor to avoid actions creating an 
appearance of violating any of the ethical standards in this part and 
the prohibition against use of official position for an employee's 
private gain or for the private gain of any person with whom the 
employee has employment or business relations or is otherwise 
affiliated in a nongovernmental capacity.
    Example 1 to paragraph (c): An employee of the Occupational Safety 
and Health Administration (OSHA) who was and is expected again to be 
instrumental in formulating new OSHA safety standards applicable to 
manufacturers that use chemical solvents has been offered a consulting 
contract to provide advice to an affected company in restructuring its 
manufacturing operations to comply with the OSHA standards. The 
employee should not enter into the consulting arrangement even though 
they are not currently working on OSHA standards affecting this 
industry and the consulting contract can be expected to be completed 
before they again work on such standards. Even though the consulting 
arrangement would not be a conflicting activity within the meaning of 
Sec.  2635.802, it would create an appearance that the employee had 
used their official position to obtain the compensated outside business 
opportunity and it would create the further appearance of using public 
office for the private gain of the manufacturer.
    (d) In addition to the provisions of this and other subparts of 
this part, an employee who wishes to engage in outside employment or 
other outside activities must comply with applicable statutes and 
regulations. Relevant provisions of law, many of which are listed in 
subpart I of this part, may include:
    (1) 18 U.S.C. 201(b), which prohibits a public official from 
seeking, accepting or agreeing to receive or accept anything of value 
in return for being influenced in the performance of an official act or 
for being induced to take or omit to take any action in violation of 
official duty;
    (2) 18 U.S.C. 201(c), which prohibits a public official, otherwise 
than as provided by law for the proper discharge of official duty, from 
seeking, accepting, or agreeing to receive or accept anything of value 
for or because of any official act;
    (3) 18 U.S.C. 203(a), which prohibits an individual from seeking, 
accepting, or agreeing to receive or accept compensation for any 
representational services, rendered personally or by another at a time 
when the individual is an employee, in relation to any particular 
matter in which the United States is a party or has a direct and 
substantial interest, before any department, agency, or other specified 
entity. This statute contains several exceptions, as well as standards 
for special Government employees that limit the scope of the 
restriction;
    (4) 18 U.S.C. 205, which prohibits an employee, whether or not for 
compensation, from acting as agent or attorney for anyone in a claim 
against the United States or from acting as agent or attorney for 
anyone, before any department, agency, or other specified entity, in 
any particular matter in which the United States is a party or has a 
direct and substantial interest. It also prohibits receipt of any 
gratuity, or any share of or interest in a claim against the United 
States, in consideration for assisting in the prosecution of such 
claim. This statute contains several exceptions, as well as standards 
for special Government employees that limit the scope of the 
restrictions;
    (5) 18 U.S.C. 209, which prohibits an employee, other than a 
special Government employee, from receiving any salary or any 
contribution to or supplementation of salary from any source other than 
the United States as compensation for services as a Government 
employee. The statute contains several exceptions that limit its 
applicability;
    (6) The Emoluments Clause of the United States Constitution, 
article I, section 9, clause 8, which prohibits anyone holding an 
office of profit or trust under the United States from accepting any 
gift, office, title, or emolument, including salary or compensation, 
from any foreign government except as authorized by Congress. In 
addition, 18 U.S.C. 219 generally prohibits any public official from 
being or acting as an agent of a foreign principal, including a foreign 
government, corporation, or person, if the employee would be required 
to register as a foreign agent under 22 U.S.C. 611 et seq.;
    (7) The Hatch Act Reform Amendments, 5 U.S.C. 7321 through 7326, 
which govern the political activities of executive branch employees; 
and
    (8) The Ethics in Government Act of 1978 limitations on outside 
employment, 5 U.S.C. chapter 131, subchapter III, which restrict the 
amount of outside earned income that a covered noncareer employee may 
receive, prohibit a covered noncareer employee from receiving 
compensation for specified activities, and provide that a covered 
noncareer employee may not allow their name to be used by any firm or 
other entity that provides professional services involving a fiduciary 
relationship. Implementing regulations are contained in Sec. Sec.  
2636.305 through 2636.307 of this chapter.


Sec.  2635.802   Conflicting outside employment and activities.

    (a) Employees may not engage in outside employment or any other 
outside activity that conflicts with their official duties. An activity 
conflicts with an employee's official duties:
    (1) If it is prohibited by statute or by an agency supplemental 
regulation; or
    (2) If, under the standards set forth in Sec. Sec.  2635.402 and 
2635.502, it would require the employee's recusal from matters so 
central or critical to the performance of their official duties that 
the employee's ability to perform the duties of the Government position 
would be materially impaired.
    (b) Employees are cautioned that even though an outside activity 
may not be prohibited under this section, it may violate other 
principles or standards set forth in this part or require the employee 
to recuse from participating in certain particular matters under either 
subpart D or subpart E of this part.
    Example 1 to paragraph (b): A biochemist, who conducts research at 
the Environmental Protection Agency (EPA), has an outside consulting 
business providing technical guidance on the handling of hazardous 
materials. The biochemist would like to apply for a different EPA 
position, for which the principal duty would be writing regulations on 
the handling of hazardous materials. If the biochemist gets the 
position, the work would have a direct and predictable effect on the 
outside consulting business. Because the biochemist would be required 
to recuse from duties critical to the performance of official duties on 
a basis so frequent as to materially impair their ability to perform 
the duties of the position, they could not continue to operate the 
outside consulting business.
    Example 2 to paragraph (b): An employee of the Internal Revenue 
Service (IRS) reviews applications for recognition of tax-exempt 
status. Several years ago, the employee became involved with a 
neighborhood group

[[Page 10811]]

that transports stray animals to nearby adoption centers. As its 
activities expanded, the group created a formal organization, and 
submitted an application for recognition of tax exempt status by the 
IRS. Under the circumstances, the employee should be recused from 
participating in any IRS determination regarding the tax-exempt status 
of this organization. However, the employee's involvement with the 
organization would not be prohibited by Sec.  2635.802, because the 
outside activity would have a limited effect on official duties and 
would not require recusal from matters so central or critical to the 
performance of official duties that the ability to perform the duties 
of the position would be materially impaired.


Sec.  2635.803  Prior approval for outside employment and activities.

    When required by agency supplemental regulation, employees must 
obtain prior approval before engaging in outside employment or 
activities. When it is determined to be necessary or desirable for the 
purpose of administering its ethics program, an agency may, by 
supplemental regulation, require employees or any category of employees 
to obtain prior approval before engaging in specific types of outside 
activities, including outside employment. Whether or not prior approval 
is required by agency supplemental regulations, employees have a 
continuing responsibility to ensure that their outside activities do 
not conflict with their official duties.


Sec.  2635.804   Outside earned income limitations applicable to 
certain Presidential appointees.

    This section implements the outside earned income limitations 
applicable to certain Presidential appointees. The outside earned 
income limitations applicable to covered noncareer employees, as 
defined in Sec.  2636.303(a) of this chapter, are implemented in 
Sec. Sec.  2636.301 through 2636.304 of this chapter.
    (a) Presidential appointees to full-time noncareer positions. A 
Presidential appointee to a full-time noncareer position may not 
receive any outside earned income for outside employment, or for any 
other outside activity, performed during that Presidential appointment.
    (b) Definitions. For purposes of this section:
    (1) Outside earned income has the meaning set forth in Sec.  
2636.303(b) of this chapter, except that Sec.  2636.303(b)(7) does not 
apply.
    (2) Presidential appointee to a full-time noncareer position means 
any employee who is appointed by the President to a full-time position 
described in 5 U.S.C. 5312 through 5317 or to a position that, by 
statute or as a matter of practice, is filled by Presidential 
appointment, other than:
    (i) A position filled under the authority of 3 U.S.C. 105 or 3 
U.S.C. 107(a) for which the rate of basic pay is less than that for GS-
9, step 1 of the General Schedule;
    (ii) A position, within a White House operating unit, that is 
designated as not normally subject to change as a result of a 
Presidential transition;
    (iii) A position within the uniformed services; or
    (iv) A position in which a member of the Foreign Service is serving 
that does not require advice and consent of the Senate.
    Example 1 to paragraph (b)(2): A career Department of Justice 
employee who is detailed to a policy-making position in the White House 
Office that is ordinarily filled by a noncareer employee is not a 
Presidential appointee to a full-time noncareer position.
    Example 2 to paragraph (b)(2): A Department of Energy employee 
appointed under Sec.  213.3301 of this title to a Schedule C position 
is appointed by the agency and, thus, is not a Presidential appointee 
to a full-time noncareer position.


Sec.  2635.805   Service as an expert witness.

    (a) Restriction. Employees may not serve, other than on behalf of 
the United States, as an expert witness, with or without compensation, 
in any proceeding before a court or agency of the United States in 
which the United States is a party or has a direct and substantial 
interest, unless the employee's participation is authorized by the 
agency under paragraph (c) of this section. Except as provided in 
paragraph (b) of this section, this restriction applies to special 
Government employees only if they have participated as an employee or 
special Government employee in the particular proceeding or in the 
particular matter that is the subject of the proceeding.
    (b) Additional restriction applicable to certain special Government 
employees. (1) In addition to the restriction described in paragraph 
(a) of this section, special Government employees described in 
paragraph (b)(2) of this section may not serve, other than on behalf of 
the United States, as an expert witness, with or without compensation, 
in any proceeding before a court or agency of the United States in 
which their employing agency is a party or has a direct and substantial 
interest, unless the employee's participation is authorized by the 
agency under paragraph (c) of this section.
    (2) The restriction in paragraph (b)(1) of this section applies to 
special Government employees who:
    (i) Are appointed by the President;
    (ii) Serve on a commission established by statute; or
    (iii) Have served or are expected to serve for more than 60 days in 
a period of 365 consecutive days.
    (c) Authorization to serve as an expert witness. Provided that the 
employee's testimony will not violate any of the principles or 
standards set forth in this part, authorization to provide expert 
witness service otherwise prohibited by paragraphs (a) and (b) of this 
section may be given by the designated agency ethics official of the 
agency in which the employee serves when:
    (1) After consultation with the agency representing the Government 
in the proceeding or, if the Government is not a party, with the 
Department of Justice and the agency with the most direct and 
substantial interest in the matter, the designated agency ethics 
official determines that the employee's service as an expert witness is 
in the interest of the Government; or
    (2) The designated agency ethics official determines that the 
subject matter of the testimony does not relate to the employee's 
official duties within the meaning of Sec.  2635.807(a)(2)(i).
    (d) Nothing in this section prohibits an employee from serving as a 
fact witness when subpoenaed by an appropriate authority.


Sec.  2635.806   [Reserved]


Sec.  2635.807   Teaching, speaking, and writing.

    (a) Compensation for teaching, speaking, or writing. Except for 
teaching certain courses as permitted by paragraph (a)(3) of this 
section, an employee, including a special Government employee, may not 
receive compensation from any source other than the Government for 
teaching, speaking, or writing that occurs while the person is a 
Government employee and that relates to the employee's official duties.
    (1) Relationship to other limitations on receipt of compensation. 
The compensation prohibition contained in this section is in addition 
to any other limitation on receipt of compensation set forth in this 
chapter, including:
    (i) The requirement contained in Sec.  2636.307 of this chapter 
that covered noncareer employees obtain advance authorization before 
engaging in teaching for compensation; and

[[Page 10812]]

    (ii) The prohibitions and limitations in Sec. Sec.  2635.804 and in 
2636.304 of this chapter on receipt of outside earned income applicable 
to certain Presidential appointees and to other covered noncareer 
employees.
    (2) Definitions. For purposes of this paragraph:
    (i) Teaching, speaking, or writing relates to the employee's 
official duties if:
    (A) The activity is undertaken as part of the employee's official 
duties;
    (B) The circumstances indicate that the invitation to engage in the 
activity was extended to the employee primarily because of their 
official position rather than their expertise on the particular subject 
matter;
    (C) The invitation to engage in the activity or the offer of 
compensation for the activity was extended to the employee, directly or 
indirectly, by a person who has interests that may be affected 
substantially by performance or nonperformance of the employee's 
official duties;
    (D) The information conveyed through the activity draws 
substantially on ideas or official data that are nonpublic information 
as defined in Sec.  2635.703(b); or
    (E) Except as provided in paragraph (a)(2)(i)(E)(4) of this 
section, the subject of the activity deals in significant part with:
    (1) Any matter to which the employee presently is assigned or to 
which the employee had been assigned during the previous one-year 
period;
    (2) Any ongoing or announced policy, program, or operation of the 
agency; or
    (3) In the case of a noncareer employee as defined in Sec.  
2636.303(a) of this chapter, the general subject matter area, industry, 
or economic sector primarily affected by the programs and operations of 
the employee's agency.
    (4) The restrictions in paragraphs (a)(2)(i)(E) (2) and (3) of this 
section do not apply to a special Government employee. The restriction 
in paragraph (a)(2)(i)(E)(1) of this section applies only during the 
current appointment of a special Government employee; except that if 
the special Government employee has not served or is not expected to 
serve for more than 60 days during the first year or any subsequent one 
year period of that appointment, the restriction applies only to 
particular matters involving specific parties in which the special 
Government employee has participated or is participating personally and 
substantially.

    Note 1 to paragraph (a)(2)(i): Section 2635.807(a)(2)(i)(E) does 
not preclude an employee, other than a covered noncareer employee, 
from receiving compensation for teaching, speaking, or writing on a 
subject within the employee's discipline or inherent area of 
expertise based on the employee's educational background or 
experience even though the teaching, speaking, or writing deals 
generally with a subject within the agency's areas of 
responsibility.

    Example 1 to paragraph (a)(2)(i): The Director of the Division of 
Enforcement at the Commodity Futures Trading Commission has a keen 
interest in stamp collecting and has spent years developing a personal 
collection as well as studying the field generally. The Director is 
asked by an international society of philatelists to give a series of 
four lectures on how to assess the value of American stamps. Because 
the subject does not relate to the Director's official duties, it is 
permissible for the Director to accept compensation for the lecture 
series. The Director could not, however, accept a similar invitation 
from a commodities broker.
    Example 2 to paragraph (a)(2)(i): A scientist at the National 
Institutes of Health (NIH), whose principal area of Government research 
is the molecular basis of the development of cancer, could not be 
compensated for writing a book which focuses specifically on the 
research conducted in this position at NIH, which thus relates to the 
scientist's official duties. However, the scientist could receive 
compensation for writing or editing a textbook on the treatment of all 
cancers, provided that the book does not focus on recent research at 
NIH, but rather conveys scientific knowledge gleaned from the 
scientific community as a whole. The book might include a chapter, 
among many other chapters, which discusses the molecular basis of 
cancer development. Additionally, the book could contain brief 
discussions of recent developments in cancer treatment, even though 
some of those developments are derived from NIH research, as long as it 
is available to the public.
    Example 3 to paragraph (a)(2)(i): On personal time, a National 
Highway Traffic Safety Administration (NHTSA) employee prepared a 
consumer's guide to purchasing a safe automobile that focuses on 
automobile crash worthiness statistics gathered and made public by 
NHTSA. The employee may not receive royalties or any other form of 
compensation for the guide. The guide deals in significant part with 
the programs or operations of NHTSA and, therefore, relates to the 
employee's official duties. On the other hand, the employee could 
receive royalties from the sale of a consumer's guide to values in used 
automobiles even though it contains a brief, incidental discussion of 
automobile safety standards developed by NHTSA.
    Example 4 to paragraph (a)(2)(i): An employee of the Securities and 
Exchange Commission (SEC) may not receive compensation for a book which 
focuses specifically on the regulation of the securities industry in 
the United States, because that subject concerns the regulatory 
programs or operations of the SEC. The employee may, however, write a 
book about the advantages of investing in various types of securities 
as long as the book contains only an incidental discussion of any 
program or operation of the SEC.
    Example 5 to paragraph (a)(2)(i): An employee of the Department of 
Commerce who works in the Department's employee relations office is an 
acknowledged expert in the field of Federal employee labor relations, 
and participates in Department negotiations with employee unions. The 
employee may receive compensation from a private training institute for 
a series of lectures which describe the decisions of the Federal Labor 
Relations Authority concerning unfair labor practices, provided that 
the lectures do not contain any significant discussion of labor 
relations cases handled at the Department of Commerce, or the 
Department's labor relations policies. Federal Labor Relations 
Authority decisions concerning Federal employee unfair labor practices 
are not a specific program or operation of the Department of Commerce 
and thus do not relate to the employee's official duties. However, an 
employee of the FLRA could not give the same presentations for 
compensation.
    Example 6 to paragraph (a)(2)(i): A program analyst employed at the 
Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) may receive royalties and other 
compensation for a book about the history of the environmental movement 
in the United States even though it contains brief references to the 
creation and responsibilities of the EPA. A covered noncareer employee 
of the EPA, however, could not receive compensation for writing the 
same book because it deals with the general subject matter area 
affected by EPA programs and operations. Neither employee could receive 
compensation for writing a book that focuses on specific EPA 
regulations or otherwise on its programs and operations.
    Example 7 to paragraph (a)(2)(i): An attorney in private practice 
has been given a one year appointment as a special Government employee 
to serve on an advisory committee convened for the purpose of surveying 
and

[[Page 10813]]

recommending modification of procurement regulations that deter small 
businesses from competing for Government contracts. Because service 
under this appointment is not expected to exceed 60 days, the attorney 
may accept compensation for an article about the anticompetitive 
effects of certain regulatory certification requirements even though 
those regulations are being reviewed by the advisory committee. The 
regulations which are the focus of the advisory committee deliberations 
are not a particular matter involving specific parties. Because the 
information is nonpublic, the attorney could not, however, accept 
compensation for an article which recounts advisory committee 
deliberations that took place in a meeting closed to the public in 
order to discuss proprietary information provided by a small business.
    Example 8 to paragraph (a)(2)(i): A biologist who is an expert in 
marine life is employed for more than 60 days in a year as a special 
Government employee by the National Science Foundation (NSF) to assist 
in developing a program of grants by the NSF for the study of coral 
reefs. The biologist may continue to receive compensation for speaking, 
teaching, and writing about marine life generally and coral reefs 
specifically. However, during the term of the appointment as a special 
Government employee, the biologist may not receive compensation for an 
article about the NSF program being developed. Only the latter would 
concern a matter to which the special Government employee is assigned.
    Example 9 to paragraph (a)(2)(i): An expert on international 
banking transactions has been given a one-year appointment as a special 
Government employee to assist in analyzing evidence in the Government's 
fraud prosecution of owners of a failed savings and loan association. 
It is anticipated that the expert will serve fewer than 60 days under 
that appointment. Nevertheless, during this appointment, the expert may 
not accept compensation for an article about the fraud prosecution, 
even though the article does not reveal nonpublic information. The 
prosecution is a particular matter that involves specific parties.
    (ii) Agency has the meaning set forth in Sec.  2635.102(a), except 
that any component of a department designated as a separate agency 
under Sec.  2635.203(a) will be considered a separate agency.
    (iii) Compensation.
    (A) Definition. Compensation includes any form of consideration, 
remuneration, or income, including royalties, given for or in 
connection with the employee's teaching, speaking, or writing.
    (B) Exclusions. Compensation does not include:
    (1) Items offered by any source that could be accepted from a 
prohibited source under subpart B of this part;
    (2) Meals or other incidents of attendance such as waiver of 
attendance fees or course materials furnished as part of the event at 
which the teaching or speaking takes place; or
    (3) Copies of books or of publications containing articles, 
reprints of articles, tapes of speeches, and similar items that provide 
a record of the teaching, speaking, or writing activity.
    (C) Travel expenses. For employees other than covered noncareer 
employees as defined in Sec.  2636.303(a) of this chapter, 
``compensation'' does not include travel expenses, consisting of 
transportation, lodging or meals, incurred in connection with the 
teaching, speaking or writing activity. For covered noncareer employees 
as defined in Sec.  2636.303(a) of this chapter, ``compensation'' does 
include transportation, lodging, and meals, whether provided in kind, 
by purchase of a ticket, by payment in advance, or by reimbursement 
after the expense has been incurred, unless such travel expenses are 
accepted under specific statutory authority, such as 31 U.S.C. 1353, 5 
U.S.C. 4111, or 5 U.S.C. 7342, or an agency gift acceptance statute.

    Note 2 to paragraph (a)(2)(iii)(C): Independent of Sec.  
2635.807(a), other authorities in some circumstances may limit or 
entirely preclude an employee's acceptance of travel expenses. In 
addition, employees who file financial disclosure reports should be 
aware that, subject to applicable thresholds and exclusions, travel 
and travel reimbursements accepted from sources other than the 
United States Government must be reported on their financial 
disclosure reports.

    Example 1 to paragraph (a)(2)(iii): A GS-15 employee of the Forest 
Service has developed and marketed, in a private capacity, a speed 
reading technique for which popular demand is growing. The employee is 
invited to speak about the technique by a representative of an 
organization that will be substantially affected by a regulation on 
land management which the employee is in the process of drafting for 
the Forest Service. The representative offers to pay the employee a 
$200 speaker's fee and to reimburse all travel expenses. The employee 
may accept the travel reimbursements, but not the speaker's fee. The 
speaking activity is related to official duties under Sec.  
2635.807(a)(2)(i)(C) and the fee is prohibited compensation for such 
speech; travel expenses incurred in connection with the speaking 
engagement, on the other hand, are not prohibited compensation for a 
GS-15 employee.
    Example 2 to paragraph (a)(2)(iii): Solely because of their recent 
appointment to a Cabinet-level position, a Government official is 
invited by the Chief Executive Officer of a major international 
corporation to attend, in their personal capacity, firm meetings to be 
held in Aspen for the purpose of addressing senior corporate managers 
on the importance of recreational activities to a balanced lifestyle. 
The firm offers to reimburse the official's travel expenses. The 
official may not accept the offer. The speaking activity is related to 
official duties under Sec.  2635.807(a)(2)(i)(B) and, because the 
official is a covered noncareer employee as defined in Sec.  
2636.303(a) of this chapter, the travel expenses are prohibited 
compensation.
    Example 3 to paragraph (a)(2)(iii): A GS-14 attorney at the Federal 
Trade Commission (FTC) who played a lead role in a recently concluded 
merger case is invited to speak about the case, in a private capacity, 
at a conference in New York. The attorney has no public speaking 
responsibilities on behalf of the FTC apart from the judicial and 
administrative proceedings to which they are assigned. The sponsors of 
the conference offer to reimburse the attorney for expenses incurred in 
connection with the travel to New York. They also offer the attorney, 
as compensation for time and effort, a free trip to San Francisco. The 
attorney may accept the travel expenses to New York, but not the 
expenses to San Francisco. The lecture relates to official duties under 
paragraphs (a)(2)(i)(E)(1) and (a)(2)(i)(E)(2) of Sec.  2635.807, but 
because the attorney is not a covered noncareer employee as defined in 
Sec.  2636.303(a) of this chapter, the expenses associated with the 
travel to New York are not a prohibited form of compensation. The 
travel expenses to San Francisco, on the other hand, not incurred in 
connection with the speaking activity, are a prohibited form of 
compensation. If the attorney were a covered noncareer employee, the 
travel expenses to New York as well as the travel expenses to San 
Francisco would be barred.
    Example 4 to paragraph (a)(2)(iii): An advocacy group dedicated to 
improving treatments for severe pain asks the National Institutes of 
Health (NIH) to provide a conference speaker who can discuss recent 
advances in the agency's research on pain. The group also offers to pay 
the employee's travel expenses to

[[Page 10814]]

attend the conference. After performing the required conflict of 
interest analysis, NIH authorizes acceptance of the travel expenses 
under 31 U.S.C. 1353 and the implementing General Services 
Administration regulation, as codified under 41 CFR chapter 304, and 
authorizes an employee to undertake the travel. At the conference the 
advocacy group, as agreed, pays the employee's hotel bill and provides 
several of the employee's meals. Subsequently the group reimburses the 
agency for the cost of the employee's airfare and some additional 
meals. All of the payments by the advocacy group are permissible. 
Because the employee is speaking officially and the expense payments 
are accepted under 31 U.S.C. 1353, they are not prohibited compensation 
under Sec.  2635.807(a)(2)(iii). The same result would obtain with 
respect to expense payments made by non-Government sources properly 
authorized under an agency gift acceptance statute, the Government 
Employees Training Act, 5 U.S.C. 4111, or the foreign gifts law, 5 
U.S.C. 7342.
    (iv) Receive means that there is actual or constructive receipt of 
the compensation by the employee so that the employee has the right to 
exercise dominion and control over the compensation and to direct its 
subsequent use. Receipt of compensation is attributable to the time 
that the teaching, speaking, or writing occurs when there is actual or 
constructive receipt of the compensation by the employee. If the 
employee has an enforceable agreement to receive compensation for 
writing undertaken during Government service, then compensation is 
received while the individual is an employee even though actual payment 
may be deferred until after Government service. Compensation received 
by an employee includes compensation which is:
    (A) Paid to another person, including a charitable organization, on 
the basis of designation, recommendation, or other specification by the 
employee; or
    (B) Paid with the employee's knowledge and acquiescence to the 
employee's parent, sibling, spouse, child, or dependent relative.
    (v) Particular matter involving specific parties has the meaning 
set forth in Sec.  2640.102(l) of this chapter.
    (vi) Personal and substantial participation has the meaning set 
forth in Sec.  2635.402(b)(4).
    (3) Exception for teaching certain courses. Notwithstanding that 
the activity would relate to their official duties under paragraphs 
(a)(2)(i) (B) or (E) of this section, employees may accept compensation 
for teaching a course requiring multiple presentations by the employee 
if the course is offered as part of:
    (i) The regularly established curriculum of:
    (A) An institution of higher education as defined at 20 U.S.C. 1001 
or from a similar foreign institution of higher education;
    (B) An elementary school as defined at 20 U.S.C. 7801(19); or
    (C) A secondary school as defined at 20 U.S.C. 7801(45); or
    (ii) A program of education or training sponsored and funded by the 
Federal Government or by a State or local government which is not 
offered by an entity described in paragraph (a)(3)(i) of this section.

    Note 3 to paragraph (a)(3)(i)(A): When the course is offered as 
part of the regularly established curriculum of a foreign 
institution of higher education, the agency may need to make a 
separate determination as to whether the institution of higher 
education is a foreign government for purposes of the Emoluments 
Clause of the U.S. Constitution (U.S. Const., art. I, sec. 9, cl. 
8), which forbids employees from accepting emoluments, presents, 
offices, or titles from foreign governments, without the consent of 
Congress.

    Example 1 to paragraph (a)(3): An employee of the Cost Accounting 
Standards Board who teaches an advanced accounting course as part of 
the regular business school curriculum of an accredited university may 
receive compensation for teaching the course even though a substantial 
portion of the course deals with cost accounting principles applicable 
to contracts with the Government.
    Example 2 to paragraph (a)(3): An attorney employed by the Equal 
Employment Opportunity Commission (EEOC) may accept compensation for 
teaching a course at a state college on the subject of EEOC enforcement 
of Federal employment discrimination law. The attorney could not accept 
compensation for teaching the same seminar as part of a continuing 
education program sponsored by a bar association because the subject of 
the course is focused on the operations or programs of the EEOC and the 
sponsor of the course is not an accredited educational institution.
    Example 3 to paragraph (a)(3): An employee of the National 
Endowment for the Humanities (NEH) is invited by a private university 
to teach a course that is a survey of Government policies in support of 
artists, poets, and writers. As part of official duty activities, the 
employee administers a grant that the university has received from the 
NEH. The employee may not accept compensation for teaching the course 
because the university has interests that may be substantially affected 
by the performance or nonperformance of the employee's duties. 
Likewise, an employee may not receive compensation for any teaching 
that is undertaken as part of official duties or that involves the use 
of nonpublic information.
    (b) Reference to official position. Employees who are engaged in 
teaching, speaking, or writing as outside employment or as an outside 
activity may not use or permit the use of their official title or 
position to identify themselves in connection with a teaching, 
speaking, or writing activity, or to promote any book, seminar, course, 
program, or similar undertaking, except that:
    (1) Employees may include or permit the inclusion of their title or 
position as one of several biographical details when such information 
is given to identify them in connection with their teaching, speaking, 
or writing, provided that their title or position is given no more 
prominence than other significant biographical details;
    (2) Employees may use or permit the use of their title or position 
in connection with an article published in a scientific or professional 
journal, provided that the title or position is accompanied by a 
reasonably prominent disclaimer satisfactory to the agency stating that 
the views expressed in the article do not necessarily represent the 
views of the agency or the United States; and
    (3) Employees who are ordinarily addressed using a general term of 
address, such as ``The Honorable'' or ``Judge,'' or a rank, such as a 
military or ambassadorial rank, may use or permit the use of that term 
of address or rank in connection with their teaching, speaking, or 
writing.

    Note 4 to paragraph (b): Reference to official title and 
position other than in a teaching, speaking, or writing capacity may 
be made only as permitted by Sec.  2635.702(b). In addition, some 
agencies may have policies requiring advance agency review, 
clearance, or approval of certain speeches, books, articles, or 
similar products to determine whether the product contains an 
appropriate disclaimer, discloses nonpublic information, or 
otherwise complies with this section.

    Example 1 to paragraph (b): A meteorologist employed with the 
National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration (NOAA) is asked by a 
local university to teach a graduate course on hurricanes. The 
university may include the meteorologist's Government title and 
position together with other information about the

[[Page 10815]]

meteorologist's education and previous employment in course materials 
setting forth biographical data on all teachers involved in the 
graduate program. However, the meteorologist's title or position may 
not be used to promote the course, for example, by featuring the 
meteorologist's Government title, Senior Meteorologist, NOAA, in bold 
type under their name. In contrast, the meteorologist's title may be 
used in this manner when NOAA authorized speaking in an official 
capacity.
    Example 2 to paragraph (b): A doctor just employed by the Centers 
for Disease Control (CDC) has written a paper based on earlier 
independent research into cell structures. Incident to the paper's 
publication in the Journal of the American Medical Association, the 
doctor may be given credit for the paper, as Dr. M. Wellbeing, 
Associate Director, Centers for Disease Control, provided that the 
article also contains a disclaimer, concurred in by the CDC, indicating 
that the paper is the result of the doctor's independent research and 
does not represent the findings of the CDC.
    Example 3 to paragraph (b): An employee of the Federal Deposit 
Insurance Corporation (FDIC) has been asked to give a speech in a 
private capacity, without compensation, to the annual meeting of a 
committee of the American Bankers Association on the need for banking 
reform. The employee may be described in an introduction at the meeting 
as an employee of the FDIC provided that other pertinent biographical 
details are mentioned as well.


Sec.  2635.808   Fundraising activities.

    Employees may engage in fundraising only in accordance with the 
restrictions in part 950 of this title on the conduct of charitable 
fundraising in the Federal workplace and in accordance with paragraphs 
(b) and (c) of this section. This section addresses fundraising as 
defined in Sec.  2635.808(a)(1), and does not cover all scenarios in 
which an employee might seek to collect donations from a fellow 
employee. For example, employees of an office might decide to collect 
money for a coworker whose family was displaced by a flood; the 
permissibility of such collections should be analyzed under subpart C 
of this part, not this section.
    (a) Definitions. For purposes of this section: (1) Fundraising 
means the raising of funds for a nonprofit organization, other than a 
political organization as defined in 26 U.S.C. 527(e), through:
    (i) Solicitation of funds or sale of items; or
    (ii) Participation in the conduct of an event by an employee when 
any portion of the cost of attendance or participation may be taken as 
a charitable tax deduction by a person incurring that cost.
    (2) Participation in the conduct of an event means active and 
visible participation in the promotion, production, or presentation of 
the event and includes serving as honorary chairperson, sitting at a 
head table during the event, and standing in a reception line. The term 
does not include mere attendance at an event provided that, to the 
employee's knowledge, the employee's attendance is not used by the 
nonprofit organization to promote the event. While the term generally 
includes any public speaking during the event, it does not include the 
delivery of an official speech as defined in paragraph (a)(3) of this 
section or any seating or other participation appropriate to the 
delivery of such a speech. Waiver of a fee for attendance at an event 
by a participant in the conduct of that event does not constitute a 
gift for purposes of subpart B of this part.
    Example 1 to paragraph (a)(2): The Secretary of Transportation has 
been asked to serve as master of ceremonies for an All-Star Gala. 
Tickets to the event cost $150 and are tax deductible as a charitable 
donation, with proceeds to be donated to a local hospital. By serving 
as master of ceremonies, the Secretary would be participating in 
fundraising.
    (3) Official speech means a speech given by an employee in an 
official capacity on a subject matter that relates to the employee's 
official duties, provided that the employee's agency has determined 
that the event at which the speech is to be given provides an 
appropriate forum for the dissemination of the information to be 
presented and provided that the employee does not request donations or 
other support for the nonprofit organization. Subject matter relates to 
an employee's official duties if it focuses specifically on the 
employee's official duties, on the responsibilities, programs, or 
operations of the employee's agency as described in Sec.  
2635.807(a)(2)(i)(E), or on matters of Administration policy on which 
the employee has been authorized to speak.
    Example 1 to paragraph (a)(3): The Secretary of Labor is invited to 
speak at a banquet honoring a distinguished labor leader, the proceeds 
of which will benefit a nonprofit organization that assists homeless 
families. The Secretary devotes a major portion of the speech to the 
Administration's Points of Light initiative, an effort to encourage 
citizens to volunteer their time to help solve serious social problems. 
Because the Secretary is authorized to speak on Administration policy, 
these remarks at the banquet are an official speech. However, the 
Secretary would be engaged in fundraising if the official speech 
concluded with a request for donations to the nonprofit organization.
    Example 2 to paragraph (a)(3): A charitable organization is 
sponsoring a two-day tennis tournament at a country club in the 
Washington, DC, area to raise funds for recreational programs for 
children with learning disabilities. The organization has invited the 
Secretary of Education to give a speech on federally funded special 
education programs at the awards dinner to be held at the conclusion of 
the tournament, and the agency has determined that the dinner is an 
appropriate forum for the particular speech. The Secretary may speak at 
the dinner and, under Sec.  2635.203(b)(8), may partake of the meal 
provided at the dinner.
    (4) Personally solicit means to request or otherwise encourage 
donations or other support either through person-to-person contact or 
through the use of one's name or identity in correspondence or by 
permitting its use by others. It does not include the solicitation of 
funds through the media or through either oral remarks, or the 
contemporaneous dispatch of like items of mass-produced correspondence, 
if such remarks or correspondence are addressed to a group consisting 
of many persons, unless it is known to the employee that the 
solicitation is targeted at subordinates or at persons who are 
prohibited sources within the meaning of Sec.  2635.203(d). It does not 
include behind-the-scenes assistance in the solicitation of funds, such 
as drafting correspondence, stuffing envelopes, or accounting for 
contributions.
    Example 1 to paragraph (a)(4): An employee of the Department of 
Energy (DOE) who signs a letter soliciting funds for a local private 
school does not ``personally solicit'' funds when 500 copies of the 
letter, which makes no mention of the employee's DOE position and 
title, are mailed to members of the local community, even though some 
individuals who are employed by DOE contractors may receive the letter.
    (b) Fundraising in an official capacity. Employees may participate 
in fundraising in an official capacity if, in accordance with a 
statute, Executive order, regulation, or otherwise as determined by the 
agency, they are authorized to engage in the fundraising activity as 
part of their official duties. When authorized to participate in an 
official capacity, employees may use

[[Page 10816]]

their official title, position, and authority.
    Example 1 to paragraph (b): Because participation in an official 
capacity is authorized under part 950 of this title, the Secretary of 
the Army may sign a memorandum to all Army personnel encouraging them 
to donate to the Combined Federal Campaign.
    (c) Fundraising in a personal capacity. An employee may engage in 
fundraising in a personal capacity provided that the employee does not:
    (1) Personally solicit funds or other support from a subordinate or 
from any person:
    (i) Known to the employee, if the employee is other than a special 
Government employee, to be a prohibited source within the meaning of 
Sec.  2635.203(d), unless the circumstances make clear that the 
solicitation is motivated by a family relationship or personal 
friendship that would justify the solicitation; or
    (ii) Known to the employee, if the employee is a special Government 
employee, to be a prohibited source within the meaning of Sec.  
2635.203(d)(4) that is a person whose interests may be substantially 
affected by performance or nonperformance of the employee's official 
duties, unless the circumstances make clear that the solicitation is 
motivated by a family relationship or personal friendship that would 
justify the solicitation;
    (2) Use or permit the use of the employee's official title, 
position, or any authority associated with the employee's public office 
to further the fundraising effort, except that an employee who is 
ordinarily addressed using a general term of address, such ``The 
Honorable,'' or a rank, such as a military or ambassadorial rank, may 
use or permit the use of that term of address or rank for such 
purposes; or
    (3) Engage in any action that would otherwise violate this part.

    Note 1 to paragraph (c): This section does not prohibit 
fundraising for a political party, candidate for partisan political 
office, or partisan political group. However, there are statutory 
restrictions that apply to political fundraising. For example, under 
the Hatch Act Reform Amendments of 1993, at 5 U.S.C. 7323(a), 
employees may not knowingly solicit, accept, or receive a political 
contribution from any person, except under limited circumstances. In 
addition, employees are prohibited by 18 U.S.C. 607 from soliciting 
or receiving political contributions in Federal offices, and, except 
as permitted by the Hatch Act Reform Amendments, are prohibited by 
18 U.S.C. 602 from knowingly soliciting political contributions from 
other employees.

    Example 1 to paragraph (c): A nonprofit organization is sponsoring 
a golf tournament to raise funds for underprivileged children. The 
Secretary of the Navy may not enter the tournament with the 
understanding that the organization intends to attract participants by 
offering other entrants the opportunity, in exchange for a donation in 
the form of an entry fee, to spend the day playing 18 holes of golf in 
a foursome with the Secretary of the Navy.
    Example 2 to paragraph (c) An employee of the Merit Systems 
Protection Board may not use the agency's photocopier to reproduce 
fundraising literature for their child's private school. Such use of 
the photocopier would violate the standards at Sec.  2635.704 regarding 
use of Government property.
    Example 3 to paragraph (c): An Assistant Attorney General may not 
sign a letter soliciting funds for a homeless shelter as ``P.J. Doe, 
Assistant Attorney General.'' The Assistant Attorney General also may 
not sign a letter with just a ``P.J. Doe'' signature soliciting funds 
from a prohibited source, unless the letter is one of many identical, 
mass-produced letters addressed to a large group when the solicitation 
is not known to the Assistant Attorney General to be targeted at 
persons who are either prohibited sources or subordinates.
    Example 4 to paragraph (c): An employee of the Department of 
Commerce is running a half marathon to raise money for a nonprofit 
organization engaged in cancer research, and is looking for people to 
sponsor the race. The employee plans to target specific individuals 
they think will want to contribute, including a close friend with whom 
they regularly meet for dinner. Notwithstanding the fact that the 
friend is employed by a corporation that is a prohibited source, the 
employee may ask the friend to sponsor the race because the 
solicitation is motivated by a personal friendship that would justify 
the solicitation.
    Example 5 to paragraph (c): The employee in the previous example 
knows that a subordinate employee has expressed an interest in this 
cause and sends the subordinate a direct link to the online sponsorship 
page. The employee has ``personally solicited'' a subordinate in 
violation of Sec.  2635.808(c)(1).
    Example 6 to paragraph (c): The employee in Example 4 decides that 
rather than targeting specific individuals for contributions, it would 
be preferable to post a general request and a link to information about 
the race on their personal social media account. Because this request 
may be viewed by any person with whom the employee is connected through 
the social media network and does not reference or target any specific 
individual, it is not considered a personal solicitation of any 
subordinate or prohibited source that is connected to the employee.


Sec.  2635.809  Just financial obligations.

    Employees must satisfy in good faith their obligations as citizens, 
including all just financial obligations, especially those such as 
Federal, State, or local taxes that are imposed by law. For purposes of 
this section, a just financial obligation includes any financial 
obligation acknowledged by the employee or reduced to judgment by a 
court. In good faith means an honest intention to fulfill any just 
financial obligation in a timely manner. In the event of a dispute 
between an employee and an alleged creditor, this section does not 
require an agency to determine the validity or amount of the disputed 
debt or to collect a debt on the alleged creditor's behalf.

Subpart I--Related Statutory Authorities


Sec.  2635.901  General.

    In addition to the Standards of Ethical Conduct set forth in 
subparts A through H of this part, there are a number of statutes that 
establish standards to which an employee's conduct must conform. The 
list set forth in Sec.  2635.902 references some of the more 
significant of those statutes. It is not comprehensive and includes 
only references to statutes of general applicability. While it includes 
references to several of the basic conflict of interest statutes whose 
standards are explained in more detail throughout this part, it does 
not include references to statutes of more limited applicability, such 
as statutes that apply only to officers and employees of the Department 
of Defense.


Sec.  2635.902   Related statutes.

    (a) The prohibition against solicitation or receipt of bribes (18 
U.S.C. 201(b)).
    (b) The prohibition against solicitation or receipt of illegal 
gratuities (18 U.S.C. 201(c)).
    (c) The prohibition against seeking or receiving compensation for 
certain representational services before the Government (18 U.S.C. 
203).
    (d) The prohibition against assisting in the prosecution of claims 
against the Government or acting as agent or attorney before the 
Government (18 U.S.C. 205).
    (e) The post-employment restrictions applicable to former employees 
(18

[[Page 10817]]

U.S.C. 207 and the regulation at part 2641 of this chapter).
    (f) The prohibition on certain former agency officials' acceptance 
of compensation from a contractor (41 U.S.C. 2104).
    (g) The prohibition against participating in matters affecting an 
employee's own financial interests or the financial interests of other 
specified persons or organizations (18 U.S.C. 208 and the regulation at 
part 2640 of this chapter).
    (h) The actions required of certain agency officials when they 
contact, or are contacted by, offerors or bidders regarding non-Federal 
employment (41 U.S.C. 2103).
    (i) The prohibition against receiving salary or any contribution to 
or supplementation of salary as compensation for Government service 
from a source other than the United States (18 U.S.C. 209).
    (j) The prohibition against gifts to superiors (5 U.S.C. 7351).
    (k) The prohibition against solicitation or receipt of gifts from 
specified prohibited sources (5 U.S.C. 7353).
    (l) The prohibition against fraudulent access and related activity 
in connection with computers (18 U.S.C. 1030).
    (m) The provisions governing receipt and disposition of foreign 
gifts and decorations (5 U.S.C. 7342).
    (n) [Reserved]
    (o) The prohibitions against certain political activities (5 U.S.C. 
7321 through 7326 and 18 U.S.C. 602, 603, 606, and 607).
    (p) The prohibitions against disloyalty and striking (5 U.S.C. 7311 
and 18 U.S.C. 1918).
    (q) The general prohibition (18 U.S.C. 219) against acting as the 
agent of a foreign principal required to register under the Foreign 
Agents Registration Act (22 U.S.C. 611 through 621).
    (r) The prohibition against employment of a person convicted of 
participating in or promoting a riot or civil disorder (5 U.S.C. 7313).
    (s) The prohibition against employment of an individual who 
habitually uses intoxicating beverages to excess (5 U.S.C. 7352).
    (t) The prohibition against misuse of a Government vehicle (31 
U.S.C. 1344).
    (u) The prohibition against misuse of the franking privilege (18 
U.S.C. 1719).
    (v) The prohibition against fraud or false statements in a 
Government matter (18 U.S.C. 1001).
    (w) The prohibition against concealing, mutilating, or destroying a 
public record (18 U.S.C. 2071).
    (x) The prohibition against counterfeiting or forging 
transportation requests (18 U.S.C. 508).
    (y) The restrictions on disclosure of certain sensitive Government 
information under the Freedom of Information Act and the Privacy Act (5 
U.S.C. 552 and 552a).
    (z) The prohibitions against disclosure of classified information 
(18 U.S.C. 798 and 50 U.S.C. 783(a)).
    (aa) The prohibition against disclosure of proprietary information 
and certain other information of a confidential nature (18 U.S.C. 
1905).
    (bb) The prohibitions on disclosing and obtaining certain 
procurement information (41 U.S.C. 2102).
    (cc) The prohibition against unauthorized use of documents relating 
to claims from or by the Government (18 U.S.C. 285).
    (dd) The prohibition against certain personnel practices (5 U.S.C. 
2302).
    (ee) The prohibition against interference with civil service 
examinations (18 U.S.C. 1917).
    (ff) The restrictions on use of public funds for lobbying (18 
U.S.C. 1913).
    (gg) The prohibition against participation in the appointment or 
promotion of relatives (5 U.S.C. 3110).
    (hh) The prohibition against solicitation or acceptance of anything 
of value to obtain public office for another (18 U.S.C. 211).
    (ii) The prohibition against conspiracy to commit an offense 
against or to defraud the United States (18 U.S.C. 371).
    (jj) The prohibition against embezzlement or conversion of 
Government money or property (18 U.S.C. 641).
    (kk) The prohibition against failing to account for public money 
(18 U.S.C. 643).
    (ll) The prohibition against embezzlement of the money or property 
of another person that is in the possession of an employee by reason of 
their employment (18 U.S.C. 654).

[FR Doc. 2023-02440 Filed 2-17-23; 8:45 am]
BILLING CODE 6345-03-P