[Federal Register Volume 87, Number 144 (Thursday, July 28, 2022)]
[Rules and Regulations]
[Pages 45257-45267]
From the Federal Register Online via the Government Publishing Office [www.gpo.gov]
[FR Doc No: 2022-16031]
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ENVIRONMENTAL PROTECTION AGENCY
40 CFR Parts 1036 and 1037
[EPA-HQ-OAR-2019-0307; FRL-7423.1-01-OAR]
RIN 2060-AV21
Improvements for Heavy-Duty Engine and Vehicle Test Procedures
AGENCY: Environmental Protection Agency (EPA).
ACTION: Final rule.
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SUMMARY: This final rule includes corrections, clarifications,
additional flexibilities, and adjustment factors to improve the
Greenhouse gas Emissions Model (GEM) compliance tool for heavy-duty
vehicles while more closely matching the outputs produced by the
original GEM version 3.0 that was used to establish the CO2
standards for Model Years 2021 and later in the 2016 Heavy-duty Phase 2
final rule. Given the nature of this rule, there will be neither
significant environmental impacts nor significant economic impacts.
DATES: This final rule is effective on August 29, 2022. The
incorporation by reference of certain publications listed in this
regulation is approved by the Director of the Federal Register as of
August 29, 2022.
ADDRESSES:
Docket: EPA has established a docket for this action under Docket
ID No. EPA-HQ-OAR-2019-0307. Publicly available docket materials are
available either electronically at www.regulations.gov or in hard copy
at Air and Radiation Docket and Information Center, EPA Docket Center,
EPA/DC, EPA WJC West Building, 1301 Constitution Ave. NW, Room 3334,
Washington, DC. Certain material, such as copyrighted material, is not
placed on the internet and will be publicly available only at the EPA
Docket Center. For further information on EPA Docket Center services
and the current status, please visit us online at www.epa.gov/dockets.
Public participation: Docket: All documents in the docket are
listed on the www.regulations.gov website. Although listed in the
index, some information is not publicly available, e.g., CBI or other
information whose disclosure is restricted by statute. Certain other
material, such as copyrighted material, is not placed on the internet
and will be publicly available only in hard copy form through the EPA
Docket Center at the location listed in the ADDRESSES section of this
document.
FOR FURTHER INFORMATION CONTACT: Amy Kopin, Office of Transportation
and Air Quality, Assessment and Standards Division, Environmental
Protection Agency, 2000 Traverwood Drive, Ann Arbor, MI 48105;
telephone number: (734) 214-4173; email address: [email protected].
SUPPLEMENTARY INFORMATION:
Table of Contents
I. General Information
II. Greenhouse Gas Emissions Model (GEM) Background
III. GEM 4.0
IV. Updates to Test Procedures
V. Statutory Authority and Executive Order Reviews
I. General Information
Does this action apply to me?
This action relates to companies that manufacture or sell new
heavy-duty engines and vehicles as defined under EPA's CAA
regulations.\1\ Regulated categories and entities include the
following:
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\1\ ``Heavy-duty engine'' and ``heavy-duty vehicle'' are defined
in 40 CFR 1037.801.
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NAICS codes \a\ NAICS titles
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333618, 336111, 336112, Other Engine Equipment Manufacturing,
336120, 336211, 336999. Automobile Manufacturing, Light Truck
and Utility Vehicle Manufacturing, Heavy
Duty Truck Manufacturing, Motor Vehicle
Body Manufacturing, All Other
Transportation Equipment Manufacturing.
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\a\ North American Industry Classification System (NAICS).
This list is not intended to be exhaustive, but rather provides a
guide for readers regarding entities likely to be regulated by this
action. If you have questions regarding the applicability of this
action to a particular entity, consult the person listed in the FOR
FURTHER INFORMATION CONTACT section.
What action is the Agency taking?
This action amends the procedures for demonstrating compliance with
the CO2 emission standards for heavy-duty highway engines
and vehicles with several corrections, clarifications, and additional
flexibilities.
EPA published a proposed rule on May 12, 2020 (85 FR 28153)
(``Technical Amendments proposed rule''). EPA issued a corresponding
final rulemaking (``Technical Amendments final rule'') relating to most
revisions in the Technical Amendments proposed rule (86 FR 34308, June
29, 2021). Additionally, for the amendments in this final action, EPA
published a supplemental notice of proposed rulemaking (``Technical
Amendments supplemental proposed rule'') with additional amendments for
certain aspects of the modeling parameters used for certifying vehicles
(86 FR 34189, June 29, 2021).
What are the incremental costs and benefits of this action?
This action is limited in scope and does not have significant
economic or environmental impacts. EPA has therefore not estimated the
potential costs or benefits of this final rule.
II. Greenhouse Gas Emissions Model (GEM) Background
The Greenhouse gas Emissions Model (GEM) is a computer application
that estimates the greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions and fuel efficiency
performance of specific aspects of heavy-duty vehicles. GEM uses
several vehicle-specific inputs, such as engine fuel maps, aerodynamic
drag coefficients, and vehicle weight ratings, to simulate vehicle and
engine operation and model the amount of CO2 emitted over
multiple duty cycles for tractors and vocational vehicles. The
resulting CO2 values over these cycles are weighted by GEM
to provide a Default FEL CO2 Emissions value. GEM version
3.0 was used to set standards in the Greenhouse Gas Emissions and Fuel
Efficiency Standards for Medium- and Heavy-Duty Engines and Vehicles
Phase 2 (``Phase 2'') rulemaking (81 FR 73478). For purposes of
determining compliance, Default FEL CO2 Emissions
[[Page 45258]]
from GEM are compared to the applicable Phase 2 vehicle standard.
In the Technical Amendments proposed rule, we proposed several
amendments to GEM 3.0, including corrections, clarifications, and
additional flexibilities in a revised version of the model, GEM 3.5 (85
FR 28145). EPA also requested comment on whether any differences in GEM
output values resulting from changes to the model would impact the
effective stringency of the program and, if so, whether EPA should
revise the GEM model itself or address such impacts via regulations
(see 85 FR 28145). Comments received in response to the Technical
Amendments proposed rule supported most of the proposed updates to GEM
and requested additional revisions to further improve the model.\2\ The
California Air Resources Board (CARB) provided comment stating the
importance of GEM results being consistent with the 2016 Phase 2 final
rule program standards to avoid affecting program stringency. CARB
recommended that EPA revise GEM in order to ensure stringency is
maintained.\3\
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\2\ See ``Improvements for Heavy-Duty Engine and Vehicle Test
Procedures, and other Technical Amendments Response to Comments'',
Publication Number: EPA-420-R-20-026, December 2020. Chapter 2 of
the Response to Comments provides additional details on the
amendments, clarifications requested by commenters, and our
responses to most of the comments to the NPRM.
\3\ California Air Resources Board, Docket number EPA-HQ-OAR-
2019-0207-0030.
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After considering the comments received, EPA applied further
changes to GEM 3.5 and released in October of 2020 a new development
version of GEM, GEM 3.7, to the public for download and review by
stakeholders to evaluate and assess the performance of this revised
model. GEM 3.7 incorporated some corrections and improvements relative
to the proposed version GEM 3.5, as noted in the corresponding
memorandum in the rulemaking docket (October 23, 2020 memorandum).\4\
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\4\ Nelson, Brian. Memorandum to Docket EPA-HQ-OAR-2019-0307.
``Development version of GEM and adjustment factors''. October 23,
2020. Docket number EPA-HQ-OAR-2019-0307-0083. Also available
online: https://www3.epa.gov/otaq/gem-p2v3.7-release-memo-2020-10-23.pdf.
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While evaluating GEM 3.7, we found differences in the output values
for some tractor and vocational vehicles compared to the output values
from GEM 3.0 (the version used to set the Phase 2 CO2
standards). To understand the differences between GEM 3.0 and GEM 3.7,
we replicated the process used in 2016 to determine the numerical level
of the Phase 2 standards. Without an adjustment to the resulting GEM
output value, these differences in GEM output values when compared to
the Phase 2 final rule could be considered an effective change in
stringency. In light of GEM 3.7 output differences and considering
CARB's comment, we identified adjustment factors in the October 23,
2020 docket memorandum that could be applied to the unrounded GEM 3.7
output values to better ensure effective stringency of the standards is
maintained.\5\ The Truck and Engine Manufacturers Association (EMA)
requested additional time for its members to review the potential
updates to the model in GEM 3.7 and evaluate the impact of the
adjustment factors made available.\6\
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\5\ Id.
\6\ Charmley, Bill. Memorandum to Docket EPA-HQ-OAR-2019-0307.
``EPA discussions with the Truck and Engine Manufacturers
Association, and with the California Air Resources Board, regarding
Highway Heavy-Duty Technical Amendments.'' December 14, 2020. Docket
Number EPA-HQ-OAR-2019-0307-0092.
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In the Technical Amendments final rule, EPA finalized a revised
version of GEM (GEM 3.5.1) that included the changes proposed in GEM
version 3.5 as well as changes that corrected three errors in the GEM
3.5 code and did not include any adjustment factors. GEM 3.5.1 included
the following updates to GEM 3.5:
Corrected duty cycle weighting factors for vocational
vehicles in the Heavy Heavy-Duty Multipurpose subcategory.
Corrected an idle map error when the cycle average engine
fuel mapping procedure is used for all three drive cycles.
Corrected a functional error that unnecessarily required
manufacturers to include transmission power loss data when using the
option to enter a unique (instead of default) k-factor for the torque
converter.
In the Technical Amendments supplemental proposed rule, EPA
proposed to revise GEM through additional changes in an updated version
of GEM (GEM 3.8 which was identical to GEM 3.7, except that GEM 3.8
included changes to the GEM HIL model). This rule also proposed to
revise GEM's test procedures to include adjustment factors and to
improve the GEM compliance tool for heavy-duty vehicles while more
closely matching the outputs produced by the original GEM version 3.0
that was used to establish the CO2 standards for Model Years
2021 and later in the 2016 Heavy-duty Phase 2 final rule. The Technical
Amendments supplemental proposed rule also proposed that GEM 3.5.1
would be limited to use for model year (``MY'') 2021 only, except where
MY 2021 data could be used for carryover requests for certificates of
conformity for MY 2022 and future years for qualifying vehicles under
Sec. 1036.235(d) (but in such circumstances EPA proposed that
manufacturers would still be required to use GEM 3.8 for end-of-year
reporting for MY 2022 and future years).\7\
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\7\ See 86 FR 34192.
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After considering the comments received in response to our
Technical Amendments supplemental proposed rule, EPA applied further
potential changes to GEM 3.8 and released a new development version of
GEM, GEM 3.9, in December 2021. EPA also updated the adjustment factors
released with the GEM 3.8 version to accommodate the changes made in
the development of GEM 3.9. GEM 3.9 also included an updated method of
creating these adjustment factors using unrounded GEM results instead
of using the rounded GEM results as was done with GEM 3.8. GEM 3.9 was
released to the public for download and review by stakeholders to
evaluate and assess the performance of this revised model. GEM 3.9
incorporated corrections and improvements relative to GEM 3.8, as noted
in the corresponding memorandum in the rulemaking docket.\8\ Table 1
summarizes the history of the different versions of GEM.
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\8\ Nelson, Brian. Memorandum to Docket EPA-HQ-OAR-2019-0307.
``Development version of GEM3.9 and adjustment factors''. December
20, 2021. Docket Number EPA-HQ-OAR-2019-0307-0092. Available online:
https://www.epa.gov/system/files/documents/2021-12/gem-v3.9-adjust-factors-memo-2021-12-20-.pdf.
Table 1--History of GEM Releases
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Version History
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GEM 3.0.............................. Original official version
finalized in the 2016 Phase 2
final rule.
GEM 3.5.............................. Unofficial version proposed in
the Technical Amendments
proposed rule.
GEM 3.5.1............................ Version finalized in the
Technical Amendments final rule.
[[Page 45259]]
GEM 3.7.............................. Unofficial version released
between the Technical Amendments
proposed and final rules.
GEM 3.8.............................. Unofficial version proposed in
the Technical Amendments
supplemental proposed rule.
GEM 3.8 HIL.......................... Version finalized in the
Technical Amendments final rule
for powertrain testing defined
in 40 CFR 1037.550.
GEM 3.9.............................. Unofficial version released after
the Technical Amendments
supplemental proposed rule.
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III. GEM 4.0
A. Updates to GEM
This final rule further revises GEM and includes GEM adjustment
factors within the model. Applying the adjustment factors within GEM
will help reduce potential process errors.
We are adopting GEM version 4.0.9 10 This updated
version of the model allows additional compliance flexibilities and
improves the vehicle simulation by incorporating the following
improvements relative to GEM 3.5.1:
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\9\ Greenhouse gas Emissions Model (GEM) Phase 2, Version 4.0,
January 2022. A working version of this software is also available
for download at https://www.epa.gov/regulations-emissions-vehicles-and-engines/greenhouse-gas-emissions-model-gem-medium-and-heavy-duty.
\10\ The changes summarized in the following listed items 13,14,
15, and 16 are changes that were made to GEM version 4.0 relative to
GEM version 3.9.
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1. Changed limits on engine input to allow small negative torque
inputs.
2. Corrected how GEM adjusts the idle fueling of the transient
cycle by using the same idle duration time both for subtracting the
idle fuel rate from the transient cycle average engine fuel map and for
adding back in the simulated idle fuel rate.
3. Added an option for vocational vehicles to input a value for
neutral coasting in GEM and amend the related test procedure in 40 CFR
1037.520(j)(1).
4. Corrected manual and automated manual transmissions to perform
clutched upshifts for Heavy Heavy-Duty Vehicles (HDV).
5. Allow input files from previous versions of GEM.
6. Changed GEM to not merge drive idle fuel map with default
steady-state fuel map.
7. Corrected errors with the default fuel maps that are used for
Custom Chassis vehicles.
8. Changed the regression model that is used for interpolating the
cycle average fuel maps for the cruise cycles to improve the accuracy
and representativeness of the regression model.\11\
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\11\ Sanchez, James. Memorandum to Docket: EPA-HQ-OAR-2019-0307.
GEM Regression Model for Cycle-Average Cruise Cycles. March 11,
2022.
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9. Changed GEM to account for the emissions performance of stop-
start automatic and engine shutdown systems (AESS) technologies when
the powertrain test procedure is used to create the fuel map input
file.
10. Applies mass of CO2 to gallons of fuel conversion
factor by combustion type instead of fuel type.
11. Includes a change to the carbon mass fraction for E85 to the
value in Table 1 of 40 CFR 1036.530.
12. Includes a 5% tolerance for declared idle target speed vs idle
fuel map test points.
13. Changed how GEM models powertrain accessory work for 55/65 mph
cruise cycles and idle cycles.\12\
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\12\ Sanchez, James. Memorandum to Docket: EPA-HQ-OAR-2019-0307.
Modeling of Powertrain Accessory Work in GEM. March 11, 2022.
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a. 55/65 mph cruise cycles: GEM uses the slope from the fuel-
versus-work regression of the cruise cycle average fuel map to account
for emissions from accessory work
b. Idle cycles: GEM uses the slope from the fuel-versus-work
regression of the transient cycle average fuel map to account for
emissions from accessory work
14. Changed GEM output label ``FEL CO2 Emissions'' to
``Default FEL CO2 Emissions'' and ``FEL Consumption'' to
``Default FEL Consumption''.
15. Changed units of GEM tire rolling resistance input from ``kg/
t'' to ``N/kN''.
16. Updated GEM hardware in the loop (HIL) to better reflect
operation during transmission shifting.
To ensure that these changes we are finalizing into GEM 4.0 do not
change the effective stringency of the Phase 2 CO2
standards, we are adopting adjustment factors in GEM 4.0. In GEM 4.0,
EPA has updated the adjustment factors released with the GEM 3.8
version to accommodate the changes made in the development of GEM 4.0
and the updated method of creating these factors using unrounded GEM
results (versus using the rounded GEM results as was done with GEM
3.8). The revised adjustment factors are included below and are a
function of regulatory subcategory and the vehicle model year (i.e., MY
2021-2023; MY 2024-2026; and MY 2027 and later).\13\ One exception is
tractors with automatic transmission. For tractors with automatic
transmissions, GEM 4.0 includes an adjustment factor of zero.\14\ In
GEM 4.0, the adjustment factors in Table 2 are applied to the composite
GEM result within the program itself using the following equation.
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\13\ Table 2 summarizes the adjustment factors included in GEM
4.0. Section III of the preamble discusses for which model years GEM
4.0 applies.
\14\ Chapter 1.6 of the Response to Comments provides additional
details on why GEM 4.0 includes an adjustment factor of zero for
tractors with automatic transmissions.
[GRAPHIC] [TIFF OMITTED] TR28JY22.014
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Where:
eCO2 = unrounded composite CO2 emissions from GEM.
AF = the applicable adjustment factor from Table 1.
Table 2--GEM 4.0 Adjustment Factors
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Adjustment factor
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Regulatory subcategory MY 2021-2023 MY 2024-2026 MY 2027-and-later
vehicle vehicle vehicle
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Class 7 Day Cab Low Roof............................... -0.0107 -0.0094 -0.0097
Class 7 Day Cab Mid Roof............................... -0.0105 -0.0091 -0.0091
Class 7 Day Cab High Roof.............................. -0.0090 -0.0094 -0.0093
Class 8 Day Cab Low Roof............................... -0.0062 -0.0074 -0.0069
Class 8 Sleeper Cab Low Roof........................... -0.0010 -0.0013 -0.0010
[[Page 45260]]
Class 8 Day Cab Mid Roof............................... -0.0064 -0.0070 -0.0065
Class 8 Sleeper Cab Mid Roof........................... -0.0010 -0.0011 -0.0010
Class 8 Day Cab High Roof.............................. -0.0061 -0.0071 -0.0067
Class 8 Sleeper Cab High Roof.......................... -0.0011 -0.0010 -0.0009
Class 8 Heavy Haul..................................... -0.0068 -0.0067 -0.0070
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Multi-Purpose Light HDV Compression-ignition........... -0.0006
Regional Light HDV Compression-ignition................ 0.0005
Urban Light HDV Compression-ignition................... 0.0000
Multi-Purpose Medium HDV Compression-ignition.......... -0.0030
Regional Medium HDV Compression-ignition............... 0.0008
Urban Medium HDV Compression-ignition.................. -0.0036
Multi-Purpose Heavy HDV Compression-ignition........... 0.0097
Regional Heavy HDV Compression-ignition................ 0.0006
Urban Heavy HDV Compression-ignition................... 0.0132
Multi-Purpose Light HDV Spark-ignition................. 0.0001
Regional Light HDV Spark-ignition...................... 0.0008
Urban Light HDV Spark-ignition......................... 0.0011
Multi-Purpose Medium HDV Spark-ignition................ 0.0015
Regional Medium HDV Spark-ignition..................... 0.0005
Urban Medium HDV Spark-ignition........................ 0.0028
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School bus............................................. -0.0031 -0.0030
Motor home............................................. 0.0001 0.0001
Coach bus.............................................. 0.0018 0.0019
Other bus.............................................. 0.0132 0.0135
Refuse hauler.......................................... 0.0124 0.0126
Concrete mixer......................................... 0.0124 0.0125
Mixed-use vehicle...................................... 0.0124 0.0125
Emergency vehicle...................................... 0.0122 0.0124
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B. Allowable Versions of GEM for Certification and Compliance
We are incorporating by reference into the regulations the revised
version of the model, GEM 4.0. GEM 4.0 is adopted upon the effective
date of this final rule to demonstrate compliance with the Phase 2
standards under 40 CFR 1037.520, including end-of-year reporting. Due
to the timing of this final rule, we are applying the requirement to
use GEM version 4.0 starting with MY 2024. EPA is also finalizing
provisions to allow for an orderly transition to the updated GEM
version. For MY 2022 through 2023, manufacturers may also use GEM 3.0
or GEM 3.5.1 under interim provision Sec. 1037.150(bb) to demonstrate
compliance with the Phase 2 standards. Manufacturers may use different
versions of GEM for different families within each model year before MY
2024. Manufacturers may also change versions of GEM for MY 2022 and
2023 vehicle families between the initial application for certification
and submission of the final report after the end of the model year;
however, manufacturers would need to document any changes in the GEM
version for MY 2022 and 2023 vehicle families by submitting a running
change as an amendment to the application for certification under Sec.
1036.225. We also note that, once a manufacturer amends an application
for certification to rely on GEM 4.0 or submits a new application that
relies on GEM 4.0 under interim provision Sec. 1037.150(bb), the
manufacturer may not revert back to an earlier version of GEM for that
vehicle family.
Changing to a different version of GEM for MY 2021 is a special
case. Manufacturers have certified all their MY 2021 families using
either GEM 3.0 or GEM 3.5.1. However, the model year has already ended.
The flexibility to use a different official version of GEM, including
GEM 4.0, therefore applies only for the end-of-year report that is due
in September 2022. We are also adopting this flexibility only for
vehicle families certified to the standards for custom chassis in Sec.
1037.105(h). We are providing this flexibility for vehicle families
meeting standards for custom chassis because we determined that there
was an unintended increase in effective stringency for those vehicles
in GEM 3.5.1. Manufacturers don't need the flexibility to change GEM
versions for other families because they did not have this unexpected
impact in GEM 3.5.1 and they have already closed out their model year.
Finally, manufacturers must document any change in the version of GEM
for end-of-year reporting in the submission of those end-of-year
reports.
The requirement to start using GEM 4.0 also applies starting with
MY 2024 for manufacturers generating fuel maps using either engine
testing or powertrain testing. Powertrain fuel mapping procedures are
including in the Hardware-in-Loop (HIL) model that is part of GEM.
Under interim provision 40 CFR 1036.150(r), manufacturers may certify
in MY 2021 through 2023 with fuel maps generated using GEM 3.0, GEM
3.5.1, GEM HIL 3.8, or GEM 4.0. Manufacturers may continue to certify
in MY 2024 and later using fuel maps generated using earlier GEM
versions in cases where the manufacturer qualifies for carryover
certification. If we conduct or direct the manufacturer to do
confirmatory testing, selective enforcement audits, or in-use testing
of a set of engine or powertrain fuel maps, we will use or direct the
manufacturer to use the same version of GEM that the manufacturer used
to create those fuel maps. We intend to review the manufacturer's use
of this carryover allowance going forward; we may consider in a future
rulemaking whether
[[Page 45261]]
there is a continued need for manufacturers to use fuel maps generated
using these transitional versions of GEM.
IV. Updates to Test Procedures
We are finalizing revisions to the regulatory text in 40 CFR parts
1036 and 1037 to clarify or make changes to the test procedures used to
create inputs for GEM.
We are finalizing changes to 40 CFR 1036.503(b)(4) to address the
handling and use of automatic stop-start systems and automatic engine
shutdown systems when performing powertrain fuel map testing under 40
CFR 1037.550. Finalization of the Phase 2 technical amendments left it
unclear with respect to how these systems and accessory loads were
handled by GEM for powertrain testing. The revisions require that any
engine stop-start and automatic shutdown systems be disabled prior to
performing powertrain testing, as the effects of these systems will be
handled by GEM, when GEM is used to determine the emissions of the
vehicle. We are also clarifying the accessory load that should be used
by primary intended service class during the powertrain test for hybrid
engines so that hybrid engines are tested with the same accessory loads
that are used for conventional engines. The power representing the
accessory load added for Light HDV, Medium HDV, and Heavy HDV is 1.5,
2.5, and 3.5 kW, respectively.
In GEM 3.5.1, finalized in the Technical Amendments final rule, we
included updates to handle point deletion in GEM but did not update our
regulation, which required the prior approach of manual removal of such
points. Consistent with this prior change to having GEM handle point
deletion (now in GEM 4.0), we are now removing that requirement in 40
CFR 1036.535(d)(3), for steady-state fuel maps used for cycle-average
fuel mapping of the highway cruise cycles, that requires manual removal
of the points from the default map that are below 115% of the maximum
speed and 115% of the maximum torque of the boundaries of the points
measured in 40 CFR 1036.535(d)(1). See Section 1.7 of the Response to
Comments document for further discussion.
We are finalizing changes to GEM inputs determined in 40 CFR
1036.540(e) for cycle-average fuel maps for the cruise cycles. This
revision changes the cruise cycle fuel map outputs from N/V (powertrain
rotational speed divided by vehicle speed in revolutions per meter as
defined specifically in 40 CFR part 1036), fuel mass consumption, and
work to average engine speed, average engine torque, fuel mass
consumption, and work. We are also adding a new vehicle configuration
output matrix for cruise cycles to denote the differences that now
exist for the testing outputs needed for GEM for transient and cruise
cycles. These changes align the test procedure with changes to the
regression model in GEM that is used for interpolating the cycle
average fuel maps for the cruise cycles. The change in the regression
model aligns the GEM results when the cycle-average method is used for
the cruise cycles with the GEM results when the standard engine fuel
mapping procedure is used (40 CFR 1036.503(b)(1)).
We are finalizing changes in 40 CFR 1037.510 to correct the example
problem that solves for eCO2comp. The value for
vmoving was correctly listed as 38.41 mi/hr in the example;
however, the value entered into the example problem of 41.93 mi/hr was
in error. The change updates the example problem to the correct value.
We are finalizing changes in 40 CFR 1037.520(j)(1) to allow the
input value of 1.5 in GEM o vocational vehicles that include
intelligent controls (predictive cruise control). This change
recognizes the CO2 benefit of this technology in GEM for
vocational vehicles, which was previously only allowed for tractors.
We are finalizing an amendment in 40 CFR 1037.550(a)(8) to clarify
that accessory loads should not be included in powertrain testing when
conducting a powertrain test to generate inputs to GEM if torque is
measured at the axle input shaft or wheel hubs. We are also finalizing
changes to 40 CFR 1037.550(f) to clarify for hybrid engines that GEM
must be configured with the applicable accessory load as specified in
40 CFR 1036.503. We are also finalizing a change at 40 CFR
1037.550(o)(4) to note that the regulatory section is now applicable
only to the transient cycle specified in appendix A of 40 CFR part
1037. We are also finalizing a new 40 CFR 1037.550(o)(6) to require
calculating the average powertrain output speed and the average
powertrain output torque for the cruise cycles. The changes to the
calculations in 40 CFR 1037.550(o)(6) are necessary to address the
changes in GEM inputs required for cycle-average fuel maps for cruise
cycles. We are also adding a new vehicle configuration output matrix
for cruise cycles to denote the differences that now exist for the
testing outputs needed for GEM for transient and cruise cycles. As
discussed in Section III of the preamble, we are changing the
regression model used for interpolating the cycle-average fuel maps for
the cruise cycles to improve the accuracy and representativeness of the
regression model.
V. Statutory Authority and Executive Order Reviews
Additional information about these statutes and Executive Orders
can be found at www.epa.gov/laws-regulations/laws-and-executive-orders.
A. Executive Order 12866: Regulatory Planning and Review and Executive
Order 13563: Improving Regulation and Regulatory Review
This action is a significant regulatory action that was submitted
to the Office of Management and Budget (OMB) for review. Any changes
made in response to OMB recommendations have been documented in the
docket.
B. Paperwork Reduction Act (PRA)
This action does not impose any new information collection burden
under the PRA. OMB has previously approved the information collection
activities contained in the existing regulations and has assigned OMB
control numbers 2060-0287. This rule clarifies procedures without
affecting information collection requirements.
C. Regulatory Flexibility Act (RFA)
I certify that this action will not have a significant economic
impact on a substantial number of small entities under the RFA. In
making this determination, the impact of concern is any significant
adverse economic impact on small entities and that the agency is
certifying that this rule will not have a significant economic impact
on a substantial number of small entities if the rule has no net burden
on the small entities subject to the rule. This action is designed to
make various corrections and adjustments to compliance provisions; as a
result, we anticipate no costs associated with this rule. We have
therefore concluded that this action will have no net regulatory burden
for all directly regulated small entities.
D. Unfunded Mandates Reform Act (UMRA)
This action does not contain any unfunded mandate as described in
UMRA, 2 U.S.C. 1531-1538, and does not significantly or uniquely affect
small governments. This action imposes no enforceable duty on any
Tribal, state, or local governments. Requirements for the private
sector do not exceed $100 million in any one year.
[[Page 45262]]
E. Executive Order 13132: Federalism
This action does not have federalism implications. It will not have
substantial direct effects on the states, on the relationship between
the national government and the states, or on the distribution of power
and responsibilities among the various levels of government.
F. Executive Order 13175: Consultation and Coordination With Indian
Tribal Governments
This action does not have Tribal implications as specified in
Executive Order 13175. This rule will be implemented at the Federal
level and affects engine and vehicle manufacturers. Thus, Executive
Order 13175 does not apply to this action.
G. Executive Order 13045: Protection of Children From Environmental
Health Risks and Safety Risks
This action is not subject to Executive Order 13045 because it is
not economically significant as defined in Executive Order 12866, and
because the EPA does not believe the environmental health or safety
risks addressed by this action present a disproportionate risk to
children. There are no environmental health or safety risks created by
this action that could present a disproportionate risk to children.
H. Executive Order 13211: Actions Concerning Regulations That
Significantly Affect Energy Supply, Distribution or Use
This action is not a ``significant energy action'' because it is
not likely to have a significant adverse effect on the supply,
distribution or use of energy. Further, we have concluded that this
action is not likely to have any adverse energy effects because the
regulatory changes are limited to certification procedures for meeting
the Phase 2 GHG standards.
I. National Technology Transfer and Advancement Act (NTTAA) and 1 CFR
Part 51
Section 12(d) of the National Technology Transfer and Advancement
Act of 1995 (``NTTAA''), Public Law 104-113, 12(d) (15 U.S.C. 272 note)
directs EPA to use voluntary consensus standards in its regulatory
activities unless to do so would be inconsistent with applicable law or
otherwise impractical. Voluntary consensus standards are technical
standards (e.g., materials specifications, test methods, sampling
procedures, and business practices) that are developed or adopted by
voluntary consensus standards bodies. NTTAA directs agencies to provide
Congress, through OMB, explanations when the Agency decides not to use
available and applicable voluntary consensus standards. This action
involves technical standards.
With one exception, the standards included in the regulatory text
as incorporated by reference in 40 CFR part 1037 were all previously
approved for incorporation by reference (IBR) and no change is included
in this action. In accordance with the requirements of 1 CFR 51.5, we
are incorporating by reference new versions of the GEM. EPA is
publishing new versions of the GEM, which we use for certifying heavy-
duty highway vehicles to the Phase 2 greenhouse gas emission standards
in 40 CFR part 1037. We are also restoring a version of GEM that we
withdrew in a different rulemaking. The model calculates GHG emission
rates for heavy-duty highway vehicles based on input values defined by
the manufacturer. GEM Version 4.0 applies broadly for Phase 2 vehicles.
GEM Version 3.0 and GEM Version 3.5.1 apply optionally for model years
2021 through 2023 to facilitate compliance during a transition period.
The different versions of GEM are referenced in Sec. 1037.520. The
model is available from EPA as noted in the amended regulations at 40
CFR 1037.810.\15\
---------------------------------------------------------------------------
\15\ GEM is most easily available at www.epa.gov/regulations-emissions-vehicles-and-engines/greenhouse-gas-emissions-model-gem-medium-and-heavy-duty.
---------------------------------------------------------------------------
J. Executive Order 12898: Federal Actions To Address Environmental
Justice in Minority Populations and Low-Income Populations
The EPA believes this action does not have disproportionately high
and adverse human health or environmental effects on minority
populations, low-income populations or indigenous peoples, as specified
in Executive Order 12898 (59 FR 7629, February 16, 1994). Due to the
small environmental impact, this regulatory action will not have a
disproportionate adverse effect on minority populations, low-income
populations, or indigenous peoples.
K. Congressional Review Act (CRA)
This action is subject to the CRA, and EPA will submit a rule
report to each House of the Congress and to the Comptroller General of
the United States. This action is not a ``major rule'' as defined by 5
U.S.C. 804(2).
L. Judicial Review
Under CAA section 307(b)(1), judicial review of this final rule is
available only by filing a petition for review in the U.S. Court of
Appeals for the District of Columbia Circuit by September 26, 2022.
Under CAA section 307(d)(7)(B), only an objection to this final rule
that was raised with reasonable specificity during the period for
public comment can be raised during judicial review. CAA section
307(d)(7)(B) also provides a mechanism for EPA to convene a proceeding
for reconsideration, ``[i]f the person raising an objection can
demonstrate to EPA that it was impracticable to raise such objection
within [the period for public comment] or if the grounds for such
objection arose after the period for public comment (but within the
time specified for judicial review) and if such objection is of central
relevance to the outcome of the rule.'' Any person seeking to make such
a demonstration should submit a Petition for Reconsideration to the
Office of the Administrator, Environmental Protection Agency, Room
3000, William Jefferson Clinton Building, 1200 Pennsylvania Ave. NW,
Washington, DC 20460, with an electronic copy to the person listed in
FOR FURTHER INFORMATION CONTACT, and the Associate General Counsel for
the Air and Radiation Law Office, Office of General Counsel (Mail Code
2344A), Environmental Protection Agency, 1200 Pennsylvania Ave. NW,
Washington, DC 20004. Note that under CAA section 307(b)(2), the
requirements established by this final rule may not be challenged
separately in any civil or criminal proceedings brought by EPA to
enforce these requirements.
List of Subjects
40 CFR Part 1036
Environmental protection, Administrative practice and procedure,
Air pollution control, Confidential business information, Greenhouse
gases, Labeling, Motor vehicle pollution, Reporting and recordkeeping
requirements, Warranties.
40 CFR Part 1037
Environmental protection, Administrative practice and procedure,
Air pollution control, Confidential business information, Incorporation
by reference, Labeling, Motor vehicle pollution, Reporting and
recordkeeping requirements, Warranties.
Michael S. Regan,
Administrator.
For the reasons set out in the preamble, we are amending title 40,
chapter I of the Code of Federal Regulations as set forth below.
[[Page 45263]]
PART 1036--CONTROL OF EMISSIONS FROM NEW AND IN-USE HEAVY-DUTY
HIGHWAY ENGINES
0
1. The authority citation for part 1036 continues to read as follows:
Authority: 42 U.S.C. 7401-7671q.
0
2. Amend Sec. 1036.150 by adding paragraph (r) to read as follows:
Sec. 1036.150 Interim provisions.
* * * * *
(r) Fuel maps for the transition to updated GEM. (1) You may use
fuel maps from model year 2023 and earlier engines for certifying model
year 2024 and later engines using carryover provisions in Sec.
1036.235(d).
(2) Compliance testing will be based on the GEM version you used to
generate fuel maps for certification. For example, if you perform a
selective enforcement audit with respect to fuel maps, use the same GEM
version that you used to generate fuel maps for certification.
Similarly, we will use the same GEM version that you used to generate
fuel maps for certification if we perform confirmatory testing with one
of your engine families.
0
3. Amend Sec. 1036.503 by revising paragraphs (b)(3) and (4) to read
as follows:
Sec. 1036.503 Engine data and information for vehicle certification.
* * * * *
(b) * * *
(3) Additional parameters. Determine fuel consumption at idle as
described in Sec. 1036.535(c) and (d) and determine cycle-average
engine fuel maps as described in 40 CFR 1037.550, including cycle-
average engine fuel maps for highway cruise cycles. Set up the test to
apply accessory load for all operation by primary intended service
class as described in the following table:
Table 1 to Paragraph (b)(3) of Sec. 1036.503--Accessory Load
------------------------------------------------------------------------
Power
representing
Primary intended service class accessory load
(kW)
------------------------------------------------------------------------
Light HDV............................................... 1.5
Medium HDV.............................................. 2.5
Heavy HDV............................................... 3.5
------------------------------------------------------------------------
(4) Powertrain. Generate powertrain fuel maps as described in 40
CFR 1037.550 instead of fuel mapping under Sec. 1036.535 or Sec.
1036.540. Note that the option in 40 CFR 1037.550(b)(2) is allowed only
for hybrid engine testing. Disable automatic stop-start systems and
automatic engine shutdown systems when conducting powertrain fuel map
testing using 40 CFR 1037.550.
* * * * *
Sec. 1036.535 [Amended]
0
4. Amend Sec. 1036.535 by removing and reserving paragraph (d)(2).
0
5. Amend Sec. 1036.540 by revising paragraph (e) to read as follows:
Sec. 1036.540 Determining cycle-average engine fuel maps.
* * * * *
(e) Determine GEM inputs. Use the results of engine testing in
paragraph (d) of this section to determine the GEM inputs for the
transient duty cycle and optionally for each of the highway cruise
cycles corresponding to each simulated vehicle configuration as
follows:
(1) Your declared fuel mass consumption, mfuel[cycle].
Using the calculated fuel mass consumption values described in
paragraph (d) of this section, declare values using the method
described in Sec. 1036.535(g).
(2) We will determine mfuel[cycle] values using the
method described in Sec. 1036.535(h).
(3) For the transient cycle, calculate engine output speed per unit
vehicle speed,
[GRAPHIC] [TIFF OMITTED] TR28JY22.015
by taking the average engine speed measured during the engine test
while the vehicle is moving and dividing it by the average vehicle
speed provided by GEM. Note that the engine cycle created by GEM has a
flag to indicate when the vehicle is moving.
(4) The engine idle speed and torque, by taking the average engine
speed and torque measured during the engine test while the vehicle is
not moving. Note that the engine cycle created by GEM has a flag to
indicate when the vehicle is moving.
(5) For the cruise cycles, calculate the average engine output
speed, fnengine, and the average engine output torque
(positive torque only), Tnengine, while the vehicle is
moving. Note that the engine cycle created by GEM has a flag to
indicate when the vehicle is moving.
(6) Positive work determined according to 40 CFR part 1065,
W[cycle], by using the engine speed and engine torque
measured during the engine test while the vehicle is moving. Note that
the engine cycle created by GEM has a flag to indicate when the vehicle
is moving.
(7) The following tables illustrate the GEM data inputs
corresponding to the different vehicle configurations for a given duty
cycle:
(i) For the transient cycle:
[GRAPHIC] [TIFF OMITTED] TR28JY22.016
[[Page 45264]]
(ii) For the cruise cycles:
Table 7 to Paragraph (e)(7)(ii) of Sec. 1036.540--Generic Example of an Output Matrix for Cruise Cycle Vehicle Configurations
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Configuration
Parameter --------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
mfuel[cycle].........................................
fnengine[cycle]......................................
Tengine[cycle].......................................
W[cycle].............................................
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
PART 1037--CONTROL OF EMISSIONS FROM NEW HEAVY-DUTY MOTOR VEHICLES
0
6. The authority citation for part 1037 continues to read as follows:
Authority: 42 U.S.C. 7401-7671q.
0
7. Amend Sec. 1037.150 by adding paragraph (bb) to read as follows:
Sec. 1037.150 Interim provisions.
* * * * *
(bb) Transition to updated GEM. (1) Vehicle manufacturers may
demonstrate compliance with Phase 2 GHG standards in model years 2021
through 2023 using GEM Phase 2, Version 3.0, Version 3.5.1, or Version
4.0 (incorporated by reference in Sec. 1037.810). Manufacturers may
change to a different version of GEM for model years 2022 and 2023 for
a given vehicle family after initially submitting an application for
certification; such a change must be documented as an amendment under
Sec. 1037.225. Manufacturers may submit an end-of-year report for
model year 2021 using any of the three regulatory versions of GEM, but
only for demonstrating compliance with the custom-chassis standards in
Sec. 1037.105(h); such a change must be documented in the report
submitted under Sec. 1037.730. Once a manufacturer certifies a vehicle
family based on GEM Version 4.0, it may not revert back to using GEM
Phase 2, Version 3.0 or Version 3.5.1 for that vehicle family in any
model year.
(2) Vehicle manufacturers may certify for model years 2021 through
2023 based on fuel maps from engines or powertrains that were created
using GEM Phase 2, Version 3.0, Version 3.5.1, or Version 4.0
(incorporated by reference in Sec. 1037.810). Vehicle manufacturers
may alternatively certify in those years based on fuel maps from
powertrains that were created using GEM Phase 2, Version 3.0, GEM HIL
model 3.8, or GEM Phase 2, Version 4.0 (incorporated by reference in
Sec. 1037.810). Vehicle manufacturers may continue to certify vehicles
in later model years using fuel maps generated with earlier versions of
GEM for model year 2024 and later vehicle families that qualify for
using carryover provisions in Sec. 1037.235(d).
0
8. Amend Sec. 1037.510 by revising paragraph (b) to read as follows:
Sec. 1037.510 Duty-cycle exhaust testing.
* * * * *
(b) Calculate the official emission result from the following
equation:
[GRAPHIC] [TIFF OMITTED] TR28JY22.017
Where:
eCO2comp = total composite mass of CO2
emissions in g/ton-mile, rounded to the nearest whole number for
vocational vehicles and to the first decimal place for tractors.
PL = the standard payload, in tons, as specified in Sec. 1037.705.
vmoving = mean composite weighted driven vehicle speed,
excluding idle operation, as shown in table 1 to this section for
Phase 2 vocational vehicles. For other vehicles, let
vmoving = 1.
w[cycle] = weighting factor for the appropriate test
cycle, as shown in table 1 to this section.
m[cycle] = CO2 mass emissions over each test
cycle (other than idle).
D[cycle] = the total driving distance for the indicated
duty cycle. Use 2.842 miles for the transient cycle, and use 13.429
miles for both of the highway cruise cycles.
m[cycle]-idle = CO2 emission rate at idle.
Example:
Class 7 vocational vehicle meeting the Phase 2 standards based
on the Regional duty cycle.
PL = 5.6 tons
vmoving = 38.41 mi/hr
wtransient = 20% = 0.20
wdrive-idle = 0% = 0
wparked-idle = 25% = 0.25
w55 = 24% = 0.24
w65 = 56% = 0.56
mtransient = 4083 g
m55 = 13834 g
m65 = 17018 g
Dtransient = 2.8449 miles
D55 = 13.429 miles
D65 = 13.429 miles
mdrive-idle = 4188 g/hr
mparked-idle = 3709 g/hr
[[Page 45265]]
[GRAPHIC] [TIFF OMITTED] TR28JY22.018
* * * * *
0
9. Amend Sec. 1037.520 by revising the introductory text and paragraph
(j)(1) to read as follows:
Sec. 1037.520 Modeling CO2 emissions to show compliance for
vocational vehicles and tractors.
This section describes how to use the Greenhouse gas Emissions
Model (GEM) (incorporated by reference in Sec. 1037.810) to show
compliance with the CO2 standards of Sec. Sec. 1037.105 and
1037.106 for vocational vehicles and tractors. Use GEM version 2.0.1 to
demonstrate compliance with Phase 1 standards; use GEM Phase 2, Version
4.0 to demonstrate compliance with Phase 2 standards. Use good
engineering judgment when demonstrating compliance using GEM. See Sec.
1037.515 for calculation procedures for demonstrating compliance with
trailer standards.
* * * * *
(j) * * *
(1) Intelligent controls. Enter 2 for tractors with predictive
cruise control. This includes any cruise control system that
incorporates satellite-based global-positioning data for controlling
operator demand. For tractors without predictive cruise control and for
all vocational vehicles, enter 1.5 if they have neutral coasting,
unless good engineering judgment indicates that a lower percentage
should apply.
* * * * *
0
10. Amend Sec. 1037.550 by:
0
a. Revising paragraph (a)(3) introductory text.
0
b. Adding and reserving paragraph (a)(7).
0
c. Adding paragraph (a)(8).
0
d. Revising paragraphs (f) introductory text and (o).
The additions and revisions read as follows:
Sec. 1037.550 Powertrain testing.
* * * * *
(a) * * *
(3) Powertrain testing depends on models to calculate certain
parameters. You can use the detailed equations in this section to
create your own models, or use the GEM HIL model contained within GEM
Phase 2, Version 4.0 (incorporated by reference in Sec. 1037.810) to
simulate vehicle hardware elements as follows:
* * * * *
(7) [Reserved]
(8) Do not apply accessory loads when conducting a powertrain test
to generate inputs to GEM if torque is measured at the axle input shaft
or wheel hubs.
* * * * *
(f) Driveline and vehicle model. Use the GEM HIL model's driveline
and vehicle submodels or the equations in this paragraph (f) to
calculate the dynamometer speed setpoint, [fnof]nref,dyno,
based on the torque measurement location. For all powertrains,
configure GEM with the accessory load set to zero. For hybrid engines,
configure GEM with the applicable accessory load as specified in 40 CFR
1036.503. For all powertrains and hybrid engines, configure GEM with
the tire slip model disabled.
* * * * *
(o) Create GEM inputs. Use the results of powertrain testing to
determine GEM inputs for the different simulated vehicle configurations
as follows:
(1) Correct the measured or calculated fuel masses,
mfuel[cycle], and mean idle fuel mass flow rates,
mfuelidle, if applicable, for each test result to a mass-
specific net energy content of a reference fuel as described in 40 CFR
1036.535(f), replacing mfuel with mfuel[cycle]
where applicable in Eq. 1036.535-4.
(2) Declare fuel masses, mfuel[cycle], in g/cycle. In
addition, declare mean fuel mass flow rate for each applicable idle
duty cycle,mifuelidle. These declared values may not be
lower than any corresponding measured values determined in this
section. If you use multiple measurement methods as allowed in 40 CFR
1036.540(d), follow 40 CFR 1036.535(g) regarding the use of direct and
indirect fuel measurements and the carbon balance error verification.
These declared values, which serve as emission standards, collectively
represent the powertrain fuel map for certification.
(3) [Reserved]
(4) For the transient cycle specified in Sec. 1037.510(a)(2)(i),
calculate powertrain output speed per unit of vehicle speed,
[GRAPHIC] [TIFF OMITTED] TR28JY22.019
using one of the following methods:
(i) For testing with torque measurement at the axle input shaft:
[GRAPHIC] [TIFF OMITTED] TR28JY22.020
Example:
ka = 4.0
rB = 0.399 m
[GRAPHIC] [TIFF OMITTED] TR28JY22.021
[[Page 45266]]
(ii) For testing with torque measurement at the wheel hubs, use Eq.
1037.550-8 setting ka equal to 1.
(iii) For testing with torque measurement at the engine's
crankshaft:
[GRAPHIC] [TIFF OMITTED] TR28JY22.022
Where:
fnengine = average engine speed when vehicle speed is at
or above 0.100 m/s.
vref = average simulated vehicle speed at or above 0.100
m/s.
Example:
fnengine = 1870 r/min = 31.17 r/s
vref = 19.06 m/s
[GRAPHIC] [TIFF OMITTED] TR28JY22.023
(5) Calculate engine idle speed, by taking the average engine speed
measured during the transient cycle test while the vehicle speed is
below 0.100 m/s. (Note: Use all the charge-sustaining test intervals
when determining engine idle speed for plug-in hybrid engines and
powertrains.)
(6) For the cruise cycles specified in Sec. 1037.510(a)(2)(ii),
calculate the average powertrain output speed, fnpowertrain,
and the average powertrain output torque (positive torque only),
Tpowertrain, at vehicle speed at or above 0.100 m/s. (Note:
Use all the charge-sustaining and charge-depleting test intervals when
determining fnpowertrain and Tpowertrain for
plug-in hybrid engines and powertrains.)
(7) Calculate positive work, W[cycle], as the work over
the duty cycle at the axle input shaft, wheel hubs, or the engine's
crankshaft, as applicable, when vehicle speed is at or above 0.100 m/s.
(8) The following tables illustrate the GEM data inputs
corresponding to the different vehicle configurations for a given duty
cycle:
(i) For the transient cycle:
[GRAPHIC] [TIFF OMITTED] TR28JY22.024
(ii) For the cruise cycles:
Table 3 to Paragraph (o)(8)(ii) of Sec. 1037.550--Generic Example of Output Matrix for Cruise Cycle Vehicle Configurations
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Configuration
Parameter --------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
mfuel[cycle].........................................
fnpowertrain[cycle]..................................
Tpowertrain[cycle]...................................
W[cycle].............................................
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
0
11. Amend Sec. 1037.810 by revising paragraph (c) to read as follows:
Sec. 1037.810 Incorporation by reference.
* * * * *
(c) U.S. EPA, Office of Air and Radiation, 2565 Plymouth Road, Ann
Arbor, MI 48105, www.epa.gov.
(1) Greenhouse gas Emissions Model (GEM), Version 2.0.1, September
2012 (``GEM version 2.0.1''), IBR approved for Sec. 1037.520.
(2) Greenhouse gas Emissions Model (GEM) Phase 2, Version 3.0, July
2016 (``GEM Phase 2, Version 3.0''); IBR approved for Sec.
1037.150(bb).
(3) Greenhouse gas Emissions Model (GEM) Phase 2, Version 3.5.1,
November
[[Page 45267]]
2020 (``GEM Phase 2, Version 3.5.1''); IBR approved for Sec.
1037.150(bb).
(4) Greenhouse gas Emissions Model (GEM) Phase 2, Version 4.0,
April 2022 (``GEM Phase 2, Version 4.0''); IBR approved for Sec. Sec.
1037.150(bb); 1037.520; 1037.550(a).
(5) GEM's MATLAB/Simulink Hardware-in-Loop model, Version 3.8,
December 2020 (``GEM HIL model 3.8''); IBR approved for Sec.
1037.150(bb).
Note 1 to paragraph (c): The computer code for these models is
available as noted in paragraph (a) of this section. A working
version of the software is also available for download at
www.epa.gov/regulations-emissions-vehicles-and-engines/greenhouse-gas-emissions-model-gem-medium-and-heavy-duty.
* * * * *
[FR Doc. 2022-16031 Filed 7-27-22; 8:45 am]
BILLING CODE 6560-50-P